Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

G. Kapil

2026-05-07T12:36:59Z

NicholasPrentice: started a info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''G. Kapil''' (born 1994) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Sholinghur Assembly constituency in [[Ranipet district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kapil is from [[Sholinghur]], Ranipet district, Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Ganesan. He completed his MBBS at Sri Lakshmi Narayana Medical College, Puducherry in 2017. He declared assets worth Rs.2 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=G.Kapil(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- SHOLINGHUR(RANIPET) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=492 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kapil became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from Sholinghur Assembly constituency representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 84,506 votes and defeated his nearest opponent K. Saravanan of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], by a margin of 5,686 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=G. Kapil (TVK) Candidate from SHOLINGUR Constituency, G. Kapil Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/tamil-nadu/candidate-g-kapil-6960 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-06 |title=Sholingur Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: TVK’s G. Kapil wins by 5,686 vote margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/sholingur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tvks-g-kapil-and-congress-a-m-munirathinam-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130703424.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Sholingur election result LIVE: G Kapil of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sholingur-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072057.html |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapil, G.}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Aayi Mandapam

2026-05-02T08:07:24Z

NicholasPrentice: made a data with sources

{{Short description|Monument in Pondicherry, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Puducherry Park Monument.JPG|thumb|Park Monument (Aayi Mandapam) in the Government Park of Pondicherry]]

'''Aayi Mandapam''', also known as '''Park Monument''' ({{langx|fr|Monument du Parc}}), is a white monument in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[India]], built during the time of [[Napoleon III]], [[Emperor]] of France. It is situated in the center of [[Bharati Park]]. The monument commemorates the provision of water to the city during French colonial rule. It was named after a lady [[courtesan]] named Aayi, who destroyed her own house to erect a water reservoir to supply water for the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tourism |first=South |title=Aayi mandapam {{!}} Pondicherry {{!}} Monuments of Pondicherry {{!}} South Tourism |url=https://www.southtourism.in/pondicherry/monuments/aayi-mandapam.php |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.southtourism.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16 |title=Pondicherry’s Aayi Mandapam: Monument built for Devdasi by French |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/travel-tourism-pondicherrys-aayi-mandapam-monument-built-for-devdasi-by-french-1677025/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{commons category}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011527/https://www.pondicherrymedia.com/aayi-mandapam/ Aayi Mandapam Photo]

{{Coord|11.93310|79.83420|display=title}}
{{Puducherry-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pondicherry (city)]]

E Sulaiman Musliyar

2026-05-01T07:08:27Z

NicholasPrentice: started a stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|President of Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP faction)}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = E Sulaiman Musliyar
| office = President Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama
| image =
| term_start =
| office1 = Principal Ihyaussunna Othukkungal
| predecessor1 =
| term_start1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1942}}
| birth_place = Chengani, Malappuram
| spouse =
| occupation = Islamic scholar
| education = Post Graduation (Islamic Studies)
| honorific_prefix =
| parents =
}}
'''E Sulaiman Musliyar''' (born 1942) is an Islamic scholar from [[Kerala]], India. He is President of [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]], the body of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi'i]] scholars<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |last2=Caroline |date=2008 |title=Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X07003198/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=2–3 |pages=317–346 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003198 |s2cid=143932405|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Kooria |first=Mahmood |date=2018 |title=An Ethno-History of Islamic Legal Texts |url=https://academic.oup.com/ojlr/article/7/2/313/5105825 |journal=Oxford Journal of Law and Religion |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=313–338 |doi=10.1093/ojlr/rwy034 |issn=2047-0770|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-31 |title=Kanthapuram Samastha kicks off centenary celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kanthapuram-samastha-kicks-off-centenary-celebrations/article67692731.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114162725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kanthapuram-samastha-kicks-off-centenary-celebrations/article67692731.ece |archive-date=2024-01-14 |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in [[Kerala]] and he is the Principal of Ihyaussunna, Othukkungal, [[Malappuram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musliyar, E Sulaiman}}
[[Category:Islamic scholars]]
[[Category:1942 births]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]

{{improve categories|date=January 2024}}

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
{{Islamic-scholar-stub}}

State Medical Faculty of West Bengal

2026-04-30T14:40:20Z

NicholasPrentice: started some data v1...

{{short description|Autonomous body constituted by the Government of West Bengal for paramedical education}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = State Medical Faculty of West Bengal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Official logo of State Medical Faculty of WB.jpg
| image_size = 120px
| caption =
| top_free_label1 = [[Abbreviation]]
| top_free1 = SMFWB
| type = Autonomous body
| established = {{start date and age|1914}}
| parent = [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]]
| president = Director of Medical Education for West Bengal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exercise of Power Conferred under Article 3 of the Statutes of SMF of WB |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/987.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]]}}</ref>
| vice_president = ''Vacant''
| head_label = [[Secretary]]
| head = D. K. Ghosh
| address = 14C, Beliaghata Main Road Kolkata : 700 085
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postalcode =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.565328|N|88.388675|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| logo = State Medical Faculty of West Bengal.jpg
| logo_alt =
| website = {{official website}}
}}
The '''State Medical Faculty of West Bengal''' ('''SMFWB''') is an autonomous body<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=The State Medical Faculty, Bengal |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=1914 |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=404–408 |pmid=29006334 |pmc=5181377 }}</ref> constituted by the [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seats of Para Medical Courses in different Medical Colleges Institutions for 2008 (State Medical Faculty of West Bengal) |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/2007/11_12.html |website=[[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exercise of Power Conferred under Article 3 of the Statutes of SMF of WB |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/987.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]]}}</ref> in [[India]]. It is empowered to conduct examinations<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notification on SMFWB in the official website of Ministry of health and family welfare (West Bengal) |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/notice/pos111.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]]}}</ref> for various [[Allied health professions|Allied and Healthcare]] Courses<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notice-763-F-4-2025.pdf |url=https://smfwb.in/notice/Notice-763-F-4-2025.pdf}}</ref> as per the course curriculum approved by the State Government and to award Diplomas/Certificates to successful candidates. The faculty celebrated its centenary in 2015, marking 100 years of service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Event updates in official Website |url=https://smfwb.in/eventupdates.html |website=State Medical Faculty of West Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Medical Faculty of West Bengal |url=https://smfwb.in/constitution.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=smfwb.in}}</ref>

==History==

The State Medical Faculty of West Bengal (formerly known as '''The State Medical Faculty, Bengal''') was established in 1914 by the then-[[Governor-General of India|Governor General of India]], as detailed in a historical account published in "[[The Indian Medical Gazette]]" (''Volume 49, Issue 10, pages 404-408, 1914'').<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History and heritage of SMFWB |url=https://smfwb.in/history.html |website=State Medical Faculty of West Bengal}}</ref> Its formation was a response to the need for an alternative medical education system after [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] discontinued its [[Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery]] (LMS) course in 1913.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

The faculty began with the objective of providing medical education to those who could not enroll in the MB degree course, offering examinations for Licentiate in Medical Faculty (LMF), [[Licentiate in Dental Surgery|Licentiate Examination in Dental Surgery]] (LDS), Membership Examination of the Medical Faculty (MMF). By the time of its establishment, various medical schools across Bengal, like [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital|Campbell Medical School]], Calcutta Medical School, [[Calcutta National Medical College|Calcutta National Medical Institute]], [[Dacca Medical School]], [[Lytton Medical School|Lytton Medical School, Mymensingh]], [[Burdwan Medical College|Ronaldshay Medical School, Burdwan]] ,Jackson Medical School, Jalpaiguri were affiliated with the faculty to conduct the courses.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

After India gained [[Independence of India|independence]], the Union Government decided to terminate admissions to the License in Medicine and Surgery (LMS) course, leading to significant changes in the medical education landscape. Consequently, in 1948, the Licentiate in Medical Faculty (LMF) course was abolished, followed by the discontinuation of the Membership Examination of the Medical Faculty (MMF) course. Additionally, the LDS course offered by the faculty was also phased out as Calcutta University began to offer [[Bachelor of Dental Science|BDS]] program. In the present day, the State Medical Faculty of West Bengal has adapted its role, focusing on the regulation and standardization of allied and healthcare science education. It now conducts admission examinations and counseling for entry into various authorized allied and healthcare courses across [[West Bengal]]. The faculty serves as the affiliation authority for both government and private allied and healthcare schools and colleges.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notice-2284-F-4-2025.pdf |url=https://www.smfwb.in/notice/Notice-2284-F-4-2025.pdf}}</ref>

==Academics ==
The State Medical Faculty of West Bengal organises and conducts the [[State Medical Faculty of West Bengal Entrance Examination|SMFWBEE]]<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=SMFWB to declare Paramedical 1st Round Allotment Result 2019 today |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/smfwb-to-declare-paramedical-1st-round-allotment-result-2019-today-119080100362_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> (State Medical Faculty of West Bengal Entrance Examination ) entrance exam for admission to allied and healthcare courses<ref>{{Cite news |title=State Medical Faculty Of West Bengal Declares Para Medical Entrance Exam Result |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/smfwbee-result-know-how-to-check-2074032 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> offered by affiliated colleges.
{| class="wikitable"
|Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology [Pathology, Microbiology & Biochemistry] : DMLT [ Tech] : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Radiography [ Diagnostic ] : DRD [ Tech ] : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Physiotherapy : DPT : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Radiotherapeutic Technology : DRT [ Tech ] : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Optometry with Ophthalmic Technique : D.OPT : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Neuro Electro Physiology: DNEP: 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Perfusion Technology: DPFT : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Cath-Lab Technician : DCLT : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Dialysis Technique : Dialysis Technician : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Critical Care Technology : DCCT : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Operation Theatre Technology : DOTT : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Diabetes Care Technology : DDCT : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Electrocardiographic Technique : ECG Technician : 2 years + 6 months (Six Months) compulsory post examination training.
|-
|Diploma in Pharmacy : DPharm
|}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
{{official website|https://smfwb.in/}}

[[Category:Educational boards based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:State agencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Allied health professions]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]

Standard (Indian automobile)

2026-04-29T09:01:03Z

NicholasPrentice:

{{Short description|Indian car brand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Standard Motor Products of India Limited
| logo =
| type = Automobile manufacturer
| fate = dissolved
| foundation = 1948
| location = [[Perungalathur]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| key_people =
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Automobiles]] [[Commercial vehicle|Commercial Vehicles]]
| caption =
| num_employees = n/a
| dissolved = 2006
| homepage =
}}
'''Standard''' was an Indian brand of [[automobile]] which was produced by Standard Motor Products of India Limited (SMPIL) in [[Chennai|Madras]] from 1951 to 1988. Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the United Kingdom by [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]]. Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (STAMPRO) was incorporated in 1948,<ref name=CBR>{{cite journal | ref = CBR | last = Bhaktavatsala Rao | first = C. | title = Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 8/9 | volume = 28 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = M22 | date = 1993-02-20 }}</ref> a company formed by Union Company (Motors) Ltd. and the British Standard Motor Company. Their first product was the [[Standard Vanguard]]. The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant was torn down.

==History==
The first locally built [[Standard Vanguard]]s were finished in 1951, built in Standard Motors' Vandalur (a suburb of Madras) factory.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/the-first-wheels-roll-into-india-108122301090_1.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160710102604/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/the-first-wheels-roll-into-india-108122301090_1.html | archivedate = 2016-07-10 | title = The first wheels roll into India | last1 = Muthiah | first1 = S. | last2 = Gopalan | first2 = K. N. | journal = [[Business Standard]] | date = 2008-12-23 }}</ref>

From 1955, versions of the [[Standard Eight]] and [[Standard Ten|Ten]] were produced, with ever-increasing local content. The [[Standard Ten#Standard Pennant|Pennant]] joined in 1959, although it too was curiously branded "Standard 10" and devoid of bootlid trimwork.<ref name="adams">{{cite web | author = Adams, Keith | title = Standard Motor Products | url = http://www.aronline.co.uk/index.htm?standardindexf.htm | publisher = AROnline | accessdate = 2010-12-15 }}</ref> The Tens and later Heralds and Gazels all used versions of the 948 cc Standard-Triumph four-cylinder engine. In 1961 production began of the [[Triumph Herald]], known as the Standard Herald in India.<ref name="Bhote">{{Cite web | author = Bhote, Karl | title = History of Standards in India | publisher = Standard Motor Club | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928104302/http://www.standardmotorclub.org.uk/cars/india/standardindia.htm | url = http://www.standardmotorclub.org.uk/cars/india/standardindia.htm | year = 2005 | archivedate = 2011-09-28 }}</ref>

Standard also built a range of light commercial vehicles based on the [[Standard Atlas|Standard Atlas/20]] (later Leyland 20), called the '''Standard Twenty'''. They were sold with the advertising slogan "Standard Twenty can do plenty". For these, production of diesel engines began in India, later exported back to the UK for use in the refurbished [[Austin FX4#The Carbodies FX4|Carbodies FX4Q]] London cabs.<ref name="adams"/> In spite of a production lineup incorporating passenger cars as well as light commercials, production was always low. In the fiscal year 1974/1975, for instance, only 1,393 units were built.<ref name=CBR/> The Twenty was later updated with locally developed angular bodywork.
[[File:Standard Herald.jpg|thumb|1965 Standard Herald Mark I]]

Annual production of passenger cars reached about 3,000 units in the early 1970s, but production dropped steadily throughout the decade and only 161 cars were finished in 1976.<ref name=AC4459a>{{cite magazine | ref = VR1 | magazine = [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | title = Motoring for the millions | first = Vaughan | last = Robinson | publisher = IPC Business Press Ltd. | page = 23 | date = 1982-06-05 | volume = 156 | number = 4459 }}</ref> By 1980, production was down to six cars and thereafter the company reported annual outputs of single cars for many years, reportedly only carried out so as to keep the licence active.<ref name=AC4459a/>

==Herald==
Badged in the Indian market as the '''Standard Herald''', the Herald was originally heavily dependent on British parts, but as these were gradually replaced by indigenous items specifications and trim as local content increased. By 1965 engines, gearboxes, and axles were all made in India.<ref name="adams"/> In 1966 the Standard Herald '''Mark II''' was introduced, which featured the bonnet and front end of the [[Triumph Vitesse|Vitesse]], but strangely with the outer pair of headlights blocked off and the parking lights cum side-indicators incorporated there instead. In anticipation of the '''Mark III''', very late Mk IIs featured modified rear [[Coachwork|bodywork]] (different roofline and a bootlid without a recess).<ref name="Bhote"/>

The new Standard Herald Mark III, made from 1968 to 1971, received a unique indigenously developed four-door body,<ref>{{Cite web | author = Bhote, Karl | title = Standard Herald Mk 3 | publisher = Standard Motor Club | url = http://www.standardmotorclub.org.uk/cars/india/standardindiamk3.htm | year = 2005 | accessdate = 2010-12-15 }}</ref> to meet the demands of Indian buyers (with large families) and competition from the [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] and [[Premier Padmini|Fiat 1100]] (both of which featured four doors). The engine remained the same though, with a claimed top speed of {{convert|109|-|112|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Citation | title = The Standard Mark III ''(brochure)'' | location = Chennai (Madras) | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120305051627/http://www.standardmotorclub.org.uk/images/india/mark3/mk302.jpg | url = http://www.standardmotorclub.org.uk/images/india/mark3/mk302.jpg | publisher = Standard Motor Products of India Ltd | archivedate = 2012-03-05 }}</ref> In 1969-1970 a very few Herald Mark III '''Companion'''s were built, five-door [[Station wagon|estates]] with fibreglass roofs and tailgates.<ref name="Bhote"/> The "Companion" nameplate hearkens back to the [[Standard Ten]]-based Companion introduced in 1955.

==Gazel==
[[File:Standard Gazel mk2.jpg|thumb|Mark II Gazel, with smaller bonnet]]
In 1972, the Standard Herald was redesigned with a new body, new suspension, and a new differential. This was a milestone for the Indian car industry with the '''Standard Gazel''' being the first car redesigned and re-engineered in India . The exterior changes included a new front facia with a different grille and headlight setup similar to the Triumph Herald 13/60. A new rear end removed the tail fins of the Herald and the taillights were changed to a rectangular design used by other vehicle manufacturers.<ref name="adams"/> The mechanical upgrades included a live rear-axle suspended on two leaf springs, allegedly copied from the [[Triumph Toledo]]. The interior had the previous model's front bucket seats with a bench seat, and a replacement of the shifter which was also used on the Standard Ten. There were no changes under the hood from the previous model.

[[File:Standard Gazel (4-door Triumph Herald derivative) built in India, rL.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of the four-door Gazel]]
The Gazel continued in production in until 1974 when the updated Mark II model was introduced. The car received a 'standard' bonnet, hinged at the rear, instead of the forward lifting front end that dated back to the Herald. This was likely due to the bonnets opening on either or both sides, especially on rough roads. The change increased the weight of the car due to the additional reinforcement needed on the front panel due to the new bonnet.

A small number of estate versions were produced. These cars featured a fiberglass tail-gate that utilised the rear windscreen of the saloon.

Production of the model ended in 1979, however twelve additional cars were built in the 1980s. The end of the line was a single car built in 1983.<ref name="AK86">{{cite book | title = Auto Katalog 1986 | publisher = [[:de:Motor Presse Stuttgart|Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG]] | editor-last = Heitz | editor-first = Rudolf | language = de | location = Stuttgart | page = 252 | volume = 29 | date = 1985-08-01 | id = 81530/85001 }}</ref> There was an interregnum of car production until the Rover SD1 based Standard 2000.<ref name="Bhote"/>

==Standard 2000==
[[File:1984 Rover SD1 2.3.jpg|thumb|The Standard 2000 was a rebadged version of the [[Rover SD1]] (pictured), manufactured by SMPIL]]
From 1985 to 1988 the company manufactured the Standard 2000, a version of the [[Rover SD1]] powered by a {{convert|2061|cc|L|0|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Standard wet liner inline-four engine|Standard four-cylinder engine]] borrowed from an old [[Standard Vanguard]] model (as also used in the Standard 20 commercial vehicle). Power was a mere {{convert|83|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,250 rpm. With a kerb weight of {{convert|1335|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} and a four-speed manual transmission (it, too, from the Standard 20), top speed was a lowly {{convert|145|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. Standard had not been able to acquire a licence for the Rover SD1's more modern engines and thus had to rely on their existing technology. The 2000 featured higher ground clearance for the Indian market; but low quality, high price, and low performance combined to end the car after only about three years.<ref name="AR2000">{{cite web|url=https://www.aronline.co.uk/cars/rover/sd1/standard-2000/|title=Standard 2000|last=Adams|first=Keith|date=|website=|publisher=AROnline|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref> Hopes had been high, with the Ministry of Industry claiming that the 2000 would be successful enough that the black market price of imported luxury cars would go down.<ref name=unconvincing>{{cite journal | title = Automobile Industry: Unconvincing Explanations | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 16 | volume = XX | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = 669 | date = 1985-04-20 }}</ref>

Production capacity was 4,000 per year, but this was never realised.<ref name=honestly>{{cite web | url = https://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/features/curiosities/curios-standard-2000/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626220258/https://classics.honestjohn.co.uk/features/curiosities/curios-standard-2000/ | archivedate = 2015-06-26 | date = 2015-06-25 | title = Curios: Standard 2000 | first = Paul | last = Guinness | work = HonestJohn Classics }}</ref> Standard built only 11 cars in 1985 but 1,557 cars were finished in 1986.<ref name="BK88">{{citation | title = BilKatalogen 1989 ''(Swedish edition of German'' Auto Katalog'')'' | language = Swedish | editor-last = Dackevall | editor-first = Gunnar | publisher = PM Press AB | location = Stockholm, Sweden | page = 267 | id = 0284-365X | date = 1987 }}</ref>

The fuel efficiency claimed by the company which showed that it was in line with the then recently introduced fuel-efficiency standards were shown to be false. This led to a government inquiry and issues for the company.<ref name=dcosta>{{cite journal | page = 491 | journal = World Development | volume = 23 | number = 3 | date = March 1995 | title = The Restructuring of the Indian Automobile Industry: Indian State and Japanese Capital | issn = 0305-750X | first = Anthony P. | last = D'costa | doi = 10.1016/0305-750X(94)00135-L }}</ref> As a result, production ceased and the factory was closed. The disused factory sat dormant for years until the property was sold and the factory torn down.<ref name=AR2000/> The majority of Rover SD1 parts were purchased in 2006 by Rimmer Brothers, a British classic vehicle parts company in the UK.

==Production==
This table shows Standard's passenger car production. Some discrepancies are due to numbers being reported for the Indian financial year (1 April through 31 March), while occasionally numbers may signify a fifteen-month period (1 January through 31 March following year).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!1976
!1977
!1978
!1979
!1980
!1981
!1982
!1983
!1984
!1985
!1986
!1987
!1988
!1989
|-
!Production
|align="right"|161<ref name=AC4459a/>
|align="right"|112<ref name="AK80">{{cite book | title = Auto Katalog 1980 | editor = Freund, Klaus | publisher = Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG | location = Stuttgart | page = 237 | ref = AK80 | volume = 23 | language = German | date = August 1979 }}</ref>
|align="right"|117<ref name="AK80"/>
|align="right"|56<ref name="AK82">{{cite book | title = Auto Katalog 1982 | editor = Freund, Klaus | publisher = Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG | location = Stuttgart | page = 251 | ref = AK82 | volume = 25 | language = German | date = August 1981 }}</ref>
|align="right"|6<ref name="AK82"/>
|align="right"|4<ref name="AK84"/>
|align="right"|1<ref name="AK84">{{cite book | title = Auto Katalog 1984 | editor-last = Heitz | editor-first = Rudolf | publisher = Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG | location = Stuttgart | pages = 243 | volume = 27 | language = German | date = August 1983 }}</ref>
|align="right"|1<ref name="AK86"/>
|align="right"|0<ref name="AK86"/>
|align="right"|11<ref name="BK88"/>
|align="right"|1,557 ''2,221''<ref name="BK89">{{citation | title = BilKatalogen 1989 ''(Swedish edition of German'' Auto Katalog'')'' | language = Swedish | editor-last = Dackevall | editor-first = Gunnar | publisher = PM Press AB | location = Stockholm, Sweden | page = 261 | id = 0284-365X | date = 1988 }}</ref>
|align="right"|''995''<ref name="BK89"/>
|align="right"|
|align="right"|5<ref name="AR91">{{citation | ref = AR91 | title = Automobil Revue 1991 | editor-last = Büschi | editor-first = Hans-Ulrich | publisher = Hallwag AG | location = Berne, Switzerland | language = German, French | page = 637 | volume = 86 | date = March 1991 | isbn = 3-444-00514-8 }}</ref>
|-style="font-size:90%;"
|colspan=15 | Numbers in ''italics'' are for the Indian fiscal year (1 April–31 March)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*David Burgess Wise, ''The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles''.

==External links==
{{commons category|Standard Motor Company}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928104302/http://www.standardmotorclub.org.uk/cars/india/standardindia.htm A History of Standard Motor Products, Madras]

{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Standard Motor Company]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1947]]

Vikram Singh (police officer)

2026-04-22T02:19:26Z

NicholasPrentice: started some bio w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian Police Officer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2015}}
{{COI|date=December 2015}}
{{Promotional|date=March 2023}}
{{Resume-like|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikram Singh
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|5|22}}
| birth_place = Uttar Pradesh, India
| education = M.Sc., 1972 Ph.D.(Ecology), 1990
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]] [[Kumaon University]]
| occupation = Educationist, social activist, retired IPS officer
| title = [[Director General of Police (India)|Director General of Police]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term = June 2007 – September 2009
| predecessor = G. L. Sharma
| successor = Karamvir Singh
| parents = Shri Markandeya Singh and Smt. Lakshmi Devi
| awards = {{ubl|[[President's Police Medal for Gallantry]]|Bar to President's Police Medal for Gallantry|[[Indian Police Medal]] for Gallantry|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Services|Indian Police Medal for Long and Meritorious Services|Kathin Seva Medal|Bar to Kathin Seva Medal}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dr. Vikram Singh''' (born 22 May 1950) is an Indian educationist and retired [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. He joined the IPS in 1974 and held the post of Director General of Police in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh]] from June 2007 to September 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uppolice.up.nic.in/dg07-11.html |title=U.P. Police |website=uppolice.up.nic.in |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140411075633/http://uppolice.up.nic.in/dg07-11.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He retired from the IPS in May 2010.

==Summary of Experience==

*Pro Chancellor – Noida International University (Plot No. 1, Sector 17-A, [[Yamuna Expressway]], [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]], U.P.) – Since Jun'15 till date
*Vice Chancellor – Noida International University (Plot No. 1, Sector 17-A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Budh Nagar, U.P.) – Nov'10 Till Jun'15
*Director General – [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]] – Sep'09 to May'10
*[[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] – [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh]] – Jun'07 to Sep'09
*Additional Director General – [[Central Industrial Security Force]] – Oct'06 to Jun'07
*Additional Director General – Inter State Border Force – Sep'03 to Oct'06
*Additional Director General – Law & Order, Crime, [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] – Oct'02 to Sep'03
*Inspector General – [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]] Zone & [[Meerut district|Meerut]] Zone – Jul'01 – Oct'02
*Inspector General – Special Task Force, was responsible for establishing, starting and efficiently running this elite force for the first three years. Also, he established similar units in three other states. – Oct'97 to Jul'01
*[[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] – Meerut Zone – Dec'96 to Oct'97
*[[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General]] – [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] Range & [[Meerut district|Meerut]] Range – Oct'91 to Dec'96
*[[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] – [[Etah district|Etah]], [[Nainital district|Nainital]], [[Agra district|Agra]] & [[Kanpur division|Kanpur]] – Sep'81 to Feb'91
*[[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] – Agra & [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] – Jun'79 to Sep'81
*[[Deputy commissioner|ADC]] to [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]] – Sep'77 to Jun'79
*[[Assistant superintendent|Assistant Superintendent]] of Police – Mirzapur – Dec'76 to Sep'77

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://vikramsingh.puzl.com/ DR. VIKRAM SINGH]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vikram}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Deoria district]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Director generals of Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]

Pushpa Bhuyan

2026-04-21T14:22:12Z

NicholasPrentice: added initial details initial version...

{{Short description|Indian dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pushpa Bhuyan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{circa|1946}}
| birth_place = [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], India<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct0815/at053 | title=Pushpa Bhuyan passes away | publisher=The Assam Tribune | date=2015 | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=yes|2015|10|07|69}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Classical dancer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Sattriya]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] NE TV Lifetime Achievement Award
}}
'''Pushpa Bhuyan''' ({{circa|1946}} – 7 October 2015) was an Indian classical dancer specialising in the Indian classical dance forms of [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Sattriya]].<ref name="Highbeam">{{cite web | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1074997971.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409234047/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1074997971.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 April 2016 | title=Highbeam | publisher=Highbeam | date=10 July 2006 | access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> She comes from the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Assam]],<ref name="Highbeam" /> and learned sattriya from Bhabananda Barbayan.<ref name="Dance of the monks">{{cite journal | url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2719/stories/20100924271906400.htm | title=Dance of the monks | author=Sushanta Talukdar | journal=Frontline |date=September 2010 | volume=27 | issue=10}}</ref> She later studied bharatanatyam under Guru Mangudi Dorairaja Iyer.<ref name="Guru Mangudi Dorairaja Iyer">{{cite web | url=http://www.kala-sadhanalaya.org/guru.htm | title=Guru Mangudi Dorairaja Iyer | publisher=Kala Sadhanalaya | date=2015 | access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nrityabhinay">{{cite web | url=http://www.nrityabhinay.com/teacher.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085433/http://www.nrityabhinay.com/teacher.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=4 March 2016 | title=Nrityabhinay | publisher=Nrityabhinay | date=2015 | access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> She has also tutored other dancers.<ref name="Nrityabhinay" /> A recipient of the North East Television Lifetime Achievement Award,<ref name="Highbeam" /><ref name="Nrityabhinay" /> Pushpa Bhuyan was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2002, with the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards | date=2015 | access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bharatanatyam]]
* [[Sattriya]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pushpabhuyan.com/pushpa_bhuyan.html www.pushpabhuyan.com]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuyan, Pushpa}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Sattriya dancers]]
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Assam]]
[[Category:Women artists from Assam]]

Jyoti Hegde

2026-04-21T11:57:19Z

NicholasPrentice: New A Details Initial Version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vidushi Jyoti Hegde
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|17 March 1963|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Karnataka]], India
| spouse = G.H. Hegde
| children = 1
| occupation = Musician
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flat list|
*[[Indian classical music|indian classical]]
*[[Hindustani classical music|hindustani]]
}}
| instrument = {{flat list|
*[[Rudra veena|Rudra Veena]]
*[[Sitar]]
}}
| label = ASA Music (2012)
}}
| website = http://www.jyotihegde.com
}}

'''Jyoti Hegde''' ({{langx|sa|ज्योती हेग्डे}}, {{IPA|sa|dʑjoːtɪ ɦeːɡɖeː|IPA}}) is a [[Rudra veena]] and [[sitar]] artist from the Khandarbani [[gharana]]. She has pursued music since age 12 and completed her master's in music from [[Karnatak University]] of [[Dharwad]]. Vidhushi Jyoti Hegde is the first woman player of [[Rudra veena]] in the world.<ref name="jhbio">{{cite web|title=Jyoti Hegde Biography|url=http://rudraveenajyoti.blogspot.in/2010/02/history.html|accessdate=2014-06-01}}</ref> She is a ''Grade-A artist'' of the Rudra veena and sitar with the [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] and regularly sought after for concerts.

==Career/History==
Jyoti Hegde was born and brought up in [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] – the largest town in [[Uttara Kannada|North Kanara]] district of [[Karnataka]]. She started learning music when she was 12. At the age of 16 years, she began to learn [[Rudra veena]] under the guidance of her first teacher Pandit Late [[Bindu Madhav Pathak]].<ref name="jhbio" /> She was also a disciple of Rudra Veena maestro [[Asad Ali Khan|Ustad Asad Ali Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anveshanā • July 2025 • Interview with Jyoti Hegde |url=https://anveshanamagazine.github.io/jyoti-hegde.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=anveshanamagazine.github.io}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is married to G.S. Hegde and has a son.<ref name="jhbio" />

==Discography==
* Rare Instruments - Rudra Veena (ASA Music, 2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare Instruments - Rudra Veena|url=http://www.asaproductions.in/asa/musicdetails.aspx?MusicUrlName=RudraVeena#.U4rNNPmSyO4|accessdate=2014-06-01|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200417/http://www.asaproductions.in/asa/musicdetails.aspx?MusicUrlName=RudraVeena#.U4rNNPmSyO4|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Jyoti Hegde has won awards such as the Naada Nidhi award, Kala Chetana and Dhrupadmani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jyoti Hegde Profile|url=http://www.jyotihegde.com/jyotihegde_profile.pdf|accessdate=2014-06-01|archive-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605053137/http://www.jyotihegde.com/jyotihegde_profile.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jyotihegde.com Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Rudra veena players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Veena players]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Department of Home (Kerala)

2026-04-20T16:17:44Z

NicholasPrentice: started new pg

{{Short description|Indian State Government Department}}

The '''Home Department''' ([[Malayalam]]: ആഭ്യന്തര വകുപ്പ്) is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]]. It plays a key role in maintenance of law and order in the state of [[Kerala]]. The department oversees the maintenance of law and order, prevention and control of crime, prosecution of criminals, administration of civil and criminal justice, besides dealing with fire services and prisons administration.
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Home Department
| native_name =
| native_name_a = {{lang|ml|ആഭ്യന്തര വകുപ്പ്, കേരളം}}
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_size = 340 px
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt =
| seal =
| seal_size = 340 px
| seal_caption =
| seal_alt =
| formed = November 1, 1956
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Kerala]]
| headquarters = Ground Floor, Main Block, [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Secretariat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] and additional charge of Home Ministry
| chief1_name = Biswanath Sinha [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Home Department and Vigilance Department)
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| child1_agency = [[Kerala Police]]
| child2_agency = [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services]]
| child3_agency = [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]]
| child4_agency = [[Directorate of Prosecution (Kerala)|Directorate of Prosecution]]
| website = {{URL|kerala.gov.in}}
}}
The department is also responsible for the functioning of [[Kerala Police|State Police]], [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services|Prisons and Correctional Services]], [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services|Fire and Rescue Services]], [[Civil defense|Civil Defence]] and [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]]. The department is also the cadre controlling authority of [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) (Kerala Cadre) and [[State Police Services|Kerala Police Service]] (KPS). The Chief Minister generally serves as the departmental minister, and the [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Home & Vigilance), an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], is the administrative head of the department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala |url=https://kerala.gov.in/departmentdetail/MTUyMzQ0MzEuOTY= |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jun 25, 2022 |title=Kerala: V Venu appointed as new home secretary {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-v-venu-appointed-as-new-home-secretary/articleshow/92449184.cms |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is the current Home Minister of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala |url=https://kerala.gov.in/departmentdetail/MTUyMzQ0MzEuOTY= |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Leadership and administration==
The Home Department is headed by the Minister for Home, who is a political appointee responsible for making policy decisions and providing strategic direction. The minister in charge of the home department is [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], the Chief Minister of Kerala. Assisting the Minister is the [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Home & Vigilance), a senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, also known as ''Home Secretary'', who handles the day-to-day administrative affairs of the department.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-govt-appoints-dr-v-venu-as-state-home-secretary-1.7633174 | title=Kerala govt appoints Dr V Venu as state Home Secretary | date=24 June 2022 }}</ref>

The Home Department is organised into 21 sections, namely A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, PS, Attestation, SC, SSA, and SSB, each handling specific administrative and functional subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functional structure of Home Department |url=https://kerala.gov.in/appdepartmentdetail/NTI1MzI1LjI0 |url-status=live |website=[[Government of Kerala]] Portal}}</ref> Each section is headed by an Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary, Deputy Secretary, or [[Undersecretary|Under Secretary]], depending on the nature of work. They are responsible for handling specific subjects such as police administration, prisons, fire and rescue services, prosecution, administration of civil and criminal justice, and internal security.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work allocation |url=https://kerala.gov.in/appdepartmentdetail/NTI1MzI1LjI0}}</ref>

 
The hierarchy within the Secretariat is as follows:
Additional Chief Secretary (or [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]]), Special Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary, Deputy Secretary, Under Secretary, followed by Section Officers and other supporting staff.

== Line Departments / Directorates ==
The following departments and agencies function under the administrative control of the Home Department:
* [[Kerala Police|Kerala Police Department]]
* [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services|Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]]
* [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]]
* Kerala Civil Defence and Homeguards
* [[Directorate of Prosecution (Kerala)|Directorate of Prosecution]]
* Chemical Examiners Laboratory

All these departments are inter-linked and co-ordinated by the Home department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know the Department – KERALA FIRE AND RESCUE SERVICES |url=http://fire.kerala.gov.in/en/2021/02/24/know-the-department/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=fire.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prisons Headquarters |url=https://keralaprisons.gov.in/prisons-headquarters.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=keralaprisons.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kerala Police - Governance |url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/page/governance |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Heads of Departments (HODs) ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Position
!Incumbent
!Department
|-
| [[Director general of police|DGP & State Police Chief]], Kerala
|[[Ravada A. Chandrasekhar|Ravada Chandrashekhar]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Kerala Police]]
|-
| [[Director general (police)|Director General]] of Fire and Rescue Services, Civil Defence and Home Guards
|Nithin Aggarwal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services|Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]]
|-
|Director General of Prisons and Correctional Services
|Balramkumar Upadhyaya [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ADGP
|[[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]]
|-
|Director General of Prosecution
|Adv. TA Shaji
|[[Directorate of Prosecution (Kerala)|Directorate of Prosecution]]
|-
|Chairman and Managing Director
|S.Shyamsunder [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] IGP<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Police Housing & Construction Corporation Limited |url=https://kphccltd.kerala.gov.in/page/board-of-directors |website=KPHCC Ltd.}}</ref>
|Kerala Police Housing & Construction Corporation
|-
|Chief Chemical Examiner
|N.K.Renjith<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Chemical Examiner's Laboratory, Government of Kerala |url=https://www.celd.kerala.gov.in/English/index.php}}</ref>
|Chemical Examiners Laboratory
|}

== Statutory bodies ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Statutory Bodies / Autonomous Institutions under the Home Department, Government of Kerala<ref>https://kerala.gov.in/departmentdetail/MTUyMzQ0MzEuOTY%3D</ref>
! Sl. No.
! Institution / Authority
! Type
! Legal basis / Establishment
|-
| 1
| State Police Complaints Authority (SPCA)
| Statutory / Quasi-judicial Authority
| [[wikisource:Kerala_Police_Act,_2011|Kerala Police Act, 2011]] (based on Supreme Court directives in *Prakash Singh v. Union of India*, 2006)
|-
| 2
| District Police Complaints Authorities
| Statutory / Quasi-judicial Authority
| [[wikisource:Kerala_Police_Act,_2011|Kerala Police Act, 2011]]
|-
| 3
| Kerala Police Housing and Construction Corporation Ltd. (KPHCC)
| [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertaking]] (Government Company)
| Companies Act, 1956
|}

==List of Home ministers of Kerala==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! rowspan="2" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office
|-
|1
|[[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|156x156px]]
|'''[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]'''
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|[[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Nileshwaram]]
|5 April 1957
|31 July 1959
|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[First Namboodiripad ministry]]
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4FDAAAAYAAJ&q=Harirama+Jogaiah+%C2%A0home+minister |title=Data India |date=1990 |publisher=Press Institute of India |pages=441 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[File:P. T. Chacko (image).png|156x156px]]
|[[P. T. Chacko]]
|[[Meenachil]]
|1960
|1964
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|* [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai ministry]]
* [[Sankar ministry]]
|
|-
|3
|[[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|[[Pattambi Assembly constituency|Pattambi]]
|1967
|1969
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Second Namboodiripad ministry]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Indian Union Muslim League leader C. H. Mohammed Koya.jpg|156x156px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
|[[Mankada Assembly constituency|Mankada]]
|01 November 1969
|01 August 1970
|{{Age in years and days nts|01 November 1969|01 August 1970}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[First C. Achutha Menon ministry]]
|
|-
|[[Kondotty Assembly constituency|Kondotty]]
|04 October 1970
|01 March 1973
|{{Age in years and days nts|04 October 1970|01 March 1973}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry|C. Achutha Menon ministry II]]
|
|-
|5
|[[File:Karunakaran Kannoth.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
|[[Mala, Kerala|Mala]]
|02 March 1973
|25 March 1977
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry|C. Achutha Menon ministry II]]
|
|-
|6
|[[File:K. M. Mani portrait.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[K. M. Mani]]
|[[Pala Assembly constituency|Pala]]
|25 March 1977
|21 December 1977
|
|[[Kerala Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
|[[First Karunakaran ministry]]
|
|-
|7
|[[File:P.J Joseph.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[P. J. Joseph]]
|[[Thodupuzha Assembly constituency|Thodupuzha]]
|4 January 1978
|26 September 1978
|
|[[Kerala Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
|[[First Antony ministry]]
|
|-
|8
|[[File:K. M. Mani portrait.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[K. M. Mani]]
|[[Pala Assembly constituency|Pala]]
|4 October 1978
|26 July 1979
|
|[[Kerala Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair ministry]]
|
|-
|9
|[[File:Indian Union Muslim League leader C. H. Mohammed Koya.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|[[Malappuram Assembly constituency|Malappuram]]
|12 October 1979
|1 December 1979
|{{Age in years and days nts|12 October 1979|1 December 1979}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Koya ministry]]
|
|-
|10
|
|[[T. K. Ramakrishnan]]
|
|25 January 1980
|20 October 1981
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[First Nayanar ministry]]
|
|-
|11
|[[File:Oommen Chandy 2013 4.JPG|156x156px]]
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
|[[Puthuppally Assembly constituency|Puthuppally]]
|1981
|1982
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Second Karunakaran ministry]]
|
|-
|12
|[[File:Vayalar Ravi-crop.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[Vayalar Ravi]]
|
|24 May 1982
|24 May 1986
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Third Karunakaran ministry]]
|
|-
|13
|[[File:E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|
|1987
|1991
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Second Nayanar ministry]]
|
|-
|14
|[[File:Karunakaran Kannoth.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|
|1991
|1995
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Fourth Karunakaran ministry]]
|
|-
|15
|[[File:A. K. Antony.jpg |156x156px]]
|[[A. K. Antony|A.K. Antony]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|
|1995
|1996
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Second Antony ministry]]
|
|-
|16
|[[File:E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|
|1996
|2001
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Third Nayanar ministry]]
|
|-
|17
|[[File:A. K. Antony.jpg |156x156px]]
|[[A. K. Antony]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|
|2001
|2004
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Third Antony ministry]]
|
|-
|19
|[[File:Oommen Chandy 2013 4.JPG|156x156px]]
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
|
|2004
|2006
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[First Chandy ministry]]
|
|-
|20
|[[File:KodiyeriBalakrishnan.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]
|
|18 May 2006
|16 May 2011
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Achuthanandan ministry]]
|
|-
|21
|[[File:Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]]
|
|12 April 2012
|31 December 2013
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Second Chandy ministry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-05 |title=Kerala Home Minister seeks clarification from DGP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-home-minister-seeks-clarification-from-dgp/article5427021.ece |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[File:Ramesh-chennithala-3453.jpg|156x156px]]
|[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|[[Haripad Assembly constituency|Haripad]]
|January 2014
|2015
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Second Chandy ministry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Legislative Assembly - Ramesh Chennithala |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/content/member_homepage/2458}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |23
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif|156x156px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
{{Small|(Chief minister)}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Dharmadam Assembly constituency|Dharmadom]]
|25 May 2016
|3 May 2021
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[First Vijayan ministry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-25 |title=Kerala to have 19-member Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/List-of-ministers-in-Kerala-cabinet/article60509906.ece |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|20 May 2021
|[[Incumbent]]
|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Second Vijayan ministry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-17 |title=Know the Chief Minister - Official website of Kerala Chief Minister |url=https://keralacm.gov.in/?page_id=1093 |access-date=2024-07-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[Department of Finance (Kerala)]]
* [[Department of Revenue (Kerala)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:Home ministers of Kerala]]

Saligao Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:40:31Z

NicholasPrentice: started some bio first draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saligao
| mla = [[Kedar Naik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1989
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:27576}}<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA | constituency_no =7
| map_image = File:Saligao constitution.svg
}}

The '''Saligao Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Saligao is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under the [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is part of the [[North Goa district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Wilfred de Souza]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Goa Rajiv Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Dilip Parulekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Jayesh Salgaonkar]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Kedar Naik]]{{efn|Elected to [[Indian National Congress]]. Switched to [[BJP]] in 2022}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

{{Notelist}}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kedar Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,045 |percentage=44.97% |change={{increase}}37.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jayesh Salgaonkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,146 |percentage=36.47% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohan Kalangutkar |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=1,928 |percentage=8.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mario Venancio Cordeiro |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=847 |percentage=3.79% |change={{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rupesh Damodar Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=805 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bholanath Ghadi Sakhalkar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=352 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=212 |percentage=0.95% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,899 |percentage=8.50% |change= {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,335 |percentage=81.04% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,560 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Goa Forward Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jayesh Salgaonkar]] |party=Goa Forward Party |votes=9,735 |percentage=46.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Parulekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,598 |percentage=36.13% |change={{decrease}}15.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Agnelo Nicholas Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,616 |percentage=7.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dattatraya Vittal Padgaonkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,330 |percentage=6.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Dabholkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=428 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=171 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajanan Rama Naik |party=Communist Party of India |votes=150 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,137 |percentage=10.16% |change= {{decrease}}19.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,028 |percentage=80.77% |change= {{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,036 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Goa Forward Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Parulekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,084 |percentage=51.86% |change={{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Souza Tulio |party=Independent politician |votes=4,276 |percentage=21.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh V. Parulekar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,729 |percentage=8.89% |change={{decrease}}21.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francisco Colaco |party=Independent politician |votes=1,192 |percentage=6.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paul Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=1,135 |percentage=5.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Trajano D'Mello |party=Independent politician |votes=625 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajanan Rama Naik |party=Communist Party of India |votes=166 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,808 |percentage=29.87% |change= {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,443 |percentage=81.61% |change= {{increase}}11.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,782 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Parulekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,639 |percentage=43.08% |change={{increase}}19.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wilfred de Souza]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,682 |percentage=30.38% |change={{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dmello Trajano |party=Independent politician |votes=2,290 |percentage=14.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayed Salim |party=Save Goa Front |votes=1,601 |percentage=10.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsakar Anand |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=117 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,957 |percentage=12.70% |change= {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,411 |percentage=69.95% |change= {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,026 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}14.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wilfred de Souza]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,263 |percentage=28.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D' Mello Trejano Agricio |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,537 |percentage=23.78% |change={{increase}}8.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmalkar Sadguru Pandurang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,476 |percentage=23.37% |change={{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayyad Salim Pirsab |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,682 |percentage=11.31% |change={{decrease}}21.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalangutkar Deelip Sonu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,677 |percentage=11.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sequeira Savio Victor |party=Independent politician |votes=122 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roland A. D'Souza |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=726 |percentage=4.88% |change= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,873 |percentage=70.59% |change= {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,051 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wilfred de Souza]] |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=5,006 |percentage=35.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalangutkar Deelip Sonu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,542 |percentage=32.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Shrikant Keshav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,169 |percentage=15.57% |change={{decrease}}29.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandrekar Gorakh Rajaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,583 |percentage=11.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navelkar Amol Prabhakar |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=268 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pednekar Rama Dattaram |party=Independent politician |votes=266 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurav Baburao Vithal |party=Shiv Sena |votes=93 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=464 |percentage=3.33% |change= {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,929 |percentage=67.67% |change= {{decrease}}8.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,580 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wilfred de Souza]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,479 |percentage=44.95% |change={{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalangutkar Dilip Sonu |party=Shiv Sena |votes=5,184 |percentage=35.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Shrikant Keshav |party=Independent politician |votes=2,369 |percentage=16.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodrigues Avelino Tresicas |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,295 |percentage=8.98% |change= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,414 |percentage=75.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,894 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Saligao<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Wilfred de Souza]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,229 |percentage=49.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahrenkar Punaji Pandurang |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,802 |percentage=46.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yves Zuzarte |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=169 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=427 |percentage=3.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,479 |percentage=75.86% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,107 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.54|73.78|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

S. R. Goyal

2026-04-11T23:39:25Z

NicholasPrentice: added new info from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{distinguish|Sita Ram Goel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| name = S. R. Goyal
| office = HOD of [[Jodhpur University]]
| term_start = 1970
| term_end = 1992
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1932
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2015 (aged 83)
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| profession = Historian
| children = Shankar Goyal
| signature =
}}
'''Sri Ram Goyal''' (known as '''S. R. Goyal'''; 1932 – 2015)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |date=2014 |title=S. R. Goyal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158579 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=1496 |jstor=44158579 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> was an Indian historian and professor known for his work mainly on [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] history.
==Career==
S. R. Goyal pursued his academic career in ancient history, completing his Bachelor's degree in 1953 and his Master's degree in 1955 from [[Allahabad University]], where he graduated with "first class first" honors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjSwPQAACAAJ |title=Professor S.R. Goyal: The Profile of a Historian |date=2004 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-8152-000-5 |pages=32 |language=hi}}</ref> He began his teaching career at C.M.P. College, [[Allahabad]] (1955–58), and later moved to [[Gorakhpur University]] (1958–70). In 1970, he joined [[Jodhpur University]] (now Jai Narain Vyas University), where he has served as the Head of the Department of History.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal S.r |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69211/page/n2/mode/1up |title=A Religiours History Of Ancient India Vol I |date=1804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |date=2014 |title=S. R. Goyal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158579 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=1496 |jstor=44158579 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

==Works==
Goyal has authored over 55 research papers and several books on ancient Indian history. Notable works include ''Viśva kī Prācīna Sabhyatāyeṃ'' (1963), ''Prācīna Bhārata kā Rājanaitika Itihāsa, Vol. III'' (1969), ''Prācīna Nepāla kā Rājanaitika aura Saṃskṛtika Itihāsa'' (1974), and ''Prācīna Bhāratīya Abhilekha Saṅgraha'' (1980). His doctoral thesis, ''A History of the Imperial Guptas'' (1967), has received recognition for its analysis of the Gupta period from scholars such as Professor [[A. L. Basham]] and Professor [[Eleanor Zelliot]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |date=1996 |title=Historiography of the Imperial Guptas: Old and New |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702162 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=77 |issue=1/4 |pages=1–33 |jstor=41702162 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>

Goyal is also the Chief Editor of a 32-volume series on Indian History and Culture. This includes volumes like ''Māgadha Sāmrājya kā Udaya'' (1980) and ''Mughal Sāmrājya kā Prārambhika Itihāsa'' (1984). His research on the origins of the [[Brāhmī script]] during the [[Maurya period]] has been acknowledged in academic circles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |date=1996 |title=Historiography of the Imperial Guptas: Old and New |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702162 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=77 |issue=1/4 |pages=1–33 |jstor=41702162 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjSwPQAACAAJ |title=Professor S.R. Goyal: The Profile of a Historian |date=2004 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-8152-000-5 |pages=97–106 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Thesis===
*''Were the Imperial Guptas Brāhmanas by Caste?'' (in [[Hindi]]), Bulletin of the Gorakhapur University, 1961 pp. 5–9.
*''Was Magadha the Original Home of the Imperial Guptas?'' PIHC, 1964 (abstract).
*''Samudragupta and the North-West Proceedings of the Oriental Conference'', Gauhati Session, 1964, pp. 153–68.
*''The Problem of Bālādityas in the Gupta Period Bhuyan Commemoration Volume'', Gauhati, 1965, pp. 100–4.
*''Observations on the Sri Vikrama Coin of Samudragupta'', JNSI, 1965, XXVII, Pt.ii, pp. 142–45.
*''The Date of Kālidāsa, An Old Suggestion Modified'' POC, XXII, i,1965, p. 72f (abstract).
*''The Date of Vasubandhu and the Identity of His Patron'' (in Hindi), Shri S.N.M. Tripathi Abhinandana Grantha, [[Varanasi]], 1965, pp. 101–04.
*''Attribution of Chandragupta-Kumāradevi Coin Type'' Indian Numismatic Chronicle. IV, Pt. ii, 1965–66, pp. 116–26.
*''Attribution of the Coins of Prakāsàditya'', JNSI, 1966, XXVIII, Pt. i, pp. 17–20.
*''Early Chronology of the Gupta Dynasty'', JBRS, III, Jan. 1966, pp. 55–67.
*''Gayā and Nālandā Plates of Samudragupta'', JBBS, III, Jan. 1966, pp. 68–72.
*''Samudragupta: the King of the Meharauli Pillar Inscription'' (in Hindi), Nagari Pracharini Patrika, LXXIX, Pt.iii, V. E. 2021, pp. 261–77.

===Books===

==== Hindi ====
*[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/ancient-civilizations-of-world-mzu777/ ''Viśva kī prācīna sabhyatāem̐''] (1963).
*''Gupta evām sāmakalin rajavamsa'' (1969).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/85829 ''Prācīna Nepāla kā rājanitika aura sāṃskr̥tika itihāsa (abhilekhoṃ ke ādhāra para)''] (1973).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/964954 ''Māgadha sāmrājya kā udaya''] (1981).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/1016458 ''Prācīna Bhāratīya abhilekha saṅgraha : mūlapāṭha, anuvāda, tathā vyākhyā sahita''] (1982).
*[https://zenodo.org/records/3455715 ''Guptakālín Abhilekha''] (1984).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/982744 ''Harsha Śīlāditya''] (1986).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/950133 ''Bhārata meṃ Mug̲h̲ala sāmrājya kā prārambhika itihāsa : Akabara kī mr̥tyu taka''] (1987).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Candragupta_Maurya_eka_nav%C4%ABna_r%C4%81jan%C4%ABt.html?id=TOgsAAAAIAAJ&hl=en&output=html_text&redir_esc=y ''Candragupta Maurya, eka navīna rājanītika-saṃskr̥tika adhyayana''] (1987).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Samudragupta_par%C4%81kram%C4%81%E1%B9%85ka.html?id=3ec8AAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Samudragupta Parākramānka''] (1987).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Gupta_S%C4%81mr%C4%81jya_k%C4%81_itih%C4%81sa.html?id=DjA8AAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Gupta Sāmrājya kā itihāsa''] (1987).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81.html?id=_BpuAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y''Magadha-Sātavāhana-Kushāṇa sāmrājyoṃ kā yuga''] (1988).
*[https://archive.org/details/20240611_20240611_0939 ''Nanda-Maurya Sāmrājya kā itihāsa''] (1988).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/1275224 ''Gupta aura Vākāṭaka sāmrājyoṃ kā yuga''] (1988).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/1198543 ''Maukhari-Pushyabhūti-Cālukya yuga''] (1988).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Dakshi%E1%B9%87a_Bh%C4%81rata_k%C4%81_itih%C4%81sa.html?id=5o1uAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Dakshiṇa Bhārata kā itihāsa''] (1995).

====English====
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/A_History_of_the_Imperial_Guptas.html?id=xzFuAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''A History of the Imperial Guptas''] (1967).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/743702 ''A religious history of ancient India, upto c. 1200 A.D.''] (1984).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/798521 ''Kautilya and Megasthenes''] (1985).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/822299 ''Harsha and Buddhism''] (1986).
*[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryofindianbuddhismgoyals.r.mlbd_845_R/mode/1up ''A History Of Indian Buddhism''] (1987).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Inscriptions_of_Maukhari_Pushyabhuti_Cha.html?id=NwUhAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Inscriptions of Maukhari-Pushyabhuti-Chalukya age''] (1987).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/2416749 ''An introduction to Gupta numismatics''] (1994).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Coinage_of_Ancient_India.html?id=T5caAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y ''The Coinage of Ancient India vol. I''] (1994).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/2548768 ''The Coinage of Ancient India vol. II''] (1995).
*[https://archive.org/details/UAjO_indian-art-of-the-gupta-age-from-pre-classical-roots-to-the-emergence-of-medieva ''Indian art of the Gupta age : from pre-classical roots to the emergence of medieval trends''] (2000).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Indica_of_Megasthenes.html?id=MxNuAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''The Indica of Megasthenes : its contents and reliability''] (2000).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Kau%E1%B9%ADil%C4%ABya_Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra.html?id=uFuDAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''The Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra : its author, date, and relevance for the Maurya period''] (2000).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/5206562 ''India as known to Kauṭilya and Megasthenes''] (2001).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/5056980 ''Indian Buddhism after the Buddha''] (2003).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BziYLimD9LQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Maulana+Husain+Ahmad+Madni+:+a+biographical+study+/&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Maulana%20Husain%20Ahmad%20Madni%20%3A%20a%20biographical%20study%20%2F&f=false ''Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni : a biographical study''] (2004).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/5847850 ''Buddhism in Indian history and culture : upto the Ambedkar movement''] (2004).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/6379454 ''Ancient Indian inscriptions : recent finds and new interpretations''] (2005).
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_Script.html?id=b05jAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Brāhmī script : an invention of the early Maurya period''] (2006).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/6614965 ''A history of the Vākāṭaka-Gupta relations''] (2006).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/6497222 ''Śramaṇism in early Indian religions and religious life''] (2007).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/7990398 ''Pre-paurāṇika Hinduism : prehistoric genesis, contribution of the Indus religion, and vedic foundations of paurāṇika Hinduism''] (2008).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/7889963 ''Fundamentals of Paurāṇika Hinduism''] (2009).
*[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/birth-and-early-growth-of-indian-society-nak210/ ''Birth and early growth of Indian society''] (2016).
*[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/pauranika-sects-and-cults-hbb754/#:~:text=The%20major%20sects%20of%20the,grew%20around%20them%20as%20well. ''Paurāṇika sects and cults''] (2017).
*[https://catalog-test.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/12000622 ''A comprehensive history of Hinduism''] (2018).
*[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/hinduism-in-context-of-social-history-set-of-3-volumes-had469/ ''Hinduism in the Context of Social History (Set of 3 Volumes)''] (2024) edition.

==See also==
*[[Eleanor Zelliot]]
*[[David Lorenzen|D. N. Lorenzen]]
*[[Arthur Llewellyn Basham|A.L Basham]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/early-india-historical-probings-essays-in-honour-of-professor-s-r-goyal-on-his-85th-birthday-nak222/ ''Early India Historical Probings (Essays in Honour of Professor S. R. Goyal on His 85th Birthday)'']
*{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Bahadur Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Reappraising Gupta History for S.R. Goyal |date=1992 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85179-78-0 |language=en}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S. R. Goyal}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]

Ram Muivah

2026-04-11T20:48:04Z

NicholasPrentice: added new article v1...

{{short description|Indian bureaucrat and politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Muivah
| birth_name = Ramnganing Muivah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|03|01}}<ref>{{cite web|title = Affidavit Ram Muivah|url = https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/44/RAM%20MUIVAH.pdf|access-date = 15 November 2025|website = Chief Electoral Office, Manipur}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Ukhrul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ukhrul]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = 
| predecessor1 = [[Alfred Kan-Ngam Arthur]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[North Eastern Council|North Eastern Council of]] [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| term_start2 = 10 September 2015
| term_end2 = 23 October 2019
| successor2 = K Moses Chalai
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| party = [[Naga People's Front]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Khashim Muivah
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[North Eastern Hill University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) [[University of Birmingham]]<ref>{{cite web|title = IAS officers Civil List Information system|url =https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/IAS-Officers-Civil-List-Information-System-20200605130819.pdf|date = 1 January 2020|access-date = 15 November 2025|website = [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Affidavit Ram Muivah|url = https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/44/RAM%20MUIVAH.pdf|access-date = 15 November 2025|website =Chief Electoral Office, Manipur}}</ref>
| profession = [[Politician]], former [[Bureaucrat]]
}}
'''Ramnganing Muivah''' (born 1 March 1960) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician and retired [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of 1985 batch from [[Manipur]] cadre. He was elected to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ukhrul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ukhrul]] in [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of [[Naga People's Front]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukhrul election result |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/ukhrul-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-ukhrul-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12752222.htm/amp |access-date=22 March 2022 |agency=CNBC TV18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ram Muivah |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=232 |website=My Neta |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Ram Muivah |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/02/19/manipur-2022-meet-ram-muivah-ukhruls-npf-candidate-on-a-mission/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |agency=EastMojo}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ramnganing Muivah was born on 1 March 1960 in [[Manipur]], [[India]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] from [[North-Eastern Hill University]] and his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in public service from the [[University of Birmingham]] in UK.<ref>{{cite web|title = Get to know Ram Muivah, IAS (Retired) To ponder & inspire|url = https://ukhrultimes.com/get-to-know-ram-muivah-ias-retired-to-ponder-inspire/|website = The Ukhrul Times|date = 29 August 2021|access-date = 15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = IAS officers Civil List Information system|url =https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/IAS-Officers-Civil-List-Information-System-20200605130819.pdf|date = 1 January 2020|access-date = 15 November 2025|website = [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]}}</ref>

==Civil Service career==
Muivah is a 1985 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] from [[Manipur]] cadre.

He has served in various secretarial positions in the such as Additional Chief Secretary, [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] and as Special Secretary etc in the [[Government of Manipur]]. His tenure as [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] in Health & Family Welfare Ministry of [[Government of Manipur|Manipur Government]] was noted with low infant mortality rate in Manipur State.<ref>{{cite web|title = Get to know Ram Muivah, IAS (Retired) To ponder & inspire|url = https://ukhrultimes.com/get-to-know-ram-muivah-ias-retired-to-ponder-inspire/|website = The Ukhrul Times|date = 29 August 2021|access-date = 15 November 2025}}</ref>

In [[Government of India]] while in Central Deputation he served as [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Financial Services|Department of Financial Services in Finance Ministry of India]] from 2001 to 2006. He also served as [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development of India]] from 2008 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|date = 11 September 2025|url= https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..120915.sep15#:~:text=In%20the%20Central%20Government%2C%20he,responsible%20for%20it's%20sanctity%20&%20originality.|website = E-Pao|access-date = 15 November 2025|title =
Ram Muivah joins as Secretary of NEC}}</ref>

In 2015, Central Government appointed Muivah as [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[North Eastern Council]]. He served in that position until 2019. Under his tenure the council took several infrastructural projects for the development of North Eastern region.<ref>{{cite web|title = Get to know Ram Muivah, IAS (Retired) To ponder & inspire|url = https://ukhrultimes.com/get-to-know-ram-muivah-ias-retired-to-ponder-inspire/|website = The Ukhrul Times|date = 29 August 2021|access-date = 15 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2020, Muivah retired from [[Indian Administrative Service]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muivah, Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]

Azizul Haque (Naxalite activist)

2026-04-09T14:24:58Z

NicholasPrentice: made initial biography v1...

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary, writer, and veteran Naxalite leader (1942–2025)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Azizul Haque
| image = Azizul Haque CPIML.jpg
| caption = Azizul Haque in his later years
| birth_date = 28 August 1942
| birth_place = Ranmahal, Uluberia Subdivision, Howrah, Bengal, British India
| death_date = 21 July 2025
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| occupation = Political leader, writer
| alma_mater = Presidency College, Kolkata
| known_for = Naxalbari movement, ''Karagare Atharo Bochor''
}}

'''Azizul Haque''' (28 August 1942 – 21 July 2025) was an Indian revolutionary, political leader, and writer from West Bengal, known for his participation in the [[Naxalite movement]] and his memoir, ''Karagare Atharo Bochor'' (''Eighteen Years in Prison''). He was the head of the Second Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]].<ref name=eisamay>{{cite web |last1=লাহিড়ী |first1=অমর্ত্য |title=যুগাবসান, প্রয়াত নকশালপন্থী নেতা আজিজুল হক |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/leftist-thinker-and-a-leading-figure-of-naxalbari-movement-azizul-haque-passes-away/200396362.cms |website=eisamay.com |date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Haque was born on 28 August 1942 in Ranmahal, Uluberia Subdivision, Howrah district, Bengal Presidency. He was born into a prominent zamindar family, locally referred to as "Mir Saheb’s Estate." According to school records, his birth date was registered as 1 February. He moved to Kolkata for higher studies and attended Presidency College.<ref name="HT-obit">{{cite news |title=Veteran Naxalite leader Azizul Haque dies, end of an era in Bengal's radical politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veteran-naxalite-leader-azizul-haque-dies-end-of-era-in-bengal-s-radical-politics-101753102667720.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

==Political involvement==
Haque joined the student movement in 1959 and became a member of the [[Communist Party of India]]. In a symbolic gesture of class renunciation, Haque rejected his inheritance of his family lands.<ref name=thehindu>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Shrabana |title=Comrades bid emotional farewell to departed Naxal leader Azizul Haque |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/comrades-bid-emotional-farewell-to-departed-naxal-leader-azizul-haque/article69841631.ece |website=thehindu.com |date=22 July 2025}}</ref>

==Naxalbari movement and CPI(ML)==
After the 1967 [[Naxalbari uprising]], Haque aligned with [[Charu Mazumdar]] and helped build underground cells in the Sundarbans region. He was arrested in 1970 following a state-wide crackdown.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Second Central Committee==
After release, Haque was instrumental in forming the Second Central Committee of the CPI(ML), along with leaders such as [[Nishith Bhattacharya]]. The faction focused on rebuilding grassroots mobilization in Bengal and parts of Bihar.<ref name=eisamay />

==Later years and activism==
Haque married fellow activist Manideepa Bakshi in the early 1980s. He was rearrested in 1982 and reportedly tortured during police custody.<ref name=eisamay /> His political writings from jail were later compiled into his memoir.<ref name=eisamay /> Widespread protests led to his release on 25 December 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Veteran Naxalite leader Azizul Haque dies, end of era in Bengal's radical politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veteran-naxalite-leader-azizul-haque-dies-end-of-era-in-bengal-s-radical-politics-101753102667720.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

==Writings==
His prison memoir, ''Karagare Atharo Bochor'' (translated: ''Eighteen Years in Prison''), was published in 2006.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Death==
Azizul Haque died on 21 July 2025 at the age of 83 in Kolkata. His funeral was attended by left leaders, students, and activists. West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] posted a condolence message online saying "Azizul Haque was a fighter, a resolute leader. In his long political career, he never bowed his head."<ref name="HT-obit" />

==Selected works==
* ''Karagare Atharo Bochor'' (''Eighteen Years in Prison''), Dey's Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|978-8129506399}}
* ''Naxalbari: Tirish Bochor Age Ebong Porecc'' (''Naxalbari: Thirty years before and after''), Dey's Publishing, 2023. {{ISBN|978-81-295-2031-9}}

==See also==
* {{anl|Ashim Chatterjee}}
* {{anl|Charu Mazumdar}}
* {{anl|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)}}
* {{anl|Naxalbari uprising}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Azizul}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]

Thiruvananthapuram–Chennai Mail

2026-04-08T04:38:13Z

NicholasPrentice:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station–Thiruvananthapuram Central Superfast Mail
| image=
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =Superfast [[mail train]]
| locale =[[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]
| first ='''{{start date and age|df=yes|1944}}''' (initial run from [[Madras Central]] to [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]]) '''{{start date and age|df=yes|1977}}''' (extended to {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}})<ref name="history"/>
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chennai Central]]
| stops = 21 for 12624 and 20 for 12623
| end = [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
| distance = {{convert|926|km|abbr=on}}
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = No
| catering = Yes
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =[[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| trainnumber = 12623 / 12624
| speed = Average {{convert|58|km/h}}, Maximum {{convert|130|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Chennai - Trivandrum) Mail Express route.png|300px|(Chennai–Trivandrum) Mail Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Chennai Central–Thiruvananthapuram Central S. F Mail''' is a daily [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] [[mail train]] running between [[Thiruvananthapuram Central|Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Chennai Central]] under [[Southern Railway zone]] that connects the Capital city of Tamil Nadu Chennai with Thiruvananthapuram. the Capital City of [[Kerala]]. It is one of the prestigious train of the [[Indian Railways]]. This train runs via [[Kottayam]]. This train connects Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram along with six big cities in South India – [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Erode]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kochi]], and [[Kollam]].

==History==
Today's 12623/24 Chennai–Thiruvananthapuram Mail, is the successor to the 561/562 [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]] (in Kochi) –Madras Express that started running in 1944. It was then the second express train running through Kerala and the first from south Kerala. In 1960, it was renumbered as the 19/20 Cochin Harbour Terminus–Madras Express and in 1965 renamed the 19/20 Cochin Harbour Terminus–Madras Mail. It was then extended to [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] in 1977 when the rail link connecting to Thiruvananthapuram Central via [[Kottayam]] was completed and in 1990 it was renumbered 6319/6320 and later 2623/2624.<ref name="history">{{cite web| url=https://24coaches.com/bangalore-island-express-history/| title=The Legend of the Island Express| website=24 coaches| date=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

==Interesting facts==

It is the only daily train from Chennai to the South which does not have a halt at both Arakkonam Junction and Jolarpettai.
The train was made to run via Irugur Podanur line due to single line constraints at Coimbatore Junction, later it was restored via Coimbatore Junction in 2014. This is the fastest train as 12623 between MAS - CBE and MAS - ERN. The train is meant for achieving its maximum speed between Katpadi and Basin Bridge Junction.

Conventional ICF coaches on the train were replaced by LHB coaches in January 2017. The train usually leaves from PF no: 5 or 9 from Chennai Central. This train is amongst the prestigious trains of the [[Southern Railway zone]].

Total number of coaches 22

The train consists of:
* Loco HOG-enabled WAP-7 from Royapuram or Erode
* 1 AC First AC Coach (H1)
* 1 AC Two-tier coaches(A1)
* 5 AC Three-tier coaches (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5)
* 9 Sleeper coaches (S1–S9)
* 4 Unreserved General Sitting coaches (GS)
* 1 End on Generator
* 1 Luggage Cum LHB Second Sitting and Coach for Disabled

==Coach composition (Upward – 12623)==

The train shares its rake with [[Cheran Superfast Express]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 22
|-
|[[File:Wam-2. SVG.svg|100px]]||LDSLR|| GS || GS || S9 || S8 || S7 || S6 || S5 || S4 || S3 || S2 || S1 || B5 || B4 || B3 || B2 || B1 || A1 || H1 || GS || GS || EOG
|-
|}

==Route==
'''<big>Chennai - Thiruvananthapuram (12623)</big>'''

[[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] - [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]] - [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]] - [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]] - [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] - [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]] - [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]] - [[Angamaly railway station|Angamali for Kaladi]] - [[Aluva railway station|Aluva]] - [[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town]] - [[Tripunithura railway station|Trippunittura]] - [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]] - [[Changanasseri railway station|Changanassery]] - [[Tiruvalla railway station|Thiruvalla]] - [[Chengannur railway station|Chengannur]] - [[Mavelikara railway station|Mavelikkara]] - [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam Junction]] - [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]] - [[Varkala Sivagiri railway station|Varkala Sivagiri]] - [[Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Pettah]] - [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvanathapuram Central]]

'''<big>Thiruvananthapuram - Chennai (12624)</big>'''

[[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] - [[Varkala Sivagiri railway station|Varkala Sivagiri]] - [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]] - [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam Junction]] - [[Mavelikara railway station|Mavelikkara]] - [[Chengannur railway station|Chengannur]] - [[Tiruvalla railway station|Thiruvalla]] - [[Changanasseri railway station|Changanassery]] - [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]] - [[Tripunithura railway station|Trippunittura]] - [[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town]] - [[Aluva railway station|Aluva]] - [[Angamaly railway station|Angamali for Kaldi]] - [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]] - [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]] - [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] - [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]] - [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]] - [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]] - [[Avadi railway station|Avadi]] - [[Perambur railway station|Perambur]] - [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]

==Traction==

*Earlier hauled by [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]] [[WAM-4]] till {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}} and then change to diesel ALCO towards Thiruvananthapuram Central, later it was provided with [[WAP-4]] till {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Town}} thereafter completed its journey to Thiruvananthapuram Central with twin diesel ALCO.
*After the electric traction till Thiruvananthapuram Central, the same was hauled by [[WAP-4]]
*It is now hauled by a [[WAP-7]] of [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode shed]].

==In popular culture==
''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'', which is a Malayalam movie released in 1990 has most of the scenes shot inside the moving Thiruvananthapuram Mail train.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Express trains running through Kerala}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Historical trains in India|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mail trains in India|Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Kollam–Chennai trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1944]]

Orumbettavan

2026-04-06T12:18:42Z

NicholasPrentice: added a post from scratch...

{{Short description|2025 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| starring = [[Indrans]], [[Jaffar Idukki]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|01|03|Kerala}}
}}
'''''Orumbettavan''''' is a 2025 [[Malayalam cinema|Indian Malayalam-language drama film]] directed by Sugeesh Dhekshinakashi. The film stars [[Indrans]] and [[Jaffar Idukki|Jaffer Idukki]], with [[Sudheesh]], [[Johny Antony]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=Indrans and Jaffer Idukki to team up for ‘Orumbattavan’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/indrans-and-jaffer-idukki-to-team-up-for-orumbattavan/articleshow/115116007.cms |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 3 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/orumbettavan/movieshow/116823474.cms |title=Orumbettavan Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |publisher=The Times Group |access-date=2025-12-28 |via=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mizhimol, an orphaned girl, finds comfort with her uncle Pappan, while Kelu, a reclusive craftsman and local villager, harbours resentment toward him. An unforeseen event shakes their village and sets off a narrative intertwining suspense, sacrifice, and justice.<ref name="OnmanoramaOrumbettavan">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=‘Orumbettavan’: A blend of mystery, family drama, and life's unpredictable turns |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/01/03/orumbettavan-movie-review-indrans-jaffer-idukki-malayalam-movie.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Onmanorama |publisher=Manorama Online |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Indrans]] as Kelukutty
* [[Jaffar Idukki|Jaffer Idukki]] as Pappan
* [[Johny Antony]]
* [[Sudheesh]]
* Dayyana Hameed
* Kashmeera Sugeesh
* [[I. M. Vijayan|I.M. Vijayan]]
* Sivadas Kannur

== Reception ==
''[[Onmanorama]]'' praised the film for its emotional storyline and the performances of Indrans and Jaffer Idukki, noting its blend of family drama and mystery, while mentioning that the pacing felt sluggish at times.<ref name="OnmanoramaOrumbettavan" />

''[[The Indian Express]]'' Malayalam coverage indicated that the film had a lukewarm response upon release, highlighting its modest impact among early-2025 Malayalam cinema offerings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇപ്പോൾ ഒടിടിയിൽ കാണാം ഏറ്റവും പുതിയ 7 ചിത്രങ്ങൾ: New OTT Release |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/new-malayalam-ott-release-this-week-ponman-agent-orumbettavan-8857128 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=The Indian Express Malayalam |publisher=The Indian Express |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=35245180}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Bholaram Sahu

2026-04-04T03:47:09Z

NicholasPrentice: made a data w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bholaram Sahu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|01|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = Khujji, [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]], India
| birth_name = Bholaram Sahu
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|25px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician, Agriculture
| spouse =
| children =
| education = High school
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Chhanni Chandu Sahu
| successor =
| term_start1 = December 2008
| term_end1 = 11 December 2018
| predecessor1 = Rajinder Pal Singh Bhatia
| successor1 = Chhanni Chandu Sahu
| constituency1 = [[Khujji Assembly constituency|Khujji]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Bholaram Sahu''' (born 3 January 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is a three time MLA from [[Khujji Assembly constituency]], representing the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-09 |title=भोलाराम साहूः आयु, जीवनी, शिक्षा, पत्नी, जाति, संपत्ति, भाषण, राजनीतिक दल |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/politicians/bholaram-sahu-59164.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Oneindia Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> in the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03|title=Bholaram Sahu, INC Candidate from Khujji Assembly Election 2024 Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chhattisgarh/bholaram-sahu-assembly-candidate-s26aed2008a077e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-08-01|website=News 18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04|title=Khujji Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Bholaram Sahu of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khujji-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687899.html |access-date=2024-08-01|website=News 18|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Bholaram Sahu first elected MLA in 2008 and retained the seat for the Indian National Congress in 2013 Assembly election. He is a third time MLA from [[Khujji Assembly constituency|Khujji]]. But he lost election in [[2019 Indian General election]] from [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon Loksabha]] against BJP's [[Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]. However, he regained the seat in the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Bholaram}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Rajnandgaon]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Chhattisgarh-INC-politician-stub}}

Quartz

2026-03-29T11:54:58Z

NicholasPrentice: rework lead per sources for accuracy

{{short description|Mineral made of silicon and oxygen}}
{{About|the mineral|the countertop material|Engineered quartz|other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Quartz
| category = [[Tectosilicate]] minerals
| group = Quartz group
| image = Quartz Brésil.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Quartz [[crystal cluster]] from [[Brazil]]
| formula = SiO2
| IMAsymbol = Qz<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| molweight = {{chem molar mass|Si=1|O=2}}
| strunz = 4.DA.05 ([[oxide minerals|oxides]])
| dana = 75.01.03.01 ([[tectosilicate]]s)
| system = α-quartz: [[Trigonal crystal system|trigonal]] β-quartz: [[Hexagonal crystal system|hexagonal]]
| class = α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2) β-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2)<ref name="Deer">{{cite book |last1=Deer |first1=W. A. |last2=Howie |first2=R.A. |last3=Zussman |first3=J. |title=An introduction to the rock-forming minerals |date=1966 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0-582-44210-9 |pages=340–355}}</ref>
| symmetry = α-quartz: ''P3221'' (no. 154)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Antao |first1=S. M. |last2=Hassan |first2=I. |last3=Wang |first3=J. |last4=Lee |first4=P. L. |last5=Toby |first5=B. H. |title=State-Of-The-Art High-Resolution Powder X-Ray Diffraction (HRPXRD) Illustrated with Rietveld Structure Refinement of Quartz, Sodalite, Tremolite, and Meionite |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |date=1 December 2008 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1501–1509 |doi=10.3749/canmin.46.5.1501}}</ref> β-quartz: ''P6222'' (no. 180) or ''P6422'' (no. 181)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kihara |first1=K. |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=2 |year=1990 |pages=63–77 |title=An X-ray study of the temperature dependence of the quartz structure|issue=1 |doi=10.1127/ejm/2/1/0063 |bibcode=1990EJMin...2...63K |hdl=2027.42/146327 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| unit cell = a = 4.9133 [[angstrom|Å]], c = 5.4053 Å; Z = 3
| color = Colorless, pink, orange, white, green, yellow, blue, purple, dark brown, or black
| habit = 6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive
| twinning = Common Dauphine law, Brazil law, and Japan law
| cleavage = none<ref>Berry, R. W., et al. “Quartz Cleavage and Quick Clays.” Science, vol. 184, no. 4133, 12 Apr. 1974, pp. 183–184, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.184.4133.183. Accessed 19 May 2025.</ref>
| fracture = Conchoidal
| tenacity = Brittle
| mohs = 7 – lower in impure varieties (defining mineral)
| luster = Vitreous – waxy to dull when massive
| refractive = nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554
| opticalprop = [[Uniaxial crystal|Uniaxial]] (+)
| birefringence = +0.009 (B-G interval)
| pleochroism = None
| streak = White
| gravity = 2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties
| density =
| melt = 1670 °C (β [[tridymite]]); 1713 °C (β [[cristobalite]])<ref name=Deer/>
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility = Insoluble at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]]; 1 ppmmass at 400 °C and 500  lb/in2 to 2600 ppmmass at 500 °C and 1500 lb/in2<ref name=Deer/>
| diaphaneity = Transparent to nearly opaque
| other = Lattice: [[hexagonal lattice system|hexagonal]], [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]], may be [[triboluminescence|triboluminescent]], [[chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] (hence optically active if not [[racemic mixture|racemic]])
| var1 = Rock crystal
| var1text = Clear
| var2 = Milky quartz
| var2text = White
| var3 = [[Amethyst]]
| var3text = Violet
| var4 = [[Citrine (quartz)|Citrine]]
| var4text = Yellow
| var5 = [[Smoky quartz]]
| var5text = Gray to black, brown
| var6 = [[Rose quartz]]
| var6text = Pink
| references = <ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html Quartz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214053641/http://www.mindat.org/min-3337.html |date=14 December 2005 }}. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2013-03-07.</ref><ref name=Handbook>{{cite book |editor1=Anthony, John W. |editor2=Bideaux, Richard A. |editor3=Bladh, Kenneth W. |editor4=Nichols, Monte C. |title=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |place=Chantilly, VA |chapter-url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/quartz.pdf |chapter=Quartz |date=29 January 1990 |isbn=0962209724 |volume=III (Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides) |access-date=21 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401032832/http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/quartz.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml Quartz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112152609/http://webmineral.com/data/Quartz.shtml |date=12 November 2006 }}. Webmineral.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.</ref><ref name=Klein>{{cite book|last1=Hurlbut |first1=Cornelius S.|last2=Klein |first2=Cornelis|year=1985|title=Manual of Mineralogy|publisher=Wiley |edition=20|isbn=0-471-80580-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei}}</ref>
}}

'''Quartz''' is a hard [[mineral]] composed of silica ([[silicon dioxide]]). Its [[atom]]s are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen [[Tetrahedral molecular geometry|tetrahedra]], with each oxygen atom being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall [[chemical formula]] of [[Silicon dioxide|SiO2]]. Therefore, quartz is classified structurally as a [[Silicate mineral#Tectosilicates|framework silicate mineral]] and compositionally as an [[oxide mineral]]. Quartz is the second most common mineral or [[mineral group]] in Earth's [[lithosphere]], comprising about 12% by mass.

Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are [[chiral]]. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at {{convert|573|C|K F}}. Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.

There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as [[gemstone]]s. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of [[Jewellery|jewelry]] and [[hardstone carving]]s, especially in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].

Quartz is the [[mineral]] defining the value of 7 on the [[Mohs scale of hardness]], a qualitative [[Scratch hardness|scratch]] method for determining the hardness of a material.

== Etymology ==
The word ''quartz'' is derived from the [[German language|German]] word {{Lang|de|Quarz}},<ref name="Merriam">{{cite web | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quartz | title=Quartz | work=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary | access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> which had the same form in the first half of the 14th century in [[Middle High German]] and in [[East Central German]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=DWDS – Quarz |url=https://www.dwds.de/wb/Quarz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042329/https://www.dwds.de/wb/Quarz |archive-date=2017-12-01 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.dwds.de |language=de}}</ref> and which came from the [[Dialects of Polish|Polish dialect]] term ''kwardy'', which corresponds to the [[Czech language|Czech]] term {{Lang|cs|tvrdý}} ('hard').<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/quartz |title=Quartz | Definition of quartz by Lexico |access-date=26 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043652/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/quartz |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some sources, however, attribute the word's origin to the [[Upper Saxon German|Saxon]] word ''Querkluftertz'', meaning 'cross-vein ore'.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070904052949/http://www.mineralatlas.com/mineral%20general%20descriptions/Q/quartzpcd.htm Mineral Atlas]}}, Queensland University of Technology. Mineralatlas.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.</ref><ref name="Tomkeieff">{{cite journal |author=Tomkeieff, S.I. |year=1942 |title=On the origin of the name 'quartz' |url=http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_26/26-176-172.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=26 |issue=176 |pages=172–178 |bibcode=1942MinM...26..172T |doi=10.1180/minmag.1942.026.176.04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013105/http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_26/26-176-172.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=12 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] referred to quartz as {{Lang|grc|κρύσταλλος}} ({{Transliteration|grc|krustallos}}) meaning '[[crystal]]', derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{Lang|grc|κρύος}} ({{Transliteration|grc|kruos}}) meaning 'icy cold', because some [[philosopher]]s (including [[Theophrastus]]) believed the mineral to be a form of supercooled [[ice]].<ref name="Tomkeieff"/> Today, the term ''rock crystal'' is sometimes used as an alternative name for transparent, coarsely crystalline quartz.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morgado |first1=Antonio |last2=Lozano |first2=José Antonio |last3=García Sanjuán |first3=Leonardo |last4=Triviño |first4=Miriam Luciañez |last5=Odriozola |first5=Carlos P. |last6=Irisarri |first6=Daniel Lamarca |last7=Flores |first7=Álvaro Fernández |title=The allure of rock crystal in Copper Age southern Iberia: Technical skill and distinguished objects from Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain) |journal=Quaternary International |date=December 2016 |volume=424 |pages=232–249 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.004|bibcode=2016QuInt.424..232M }}</ref><ref name=Nesse>{{cite book |last1=Nesse |first1=William D. |title=Introduction to mineralogy |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195106916}}</ref>{{rp|205}}

== Early studies ==

Roman naturalist [[Pliny the Elder]] believed quartz to be ice, permanently frozen after great lengths of time.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''The Natural History'', Book 37, Chapter 9. Available on-line at: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D9 Perseus.Tufts.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109044605/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D9 |date=9 November 2012 }}.</ref> He supported this idea by saying that quartz is found near [[glacier]]s in the [[Alps]], but not in warm climates. This idea persisted until at least the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tutton |first1=A.E. |year=1910 |title=Rock crystal: its structure and uses |journal=RSA Journal |volume=59 |page=1091 |jstor=41339844}}</ref>

In the 17th century, [[Nicolas Steno]]'s study of quartz paved the way for modern [[crystallography]]. He discovered that, regardless of a quartz crystal's size or shape, its long prism faces always meet at a perfect 60° angle, thereby establishing the [[law of constancy of interfacial angles]].<ref>Nicolaus Steno (Latinized name of Niels Steensen) with John Garrett Winter, trans.. ''The Prodromus of Nicolaus Steno's Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature Within a Solid'' (New York, New York: Macmillan Co., 1916). On [https://books.google.com/books?id=5IYNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272 page 272] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013105/https://books.google.com/books?id=5IYNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272 |date=4 September 2015 }}, Steno states his law of constancy of interfacial angles: "Figures 5 and 6 belong to the class of those which I could present in countless numbers to prove that in the plane of the axis both the number and the length of the sides are changed in various ways without changing the angles; … "</ref>

== Crystal habit and structure ==
{{multiple image
|align=right
|perrow=3
|total_width=450

|image1=Α-Quartz.svg
|caption1=Crystal structure of α-quartz (red balls are oxygen, gray are silicon)

|image2=Β-Quartz.svg
|caption2=Crystal structure of β-quartz

|image3=Alpha-quartz, P3 121 and P3 221.png
|caption3=A chiral pair of α-quartz

}}
Quartz can form as two distinct polymorphs depending on the temperature and pressure: ''α-quartz'' (also called ''low quartz'' or ''normal quartz'') and ''β-quartz'' (also called ''quartz-beta'' or ''high quartz''). α-quartz crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, while β-quartz has greater symmetry and crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. The transition from α-quartz to β-quartz occurs abruptly at {{convert|573|C|F K}} at ambient pressure; the transition temperature is greater at higher pressures. β-quartz is unstable at room temperature; therefore, all quartz at room temperature is α-quartz regardless of which polymorph it formed as.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quartz-beta |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7395.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref>

Both polymorphs of quartz can occur in two different [[space group]]s depending on the chirality. Above the transition temperature, α-quartz in ''P''3121 (space group 152) becomes β-quartz in ''P''6422 (space group 181), and α-quartz in ''P''3221 (space group 154) becomes β-quartz in ''P''6222 (space group 180).<ref>Crystal Data, Determinative Tables, ACA Monograph No. 5, American Crystallographic Association, 1963</ref>

These space groups are truly chiral (they each belong to the 11 enantiomorphous pairs). Both α-quartz and β-quartz are examples of chiral crystal structures composed of achiral building blocks (SiO4 tetrahedra in the present case). The transformation between α- and β-quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra with respect to one another, without a change in the way they are linked.<ref name=Klein/>{{r|Nesse|p=201}} However, there is a significant change in volume during this transition,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Scott E. |last2=Song |first2=Won Joon |last3=Cook |first3=Alden C. |last4=Vel |first4=Senthil S. |last5=Gerbi |first5=Christopher C. |date=2021-01-01 |title=The quartz α↔β phase transition: Does it drive damage and reaction in continental crust? |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=553 |article-number=116622 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116622 |bibcode=2021E&PSL.55316622J |issn=0012-821X|doi-access=free }}</ref> and this can result in significant microfracturing in ceramics during firing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knapek |first1=Michal |last2=Húlan |first2=Tomáš |last3=Minárik |first3=Peter |last4=Dobroň |first4=Patrik |last5=Štubňa |first5=Igor |last6=Stráská |first6=Jitka |last7=Chmelík |first7=František |title=Study of microcracking in illite-based ceramics during firing |journal=Journal of the European Ceramic Society |date=January 2016 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=221–226 |doi=10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.09.004}}</ref> in ornamental stone after a fire<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomás |first1=R. |last2=Cano |first2=M. |last3=Pulgarín |first3=L. F. |last4=Brotóns |first4=V. |last5=Benavente |first5=D. |last6=Miranda |first6=T. |last7=Vasconcelos |first7=G. |date=2021-11-01 |title=Thermal effect of high temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of a granite used in UNESCO World Heritage sites in north Portugal |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352710221006811 |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |volume=43 |article-number=102823 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102823 |issn=2352-7102|hdl=10045/115630 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and in rocks of the Earth's crust exposed to high temperatures,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Scott E. |last2=Song |first2=Won Joon |last3=Cook |first3=Alden C. |last4=Vel |first4=Senthil S. |last5=Gerbi |first5=Christopher C. |title=The quartz α↔β phase transition: Does it drive damage and reaction in continental crust? |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=January 2021 |volume=553 |article-number=116622 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116622|bibcode=2021E&PSL.55316622J |s2cid=225116168 |doi-access=free }}</ref> thereby damaging materials containing quartz and degrading their physical and mechanical properties.

The [[crystal habit|ideal crystal shape]] for quartz is a six-sided [[prism (geometry)|prism]] terminating with six-sided pyramid-like [[rhombohedron]]s at each end. In nature, quartz crystals are often [[Crystal twinning|twinned]] (with twin right-handed and left-handed quartz crystals), distorted, or so intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape, or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear [[Crystal habit#List of crystal habits|massive]].<ref name=Klein/>{{r|Nesse|p=202–204}}

Well-formed crystals typically form as a [[Druse (geology)|druse]] (a layer of crystals lining a void), of which quartz [[geode]]s are particularly fine examples.<ref name=sinkankas>{{cite book |last1=Sinkankas |first1=John |title=Mineralogy for amateurs. |date=1964 |publisher=Van Nostrand |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=0442276249 |pages=443–447}}</ref> The crystals are attached at one end to the enclosing rock, and only one termination pyramid is present. However, doubly terminated crystals do occur where they develop freely without attachment, for instance, within [[gypsum]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=W. A |last1=Tarr |title=Doubly terminated quartz crystals occurring in gypsum |journal=American Mineralogist |year=1929 |volume=14 |number=1 |pages=19–25 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/14/1/19/535468 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:00026 40 mm quartz.jpg|Common, prismatic quartz
File:Améthyste, quartz 300-3-7640.JPG|Sceptered quartz
File:Quartz sceptres fumés sur quartz (Madagascar) 1.jpg|Sceptered quartz (as aggregates: "Elestial quartz")
File:Quartz-314899.jpg|Bipyramidal quartz
File:Quartz-197980.jpg|Tessin or tapered quartz
File:Hyaline quartz-MCG-NM-IMG 7481-black.jpg|Twinned quartz (known as Japan law)
File:Quartz sur quartz 7(Brésil).jpg|Dauphine quartz (single dominant face)
File:Herkimer.jpg|"[[Herkimer diamond]]"
File:Quartz crystals Macro 1.JPG|Druse quartz
File:Chalcedony (48723879712).jpg|Granular quartz
File:Rose quartz SiO2 locality - Dolní Bory, Czech Republic (50660502442).jpg|Massive quartz
</gallery>

== Varieties ==
[[File:Transparency.jpg|thumb|Clear quartz crystal demonstrating [[Transparency and translucency|transparency]]]]
Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal or clear quartz, is colorless and [[Transparency and translucency|transparent]] or translucent. Colored varieties of quartz are common and include [[Citrine (quartz)|citrine]], [[rose quartz]], [[amethyst]], [[smoky quartz]], milky quartz, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quartz: The gemstone Quartz information and pictures |url=http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/quartz_gemstone.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827194835/http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/quartz_gemstone.aspx |archive-date=2017-08-27 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.minerals.net |language=en-US}}</ref> These color differentiations arise from the presence of impurities which change the molecular orbitals, causing some electronic transitions to take place in the visible spectrum, emitting colored light.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Quartz varieties were previously classified into three categories based on the visibility of their individual crystals. Macrocrystalline quartz varieties have individual crystals that are visible to the unaided eye ([[Macroscopic scale|macroscopic]]). [[Microcrystalline]] quartz varieties are [[Aggregate (geology)|aggregates]] of tiny crystals that can only be seen through a microscope ([[Microscopic scale|microscopic]]). [[Cryptocrystalline]] quartz varieties are aggregates of crystals that are too small to be seen even with an [[optical microscope]] (sub-microscopic).<ref name="The Quartz Page">{{cite web |last1=Akhavan |first1=Amir C. |title=Types of Quartz |url=http://www.quartzpage.de/gen_types.html |website=The Quartz Page |access-date=25 November 2025 |date=4 November 2011}}</ref> Today, the microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline varieties are commonly grouped together and referred to as [[chalcedony]].<ref name="The Quartz Page" /><ref name="chalcedony">{{cite web |title=Chalcedony |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-960.html |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> However, in the scientific literature, chalcedony is a specific form of [[silica]] consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz and its [[Monoclinic crystal system|monoclinic]] [[Crystal polymorphism|polymorph]], [[moganite]].<ref name="heany_1994">{{cite journal |last=Heaney |first=Peter J. |year=1994 |title=Structure and Chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs |url=http://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/1 |url-status=live |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724151910/http://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/1 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="chalcedony" /> Chalcedony is commonly translucent to opaque, while the macrocrystalline varieties of quartz tend to be more transparent.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Quartz Gemstone and Jewelry Information: Natural Quartz - GemSelect |url=https://www.gemselect.com/gem-info/quartz/quartz-info.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829171847/https://www.gemselect.com/gem-info/quartz/quartz-info.php |archive-date=2017-08-29 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.gemselect.com}}</ref><ref name="The Quartz Page" /> Color is a secondary identifier for the cryptocrystalline varieties and a primary identifier for the macrocrystalline varieties.<ref name=":1" />{{better source needed|date=November 2025}}

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" |
|+ Varieties of quartz
|-
! Name !! Color !! Cause !! Description !! Crystal visibility !! Transparency !! Major sources !! Photo(s) !! References
|-
| [[Agate]] || Frequently multicolored; commonly colorless, pale blue to black, red to orange, yellow, white, brown, pink, purple; rarely green || Varies by color || Banded variety of chalcedony || Cryptocrystalline, microcrystalline || Translucent to opaque || Widespread || [[File:Malawi Agate (Malawi, southeastern Africa) (32734668126).jpg|150px]] Agate nodule from Malawi || <ref name="mindat">{{Cite web |title=Agate |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-51.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy}}</ref><ref name="pabian">{{Cite book |last1=Pabian |first1=Roger |title=Agates: Treasures of the Earth |last2=Jackson |first2=Brian |last3=Tandy |first3=Peter |last4=Cromartie |first4=John |date=2016 |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-77085-644-8}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amethyst]] || Purple to violet || Natural irradiation and trace impurities of [[iron]] (Fe3+) || Commonly occurs in large clusters and [[geodes]] || Macrocrystalline || Transparent || Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, Morocco || [[File:Amethyst Siberia MNHN Minéralogie.jpg|150px]] Amethyst cluster from [[Siberia]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=Amethyst |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-198.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lehmann |first1=G. |last2=Moore |first2=W. J. |title=Color Center in Amethyst Quartz |journal=Science |date=20 May 1966 |volume=152 |issue=3725 |pages=1061–1062 |doi=10.1126/science.152.3725.1061|pmid=17754816 |bibcode=1966Sci...152.1061L |s2cid=29602180 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ametrine]] || Violet and yellow || Iron impurities || Commonly believed to be a combination of citrine and amethyst in the same crystal, although the yellow quartz component may not be true citrine. Most material sold as ametrine is partially heat-treated or artificially irradiated amethyst. || Macrocrystalline || Transparent to translucent || Bolivia, Brazil, India || [[File:Ametrin from Bolivia.jpg|150px]] Rough ametrine from Bolivia [[File:Ametrine cut.jpg|150px]] Cut ametrine || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ametrine |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-7606.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Quartz (var. ametrine) {{!}} Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |url=https://naturalhistory.si.edu/explore/collections/geogallery/10002876 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=naturalhistory.si.edu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Carnelian]] || Orange to red, red-brown || Iron oxide impurities || Variety of chalcedony. Natural carnelian is usually light in color; darker colors are produced by artificial heat treatment. || Cryptocrystalline, microcrystalline || Translucent to opaque || Peru, Sri Lanka || [[File:Carnelian from New Jersey.jpg|150px]] Natural carnelian from [[New Jersey]], U.S. [[File:Three oval carnelian cabochons 2.jpg|150px]] Carnelian [[cabochon]]s || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ralph |first1=Jolyon |last2=Ralph |first2=Katya |title=Carnelian gemstone information |url=https://www.gemdat.org/gem-9333.html |website=gemdat.org |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chalcedony]] || Almost any color || Varies by color || Fibrous form of [[silica]] composed mostly of quartz with some intergrown [[moganite]] (1-20%), occurs in many sub-varieties || Cryptocrystalline, microcrystalline || Transparent to opaque || Widespread || [[File:Chalcedony SiO2 (33455117631).jpg|150px]] Chalcedony from Czech Republic || <ref name="chalcedony" />
|-
| [[Citrine (quartz)|Citrine]] || Natural: yellow to yellow-green or yellow-orange, often with smoky hues Heat-treated amethyst: yellow-orange, orange, red, brown || Natural: no scientific consensus (either [[aluminum]] [[F-center|color centers]] or trace iron impurities) Heat-treated amethyst: trace amounts of iron oxides ([[hematite]] and [[goethite]]) || Natural citrine is rare; most material sold as citrine is heat-treated amethyst or sometimes heat-treated smoky quartz. Quartz colored yellow from stains, coatings, or inclusions is generally not considered citrine. || Macrocrystalline || Transparent || Brazil || [[File:Citrine 1 (Russie).jpg|150px]] Twinned natural citrine crystals from Russia [[File:Citrine Macro - Large Vug.jpg|150px]] "Citrine" (heat-treated amethyst) [[geode]]|| <ref name="International Gem Society">{{Cite news |title=Citrine Value, Price, and Jewelry Information - International Gem Society |url=https://www.gemsociety.org/article/citrine-jewelry-gemstone-information/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130115505/https://www.gemsociety.org/article/citrine-jewelry-gemstone-information/ |archive-date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=International Gem Society |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Citrine |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1054.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burnt amethyst |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-40451.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cotterite]] || Silvery metallic sheen || Develops in very thin layers with extremely thin cracks that produce a light-scattering effect giving cotterite a pearly metallic luster || Extremely rare. Derived from a single [[vein (geology)|vein]] of [[calcite]], quartz and ferruginous [[mudrock|mud]] in [[Carboniferous Limestone]] in Rockforest, [[County Cork]], Ireland || Macrocrystalline || Opaque || Ireland || [[File:Cotterite - The World’s Rarest form of Quartz.jpg|150px|Cotterite - The World’s Rarest form of Quartz]] Cotterite from Ireland || <ref>{{cite web |title=Boy (7) strikes it lucky by finding one of the world’s rarest minerals near his home in Cork |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/01/10/boy-7-strikes-it-lucky-by-finding-one-of-the-worlds-rarest-minerals-near-his-home-in-cork/ |website=Irish Times |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cotterite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-9938.html |website=Mindat.org |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Roycroft_2016">{{cite journal |title=Cotterite: Historical review; extant specimens; etymology of 'Cotterite' and the genealogy of 'Miss Cotter'; new observations on the Cotterite texture | last=Roycroft |first=P.D. |journal=Irish Journal of Earth Sciences |year=2016 |volume=34 |pages=45–78 |doi=10.3318/ijes.2016.34.45}}</ref>
|-
| Dumortierite quartz || Blue, shades of purple and gray || Mineral inclusions || Contains silky inclusions of blue [[dumortierite]] || Macrocrystalline || Translucent || || [[File:Dumortierite-quartz (Brazil) 10.jpg|150px]] Dumortierite quartz from Brazil || <ref name=gemstone>{{cite web | url=http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/dumortierite_gemstone.aspx | title=The Gemstone Dumortierite | publisher=Minerals.net | access-date=23 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506074639/http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/dumortierite_gemstone.aspx | archive-date=6 May 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Cally>{{cite book|title=Firefly Guide to Gems|first=Cally|last=Oldershaw|publisher=Firefly Books|date=2003|isbn=9781552978146|url=https://archive.org/details/fireflyguidetoge0000olde|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fireflyguidetoge0000olde/page/100 100]|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Friedman |first1=Herschel |title=THE GEMSTONE DUMORTIERITE |url=https://www.minerals.net/gemstone/dumortierite_gemstone.aspx |website=Minerals.net |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jasper]] || Typically red to brown; may have other colors || || Impure variety of chalcedony || Microcrystalline || Opaque || || [[File:Red Jasper Tugaru Nishikiishi Japan IMG 8859.jpg|150px]] Red jasper from Japan ||
|-
| Milky quartz || White || Minute [[fluid inclusions]] of gas, liquid, or both, trapped during crystal formation || Less desirable as a gemstone || Macrocrystalline || Translucent to opaque || || [[File:Quartz-221141.jpg|150px]] Milky quartz from [[Colorado]], USA || <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLSTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=Gemstones: A Complete Color Reference for Precious and Semiprecious Stones of the World|last1=Hurrell|first1=Karen|last2=Johnson|first2=Mary L.|year=2016|publisher=Book Sales|isbn=978-0-7858-3498-4|page=97}}</ref><ref>[http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/milky_qu/milky_qu.htm Milky quartz at Mineral Galleries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219020818/http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/milky_qu/milky_qu.htm |date=19 December 2008 }}. Galleries.com. Retrieved 2013-03-07.</ref>
|-
| [[Onyx]] || Black and white, monochromatic || Carbon impurities || Variety of agate || Cryptocrystalline, microcrystalline || Semi-translucent to opaque || || [[File:Onyx Mainzer Becken.jpg|150px]] Onyx from Germany ||
|-
| {{anchor|Prase}}Prase || [[Leek]] green || Inclusions of the [[amphibole]] mineral [[actinolite]] || As originally defined in Germany. The name ''prase'' has also been used historically for similarly-colored [[quartzite]] and jasper, and today it may refer to any leek-green quartz. || Macrocrystalline || || || [[File:QuartzPrase.jpg|150px]] Prase from [[Tuscany]], Italy || <ref name="Klemme_etal_2018">{{cite journal | title=On the Color and Genesis of Prase (Green Quartz) and Amethyst from the Island of Serifos, Cyclades, Greece | first1=S. | last1=Klemme | first2=J. | last2=Berndt | first3=C. | last3=Mavrogonatos | first4=S. | last4=Flemetakis | first5=I. | last5=Baziotis | first6=P. | last6=Voudouris | first7=S. | last7=Xydous | journal=Minerals | date=2018 | volume=8 | issue=11 | page=487 | doi=10.3390/min8110487 | bibcode=2018Mine....8..487K | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Prase |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-6703.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prasiolite]] (vermarine, green amethyst) || Green || Trace Fe2+ compounds || Rare. Most material sold as prasiolite is produced by heating amethyst. || Macrocrystalline || Transparent || Brazil; [[Thunder Bay]], Canada; Poland || [[File:Brazilian prasiolite.jpg|150px]] Cut prasiolite from Brazil || <ref name=QtzPage>{{cite web |url=http://www.quartzpage.de/prasiolite.html |title=Prasiolite |publisher=quarzpage.de |date=28 October 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713052049/http://www.quartzpage.de/prasiolite.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prasiolite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-40112.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Rock crystal (clear quartz) || Colorless || Absence of impurities || || Macrocrystalline || Transparent to translucent || || [[File:Pure Quartz at Senckenberg Natural History Museum.jpg|150px]] Clear quartz crystals ||
|-
| [[Rose quartz]] || Pale pink to rose || Microscopic inclusions of a fibrous mineral related to [[dumortierite]] Euhedral rose quartz: aluminum and [[phosphorus]] color centers || Rose quartz is always [[Crystal habit|massive]] and [[Euhedral and anhedral|anhedral]]. However, a distinct variety called ''euhedral rose quartz'' or ''pink quartz'' occurs as well-formed hexagonal crystals. || Macrocrystalline || Translucent Euhedral rose quartz: transparent || || [[File:Rose quartz 12.jpg|150px]] Rose quartz [[File:Quartz-236691.jpg|150px]] Euhedral rose quartz (pink quartz) cluster from [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil || <ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Quartz |url=https://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=3456 |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akhavan |first1=Amir C. |title=Rose Quartz |url=http://www.quartzpage.de/rose.html |website=The Quartz Page |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akhavan |first1=Amir C. |url=http://www.quartzpage.de/pink.html |title=Pink Quartz |website=The Quartz Page |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rutilated quartz]] || Clear with golden-yellow or black inclusions || [[Inclusion (mineral)|Mineral inclusions]] || Contains [[Acicular (crystal habit)|acicular]] (needle-like) inclusions of [[rutile]]|| Macrocrystalline || Transparent to translucent || || [[File:Quartz-159777.jpg|150px]] Rutilated quartz cluster from Brazil ||
|-
| [[Smoky quartz]] || Light to dark gray, brown, black || Color centers around aluminum impurities activated by natural irradiation || || Macrocrystalline || Translucent to opaque || || [[File:Quartz fumé 2(Brésil).jpg|150px]] Smoky quartz from Brazil || <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fridrichová |first1=Jana |last2=Bačík |first2=Peter |last3=Illášová |first3=Ľudmila |last4=Kozáková |first4=Petra |last5=Škoda |first5=Radek |last6=Pulišová |first6=Zuzana |last7=Fiala |first7=Anton |title=Raman and optical spectroscopic investigation of gem-quality smoky quartz crystals |journal=Vibrational Spectroscopy |date=July 2016 |volume=85 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.1016/j.vibspec.2016.03.028|bibcode=2016VibSp..85...71F }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tiger's eye]] || Gold, red-brown, blue || || Exhibits [[chatoyancy]] || Macrocrystalline || Opaque || || [[File:Tiger's eye quartz 7.jpg|150px]] Rough tiger's eye [[File:Bull's eye.jpg|150px]] Polished red tiger's eye ||
|-
|}

== Piezoelectricity ==
Quartz crystals have [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] properties; they develop an [[electric potential]] upon the application of [[Stress (mechanics)|mechanical stress]].<ref>{{cite book |author1-last=Saigusa |author1-first=Y. |year=2017 |chapter= Chapter 5 – Quartz-Based Piezoelectric Materials |editor1-last=Uchino |editor1-first=Kenji |title=Advanced Piezoelectric Materials |series=Woodhead Publishing in Materials |edition=2nd
|publisher=Woodhead Publishing |pages=197–233 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-102135-4.00005-9 |isbn=9780081021354}}</ref> Quartz's piezoelectric properties were discovered by [[Jacques Curie|Jacques]] and [[Pierre Curie]] in 1880.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Curie, Jacques |author2=Curie, Pierre |year=1880|title=Développement par compression de l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées|trans-title=Development, via compression, of electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces|journal=Bulletin de la Société minéralogique de France|volume= 3|issue=4 | pages =90–93|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3616891&view=1up&seq=100 |doi=10.3406/bulmi.1880.1564 |url-access=subscription}}. Reprinted in: {{cite journal |author=Curie, Jacques |author2=Curie, Pierre |year=1880 |title=Développement, par pression, de l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30485/f296.image |journal=Comptes rendus |volume=91 |pages=294–295 |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205083302/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30485/f296.image |archive-date=5 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Curie, Jacques|author2=Curie, Pierre|year=1880|title=Sur l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées|trans-title=On electric polarization in hemihedral crystals with inclined faces|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30485/f385.image|journal=Comptes rendus|volume=91|pages=383–386|access-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205090430/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30485/f385.image|archive-date=5 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Occurrence ==
[[File:Quartz vein in sandstone (Thunderhead Sandstone, Neoproterozoic; Clingmans Dome, Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina, USA) 2 (36619574200).jpg|thumb|Quartz vein in sandstone, North Carolina]]
Quartz is the second most abundant mineral or [[mineral group]] in the Earth's [[lithosphere]]; by [[mass]], the [[feldspar]] group comprises 41% of the lithosphere, followed by quartz at 12% and the [[pyroxene]] group at 11%.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Robert S. |last1=Anderson |first2=Suzanne P. |last2=Anderson |title=Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDt5A2-km_wC|isbn=978-1-139-78870-0}}</ref> Quartz is a defining constituent of [[granite]] and other [[felsic]] [[igneous rock]]s. It is very common in [[sedimentary rock]]s such as [[sandstone]] and [[shale]]. It is a common constituent of [[schist]], [[gneiss]], [[quartzite]] and other [[metamorphic rock]]s.<ref name=Klein/> Quartz has the lowest potential for [[weathering]] in the [[Goldich dissolution series]] and consequently it is very common as a residual mineral in stream sediments and residual [[soil]]s. Generally a high presence of quartz suggests a "[[Maturity (sedimentology)|mature]]" rock, since it indicates the rock has been heavily reworked and quartz was the primary mineral that endured heavy weathering.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boggs |first1=Sam |title=Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=0131547283 |edition=4th |page=130}}</ref>

While the majority of quartz crystallizes from molten [[magma]], quartz also chemically precipitates from hot [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal]] [[Vein (geology)|veins]] as [[gangue]], sometimes with [[ore]] minerals such as gold, silver and copper. Large crystals of quartz are found in magmatic [[pegmatite]]s.<ref name=Klein/> Well-formed crystals may reach several meters in length and [[mass|weigh]] hundreds of kilograms.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Richard H. |last1=Jahns |title=The genesis of pegmatites: I. Occurrence and origin of giant crystals |journal=American Mineralogist |year=1953 |volume=38 |number=7–8 |pages=563–598 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/38/7-8/563/539244 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

The largest documented single crystal of quartz was found near [[Itaporã|Itapore]], [[Goyaz|Goiaz]], Brazil; it measured approximately {{convert|6.1|x|1.5|x|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and weighed over {{cvt|88000|lb|kg|order=flip|sigfig=3}}.<ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf| journal = American Mineralogist| volume = 66| pages = 885–907 (903)| year = 1981| title = The largest crystals| author = Rickwood, P. C.| access-date = 7 March 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130825210420/http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf| archive-date = 25 August 2013| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

== Mining ==
Quartz is extracted from [[Open-pit mining|open-pit mines]]. Miners occasionally use explosives to expose deep pockets of quartz. More frequently, [[bulldozer]]s and [[backhoe]]s are used to remove soil and clay and expose quartz veins, which are then worked using hand tools. Care must be taken to avoid sudden temperature changes that may damage the crystals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McMillen |first1=Allen |title=Quartz Mining |url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/quartz-mining-1173/ |website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |publisher=Central Arkansas Library System |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/quartz-extracted-8700692.html|title=How Is Quartz Extracted?|website=sciencing.com|date=25 April 2017|author=Eleanor McKenzie|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

== Related silica minerals ==
{{See also|Silica minerals}}
[[File:P-T Diagram for SiO2.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Pressure-temperature diagram showing the stability ranges for the two forms of quartz and some other forms of silica<ref>"Mineral Science" by Cornelis Klein; {{ISBN|0-471-25177-1}}</ref>]]
[[Tridymite]] and [[cristobalite]] are high-temperature [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphs]] of SiO2 that occur in high-silica [[Volcano|volcanic]] rocks. [[Coesite]] is a denser polymorph of SiO2 found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust. [[Stishovite]] is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of SiO2 found in some meteorite impact sites.{{r|Nesse|pp=201-202}} [[Moganite]] is a monoclinic polymorph. [[Lechatelierite]] is an [[Amorphous solid|amorphous]] silica [[glass]] SiO2 which is formed by [[lightning]] strikes in quartz [[sand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lechatelierite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2363.html |website=Mindat.org |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

== Safety ==
As quartz is a form of silica, it is a possible cause for concern in various workplaces. Cutting, grinding, chipping, sanding, drilling, and polishing natural and manufactured stone products can release hazardous levels of very small, crystalline silica dust particles into the air that workers breathe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hazard Alert - Worker Exposure to Silica during Countertop Manufacturing, Finishing and Installation |publisher=DHHS (NIOSH) |page=2 |url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3768.pdf |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> Crystalline silica of respirable size is a recognized human [[carcinogen]] and may lead to other diseases of the lungs such as [[silicosis]] and [[pulmonary fibrosis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Silica (crystalline, respirable) |url=https://oehha.ca.gov/chemicals/silica-crystalline-respirable |website=OEHHA |publisher=California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts. A Review of Human Carcinogens |date=2012 |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |isbn=978-92-832-1320-8 |pages=355–397 |edition=100C |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304375/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK304375.pdf |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

== Synthetic and artificial treatments ==
[[File:Quartz synthese (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=A long, thin quartz crystal|left|A synthetic quartz crystal grown by the [[Hydrothermal synthesis|hydrothermal method]], about {{convert|19|cm}} long and weighing about {{convert|127|g}}]]
Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Some clear quartz crystals can be treated using heat or [[Gemstone irradiation|gamma irradiation]] to induce color where it would not otherwise have occurred naturally. Susceptibility to such treatments depends on the location from which the quartz was mined.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liccini |first=Mark |title=Treating Quartz to Create Color - International Gem Society IGS |url=http://www.gemsociety.org/article/treating-quartz-color/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223233321/http://www.gemsociety.org/article/treating-quartz-color/ |archive-date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=International Gem Society IGS |language=en-US}}</ref> Prasiolite, an olive-colored material, is produced by heat treatment;<ref name="henn-etal-2012">{{cite journal|last1=Henn |first1=U. |last2=Schultz-Güttler |first2=R. |year=2012 |title=Review of some current coloured quartz varieties |journal=J. Gemmol |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=29–43 |doi=10.15506/JoG.2012.33.1.29 |bibcode=2012JGem...33...29H |url=https://gem-a.com/images/Documents/JoG/JoG2012_33_1-4.pdf#page=31 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> natural prasiolite has also been observed in Lower Silesia in Poland.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Platonov |first1=Alexej N. |last2=Szuszkiewicz |first2=Adam |title=Green to blue-green quartz from Rakowice Wielkie (Sudetes, south-western Poland) – a re-examination of prasiolite-related color varieties of quartz |journal=Mineralogia |date=1 June 2015 |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.1515/mipo-2016-0004|bibcode=2015Miner..46...19P |doi-access=free }}</ref> Although citrine occurs naturally, the majority is the result of heat-treating amethyst or smoky quartz.<ref name="henn-etal-2012" /> [[Carnelian]] has been heat-treated to deepen its color since prehistoric times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Groman-Yaroslavski |first1=Iris |last2=Bar-Yosef Mayer |first2=Daniella E. |title=Lapidary technology revealed by functional analysis of carnelian beads from the early Neolithic site of Nahal Hemar Cave, southern Levant |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=June 2015 |volume=58 |pages=77–88 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.03.030|bibcode=2015JArSc..58...77G }}</ref> Because natural quartz is often [[crystal twinning|twinned]], synthetic quartz is produced for use in industry. Large, flawless single crystals are synthesized in an [[Autoclave (industrial)|autoclave]] via the [[Hydrothermal synthesis|hydrothermal process]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=A. C. |title=Hydrothermal Synthesis of Quartz Crystals |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |date=August 1953 |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=250–256 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1953.tb12877.x}}</ref><ref name="Klein" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-04 |title=san thach anh kobler |url=https://sankobler.com/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=sankobler.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="buisson-arnaud-1994">{{cite journal |last1=Buisson |first1=X. |last2=Arnaud |first2=R. |title=Hydrothermal growth of quartz crystals in industry. Present status and evolution |journal=Le Journal de Physique IV |date=February 1994 |volume=04 |issue=C2 |pages=C2–25–C2-32 |doi=10.1051/jp4:1994204|s2cid=9636198 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00252472/file/ajp-jp4199404C204.pdf }}</ref> Like other crystals, quartz may be [[Metal-coated crystal|coated with metal vapors]] to give it an attractive sheen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Donoghue |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcM5H-wHNoC&q=%22%222aqua+aura%22%222+-healing&pg=PT28 |title=Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification |last2=Robert |first2=Webster |date=January 2006 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0-7506-5856-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Geology In |title=What is Aura Rainbow Quartz and How Is It Made? |url=https://www.geologyin.com/2017/06/how-is-aura-rainbow-quartz-made.html |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Geology In |language=en}}</ref>

== Uses ==
Quartz is the most common material identified as the mystical substance [[maban]] in [[Australian Aboriginal mythology]]. It is found regularly in passage tomb cemeteries in Europe in a burial context, such as [[Newgrange]] or [[Carrowmore]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. Quartz was also used in [[prehistoric Ireland]], as well as many other countries, for [[stone tool]]s; both vein quartz and rock crystal were [[knapping|knapped]] as part of the [[lithic technology]] of prehistoric peoples.<ref>{{Cite thesis |first=Killian |last=Driscoll |title=quartz lithic technology history quartz lithic research Ireland chapter 3 |date=2010 |degree=PhD |publisher=University College Dublin |url=http://www.lithicsireland.ie/phd_quartz_lithic_technology_chap_3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625005416/http://www.lithicsireland.ie/phd_quartz_lithic_technology_chap_3.html |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>

While [[jade]] has been the most prized semi-precious stone for carving in [[East Asia]] and [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] America since earliest times, in Europe and the Middle East different varieties of quartz were the most commonly used for the various types of [[Jewellery|jewelry]] and [[hardstone carving]], including [[engraved gem]]s and [[cameo (carving)|cameo gems]], [[rock crystal vase]]s, and extravagant vessels. The tradition continued to produce highly valued objects until the mid-19th century, when it largely fell from fashion except in jewelry. Cameo technique exploits the bands of color in onyx and other varieties.

Efforts to synthesize quartz began in the mid-19th century as scientists attempted to create minerals under laboratory conditions that mimicked the conditions in which the minerals formed in nature. German geologist [[Karl Emil von Schafhäutl]] (1803–1890) was the first person to synthesize quartz when in 1845 he created microscopic quartz crystals in a [[Pressure cooking|pressure cooker]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Karl Emil |last=von Schafhäutl |title=Die neuesten geologischen Hypothesen und ihr Verhältniß zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt (Fortsetzung) |trans-title=The latest geological hypotheses and their relation to science in general (continuation) |journal=Gelehrte Anzeigen |volume=20 |issue=72 |date=10 April 1845 |pages=577–584 |location=[[Munich|München]] |publisher=im Verlage der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, in Commission der Franz'schen Buchhandlung |url=https://archive.org/stream/gelehrteanzeige06wissgoog#page/n298/mode/1up |oclc=1478717}} From page 578: 5) ''Bildeten sich aus Wasser, in welchen ich im Papinianischen Topfe frisch gefällte Kieselsäure aufgelöst hatte, beym Verdampfen schon nach 8 Tagen Krystalle, die zwar mikroscopisch, aber sehr wohl erkenntlich aus sechseitigen Prismen mit derselben gewöhnlichen Pyramide bestanden.'' ( 5) There formed from water in which I had dissolved freshly precipitated silicic acid in a Papin pot [i.e., pressure cooker], after just 8 days of evaporating, crystals, which albeit were microscopic but consisted of very easily recognizable six-sided prisms with their usual pyramids.)</ref> However, the quality and size of the crystals that were produced by these early efforts were poor.<ref>Byrappa, K. and Yoshimura, Masahiro (2001) ''Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology''. Norwich, New York: Noyes Publications. {{ISBN|008094681X}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-rYel1Q2HB8C&pg=PA53 Chapter 2: History of Hydrothermal Technology].</ref>

Elemental impurity incorporation strongly influences the ability to process and utilize quartz. Naturally occurring quartz crystals of extremely high purity, necessary for the crucibles and other equipment used for growing perfect large [[Monocrystalline silicon|silicon]] [[Boule (crystal)|boules]] to be sliced into silicon [[Wafer (electronics)|wafers]] in the [[semiconductor]] industry, are expensive and rare. These high-purity quartz are defined as containing less than 50 ppm of impurity elements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Götze |first1=Jens |last2=Pan |first2=Yuanming |last3=Müller |first3=Axel |date=October 2021 |title=Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of quartz: A review |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |language=en |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=639–664 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.72 |bibcode=2021MinM...85..639G |s2cid=243849577 |issn=0026-461X|doi-access=free }}</ref> A major mining location for high-purity quartz is the [[Spruce Pine Mining District]] in [[Spruce Pine, North Carolina]], United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8178580.stm|author=Nelson, Sue|title=Silicon Valley's secret recipe|work=BBC News|date=2009-08-02|access-date=16 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805092039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8178580.stm|archive-date=5 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Quartz may also be found in [[Caldoveiro Peak]] in [[Asturias]], Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caldoveiro Mine, Tameza, Asturias, Spain |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-122679.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083356/https://www.mindat.org/loc-122679.html |archive-date=2018-02-12 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>

By the 1930s, the electronics industry had become dependent on quartz crystals. The only source of suitable crystals was Brazil; however, [[World War II]] disrupted supplies from Brazil, so nations attempted to synthesize quartz on a commercial scale. German mineralogist Richard Nacken (1884–1971) achieved some success during the 1930s and 1940s.<ref>Nacken, R. (1950) "Hydrothermal Synthese als Grundlage für Züchtung von Quarz-Kristallen" (Hydrothermal synthesis as a basis for the production of quartz crystals), ''Chemiker Zeitung'', '''74''' : 745–749.</ref> After the war, many laboratories attempted to grow large quartz crystals. In the United States, the U.S. Army Signal Corps contracted with [[Bell Labs|Bell Laboratories]] and with the [[Brush Development Company]] of Cleveland, Ohio to synthesize crystals following Nacken's lead.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.107.2781.393| pmid = 17783928| title = The Laboratory Growing of Quartz| journal = Science| volume = 107| issue = 2781| pages = 393–394| year = 1948| last1 = Hale | first1 = D. R.| bibcode = 1948Sci...107..393H}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1109/MIM.2011.6041381| url = http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2534.pdf| title = The evolution of time measurement, Part 2: Quartz clocks [Recalibration]| journal = IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine| volume = 14| issue = 5| pages = 41–48| year = 2011| last1 = Lombardi| first1 = M.| s2cid = 32582517| access-date = 30 March 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527002612/http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2534.pdf| archive-date = 27 May 2013| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref> (Prior to World War II, Brush Development produced piezoelectric crystals for record players.) By 1948, Brush Development had grown crystals that were 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, the largest at that time.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA148 "Record crystal"], ''Popular Science'', '''154''' (2) : 148 (February 1949).</ref><ref>Brush Development's team of scientists included: Danforth R. Hale, Andrew R. Sobek, and Charles Baldwin Sawyer (1895–1964). The company's U.S. patents included:
* Sobek, Andrew R. "Apparatus for growing single crystals of quartz", {{US Patent|2674520}}; filed: 11 April 1950; issued: 6 April 1954.
* Sobek, Andrew R. and Hale, Danforth R. "Method and apparatus for growing single crystals of quartz", {{US Patent|2675303}}; filed: 11 April 1950; issued: 13 April 1954.
* Sawyer, Charles B. "Production of artificial crystals", {{US Patent|3013867}}; filed: 27 March 1959; issued: 19 December 1961. (This patent was assigned to Sawyer Research Products of Eastlake, Ohio.)</ref> By the 1950s, [[hydrothermal synthesis]] techniques were producing synthetic quartz crystals on an industrial scale, and today virtually all the quartz crystal used in the modern electronics industry is synthetic.<ref name="buisson-arnaud-1994"/>

An early use of the piezoelectricity of quartz crystals was in [[phonograph]] pickups. One of the most common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is as a [[crystal oscillator]]. Also called a quartz oscillator or resonator, it was first developed by [[Walter Guyton Cady]] in 1921.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cady, W. G. |year=1921|title=The piezoelectric resonator|journal=Physical Review |volume=17|pages=531–533|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.17.508|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2523161}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/cady.html |title=The Quartz Watch – Walter Guyton Cady |publisher=The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, [[Smithsonian Institution]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104143758/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/cady.html |archive-date=4 January 2009 }}</ref> [[G. W. Pierce|George Washington Pierce]] designed and patented [[Pierce oscillator|quartz crystal oscillators]] in 1923.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=20026061|author=Pierce, G. W. |year=1923|title=Piezoelectric crystal resonators and crystal oscillators applied to the precision calibration of wavemeters|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=59|issue=4|pages=81–106|doi=10.2307/20026061|hdl=2027/inu.30000089308260 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>Pierce, George W. "Electrical system", {{US Patent|2133642}}, filed: 25 February 1924; issued: 18 October 1938.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/pierce.html |title=The Quartz Watch – George Washington Pierce |publisher=The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, [[Smithsonian Institution]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104145422/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/pierce.html |archive-date=4 January 2009 }}</ref> The [[quartz clock]] is a familiar device using the mineral; it is simply a clock that uses a quartz oscillator as its time reference. Warren Marrison created the first quartz oscillator clock based on the work of Cady and Pierce in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/clock.html |title=The Quartz Watch – Warren Marrison |publisher=The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, [[Smithsonian Institution]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125110103/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/clock.html |archive-date=25 January 2009 }}</ref> The resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate measurements of very small mass changes in the [[quartz crystal microbalance]] and in [[thin-film thickness monitor]]s.<ref name="Sauerbrey_1959">{{Cite journal |author-last=Sauerbrey |author-first=Günter Hans |author-link=Günter Sauerbrey |title=Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wägung dünner Schichten und zur Mikrowägung |language=de |doi=10.1007/BF01337937 |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Physik]] |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |volume=155 |issue=2 |pages=206–222 |date=April 1959 |orig-year=1959-02-21 |issn=0044-3328 |bibcode=1959ZPhy..155..206S |s2cid=122855173 |url=http://jmfriedt.sequanux.org/t/sauerbrey.pdf |access-date=2019-02-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226103453/http://jmfriedt.sequanux.org/t/sauerbrey.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-26}} (NB. This was partially presented at Physikertagung in Heidelberg in October 1957.)</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths=200 heights=250>
File:Milan Jug with cut festoon decoration.jpg|Rock crystal jug with cut festoon decoration by a [[Milan]] workshop from the second half of the 16th century, [[National Museum, Warsaw|National Museum]], [[Warsaw]]. Milan, apart from [[Prague]] and [[Florence]], was the main [[Renaissance]] centre for crystal cutting.<ref>{{cite book |title=The International Antiques Yearbook |year=1972 |page=78 |publisher=Studio Vista Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVcvAQAAIAAJ|quote=Apart from Prague and Florence, the main Renaissance centre for crystal cutting was Milan.}}</ref>
File:Prototype synthetic quartz autoclave 1959.jpg|Synthetic quartz crystals produced in the autoclave shown in [[Western Electric]]'s pilot hydrothermal quartz plant in 1959
File:Ewer birds Louvre MR333.jpg|[[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] ewer in carved rock crystal (clear quartz) with gold lid, {{Circa|1000}}
</gallery>

Almost all the industrial demand for quartz crystal (used primarily in electronics) is met with synthetic quartz produced by the hydrothermal process. However, synthetic crystals are less prized for use as gemstones.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hydrothermal Quartz |url=https://www.gemselect.com/other-info/synthetic-quartz.php |website=Gem Select |publisher=GemSelect.com |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> The popularity of [[crystal healing]] has increased the demand for natural quartz crystals, which are now often mined in [[developing countries]] using primitive mining methods, sometimes involving [[child labor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/sep/17/healing-crystals-wellness-mining-madagascar|title=Dark crystals: the brutal reality behind a booming wellness craze|last=McClure|first=Tess|date=2019-09-17|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-09-25|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Minerals|Geology|Earth sciences}}
* [[Fused quartz]]
* [[List of minerals]]
* [[Quartz fiber]]
* [[Quartz reef mining]]
* [[Quartzolite]]
* [[Shocked quartz]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Quartz}}
{{Wiktionary|quartz}}
{{Wikisource|1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Quartz|EB1911:Quartz}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140119002111/http://www.lixinsurface.com/ Quartz varieties, properties, crystal morphology. Photos and illustrations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071120041430/http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/silicanom.htm Gilbert Hart, "Nomenclature of Silica", ''American Mineralogist'', Volume 12, pp. 383–395. 1927]
* {{cite web|url=http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/inventors/index.html |title=The Quartz Watch – Inventors |publisher=The Lemelson Center, National Museum of American History, [[Smithsonian Institution]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107020810/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/Quartz/inventors/index.html |archive-date=7 January 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012101816/http://www.connogue.com/quartslab/html/terminology.html Terminology used to describe the characteristics of quartz crystals when used as oscillators]
* [http://www.lithicsireland.ie/phd_quartz_lithic_technology_chap_1.html Quartz use as prehistoric stone tool raw material]

{{Mohs}}{{Silica minerals}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Quartz| ]]
[[Category:Dielectrics]]
[[Category:Piezoelectric materials]]
[[Category:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Trigonal minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 152 or 154]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 180 or 181]]
[[Category:Luminescent minerals]]
[[Category:Quartz gemstones|Quartz gemstones]]
[[Category:Industrial minerals]]
[[Category:Silica polymorphs]]
[[Category:Symbols of South Dakota]]

Golmaal (film series)

2026-03-28T07:32:44Z

NicholasPrentice: quick improve formatting per standard format and improved wording as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian film series by Rohit Shetty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| title = Golmaal
| image =
| creator = {{plainlist|[[Rohit Shetty]] 
[[Neeraj Vora]] }}
| origin = ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006)
| owner = *[[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision|Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Limited]]
*[[Reliance Entertainment]]
| films = *''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006)
*''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008)
*''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010)
*''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017)
*''[[Golmaal 5]]'' (2027)
| soundtracks = *''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]''
*''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
*''[[Golmaal 3]]''
*''[[Golmaal Again]]''
| website =
| color = Orange
}}

'''''Golmaal''''' is an Indian [[comedy film|comedy film series]] directed by [[Rohit Shetty]], with four films to date, the first three produced by [[Dhilin Mehta]], the fourth by Shetty and Sangeeta Ahir. The first film ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' released in 2006 and was followed by 4 sequels: ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008), ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010) and ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017) and ''[[Golmaal 5]]'' (2026). All the films starred [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] and [[Mukesh Tiwari]], with [[Shreyas Talpade]] appearing in three, [[Kunal Khemu]] and [[Johnny Lever]] in two.<ref name="Golmaal 3">{{cite web|author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2254&nCat=box_office_news |title=Golmaal 3 Adds 4.50 Crore in Third Weekend |date=23 November 2010 |work=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=24 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124211842/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2254&nCat=box_office_news |archive-date=24 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/rohit-shetty-s-singham-2-and-golmaal-4-to-go-on-floors/ |title=Rohit Shetty's Singham 2, Golmaal 4 To Go on Floors This Year |publisher=Koimoi |date=1 March 2013 |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgn-no-idea-about-female-lead-in-golmaal-4-2959702/|title=No idea about female lead in Golmaal 4: Ajay Devgn|date=7 August 2016|access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> The series also has a spin-off named ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]'' was released on 23 December 2022.

''Golmaal'' is now the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films#Highest-grossing Bollywood franchises and film series (worldwide)|ninth-highest-grossing film series]] in [[Bollywood]]. The film series has been described as a [[Screwball comedy|screwball comedy franchise]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/golmaal-again/movie-review/61142705.cms|title=Golmaal Again Movie Review Meena Iyer|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/14golmaal.htm|title= blends perfectly with the screwball flavour of Golmaal.}}</ref>

An animated version of the film series named ''Golmaal Jr. was'' released for with three central characters: Madhav, Gopal and Lucky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-rohit-shettys-golmaal-to-be-animated-for-kids-channel-details-inside/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406212632/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-rohit-shettys-golmaal-to-be-animated-for-kids-channel-details-inside/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2019|title=Ajay Devgn – Rohit Shetty's Golmaal to be ANIMATED for kids' channel (details inside)|date=2019-04-05|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref>

==Films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
|-
! width="17%" | Film
! Release date
! Director
! width=18%| Screenwriter(s)
! width=20%| Story
! width=26%| Producer(s)
|-
| ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]''||14 July 2006|| rowspan="5" |[[Rohit Shetty]]||[[Neeraj Vora]]||Ghar Ghar by Harsh Shivsharan||[[Dhilin Mehta]], Parag Sanghvi
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''||29 October 2008|| rowspan="3" |Yunus Sajawal||Pheka Pheki by Bipin Varti||rowspan=2|[[Dhilin Mehta]]
|-
| ''[[Golmaal 3]]''||5 November 2010||[[Yours, Mine and Ours (1968 film)|Yours, Mine and Ours]] by [[Melville Shavelson]]
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Again]]''||20 October 2017|| rowspan="1" |[[Rohit Shetty]]||Sangeeta Sachin Ahir, Rohit Shetty, Shivashish Sarkar
|-
| ''[[Golmaal 5]]''||2027|| colspan="2"{{TBA}} || Rohit Shetty
|}

===''Golmaal: Fun Unlimited'' (2006)===
{{Main|Golmaal: Fun Unlimited}}

Friends Gopal, Lucky, Madhav and Laxman often dupe gullible people out of their money. Hilarity ensues when they target an elderly couple and simultaneously try wooing their beautiful neighbour.

===''Golmaal Returns'' (2008)===
{{Main|Golmaal Returns}}

Gopal, who lives with his ever suspecting wife, Ekta, gets stuck in a yacht for a night after he saves an attractive young woman from a bunch of hooligans. Ekta suspects him of having an affair and decides to uncover the truth.

===''Golmaal 3'' (2010)===
{{Main|Golmaal 3}}

Cupid strikes when Pritam, a single father, comes across his college sweetheart, Geeta, in Goa. However, when their respective children go at war with each other, the two find it difficult to reunite.

===''Golmaal Again'' (2017)===
{{Main|Golmaal Again}}

Five orphan men return to the orphanage they grew up in to attend their mentor's funeral. However, they encounter the ghost of their childhood friend, Khushi, and help her attain salvation.

=== ''Golmaal 5'' (2027)===
After the release of the fourth installment, director Rohit Shetty expressed interest in making a fifth part of the franchise,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280917/rohit-shetty-confirms-golmaal-5.html|title=Rohit Shetty to come up with Golmaal part 5|date=28 September 2017|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> after getting the right script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/well-definitely-make-golmaal-5-rohit-shetty/|title="We'll definitely make Golmaal 5" – Rohit Shetty|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 October 2017|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/before-ajay-devgns-golmaal-again-releases-rohit-shetty-announces-golmaal-5-2502895/|title=Rohit Shetty Announces Golmaal 5 Already!|date=28 September 2017|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> [[Ajay Devgn]] showed interest to return in the next part,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/here-what-ajay-devgn-said-when-a-fan-asked-him-about-golmaal-5-1553235.html|title=Here's What Ajay Devgn Said When a Fan Asked Him About Golmaal 5|date=22 October 2017 |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> with reports of [[Kareena Kapoor]] also returning for the next installment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/interviews/kareena-kapoor-khan-will-come-back-in-golmaal-5-says-golmaal-again-actor-ajay-devgn/articleshow/61177666.cms|script-title=hi:'गोलमाल 5' में करीना वापस आ जाएंगी: अजय देवगन-Navbharat Times|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

On 14 March 2026, on the occasion of Shetty's birthday, it was announced that ''Golmaal 5'' would officially begin filming, with Ajay Devgn, [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Kunal Khemu]] returning, alongside [[Sharman Joshi]], who appears in the franchise for the first time since ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006), having been absent from all subsequent installments and [[Akshay Kumar]] joining the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |date=14 March 2026 |title=Golmaal 5 announced on Rohit Shetty's birthday: This time, Akshay Kumar joins Ajay Devgn and gang for another epic ride |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/golmaal-5-announced-on-rohit-shettys-birthday-this-time-akshay-kumar-joins-ajay-devgn-and-gang-for-another-epic-ride-101773491787043.html |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=14 March 2026 |title=Akshay Kumar joins the cast of 'Golmaal 5', film goes on floors |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-joins-the-cast-of-golmaal-5-film-goes-on-floors/cid/2151360 |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

== Spin off films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
|-
! width="17%" | Film
! Release date
! Director
! width=18%| Screenwriter(s)
! width=20%| Story
! width=26%| Producer(s)
|-
| ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''||23 December 2022||[[Rohit Shetty]]||Yunus Sajawal||Farhad Samji, Sanchit Bedre, Vidhi Ghadgaonkar|| [[Rohit Shetty]], [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
|-
|}
===''Cirkus'' (2022)===
{{Main|Cirkus (film)}}

A scientist separates two sets of identical twins to find the conflict between nature vs nurture. However, years later the twins come close and creates confusion and hilarious situations.

It was revealed in the upcoming film ''Cirkus'' trailer released in December 2022, that film is set in 1960's and it would be a prequel to the fourth film of ''Golmaal'' series. In the trailer five kids was standing in front of "Jamnadas Orphanage" and telling their names - Gopal, Madhav and Laxman (2 kids), while the fifth kid is mute and trying to tell his name is Lucky.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/cirkus-trailer-spot-the-golmaal-gang-as-rohit-shetty-hints-at-new-cinematic-universe-watch-bollywood-gossip-5776973/ | title=Cirkus Trailer Spot the Golmaal Gang as Rohit Shetty Hints at New Cinematic Universe Watch }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/cirkus-trailer-out-ranveer-singh-in-a-double-role-deepika-padukones-cameo-makes-it-exciting-2304387-2022-12-02 | title=Cirkus trailer out. Ranveer Singh in a double role, Deepika Padukone's cameo makes it exciting }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/cirkus-trailer-rohit-shetty-packs-a-punch-with-ranveer-singhs-dual-role-a-cameo-by-deepika-padukone-a-glimpse-of-the-golmaal-gang/5b304b663d108 | title=Cirkus trailer: Rohit Shetty packs a punch with Ranveer Singh's dual role, a cameo by Deepika Padukone, a glimpse of the Golmaal gang }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/cirkus-ranveer-singh-will-be-a-part-of-the-film-golmaal-5-shooting-can-start-soon/ | title=Cirkus: Ranveer Singh will be a part of the film Golmaal 5? Shooting can start soon! | date=2 December 2022 }}</ref> However, the film failed massively at the box-office.

== Cast and characters ==
This table lists the main characters who appear in the Golmaal franchise.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:20%;" | Actor
! colspan="5" | Film
|-
! ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006)
! ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008)
! ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010)
! ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017)
! ''Golmaal 5'' (2027)
|-
! [[Ajay Devgn]]
| colspan="5" | Gopal
|-
! [[Arshad Warsi]]
| colspan="5" | Madhav
|-
! [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
| colspan="5" | Lucky
|-
! [[Sharman Joshi]]
| Laxman Prasad
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Laxman Prasad
|-
! [[Shreyas Talpade]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| colspan="4" | Laxman
|-
! [[Kunal Khemu]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| colspan="3" | Laxman
|-
! [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
| Bubbly
| Subodh Mehra
| Dagga
| Bubbly
| {{TBA}}
|-
! [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
| colspan="5" | Vasooli
|-
! [[Vrajesh Hirjee]]
| Pandurang
| Anthony Gonsalves
| Teja
| Pandurang
| {{TBA}}
|-
! [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Munni
| Chintu
| Damini
| {{TBA}}
|-
! [[Murali Sharma]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| M.D. Sawant
| colspan="3" | Inspector Dhande
|-
! [[Johnny Lever]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| colspan="3" | Puppy
|-
! [[Vijay Patkar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| colspan="3" | Constable Gandhari
|-
! [[Siddarth Jadhav]]
| Sattu Supari
| Lucky's Assistant
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Paresh Rawal]]
| Somnath
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Rimi Sen]]
| Nirali
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Sushmita Mukherjee]]
| Mangala
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
| Harishchandra "HaRaMi" Ramchandra Mirchandani
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Ekta
| Divya "Dabbo" Kalamkar
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Amrita Arora]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Esha
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Celina Jaitley]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Meera Mena
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Anjana Sukhani]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Daisy Paschisia
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Pritam "Pappu"
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Geeta "Guddi" Patnaik
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Parineeti Chopra]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Khushi Bansal
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Nikhil
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Anna Mathew
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Prakash Raj]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Vasu Reddy
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Sachin Khedekar]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Colonel Chouhan
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Nana Patekar]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Ghost
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Uday Tikekar]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| Joy Jamnadas
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Akshay Kumar]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| {{TBA}}
|-
! [[Priyamani]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| {{TBA}}
|}

== Additional crew and production details ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="5" | Film
|-
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited|Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]'' (2022)
|-
! Director
| colspan="5" | [[Rohit Shetty]]
|-
! Producer(s)
| colspan="3" | [[Dhillin Mehta]]
| colspan="1" | [[Rohit Shetty]] Sangeeta Ahir
|[[Rohit Shetty]] [[Bhushan Kumar]]
|-
! Screenplay
|[[Neeraj Vora]]
| colspan="4" | Yunus Sajawal
|-
! Story
| colspan="2" |[[Sajid-Farhad]]
| colspan="3" | [[Rohit Shetty]]
|-
! Composer(s)
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Pritam]] Ashish Pandit
| [[Pritam]]
| [[Amaal Mallik]] [[S. Thaman]] Lijo George-DJ Chetas Abhishek Arora
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]] Lijo George-[[DJ Chetas]]
|-
! Background Score
|colspan=3|[[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
|colspan=2|[[Amar Mohile]]
|-
! Director of photography
| Aseem Bajaj
| [[Natty Subramaniam]]
| Dudley
| colspan="2" | [[Jomon T. John]]
|-
! Editor(s)
| colspan="3" |Steven H. Bernard
| colspan="2" |Bunty Nagi
|-
! Production Companies
| [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd]] [[K Sera Sera Limited|K Sera Sera Private Limited]]
| Colspan=2|[[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd]]
|Rohit Shetty Pictures, Mangal Murti Films, [[Reliance Entertainment]]
|Rohit Shetty Pictures [[T-Series Films]]
|-
! Distributing Companies
| [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd]] [[Eros International]]
|[[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
|[[Eros International]]
| colspan="2" |[[Reliance Entertainment]]
|-
! Running Time
| 150 minutes
| 135 minutes
| 140 minutes
| 152 minutes
|139 minutes
|}

==Reception==
'''<big>Box office</big>'''{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2"; style="width:20%;" |
! colspan="5" | Film
|-
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited#Box office|Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal Returns#Box office|Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal 3#Box office|Golmaal 3]]'' (2010)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Golmaal Again#Box office|Golmaal Again]]'' (2017)
! style="width:20%;"| ''[[Cirkus (film)#Box office|Cirkus]]'' (2022)
|-
! Budget
| {{INR|15 crore}}<ref>
{{cite web| url = https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=299| title = Golmaal - Fun Unlimited - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
| {{INR|35 crore}}<ref>
{{cite web| url = https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=311| title = Golmaal Returns - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
| {{INR|50 crore}}<ref>
{{cite web| url = https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5| title = Golmaal 3 - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
| {{INR|80 crore}}
|₹150 crore
|-
! Domestic gross
| {{INR|41.49 crore}}
| {{INR|70.89 crore}}
| {{INR|149.12 crore}}
| {{INR|264.89 crore}}
| {{INR|42.44 crore}}
|-
! Overseas gross
| {{INR|9.18 crore}}
| {{INR|14.91 crore}}
| {{INR|37.86 crore}}
| {{INR|59.09 crore}}
| {{INR|19.03 crore}}
|-
! Total gross
| {{INR|46.72 crore}}
| {{INR|80 crore}}
| {{INR|169.56 crore}}
| {{INR|311.04 crore}}
| {{INR|61.47 crore}}
|-
! Franchise gross
! colspan="5" | {{INRConvert|668.74|c}}
|}
<big>'''Critical reception'''</big>{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited#Critical reception|Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]''
|N/A (1 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golmaal: Fun Unlimited {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/golmaal_fun_unlimited |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Golmaal Returns#Release and reception|Golmaal Returns]]''
|0% (3.7/10 average rating) (6 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golmaal Returns {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/golmaal-returns |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Golmaal 3#Critical reception|Golmaal 3]]''
|44% (5.5/10 average rating) (9 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golmaal 3 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/golmaal_3 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Golmaal Again#Critical response|Golmaal Again]]''
|50% (4.7/10 average rating) (8 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golmaal Again {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/golmaal_again |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Animated series==

An animated series ''Golmaal Jr.'' based on the characters from film series premiered on [[Sonic Nickelodeon]] on 13 May 2019. However it does not follow with the ''Golmaal'' canon and does not serve as a prequel to the ''Golmaal'' franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/rohit-shetty-viacom18-nickelodeon-sonic-golmaal-jr-35948|title=I feel privileged when kids like my films and shows: Rohit Shetty|website=Mumbai Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2019/05/viacom18-aims-to-scale-sonic-s-position-with-new-show-golmaal-jr/|title=Viacom18 aims to scale Sonic's position with new show Golmaal Jr.|date=May 13, 2019|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q3417329|title=Golmaal: Fun Unlimited}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q5580874|title=Golmaal Returns}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q5580870|title=Golmaal 3}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q5580865|title=Golmaal Again}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q5581867|title=Golmaal 5}}

{{Golmaal series |state=autocollapse}}
{{Rohit Shetty |state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:2000s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010s Indian films]]
[[Category:Comedy film series]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Masala films]]

Iyobinte Pusthakam

2026-03-27T14:38:46Z

NicholasPrentice: further correct details and improved wording based on references

{{short description|2014 film by Amal Neerad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Iyobinte Pusthakam
| image = Iyobinte Pusthakam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Amal Neerad]]
| producer = Amal Neerad Fahadh Faasil
| writer = Gopan Chithambaram
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Syam Pushkaran]] Gopan Chithambaram
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Fahadh Faasil]]|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]|[[Jayasurya]]|[[Isha Sharvani]]}}
| narrator = [[T. G. Ravi]]
| music = [[Neha Nair|Yakzan-Neha]]
| cinematography = Amal Neerad
| editing = Praveen Prabhakar
| studio = [[Amal Neerad Productions]] [[Fahadh Faasil]]
| distributor = August Cinema A & A Release
| released = {{Film date|2014|11|07|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Iyobinte Pusthakam''''' ({{translation|[[Book of Job]]}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Historical Drama|period]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Amal Neerad]] and written by Gopan Chithambaran, with dialogues written by [[Syam Pushkaran]]. The film stars [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Jayasurya]] and [[Isha Sharvani]] with [[Jinu Joseph]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Vinayakan]] and [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] in supporting roles. [[Aashiq Abu]] makes a [[cameo appearance]] as [[Amala Paul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2014 |title=Fahadh will now woo Isha Sharvani – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Fahadh-will-now-woo-Isha-Sharvani/articleshow/30795697.cms |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

The film is a period drama set in the mid-20th century in [[Munnar]], [[Western Ghats]]. It follows the life of a ruthless businessman named Iyob and the sibling rivalry among his sons Aloshy, Ivan and Dimitri, who are named after the characters from [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]'s ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]''.<ref>Padmakumar K, "Iyobinte Pusthakam: Karamazov rejigged". ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 11 November 2014 [http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/iyobinte-pusthakam-malayalam-movie-review-fahad-faasil-lal-isha-sharvani.html]</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2014 at [[Vagamon]] in [[Idukki district|Idukki]] [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2014 |title=Iyobinte pustakam starts shoot – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Iyobinte-pustakam-starts-shoot/articleshow/33656963.cms |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> ''Iyobinte Pusthakam'' was released on 7 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2014 |title=Padmapriya's 'classic' looks land her another period film – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Padmapriyas-classic-looks-land-her-another-period-film/articleshow/33702651.cms |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The film was highly critically acclaimed and was a box-office success.<ref>VIJAY GEORGE "The game changer" ''[[The Hindu]]'' 20 November 2014 [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/fahadh-faasil-interview/article6614751.ece]</ref> It received five [[2014 Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards]] and three [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]].

==Plot==

The film starts with the message "The aged aren't always wise, nor do the elderly always understand justice" ([[Book of Job|Job]] 32:9). The story is narrated by a communist leader, and is set in 1900 in [[Munnar]] during the [[British Raj]]. Harrison is a British businessman who comes to Munnar to cultivate tea. He finds an able boy amidst his workers and names him 'Iyob'. Harrison holds Iyob close and helps him marry Annamma. Harrison's wife leaves him and returns to [[England]]; later he sees Kazhali and becomes interested in her. When Harrison finds out Kazhali's relation with Thacho, one of his servants, he orders Iyob to kill Thacho. Iyob corners Thacho and is about to kill him when Thacho jumps off the cliff and dies. Afterwards, Harrison takes Kazhali as his mistress and she becomes pregnant. During the First World War, Harrison's business is affected and he leaves for Britain but dies on the way to [[Kochi|Cochin]], not even setting sail. Knowing this, Iyob throws Kazhali out of the house, simultaneously beating her, and takes over all assets of Harrison by using the power of attorney given by Harrison.

Annamma, without her husband's knowledge, meets Kazhali, who now has a daughter, Martha, regularly talking with her, and she also takes her youngest son, Aloshy. Aloshy and Martha become good friends and fall in love right from their childhood. However, Annamma falls ill and dies. She is greatly mourned by all, including Kazhali and her daughter, Martha; both look on the funeral from afar.

Iyob has three sons Dimitri, Ivan and Aloshy. Dimitri and Ivan are ruthless like Iyob whereas Aloshy is kind and compassionate like his mother. His two closest friends are Chemban and Martha. Chemban's parents are killed in their house by a fire set by Aloshy's family because of their illness. Aloshy leaves the house as a child after seeing his brothers rape and kill a girl who was a servant there. He runs away to Cochin and stays there. After some years Aloshy joins the [[Royal Indian Navy]] as an officer where he took part in many battles. After the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] of 1946 he returns to his father and brothers in Munnar, but is upset by the wrongdoings of his father and brothers. He reunites with both Martha and Chemban, rescuing the latter and his wife from a beating by his brothers' henchmen. Chemban and his family leave to be safe. Martha and Aloshy become close again after they escape from a rampaging elephant. They fall in love.

Iyob finds out Aloshy was dismissed from the navy because he defected and became a part of the [[Indian independence movement]]. In a fit of anger, he orders Aloshy to leave. Aloshy meets Martha and says he will come back for her. He leaves for Cochin, but on his way he is attacked by Dimitri and Ivan who try to kill him, but Aloshy survives and is found by his childhood friend Chemban. At this time Iyob's health deteriorates and his sons overpower him making pacts with Angoor Rowther, a rich Tamil merchant despite opposition by Iyob. Dimitri and Ivan find out Aloshy is alive with Martha. They try multiple attempts to kill him, but Aloshy defeats them and kills their henchmen, thereby making their attempts fail.

One night, Ivan went to Dimitri's room for blocking him from beating his wife Rahel. In a fit of anger, Dimitri asks Ivan why has he entered his room without his permission. Then he understood that Ivan had spent nights with Rahel in his absence. Rahel then hits Dimitri on his head with a metallic flower vase. Ivan kills Dimitri with the vase after taking it from Rahel. This is witnessed by Iyob, who realises everyone has been cheating him. It is revealed that Rahel is daughter of Thacho whom Iyob killed and she is taking revenge using Ivan. She also tries to kill him by poisoning his food.

Iyob escapes from home and ends up under Aloshy's shelter. Iyob reveals that all the assets of Harrison belongs to Kazhali and he was cheating them the whole time. Aloshy is arrested by the police but is liberated by the narrator who was against Ivan and Angoor. Aloshy then cuts off the policeman's finger. Ivan knowing that all the assets will be lost, decides to kill Aloshy, but he despises Rahel when he come to know about her real intention. Rahel makes a deal with Angoor to kill everyone in his way including Ivan and all the assets and Rahel will be his. Iyob and Martha try to escape through the forest, but Iyob is shot down by Angoor. Aloshy finds Martha sinking into a [[swamp]] and tries to help her. Ivan and Angoor come towards them, when Angoor tries to shoot Ivan he runs out of bullets and Aloshy stabs Angoor with a [[ramrod]] and Ivan shoots Angoor's associate, when Ivan tries to kill Aloshy he is killed by Chemban and Aloshy kills Angoor. Declaring her independence, Rahel commits [[suicide]] by [[shooting]]. Afterwards, Aloshy and Martha leaves Munnar.

At the end of the film the narrator is arrested by the police as it was the time when [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] was declared in [[India]] by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] and all the communist leaders were taken into preventive custody. He remarks that people like Aloshy would make the life of people much prosperous than it is now.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Aloshy Gomber, former [[Royal Indian Navy|navy]] officer
** [[Shebin Benson]] as teenager Aloshy
*** [[Nebish Benson]] as young Aloshy
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Iyob
** [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as young Iyob
* [[Jayasurya]] as Angoor Rawther
* [[Isha Sharvani]] as Martha
* [[Jinu Joseph]] as Ivan
**David John as young Ivan
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Dimitri
**Vishnu Govindan as young Dimitri
* [[Vinayakan]] as Chemban
** [[Chethan Jayalal]] as young Chemban
* [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] as Rahel
* [[John Vijay]] as Ganapathy Iyer
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Kazhali
* [[T. G. Ravi|TG Ravi]] as The Communist Leader
** [[Sreejith Ravi]] as The Communist Leader (Younger)
* [[Sal Yusuf]] as Harrison
* Rita Mathen as Harrison's first wife
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Narayana, Ivan's henchman
* [[Amith Chakalakkal]] as Nizam Rawther, Angoor's brother
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Thresya
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Paily, Tea Shop [[Owner]]
* Saritha Sunil as Cheeru
* [[Hima Shankar]] as Migrant
* [[Surjith Gopinath]] as Laser
* Professor Aliyar as office comrade
* [[Anil Murali]] as Mathuppilla Police
* [[Amala Paul]] as a [[African Dance|Tribal Dancer]] ([[Cameo appearance]])
* [[Reenu Mathews]] as Annamma, Aloshy, Ivan and Dimitri's mother and Iyob's wife (guest appearance)
* [[Aashiq Abu]] as [[P. J. Antony]], former [[Royal Indian Navy|navy]] officer and Aloshy's close friend ([[Cameo appearance]])
}}
=== Family Tree of Iyob's family ===
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |||||| }}
{{Tree chart| | |||||IYOB|v|ANNAMMA | |IYOB=Iyob|ANNAMMA=Annamma|}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{Tree chart|DIMITRI|-|RAHEL| |IVAN | |ALOSHY|-|MARTHA|DIMITRI=Dimitri|RAHEL=Rahel|IVAN=Ivan|ALOSHY=Aloshy Gomber|MARTHA=Martha}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==Critical reception==
''Iyobinte Pusthakam'' received positive reviews from the critics and audiences alike where direction, cinematography, colour grading, cast performances (especially Fahadh Faasil, Lal and Jayasurya), musical score and story received praise.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Iyobinte Pusthakam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Yakzan Gary Pereira & Neha Nair
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|24}}
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=15}}
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = Yakzan Gary Pereira
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = Iyobinte Pusthakam
| extra_column = Artist
| total_length = 23:15
| title1 = Maane
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| extra1 = Anil Ram, [[Neha Nair|Neha S. Nair]]
| length1 = 5:24
| title2 = Raave
| lyrics2 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], Neha S. Nair
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Theeyattam
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| extra3 = Amala C, Walid Bensalim
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Aloshy (Theme Music)
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Neha S. Nair
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Angoor Ravuther (Theme Music)
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Neha S. Nair
| length5 = 1:13
| title6 = Chemban (Theme Music)
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Neha S. Nair
| length6 = 1:15
| title7 = Iyobinte Pusthakam (Theme Music)
| lyrics7 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra7 = Neha S. Nair
| length7 = 1:07
| title8 = Marthas (Theme Music)
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = Neha S. Nair
| length8 = 1:00
| title9 = Rahels (Theme Music)
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = [[Usha Uthup]]
| length9 = 1:22
| all_writing =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Accolades==
; [[2014 Kerala State Film Awards]]

* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Photography|Best Cinematography]]: Amal Neerad
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]]: Manoj Angamali
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Best Sound Design]]: Thapas Nayak
* [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Mention]]: Yakzan Gary Pereira & [[Neha Nair]] (music direction)

; [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2014|2014]] [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2015 |title=Atlas-Film Critics Awards Announced |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Atlas-Film-Critics-Awards-Announced/2015/04/05/article2748511.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418030014/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Atlas-Film-Critics-Awards-Announced/2015/04/05/article2748511.ece |archive-date=18 April 2015 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]]: ''Iyobinte Pusthakam''
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]]: Amal Neerad
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]: Amal Neerad
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer]]: [[Sameera Saneesh]]

; [[1st IIFA Utsavam|2016 Indian International Film Awards Utsavam]]
* Best Performance in a Negative Role: [[Jayasurya (actor)|Jayasurya]]

;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
* Best Film: Amal Neerad, Fahadh Faasil

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|iyobintepusthakammovie}}
* {{IMDb title|4186118}}
* [http://www.m3db.com/film/39993 ''Iyobinte Pusthakam''] at M3DB

{{Amal Neerad}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1900]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Syam Pushkaran]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amal Neerad]]
[[Category:Book of Job]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuttikkanam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Neha Nair]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yakzan Gary Pereira]]

Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai

2026-03-26T03:20:38Z

NicholasPrentice: added new article basic info...

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by S. P. Jananathan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Jananathan|S. P. Jhananathan]]
| writer = S. P. Jhananathan ({{small|Dialogue}})
| screenplay = Roghanth
| story = S. P. Jhananathan
| producer = [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] S. P. Jananathan
| starring = [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Karthika Nair|Karthika]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = N. Ganesh Kumar
| music = '''Soundtrack:''' Varshan '''Score:''' [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Binary Pictures [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = UTV Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|05|15|ref1=}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai''''' ({{translation|[[Common land]] alias public property}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political thriller|political]] [[action thriller film]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=23 December 2013 |title=Shot Cuts: Double dhamaka in 'Purampokku' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shot-cuts-double-dhamaka-in-purampokku/article5493361.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227040647/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shot-cuts-double-dhamaka-in-purampokku/article5493361.ece |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> directed by [[S. P. Jananathan|S. P. Jhananathan]], and produced by Jananathan under Binary Pictures, in association with [[UTV Motion Pictures]]. The film stars [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Karthika Nair|Karthika]], in her final film appearance. It revolves around a [[Communism in India|communist]] who is sentenced to death, while his comrade seeks his release.

The film was initially announced untitled in 2012 but got stalled and re-announced in 2013 under the title ''Purampokku''. Filming took place between January and December 2014, in [[Chennai]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]. Three months after filming ended, it was retitled. The film features cinematography by [[N. K. Ekambaram]] and a score by [[Srikanth Deva]], while the soundtrack was composed by newcomer Varshan. It was released in theatres on 15 May 2015.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=November 2021}}
In Delhi, Balusamy, a [[Communism in India|communist]] leader who is convicted by court on counts of robbery, murder, and treason, is given the death sentence. Despite Balu's request to execute him as a martyr by shooting, the court orders that he be hanged within a month's time by a professional executioner or hangman. He is escorted to a high security prison complex in Chennai by Macaulay, an honest, law-abiding police officer who is given the charge of monitoring him until his execution. The prison provides freedom to all prisoners, including Balu, to do whatever they want, as long as they do not cause unrest. Balu is instantly admired by the inmates for his patriotism and philosophy, as well as his empathy with the inmates. They view him as a spokesperson to the prison officials on behalf of them.

Meanwhile, Macaulay searches for a hangman and learns of Yamalingam, an executioner who has had a disdain of execution since his teens due to remorse of hanging an innocent man who was wrongly accused. Macaulay tries to convince Yamalingam to carry out the duty of executing Balu, to which he agrees after much coercion by Macaulay that Balu is a convict. Yamalingam is given a special phone tuned to a certain frequency where Macaulay can contact him.

Elsewhere, Kuyili, Balu's trusted comrade, learns about his conviction and assembles a group of computer hackers to hack into the prison's surveillance system. She befriends Yamalingam and uses him as a messenger to convey their escape plan to Balu. Kuyili also explains to Yamalingam that Balu was a communist leader in North India who wanted to prevent India from turning into a landfill site. To justify his actions, Balu took to violence and tried suicide bombing the Indian Army but failed due to Kuyili's reluctance to kill him. He was apprehended and jailed in Delhi. Kuyili tells Yamalingam that her refusal to kill Balu and his past guilt of executing an innocent person were the reasons that made them allies.

Yamalingam becomes impressed by Balu's ideologies and decides to stop Balu from being executed. He requests Macaulay to meet Balu in person, to which he agrees. Yamalingam makes a mannequin based on Balu's likeness to test the rope for hanging, with Balu conveying the escape plan to him, unknown to Macaulay, through a sheet of paper. Soon, with the help of two inmates, Balu escapes from jail in the place of a South African convict, but he surrenders upon seeing the convict being battered by the police. Macaulay and the police beat Balu up and lock him up in a secured prison cell, chained. Kuyili disguises herself as a fiancee of Balu and visits him in prison to convey the escape plan to him in Sanskrit. She later devises a plan with Yamalingam to aid Balu's escape at the execution chamber.

Meanwhile, Macaulay learns that Yamalingam has been in contact with Kuyili but decides to deal with him after Balu's execution. He holds a press conference along with the government officials allotting the date of Balu's execution, but changes plans that night by detaining the officials, including Yamalingam, and seizing their phones until Balu is executed the day before the officially announced date, while enforcing strict security around the prison premises with the help of soldiers. Macaulay goes to Balu's cell and takes him out into the prison ground, where he tells him of his execution date as a prisoner's right to information. He also discusses with Balu on the irony that how he was looked upon as a traitor by the public despite his crusade for the people, to which Balu retorts by saying that the police works for a corrupt government. Macaulay informs Balu that Yamalingam had been in contact with Kuyili and sends a message to Yamalingam's phone as Kuyili to assure him that they know the changed date of the execution. He tells Balu that no one would come to save him but asks if he was valiant enough to give up his life as a martyr, to which Balu replies that he see it for himself at the execution chamber.

On the day of his execution, Balu delivers a speech saying that Indian people have the rights to their own land and they should not allow foreign countries to abuse it. Yamalingam looks at Balu's eyes and winks at him, assuring him that he shall escape, covers his face and places the noose on him, then proceeds to hang him, being tensed after the process. Unbeknownst to Yamalingam, Kuyili had not been informed of the execution. When Balu's body is retrieved from the trapdoor, Yamalingam becomes remorseful and demands the officials that he keep the body, but to no avail. Balu's body is cremated at the prison complex by Macaulay and the police. Yamalingam mentally breaks down, out of guilt of executing Balu, and carries the mannequin he made earlier and sees it as Balu himself. Kuyili, upon hearing Balu's execution, leaves India with her comrades on a boat. Some years later, Yamalingam, now a psychologically retarded beggar, converses with Balu's mannequin on a railway track and tells it the impact of Balu's ideology on the public, then salutes it as the film ends.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Balusamy
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as T. Macaulay [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Yamalingam
* [[Karthika Nair|Karthika]] as Kuyili
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Yamalingam's mother
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Chellakunjan
* Bharathi Murugesh as Vedigundu
* Naveen as Naathampidichavan
* Sri Vetri as Vetri
* TSK as Saravanakumar
* Vishwa as Vishwa
* [[Yaar Kannan]] as himself
* Annadurai Kannadasan as himself
* [[Rahul Thatha|Udayabhanu]] as Prisoner
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Three years after his last directorial ''[[Peraanmai]]'' (2009), [[S. P. Jananathan]] announced that his next directorial would feature [[Jiiva]] and [[Ravi Mohan]], who both starred in Jananathan's earlier films, in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2012 |title=SP Jananathan to begin his next |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news-interviews/34126509_1_sp-jananathan-jiiva-and-jayam-ravi-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109160440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news-interviews/34126509_1_sp-jananathan-jiiva-and-jayam-ravi-film |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the project failed to take off.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=22 August 2013 |title=Arya, Vijay Sethupathi in Purampokku |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Arya-Vijay-Sethupathi-in-Purampokku/articleshow/21956489.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821221919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Arya-Vijay-Sethupathi-in-Purampokku/articleshow/21956489.cms |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=22 August 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In August 2013, Jananathan announced the revived project titled ''Purampokku'' with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as the new leads. The film was jointly produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] and Jananathan's Binary Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=Arya, Vijay Sethupathi team up for 'Purampokku' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/arya-vijay-sethupathi-team-up-for-purampokku-113082200262_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141524/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/arya-vijay-sethupathi-team-up-for-purampokku-113082200262_1.html |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[N. K. Ekambaram]], and editing by N. Ganesh Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2021 |title=Jhana sir holds a special place in my heart: Karthika Nair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jhana-sir-holds-a-special-place-in-my-heart-karthika-nair/articleshow/81494844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315133431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jhana-sir-holds-a-special-place-in-my-heart-karthika-nair/articleshow/81494844.cms |archive-date=15 March 2021 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Jananathan stated that the film's script was inspired by protests and opposition over the sentencing of the 26 accused in the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] to life imprisonment, changed from death sentence; and the lack of protests over the execution of serial killer [[Auto Shankar]] and convicted rapist [[Dhananjoy Chatterjee]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=26 May 2015 |title='Discussion about death penalty is happening worldwide' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/discussion-about-death-penalty-is-happening-worldwide-south/20150526.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311102924/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/discussion-about-death-penalty-is-happening-worldwide-south/20150526.htm |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> He also said it questions the relevance of capital punishment in a democratic society, and the lack of official records of the actual number of people sent to [[gallows]] in India inspired him to write the film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Naig |first1=Udhav |last2=Kannan |first2=Ramya |date=19 June 2014 |title=Purampokku delves deep into death penalty |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/purampokku-delves-deep-into-death-penalty/article6130920.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704034832/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/purampokku-delves-deep-into-death-penalty/article6130920.ece |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Aware that the term "purampokku" is often used derogatorily, Jananathan stated that the film's title refers to the term's [[Root (linguistics)|root meaning]] of [[common land]] not exclusive to anyone: "Our ancestors have left more than 15 types of purampokku lands for us, and they are used illegally by people with power. The film will deal with one such purampokku land".<ref name=":1" />

=== Casting ===
Jananathan stated that while Jiiva and Ravi were originally cast as the leads, he ultimately decided to replace them for freshness; Arya replaced Ravi and Sethupathi replaced Jiiva.<ref name=":1" /> [[Karthika Nair|Karthika]] was signed as the lead actress,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2013 |title=Karthika is Arya & Vijay Sethupathi's girl |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthika-is-arya-vijay-sethupathis-girl-news-tamil-nmqj05djffg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217183146/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthika-is-arya-vijay-sethupathis-girl-news-tamil-nmqj05djffg.html |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=15 December 2013 |title=Jhana brings Karthika on board for 'Purampokku' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131215/entertainment-kollywood/article/jhana-brings-karthika-board-purampokku |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229063422/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131215/entertainment-kollywood/article/jhana-brings-karthika-board-purampokku |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> and this became her last performance before her retirement from films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=Veteran Actress Radha's Daughter Karthika Nair Gets Engaged, See Pics |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/veteran-actress-radhas-daughter-karthika-nair-gets-engaged-see-pics-8632928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311114332/https://www.news18.com/movies/veteran-actress-radhas-daughter-karthika-nair-gets-engaged-see-pics-8632928.html |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The name of Karthika's character, Kuyili, is a reference to the Indian freedom fighter [[Kuyili|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=25 April 2015 |title=Bold and beautiful |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bold-and-beautiful/article7141009.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312080629/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bold-and-beautiful/article7141009.ece |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], who earlier appeared in Jananathan's directorial debut ''[[Iyarkai]]'' (2003) and appeared alongside Arya in ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' (2005), was selected to play a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=1 January 2014 |title=Shaam joins Arya and Vijay Sethupathi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Shaam-joins-Arya-and-Vijay-Sethupathi/articleshow/28191777.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101152905/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Shaam-joins-Arya-and-Vijay-Sethupathi/articleshow/28191777.cms |archive-date=1 January 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=31 December 2013 |title=Three for a team |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/three-for-a-team/article5522781.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102104752/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/three-for-a-team/article5522781.ece |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

Jananathan said he cast Karthika because he wanted an actress who was "tough" and could speak Tamil, unlike contemporary Tamil film actresses; and Arya, who he felt had been typecast as a "lover boy", to break this stereotype.<ref name=":0" /> Shaam shaved his moustache for the role at Jananathan's request; he was initially reluctant as police officers in Tamil Nadu are known for their moustaches, but agreed after the director wanted to depict a police officer unlike what contemporaneous Tamil films had depicted.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhi |date=23 May 2015 |title='Acting is the last thing an actor should do' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/acting-is-the-last-thing-an-actor-should-do-shaam/article7239078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225210838/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/acting-is-the-last-thing-an-actor-should-do-shaam/article7239078.ece |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 11 January 2014 in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Kulu Manali, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="PP2">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2014 |title='Purampokku' shoot starts in freezing conditions! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-shoot-starts-in-freezing-conditions-news-tamil-obonnLhdjgesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810004752/http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-shoot-starts-in-freezing-conditions-news-tamil-obonnLhdjgesi.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot extensively around [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Chennai]].<ref name="PP2" /> When filming an emotional scene involving Shaam and Sethupathi, Jananathan shot the scene in a unique way such that he allowed the actors to enact the entire sequence at one stretch. Though it was tough to shoot, the method ensured that the improvisations the actors had in mind were implemented on the spot. Later, the director broke the sequence into shots and got exactly what he wanted and made the actors enact certain portions again.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2014 |title=Shaam plays a cop in Purampokku |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shaam-plays-a-cop-in-purampokku/articleshow/35211715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260316140339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shaam-plays-a-cop-in-purampokku/articleshow/35211715.cms |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Karthika had to learn to ride a camel for a few scenes shot in [[Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vipin |first=Manu |date=30 June 2014 |title=Karthika rides a camel |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Karthika-rides-a-camel/articleshow/37509925.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709220630/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Karthika-rides-a-camel/articleshow/37509925.cms |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Arya had to perform the risky stunt of running on top of a moving train in an important sequence in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=26 July 2014 |title=Big Bang Theory |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/top-kollywood-film-stars-like-ajith-suriya-vishal-and-dhanush-want-to-do-their-own-stunts-despite-suffering-injuries/article6252481.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141526/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/top-kollywood-film-stars-like-ajith-suriya-vishal-and-dhanush-want-to-do-their-own-stunts-despite-suffering-injuries/article6252481.ece |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> A huge prison set was erected in Chennai where an extensive 45-day production schedule was shot with the lead actors of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2014 |title='Purampokku' next schedule starts |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-next-schedule-starts-news-tamil-ohrj0kcibiedd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905070200/http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-next-schedule-starts-news-tamil-ohrj0kcibiedd.html |archive-date=5 September 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2014 |title=Prison set in 'Purampokku' monumental: Makers |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/prison-set-in-purampokku-monumental-makers-114071900337_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085647/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/prison-set-in-purampokku-monumental-makers-114071900337_1.html |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2014 |title=Arya, Vijay Sethupathi in prison for 45 days! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arya-Vijay-Sethupathi-in-prison-for-45-days/articleshow/38533500.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718113354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arya-Vijay-Sethupathi-in-prison-for-45-days/articleshow/38533500.cms |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> On 4 August 2014, filming was temporarily cancelled by the production unit, who joined the protest declared by the Tamil Nadu Film Director's union against the [[Government of Sri Lanka]]'s army for writing articles on their official website degrading the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[J. Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title='Purampokku' shooting stalled |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Tamil/Movies/News/Purampokku-shooting-stalled/articleshow/39606245.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807074319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Purampokku-shooting-stalled/articleshow/39606245.cms |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 17 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2014 |title=Arya-Vijay Sethupathi's 'Purampokku' wrapped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arya-Vijay-Sethupathis-Purampokku-wrapped/articleshow/45559931.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260316140304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arya-Vijay-Sethupathis-Purampokku-wrapped/articleshow/45559931.cms |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Title dispute ===
In August 2013, [[Natty Subramaniam]] claimed that he had already registered the title ''Purampokku'' for a future film, and claiming that he did not give anyone permission to use the title, threatened to take legal action against anyone who did so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2013 |title='Purampokku' is my title, says Natraj Subramaniam! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-is-my-title-natraj-subramaniam-news-tamil-ni0kKvjeieh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829073917/http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-is-my-title-natraj-subramaniam-news-tamil-ni0kKvjeieh.html |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> In November 2013, UTV released a press statement that the title ''Purampokku'' would be retained for Jananathan's film as confirmed by the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce|South Indian Film Chamber]], [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] and the Film and Television Producers's Guild.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2013 |title='Purampokku' title clash ends |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Purampokku-title-clash-ends/articleshow/25811441.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918002111/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Purampokku-title-clash-ends/articleshow/25811441.cms |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> However, by April 2015, the film was retitled ''Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai'',<ref name="title change">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2015 |title=Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai is the new title |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-is-the-new-title-news-tamil-pebqxCjjbhefg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403200243/http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-is-the-new-title-news-tamil-pebqxCjjbhefg.html |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> with Jananathan saying the new title was meant to better emphasise "the forgotten fact that everything is common for all".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=Purampokku is abusive, says director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Purampokku-is-abusive-says-director/articleshow/46780914.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407072230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Purampokku-is-abusive-says-director/articleshow/46780914.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=2 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The songs are composed by debutant Varshan,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2014 |title=Purampokku audio in November |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Purampokku-audio-in-November/articleshow/44798629.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021192402/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Purampokku-audio-in-November/articleshow/44798629.cms |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> while the background score was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S.R. Ashok |date=28 May 2015 |title=Srikanth Deva scores a ton |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/srikanth-deva-scores-a-ton/article7256351.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121052632/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/srikanth-deva-scores-a-ton/article7256351.ece |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> One of the songs, which reflects prison life, was written by Parinamam, a poet who once spent 60 days in a [[Madurai]] prison. He wrote the song using his experiences in jail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=13 April 2015 |title=Poet-activist pens satire on jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/poetactivist-pens-satire-on-jail/article7100175.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311133313/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/poetactivist-pens-satire-on-jail/article7100175.ece |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "The entire soundtrack of ''Purampokku'' sounds like it was composed back in 1999 and has somehow stumbled out of cold storage".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=28 March 2015 |title=Purampokku (Music review), Tamil – Varshan |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/03/28/purampokku-music-review-tamil-varshan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311115213/https://milliblog.com/2015/03/28/purampokku-music-review-tamil-varshan/ |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2015 |title=Purampokku (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/lk/album/purampokku-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/971657034 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260316140311/https://music.apple.com/lk/album/purampokku-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/971657034 |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Purampokku |url=https://avdigital.in/products/purampokku |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311161350/https://avdigital.in/products/purampokku |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=AVDigital |language=en}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Marina Beachula
| length1 = 4:11
| lyrics1 = Parinamam
| extra1 = [[Diwakar]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| title2 = Kalaasi Kalaasi
| length2 = 5:02
| lyrics2 = Vijaya Sagar
| extra2 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Malathy Lakshman]], Tirukumar Thiagarajah, Diwakar
| title3 = Orea Oru Murai
| length3 = 4:48
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]], Ranjana
| title4 = Dhaegam Thaakkum
| length4 = 1:58
| lyrics4 = Eknaath
| extra4 = K. Krishna Kumar, [[Ramya NSK]]
| title5 = Aaja O Re
| length5 = 1:13
| lyrics5 = Munnah
| extra5 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Amirthavarshini, Haritha
| total_length = 17:12 
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The teaser of ''Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai'' was released on 15 August 2014, [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]]. Jananathan intentionally chose this date as he felt it was relevant to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=16 August 2014 |title=Purampokku Teaser Out |url=http://silverscreen.in/news/purampokku-teaser/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161221/http://silverscreen.in/news/purampokku-teaser/ |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en}}</ref> The makers initially aimed to release the film in January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title='Purampokku' gets ready for January 2015 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-gets-ready-for-january-2015-news-tamil-oknj6rgfibhda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016004723/http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-gets-ready-for-january-2015-news-tamil-oknj6rgfibhda.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was eventually released on 15 May 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=7 May 2015 |title=His political perspective to films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-sp-jhananathan/article7180749.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141538/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-sp-jhananathan/article7180749.ece |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> delayed by two weeks.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=581426279175458817 |user=sri50 |title=#Purampokku – #DisneyUTV confirm release on May 1, Fantastic holiday date. Audio & censor April first week. |first=Sreedhar |last=Pillai |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=11 March 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/JmGkg |archive-date=11 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> UTV Motion Pictures released the film in theatres worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2015 |title=Vijay Sethupathi scores more than Arya in Purampokku |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=18964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311124624/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=18964 |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=LiveChennai.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Udhav Naig from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The greatness of ''Purampokku'' lies not in the fact that it takes complex issues such as death penalty and privatisation to create a superb, entertaining film. On the contrary, ''Purampokku'' provides a blue print – evidence, if you like – for filmmakers to show how one can deal with controversial topics without watering down the complexity of the issue or settling for a silly compromise".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=15 May 2015 |title=Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai: A story of an uncompromising communist rebel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-a-story-of-an-uncompromising-communist-rebel/article7210345.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221163613/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-a-story-of-an-uncompromising-communist-rebel/article7210345.ece |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> M Suganth from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Jhananthan takes his own sweet time to get to the crux of the story, spending too much time on songs and establishing the grandness of the prison set, but once the plot gets moving, ''Purampokku'' is completely engaging. That the director manages to make it a solid political commentary and also an effective thriller at once is an accomplishment".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=15 May 2015 |title=Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Purampokku-Engira-Podhuvudamai/movie-review/47301397.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519020625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Purampokku-Engira-Podhuvudamai/movie-review/47301397.cms |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Malini Mannath from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Informative and entertaining, ''Purampokku...'' is one film where the characters and moments linger in the mind, even after one leaves the theatre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=17 May 2015 |title=Characters Will Linger Even After the Show |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/may/17/characters-will-linger-even-after-the-show-761810.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141526/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/may/17/Characters-Will-Linger-Even-After-the-Show-761810.html |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> S Saraswathi from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai'' is an honest and compelling political thriller that debates the arbitrary nature of capital punishment against the backdrop of a communist revolution".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=18 May 2015 |title=Review: Purampokku... is a compelling political thriller |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-purampokku-is-a-compelling-political-thriller-south/20150518.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221163615/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-purampokku-is-a-compelling-political-thriller-south/20150518.htm |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "SP Jananathan's dialogues are splendid, he casually spill all his communism ideologies in every possible scenes but as the concept of the film itself is universal, the execution should have been top notch and flawless but here things are progressively poor and amateurish".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2015 |title=Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-review-tamil-pfpqczaaffcbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218124637/https://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-review-tamil-pfpqczaaffcbd.html |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' lauded the cast performances, screenplay and realistic art direction, but felt the film should have better protested against capital punishment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2015 |title=திரை விமர்சனம்: புறம்போக்கு என்கிற பொதுவுடமை |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai'' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/42670-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326030643/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/42670-.html |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' praised the cast performances, the cinematography and art direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2015 |title=புறம்போக்கு என்கிற பொதுவுடைமை- படம் எப்படி? |trans-title=''Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai''- how is the film? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/46594- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326030435/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/46594- |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Jananathan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s political action films]]
[[Category:2010s political thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s prison films]]
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Films about communism]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Jananathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political thriller films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]

Bad Girl (2025 film)

2026-03-24T19:14:04Z

NicholasPrentice:

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bad Girl (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Varsha Bharath
| writer = Varsha Bharath
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vetrimaaran]]
* [[Anurag Kashyap]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anjali Sivaraman]]
}}
| cinematography = {{ubl
|[[Preetha Jayaraman]]
|Jagadeesh Ravi
|Prince Anderson
}}
| editing = Radha Sridhar
| music = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Grass Root Film Company]]
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|02|07|[[54th International Film Festival Rotterdam|International Film Festival Rotterdam]]|2025|09|05|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 112 minutes<ref name ="muted" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bad Girl''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Varsha Bharath, starring [[Anjali Sivaraman]] in the lead role. The film is produced and presented by [[Vetrimaaran]] under his [[Grass Root Film Company]] banner, along with [[Anurag Kashyap]]. After its premiere at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] on 7 February 2025, the film released in theatres on 5 September 2025.

==Cast==
* [[Anjali Sivaraman]] as Ramya<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Sanjana |date=2025-02-18 |title=Varsha Bharath interview: On 'Bad Girl', the talk surrounding the teaser, and working with Vetri Maaran and Anurag Kashyap |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varsha-bharath-interview-bad-girl-vetri-maaran-anurag-kashyap/article69233713.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901114204/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varsha-bharath-interview-bad-girl-vetri-maaran-anurag-kashyap/article69233713.ece |archive-date=2025-09-01 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> (dubbed by Varsha Bharath)
* [[Shantipriya|Shanthipriya]] as Sundari, Ramya's mother (dubbed by Aarthi Vetrimaaran)
* Saranya Ravichandran as Selvi
* [[Hridhu Haroon]] as Nalan
* [[Teejay Arunasalam]] as Irfan
* Sashank Bommireddipalli as Arjun
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Ramya's Father

==Production==
The film marks the directorial debut of Varsha Bharath, who had earlier worked as an assistant director in ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'' (2013), and with [[Vetrimaaran]] in his films ''[[Visaranai]]'' (2016) and ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-29 |title=There is no such thing as a woman only being a certain way: Varsha Bharath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/there-is-no-such-thing-as-a-woman-only-being-a-certain-way-varsha-bharath/articleshow/117669150.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516070819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/there-is-no-such-thing-as-a-woman-only-being-a-certain-way-varsha-bharath/articleshow/117669150.cms |archive-date=2025-05-16 |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film is produced and presented by Vetrimaaran under his [[Grass Root Film Company]] banner, along with [[Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-01-26 |title=Bad Girl teaser: A coming-of-age drama featuring the trials and tribulations of being a woman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/26/bad-girl-teaser-a-coming-of-age-drama-featuring-the-trials-and-tribulations-of-being-a-woman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130093903/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/26/bad-girl-teaser-a-coming-of-age-drama-featuring-the-trials-and-tribulations-of-being-a-woman |archive-date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[coming-of-age film]] stars [[Anjali Sivaraman]] in the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Teaser of 'Bad Girl', presented by Anurag Kashyap and Vetri Maaran, out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-girl-teaser-anurag-kashyap-vetri-maaran-varsha-bharath-anjali-sivaraman/article69142643.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212012057/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-girl-teaser-anurag-kashyap-vetri-maaran-varsha-bharath-anjali-sivaraman/article69142643.ece |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> alongside [[Shantipriya|Shanthipriya]], Saranya Ravichandran,<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-04-08 |title=Saranya Ravichandran: Society places a lot of expectations on women |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Apr/08/saranya-ravichandran-society-places-a-lot-of-expectations-on-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623161521/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Apr/08/saranya-ravichandran-society-places-a-lot-of-expectations-on-women |archive-date=2025-06-23 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Hridhu Haroon]], [[Teejay Arunasalam]], Sashank Bommireddipalli and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-27 |title=Bad Girl first single postponed owing to Manoj Bharathiraja's demise |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/27/bad-girl-first-single-postponed-owing-to-manoj-bharathirajas-demise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328084828/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/27/bad-girl-first-single-postponed-owing-to-manoj-bharathirajas-demise |archive-date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of [[Preetha Jayaraman]], Jagadeesh Ravi, and Prince Anderson handling the cinematography, with Radha Sridhar handling the editing and [[Amit Trivedi]] handling the music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2025-07-08 |title=Bad Girl release date: Debutant Varsha Bharath's coming-of-age tale to hit big screens along with Madharasi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bad-girl-release-date-debutant-varsha-bharaths-coming-of-age-tale-to-hit-big-screens-along-with-madharasi/02192e72f1320 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708192104/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bad-girl-release-date-debutant-varsha-bharaths-coming-of-age-tale-to-hit-big-screens-along-with-madharasi/02192e72f1320 |archive-date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Bad Girl (soundtrack)}}
The film has music composed by [[Amit Trivedi]] in his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-25 |title=Varsha Bharath's Bad Girl first single update out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/25/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-first-single-update-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328090207/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/25/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-first-single-update-out |archive-date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The first single "Please Yenna Appadi Paakadhey" was released on 28 March 2025, and the second single "Naan Thani Pizhai" on 18 July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-28 |title=Bad Girl first single 'Please Yenna Appadi Paakadhey' out now |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/28/bad-girl-first-single-please-yenna-appadi-paakadhey-out-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401011939/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/28/bad-girl-first-single-please-yenna-appadi-paakadhey-out-now |archive-date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-18 |title=வெற்றி மாறனின் "பேட் கேர்ள்" படத்தின் 'நான் தனி பிழை' பாடல் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/naan-thani-pizhai-the-second-single-track-from-bad-girl-1169068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726031928/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/naan-thani-pizhai-the-second-single-track-from-bad-girl-1169068 |archive-date=2025-07-26 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The soundtrack was released through [[Sony Music India]] on 8 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=Bad Girl (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/bad-girl-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1831978465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812145721/https://music.apple.com/in/album/bad-girl-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1831978465 |archive-date=2025-08-12 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Premiere ===
''Bad Girl'' premiered at the [[54th International Film Festival Rotterdam]] on 7 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Varsha Bharath's Bad Girl wins NETPAC Award at International Film Festival Rotterdam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-wins-netpac-award-at-international-film-festival-rotterdam-9824621/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209060923/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-wins-netpac-award-at-international-film-festival-rotterdam-9824621/ |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Theatrical ===
The film had its theatrical release on 5 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-08 |title=Bad Girl to release in September |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/08/bad-girl-to-release-in-september |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805111010/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/08/bad-girl-to-release-in-september |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The Hindi version released in theatres on 26 September 2025. <ref> https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/21/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-to-release-in-hindi-on-this-date </ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by [[JioHotstar]] and the satellite rights of the film were bought by [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]] and [[Colors Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2025|title=Bad Girl Trends Again: Censor Certificate With Explicit Words Sparks Buzz|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/35567/bad-girl-tamil-movie-censor-controversy|website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
The film won the [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC]] Award at the [[54th International Film Festival Rotterdam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Tamil film 'Bad Girl' wins NETPAC Award at International Film Festival of Rotterdam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-bad-girl-wins-netpac-award-at-international-film-festival-of-rotterdam/article69195426.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305025107/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-bad-girl-wins-netpac-award-at-international-film-festival-of-rotterdam/article69195426.ece |archive-date=2025-03-05 |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

At the [[2025 Vancouver International Film Festival]], it won the Audience Award for the Focus program.<ref>Andrew Tracy, [https://playbackonline.ca/2025/10/20/three-canadian-films-claim-audience-awards-at-viff/ "Three Canadian films claim audience awards at VIFF"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', September 20, 2025.</ref>

== Reception ==
Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Director Varsha Bharath's 'Bad Girl' is a fantastic coming-of-age film of a woman. This lovely gem of a film lays bare patriarchy and showcases how women are slowly breaking away from generational trauma."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-09-05 |title=Bad Girl review: A coming-of-age masterpiece about breaking patriarchal chains |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bad-girl-review-varsha-bharath-anjali-sivaraman-coming-of-age-master-break-patriarchal-chains-2782729-2025-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907164324/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bad-girl-review-varsha-bharath-anjali-sivaraman-coming-of-age-master-break-patriarchal-chains-2782729-2025-09-05 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Beyond its portrayal of a rebellious spirit, the structural constraints of the patriarchal system, and the nourishing powers of sisterhood, Bad Girl also offers an authentic examination of a flawed protagonist. [...] Bad Girl packs more such layers and carefully folds several societal commentaries within those layers. But where it gains your admiration is how it plays all of it subtly, focusing entirely on the coming-of-age story of Ramya, with the warts and charm of it all."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2025-09-05 |title=Bad Girl Movie Review: Defiant charm of rebellious spirit in colourful display |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Sep/05/bad-girl-movie-review-defiant-charm-of-rebellious-spirit-in-colourful-display |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907164348/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Sep/05/bad-girl-movie-review-defiant-charm-of-rebellious-spirit-in-colourful-display |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Debutante Varsha Bharath's raw and realistic coming-of-age drama is that rare film that also manages to be a delicate character study of a young girl. [...] This is that rare female-centric film that never keeps nudging about the fact."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2025-09-05 |title=Bad Girl Movie Review: A raw and realistic coming-of-age drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bad-girl/movie-review/123723246.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905174307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bad-girl/movie-review/123723246.cms |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Sanjana Ganesh of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director Varsha Bharath's ''Bad Girl'' brings to Tamil cinema, a rare, immersive, and layered, coming-of-age feature film told from a woman's perspective."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Sanjana |date=2025-09-05 |title=‘Bad Girl’ movie review: Finally, a Tamil urban coming-of-age drama told through the lens of a woman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-girl-movie-review-finally-a-tamil-urban-coming-of-age-drama-told-through-the-lens-of-a-woman/article70015597.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905103647/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-girl-movie-review-finally-a-tamil-urban-coming-of-age-drama-told-through-the-lens-of-a-woman/article70015597.ece |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "While ‘Bad Girl’ certainly has heart, sometimes it's hard to relate to its protagonist, who seems to be fighting a personal battle rather than attempting any feminist endeavour to question caste hierarchy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=2025-09-05 |title=Varsha Bharath’s Bad Girl strives to be radically feminist without upsetting anyone |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-strives-to-be-radically-feminist-without-upsetting-anyone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907151838/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-strives-to-be-radically-feminist-without-upsetting-anyone |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "''Bad Girl'' is a feminine, feminist riposte to films that explore the highs and lows of romantic relationships from the male perspective. Bharath's ear for conversational dialogue and eye for scene-setting are so confident, so smooth that it's sometimes easy to forget what she is doing here."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-09-05 |title=‘Bad Girl’ review: A terrific journey through a woman’s heart and soul |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086247/bad-girl-review-a-terrific-journey-through-a-womans-heart-and-soul |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905193249/https://scroll.in/reel/1086247/bad-girl-review-a-terrific-journey-through-a-womans-heart-and-soul |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Rajasekar S of ''The Federal'' wrote "Varsha Bharath's debut signals the arrival of a promising voice that could deliver even more powerful stories with greater dramatic intensity in the future. For its fresh perspective on female friendships, mother-daughter relationships, and the quest for independence, Bad Girl is a film that demands attention and sparks hope for more such narratives in Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajasekar |date=2025-09-05 |title=Bad Girl review: Coming-of-age drama through female lens pushes boundaries |url=https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/bad-girl-review-varsha-bharat-anjali-sivaraman-205267 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907151441/https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/bad-girl-review-varsha-bharat-anjali-sivaraman-205267 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Federal |language=en}}</ref>

Krishna Selvaseelan of ''[[Tamil Guardian]]'' wrote "Overall, ‘Bad Girl’ is hopefully the start of something new for Tamil cinema. There are many pieces of media in the last ten years in the West that tackle this subject, such as 2015's ‘''[[The Diary of a Teenage Girl]]'',’ 2017's ‘''[[Lady Bird (film)|Lady Bird]]''’ and the BBC show ‘''[[Fleabag]]''.’ It should be celebrated that there is now a filmmaker who can explore something that has been a sore blind-spot in Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaseelan |first=Krishna |date=2025-09-05 |title=Bad Girl - Good film |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/bad-girl-good-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907164951/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/bad-girl-good-film |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Tamil Guardian}}</ref> Prathyush Parasuraman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote "The film's motions, even as they have a joyful skip, and thoughtful observations, begin to feel trivial and repetitive, until ''Bad Girl'' realises, alongside Ramya, that sexual desire is not, perhaps, the balm to her bane. But it is too late—the cynicism has set in, the knots feel impossibly tight, and any direction towards hope feels like a patch of sunlight, when what the film was after was a floodlit life."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=2025-09-07 |title='Bad Girl' Movie Review: Varsha Bharath Delivers A Narcissistic Coming Of Age/ Rage Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/bad-girl-movie-review-varsha-bharath-delivers-a-narcissistic-coming-of-age-rage-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907165348/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/bad-girl-movie-review-varsha-bharath-delivers-a-narcissistic-coming-of-age-rage-drama |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Soon after the release of the teaser on 26 January 2025, director [[Mohan G.|Mohan G. Kshatriyan]] on his [[Twitter|''X'']] (formerly Twitter) handle claimed that the film is portraying [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] in a bad light,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2025 |title=Varsha Bharath's Bad Girl Bags NETPAC Award at International Film Festival Rotterdam Amid 'Brahmin' Controversy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-bags-netpac-award-at-international-film-festival-rotterdam-amid-brahmin-controversy-9219553.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210001520/https://www.news18.com/movies/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-bags-netpac-award-at-international-film-festival-rotterdam-amid-brahmin-controversy-9219553.html |archive-date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> following which several criticisms broke out in social media for promoting underage drinking and misrepresenting a specific community.<ref name=":0" /> Criticisms were more directed towards the film's producers, Vetrimaaran and Anurag Kashyap, and the criticisms further escalated into personal attacks and trolls on [[Pa. Ranjith]], and the families of [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and Vetrimaaran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Explained: The controversy surrounding Bad Girl's teaser and its Brahmin portrayal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bad-girl-controversial-teaser-brahmin-portrayal-problem-vetri-maaran-anurag-kashyap-varsha-bharath-2671906-2025-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210191024/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bad-girl-controversial-teaser-brahmin-portrayal-problem-vetri-maaran-anurag-kashyap-varsha-bharath-2671906-2025-01-29 |archive-date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In reply to the backlash surfacing over the media, Varsha stated that her film isn't targeting any specific community and added that she can only make films that are relatable, familiar and personal to her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bad Girl director Varsha Bharath on backlash: 'We live in a society where caste is a...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bad-girl-director-varsha-bharath-on-backlash-we-live-in-a-society-where-caste-is-a/b122fe1121448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213062632/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bad-girl-director-varsha-bharath-on-backlash-we-live-in-a-society-where-caste-is-a/b122fe1121448 |archive-date=2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Despite the film being certified 'U/A' by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], the Madurai bench of the [[Madras High Court]] directed the Central government to remove the teaser from the social media,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-19 |title=Vetri Maaran's 'Bad Girl' faces another hurdle; Court orders removal of the film's teaser from social media -- read more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maarans-bad-girl-faces-another-hurdle-court-orders-removal-of-the-films-teaser-from-social-media-read-more/articleshow/122778025.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831193032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vetri-maarans-bad-girl-faces-another-hurdle-court-orders-removal-of-the-films-teaser-from-social-media-read-more/articleshow/122778025.cms |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> after an argument that the film's teaser is depicting children in an offensive way.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-07-20 |title=Madras HC orders removal of Bad Girl film's teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/20/madras-hc-orders-removal-of-bad-girl-films-teaser |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805131527/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/20/madras-hc-orders-removal-of-bad-girl-films-teaser |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The 'U/A' certificate was issued after many profanities were muted and a few intimate visuals, approximately 20%, were deleted from the film's final runtime of 112 minutes.<ref name="muted">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-01 |title=Bad Girl censored U/A; profanities heavily muted, intimate visuals trimmed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/01/bad-girl-censored-ua-profanities-heavily-muted-intimate-visuals-trimmed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907165507/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/01/bad-girl-censored-ua-profanities-heavily-muted-intimate-visuals-trimmed |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amit Trivedi]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-24T15:09:38Z

NicholasPrentice: further cleanup citations for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|Lok Sabha elections|2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1999
| next_election = 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2009
| election_date = 20 April and 26 April 2004
| seats_for_election = All 294 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| turnout = 35,780,385 (69.96%) {{increase}} 0.81%
| registered = 51,146,498
| majority_seats = 148

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in Delhi on 10 December 2008 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat1 = [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendula]] (''won'')
| last_election1 = 91 seats, 40.61%
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
| leader_since1 = 1999
| seats1 = '''185'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 94
| popular_vote1 = '''13,793,461'''
| percentage1 = '''38.56%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 2.05%

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N. Chandrababu Naidu (cropped)1.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| party2 = Telugu Desam Party
| leaders_seat2 = [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]] (''won'')
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since2 = 1995
| last_election2 = 180 seats, 43.87%
| seats2 = 47
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 133
| popular_vote2 = 13,444,168
| percentage2 = 37.59%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 6.28%

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. Chandrasekhar Rao as Union Minister.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader3 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party3 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| leader_since3 = 2001
| alliance3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]] (''won; vacated''){{efn|Contested and won from the [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]] in the simultaneously conducted [[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]].}}
| seats3 = 26
| last_election3 = ''Party did not exist''
| seat_change3 = ''New party''
| popular_vote3 = 2,390,940
| percentage3 = 6.68%
| swing3 = ''New party''

| map_image = File:2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Result Map Party Wise.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election results
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief minister]]
| map2_image = [[File:Andha Pradesh State Assembly election, 2004, Alliance wise Structure.svg|300px]]
| map2_caption = Alliance wise Structure
| before_election = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| before_party = Telugu Desam Party
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The '''2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election''' was held in April 2004 to elect members of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won the election, winning 185 of the 294 seats,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> defeating the incumbent [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP). Following the election, [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] was sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]].

==Previous assembly==
On the recommendation of the Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], Governor Surjit Singh Barnala dissolved the 11th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly on 14 November 2003, to facilitate early elections and seek a fresh mandate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP governor okays assembly dissolution|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/14ap3.htm|date=14 November 2003}}</ref> The tenure of the Assembly was originally scheduled to end on 9 November 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Assembly dissolved Elections not before February, says Lyngdoh|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031115/main3.htm|date=14 November 2003}}</ref> The state was being governed by the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) led by the TDP in alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), with N. Chandrababu Naidu serving as Chief Minister since 1995. The tenure of the incumbent government saw a focus on economic development and IT sector growth,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suri |first=K. C. |date=2004 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Fall of the CEO in Arena of Democracy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4415939 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=39 |issue=51 |pages=5493–5497 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> while the Telangana region witnessed strong regional sentiment and growing demands for a separate state, which led to the formation of the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) in 2001.

==Background==
The election marked the first time in the history of Andhra Pradesh that the INC entered into a pre-poll alliance with a regional party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-12 |title=Elections 2004: Cong-TRS may spoil Andhra CM Naidu's third term win hopes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20040412-elections-2004-cong-trs-may-spoil-andhra-cm-naidu-third-term-win-hopes-790473-2004-04-11 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The INC led a coalition with the TRS, the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI-M)<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2004 |first=Amarnath K. |last=Menon |title=Elections 2004: Cong-TRS may spoil Andhra CM Naidu's third term win hopes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20040412-elections-2004-cong-trs-may-spoil-andhra-cm-naidu-third-term-win-hopes-790473-2004-04-12 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> to challenge the incumbent NDA government.

The INC-led alliance performed well in the election, with INC, TRS, CPI and CPI(M) collectively securing 226 seats in the legislative assembly. As leader of the INC Legislature Party, Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy was invited by [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] to form the government. The government completed its full five year term, with the tenure of the Legislative Assembly due to expire on 30 May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-06-03 |title=A popular backlash |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30222893.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) scheduled the Assembly elections alongside the [[2004 Indian general election]], with polling in each Assembly constituency conducted in the same phase as the corresponding Parliamentary constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-11 |title=Congress-TRS alliance set to sweep Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/congress-trs-alliance-set-to-sweep-andhra-pradesh/story-KqaVXfeYnlP6jMKaxLWjUM.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

==Schedule==
The election schedule was announced by the ECI on 29 February 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election Schedule 2004 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3042-schedule-for-general-elections-2004/?do=download&r=7022&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=9b39aa893d335b61e29f64e45be0cf2d}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Poll event<ref>{{Cite web |title=Counting of votes for AP assembly begins |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/11ap.htm|date=11 May 2004}}</ref>
! colspan="3" | Date
|-
! style="background: #FFFACD" | Phase 1
! style="background: #E9967A" | Phase 2
|-
| Date of announcement
| colspan=2| 29 February 2004
|-
| Notification date
| 24 March 2004
| 31 March 2004
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| 31 March 2004
| 7 April 2004
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 2 April 2004
| 8 April 2004
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 5 April 2004
| 10 April 2004
|-
| Date of poll
| '''20 April 2004'''
| '''26 April 2004'''
|-
| Date of counting of votes
| colspan=2|'''11 May 2004'''
|-
| No. of constituencies
| 147
| 147
|}

===Phases===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="8"|Phase
|-
!colspan="4" style="background: #FFFACD" |1 (21 PCs; 147 ACs)
!colspan="4" style="background: #E9967A" |2 (21 PCs; 147 ACs)
|-
!colspan="2" |Parliamentary constituency
!colspan="2" |Assembly constituency
!colspan="2" |Parliamentary constituency
!colspan="2" |Assembly constituency
|-
! No.
! Name
! No.
! Name
! No.
! Name
! No.
! Name
|-
!rowspan="7" |1
|rowspan="7" |[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
!1
|[[Ichchapuram Assembly constituency|Ichapuram]]
!rowspan="7" |7
|rowspan="7" |[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
!42
|[[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
|-
!2
|[[Sompeta Assembly constituency|Sompeta]]
!43
|[[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]
|-
!3
|[[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
!44
|[[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (East Godavari)]]
|-
!4
|[[Harishchandrapuram Assembly constituency|Harischandrapuram]]
!45
|[[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]
|-
!5
|[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
!46
|[[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
|-
!15
|[[Amadalavalasa Assembly constituency|Amadalavalasa]]
!47
|[[Sampara Assembly constituency|Sampara]]
|-
!16
|[[Srikakulam Assembly constituency|Srikakulam]]
!48
|[[Kakinada Assembly constituency|Kakinada]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |2
|rowspan="7" |[[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram]] (ST)
!6
|[[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Patapatnam]]
!rowspan="7" |8
|rowspan="7" |[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
!39
|[[Burugupudi Assembly constituency|Burugupudi]]
|-
!7
|[[Kothuru Assembly constituency|Kothuru]] (ST)
!40
|[[Rajahmundry Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|-
!8
|[[Naguru Assembly constituency|Naguru]] (ST)
!41
|[[Kadiam Assembly constituency|Kadiam]]
|-
!9
|[[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]]
!50
|[[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthi]]
|-
!10
|[[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]] (ST)
!51
|[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|-
!13
|[[Vunukuru Assembly constituency|Vunukuru]]
!52
|[[Alamuru Assembly constituency|Alamuru]]
|-
!14
|[[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]] (SC)
!72
|[[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |3
|rowspan="7" |[[Bobbili Lok Sabha constituency|Bobbili]]
!11
|[[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]
!rowspan="7" |9
|rowspan="7" |[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]] (SC)
!49
|[[Tallarevu Assembly constituency|Tallarevu]]
|-
!12
|[[Therlam Assembly constituency|Therlam]]
!53
|[[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]] (SC)
|-
!17
|[[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]] (SC)
!54
|[[Allavaram Assembly constituency|Allavaram]] (SC)
|-
!18
|[[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
!55
|[[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]]
|-
!19
|[[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
!56
|[[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]
|-
!20
|[[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
!57
|[[Nagaram Assembly constituency|Nagaram]] (SC)
|-
!21
|[[Sathivada Assembly constituency|Sathivada]]
!58
|[[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |4
|rowspan="7" |[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
!22
|[[Bhogapuram Assembly constituency|Bhogapuram]]
!rowspan="7" |10
|rowspan="7" |[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narsapur]]
!59
|[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapur]]
|-
!23
|[[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bhemmunipatnam]]
!60
|[[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palacole]]
|-
!24
|[[Visakhapatnam-I Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam-I]]
!61
|[[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]] (SC)
|-
!25
|[[Visakhapatnam-II Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam-II]]
!62
|[[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]]
|-
!26
|[[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]
!63
|[[Undi Assembly constituency|Undi]]
|-
!27
|[[Uttarapalli Assembly constituency|Uttarapalli]]
!64
|[[Penugonda Assembly constituency|Penugonda]]
|-
!28
|[[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]] (ST)
!66
|[[Attili Assembly constituency|Attili]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |5
|rowspan="7" |[[Bhadrachalam Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
!29
|[[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]] (ST)
!rowspan="7" |11
|rowspan="7" |[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
!65
|[[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]
|-
!37
|[[Chintapalle Assembly constituency|Chintapalli]] (ST)
!67
|[[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency|Tadepalligudem]]
|-
!38
|[[Yellavaram Assembly constituency|Yellavaram]] (ST)
!68
|[[Ungutur Assembly constituency|Ungutur]]
|-
!71
|[[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]] (SC)
!69
|[[Dendulur Assembly constituency|Dendulur]]
|-
!73
|[[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]] (ST)
!70
|[[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]]
|-
!274
|[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
!74
|[[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]]
|-
!275
|[[Burgampahad Assembly constituency|Burgampahad]] (ST)
!87
|[[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |6
|rowspan="7" |[[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
!30
|[[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]
!rowspan="7" |12
|rowspan="7" |[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
!82
|[[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]]
|-
!31
|[[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]]
!83
|[[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]]
|-
!32
|Anakapalli Assembly constituency|[[Anakapalle Assembly constituency|Anakapalli]]
!84
|[[Vuyyur Assembly constituency|Vuyyur]]
|-
!33
|[[Paravada Assembly constituency|Paravada]]
!85
|[[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
|-
!34
|[[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili]]
!86
|[[Mundinepalli Assembly constituency|Mundinepalli]]
|-
!35
|[[Payakaraopeta Assembly constituency|Payakaraopeta]] (SC)
!88
|[[Malleswaram Assembly constituency|Malleswaram]]
|-
!36
|[[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]
!89
|[[Bandar Assembly constituency|Bandar]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |28
|rowspan="7" |[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]] (SC)
!188
|[[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet]] (SC)
!rowspan="7" |13
|rowspan="7" |[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
!75
|[[Jaggayapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayapeta]]
|-
!189
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
!76
|[[Nandigama Assembly constituency|Nandigama]]
|-
!190
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
!77
|[[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]]
|-
!191
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]] (SC)
!78
|[[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]]
|-
!192
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
!79
|[[Kankipadu Assembly constituency|Kankipadu]]
|-
!195
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
!80
|[[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
|-
!203
|[[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
!81
|[[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]] (SC)
|-
!rowspan="7" |29
|rowspan="7" |[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
!193
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
!rowspan="7" |14
|rowspan="7" |[[Tenali Lok Sabha constituency|Tenali]]
!90
|[[Nidumolu Assembly constituency|Nidumolu]] (SC)
|-
!194
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
!91
|[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|-
!196
|[[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur]]
!93
|[[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]
|-
!197
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
!94
|[[Vemur Assembly constituency|Vemur]]
|-
!198
|[[Amarchinta Assembly constituency|Amarchinta]]
!95
|[[Duggirala Assembly constituency|Duggirala]]
|-
!199
|[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
!96
|[[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
|-
!200
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
!102
|[[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |30
|rowspan="7" |[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
!201
|[[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
!rowspan="7" |15
|rowspan="7" |[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
!99
|[[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (Guntur)]]
|-
!202
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]] (SC)
!100
|[[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur-I]]
|-
!204
|[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]]
!101
|[[Guntur-II Assembly constituency|Guntur-II]]
|-
!215
|[[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
!103
|[[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]] (SC)
|-
!216
|[[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
!104
|[[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalli]]
|-
!217
|[[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
!105
|[[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Peddakurapadu]]
|-
!218
|[[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
!110
|[[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |31
|rowspan="7" |[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
!206
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
!rowspan="7" |16
|rowspan="7" |[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
!92
|[[Kuchinapudi Assembly constituency|Kuchinapudi]]
|-
!207
|[[Himayatnagar Assembly constituency|Himayatnagar]]
!97
|[[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnur]]
|-
!208
|[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
!98
|[[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
|-
!209
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
!111
|[[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
|-
!210
|[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
!112
|[[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]]
|-
!213
|[[Asafnagar Assembly constituency|Asafnagar]]
!113
|[[Martur Assembly constituency|Martur]]
|-
!214
|[[Maharajgunj Assembly constituency|Maharajgunj]]
!114
|[[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |32
|rowspan="7" |[[Siddipet Lok Sabha constituency|Siddipet]] (SC)
!211
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
!rowspan="7" |17
|rowspan="7" |[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
!106
|[[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]
|-
!219
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
!107
|[[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]
|-
!220
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
!108
|[[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]
|-
!221
|[[Dommat Assembly constituency|Dommat]]
!109
|[[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopeta]]
|-
!222
|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]] (SC)
!120
|[[Cumbum, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|-
!223
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
!121
|[[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]
|-
!228
|[[Ramayampet Assembly constituency|Ramayampet]]
!122
|[[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapuram]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |33
|rowspan="7" |[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
!224
|[[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
!rowspan="7" |18
|rowspan="7" |[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
!115
|[[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|-
!225
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
!116
|[[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu]] (SC)
|-
!226
|[[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
!117
|[[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
|-
!227
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
!118
|[[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
|-
!229
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]] (SC)
!119
|[[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondepi]]
|-
!232
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
!124
|[[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
|-
!233
|[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
!125
|[[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |34
|rowspan="7" |[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
!230
|[[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
!rowspan="7" |19
|rowspan="7" |[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]] (SC)
!126
|[[Allur Assembly constituency|Allur]]
|-
!231
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armoor]]
!127
|[[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|-
!234
|[[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal]] (SC)
!128
|[[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur (Nellore)]]
|-
!235
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
!129
|[[Rapur Assembly constituency|Rapur]]
|-
!236
|[[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
!130
|[[Nellore Assembly constituency|Nellore]]
|-
!237
|[[Nizamabad Assembly constituency|Nizamabad]]
!131
|[[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
|-
!238
|[[Dichpalli Assembly constituency|Dichpalli]]
!132
|[[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]] (SC)
|-
!rowspan="7" |35
|rowspan="7" |[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
!239
|[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
!rowspan="7" |20
|rowspan="7" |[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupathi]] (SC)
!133
|[[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurupeta]] (SC)
|-
!240
|[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
!134
|[[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]
|-
!241
|[[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath]] (ST)
!135
|[[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]
|-
!242
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
!136
|[[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Satyavedu]] (SC)
|-
!243
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] (ST)
!137
|[[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
|-
!244
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]]
!138
|[[Puttur Assembly constituency|Puttur]]
|-
!246
|[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
!149
|[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupathi]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |36
|rowspan="7" |[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]] (SC)
!245
|[[Luxettipet Assembly constituency|Luxettipet]]
!rowspan="7" |21
|rowspan="7" |[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
!139
|[[Vepanjeri Assembly constituency|Vepanjeri]] (SC)
|-
!247
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chinnur]] (SC)
!140
|[[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]]
|-
!248
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
!141
|[[Palamaner Assembly constituency|Palamaner]] (SC)
|-
!249
|[[Peddapalli Assembly constituency|Peddapalli]]
!142
|[[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
|-
!250
|[[Myadaram Assembly constituency|Myadaram]] (SC)
!143
|[[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]
|-
!251
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
!147
|[[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]
|-
!253
|[[Indurthi Assembly constituency|Indurthi]]
!148
|[[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |37
|rowspan="7" |[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
!254
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
!rowspan="7" |22
|rowspan="7" |[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
!144
|[[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle]]
|-
!255
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]]
!145
|[[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]
|-
!256
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
!146
|[[Vayalpad Assembly constituency|Vayalpad]]
|-
!257
|[[Buggaram Assembly constituency|Buggaram]]
!150
|[[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]] (SC)
|-
!258
|[[Metpalli Assembly constituency|Metpalli]]
!151
|[[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
|-
!259
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
!152
|[[Rayachoty Assembly constituency|Rayachoty]]
|-
!260
|[[Narella Assembly constituency|Narella]] (SC)
!153
|[[Laakkireddipalli Assembly constituency|Laakkireddipalli]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |38
|rowspan="7" |[[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency|Hanamkonda]]
!252
|[[Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur]]
!rowspan="7" |23
|rowspan="7" |[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddapah]]
!154
|[[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Cuddapah]]
|-
!261
|[[Cheriyal Assembly constituency|Cheriyal]]
!155
|[[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]
|-
!262
|[[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
!156
|[[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]
|-
!268
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]] (SC)
!157
|[[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]
|-
!270
|[[Hanamkonda Assembly constituency|Hanamkonda]]
!158
|[[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]
|-
!271
|[[Shyampet Assembly constituency|Shyampet]]
!159
|[[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]
|-
!272
|[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]] (SC)
!160
|[[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendula]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |39
|rowspan="7" |[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
!263
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]]
!rowspan="7" |24
|rowspan="7" |[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
!161
|[[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
|-
!264
|[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]]
!162
|[[Nallamada Assembly constituency|Nallamada]]
|-
!265
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]]
!163
|[[Gorantla Assembly constituency|Gorantla]]
|-
!266
|[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
!164
|[[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]
|-
!267
|[[Wardhannapet Assembly constituency|Wardhannapet]]
!165
|[[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]]
|-
!269
|[[Warangal Assembly constituency|Warangal]]
!166
|[[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]
|-
!273
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
!173
|[[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |40
|rowspan="7" |[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
!276
|[[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
!rowspan="7" |25
|rowspan="7" |[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
!167
|[[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyanadurg]] (SC)
|-
!277
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]]
!168
|[[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]]
|-
!278
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]]
!169
|[[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]
|-
!279
|[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]] (SC)
!170
|[[Gooty Assembly constituency|Gooty]]
|-
!280
|[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
!171
|[[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]] (SC)
|-
!281
|[[Shujatnagar Assembly constituency|Shujatnagar]]
!172
|[[Anantapur Assembly constituency|Anantapur]]
|-
!282
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] (ST)
!174
|[[Tadipatri Assembly constituency|Tadipatri]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |41
|rowspan="7" |[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
!205
|[[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]] (SC)
!rowspan="7" |26
|rowspan="7" |[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
!175
|[[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]] (SC)
|-
!212
|[[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
!176
|[[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]]
|-
!289
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
!177
|[[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
|-
!291
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]] (SC)
!178
|[[Kodumur Assembly constituency|Kodumur]] (SC)
|-
!292
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
!179
|[[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]
|-
!293
|[[Mungode Assembly constituency|Mungode]]
!180
|[[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]
|-
!294
|[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]] (ST)
!181
|[[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]
|-
!rowspan="7" |42
|rowspan="7" |[[Miryalguda Lok Sabha constituency|Miryalguda]]
! 283
|[[Tungaturthi Assembly constituency|Tungaturthi]]
!rowspan="7" |27
|rowspan="7" |[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
!123
|[[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]
|-
!284
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]] (SC)
!182
|[[Koilakuntla Assembly constituency|Koilakuntla]]
|-
!285
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
!183
|[[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
|-
!286
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
!184
|[[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]]
|-
!287
|[[Chalakurthi Assembly constituency|Chalakurthi]]
!185
|[[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]]
|-
!288
|[[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal]]
!186
|[[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]]
|-
!290
|[[Ramannapet Assembly constituency|Ramannapet]]
!187
|[[Atmakur, Kurnool Assembly constituency|Atmakur (Kurnool)]]
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
|-
|+Source:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2023-10-19 |title=Telangana BJP leader Indrasena Reddy appointed as Tripura Governor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-bjp-leader-indrasena-reddy-appointed-as-tripura-governor/article67437027.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-08-08 |title=D Srinivas appointed new PCC chief |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/d-srinivas-appointed-new-pcc-chief/articleshow/122227.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayana becomes CPI State Secretary |url=https://test.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/feb/25/narayana-becomes-cpi-state-secretary-343546.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216102656/https://test.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/feb/25/narayana-becomes-cpi-state-secretary-343546.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-08-17 |title=A shock for the TDP |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30251566.ece |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CPI(M)'s Samara Bheri In Nalgonda |url=https://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2004/0208/02082004_ap_m%20v%20rao-1.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=archives.peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=4|Alliance/Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan=4|Seats contested
|-
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}};color:white" |
|rowspan=2 |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};color:white" |
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Telugu Desam Party Flag.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|center|50x50px]]
| [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| 267
|rowspan=2|294
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|[[N. Indrasena Reddy]]
|27
|-
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |
|rowspan=4 |[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| [[D. Srinivas (politician)|D. Srinivas]]
| 223+11
|rowspan=4|268+22
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[File:Flag_of_Bharat_Rashtra_Samithi_(India_Nation_Council).svg|50x50px]]
|
| [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| 37+17
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
| [[B. V. Raghavulu]]
| 4+10
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|center|50x50px]]
| K. Narayana
| 4+8
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white" |
| colspan=3 |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:AIMIM FLAG.png|50x50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Kite.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
| colspan=3 |7
|-
|}

==Campaigns==
===Indian National Congress+===
The alliance comprising the INC, TRS, CPI(M) and CPI jointly fielded 268 candidates with one candidate nominated in each constituency. In 22 constituencies, a friendly contest took place between alliance partners. Additionally, the alliance did not field candidates in four constituencies, [[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]] (140), [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle]] (144), [[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]] (169) and [[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet]] (267).

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 |No.
! rowspan=2 |Parties
! colspan=2 |Constituency
|-
!No.
!Name
|-
! 1
| rowspan="5"|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! 244
| [[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]]
|-
! 2
! 253
| Indurthi
|-
! 3
! 275
| Burgampahad
|-
! 4
! 293
| [[Munugode Assembly constituency|Mungode]]
|-
! 5
! 294
| [[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Deverkonda]]
|-
! 6
| rowspan="6"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! 224
| [[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|-
! 7
! 274
| [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]]
|-
! 8
! 278
| [[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]]
|-
! 9
! 286
| [[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalguda]]
|-
! 10
! 288
| [[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal]]
|-
! 11
! 292
| [[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|-
! 12
| rowspan="1"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! 223
| [[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|-
! 13
| rowspan="1"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! 280
| [[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
|-
! 14
| rowspan="1"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! 281
| Shujatnagar
|-
! 15
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! 102
| [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
|-
! 16
! 127
| [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|-
! 17
! 289
| [[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|-
! 18
| rowspan="7"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! 216
| [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|-
! 19
! 217
| [[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|-
! 20
! 232
| [[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|-
! 21
! 254
| [[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|-
! 22
! 255
| [[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]]
|}

== Results ==
===Vote share===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Vote share by party
| other =
| label1 = Indian National Congress
| value1 = 38.56
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label2 = Telugu Desam Party
| value2 = 37.59
| color2 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| label3 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| value3 = 6.68
| color3 = {{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 17.17
| color4 = {{party color|Others}}
}}

===Seat share===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat share by party
| label1 = Indian National Congress
| value1 = 62.92
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label2 = Telugu Desam Party
| value2 = 16
| color2 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| label3 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| value3 = 8.84
| color3 = {{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 12.24
| color4 = {{party color|Others}}
}}

=== Results by party ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Source: Election Commission of India<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
!colspan=10|[[File:India AndhraPradesh Assembly 2004.svg]]
|-
!colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Alliance/Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="5"|[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| 13,793,461
| 38.56
| {{Increase}} 2.95
| 234
| 185
| {{Increase}} 94
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 2,390,940
| 6.68
| {{Increase}} 6.68
| 54
| 26
| {{Increase}} 26
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 656,721
| 1.84
| {{Increase}} 0.14
| 14
| 9
| {{Increase}} 7
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| 545,867
| 1.53
| {{Decrease}} 0.09
| 12
| 6
| {{Increase}} 6
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|17,386,989
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|48.61
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|N/A
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|314
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|226
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|N/A
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 13,444,168
| 37.59
| {{Decrease}} 6.28
| 267
| 47
| {{Decrease}} 133
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 942,008
| 2.63
| {{Decrease}} 1.04
| 27
| 2
| {{Decrease}} 10
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#fef3E8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3E8"|14,386,176
|style="background:#fef3E8"|40.22
|style="background:#fef3E8"|{{Decrease}} 7.32
|style="background:#fef3E8"|294
|style="background:#fef3E8"|49
|style="background:#fef3E8"|{{Decrease}} 143
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| colspan=3 |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 375,165
| 1.05
| {{Decrease}} 0.03
| 7
| 4
| {{Steady}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|colspan="3"|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election#Parties and alliances|Other parties]]
| 1,269,868
| 3.55
| N/A
| 409
| 4
| N/A
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 2,349,436
| 6.57
| {{Increase}} 1.79
| 872
| 11
| {{Increase}} 6
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!35,767,634
!100.00
!N/A
!1,896
!294
!N/A
|-
|colspan="10"|
|-
!colspan="10"|Vote statistics
|-
|colspan="4"|Valid votes
|align="right"|35,767,634
|align="right"|99.96
!colspan="4" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|colspan="4"|Invalid votes
|align="right"|12,751
|align="right"|0.04
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Votes cast / turnout'''
|align="right"|'''35,780,385'''
|align="right"|'''69.96'''
|-
|colspan="4"|Abstentions
|align="right"|15,366,113
|align="right"|30.04
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Registered voters'''
|align="right"|'''51,146,498'''
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|}

=== Results by district ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!District
!Seats
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP''']]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|'''TRS''']]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}" |[[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''']]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Others}}" |'''Others'''
|-
![[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
!12
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
!12
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6
|4
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
![[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
!13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8
|3
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
![[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
!21
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16
|2
|0
|0
|0
|3
|-
![[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
!16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Krishna district|Krishna]]
!17
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12
|2
|0
|1
|1
|1
|-
![[Guntur district|Guntur]]
!19
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
![[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
!13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
![[Nellore district|Nellore]]
!11
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
![[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
!15
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[YSR district|Kadapa]]
!11
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
!14
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
!13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]]
!13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7
|1
|1
|0
|0
|4
|-
![[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!6
|2
|2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
!13
|4
|2
|2
|0
|0
|5
|-
![[Medak district|Medak]]
!10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5
|0
|4
|0
|0
|1
|-
![[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!9
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6
|0
|3
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
!9
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5
|1
|3
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4
|2
|5
|0
|1
|1
|-
![[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!13
|5
|2
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|6
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Khammam district|Khammam]]
!9
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4
|0
|0
|3
|1
|1
|-
![[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!12
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6
|1
|1
|2
|2
|0
|-
!Total
!294
!185
!47
!26
!9
!6
!21
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! rowspan="3" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
!1
|[[Ichchapuram Assembly constituency|Ichchapuram]]
|Agarwal Naresh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,927
|Yakambari Dakkata
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,182
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,745
|-
!2
|[[Sompeta Assembly constituency|Sompeta]]
|Gouthu Syam Sunder Sivaji
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,668
|Juttu Jagannayakulu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,518
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|11,150
|-
!3
|[[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
|Appayya Dora Hanumanthu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,480
|L. L. Naidu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|32,209
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,271
|-
!4
|[[Harishchandrapuram Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapuram]]
|[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|70,756
|Duvvada Vani
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,395
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|37,361
|-
!5
|[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
|Dharmana Krishna Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,312
|Baggu Lakshmana Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,444
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,868
|-
!6
|[[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Pathapatnam]]
|Kalamata Mohana Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,357
|Gorle Haribabu Naidu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,293
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|2,064
|-
!7
|[[Kothuru Assembly constituency|Kothuru]] (ST)
|Gomango Janni Minathi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,963
|Nimmaka Gopala Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,446
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,517
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
!8
|[[Naguru Assembly constituency|Naguru]] (ST)
|Kolaka Lakshmana Murthy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|47,227
|Nimmaka Jayaraju
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,526
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|8,701
|-
!9
|[[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]]
|[[Satrucharla Vijaya Rama Raju]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,276
|Dwarapureddy Jagadeeswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,480
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,796
|-
!10
|[[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]] (ST)
|R. P. Bhanj Deo
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,580
|[[Peedika Rajanna Dora]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,087
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|2,493
|-
!11
|[[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]
|[[R. V. Sujay Krishna Ranga Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,581
|[[S. V. China Appala Naidu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,891
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,690
|-
!12
|[[Therlam Assembly constituency|Therlam]]
|Tentu Jaya Prakash
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|56,104
|Vasi Reddy Varada Rama Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,088
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|7,016
|-
|rowspan=5 |[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
!13
|[[Vunukuru Assembly constituency|Vunukuru]]
|[[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,762
|Palavalasa Raja Sekharam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,876
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|12,886
|-
!14
|[[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]] (SC)
|[[Kambala Jogulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,327
|Tompala Rajababu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,703
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|11,624
|-
!15
|[[Amadalavalasa Assembly constituency|Amadalavalasa]]
|[[Boddepalli Satyavathi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,300
|[[Thammineni Seetharam]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,614
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,686
|-
!16
|[[Srikakulam Assembly constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,168
|Gunda Appala Suryanarayana
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,941
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,227
|-
!17
|[[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]] (SC)
|[[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,676
|[[K. Prathibha Bharathi]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,987
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,689
|-
|rowspan=5 |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
!18
|[[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
|[[Botsa Satyanarayana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,008
|Gadde Babu Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,974
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,034
|-
!19
|[[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
|Padala Aruna
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,530
|Narayana Appala Naidu Vangapandu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,168
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|10,362
|-
!20
|[[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|47,444
|[[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,318
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|1,126
|-
!21
|[[Sathivada Assembly constituency|Sathivada]]
|[[Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,981
|Potnuru Suryanarayana
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,091
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,890
|-
!22
|[[Bhogapuram Assembly constituency|Bhogapuram]]
|Pathivada Narayana Swami Naidu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,305
|Kommuru Appala Swamy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,300
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|48,300
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
!23
| [[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bheemunipatnam]]
|Seetharamu Karri
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,619
|D. P. A. N. Raju Rajasagi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|57,378
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|241
|-
!24
|[[Visakhapatnam-I Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam-I]]
|[[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,652
|[[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,885
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,767
|-
!25
|[[Visakhapatnam-II Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam-II]]
|Rangaraju Saripalli
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|125,347
|Palla Simhachalam
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|74,337
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|51,010
|-
!26
|[[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]
|Tippala Gurumurthy Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|132,609
|Gudivada Nagamani
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|114,459
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,150
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
!27
|[[Uttarapalli Assembly constituency|Uttarapalli]]
|Pudi Mangapathirao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,505
|Kolla Appalanaidu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,789
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,716
|-
!28
|[[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]] (ST)
|D. Khumba Ravibabu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,224
|Hymavathi Devi Sobha
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|49,362
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,862
|-
|rowspan=9 |[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
!29
|[[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]] (ST)
|Lake Rajarao
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|33,890
|Samida Ravi Sankar
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|26,335
|style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|7,555
|-
!30
|[[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]
|[[Karanam Dharmasri]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,361
|Reddy Satyanarayana
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,624
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,737
|-
!31
|[[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]]
|[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|63,250
|Balireddy Satya Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,649
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|9,601
|-
!32
|[[Anakapalli Assembly constituency|Anakapalli]]
|[[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,277
|[[Dadi Veerabhadra Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,244
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,033
|-
!33
|[[Paravada Assembly constituency|Paravada]]
|Babji Gandi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,045
|[[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|57,250
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,795
|-
!34
|[[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili]]
|[[Kanna Babu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,819
|Gontina Venkata Nageswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,956
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,863
|-
!35
|[[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]] (SC)
|Changala Venkata Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,794
|Gantela Sumana
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|27,105
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|13,689
|-
!36
|[[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]
|[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|60,689
|Datla Venkata Suryanarayanaraju
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|36,759
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|23,930
|-
!37
|[[Chintapalle Assembly constituency|Chintapalle]] (ST)
|Goddeti Demudu
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|52,716
|Pasupuleti Balaraju
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|35,229
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17,487
|-
| rowspan="21" | [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
!38
|[[Yellavaram Assembly constituency|Yellavaram]] (ST)
|Chinnam Babu Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,325
|Pallala Venkataramana Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,652
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|6,673
|-
!39
|[[Burugupudi Assembly constituency|Burugupudi]]
|Chitturi Ravindra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,506
|Annapurna Pendurthi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,047
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,459
|-
!40
|[[Rajahmundry Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|Routhu Suryaprakasa Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,826
|[[Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|34,272
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,554
|-
!41
|[[Kadiam Assembly constituency|Kadiam]]
|[[Jakkampudi Rammohan Rao|Jakkampudi Rammohana Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,290
|Somu Veeraju
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,730
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|38,560
|-
!42
|[[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
|[[Thota Narasimham]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,566
|[[Jyothula Nehru|Jyothula Venkata Apparao (Nehru)]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,923
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,643
|-
!43
|[[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]
|[[Thota Gopala Krishna]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,579
|Boddu Bhaskara Rama Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,995
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,584
|-
!44
|[[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (East Godavari)]]
|Varupula Subbarao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,962
|Bapanamma Parvatha
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,594
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,368
|-
!45
|[[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]
|[[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,794
|S. R. V. V. Krishnam Raju
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,059
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|3,735
|-
!46
|[[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
|[[Dorababu Pendem]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,527
|Koppana Venkata Chandra Mohanrao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,628
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17,899
|-
!47
|[[Sampara Assembly constituency|Sampara]]
|Anisetti Bulliabbai Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,090
|Guthula Venkata Satyavani
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,440
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,650
|-
!48
|[[Kakinada Assembly constituency|Kakinada]]
|Mutta Gopalakrishna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,902
|[[Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|37,456
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33,446
|-
!49
|[[Tallarevu Assembly constituency|Tallarevu]]
|Dommeti Venkateswarulu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,634
|Chikkala Ramachandra Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,035
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,599
|-
!50
|[[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthy]]
|Tetali Ramareddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,194
|Nellamilli Moola Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|32,466
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,728
|-
!51
|[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|53,160
|[[Thota Trimurthulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,604
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|7,556
|-
!52
|[[Alamuru Assembly constituency|Alamuru]]
|Bikkina Krishnarjuna Chowdary
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,488
|Vegulla Jogeswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,368
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,120
|-
!53
|[[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]] (SC)
|[[Pinipe Viswarup]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,759
|Chelli Seshakumari
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,402
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,357
|-
!54
|[[Allavaram Assembly constituency|Allavaram]] (SC)
|Gollapalli Suryarao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,948
|Pandu Swarupa Rani
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,458
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,490
|-
!55
|[[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]]
|Kudupudi Chittabbai
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|31,858
|Metla Satyanarayana Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|27,818
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|4,040
|-
!56
|[[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]
|[[Chirla Jaggi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,265
|[[Bandaru Satyananda Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,994
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,271
|-
!57
|[[Nagaram Assembly constituency|Nagaram]] (SC)
|[[Pamula Rajeswari Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,325
|Ayyaji Vema Manepalli
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,044
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,281
|-
!58
|[[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]]
|Alluri Krishnam Raju
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,104
|Alluri Venkata Suryanarayana Raju (Pedababu)
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,086
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,018
|-
| rowspan="16"|[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
!59
| [[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]
|[[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|63,288
|Mudunuri Naga Raja Vara Prasada Raju
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,770
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|3,518
|-
!60
| [[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palacole]]
|Ch. Satyanarayana Murthy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,077
|Gunnam Nagababu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,076
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|12,001
|-
!61
| [[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]] (SC)
|Peethala Sujatha
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,670
|Chellem Anand Prakash
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,029
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|5,641
|-
!62
| [[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]]
|[[Grandhi Srinivas]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,939
|Penmetsa Venkata Narasimharaju
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|56,034
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,905
|-
!63
| [[Undi Assembly constituency|Undi]]
|Pathapati Sarraju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,666
|Kalidindi Ramachandra Raju
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,178
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,488
|-
!64
| [[Penugonda Assembly constituency|Penugonda]]
|[[Pithani Satyanarayana]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,817
|Kunapareddy Veera Raghavendra Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,797
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,020
|-
!65
| [[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]
|Chitturi Bapineedu
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,189
|Y. T. Raja
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,812
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,377
|-
!66
| [[Attili Assembly constituency|Attili]]
|Cherukuwada Sri Ranganatha Raju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,070
|Dandu Sivarama Raju
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,547
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,523
|-
!67
| [[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency|Tadepalligudem]]
|[[Kottu Satyanarayana]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,477
|Pasala Kanaka Sundara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,544
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,933
|-
!68
| [[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Ungutur]]
|Vatti Vasant Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,380
|Immanni Rajeswari
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,661
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,719
|-
!69
| [[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Dendulur]]
|[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,833
|Garapati Sambasiva Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,522
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,311
|-
!70
| [[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]]
|[[Alla Nani]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,490
|Maradani Ranga Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,437
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33,053
|-
!71
| [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalpuram]] (SC)
|Maddala Suneeta
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,500
|Koppaka Abbulu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,878
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,622
|-
!72
| [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]]
|[[Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|65,329
|G. S. Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,998
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|1,331
|-
!73
| [[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]] (ST)
|Tellam Balaraju
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,614
|Sunnam Bujji
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,772
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,842
|-
!74
| [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]]
|Ganta Murali Ramakrishna
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,144
|[[Kotagiri Vidyadhara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|73,538
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,606
|-
| rowspan="17"| [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
!75
| [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapet]]
|[[Samineni Udayabhanu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,057
|Nettem Sriraghuram
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|58,363
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,694
|-
!76
| [[Nandigama Assembly constituency|Nandigama]]
|[[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|63,445
|Vasantha Nageswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,160
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|4,285
|-
!77
| [[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]]
|Shaik Nasar Vali
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|62,365
|M. K. Baig
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|35,846
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|26,519
|-
!78
| [[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]]
|Vangaveeti Radha Krishna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,340
|Yeleswarapu Naga Kanaka Jagan Mohan Raju
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,629
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|26,711
|-
!79
| [[Kankipadu Assembly constituency|Kankipadu]]
|[[Devineni Nehru|Devineni Rajasekhar (Nehru)]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|103,181
|[[Gadde Ramamohan]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|85,656
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,525
|-
!80
| [[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
|Chanamolu Venkata Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,383
|[[Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|63,966
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,417
|-
!81
| [[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]] (SC)
|[[Koneru Ranga Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,124
|[[Nallagatla Swamy Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|60,355
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,769
|-
!82
| [[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]]
|Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,706
|Kotagiri Hanumantha Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,498
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,208
|-
!83
| [[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]]
|Muddaraboina Venkateswara Rao
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|42,444
|D. V. Balavardhanarao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,209
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|2,235
|-
!84
| [[Vuyyur Assembly constituency|Vuyyur]]
|[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,337
|Chalasani Venkateswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,023
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,314
|-
!85
| [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
|[[Kodali Nani]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|57,843
|Eswar Kumar Katari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,981
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,862
|-
!86
| [[Mudinepalli Assembly constituency|Mudinepalli]]
|Pinnamaneni Venkateswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,834
|Yerneni Sitadevi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,040
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,794
|-
!87
| [[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
|Yerneni Raja Ramachandar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,140
|Kammili Vital Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,084
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,056
|-
!88
| [[Malleswaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Malleswaram]]
|Buragadda Veda Vyas
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,300
|Kagitha Venkata Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,499
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,801
|-
!89
| [[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Bandar]]
|[[Perni Nani]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,570
|Nandakuditi Narasimha Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|36,269
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31,301
|-
!90
| [[Nidumolu Assembly constituency|Nidumolu]] (SC)
|Paturu Ramaiah
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|45,114
|Uppuleti Kalpana
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,925
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|3,188
|-
!91
| [[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|[[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,511
|Buragadda Ramesh Naidu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|33,029
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,482
|-
| rowspan="19"| [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
!92
| [[Kuchinapudi Assembly constituency|Kuchinapudi]]
|[[Mopidevi Venkata Ramana Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,311
|Kesana Sankara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|37,770
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,541
|-
!93
| [[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]
|Devineni Mallikharjuna Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,190
|Mummaneni Venkatasubbaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|32,849
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,341
|-
!94
| [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]
|Satishpaul Raj
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,756
|Alapati Rajendra Prasad
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,035
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,721
|-
!95
| [[Duggirala Assembly constituency|Duggirala]]
|Gudibandi Venkata Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,257
|Chandu Sambasiva Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,461
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,796
|-
!96
| [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
|[[Nadendla Manohar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,409
|Gogineni Uma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,803
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,606
|-
!97
| [[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnur]]
|[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,288
|Mannava Raja Kishore
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,243
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|9,045
|-
!98
| [[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
|[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,370
|Manthena Anantha Varma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,801
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,569
|-
!99
| [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (Guntur)]]
|Ravi Venkata Ramana
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,403
|Makineni Pedarattaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,479
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,924
|-
!100
| [[Guntur-I Assembly constituency|Guntur-I]]
|Shaik Subani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,353
|S. M. Ziauddin
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|34,389
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35,964
|-
!101
| [[Guntur-II Assembly constituency|Guntur-II]]
|Tadisetti Venkat Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,658
|T. V. Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|35,354
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,034
|-
!102
| [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
|Murugudu Hanumantha Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,980
|Thammisetty Janaki Devi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,599
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,381
|-
!103
| [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]] (SC)
|[[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasad]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,411
|J. R. Pushpa Raju
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,405
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,006
|-
!104
| [[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalli]]
|Veeram Venkateswara Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,467
|Kallam Anji Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,057
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,410
|-
!105
| [[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]
|[[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,912
|Doppalapudi Ravathi Rosaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,791
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22,121
|-
!106
| [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurzala]]
|[[Janga Krishna Murthy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,358
|[[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|65,015
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,343
|-
!107
| [[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]
|Pinelli Lakshma Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,354
|[[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,688
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,666
|-
!108
| [[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]
|Makkena Mallikarjuna Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,979
|Gonuguntla Leelavathi
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|64,230
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,749
|-
!109
| [[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|[[Kasu Krishna Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,568
|[[Kodela Siva Prasada Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|64,073
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,495
|-
!110
| [[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]
|Marri Rajashekar
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|57,214
|[[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|57,002
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|212
|-
| rowspan=13" | [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
!111
| [[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,497
|Paleti Rama Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,420
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,077
|-
!112
| [[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]]
|[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,987
|[[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,441
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,546
|-
!113
| [[Martur Assembly Constituency|Martur]]
|[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,983
|Gottipati Narasimha Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,177
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,806
|-
!114
| [[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]
|[[Karanam Balaram Krishna Murthy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|56,356
|Jagarlamudi Raghava Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,566
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|2,790
|-
!115
| [[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,380
|Sidda Raghava Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,209
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,171
|-
!116
| [[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu]] (SC)
|Dara Sambaiah
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,464
|Palaparthi David Raju
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,829
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,635
|-
!117
| [[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
|[[Manugunta Maheedhar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,207
|Divi Siva Ram
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,382
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,879
|-
!118
| [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
|[[Erigineni Thirupathi Naidu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,010
|[[Mukku Kasi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,735
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,275
|-
!119
| [[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondepi]]
|Pothula Rama Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,074
|Damacharla Anjaneyulu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,202
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,872
|-
!120
| [[Cumbum, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|Vudumula Srinivasulu Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,738
|Chegireddy Linga Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,116
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,622
|-
!121
| [[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]
|Buchepalli Subba Reddy
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|50,431
|[[Kadiri Babu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,021
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|2,410
|-
!122
| [[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapur]]
|Kunduru Pedda Konda Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,108
|[[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|37,370
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20,738
|-
!123
| [[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]
|Pagadala Ramaiah
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,987
|Pidathala Sai Kalpana Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|31,505
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,482
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
!124
| [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
|[[Mekapati Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,076
|Kambham Vijayarami Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|32,001
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,075
|-
!125
| [[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]]
|Magunta Parvathamma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,167
|Madala Janakiram
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,018
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21,149
|-
!126
| [[Allur Assembly constituency|Allur]]
|Katamreddy Vishnuvardhan Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,760
|[[Beeda Masthan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,388
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,372
|-
!127
| [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,270
|Nallapareddy Prasannakumar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,790
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|480
|-
!128
| [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur (Nellore)]]
|Kommi Lakshmaiah Naidu
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|43,347
|Bollineni Krishnaiah
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,950
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|4,397
|-
!129
| [[Rapur Assembly constituency|Rapur]]
|[[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,607
|Yellasiri Srinivasulu Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,769
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,838
|-
!130
| [[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore]]
|[[Anam Vivekananda Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,635
|Sannapareddy Suresh Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,863
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21,772
|-
!131
| [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
|[[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,783
|[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|60,158
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,625
|-
!132
| [[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]] (SC)
|Patra Prakasa Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,809
|Vukkala Rajeswaramma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,978
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,831
|-
!133
| [[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sulurpet]] (SC)
|Nelavala Subramanyam
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,939
|Parasa Venkata Ratnaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,124
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,815
|-
!134
| [[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]
|Nedurumalli Rajalakshmi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,830
|Velugoti Bhaskar Sai Krishna Yachendra
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,135
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,695
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
!135
| [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]
|[[S. C. V. Naidu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,262
|[[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|56,184
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,078
|-
!136
| [[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Satyavedu]] (SC)
|K. Narayanaswamy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,323
|[[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|36,831
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31,492
|-
!137
| [[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
|Reddyvari Chenga Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,561
|[[Roja Selvamani]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,867
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,694
|-
!138
| [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Puttur]]
|[[Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,788
|Kandari Sankar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|35,837
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29,951
|-
!139
| [[Vepanjeri Assembly constituency|Vepanjeri]] (SC)
|Gummadi Kuthuhalam
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,350
|O. Chandramma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,768
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,582
|-
!140
| [[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]]
|A. S. Manohar
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|58,788
|C. K. Jayachandra Reddy
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|54,900
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|3,888
|-
!141
| [[Palamaner Assembly constituency|Palmaner]] (SC)
|L. Lalitha Kumari
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|67,861
|[[M. Thippeswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,124
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|737
|-
!142
| [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|98,123
|M. Subramanyam Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,535
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|59,588
|-
!143
| [[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]
|[[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|71,492
|R. Reddappa Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,318
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|9,174
|-
!144
| [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanpalle]]
|Dommalapati Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,988
|Gangarapu Ramdas Chowdary
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|47,967
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|5,021
|-
!145
| [[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]
|Kadapa Prabhakar Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,291
|Challapalle Narshimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|35,671
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|620
|-
!146
| [[Vayalpad Assembly constituency|Vayalpad]]
|[[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,144
|Imtiyaz Ahmed Shaik
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,782
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,362
|-
!147
| [[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]
|[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,328
|G. V. Sreenatha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,740
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21,588
|-
!148
| [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
|[[Galla Aruna Kumari]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,838
|E. Ramanadham Naidu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|32,446
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,392
|-
!149
| [[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupathi]]
|M. Venkataramana
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,863
|N. V. Prasad
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,768
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|39,095
|-
| rowspan="11"| [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
!150
| [[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]] (SC)
|Gunti Venkateswara Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,135
|Yerrathota Jayamma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,713
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,422
|-
!151
| [[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
|Konduru Prabhavatamma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,246
|Pasupuleti Brahmaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|30,579
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,667
|-
!152
| [[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti]]
|Sugavasi Palakondarayudu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,026
|Minnamreddy Sreelatha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,482
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|3,544
|-
!153
| [[Lakkireddipalli Assembly constituency|Lakkireddipalli]]
|Gadikota Mohan Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,816
|Reddeppagari Ramesh Kumar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,764
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,052
|-
!154
| [[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Cuddapa]]
|Ahamadulla Mohammad Syed
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,615
|Kandula Sivananda Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,959
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20,656
|-
!155
| [[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]
|Devasani Chinna Govinda Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,023
|Konireddy Vijayamma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,742
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,281
|-
!156
| [[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]
|[[D. L. Ravindra Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,270
|Settipalli Raghu Rami Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,389
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,881
|-
!157
|[[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]
|Nandyala Varadarajulu Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,419
|Mallela Linga Reddy
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|37,390
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,029
|-
!158
| [[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]
|[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,463
|Ponapureddy Rama Subba Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,770
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22,693
|-
!159
| [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]
|Gandluru Veera Siva Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|57,542
|Putha Narsimha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,254
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|11,288
|-
!160
| [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,432
|S. V. Satish Kumar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|33,655
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|40,777
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
!161
| [[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
|Jonna Ramaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,104
|Kandikunta Venkata Prasad
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|39,166
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,938
|-
!162
| [[Nallamada Assembly constituency|Nallamada]]
|Kadapala Mohan Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,261
|[[Palle Raghunatha Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,566
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,695
|-
!163
| [[Gorantla Assembly constituency|Gorantla]]
|Pamudurthi Ravindra Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,909
|Kistappa Nimmala
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|58,728
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|181
|-
!164
| [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]
|P. Ranganayakulu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|68,108
|B. Naveen Nischal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,745
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|7,363
|-
!165
| [[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]]
|[[Raghu Veera Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,100
|Y. T. Prabhakar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|58,764
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,336
|-
!166
| [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]
|[[Paritala Ravindra]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|71,969
|Gangula Bhanumati
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,758
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|22,211
|-
!167
| [[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandrug]] (SC)
|B. C. Govindappa
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|76,363
|Sugepalli Umadevi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,711
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|9,652
|-
!168
| [[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadrug]]
|Mettu Govinda Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|66,188
|Patil Venugopal Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,083
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|10,105
|-
!169
| [[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]
|[[Payyavula Keshav]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,756
|Y. Vishweswara Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|47,501
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|8,255
|-
!170
| [[Gooty Assembly constituency|Gooty]]
|N. Neelavathi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,895
|K. C. Narayana
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,183
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,712
|-
!171
| [[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]] (SC)
|[[Sake Sailajanath]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,029
|Pamidi Shamanthakamani
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,443
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,586
|-
!172
| [[Anantapur Assembly constituency|Anantapur]]
|B. Narayana Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,059
|K. M. Rahamthullah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,278
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37,781
|-
!173
| [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dhamavaram]]
|Gonuguntla Jayalakshmamma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|64,743
|G. Nagi Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|60,956
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|3,787
|-
!174
| [[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadpatri]]
|[[J. C. Diwakar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,195
|Kethireddy Suryapratapa Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|58,318
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,877
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
!175
| [[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]] (SC)
|Mulunti Mareppa
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,469
|Masala Padmaja
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|36,332
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,137
|-
!176
| [[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]]
|[[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,242
|G. Krishnamma
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,501
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,741
|-
!177
| [[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
|K. Chennakesava Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,586
|B. V. Mohan Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|60,213
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,373
|-
!178
| [[Kodumur Assembly constituency|Kodumur]] (SC)
|M. Sikhamani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,730
|Akepogu Prabhakar Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,617
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,113
|-
!179
| [[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]
|M. Abdul Gafoor
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|54,125
|[[T. G. Venkatesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,652
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2,473
|-
!180
| [[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]
|S. V. Subba Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,751
|Pateelu Neeraja Reddy
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|40,783
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|4,968
|-
!181
| [[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]
|Kotla Sujathamma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,982
|Kambalapadu Ediga Prabhakar
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,373
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,609
|-
!182
| [[Koilkuntla Assembly constituency|Koilkuntla]]
|Challa Ramakrishna Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|43,771
|Yarrabothula Venkata Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,668
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,103
|-
!183
| [[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
|[[G. Prathap Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,596
|[[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|56,915
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,681
|-
!184
| [[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]]
|[[Katasani Rambhupal Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,077
|Bijjam Parthasarathi Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,495
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,582
|-
!185
| [[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]]
|[[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,209
|[[Byreddy Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,721
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,488
|-
!186
| [[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]]
|[[Silpa Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,612
|[[N. M. D. Farooq]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,935
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|48,677
|-
!187
| [[Atmakur, Kurnool Assembly constituency|Atmakur (Kurnool)]]
|Erasu Prathap Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,277
|Budda Sailaja
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,047
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,230
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
!188
| [[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet]] (SC)
|Chikkudu Vamshi Krishna
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,712
|P. Ramulu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,047
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20,665
|-
!189
| [[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Nagam Janardhan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|57,350
|Kuchakulla Damodar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|55,901
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|1,449
|-
!190
| [[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|Yadma Kista Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,152
|Thalloju Achari
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,035
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22,117
|-
!191
| [[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]] (SC)
|[[P. Shankar Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,360
|[[Bakkani Narasimhulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,728
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,632
|-
!192
| [[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|Charlakola Laxma Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,480
|M. Chandra Shekhar
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,099
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|18,381
|-
!193
| [[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|Puli Veeranna
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|63,110
|P. Chandra Sekhar
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,828
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|19,282
|-
!194
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[G. Chinna Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,239
|Kandoor Lavanya
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|60,264
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3,975
|-
!195
| [[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|49,369
|Katikaneni Madhusudhana Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|46,329
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|3,040
|-
!196
| [[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur]]
|[[Challa Venkatrami Reddy]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|37,499
|Vavilala Suneetha
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|33,252
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|4,247
|-
!197
| [[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|80,703
|Ghattu Bheemudu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,017
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;"|38,686
|-
!198
| [[Amarchinta Assembly constituency|Amarchinta]]
|Salguti Swarna Sudhakar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,777
|K. Dayakar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,994
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,783
|-
!199
| [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|[[Chittem Narsi Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,375
|Nagurao Namaji
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,019
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,356
|-
!200
| [[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
|Gurunath Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,452
|N. M. Anuradha
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,487
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5,965
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!201
| [[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
|Malkud Narayan Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,945
|[[P. Mahender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|56,391
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,554
|-
!202
| [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vicarabad]] (SC)
|A. Chandra Shekar
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|56,647
|Begari Madhura Veni
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,646
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|2,001
|-
!203
| [[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
|Koppula Harishwar Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,809
|Kumtom Ram Reddy
|style="width: 2px; background-color: #DDDDBB;" data-sort-value="Others" |
| scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Other{{Efn|Telangana Congress Party{{ndash}}Unrecognized Political Party|name=TCP}}
|52,161
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|7,648
|-
!204
|[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]]
|[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|96,995
|Sama Bhoopal Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,410
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|41,585
|-
!205
| [[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]] (SC)
|Masku Narasimha
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|67,288
|Narra Ravi Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,481
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|12,807
|-
| rowspan="13" | [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
!206
| [[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|[[Nayani Narasimha Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,553
|[[K. Laxman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,313
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|240
|-
!207
| [[Himayatnagar Assembly constituency|Himayatnagar]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,338
|Govind Giri
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|23,577
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|31,761
|-
!208
| [[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
|[[Marri Shashidhar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,710
|S. Rajeshwar
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,164
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,546
|-
!209
| [[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|56,997
|[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,930
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|3,067
|-
!210
| [[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|[[P. Janardhan Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|210,325
|[[K. Vijayarama Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|171,226
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|39,099
|-
!211
| [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
|[[G. Sayanna]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|89,684
|Ravula Anjaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,652
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|15,032
|-
!212
| [[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
|[[Malreddy Ranga Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|138,907
|[[Manchireddy Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|115,549
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,358
|-
!213
| [[Asafnagar Assembly constituency|Asafnagar]]
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|34,001
|Mohammed Abdul Muneem Haji Sait
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|31,227
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|2,774
|-
!214
| [[Maharajgunj Assembly constituency|Maharajgunj]]
|M. Mukesh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,875
|Prem Singh Rathore
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22,317
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,558
|-
!215
| [[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
|Mohammed Muqtada Khan
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|84,181
|[[Baddam Bal Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,956
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|22,235
|-
!216
| [[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|[[Mumtaz Ahmed Khan (Telangana politician)|Mumtaz Ahmed Khan]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|50,194
|Mohammed Abdul Gani
|{{party name with color|Majlis Bachao Tehreek}}
|15,578
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|34,616
|-
!217
| [[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|[[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|58,513
|Khayam Khan
|{{party name with color|Majlis Bachao Tehreek}}
|11,944
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|11,944
|-
!218
| [[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|[[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|130,879
|Tayyaba Tasleem
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|22,958
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|107,921
|-
|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!219
| [[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|[[Devender Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|172,916
|Komma Reddy Surender Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|147,209
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|25,707
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Medak district|Medak]]
!220
| [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,287
|Jilla Srinivas
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|29,619
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|44,668
|-
!221
| [[Dommat Assembly constituency|Dommat]]
|[[Solipeta Ramalinga Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|66,227
|Cheruku Muthyam Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,098
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|25,129
|-
!222
| [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]] (SC)
|[[J. Geetha Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,955
|D. Durgaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,695
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,260
|-
!223
| [[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,957
|[[Chilumula Madan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|35,140
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25,817
|-
!224
| [[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|[[Jagga Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|71,158
|K. Satyanarayana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,482
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|17,676
|-
!225
| [[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
|[[Mohammed Fareeduddin]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,273
|Chengal Baganna
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,410
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,863
|-
!226
| [[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
|[[Shetkar Suresh Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,453
|M. Vijayapal Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,704
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,749
|-
!227
| [[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
|Patlolla Shashidhar Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|43,369
|Kranam Umadevi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,920
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4,449
|-
!228
| [[Ramayampet Assembly constituency|Ramayampet]]
|[[Padma Devender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|74,327
|Mynampally Vani
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,120
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|30,207
|-
!229
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]] (SC)
|[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,703
|[[Babu Mohan]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,857
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,846
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!230
| [[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
|[[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,054
|Vasanth Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,113
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,941
|-
!231
| [[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|Sanigaram Santosh Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|59,274
|Aleti Annapurna
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,719
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|6,555
|-
!232
| [[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|[[Mohammed Ali Shabbir]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,233
|Vuppunoothula Muralidhar Goud
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,470
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|52,763
|-
!233
| [[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|Eanugu Ravinder Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|40,548
|Bogudameedi Janardhan Goud
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|30,281
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|10,267
|-
!234
| [[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal]] (SC)
|Soudagar Gangaram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,375
|Hanmanth Sindhe
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|49,106
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,269
|-
!235
| [[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|[[Bajireddy Goverdhan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,819
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|49,471
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,348
|-
!236
| [[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|[[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,841
|Abdul Khader
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|32,890
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,951
|-
!237
| [[Nizamabad Assembly constituency|Nizamabad]]
|[[D. Srinivas (politician)|D. Srinivas]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,001
|Satish Pawar
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,836
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,165
|-
!238
| [[Dichpalli Assembly constituency|Dichpalli]]
|Gaddam Ganga Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|65,434
|[[Mandava Venkateshwara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,790
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|2,644
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
!239
| [[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
|Narayan Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|78,175
|Mashettiwwar Jagadish
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,613
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|41,562
|-
!240
| [[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
|[[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,249
|V. Satyanarayan Goud
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,671
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,578
|-
!241
| [[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath]] (ST)
|[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,940
|Godam Nagesh
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,567
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|12,373
|-
!242
| [[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|Chilukuri Ramchander Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,765
|[[Jogu Ramanna]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,838
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,837
|-
!243
| [[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] (ST)
|Ajmeera Govind Naik
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|50,763
|[[Ramesh Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,572
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|9,191
|-
!244
| [[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]] (SC)
|Amurajula Sridevi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,817
|Gunda Mallesh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|40,365
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|5,452
|-
!245
| [[Luxettipet Assembly constituency|Luxettipet]]
|Nadipelli Diwakar Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,530
|Gone Hanumantha Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|60,364
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|166
|-
!246
| [[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
|[[Koneru Konappa]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,938
|Palavi Rajya Lakshmi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,619
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,319
|-
!247
| [[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]] (SC)
|[[Gaddam Vinod Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,240
|Boda Janardhan
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,459
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|36,781
|-
| rowspan="13" | [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!248
| [[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|[[D. Sridhar Babu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,318
|Somarapu Satyanarayana
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|36,758
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|42,560
|-
!249
| [[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalle]]
|Geetla Mukunda Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|59,697
|Birudu Rajamallu
|{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|35,933
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|23,764
|-
!250
| [[Mydaram Assembly constituency|Mydaram]] (SC)
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|104,941
|Malem Mallesham
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,378
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|56,563
|-
!251
| [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|81,121
|[[E. Peddi Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|36,451
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|44,670
|-
!252
| [[Kamalapur Assembly constituency, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|68,393
|Muddasani Damodar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,774
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|19,619
|-
!253
| [[Indurthi Assembly constituency|Indurthi]]
|[[Chada Venkat Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|35,437
|Bomma Venkateshwar
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|24,377
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|11,060
|-
!254
| [[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|Meneni Satyanarayana
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,148
|Gandra Nalini
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,571
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,577
|-
!255
| [[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]]
|Sana Maruthi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,211
|Koduri Satyanarayana Goudu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,096
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|4,115
|-
!256
| [[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,812
|[[L. Ramana]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,678
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,134
|-
!257
| [[Buggaram Assembly constituency|Buggaram]]
|Juvvadi Rathnakar Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,897
|Shikari Vishwanatham
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|45,109
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,788
|-
!258
| [[Metpalli Assembly constituency|Metpalli]]
|Kommoreddi Ramulu
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|31,917
|[[Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|26,319
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5,598
|-
!259
| [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[Chennamaneni Rajeshwara Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|64,003
|Regulapati Papa Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|46,995
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|17,008
|-
!260
| [[Narella Assembly constituency|Narella]] (SC)
|Lingaiah Kashipet
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,702
|Suddala Devaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,429
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,273
|-
| rowspan="13" | [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!261
| [[Cheriyal Assembly constituency|Cheriyal]]
|Kommuri Pratap Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,350
|Mandala Sriramulu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|35,055
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|25,250
|-
!262
| [[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|[[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,041
|Adaboina Basava Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|36,748
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,293
|-
!263
| [[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]]
|Dugyala Srinivasa Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|67,912
|Nemarugommula Sudhakar Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|59,821
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|8,091
|-
!264
| [[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]]
|Daramsoth Redya Naik
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,669
|Banoth Jayanth Nath
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,529
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,140
|-
!265
| [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahbubabad]]
|[[Vem Narender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,373
|Jannareddy Bharath Chand Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|47,110
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|3,263
|-
!266
| [[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
|Kammampati Laxma Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,566
|[[Revuri Prakash Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|61,658
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|14,908
|-
!267
| [[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet]]
|[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|73,022
|Muthireddy Yadagiri Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|47,928
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|25,094
|-
!268
| [[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]] (SC)
|Gunde Vijaya Rama Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|63,221
|[[Kadiyam Srihari]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,501
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|19,720
|-
!269
| [[Warangal Assembly constituency|Warangal]]
|[[Basavaraju Saraiah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,912
|[[Gundu Sudha Rani]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|37,745
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|41,167
|-
!270
| [[Hanamkonda Assembly constituency|Hanamkonda]]
|Mandadi Satyanarayana Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|60,730
|Dasyam Vinaya Bhasskar
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|57,582
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|3,148
|-
!271
|[[Shyampet Assembly constituency|Shyampet]]
|[[Konda Surekha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,454
|Gujjula Premendar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,430
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|44,024
|-
!272
| [[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]] (SC)
|Bandari Shara Rani
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|71,773
|Dommati Sambaiah
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|37,176
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|34,597
|-
!273
| [[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
|[[Podem Veeraiah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,701
|[[Seethakka|Danasari Anasuya (Seethakka)]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,107
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,594
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
!274
| [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
|[[Sunnam Rajaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|64,888
|[[Sode Ramaiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,303
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|14,585
|-
!275
| [[Burgampahad Assembly constituency|Burgampahad]] (ST)
|[[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|68,080
|Thati Venkateswarulu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|52,279
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|15,801
|-
!276
| [[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
|[[Vanama Venkateswara Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,333
|Koneru Nageswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|48,561
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|27,772
|-
!277
| [[Sathupalle Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]]
|[[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,986
|[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|80,450
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,536
|-
!278
| [[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]]
|Katta Venkata Narasaiah
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|71,405
|Kondabala Koteswara Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,972
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|21,433
|-
!279
| [[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]] (SC)
|Sambhani Chandrasheker
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,422
|[[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|54,500
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,922
|-
!280
| [[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Tammineni Veerabhadram]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|46,505
|Balasani Laxminarayana
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|36,685
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|9,820
|-
!281
| [[Shujatnagar Assembly constituency|Shujatnagar]]
|Ramreddy Venkata Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,690
|Potla Madhavi
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|53,051
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,639
|-
!282
| [[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] (ST)
|Gummadi Narasaiah
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|45,956
|Kalpanabai Malothu
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|34,030
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;"|11,926
|-
| rowspan="12"| [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!283
|[[Tungaturthi Assembly constituency|Tungaturthi]]
|[[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,821
|Sankineni Venkateshwar Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,637
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,184
|-
!284
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]] (SC)
|Vedas Venkaiah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,679
|Palavai Rajani Kumari
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,161
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,518
|-
!285
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|88,178
|Venepalli Chander Rao
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|64,391,
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,787
|-
!286
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalguda]]
|Julakanti Ranga Rao
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|81,014
|Poreddy Chandrashekar Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|49,859
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31,155
|-
!287
|[[Chalakurthi Assembly constituency|Chalakurthi]]
|[[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,116
|Gundeboina Ram Murthy Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|51,344
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,772
|-
!288
|[[Nakrekal Assembly constituency|Nakrekal]]
|[[Nomula Narsimhaiah Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|66,999
|Katikam Sathaiah Goud
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|42,777
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|24,222
|-
!289
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,818
|[[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|47,080
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22,738
|-
!290
|[[Ramannapet Assembly constituency|Ramannapet]]
|Uppunuthula Purushottam Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,929
|Dasari Mallesham
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,039
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21,890
|-
!291
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]] (SC)
|[[Kududula Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|66,010
|[[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,185
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|24,825
|-
!292
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Uma Madhava Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|66,602
|[[Ale Narendra]]
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|49,066
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|17,536
|-
!293
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Mungode]]
|Palla Venkat Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|55,252
|Chiluveru Kashinath
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,967
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|11,285
|-
!294
|[[Deverkonda Assembly constituency|Deverkonda]] (ST)
|[[Ramavath Ravindra Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|61,748
|Vadthya Shakru Naik
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|44,561
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17,187
|-
|}

==Bypolls==
After the election, the TRS which had allied with the INC, became unhappy with the delay in forming a separate Telangana state. In 2006, it withdrew support from the [[United Progressive Alliance]] at the Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyderabad |first=Syed Amin Jafri in |title='TRS to withdraw from UPA on Sept 23' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/16trs.htm |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> In March 2008, TRS leaders including [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]], resigned from the [[Lok Sabha]], and 16 TRS MLAs resigned from the state assembly. By-elections were held in May 2008 and TRS won only some of the seats it had vacated, with INC and TDP winning the rest.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
!rowspan=2 |213
|rowspan=2 |[[Asafnagar Assembly constituency|Asafnagar]]
|[[Mohammad Moazam Khan]]
|{{Party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|25,719
|36.58
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|23,609
|33.58
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};Color:white;"|2,110
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 13 October 2004 following the resignation of the incumbent member [[Danam Nagender]] from Telugu Desam Party as MLA.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-10-17 |title=MIM grabs Asifnagar assembly seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mim-grabs-asifnagar-assembly-seat/articleshow/888328.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Medak district|Medak]]
!rowspan=2 |220
|rowspan=2 |[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[T. Harish Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|64,376
|55.76
|Cheruku Muthyam
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,547
|34.25
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}};Color:white;"|24,829
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 13 October 2004 following the resignation of the incumbent member [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]] from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
!rowspan=2 |199
|rowspan=2 |[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|[[Chittem Rammohan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|64,878
|65.61
|Sugappa
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|24,799
|25.08
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:white;"|40,079
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 10 December 2005 following the death of the incumbent member [[Chittem Narsi Reddy]] from Indian National Congress on 15 August 2005.<ref>https://ceotelangana.nic.in/FORM_20_Archives/Bye_Elec_AC_2005.htm</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
!rowspan=2 |24
|rowspan=2 |[[Visakhapatnam-I Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam-I]]
|Dronamraju Rao
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|34,866
|59.21
|Abdul Rahaman Shaik
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|20,716
|35.18
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:white;"|14,150
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 19 February 2006 following the death of the incumbent member [[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]] from Indian National Congress on 28 December 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-04-27 |title=Congress retains Visakhapatnam-1 assembly seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-retains-visakhapatnam-1-assembly-seat/articleshow/1507337.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
!rowspan=2 |12
|rowspan=2 |[[Therlam Assembly constituency|Therlam]]
|[[Thentu Lakshmu Naidu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|55,863
|74.39
|Reddi Lakshmu Naidu
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Satta Party}}
|13,583
|18.08
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}};Color:black;"|42,280
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the death of the incumbent member Thentu Jaya Prakash from Telugu Desam Party on 6 January 2008.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
!rowspan=2 |192
|rowspan=2 |[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|45,175
|37.43
|Marati Chandra Shekar
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|43,069
|35.68
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,106
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member [[C. Laxma Reddy]] from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
!rowspan=2 |202
|rowspan=2 |[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]] (SC)
|[[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|67,814
|53.99
|B. Sanjeeva Rao
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|38,922
|30.98
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,892
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member A. Chandra Shekar from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
!rowspan=2 |206
|rowspan=2 |[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|[[T. Manemma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|34,795
|31.22
|[[Dr. K. Laxman]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,720
|29.36
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,075
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member [[Nayani Narasimha Reddy]] from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |209
|rowspan=2 |[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|50,031
|41.52
|Pitla Krishna
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|31,964
|26.52
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|18,067
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member [[T. Padma Rao Goud]] from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |210
|rowspan=2 |[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|[[P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|254,676
|66.99
|K. Srinivasa Rao
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Satta Party}}
|58,407
|15.36
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|196,269
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the death of the incumbent member [[P. Janardhan Reddy]] from Indian National Congress on 28 December 2007.
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Medak district|Medak]]
!rowspan=2 |220
|rowspan=2 |[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[T. Harish Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|76,270
|67.25
|Anjaiah Bhyri
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|17,335
|15.28
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|58,935
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member T. Harish Rao from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |221
|rowspan=2 |Dommat
|[[Solipeta Ramalinga Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|42,345
|39.64
|Cheruku Muthyam Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|37,203
|34.82
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|5,142
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Solipeta Ramalinga Reddy from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |228
|rowspan=2 |Ramayampet
|[[Mynampally Hanumanth Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|49,341
|38.92
|[[Padma Devender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|38,368
|30.26
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|10,973
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Padma Devender Reddy from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
!rowspan=2 |233
|rowspan=2 |[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|Janardhan Goud Bogudameedi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|46,841
|39.17
|Enugu Ravinder Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|34,496
|28.85
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,345
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Enugu Ravinder Reddy from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |238
|rowspan=2 |Dichpalli
|Akula Lalitha
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|39,756
|37.22
|[[Mandava Venkateshwara Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|31,308
|29.31
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,448
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member [[Gaddam Ganga Reddy]] from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
!rowspan=2 |243
|rowspan=2 |[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] (ST)
|Suman Ramesh Rathod
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|40,219
|37.19
|Mesram Nagorao
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|39,506
|36.54
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|713
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Ajmeera Govind Naik from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
!rowspan=2 |250
|rowspan=2 |Myadaram (SC)
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|62,123
|45.60
|Gummadi Kumara Swamy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|33,986
|24.95
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|28,137
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Koppula Eshwar from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |251
|rowspan=2 |[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|53,547
|44.72
|K. Sudarshan Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|32,727
|27.33
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|20,820
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member V. Lakshimikantha Rao from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |252
|rowspan=2 |[[Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|54,092
|44.53
|[[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|31,808
|26.18
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|22,284
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Etela Rajeder from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
!rowspan=2 |261
|rowspan=2 |[[Cheriyal Assembly constituency|Cheriyal]]
|Kommuri Pratap Reddy
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|45,288
|47.10
|Vaishali Ponnala
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|30,824
|32.06
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|14,464
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Kommuri Pratap Reddy from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
!rowspan=2 |268
|rowspan=2 |[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]] (SC)
|[[Kadiyam Srihari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|39,663
|35.76
|[[Thatikonda Rajaiah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|35,545
|32.05
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|4,118
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Gunde Vijaya Rama Rao from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
!rowspan=2 |291
|rowspan=2 |[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]] (SC)
|[[Kududula Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|45,867
|39.27
|[[Motkupalli Narasimhulu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|41,943
|35.91
|style="background:{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}} ; color:white;"|3,924
|-
!colspan=11 |Bypoll held on 29 May 2008 following the resignation of the incumbent member Kududula Nagesh from Telangana Rashtra Samithi as MLA on 4 March 2008.
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 State Assembly elections in India|A]]

The Kerala Story

2026-03-23T11:39:35Z

NicholasPrentice:

{{Short description|2023 Indian Hindi language film}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{confuse|Kerala Crime Files}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Kerala Story
| image = The Kerala Story poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sudipto Sen]]
| writer = {{ubl|Suryapal Singh|Sudipto Sen|[[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]}}
| producer = Vipul Amrutlal Shah
| starring = {{ubl|[[Adah Sharma]]|[[Siddhi Idnani]]|[[Yogita Bihani]]|[[Sonia Balani]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Prasantanu Mohapatra
| editing = Sanjay Sharma
| music = {{ubl|Viresh Sreevalsa|Bishakh Jyoti}}
| studio = Sunshine Pictures<ref name=":2" />
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|5|5}}
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Change City |url=https://m.inoxmovies.com/CityPopup.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108165951/https://m.inoxmovies.com/CityPopup.aspx |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=m.inoxmovies.com}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}15–20 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title='Will rock box office': The Kerala Story destined to earn Rs 100 crore despite Bengal ban |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/will-rock-box-office-the-kerala-story-destined-to-earn-rs-100-crore-despite-bengal-ban-380742-2023-05-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510114754/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/will-rock-box-office-the-kerala-story-destined-to-earn-rs-100-crore-despite-bengal-ban-380742-2023-05-10 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=Business Today |language=hi}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|303.97}} crore<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com"/>
}}

'''''The Kerala Story''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Sudipto Sen]] and produced by [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title='The Kerala Story', starring Adah Sharma, gets release date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-kerala-story-starring-adah-sharma-gets-release-date/article66772994.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426101932/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-kerala-story-starring-adah-sharma-gets-release-date/article66772994.ece |archive-date=26 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It stars [[Adah Sharma]], [[Siddhi Idnani]], [[Yogita Bihani]] and [[Sonia Balani]]. The plot follows a group of women from [[Kerala]] who are coerced into converting to Islam and joining the [[Islamic State]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Dozens held in India after Islamic State film row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65606602 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521061734/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65606602 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Marketed as a true story, the film is premised on the [[Hindutva]] theory of "[[Love jihad conspiracy theory|love jihad]]",<ref name="AljKS">{{Cite news |title=Kerala Story: Film on alleged Indian ISIL recruits gets pushback |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/4/kerala-story-film-on-alleged-indian-isil-recruits-gets-pushback |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506192343/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/4/kerala-story-film-on-alleged-indian-isil-recruits-gets-pushback |archive-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> and claims that thousands of Hindu women from Kerala have been converted to Islam and recruited in the Islamic State.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2022 |title='32000 Kerala women in ISIS' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203221700/https://www.altnews.in/32000-kerala-women-in-isis-misquotes-flawed-math-imaginary-figures-behind-filmmakers-claim/ |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Alt News |url=https://www.altnews.in/32000-kerala-women-in-isis-misquotes-flawed-math-imaginary-figures-behind-filmmakers-claim/ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=9 November 2022 |title=Indian police investigating film that portrays Kerala as Islamic terrorism hub |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/09/india-police-investigating-film-portrays-kerala-islamic-terrorism-hub |url-status=live |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202124302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/09/india-police-investigating-film-portrays-kerala-islamic-terrorism-hub |archive-date=2 December 2022 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> However, the filmmakers had to accept the addition of two disclaimers{{snd}} that the figures in the film were inauthentic, and that the film was a "fictionalised" depiction of events.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Supreme Court stays West Bengal govt order banning film 'The Kerala Story' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-order-west-bengal-ban-the-kerala-story-8616483/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519052726/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-order-west-bengal-ban-the-kerala-story-8616483/ |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''The Kerala Story'' released in theatres on 5 May 2023. With a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|303.97|c}}, it became the [[List of Hindi films of 2023|ninth-highest-grossing Hindi film of 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126125943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/ |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=8 January 2024 |title=From Jawan's Rs. 600+ crores to 21 films earning in Rs. 0-1 crore range, here are the MOST DEFINITIVE box office RECORDS of 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/jawans-rs-600-crores-21-films-earning-rs-0-1-crore-range-definitive-box-office-records-2023/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It was heavily promoted by the incumbent [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), which leveraged the film in its campaigning for the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 Karnataka assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title='The Kerala Story' takes centre stage as other issues pushed to back-burner in Karnataka polls |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/the-kerala-story-takes-centre-stage-as-other-issues-pushed-to-back-burner-in-karnataka-polls-1.8545991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519032229/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/the-kerala-story-takes-centre-stage-as-other-issues-pushed-to-back-burner-in-karnataka-polls-1.8545991 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=PM invokes 'The Kerala Story' to slam Congress in Karnataka rally |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/pm-invokes-the-kerala-story-to-slam-cong-in-karnataka-rally/articleshow/100023243.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519062759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/pm-invokes-the-kerala-story-to-slam-cong-in-karnataka-rally/articleshow/100023243.cms |archive-date=19 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was met with overwhelmingly negative reviews and panned by critics. It received heavy criticism for its illogical screenplay, cast performances, the inaccurate depiction of [[Kerala|Kerala State]], and was characterised as a propaganda film.<ref name=":12">{{Cite magazine |date=18 May 2023 |title=How a Low-Budget Hindi Film Ignited Deadly Religious Tension |url=https://time.com/6280955/kerala-story-movie-india/ |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Hindi Bureau |first=The |date=7 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story pulled out of multiplexes in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-kerala-story-pulled-out-of-multiplexes-in-tamil-nadu/article66824215.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509170334/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-kerala-story-pulled-out-of-multiplexes-in-tamil-nadu/article66824215.ece |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story: Why an Indian film on Islamic State is so controversial |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65481927 |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519045856/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65481927 |archive-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> The film has also faced protracted litigation and protests, primarily in [[Kerala]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. At the [[71st National Film Awards]], ''The Kerala Story'' won 2 awards: [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] (Sen) and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards complete winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey share 'Best Actor', Rani Mukerji wins 'Best Actress,' 'Kathal' wins Best Hindi Film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/71st-national-film-awards-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-share-best-actor-katthal-wins-best-hindi-film-vash-is-best-gujarati-film/articleshow/123044344.cms |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Fatima is accused of being a terrorist and is caught at the Afghan–Iran border. During her interrogation, she reveals that her real name is Shalini Unnikrishnan, a young woman from Kerala who was brainwashed into converting to Islam and becoming a terrorist. The film flashes back to a few months earlier.

Shalini, a Hindu, lives with her mother and grandmother in Kerala and later goes to the city to study nursing. There, she meets three friends{{snd}} Nimah Matthew (a Christian), Gitanjali (a fellow Hindu), and Asifa (a Muslim). The four bond well, but Asifa, who is part of an Islamic Jihadi group, begins to influence the group. She frequently insists that there is only one religion and one god in the world, warning that people who don't believe in this will never attain salvation.

Asifa, along with Abdul and Rameez, creates an atmosphere of fear and manipulation among the group. Over time, Shalini and Gitanjali start wearing the hijab and begin to believe in the ideology that only one god exists. Meanwhile, Nimah, sensing something is wrong, starts to distance herself from the group and eventually parts ways.

Shalini becomes romantically involved with Rameez and soon finds herself pregnant. Under pressure, she is forced to convert to Islam. However, Rameez abandons her, as per the group's plan, leaving her vulnerable and alone. She is then coerced into marrying Ishaq, believing that he will provide a secure future for her and her unborn child. At the wedding ceremony, her mother desperately tries to stop her and bring her home, but a brainwashed Shalini refuses and leaves her mother in tears.

What Shalini does not know is that her marriage is just another step in the plan. During her honeymoon in Sri Lanka, her phone is confiscated. Instead of flying back to India, she is flown to Pakistan, where she is then illegally trafficked across multiple borders, enduring a harrowing journey that eventually leads her to Syria. There, she is groomed to become a suicide bomber, her life completely taken over by the group's extremist agenda.

==Cast==
* [[Adah Sharma]] as Shalini Unnikrishnan / Fatima Ba
* [[Yogita Bihani]] as Nimah Mathews
* [[Sonia Balani]] as Asifa Ba
* [[Siddhi Idnani]] as Geethanjali Menon / Anisha Ba
* [[Devadarshini]] as Shalini's mother
* Vijay Krishna as Ishak
* Pranay Pachauri as Rameez
* [[Pranav Misshra]] as Abdul
* [[Pranali Ghogare]] as Shaziya

== Production and release ==
The film was produced by Vipul Amrutlal Shah, who is also the [[creative director]].<ref name=":2" />

It released in theatres on 5 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=Controversial film The Kerala Story to be released on May 5, trailer out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/controversial-film-kerala-story-be-released-may-5-trailer-out-176387 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426100008/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/controversial-film-kerala-story-be-released-may-5-trailer-out-176387 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The digital streaming rights of the film were purchased by [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story OTT Rights Bought By This Leading Platform, Tentative Release Date Out |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-ott-rights-bought-by-this-leading-platform-tentative-release-date-out-10076947 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520105837/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-ott-rights-bought-by-this-leading-platform-tentative-release-date-out-10076947 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> The film premiered on ZEE5 from 16 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adah Sharma's The Kerala Story to stream on OTT from this date |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/adah-sharmas-the-kerala-story-to-stream-on-ott-from-this-date-101707268150349.html |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|date=7 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kerala Story OTT Rights Bought By This Leading Platform, Tentative Release Date Out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/adah-sharma-the-kerala-story-to-finally-release-on-ott-on-this-date-2498687-2024-02-07 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=India Today |date=7 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to its domestic release, the film went through [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] scrutiny and received an adults only classification following a number of requested changes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Censor Board gives The Kerala Story 'A' certificate, removes 10 scenes, including interview with ex-CM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-kerala-story-gets-a-certificate-cbfc-removes-10-scenes-including-interview-with-former-cm-2367361-2023-05-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502064805/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-kerala-story-gets-a-certificate-cbfc-removes-10-scenes-including-interview-with-former-cm-2367361-2023-05-02 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=[[India Today]]|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Premise and factual accuracy==
The teaser released on 3 November 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022 |title=The Kerala Story teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/videos/2022/nov/03/the-kerala-story-teaser-out-36223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426104904/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/videos/2022/nov/03/the-kerala-story-teaser-out-36223.html |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> featuring the character of Fathima Ba, a Hindu [[Malayali]] nurse who had converted to Islam and joined the Islamic State, before ending up in an Afghan jail.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title=The Kerala Story: Film on India women in Islamic State sparks row |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63580042 |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110195006/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63580042 |archive-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> She claimed to be one of 32,000 girls from Hindu and [[Christianity in Kerala|Christian]] communities who are missing from Kerala and have been recruited into the Islamic State after being converted to Islam.<ref name=":0" /> Sen, the director of the film, has made such claims for years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2018, he directed a documentary on what he claimed to be the involuntary mass conversion of 32,000 Hindu and Christian girls to Islam as part of an "international conspiracy" to render Kerala an [[Islamic state]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=12 November 2022 |title=Who Made 'The Kerala Story' & Why Were They Embroiled in Controversies Before? |url=https://www.thequint.com/south-india/the-kerala-story-movie-teaser-controversy-sudipto-sen-isis-terrorism-kerala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512170111/https://www.thequint.com/south-india/the-kerala-story-movie-teaser-controversy-sudipto-sen-isis-terrorism-kerala |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kritika |date=30 April 2018 |title=I was trying to bust 'love jihad' theory, says film-maker at centre of JNU screening row |url=https://theprint.in/politics/trying-bust-love-jihad-theory-film-maker-entre-jnu-screening-row/53834/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511121231/https://theprint.in/politics/trying-bust-love-jihad-theory-film-maker-entre-jnu-screening-row/53834/ |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2018 |title=Film not on 'love jihad', says director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/film-not-on-love-jihad-says-director/articleshow/63979137.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221210048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/film-not-on-love-jihad-says-director/articleshow/63979137.cms |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

While the events portrayed in the film are loosely based on the accounts of three women from [[Kerala]], namely: Nimisha Nair, Sonia Sebastian, and Merin Jacob, who converted to Islam and traveled with their respective husbands to [[Afghanistan]] to join the Islamic State between 2016 and 2018, the claimed figures in the film are wildly inaccurate, being based on mistranslations, misquotes, and misrepresentations of unrelated statistics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=How accurate are the claims made by 'The Kerala Story'? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-accurate-are-the-claims-made-by-the-kerala-story-8586042/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509170335/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-accurate-are-the-claims-made-by-the-kerala-story-8586042/ |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Fatima |date=9 September 2021 |title=Taliban back, desperate Kerala families hope couples who fled to Afghanistan for ISIS can return |url=https://theprint.in/india/taliban-back-desperate-kerala-families-hope-couples-who-fled-to-afghanistan-for-isis-can-return/730184/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202123254/https://theprint.in/india/taliban-back-desperate-kerala-families-hope-couples-who-fled-to-afghanistan-for-isis-can-return/730184/ |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> No more than 100-200 Indians [[Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq#India|have joined the group from the entire country]], with people from Kerala accounting for less than a quarter of them.<ref name=":0" /> The figures posited in the film also exceed the entire strength of the Islamic State.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |date=8 May 2023 |title=Modi's Backing of Inflammatory, Fictional 'Kerala Story' Highlights Pressing Need for Opposition Unity |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/narendra-modi-kerala-story-opposition-unity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510230423/https://thewire.in/communalism/narendra-modi-kerala-story-opposition-unity |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

Later, in response to litigation, the film-makers removed all promotional materials, including the teaser, that had the erroneous figure.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=The Kerala Story producer agrees to remove '32,000 women converted' from teaser |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/high-courts/story/kerala-story-row-producer-agrees-remove-teaser-conversion-isis-32000-women-2368914-2023-05-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505095332/https://www.indiatoday.in/law/high-courts/story/kerala-story-row-producer-agrees-remove-teaser-conversion-isis-32000-women-2368914-2023-05-05 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=India Today |date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> However, the film repeated the claims multiple times, and once raised it even higher to 50,000.<ref name="Rajendran">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=5 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story review: A no-nuance propaganda film that thrives on shock value |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-story-review-no-nuance-propaganda-film-thrives-shock-value-176794 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509170334/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-story-review-no-nuance-propaganda-film-thrives-shock-value-176794 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> In response to further litigation, Sen admitted to all figures in the film being inauthentic, and that the film was a "fictionalised" portrayal of real-life events.<ref name=":11" />

The [[British Board of Film Classification]], while awarding the film an 18 rating due to its depiction of sexual violence, noted that it presented "a partial and unbalanced view of Islam which focuses on radical Islamist characters and motivations to the exclusion of more moderate and mainstream forms of the faith."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-kerala-story-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdezmjux|title=The Kerala Story|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

== Response and controversy ==

=== Promotion by ruling party ===
The ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and its associated organisation, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) have supported the film; the party used it for their political messaging in the campaigning for [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka assembly elections]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=PM Modi to JP Nadda, BJP leaders promote The Kerala Story amid Karnataka polls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pm-modi-jp-nadda-bjp-leaders-promote-kerala-story-amid-karnataka-polls-176886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508145127/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pm-modi-jp-nadda-bjp-leaders-promote-kerala-story-amid-karnataka-polls-176886 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] endorsed the film at an election rally in Karnataka, claimed that it had unearthed a "conspiracy", and alleged the [[Indian National Congress]]{{snd}} which opposed the film{{snd}} to support terrorism.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=As Producers Withdraw Misleading Claim, Modi Says 'Kerala Story' Exposes 'Ugly Truth' of Terrorism |url=https://thewire.in/film/kerala-story-prime-minister-modi-misleading-claim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510210830/https://thewire.in/film/kerala-story-prime-minister-modi-misleading-claim |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=The Wire}}</ref> [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP President]] [[J. P. Nadda]] held special screenings of the film and invited "young Hindu girls" to watch it with them.<ref name=":5" /> The film was made tax free in [[Madhya Pradesh]] as well as [[Uttar Pradesh]]; both the states have BJP governments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story: Dozens held in Maharashtra after Islamic State film row |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65606602 |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519061857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65606602 |archive-date=19 May 2023}}</ref> ''[[Organiser (magazine)|Organiser]]'', the official mouthpiece of RSS, described the film as a "dangerous truth".<ref name=":7" />

=== Political opposition ===
In Kerala, both the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Indian National Congress]], the only two parties to have governed the state since [[Indian independence movement|Independence]], have objected to the film for spreading "communal misinformation" in tune with the agenda of the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2022 |title='The Kerala Story' in the dock |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/the-kerala-story-in-the-dock-1160706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110195007/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/the-kerala-story-in-the-dock-1160706.html |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Cong, DYFI, IUML youth wing demand ban on screening of 'The Kerala Story' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/the-kerala-story-film-controversy-congress-iuml-dyfi-8581227/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429081907/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/the-kerala-story-film-controversy-congress-iuml-dyfi-8581227/ |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), which is the ruling party of the state, along with [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] (NTK), [[Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam]] and multiple Muslim political organisations teamed up with CPI(M) and Congress to protest against the film .<ref name=":8" />

=== Public protests ===
The film has attracted public protests in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="TheQuint">{{Cite web |last=Sasikumar |first=Meenakshy |date=8 May 2023 |title=Why Is 'The Kerala Story' Facing Pushback in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, & West Bengal? |url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/the-kerala-story-pushback-theatres-kerala-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-ban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508204545/https://www.thequint.com/explainers/the-kerala-story-pushback-theatres-kerala-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-ban |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=TheQuint}}</ref> It fared poorly in Tamil Nadu, apparently forcing the Tamil Nadu Multiplex Association to stop further screenings; however, the filmmakers dispute the claims and allege political censorship.<ref name=":8" /> The film had a similar fate in Kerala.<ref name="TheQuint" />

=== Bans and litigation ===
On the eve of release, several petitions were filed at the [[Madras High Court]], [[Kerala High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]], calling for a ban on grounds of promoting communal disharmony.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title="There are umpteen movies depicting Hindu sanyasis as rapists": Kerala High Court refuses to stay release of The Kerala Story |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kerala-high-court-refuses-stay-release-movie-the-kerala-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803050201/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=SaraSusanJiji&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-1&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1686605052469792769&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barandbench.com%2Fnews%2Fkerala-high-court-refuses-stay-release-movie-the-kerala-story&sessionId=f5b3ec22ad45c3e37dcdb6d94693e49821363c92&siteScreenName=barandbench&theme=light&widgetsVersion=aaf4084522e3a%3A1674595607486&width=550px |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> The petitions were either declined to be heard or dismissed by the courts;<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=Kerala High Court refuses to stay screening of 'The Kerala Story' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-hc-refuses-to-stay-the-kerala-story-screening-8593072/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510205324/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-hc-refuses-to-stay-the-kerala-story-screening-8593072/ |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> however, the film-makers were asked to remove all promotional materials, including the teaser, that claimed thirty two thousand girls to have converted to Islam and joined the Islamic State in real life.<ref name=":10" />

On 8 May, the [[Government of West Bengal]] banned the movie, characterising the film as "hate speech", and citing adverse intelligence reports that had reported increased communal tensions in the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=17 May 2023 |title='Contains hate speech, manipulated facts': Bengal govt defends ban on Kerala Story |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/05/17/contains-hate-speech-manipulated-facts-bengal-govt-defends-ban-on-kerala-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519144725/https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/05/17/contains-hate-speech-manipulated-facts-bengal-govt-defends-ban-on-kerala-story |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref> The filmmakers challenged the decision in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and the ban was stayed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Supreme Court stays West Bengal govt order banning film 'The Kerala Story' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-order-west-bengal-ban-the-kerala-story-8616483/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518122048/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-order-west-bengal-ban-the-kerala-story-8616483/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, the filmmakers had to accept the addition of two disclaimers{{snd}} that the figures in the film were inauthentic, and that the film was a "fictionalised" portrayal of real-life events.<ref name=":11"/>

===Controversy over National Film Award===
The film's [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] win drew criticism from political leaders in [[Kerala]]. Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] accused the film of spreading misinformation and promoting communal narratives, calling the award an insult to Indian cinema's secular tradition. Opposition leader [[V. D. Satheesan]] and Congress MP [[K. C. Venugopal]] also condemned the decision, alleging political bias and misuse of the award to promote a divisive agenda. Both the ruling [[Left Democratic Front]] and the opposition [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] opposed the recognition, while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] supported the film. Actor-politician [[Prakash Raj]] also criticized the National Award juries for awarding the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Gravely Insulted": P Vijayan On National Award For 'The Kerala Story' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gravely-insulted-by-this-decision-says-p-vijayan-on-national-award-for-the-kerala-story-9002390 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title='Jury insulted rich legacy of Indian films': National Award for 'Kerala Story' unites Pinarayi and his opposition in anger |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/jury-insulted-rich-legacy-of-indian-films-national-award-for-kerala-story-unites-pinarayi-and-his-opposition-in-anger-10164503/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-02 |title='Aimed at defaming Kerala': CM Pinarayi Vijayan slams national award for 'The Kerala Story'; says 'cinema being used as weapon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/cm-oppn-leader-slam-award-for-kerala-story/articleshow/123050522.cms |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-08-01 |title=Award for The Kerala Story invites a storm of criticism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/award-for-the-kerala-story-invites-a-storm-of-criticism/article69884264.ece |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
On its opening day, the film grossed ₹8.03 crore in India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=6 May 2023 |title=Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Box Office: Survives steep competition from Bollywood's The Kerala Story on Day 1 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/guardians-galaxy-vol-3-box-office-survives-steep-competition-bollywoods-kerala-story-day-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506104335/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/guardians-galaxy-vol-3-box-office-survives-steep-competition-bollywoods-kerala-story-day-1/ |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> making it the fifth highest opener in India for 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Entertainment Desk |date=6 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story box office collection Day 1: Sudipto Sen's film gets better opening than Selfiee, Shehzada, Kashmir Files; earns Rs 8.03 cr |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-kerala-story-box-office-day-1-sudipto-sen-film-gets-better-opening-than-kashmir-files-8594362/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506080707/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-kerala-story-box-office-day-1-sudipto-sen-film-gets-better-opening-than-kashmir-files-8594362/ |archive-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2023|06|15}}, the film had grossed {{INRConvert|288.04|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|15.64|c}} overseas for a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|303.97|c}}, becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 2023|seventh-highest grossing Hindi film of 2023.]]<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story Box office collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-kerala-story/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507104414/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-kerala-story/box-office/ |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film performed well in [[North India|northern India]] but underperformed in the [[South India|south]].<ref name="TheQuint" />

=== Critical reception ===
''The Kerala Story'' received overwhelmingly negative reviews and was panned by critics for its illogical screenplay, cast performances, the inaccurate depiction of [[Kerala|Kerala State]], and its [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic propaganda]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Protest marches and a generally tepid audience response marks release of The Kerala Story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/protest-marches-and-a-generally-tepid-audience-response-marks-release-of-the-kerala-story/article66817010.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221170023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/protest-marches-and-a-generally-tepid-audience-response-marks-release-of-the-kerala-story/article66817010.ece |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Though the movie opened to overwhelmingly negative reviews from the critics nationwide, some of those who watched it on the first day said that it resonated with them.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|14|3.5|7|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=16 December 2023}}<ref name="RT">{{cite web |title=The Kerela story |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_kerala_story |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 0.5 out of 5 stars, calling it a "lengthy [[WhatsApp]] forward", and writing that Sen's work was laughably inept and in pursuance of an insidious agenda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=5 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story Review: The Writing Is Consistently Cringeworthy, The Acting Is No Better |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-review-the-writing-is-consistently-cringeworthy-the-acting-is-no-better-0-5-star-4007753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505100700/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-review-the-writing-is-consistently-cringeworthy-the-acting-is-no-better-0-5-star-4007753 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, characterising it as a "poorly-made, poorly-acted rant" that flattened Muslims into absolute evils.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=5 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story movie review: A poorly-made, poorly-acted rant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-kerala-story-movie-review-poorly-made-poorly-acted-rant-8592583/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505105104/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-kerala-story-movie-review-poorly-made-poorly-acted-rant-8592583/ |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She later included the film as one of the worst films of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=28 December 2023 |title="The Worst Films of 2023: Animal, Adipurush and Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan feature in Shubhra Gupta's list" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/worst-films-of-2023-animal-adipurush-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-9069498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220064148/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/worst-films-of-2023-animal-adipurush-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-9069498/ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' found the raison d'être of the film to lie in propagating Islamophobia, with every Muslim character being coded as a fanatic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=5 May 2023 |title='The Kerala Story' review: All about Islamophobia |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1048570/the-kerala-story-review-all-about-islamophobia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512143513/https://scroll.in/reel/1048570/the-kerala-story-review-all-about-islamophobia |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the work as "burlesque" propaganda that borrowed its understanding of Islam, from "hate-filled Whatsapp groups" and sought to turn the audience into purveyors of hate by peddling "half-truths".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=5 May 2023 |title='The Kerala Story' movie review: Adah Sharma's performance marred by half-truths and an emotionally exploitative gaze |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-kerala-story-movie-review-adah-sharmas-performance-marred-by-half-truths-and-an-emotionally-exploitative-gaze/article66815585.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506153740/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-kerala-story-movie-review-adah-sharmas-performance-marred-by-half-truths-and-an-emotionally-exploitative-gaze/article66815585.ece |archive-date=6 May 2023}}</ref>

Deepanjana Pal, reviewing for ''[[Film Companion]]'', commented that the film was a "Giant Whatsapp forward" that could be hardly called a film, critiquing it for being political propaganda aimed at demonising [[Islam in Kerala|Keralite Muslims]] and tapping into contemporary Hindu nationalist anxieties; Sen was "glaringly inept" in tackling the causes of radicalisation with sensitivity and merely preyed upon the grief of real survivors and victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Deepanjana |date=5 May 2023 |title=The Kerala Story Movie Review: If WhatsApp Forwards Could Be a Film, This Would Be It |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/the-kerala-story-movie-review-if-whatsapp-forwards-could-be-a-film-this-would-be-it-sudipto-sen-adah-sharma-yogita-bihani-sonia-balani-siddhi-idnani |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505211106/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/the-kerala-story-movie-review-if-whatsapp-forwards-could-be-a-film-this-would-be-it-sudipto-sen-adah-sharma-yogita-bihani-sonia-balani-siddhi-idnani |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]], reviewing for ''[[The News Minute]]'', rated the film 1 star out of 5 star; she panned the film as "no-nuance propaganda" where [[Sexual objectification|women were treated as objects]] who were to be fought for between religions and ideologies by men.<ref name="Rajendran" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kerala Story Movie Review: A serious issue lost to bad direction, worse writing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-kerala-story-movie-review-adah-sharma-vipul-amrutlal-shah-sudipto-sen-2368893-2023-05-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602063915/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-kerala-story-movie-review-adah-sharma-vipul-amrutlal-shah-sudipto-sen-2368893-2023-05-05 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=India Today |date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |title=The Kerala Story Review: Distorted |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-kerala-story-review/20230505.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601053910/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-kerala-story-review/20230505.htm |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=5 May 2023 |title='The Kerala Story' Review: Some Storytelling Is Irresponsible at Best |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sudipto-sen-the-kerala-story-love-jihad-full-movie-review-religious-extremism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601053912/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sudipto-sen-the-kerala-story-love-jihad-full-movie-review-religious-extremism |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The Kerala Story' review: A chalice filled with anti-Muslim venom |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/05/05/the-kerala-story-review-a-chalice-filled-with-anti-muslim-venom.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601053921/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/05/05/the-kerala-story-review-a-chalice-filled-with-anti-muslim-venom.html |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prateek Sur |date=12 May 2023 |title='The Kerala Story' Movie Review: Adah Sharma's Film Is A Fantastic Guide On What Not To Do When Someone's Brainwashing You |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-the-kerala-story-movie-review-adah-sharma-yogita-bihani-sonia-balani-siddhi-idnani-film-is-a-fantastic-guide-on-what-not-to-do-when-someone-s-brainwashing-you-controversy-protest-ban-movie_reviews-284914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512184648/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-the-kerala-story-movie-review-adah-sharma-yogita-bihani-sonia-balani-siddhi-idnani-film-is-a-fantastic-guide-on-what-not-to-do-when-someone-s-brainwashing-you-controversy-protest-ban-movie_reviews-284914 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' included the film as one of the five worst Hindi films of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Kerala Story' to 'Ganapath': Worst Hindi films of 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/adah-sharmas-the-kerala-story-to-ganapath-salman-khan-worst-hindi-films-of-2023-yearender-2478284-2023-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220163025/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/adah-sharmas-the-kerala-story-to-ganapath-salman-khan-worst-hindi-films-of-2023-yearender-2478284-2023-12-20 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by Viresh Sreevalsa and Bishakh Jyoti.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pagal Parindey
| lyrics1 = Ozil Dalal
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Bishakh Jyoti
| length1 = 2:04
| title2 = Ambo Ambambo
| lyrics2 = Viresh Sreevalsa
| extra2 = Athul Narukara
| length2 = 1:52
| title3 = Athira Ravil
| lyrics3 = Viresh Sreevalsa
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 2:07
| title4 = Tu Mila
| lyrics4 = Ozil Dalal
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 2:07
| title5 = Aakhir Kyun
| lyrics5 = Anant, Porshia (Kurdish), Mahalakshmi Iyer
| extra5 = Bishakh Jyoti
| length5 = 5:01
| title6 = Aakhir Kyun Unplugged
| lyrics6 = Anant
| extra6 = Bishakh Jyoti
| length6 = 5:08
}}

== Sequel ==
A sequel, titled ''[[The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond]]'', was released on February 27, 2026 worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=The Kerala Story 2 certified U/A by CBFC, Vipul Amrutlal Shah says it allows film 'to reach young girls and families' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-kerala-story-2-certified-u-a-by-cbfc-vipul-amrutlal-shah-says-it-allows-film-to-reach-young-girls-and-families-101771477202782.html |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-17 |title=‘The Kerala Story 2'– Goes Beyond’ trailer: Sparks debate with its alarming message |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-trailer-sparks-debate-with-its-alarming-message/articleshow/128452099.cms |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.amctheatres.com/movies/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-82893 |title=The Kerala Story 2: Goes Beyond |date=2026-02-26 |language=en |access-date=2026-03-01 |via=www.amctheatres.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'', a 2022 Indian film by Vivek Agnihotri about the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
* {{section link|Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war and War in Iraq|India}}, about the limited presence of India Muslims in the Islamic State
* [[Islamic State – Hind Province]], the claimed Indian province of the Islamic State
* [[Love jihad conspiracy theory]], a false narrative of Muslim men allegedly converting Hindu women through romantic relationships.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|tt24268454}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | the_kerala_story }}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-kerala-story/ ''The Kerala Story''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala Story, The}}
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Films about the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Love jihad conspiracy theory]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Conspiracist films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films set in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Films set in Syria]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:2023 controversies]]
[[Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) films]]
[[Category:Films about illegal immigration]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films about medical students]]
[[Category:Films about nurses]]
[[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Propaganda films]]

Vivek Prasanna

2026-03-20T04:40:46Z

NicholasPrentice:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Prasanna
| image = Vivek Prasanna.png
| imagesize =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Salem District|Salem]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2016–present
| spouse =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Karthik Netha]] (brother)
}}

'''Vivek Prasanna''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Tamil language]] films, mostly in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/134536-interview-with-upcoming-kollywood-artist |script-title=ta:சுருள்முடி சிங்கம் - அட்வான்ஸ் அழகப்பன் - சிரிப்பு சிம்பொனி... - ஒரு ஜாலி மீட் |language=ta |trans-title=Curly Lion - Advance Cutie - Symphony of Laughter... - A Jolly Meet |website=vikatan.com |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194207/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/134536-interview-with-upcoming-kollywood-artist |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, he won the [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance in the film ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]''.

==Career==

After several appearances in short films and telefilms, he made his acting debut alongside [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in Arun Kumar's police drama ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Oct/24/vivek-prasanna-from-villain-to-lover-2702.html|title = Vivek Prasanna: From villain to lover}}</ref>

In 2017, Vivek Prasanna made a breakthrough and appeared in supporting roles in a series of successful Tamil films. His role as the drug lord Ravi in ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' and as a politician in ''[[Peechankai]]'', also won him acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/peechankai/movie-review/59173582.cms|title=Peechankai Review {3/5}: Ffter a point, the plot seems to be running in circles with no end in sight|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/peechankai-review-the-left-comes-to-power/article19087971.ece |title='Peechankai': the left comes to power |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 June 2017 |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617083112/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/peechankai-review-the-left-comes-to-power/article19087971.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He then appeared as the second lead in the romantic comedy, ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]'', winning rave reviews for his portrayal of the character of Vinoth,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/oct/19/meyaadha-maan-review-a-winning-musical-1677854.html|title=Meyaadha Maan review: A winning musical|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194206/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/oct/19/meyaadha-maan-review-a-winning-musical-1677854.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/we-were-nervous-about-releasing-meyaadha-maan-along-with-mersal-actor-vaibhav4902822/ |title=We were nervous about releasing Meyaadha Maan along with Mersal: Actor Vaibhav |date=23 October 2017 |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131424/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/we-were-nervous-about-releasing-meyaadha-maan-along-with-mersal-actor-vaibhav4902822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> eventually earning the [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="hindustan.times.vijay.awards.2018.06.04" /> First, he declined the role of Vinoth in the movie, but director [[Rathna Kumar]] convinced him to do the role. Rathna Kumar trusted Vivek Prasanna can be noted on his role for his acting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivek Prasanna From Villain To Lover |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/oct/24/vivek-prasanna-from-villain-to-lover-2702.html |website=Cinemaexpress |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129072534/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/oct/24/vivek-prasanna-from-villain-to-lover-2702.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, he was cast in commercial films such as ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' (2017), ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' (2018), ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019) and ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020). Vivek Prasanna played in the survival thriller ''[[Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/survival-thriller-parunthaagudhu-oor-kuruvi-is-based-on-a-true-incident/articleshow/94707101.cms|title = Survival thriller Parunthaagudhu Oor Kuruvi is based on a true incident}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vivek Prasanna film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bench Talkies - The First Bench]]'' || Vinoth ||Debut
|-
| 2015 || ''[[144 (film)|144]] ''||Chetta's henchman|| Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' || Film Director||
|-
|''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' || Madhivaanan ||
|-
|''[[Iraivi]]'' || Director ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2017 || ''[[Maanagaram]]'' || Jeeva's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Peechankai]]'' || Nallathambi ||
|-
| ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam]]'' || Murugesan ||
|-
| ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]'' || Vinoth || [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref name="hindustan.times.vijay.awards.2018.06.04">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/vijay-awards-2018-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-win-best-actor-award-dhanush-and-anirudh-perform-together-see-pics/story-QsajbLa5X2dkIoywp6vxlL.html |title=Vijay awards 2018: Nayanthara, Vijay Sethupathi win best actor award, Dhanush and Anirudh perform together. See pics |date=4 June 2018 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503165541/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/vijay-awards-2018-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-win-best-actor-award-dhanush-and-anirudh-perform-together-see-pics/story-QsajbLa5X2dkIoywp6vxlL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' || Loan collection agent ||
|-
| ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' || Narthanga Saamy's nephew ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2019 || ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' || College professor ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' || Dubai Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' || Local goon ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhubaadh]]'' || Passenger ||
|-
| ''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]'' || Venkat ||
|-
| ''[[Aadai]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || Sebastian ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Sarbath]]'' || Anbu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''Chota'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Udanpaal]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2023 || ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || Jai Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi]]'' || Maaran ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]'' || Corrupt Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Thandatti]]'' || Show Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[Love (2023 film)|Love]]'' || Ajay's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2024 ||''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]''|| Amalraj and Baski ||
|-
| ''[[Dhonima]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]'' || Raji ||
|-
|''[[Hitler (2024 film)|Hitler]]'' || Selva's friend || <ref>{{cite news |title=New Release Date Announced For Vijay Antony's Hitler |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/new-release-date-announced-for-vijay-antonys-hitler-article-112954966/amp |work=Times Now |date=31 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Petta Rap (film)|Petta Rap]]'' || Balu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]'' || Manohar ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-29 |title=Jiiva and Priya Bhavani Shankar to headline Black |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/29/jiiva-and-priya-bhavani-shankar-to-headline-black |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=2024-09-26}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aalan]]'' || Thyagu's maternal uncle ||
|-
|''[[Family Padam]]'' || Sarath Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2025 || ''[[Ring Ring (2025 film)|Ring Ring]]'' || Thyagu ||
|-
|''[[Sabdham]]'' || Deepak ||
|-
|''[[Trauma (2025 film)|Trauma]]'' || Sundar ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-03-07 |title=விவேக் பிரசன்னாவின் "ட்ராமா" டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/vivek-prasanna-starring-trauma-trailer-out-1146990 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[3BHK]]'' || Prabhu's manager ||
|-
|''[[Maareesan]]'' || “Network” Ganesh/ Arun ||
|-
|''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]'' || Balamurugan ||
|-
|''Kinaru'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2026 || ''[[Pookie (film)|Pookie]]'' || Kailash's friend ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vivek Prasanna television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program Name
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2019
|Madras Meter Show
|Guest
|[[ZEE5]]
|Reality Show
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title=Episode 2 - Actors Satish and Vivek Prasanna's exclusive interview |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/madras-meter-show/0-6-1947/episode-2-actors-satish-and-vivek-prasannas-exclusive-interview/0-1-250242|access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Zee5.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vivek Prasanna web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program Name
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2020
|''[[Triples (Indian web series)|Triples]]''
| Maadhavan Raamamirtham aka Maadhu
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Debut Web Series
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=4 December 2020 |title=Karthik Subbaraj: 'Triples' is a tribute to Crazy Mohan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-subbaraj-triples-is-a-tribute-to-crazy-mohan/article33247915.ece |access-date=4 December 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204083405/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-subbaraj-triples-is-a-tribute-to-crazy-mohan/article33247915.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Kannamoochi]]''
|Devaraj
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|
|-
|2020
||''[[November Story]]''
| Malarmannan
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tamannaah-bhatia-to-make-digital-debut-with-hotstar-crime-thriller-the-november-story/story-SLb0yH4afEnHFfPpn9GR8O.html |title=Tamannaah Bhatia to make digital debut with Hotstar crime thriller The November Story |date=29 November 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=29 November 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191129061216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tamannaah-bhatia-to-make-digital-debut-with-hotstar-crime-thriller-the-november-story/story-SLb0yH4afEnHFfPpn9GR8O.html |archive-date=29 November 2019 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Kaiyum Kalavum]]''
|Vakkil
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie]]''
|[[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Ramar
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8995905}}
* [https://www.moviebuff.com/vivek-prasanna Vivek Prasanna] on Moviebuff

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasanna, Vivek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Virji Vora

2026-03-18T04:58:50Z

NicholasPrentice: refine page for clarity

{{short description|Rich merchant of Mughal Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Virji Vora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1590
| death_date = {{circa}} 1670s
| death_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (modern-day [[Gujarat]], [[India]])
| other_names =
| occupation = Wholesale trading and money-lending
| years_active = 1619-1670
| known_for = credit supplier and customer of the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]]
}}
'''Virji Vora'''{{efn|name=different_names|Alternative Roman script transcriptions of his name found in various historical records include: "Virgee Vora," "Virjee Vorah," "Vorge Vora," "Baharji Bohra," and "Baharji Bohrah." A 1655 letter from him to the Company is signed in Gujarati as "Virji Vohora Kendua."<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>}} ({{circa}} 1590–{{circa}} 1670s) was an Indian Jain merchant from [[Surat]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]]. The [[East India Company]] [[India Office Records|Factory Records]] describe him as the richest merchant in the world at the time.<ref name="JohnFR_1996">{{cite book | title = The Mughal Empire | series = New Cambridge history of India | editor = John F. Richards | edition = illustrated | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0-521-56603-2 | page = 209 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=baharji | access-date = 2011-11-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = A book of Bombay | author = James Douglas | publisher = Bombay Gazette Steam Press | year = 1883 | oclc = 12169382 | page = 133 | url = https://archive.org/stream/abookbombay00douggoog/abookbombay00douggoog_djvu.txt | access-date = 2011-11-25 }}</ref> According to English records, his personal worth is estimated to be worth 8 million [[rupee]]s, 24,000 billion dollars, a substantial amount of money at the time.<ref>{{cite book | title = Merchants and rulers in Gujarat | url = https://archive.org/details/merchantsrulersi0000pear | url-access = registration | author = Michael Naylor Pearson | edition = illustrated | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1976 | isbn = 978-0-520-02809-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/merchantsrulersi0000pear/page/125 125] }}</ref> He has been variously described as a "merchant prince,"<ref name="BGGokhale_1979">{{cite book | title = Surat In The Seventeenth Century | author = [[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]] | publisher = Popular Prakashan | year = 1979 | isbn = 978-81-7154-220-8 | pages = 137–146 | chapter = VII. The Merchant Prince Virji Vora | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=frbYo91TuV4C&q=virji | access-date = 2011-11-25 }}</ref> and a "[[plutocracy|plutocrat]]."<ref name="EIC_Stanford">{{cite book | title = The East India Company: And the British Empire in the Far East | publisher = Stanford University Press | author = Marguerite Eyer Wilbur | year = 1950 | oclc = 255101136 | isbn = 978-0-8047-2864-5 | page = 175 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ&q=baharji%20b%20orah&pg=PA175 | access-date = 2011-11-24 }}</ref>

The business activities of Virji Vora included [[wholesale]] trading, [[moneylender|money lending]], and banking. He established a [[monopoly]] over certain imports in Surat, and dealt with a wide range of commodities including [[spice trade|spices]], [[bullion]], [[precious coral|coral]], ivory, lead, and opium. He was a major credit supplier and customer of the British East India Company<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/> and the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Arabian seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century | author = R. J. Barendse | edition = illustrated | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-7656-0729-4 | page = 412 }}</ref>

== Early life ==

The records of the East India Company frequently mention the business activities of Virji Vora, but little is known about his origins or family background. He has been variously described as a [[Jain]].<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/> In 1968, Prof. K. H. Kamdar wrote a paper on him based on material from the Bombay Archives and Jain documents in Surat and [[Baroda]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = K. H. Kamdar | title = Virji Vorah, Surat Millionaire Mahajan | language = gu | journal = Journal of the Gujarat Research Society | volume = XXX | issue = 4 | year = 1968 | pages = 277–9 }}</ref> According to this research, Virji was a [[Sthanakvasi]] [[Jain]] of the Lonkagacchiya group. He may have been a member of the Srimali [[Oswal]] [[Porwal]] [[Indian caste system|caste]] group. He was deeply involved in religious affairs, and held the title of [[Singhai|Samghapati/Sanghavi]], which is given to a lay leader who makes a major contribution, such as building a temple or organizing a mass pilgrimage.<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>

The earliest mention of Virji appears in an East India Company record dated 22 March 1619, which recommends that his servant, "Hacka Parrache" (probably Hak [[Parekh]]<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>) should be given "courteous usage" of all English ships at the Swally ([[Suvali]]) harbour of Surat.<ref>{{cite book | title = The English factories in India, 1618-1669 | editor = William Foster | editor-link = William Foster (historiographer) | publisher = Clarendon Press | oclc = 17890407 | url = https://archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost/englishfactories01fost_djvu.txt | access-date = 2011-11-24 }}</ref> This meant that Virji's agent was given a permit authorizing him to visit English ships for making commercial transactions, indicating that he was already a well-established merchant by 1619.<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>

== Business ==

=== Expanse ===

The business house of Virji Vora had branches at several places in India, as well as the port cities of the [[Persian Gulf]], the [[Red Sea]], and [[South-East Asia]]. Virji had agents at most important commercial centers of India, including
* [[Agra]], the imperial capital and the center of the indigo trade;
* [[Burhanpur]], the major transportation and textile center on the Agra-Surat route;
* [[Golconda]] in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], where his agents bought spices (especially [[Black pepper|pepper]] and cardamom);
* [[Goa]], where his agents bought spices used by the Malabar frigates for coastal trade;
* [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], center of trade for assorted spices;
* [[Bihar]];<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>

Within Gujarat, his agents were spread across various towns including [[Ahmedabad]], [[Vadodara]], and [[Bharuch|Bharuch]].

=== Business activities ===

A wholesale trader, Virji Vora dealt in a wide range of commodities. Some of his deals mentioned in historical records include <ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/><ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/>

; 1625
: Virji bought the entire pepper stock brought by the Dutch to Surat. The English factory at Surat decided to purchase pepper worth £10,000 from Virji at the rate of 16 ''mahmudis'' per [[maund (unit)|maund]].{{efn|name=mahmudi|Mahmudi was a contemporary currency unit (1 [[rupee]] was equal to 2 3/4 mahmudis in 1625).<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/> [[maund (unit)|maund]] is a traditional unit of mass, equivalent to around 33 lbs in this context.<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>}} Virji, who owned the entire pepper stock in the city, demanded 16.25 per maund, and also asked them to sell to him 25 chests of [[Precious coral|coral]] at a price lower than the market price. When the merchants from South India arrived at Surat with a fresh stock of pepper, Virji bought all the pepper from them. The English then sent an agent to the Deccan to buy pepper, but Virji asked his agents to buy the pepper stock at a price slightly higher than the English were prepared to give. Ultimately, the English were forced to purchase pepper from Virji.

; 1629
: Bought coral from the English at a discount after they found it difficult to sell.

; 1629
: Sold 20,000 ''mahmudis'' worth of pepper to the English.

; 1633
: Traded 12,000 [[tola (unit)|tolas]] of gold with the English.

; 1641
: Sold [[turmeric]] and [[cardamom]]s to the English.

; 1648
: Bought [[clove]]s from the Dutch at a cheaper rate than the English thanks to his enormous liquid capital. He purchased the cloves at Rs. 45 per maund and sold them at Rs. 62-65 per maund.

; 1649
: Bought all the available quantities of [[nutmeg|mace and nutmeg]] in Surat.

; 1650
: Bought 20 maunds of [[tea]] from the Dutch.

; 1650
: Bought silver [[ingot]]s from the English at the previous year's rates after the local [[Bullion|shroffs]] (buillion traders) of Surat refused to take them.

; 1650
: Bought all the goods brought by the Dutch to Surat in alliance with the Mohandas Parekh (the broker for the Dutch).

; 1651
: Bought [[ivory]] from the English and coral from the Dutch.

; 1668
: Virji Vora and Haji Zahid (another merchant of Surat) stored thousands of maunds of vermilion and quicksilver, "sufficient to supply the whole country for many years."

Virji Vora also bought [[opium]] and [[cotton]] from the local merchants and exchanged them for pepper in South India or in the [[Maluku Islands|Spice islands]].<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/>

He would often purchase the entire quantity of a particular commodity and then dictate terms to the other merchants, including Indians and foreigners. According to W. H. Moreland, the [[syndicate]]s dominated by Virji bought the entire cargoes valued from 5 to 10 lakh of rupees.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/> An English factory record dated 18 July 1643 mentions him as "the sole [[monopoly|monopolist]] of all European commodities." It further states that the deals between the Europeans and the smaller local merchants were restrained by him, and the "time and price" of the deals were decided at "his will and at his own disposure."<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/>

== Relations with the Europeans ==

Virji Vora competed with the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) at times, but he was also their biggest creditor and customer in Surat. The two often sent gifts and letters to each other.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991">{{cite book | title = Indian merchants and entrepreneurs in historical perspective | author = Makrand Mehta | publisher = Academic Foundation | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-81-7188-017-1 | pages =53–63 | chapter = Virji Vora: The Profile of an Indian Businessman in the 17th Century | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&q=Virji+Vora%3A+The+Profile+of+an+Indian+Businessman&pg=PA53 | access-date = 2011-11-24 }}</ref>
* 1635: Virji gave nine pieces of white cloth to the Company.
* 1643: The EIC gave a German Iron Chest (manufactured at Nuremberg) to Virji.
* 1654: Virji asked the Company directors to arbitrate on his disputes with their employees in India. The decision was not favorable to Vora, but the Company gave him several pieces of broad cloth and satin, two large looking-glasses, and a piece of double glided plate engraved with the Company's Coat of Arms.
* 1661: Virji gave the company [[calico (textile)|calicoes]].

The English often complained about the high interest rates charged by Virji Vora (1-1.5% per month). One English record states that, "the town [Surat] is very empty of moneys; Virji Vora is the only master of it"<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/> and, "none but Virgee Vorah hath moneye{{sic}} to lend or will lend."<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/> Some of his credits to the English include<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jainworld.com/general/prem/Chapter%20XV%20fe.htm | title = Economic life of Jains in Medieval times | author = Surendra Gopal | access-date = 2011-11-25 }}</ref>
* 1619: A record dated 25 August 1619, which states that Virji lent 25,000 ''mahmudis'' to the English.
* 1630: Lent Rs. 50,000 to the English at Agra.
* 1635: Lent Rs. 20,000 to the English.
* 1636: Lent Rs. 30,000 to the English.
* 1636: Lent Rs. 2 lakhs to the English.
* 1642: A letter dated 27 January 1642 mentions him as the "greatest creditor" of the East India Company, and mentions that he offered a loan of Rs. 100,000 in "necessitous and calamitous times."
* 1647: Financed the East India Company's voyage to [[Bago, Burma|Pegu, Burma]] by providing 10,000 [[pagoda (coin)|pagodas]] (about 6000 £), at an interest of 1.17% per month, in [[Golconda]].
* 1650: Offered Rs. 100,000 to Merry, the President at English Factory at Surat.
* 1669: The English borrowed Rs. 400,000 from a group of creditors, of which Virji was an important member.

Most of the capital lent to the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) in India also came from Virji Vora and his close associate, [[Shantidas Jhaveri]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Arabian seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century | editor = R. J. Barendse | edition = illustrated | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-7656-0729-4 | page = 186 }}</ref> Virji also lent money to individual Englishmen to finance their own private trade - a practice denounced by the Company's London office.<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>

The Dutch and the English often used his facilities for transmitting large amounts of money from Surat to Agra through [[hundi]]s (similar to demand drafts or [[traveler's cheque]]s).

== Relations with the Mughal Authorities ==

Virji Vora's relationships with the Mughal [[Subahdar]]s (Governors) of Surat were mostly cordial. By 1623, Virji had become influential with Ishaq Beg, the Mughal Subahdar of Surat.<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/> He was an important figure in the civic affairs of Surat, and was part of the committees formed to discuss important public issues. In July 1624, he was a member of the committee formed to grant certain trading and religious rights to the English. Other members of the committee included Saif Khan (Subahdar of Surat), Thomas Rastell (President of English factory), Jam Quli Beg (Commander of the Surat castle), Mahmud Kasim (Chief Qazi), and Hari Vaishya.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/> In 1636, he was on a committee set by the Subahdar to settle the claims of the merchants who had lost their goods to English pirates.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/>

Mir Musa (also known by his title ''Muiz-Ul-Mulk''), the Subahdar of Surat in the 1630s, himself traded with the English. In order to maintain good relations with him, Virji did not deal with the English in the commodities in which Mir Musa traded. Later in 1642, Mir Musa helped Virji corner to coral stock. Virji later used his friendship with Mir Musa to monopolize coral, pepper, and other commodities in 1643.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/>

Hakim Sadra (Masih-Uz-Zaman), who briefly replaced Mir Musa as the Subahdar in 1635, seized all available supplies of pepper in Surat in 1638. He extorted money from the mercantile communities of Surat, and consequently ran into a conflict with Virji Vora. In the early months of 1638, he put Virji in a jail at Surat. He charged Virji with as many as 50 offences, and sent a list of these offences to the Mughal Emperor, [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Circumambulations in South Asian history | url = https://archive.org/details/circumambulation00kolf | url-access = limited |editor1=D. H. A. Kolff |editor2=Jos J. L. Gommans|editor2-link=Jos Gommans |editor3=Om Prakash | edition = illustrated | publisher = Brill | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-90-04-13155-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/circumambulation00kolf/page/n71 60] }}</ref> Virji denied all the charges, and was summoned by the emperor. The emperor set him free and removed Hakim from office.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/>

He is noted as sending the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan four Arab horses, and prince [[Murad Bakhsh]] as presenting the emperor with 18 of the famous Gujarat bullocks in c. 1657.<ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=James Macnabb|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part II. Musalmán Gujarát. (A.D. 1297–1760.)|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|chapter=Chapter I. Early Musalmán Governors.(A.D. 1297–1403.) and II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)|pages=282}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Last days ==

Virji Vora suffered a major setback when the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] chief [[Shivaji]] [[Battle of Surat|raided Surat in 1664]]. On 7 January 1664, Maratha soldiers demolished his residence and warehouses, and looted a large amount of money, along with [[pearls]], [[ruby|rubies]], [[emerald]]s, and [[diamond]]s.<ref name="EIC_Stanford"/> Volquard Iverson, a Dutch eye-witness, states that Shivaji got, "six barrels of gold, money, pearls, gems and other precious wares" from Virji. The French traveler [[Jean de Thévenot]], who visited Surat in the 1660s and developed a friendship with Virji, also wrote about the huge monetary loss suffered by him during the Shivaji's raid.<ref>Thevenot, Indian Travels of Thevenot and Careri, S.N. Sen (ed), New Delhi, 1949, p.22.</ref> [[William Foster (historiographer)|William Foster]] estimates this loot to be worth £50,000.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/>

Even after the Maratha raid, Virji was not completely ruined, as his assets were distributed across a number of centers outside Surat. The Subahdar of Surat sent Virji and Haji Zahid Beg to the Mughal Court at Agra to convince the authorities to fortify the town. An English letter dated 27 November 1664 states: "Haji Zahid Beg and Virji Vora, the two greatest merchants of this town, hold up their heads still and are for great bargains; so that it seems Shivaji hath not carried away all, but left them a competency to carry on their trade."<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/>

The last references to Virji occur in the English records of 1670, which talk about an Armenian merchant called Khwaja Minaz buying broad cloth on behalf of Virji Vora, and Virji's grandson Nanchand purchasing tin and copper.<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/> Virji had grown old by 1670, and suffered another setback during Shivaji's second raid of Surat in 1670. The English and Dutch records of Surat's merchants and brokers do not mention him after 1670.

[[François Martin (Pondicherry)|François Martin]], who served as the head of the French operations in Surat during 1681-1686, wrote about a set of banker-cum-merchants whom he always referred to as "the brothers Boras." Lotika Varadarajan, writing in 1976, said: "In sifting through the material it appears more than probable that one of the two brothers was Virji Vora".<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Brothers Boras and Virji Vora | author = Lotika Varadarajan | journal = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient | volume = 19 | issue = 2 |date=May 1976 | pages = 224–227 | publisher = BRILL | doi = 10.1163/156852076X00154 | jstor = 3632215 }}</ref> However, Makrand Mehta (1991) believes that the English records would have certainly mentioned Virji if he had lived beyond 1670. He therefore speculates that Virji likely died in 1670.<ref name="MakrandMehta_1991"/> B. G. Gokhale assumes that Virji might have retired from the business after his grandson Nanchand took over the business, and might have died in 1675.<ref name="BGGokhale_1979"/> [[Paul Dundas]] also believes that Virji died in 1675.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Jains | author = Paul Dundas | author-link = Paul Dundas | edition = 2 | publisher = Routledge | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-415-26606-2 | page = 195 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rXuEfM7iR_sC&q=virji+vora&pg=PA195 | access-date = 2011-11-25 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vora, Virji}}
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian merchants]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:17th-century Jains]]

Sub-replacement fertility

2026-03-17T15:15:14Z

NicholasPrentice: enhanced page further and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|Problem in demographic economics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
[[File:Population Growth Rates, 2021.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Global rates of [[population growth]] and [[Population decline|decline]] (2021–2022); population growth rate takes [[Birth rate|birth]], [[Mortality rate|death]], and [[List of countries by net migration rate|migration]] rates into account. Future projections are based on the [[United Nations World Population Prospects]] (from 1950 until 2100).<ref>{{cite web |author1-last=Roser |author1-first=Max |author1-link=Max Roser |author2-last=Rodés-Guirao |author2-first=Lucas |date=May 2024 |title=Population growth rate, 2021 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rates?tab=map&year=2021 |url-status=live |website=www.ourworldindata.org |location=[[Oxford]], [[England]] |publisher=[[Our World in Data]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520222646/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rates?tab=map&year=2021 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>]]
[[File:Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of countries by [[List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate|total fertility rate]] (2022–2023), referring to the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, according to the [[Population Reference Bureau]].<ref>{{cite web |editor1-last=Kaneda |editor1-first=Toshiko |editor2-last=Greenbaum |editor2-first=Charlotte |editor3-last=Haub |editor3-first=Carl |date=October 2022 |title=2022 World Population Data Sheet |url=https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |url-status=live |website=2022-wpds.prb.org |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007213329/https://2022-wpds.prb.org/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>]]

'''Sub-replacement fertility''' is a [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) that (if sustained) leads to each new [[generation]] being less populous than the older, previous one in a given area. The [[United Nations Population Division]] defines sub-replacement fertility as any rate below approximately 2.1 children born per woman of childbearing age, but the threshold can be as high as 3.4 in some developing countries because of higher [[mortality rate]]s.<ref name= variation>{{cite journal |title=The surprising global variation in replacement fertility |author1-last=Espenshade |author1-first=Thomas J. |author2-last=Guzman |author2-first=Juan Carlos |author3-last=Westoff |author3-first=Charles F. |date=December 2003 |journal=Population Research and Policy Review |volume=22 |pages=575–583 |doi=10.1023/B:POPU.0000020882.29684.8e |issue=5/6|s2cid=10798893 }}, Introduction and Table 1, p. 580</ref> Taken globally, the total fertility rate at replacement was 2.33 children per woman in 2003.<ref name=variation/>{{Update after|2025|2|15|reason=Outdated source from 22 years ago.}} This can be "translated" as 2 children per woman to replace the parents, plus a "third of a child" to make up for the [[Human sex ratio|higher probability of males]] born and mortality prior to the end of a person's fertile life.{{efn|1=For example, in the United Kingdom in 2001, 304,635 boys were born as opposed to 290,000 girls, and some of these girls do not survive to the end of their child-bearing years. In future, therefore, the girls born in this year would have to have more than two children each to replace the total population. For a full explanation see {{Cite journal |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/population-trends-rd/population-trends/no--119--spring-2005/replacement-fertility--what-has-it-been-and-what-does-it-mean-.pdf |title=Replacement Fertility, What has it been and What does it mean? |author1-first=Steve |author1-last=Smallwood |author2-first=Jessica |author2-last=Chamberlain |date=Spring 2005 |journal=Population Trends |volume=119 |pages=16–27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/population-trends-rd/population-trends/no--119--spring-2005/replacement-fertility--what-has-it-been-and-what-does-it-mean-.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-05}}}} In 2023, the global average fertility rate was around 2.2 children born per woman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN|website=The World Bank}}</ref>

'''Replacement-level fertility''' in terms of the [[net reproduction rate]] (NRR) is exactly one, because the NRR takes both mortality rates and sex ratios at birth into account. As of 2010, about 48% (3.3 billion people) of the world population lives in nations with sub-replacement fertility.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121028012124/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Analytical-Figures/htm/fig_8.htm "Figure 8: Population by Total Fertility (millions)"] in ''World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision''. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011)</ref> Nonetheless most of these countries still have growing populations due to [[immigration]], [[population momentum]] and increased [[life expectancy]]. This includes most nations of [[Europe]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[Iran]], [[China]], [[India]], the [[United States]] and many others. In 2016, all [[European Union]] countries had a sub-replacement fertility rate, ranging from a low of 1.3 in [[Portugal]], [[Poland]], [[Greece]], [[Spain]] and [[Cyprus]] to a high of 2.0 in [[France]].<ref name="cia.gov" />

The countries or areas that have the lowest fertility are in developed parts of East and Southeast Asia: [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[South Korea]].<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.dyn.tfrt.in|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman)|website=The World Bank }}</ref> Only a few countries have had, for the time being, sufficiently sustained sub-replacement fertility (sometimes combined with other population factors like higher [[emigration]] than [[immigration]]) to have [[population decline]], such as [[Aging of Japan|Japan]], [[Demographics of Germany|Germany]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Ukraine]]. As of 2020, the total fertility rate varied from 0.84 in [[South Korea]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/01/03/national/socialAffairs/population-decline-korea-aging-society/20210103165800619.html|title=Korea marks first-ever decline in registered population|date=3 January 2021 |author1=Esther Chung |author2=Heo Jeong-won |website=Korea JoongAng Daily }}</ref> to 7.0 in [[Niger]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/niger/total_fertility_rate.html|title = Niger Total fertility rate - Demographics |website=IndexMundi }}</ref>

==History==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First recorded year of a sub-replacement fertility rate by country (TFR < 2.1)
!Year
!Country
|-
|1915
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Demographics of France#Vital statistics|France]]

|-
|1916
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Demographics of Germany#Vital statistics|Germany]]

|-
|1927
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Demographics of the United Kingdom#Vital statistics|United Kingdom]]

|-
|1928
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Demographics of Sweden#Vital statistics|Sweden]]

|-
|1929
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Demographics of Switzerland#Vital statistics|Switzerland]]
|-
|1931
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Demographics of the Czech Republic#Vital statistics|Czech Republic]] {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Demographics of Norway#Vital statistics|Norway]]
|-
|1933
|{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Demographics of Belgium#Vital statistics|Belgium]] {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Demographics of Austria#Vital statistics|Austria]]
|-
|1956
|{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Demographics of Luxembourg#Vital statistics|Luxembourg]]
|-
|1957
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Demographics of Japan#Vital statistics|Japan]] {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Demographics of Serbia#Vital statistics|Serbia]]
|-
|1960
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Demographics of Hungary#Vital statistics|Hungary]]
|-
|1962
|{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Demographics of Romania#Vital statistics|Romania]]
|-
|1963
|{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Demographics of Croatia#Vital statistics|Croatia]] {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Demographics of Ukraine#Vital statistics|Ukraine]]
|-
|1965
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Demographics of Bulgaria#Vital statistics|Bulgaria]]
|-
|1967
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Demographics of Russia#Vital statistics|Russia]]
|-
|1969
|{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Demographics of Finland#Vital statistics|Finland]] {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Demographics of Denmark#Vital statistics|Denmark]]
|-
|1973
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Demographics of the Netherlands#Vital statistics|Netherlands]]
|-
|1972
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Demographics of the United States#Vital statistics|United States]] {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Demographics of Canada#Vital statistics|Canada]]
|-
|1975
|{{Flag icon|Singapore}} [[Demographics of Singapore#Vital statistics|Singapore]]
|-
|1976
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Demographics of Australia#Vital statistics|Australia]]
|-
|1977
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Demographics of Italy#Vital statistics|Italy]]
|-
|1978
|{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Demographics of Belarus#Vital statistics|Belarus]] {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Demographics of New Zealand#Vital statistics|New Zealand]] {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Demographics of Lithuania#Vital statistics|Lithuania]]
|-
|1981
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Demographics of Spain#Vital statistics|Spain]]
|-
|1982
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Demographics of Greece#Vital statistics|Greece]] {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Demographics of Portugal#Vital statistics|Portugal]]
|-
|1983
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Demographics of South Korea#Vital statistics|South Korea]]
|-
|1984
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Demographics of Taiwan#Vital statistics|Taiwan]]
|-
|1989
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Demographics of Poland#Vital statistics|Poland]] {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Demographics of Slovakia#Vital statistics|Slovakia]] {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Demographics of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|}

The [[Greeks|Greek]] historian [[Polybius]] largely blamed the decline of the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic world]] on low fertility rates,<ref>{{Cite book |last= Polybius |author-link= Polybius |title= Histories |volume= 37 |chapter= Depopulation of Greece |chapter-url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0234%253Abook%253D37%253Achapter%253D9 |publisher= Tufts |access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref> writing in his work [[The Histories (Polybius)|''The Histories'']] that:
{{cquote | In our time all Greece was visited by a dearth of children and generally a decay of population, owing to which the cities were denuded of inhabitants, and a failure of productiveness resulted, though there were no long-continued wars or serious pestilences among us.... For this evil grew upon us rapidly, and without attracting attention, by our men becoming perverted to a passion for show and money and the pleasures of an idle life, and accordingly either not marrying at all, or, if they did marry, refusing to rear the children that were born, or at most one or two out of a great number, for the sake of leaving them well off or bringing them up in extravagant luxury.<ref>{{cite book |last=Polybius |author-link= Polybius |year=2012 |title=The Histories of Polybius: Translated from the Text of F. Hultsch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23geZBSjr64C&pg=PA510 |editor= Evelyn S. Shuckburgh |others= Translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=510 |isbn=978-1-1080-5079-1 |access-date=2 November 2013 }}</ref>}}

In a speech to [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] nobles, the Emperor [[Augustus]] commented on the low birthrates of the Roman elite:<ref>{{Cite web |title= UNKNOWN |website= [[Project Gutenberg]] |url= http://www.gutenberg.org/w/captcha/question/ |access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=September 2018}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2018}}
{{cquote| We liberate slaves chiefly for the purpose of making out of them as many citizens as possible. We give our allies a share in the government that our numbers may increase; yet you, Romans of the original stock, including Quintii, Valerii, Iulii, are eager that your families and names at once shall perish with you.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dio |first=Cassius |author-link= Cassius Dio |year=2004 |title=Dio's Rome, Volume 4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdGQNIxBMh0C |publisher= Kessinger Publishing |page=86 |isbn= 978-1-4191-1611-7 |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>}}
Upon the establishment of the [[Roman Empire]], [[List of Roman emperors|Emperor]] [[Augustus]] would introduce [[Jus trium liberorum|legislation]] to increase the birthrates of the Roman nobility.<ref name= "EBAugustus">{{cite web |url= http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507905/ancient-Rome/26655/Administration-of-Rome-and-Italy |title= Ancient Rome: Administration of Rome and Italy |website= [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher= [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref>

Some believe that not only the [[Great Recession]], but the [[Great Depression]], may have been the result of a decline in birthrates overall. Clarence L. Barber, an economist at the University of Manitoba, pointed out how demand for housing in the US, for example, began to decline in 1926, due to a decline in 'household formation' (marriage), due, he believed, to the effects of World War I upon society. In early 1929, US housing demand declined precipitously and the stock market crash followed in October of that same year.<ref>{{cite book |via= QC econ BBA |chapter-url= http://www.qc-econ-bba.org/instructors/Edelstein11/ECON224/07.pdf |author=Gene Smiley |title=The American Economy in the 20th Century |chapter=Chapter 7: What Caused the Great Depression? |at=Page 7-1 |access-date=2011-12-18 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120309124147/http://www.qc-econ-bba.org/instructors/Edelstein11/ECON224/07.pdf |archive-date= 9 March 2012 |df=dmy-all | quote = Real gross housing expenditures on new units can be separated into two multiplicative components; housing starts and the real average investment per unit. 25 After estimating the determinants of each, Bolch, Fels, and McMahon examined the building hypothesis by simulating what would have been the case in each situation if a "normal" situation had occurred. 26 The result was overbuilding in the number of housing units from 1922 through 1929. They also found "overinvestment" per individual housing unit from 1921 to 1928 and conclude that excessive housing starts relative to family formation led to the sharp decline in housing construction at the end of the twenties. In their view the demographic changes in the twenties were the proximate causes of this. In a 1978 study Clarence Barber was even more emphatic on the importance of demographic changes, suggesting that these were the ultimate explanation of the Great Depression. 27 Basing his explanation on a Harrod-Domar growth model, Barber argues that the rapid decline in the population's growth rate disturbed that equilibrium, and this rapid fall in the natural growth rate initiated the depression.}}</ref>

==Causes==
{{Further|Fertility factor (demography)}}
[[File:Fertility Map.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A map of when European fertility rates fell below replacement levels]]
[[File:Crude Birth Rate Map by Country.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of countries by crude birth rate]]

===Higher education===
[[File:Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher by state.svg|thumb|left|Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2019]]
The fact that more people are going to colleges and universities, and are working to obtain more post-graduate degrees there, along with the soaring [[Cost of attendance|costs of education]], have contributed greatly to postponing [[List of countries by age at first marriage|marriage]] in many cases, and [[Total fertility rate|bearing children at all, or fewer numbers of children]], and the fact that the number of women getting higher education has increased has contributed to fewer of them getting married younger, if at all. In the US, for example, females make up more than half of all college students, which is a reversal from a few decades back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/97facts/edu2birt.htm|title=NCHS Pressroom - 1997 Fact Sheet - Mothers Education and Birth Rate|date=April 24, 1997 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}</ref>

The relationship between higher education and childbearing varies by country: for example, in Switzerland by age 40, childlessness among women who had completed [[tertiary education]] is 40%, while in France it is only 15%.<ref name="oecd.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/els/family/SF_2_5_Childlessness_June2014.pdf |title=SF2.5: Childlessness |website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214173125/http://www.oecd.org/els/family/SF_2_5_Childlessness_June2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In some countries, childlessness has a longer tradition, and was common even before educational levels increased, but in others, such as [[Southern European]] ones, it is a recent phenomenon; for instance in Spain the childlessness rate for women aged 40–44 in 2011 was 21.60%,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/els/family/SF_2-5-Childlessness.pdf | title=Childlessness | website=www.oecd.org}}</ref> but historically throughout the 20th century it was around 10%.<ref name="oecd.org"/> Not all countries show a relationship between low fertility and education: in [[Czech Republic]], of women born in 1961–1965, low educated women were more likely to be childless than high educated women.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://demografia.hu/hu/letoltes/publikaciok/EPCposter2016.pdf | title=U-shape link between education and childlessness in Hungary - a new Central European phenomenon | website=demografia.hu}}</ref> In the United States in 2022, women between the ages of 15 and 50 with a graduate or professional degree had the highest birthrate (62 births per 1,000 women), whereas women between the ages of 15 and 50 with less than a high school graduate had the lowest birthrate (32 births per 1,000 women) among all levels of educational attainment of the mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/241519/birth-rate-by-educational-attainment-of-mother-in-the-united-states/|title=Birth rate by educational attainment of mother U.S. 2022}}</ref>

==== A general trade-off ====
[[File:Infant mortality map of the world.svg|thumbnail|[[Infant mortality]] rates, under age 1, in 2013. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest infant mortality rate, as well as the highest TFR.]]
People are more likely in modern society to invest strongly in the needs of their children, such as offering them the best education, shelter (a room only for the child), travel, cultural activities etc. In the past, when [[child mortality]] was high, people had more children, but invested less in them. Today, parents usually experience much less doubt about whether the child will live to adulthood, and so are more likely to strongly invest in that child. But strongly investing in each child makes it irrational to have a large numbers of children—this is a "quantity vs. quality trade-off"—with education as the most important such qualitative investment.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://wol.iza.org/articles/quantity-quality-fertility-education-trade-off.pdf |title=The quantity–quality fertility–education trade-off |author=Haoming Liu |date=May 2015 |publisher=IZA World of Labor |via=wol.iza.org}}</ref>

===Economic fluctuation===
{{Further|Income and fertility}}
The growth of [[gross domestic product|wealth]] and [[Human Development Index|human development]] are related to sub-replacement fertility, although a sudden drop in living conditions, such as the [[Great Depression]], can also lower fertility.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/publications/datasheets/2012/world-population-data-sheet/fact-sheet-us-population.aspx |title=Fact Sheet: The Decline in U.S. Fertility |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308075433/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2012/world-population-data-sheet/fact-sheet-us-population.aspx |url-status=dead }}{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref>

In Eastern European countries, the fall of communism was followed by an economic collapse in many of these countries in the 1990s. Some countries, such as those that experienced violent conflicts in the 1990s, were badly affected. Large numbers of people lost their jobs, and massive unemployment, lack of jobs outside the big cities, and economic uncertainty discourages people from having children.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/s12546-014-9141-5|title = Population ageing and low fertility: Recent demographic changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina|journal = Journal of Population Research|volume = 32|pages = 23–43|year = 2015|last1 = Pobric|first1 = Alma|last2 = Robinson|first2 = Guy M |author2-link=Guy M. Robinson |s2cid = 154600779}}</ref> For instance, in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], the total fertility rate in 2016 was only 1.28 children born/woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109143310/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=Europe :: Bosnia and Herzegovina |website=The World Factbook |date=3 November 2021 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>

Financial challenges such as increased [[Affordable housing|housing prices]], concern about [[job security]], cost of raising children ([[child care]], education cost) have also impact on TFR.<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/component-28.html#indicator-d1e11728-0ee0a256aa Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators OECD, 20 June 2024 ]</ref>

===Urbanization===
Some consider the increase of [[urbanization]] around the world a central cause. In recent times, residents of urban areas tend to have fewer children than people in rural areas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ueki T | title = [Analysis of factors related to the recent decline in birth rate in Japan] | journal = [Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi] Japanese Journal of Public Health | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–8 | date = February 1995 | pmid = 7718907 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan HT, Raeside R | title = Factors affecting the most recent fertility rates in urban-rural Bangladesh | journal = Social Science & Medicine | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 279–89 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9004364 | doi = 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00076-7 | url = http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/324004 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> The need for extra labour from children on farms does not apply to urban-dwellers. Cities tend to have higher property prices, making a large family more expensive, especially in those societies where each child is now expected to have their own bedroom, rather than sharing with siblings as was the case until recently. Rural areas also tend to be more conservative, with less [[contraception]] and [[abortion]] than urban areas.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Reduction in child labour===
[[File:Diamond_miners-1-.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Child labor]] is common in many parts of the world.]]
Countries which have a high fertility rate are usually less-developed countries, where families rely on children to help them, with labour such as [[agricultural]] work, tending to livestock, or even paid work. In such countries [[child labour]] is quite common, with children bringing money home, or directly supporting the family through physical work. By contrast, in high-income nations, child labour is almost universally banned, and it is the parents who are expected to invest extensively into their children.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tad.colman.ac.il/paper-all/9868.pdf | title=Child Labour, Fertility and Economic Growth | website=tad.colman.ac.il | access-date=26 October 2018 | archive-date=26 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222608/https://tad.colman.ac.il/paper-all/9868.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Views on the "ideal" family===
Although fertility rates are often discussed in terms of state policies (e.g. financial benefits, combining work with family etc.), the deeply entrenched social views on what constitutes an "ideal" family may play a crucial role: if parents do not envision large families in a positive way, it is difficult to "persuade" them to have many children. In this regard, there are major differences between European countries: while 50.23% of women aged 15–39 state that the "ideal" family has 3 or more children in [[Estonia]], and 46.43% say this in [[Finland]]; only 11.3% say this in [[Czech Republic]], and 11.39% in [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm|title=OECD Family Database - OECD}}</ref>

===Contraception===
Changes in [[contraception]] are also an important cause, and one that has seen dramatic changes in the last few generations. Legalization and widespread acceptance of contraception in the developed world is a large factor in decreased fertility levels; however, for instance in a European context where its prevalence has always been very high in the modern era, the fertility rates do not seem to be influenced significantly by availability of contraception.<ref name=Capri>{{cite journal | title = Europe the continent with the lowest fertility | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 590–602 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20603286 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmq023 | author1 = ESHRE Capri Workshop Group | doi-access = free }}</ref>

While contraception can reduce the number of unwanted births and contribute to a smaller ideal family size, contraception does not start fertility reductions nor substantially affect their size, with these being attributable to other factors.<ref>Leridon, H., 2006. Demographic effects of the introduction of steroid contraception in developed countries. Human Reproduction Update, 12(5), pp.603-616.</ref>

===Assisted reproductive technology===

The availability of [[assisted reproductive technology]] (ART) may foster delay of childbearing, because many couples think that it can solve any future fertility problems.<ref name=Capri/> Its effect on total fertility rate is extremely small but government support for it is beneficial for families.<ref name=Capri/>

===Human Development Index===
[[File:2014_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg|thumb|The rough [[Human Development Index]] for each country. For more detailed data, see the [[w:en:List of countries by Human Development Index|List of countries by Human Development Index]].
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="background:transparent"
|- valign="top"
| {{Legend|#003399|Very High}} {{Legend|#3072D9|High}} {{Legend|#A8C3FF|Medium}} || {{Legend|#E6EDFF|Low}} {{Legend|#858585|Data unavailable}}
|}]]
The [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) is a composite statistic of [[life expectancy]], [[education]], and [[per capita income]] indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of [[Human development (humanity)|human development]]. A country scores higher HDI when the [[life expectancy at birth|lifespan]] is higher, the [[education]] level is higher, and the [[GDP per capita]] is higher. There is a strong inverse correlation between the HDI and the fertility rate of the population: the higher the HDI, the lower the fertility rate. As of 2016, the countries with the highest fertility rate are Burundi, Mali, Somalia, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Zambia, Malawi, Angola, and Afghanistan; while most high-income countries have sub-replacement fertility rates.<ref name="cia.gov"/> This is part of the [[Income and fertility|fertility-income paradox]], as these high fertility countries are very poor, and it may seem counter-intuitive for families there to have so many children. The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a ''demographic-economic "[[paradox]]"'' by the notion that greater means would enable the production of more offspring as suggested by the influential [[Thomas Malthus]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Government policies===
[[File:Danshan Nongguang Village Bulletin board.jpg|thumb|left|The Danshan, Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that [[Renminbi|RMB]] 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005, for violation of the [[one child policy]]. Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected, so another 13,500 RMB had to be collected.]]Some governments have launched programmes to reduce fertility rates and curb population growth. The People's Republic of China implemented a [[one-child policy]] for 35 years (from 1979 to 2015); this was relaxed to a [[two-child policy]] in 2016 and relaxed further to a three child policy in 2021.<ref>{{Citation |last=Qing Hua |first=Press |year=2021 |title=实施三孩生育政策，配套生育支持措施——解读《中共中央国务院关于优化生育政策促进人口长期均衡发展的决定》 |publisher=Qing Hua Press |publication-place=People's Republic of China Government Website|page=1 |url=https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-07/21/content_5626255.html |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
Although today Singapore has a low fertility rate, and the government encourages parents to have more children because birth rates have fallen below the replacement rate, in the 1970s the situation was the opposite: the government wished to slow and reverse the boom in births that started after [[World War II]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Ability to choose===
The total fertility rate is also influenced by the ability to choose what type of family to have, if and when to have children, and the number of children to have - free from coercion, pressure, or interference from the community, extended family, state or church. This includes prohibition on practices such as [[child marriage]], [[forced marriage]] or [[bride price]]. In some cultures for instance, the payment of the bride price creates an obligation on the wife to have children, and failure to do so often results in threats and violence.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bawah | first1 = Ayaga Agula | last2 = Akweongo | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Simmons | first3 = Ruth | last4 = Phillips | first4 = James F. | title = Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in Northern Ghana | journal = [[Studies in Family Planning]] | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–66 | date = 1999 | url = https://www.popcouncil.org/research/womens-fears-and-mens-anxieties-the-impact-of-family-planning-on-gender-rel | doi = 10.1111/j.1728-4465.1999.00054.x | pmid = 10216896 | hdl = 2027.42/73927 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 23 November 2019 | access-date = 23 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191123123341/https://www.popcouncil.org/research/womens-fears-and-mens-anxieties-the-impact-of-family-planning-on-gender-rel | url-status = dead }} [http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/councilarticles/sfp/SFP301Bawah.pdf PDF.]</ref> High-income countries have substantially lower fertility rates, and increased [[childlessness]], because people who remain childless or who have small families are less likely to be stigmatized. In many cultures childless women suffer discrimination, stigma, ostracism, and social isolation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = WHO | author-link = World Health Organization | title = Mother or nothing: the agony of infertility | journal = [[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] | volume = 88 | issue = 12 | pages = 877–953 | date = December 2010 | url =https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/12/10-011210/en/ | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140317103929/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/12/10-011210/en/ | url-status =dead | archive-date =17 March 2014 }}</ref>

===Tempo effect===
{{Context|section|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Tokyo_night_view_1.jpg|thumb|[[Japan]], a highly developed country, has low fertility rates and [[aging in Japan|a rapidly aging population]].]]
Total fertility rate (TFR) is affected by a phenomenon called the tempo effect, which describes "distortions due to changes in the timing of births."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Population Change in Europe, the Middle-East and North Africa: Beyond the Demographic Divide|last1=Matthijs|first1=Koenraad|last2=Neels|first2=Karel|last3=Timmerman|first3=Christiane|last4=Haers|first4=Jaques|publisher=Routledge|year=2015}}</ref> [[John Bongaarts]] and Griffith Feeney have suggested that this tempo effect is driving the decline of measured fertility rate in the developed world.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00419.x| title = The End of the Fertility Transition in the Developed World| journal = Population and Development Review| volume = 28| issue = 3| pages = 419–443| year = 2002| last1 = Bongaarts | first1 = J. | author-link1 = John Bongaarts| citeseerx = 10.1.1.533.4803}}</ref> Specifically, the trend in developed countries of having children at later ages can cause the TFR to be underestimated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zeitung |first1=Freisinnige |title=A Short Explanation of the "Tempo Effect |url=https://medium.com/@FreisinnigeZtg/a-short-explanation-of-the-tempo-effect-4d3e72f36a1e |website=Medium |date=13 April 2019 |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref> For example, as measured by the Human Fertility Database, the United States tempo-adjusted TFR was over a 2.1 replacement level between 1992 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tempo-adjusted TFR|url=https://www.humanfertility.org/File/GetDocumentFree/Docs/HFDLite/adjTFR.xlsx|website=Human Fertility Database|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

===Type of partnership===
A study of the United States and multiple countries in Europe came to the result that women who continue to [[cohabit]] rather than get married after birth have significantly lower probability of having a second child than married women in all countries except those in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Perelli-Harris B | title = How Similar are Cohabiting and Married Parents? Second Conception Risks by Union Type in the United States and Across Europe | journal = European Journal of Population | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 437–464 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25395696 | pmc = 4221046 | doi = 10.1007/s10680-014-9320-2 }}</ref> Another study, on the contrary, came to the result that cohabiting couples in [[France]] have equal fertility as married ones.<ref name=balbo2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balbo N, Billari FC, Mills M | title = Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research: La fécondité dans les sociétés avancées: un examen des recherches | journal = European Journal of Population | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–38 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23440941 | pmc = 3576563 | doi = 10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y }}</ref>

A large survey in the United States came to the result that married women had an average of 1.9 children, compared to 1.3 among those cohabiting. The corresponding numbers for men were 1.7 and 1.1, respectively. The difference of 0.6 children for both sexes was expected to decrease to between 0.2 and 0.3 over the lifetime when correcting for the [[confounder]] that married people have their children earlier in life.<ref name=us2012>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr051.pdf|title=Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–44 Years in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010|author1=Gladys Martinez |author2=Kimberly Daniels |author3=Anjani Chandra |publisher=Division of Vital Statistics, [[National Center for Health Statistics]]|year=2012}}</ref>
In the United States, those who cohabit without marrying had increased fertility when the male earns considerably more than the female.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Junfu |last2=Song |first2=Xue |title=Fertility Differences between Married and Cohabiting Couples: A Switching Regression Analysis |ssrn=1136407 |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp3245.pdf |date=December 2007 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1136407 }}</ref>

===Gender expectations and norms===
Social norms both within the family and in society at large determine fertility levels.
The quality of couple relations in terms of support given to the woman matters, with studies on fertility in the high-income world showing a U-shaped relationship between [[gender equity]] within the couple and fertility: in countries with very low fertility rates, the probability of a woman to have the second child occurs at the extremes - either very low gender equality or very high gender equality.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Balbo N, Billari FC, Mills M |title= Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research |journal= European Journal of Population |volume= 29 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–38 |date= February 2013 |pmid= 23440941 |pmc= 3576563 |doi= 10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y }}</ref> This is also reflected at a social level: countries that are neither sufficiently [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] to coerce women into having large families, nor sufficiently egalitarian to incentivize women to have more children through strong support (such as subsidized childcare and good support of working mothers), have very low fertility rates, especially among educated women. Where women are expected to 'choose' between their professional and public life, or having children, the more educated the woman is, the more likely she is to choose the former. The strong emphasis on the domestic role of women in Germany (unlike Scandinavia and France) was described as the cause of the very low fertility in that country.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Kate Connolly |date=21 September 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/21/germany-birthrate-low-falling |title=Germany's birthrate is the lowest in Europe – and falling fast |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32929962 |title=Germany passes Japan to have world's lowest birth rate – study |newspaper=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Luke Harding |date=26 January 2006 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/27/germany.lukeharding |title=Germany agonises over 30% childless women |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Attempts to increase the fertility rate==
{{Further|Natalism}}
There have been several historical attempts to increase the fertility rate via [[natalist]] policies that attempt to encourage women to have more children. Upon the establishment of the [[Roman Empire]], Caesar [[Augustus]] introduced [[Jus trium liberorum|legislation designed to increase the birthrate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Administration of Rome and Italy |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/The-Roman-Senate-and-the-urban-magistracies#ref26655 |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Richard |year=1975 |title=Augustus' Legislation on Marriage and Children |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/25010681 |journal=California Studies in Classical Antiquity |volume=8 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.2307/25010681 |jstor=25010681 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Men aged 20 to 60 and women aged 20 to 50 were legally obliged to marry, and widowed or divorced individuals within the relevant age range were required to remarry. Exemptions were granted to those who had already had three children in the case of free-born people and four in the case of freed slaves. For political or bureaucratic office, preference was given to those with at least three legitimate children. Diminished inheritance rights awaited those who failed to reproduce.<ref name=":12" />

In modern times, one of the most forceful attempts to increase the TFR occurred in [[Communist Romania]] between 1967 and 1990. Communist leader [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] adopted a very aggressive natalist policy that included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, [[Tax on childlessness|taxes on childlessness]], and legal discrimination against childless people. This period was depicted in movies and documentaries (such as ''[[4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days]]'', Children of the Decree). These policies increased birth rates during the period of policy implementation, but was followed by a decline due to increased [[illegal abortion]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group |title= Europe the continent with the lowest fertility |journal= Human Reproduction Update |volume= 16 |issue= 6 |pages= 590–602 |year= 2010 |pmid= 20603286 |doi= 10.1093/humupd/dmq023 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Horga M, Gerdts C, Potts M |title= The remarkable story of Romanian women's struggle to manage their fertility |journal= The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care |volume= 39 |issue= 1 |pages= 2–4 |date= January 2013 |pmid= 23296845 |doi= 10.1136/jfprhc-2012-100498 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Ceaușescu's policy resulted in over 9,000 women who died due to illegal abortions,<ref name="Kligman short">{{cite book |last=Kligman |first=Gail |chapter=Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania |editor-last1=Ginsburg |editor-first1=Faye D. |editor-last2=Rapp |editor-first2=Rayna |title=Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |pages=234–255 |id=AIDSLINE KIE/49442}}</ref> large numbers of children put into orphanages by parents who could not cope with raising them, [[street children]] in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets), and [[overcrowding]] in homes and schools. In addition, Ceaușescu's demographic policies are feared of having very serious effects in the future, because the generations born under Ceaușescu are large (especially the late 1960s and the 1970s), while those born in the 1990s and 2000s are very small. This is believed to cause a very serious demographic shock when the former generations [[Retirement|retire]], as there will be insufficient young people in the workforce to support the elderly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zf.ro/eveniment/ce-se-va-intampla-cand-vor-iesi-la-pensie-decreteii-cei-1-7-milioane-de-romani-care-sustin-economia-5997071|title = Bomba de peste 20 de ani: Ce se va intampla cand vor iesi la pensie "decreteii", cei 1,7 milioane de romani care sustin economia?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zf.ro/eveniment/pensiile-decreteilor-sunt-o-bomba-cu-ceas-statul-le-poate-plati-15-din-salariu-la-batranete-10096647|title=Pensiile "decreţeilor" sunt o bombă cu ceas. Statul le poate plăti 15% din salariu la bătrâneţe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://evz.ro/|title=Evenimentul Zilei|website=Evenimentul Zilei}}</ref> Apart from Romania, a relatively similar policy of restricted [[reproductive rights]] during that period also existed in [[Communist Albania]], under [[Enver Hoxha]] (see [[Abortion in Albania]]).

At present, many governments provide financial incentives to have more children. These include tax allowances for working parents, improving child-care provision, reducing working hours/weekend working in female-dominated professions such as healthcare and a stricter enforcement of anti-discrimination measures to prevent professional women's promotion prospects being hindered when they take time off work to care for children. In 2002, Australia introduced a [[Baby bonus|Baby Bonus]] that did increase birth rates in the years immediately after. The fertility rate also increased to around 2.0 in France and 1.9 in the United Kingdom and some other northern European countries, but the role of population policies in these trends is debated.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2007 |title=Suddenly, the old world looks younger |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> In Italy, for example, natalist policies may have actually discouraged the Italian population from having more children. This "widespread resistance" was the result of the Italian government, at one point,{{when|date=April 2017}} taxing single persons and criminalizing abortion and even contraception.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchesi M |year=2012 |title=Reproducing Italians: contested biopolitics in the age of 'replacement anxiety' |journal=Anthropology & Medicine |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=171–88 |doi=10.1080/13648470.2012.675043 |pmid=22889426 |s2cid=21330049}}</ref>

European analysts{{Who|date=March 2023}} hope, with the help of government incentives and large-scale change towards family-friendly policies, to stall the population decline and reverse it by around 2030, expecting that most of Europe will have a slight natural increase by then.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} [[C. D. Howe Institute]], for example, tries to demonstrate that immigration cannot be used to effectively counter [[population ageing]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/backgrounder_96.pdf |title=No Elixir of Youth: Immigration Cannot Keep Canada Young |last1=Guillemette |first1=Yvan |last2=Robson |first2=William B.P. |date=September 2006 |publisher=C.D. Howe Institute |issue=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414023246/http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/backgrounder_96.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2008 |url-status=dead |work=Backgrounder}}</ref>

==Current effects==
[[Population ageing|Population aging]] may pose an economic challenge to governments as the number of retired citizens drawing public pensions rises in relation to the number of workers. This has been raised as a political issue in [[France]], [[Germany]], and the [[United States]] where many people have advocated policy changes to encourage higher birth and immigration rates.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Analysing data for 40 countries, Lee et al. show that typically fertility well above replacement and population growth would be most beneficial for government budgets. Fertility near replacement and population stability, however, would be most beneficial for standards of living when the analysis includes the effects of age structure on families as well as governments. Fertility moderately below replacement and population decline would maximize standards of living when the cost of providing capital for a growing labour force is taken into account.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Lee R, Mason A |title= Is low fertility really a problem? Population aging, dependency, and consumption |journal= Science |volume= 346 |issue= 6206 |pages= 229–34 |date= October 2014 |pmid= 25301626 |pmc= 4545628 |doi= 10.1126/science.1250542 |bibcode= 2014Sci...346..229L }}</ref>

==Forecasts==
{{See also|Ageing of Europe|Aging of Japan|Aging of the United States|Pensions crisis}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2009}}
[[File:World population (UN).svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|United Nation's population projections by location. 
Note the vertical axis is [[Logarithmic scale|logarithmic]] and represents millions of people.]]
Sub-replacement fertility does not automatically translate into a population decline because of increasing life expectancy and [[population momentum]]: recently high fertility rates produce a disproportionately young population, and younger populations have higher birth rates. This is why some nations with sub-replacement fertility still have a growing population, because a relatively large fraction of their population are still of child-bearing age. But if the fertility trend is sustained (and not compensated by [[immigration]]), it results in [[population ageing]] and/or [[population decline]]. This is already happening and impacts most of the countries of [[Europe]] and [[East Asia]].

Current estimates expect the world's total fertility rate to fall below replacement levels by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web
|title = Population, Health and Human Well-being — Demographics: Total fertility rate (dynamically generated)
|website = EarthTrends
|publisher = World Resources Institute
|url = http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.php?years=1950-1955,1955-1960,1960-1965,1965-1970,1970-1975,1975-1980,1980-1985,1985-1990,1990-1995,1995-2000,2000-2005,2045-2050&variable_ID=369&theme=4&cID=&ccID=0,1,6,2,3,5,8,7,4
|access-date = 13 June 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120117215622/http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/results.php?years=1950-1955%2C1955-1960%2C1960-1965%2C1965-1970%2C1970-1975%2C1975-1980%2C1980-1985%2C1985-1990%2C1990-1995%2C1995-2000%2C2000-2005%2C2045-2050&variable_ID=369&theme=4&cID=&ccID=0%2C1%2C6%2C2%2C3%2C5%2C8%2C7%2C4
|archive-date = 17 January 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> There are several [[projections of population growth]] after 2050. The UN Population Division projects the world population, which is 7.8 billion as of 2020, to level out around 2100 at 10.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/Probabilistic/POP/TOT/900|title=World Population Prospects 2019|date=2019|website=United Nations, Dept of Economic and Social Affairs|access-date=7 May 2022|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211083505/https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/Probabilistic/POP/TOT/900|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|title=World Population Prospects 2019, Population Data, File: Total Population Both Sexes, Medium Variant tab|date=2019|website=United Nations Population Division|access-date=7 May 2022|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174948/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A 2020 study published by The Lancet from researchers funded by the Global Burden of Disease Study promotes a lower growth scenario, projecting that world population will peak in 2064 at 9.7 billion and then decline to 8.8 billion in 2100.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vollset|first1=Stein Emil|last2=Goren|first2=Emily|last3=Yuan|first3=Chun-Wei|date=July 14, 2020|title=Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|journal=Lancet|volume=396 |issue=10258 |pages=1285–1306 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2 |pmid=32679112 |pmc=7561721 }}</ref> An analysis from the [[Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital|Wittgenstein Center]] IIASA predicts global population to peak in 2070 at 9.4 billion and then decline to 9.0 billion in 2100.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Projected world population by level of education|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/projection-of-world-population-ssp2-iiasa|website=Our World In Data}}</ref>

==Cases of fertility rate increases in individual countries==
===European Union===
[[File:2001- Fertility rate in the European Union.svg |thumb |EU fertility has declined in the 2020s.<ref name=Eurostat_2025>{{cite web |title=Record drop in children being born in the EU in 2023 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_find__custom_15648413/default/table?lang=en |website=Eurostat (official website of the European Union) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906085931/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20250307-1 |archive-date=6 September 2025 |date=7 March 2025 |url-status=live}} ● Direct link to data: {{cite web |title=Fertility indicators |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_find__custom_15648413/default/table?lang=en |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=13 December 2025 |doi=10.2908/DEMO_FIND}}</ref>]]
The fertility rate in the European Union declined significantly in the early 2020s.<ref name=Eurostat_2025/>

===United States===
For twenty years, the total fertility rate in the [[United States]] remained relatively stable compared to much of the world.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%22Total%20Fertility%20Rate,%20History%20plus%20Forecast%22&HistFor=True&GrpOp=0&Dim1=175&File=0 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012232/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%22Total%20Fertility%20Rate,%20History%20plus%20Forecast%22&HistFor=True&GrpOp=0&Dim1=175&File=0 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 22 February 2014 |title= Total Fertility Rate of the United States, History plus Forecast |publisher=University of Denver |website=The Frederick S. Pardee Center for [[International Futures]] | access-date = 26 April 2012}}</ref> However, US TFR declined from 2.12 in 2007 to 1.64 in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility Rate, Total for the United States |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SPDYNTFRTINUSA |website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |access-date=25 May 2022 |date=1 January 1960}}</ref>

===Other developed countries===
Some other developed countries experienced temporary increases in their birth rate in the first decade of the 21st century before seeing TFR steadily decline to all-time lows in the subsequent decade, including [[France]], which recorded a TFR of over 2.00 in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1220/ip1220.xls |title=Tabc3 Tableau complémentaire 3 : Taux de fécondité par groupe d'âges |language=fr |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> though it has since declined to 1.8 as 2020;<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - France {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=FR |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]] where TFR increased from 1.64 in 2000 to 1.98 in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Births and Deaths in England and Wales, 2011 (Provisional) |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wales/2011--provisional-/sb-births-and-deaths-first-release--2011.html#tab-Key-findings |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> and then declined to 1.6 in 2020;<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - United Kingdom {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=GB |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> [[Australia]], where the birth rate rose from 1.73 in 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Feature Article 2: Recent Increases in Australia's Fertility |date=7 February 2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/ABS@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/21b3a6d10ca1b6fcca2573d20010ffc8!OpenDocument |work=1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2008 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics }}</ref> to 1.93 in 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3301.0 |title=NOTES |date=28 October 2008 |work=3301.0 – Births, Australia, 2007 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229160940/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3301.0 |archive-date=2008-12-29}} {{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3301.0 |title=Births registered, Summary statistics for Australia(a) |date=13 December 2017 |work=3301.0 – Births, Australia, 2016 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |quote=(a) Includes Other Territories. Births registered on Norfolk Island from 1 July 2016 are included in this publication for the first time. |access-date=2018-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230033213/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3301.0 |archive-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> before declining to 1.6 in 2020,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Australia {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=AU |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> and [[New Zealand]], where the TFR was 2.2 in 2008<ref name="NZ_Herald_10557525">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10557525 |title=Baby boom goes against mothers' advice |author=Collins, Simon |date=19 February 2009 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref> and then declined to 1.6 in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - New Zealand {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=NZ |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

[[Israel]] is the only developed country that has never had sub-replacement fertility; a declining [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Bedouin]] fertility rate is countered by [[Judaism|religious]] [[Jewish]] groups (mostly [[Haredim]]) with higher than average fertility rates. In addition, the (mostly non-religious){{citation needed|date=June 2013}} [[aliyah]] Jews from the former [[USSR]] shifted from a 1 child per woman fertility rate to an average fertility rate close to 2.2 children per woman. As of 2023, Israel's Jewish fertility rate is the highest among OECD countries.[https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-birth-rate-remains-highest-in-oecd-by-far-at-2-9-children-per-woman/]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theettingerreport.com/OpEd/General/Demographic-Optimism,-Not-Pessimism.aspx |title=Demographic Optimism, Not Pessimism |author=Yoram Ettinger |work=The Washington Jewish Week |date=25 July 2008 |via=The Ettinger Report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223001355/http://www.theettingerreport.com/OpEd/General/Demographic-Optimism,-Not-Pessimism.aspx |archive-date=2014-02-23 |access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Fertility and intelligence]]
* [[Population decline]]
* [[Natalism]] in public policy for attempts at reversing sub-replacement fertility without engaging mass immigration
* [[Demography]]
* [[List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate|List of countries and territories by fertility rate]]
* [[Zero population growth]]

;Economic dynamics
* [[Income and fertility]]
* [[Dependency ratio]]
* [[Economic collapse]]
* [[Pensions crisis]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061024195210/http://www.fpri.org/ww/0505.200407.eberstadt.demography.html Four Surprises in Global Demography] By Nicholas Eberstadt
* [http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators&preview=on Worldwide Total Fertility Rates on the World Bank's website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sub-Replacement Fertility}}
[[Category:Population]]
[[Category:Human geography]]
[[Category:Fertility]]
[[Category:Demographic economic problems]]

Spider Girls

2026-03-15T04:50:19Z

NicholasPrentice: started basic post w/ refs...

{{Short description|Bengali conjoined twins}}
{{distinguish|Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta|Spider-Girl{{!}}Spider-Girls|Spider-Girl (comic book){{!}}Spider-Girls (comic book)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ganga and Jamuna Mondal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ayara and Jayara Ratun
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}} or {{birth year and age|1970}}
| birth_place = [[Basirhat]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship = Indian
| employer = Dreamland Circus
| known_for = Being [[conjoined twins]]
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = Gadadhar
| partner =
| children = 1 (deceased)
| parents =
}}
'''Ganga and Jamuna Mondal''' (born '''Ayara and Jayara Ratun''', 1969 or 1970), known professionally as '''The Spider Girls''' and '''The Spider Sisters''', are [[conjoined twins]] from a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family in [[Basirhat]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name="navhindtimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/planet-j/spider-girls |title=Spider girls | iGoa |publisher=Navhindtimes.in |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref>

==Employment==
They work at the travelling "Dreamland Circus" in India.<ref name=Morningstarr>{{cite web|url=http://www.themorningstarr.co.uk/2009/10/26/spider-sisters/|title=Spider Sisters | The Morningstarr* |publisher=|date=2009-10-26 |accessdate=2012-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226162322/http://www.themorningstarr.co.uk/2009/10/26/spider-sisters/|archive-date=2010-02-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their act consists of them sitting on a [[charpoy]] in a tent, with paying spectators allowed entry to view and converse with them. In 2009, they were reported to have earned [[GBP]]26 for five hours a night. They are married to a single man named Gadadhar, a carnival worker.<ref name="navhindtimes1"/>

==Anatomy==
The twins are joined at the abdomen and pelvis, have four arms, and three legs, two of which are fused into a single, nine-toed limb, which remains concealed behind their body. They share a stomach,<ref name="twinstuff1">{{cite web|url=http://www.twinstuff.com/conj-1950.htm |title=Twinstuff Conjoined Twins Timeline, 1950-1969 |publisher=Twinstuff.com |date= January 2010|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> but have two hearts, two kidneys, one liver,<ref name="twinstuff1"/> and one reproductive tract.<ref name="navhindtimes1"/>

The twins have been examined by doctors to determine whether or not they can be separated. However, they have no plans to do so because they feel it would be against God's will, carry too great a medical risk,<ref name="navhindtimes1"/> and would rob them of their employment. They have said, "We are happy as we are. The family will starve if we are separated."<ref name="express1">{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/117686/Circus-twins-refuse-to-be-parted |title=Circus twins refuse to be parted | World | Express.co.uk - Home of the Daily and Sunday Express |publisher=Express.co.uk |date=2009-08-02 |accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref>

==Personal life==
The twins were born Ayara and Jayara Ratun, but their parents changed their names at the age of five to honour the [[Ganga]] and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] rivers.<ref name="express1"/>

Although they both have separate ration cards, they share the same plate at meals. They each vote separately in elections, but when they attempted to open a joint bank account, they were refused.<ref name="navhindtimes1"/>

In 1993, they gave birth to a daughter by [[Caesarean section]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Elizabeth J. Anderson|url=http://www.phreeque.com/jandal_sisters.html|title=Jandal Sisters|publisher=Phreeque.com|date=|accessdate=2012-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327130504/http://www.phreeque.com/jandal_sisters.html|archive-date=2010-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> but she died hours after being born.<ref name=Morningstarr/>

==In the media==
*"Human Spider Sisters", ''[[My Shocking Story]]'', a documentary series
*"[[An Idiot Abroad]]": Season 3, Episodes 2 & 3

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girls, Spider}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Conjoined twins]]
[[Category:Indian twins]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Saptapadi (1961 film)

2026-03-13T19:04:33Z

NicholasPrentice: started a info needs work

{{For|the 1981 Telugu film|Saptapadi (1981 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saptapadi
| image = Saptapadi 1961 Indian Bengali Film.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Saptapadi DVD Cover
| director = [[Ajoy Kar]]
| screenplay = [[Ajoy Kar]]
| producer = [[Uttam Kumar]]
| writer = [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
| based_on = ''Saptapadi'' novel by Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
| starring = {{ubl|[[Suchitra Sen]]|[[Uttam Kumar]]|
[[Chhabi Biswas]]|Chaya Debi}}
| music = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| cinematography = Kanai De, [[Ajoy Kar]]
| editing = {{ubl|Ardhendu Chatterjee|Amiya Mukherjee}}
| studio = Alochaya Production
| distributor = Chayabani Productions Pvt Ltd
| released = {{film date|df=y|1961|10|20}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = est. 8 million
| gross = 100 million.
}}
{{Listen
| type = music
| filename = এই_পথ_যদি_না_শেষ_হয়_(দ্বৈত).mp3
| title = Ei poth jodi na sesh hoy (duet) - Bengali movie song from Saptapadi (1961) (If this path has no end)
| description = Lyricist [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]], composer [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]], singer Hemanta Mukhopadhyay and [[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]]
| pos =
}}

'''''Saptapadi''''' ({{translation|Seven Steps}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Bengali-language]] epic [[romantic drama film]] by [[Ajoy Kar]], starring [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]] and [[Chhaya Debi]]. Music direction and [[playback singing]] for Kumar's voice was by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]] and in Sen's voice by [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]. The story is based on a 1958 same name novel by [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]. This is regarded as one of the greatest romantic films in the history of Bengali cinema. The film went on to become the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest grossing Bengali film in 1961]]. It was featured retrospectively at the [[45th International Film Festival of India|45th IFFI]] in the "homage section" of Indian panorama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/156_IPCatalogue2014.pdf |title=45th IFFI Homage section page 152|date= |accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in [[British Raj|pre-independence India]] in the early 1940s, the story follows young Indian students competing equally with [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]] in all fields, from education to sports. The protagonist, Krishnendu Mukherjee, is a young [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] medical student who falls in love with an equally talented Anglo-Indian [[Christians|Christian]] woman named Rina Brown. They are both students at [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]] and grow close while attending many sporting and cultural events together. There is an interesting rendition of Othello in the film, directed by Utpal Dutt. However, marriage is out of the question due to their different religions. Krishnendu's father, a staunch, conservative Hindu, particularly opposes it, and the couple go their separate ways, only to meet again unexpectedly later in life.

Most of the film is presented in flashbacks, with Krishnendu pondering the past after he unexpectedly encounters a drunk and unconscious Rina in a military hospital.

==Cast==
*[[Uttam Kumar]] as Krishnendu
*[[Suchitra Sen]] as Rina Brown
*[[Chhabi Biswas]] as Krishnendu's Father
*[[Chhaya Devi]] as Rina's maid
*Padma Devi as Krishnendu's mother
*[[Tarun Kumar (Bengali actor)|Tarun Kumar]] as Krishnendu's friend
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Othello (voice-over)
*[[Jennifer Kapoor]] as Desdemona (voice-over)
*[[Dean Gasper]] as Rina Brown's British suitor

==Production==
===Development===
''Saptapadi'' is a reunion of Kumar and Ajay Kar with their production house Alochaya Productions after the mammoth success of ''[[Harano Sur]]''. The film was adapted from [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay|Tarashankar]]'s 1958 novel ''Saptapadi''. Kumar was impressed with the story and thus, bought the rights of the novel. The plot was set during the Second World war in 1942 with flashback scenes narrating the past events. In the novel's ending Krishendu dies, but for the sake of the audiences, the production team decided to change the film's ending so that Krishnendu doesn't die and instead, reunites with Rina Brown. At first, Tarashankar did not agree to this drastic change in the ending. However, the maker had to convince him as the Bengali audience was not yet sophisticated enough to accept a sad ending and the separation of Uttam and Suchitra.

===Casting===
Suchitra Sen finalized for the film as expected. But he demanding the high salary of 100,000 which was very high at that time. Then production team convincing her then finally she reduced her salary. There also a rumored that there was an ego fight between Kumar and Sen during this period.

===Filming===
Shooting commenced in late 1959. But during the production Uttam's father dies. So film shooting was stopped. Later in late 1960 shooting started again but Kumar busy with other films and Sen also a busy artists so there lack of days to shoot, finally the film shooting completed in 1961. For the film Kumar and Sen practiced dance and reading [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. The [[Othello]] play scene in the film had Kumar's voice-over by [[Utpal Dutt]]a and Sen's voice-over by [[Jennifer Kendal|Jennifer Kapoor]].

Kumar was a [[Mohun Bagan]] football fan, and in the football match scene he wanted to play in a Mohun Bagan jersey, but there was none available so he don't want to shoot the scene. Sen who was an East Bengal fan hearing this she forced to him to shoot either she leaved the film. So Kumar played instead in an [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] jersey.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=সুচিত্রার জেদের কাছে হার মেনেই 'সপ্তপদী'তে ইস্টবেঙ্গল জার্সি পরেছিলেন উত্তম |url=https://www.thewall.in/sports/uttamkumar-wore-east-bengal-jersey-surrendering-before-suchitras-zeal-in-saptapadi/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

The famous bike sequence from the song ''Ei Path Jodi Na Sesh Hoe'' Uttam and Suchitra did not ride the bike at all that day. The [[BMW]] bike on which this song was shot was not on the star duo ar all. Film critic Swapan Kumar Mallick unearths the famous scene in his book ''Mahanayak Revisited : The World of Uttam Kumar'' said the director [[Ajoy Kar|Ajay Kar]] manipulated the close-up shots to shoot the bike scene. Multiple dummies were used in long shots. Uttam Suchitra didn't ride that BMW bike.<ref>{{cite web |last=tiyash |date=13 July 2022 |title='সপ্তপদী'র সেই দৃশ্যে বাইকেই চড়েননি উত্তম-সুচিত্রা! কীভাবে হয়েছিল শ্যুটিং {{!}} Saptapadi |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/uttam-kumar-suchitra-sen-never-rode-bike-in-iconic-saptapadi-scene/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Saptapadi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hemant Kumar]]
| cover = SaptapadiDVD.jpg
| released = 1961
| recorded = 1961
| venue =
| studio = Alochaya Productions Private Limited
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 00:11:11
| label = Sa Re Ga Ma
| producer = Uttam Kumar
| prev_title = [[Punashcha]]
| prev_year = 1961
| next_title = [[Sathi Hara]]
| next_year = 1961
| misc = {{External media| audio1 = {{YouTube|gd-JVoChRwM|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
''Saptapadi'''s music was directed by [[Hemant Kumar]], with lyrics by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saptapadi – Film Album | date=6 December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gd-JVoChRwM |publisher=Saregama Bengali |language=bn |via=YouTube}}</ref> The song "Ei Path Jodi Na" was sung by Hemanta for Kumar and by Sandhya for Sen.

===Soundtrack===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Track !! Title !! Artist !! Lyricist !! Notes
|-
|1
|''[[Ei Poth Jodi Na Shesh Hoy (song)|Ei Poth Jodi Na Shesh Hoy]]'' (If This Path Does Not End)
|[[Hemant Kumar]] and [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
|[[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]
|
|-
|2
|''Ei Poth Jodi Na Shesh Hoy'' (If This Path Does Not End)
|[[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
|[[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]
|Repeated. Sandhya Mukherjee's solo
|-
|3
|''On The Merry Go Round''
|[[Suzi Miller]]
|[[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]
|
|}

==Release==
During the advance booking there was long queue and police was lathi charged for the craze. The film was released at [[Durga Puja]] on 20 October 1961. There was huge craze for the film because this was the comeback of Uttam-Suchitra pair more than two years after ''[[Chaowa Pawa (1959 film)|Chaoa Pawa]]'' in 1959. The film was released with another Kumar film ''Dui Bhai''.

Saptapadi entered in [[Moscow International Film Festival|Moscow Film Festival]] in July 1963 with English subtitle as ''Seven Steps'' and nominated for Grand Pix Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajoy Kar {{!}} Apple TV (IN) |url=https://tv.apple.com/in/person/ajoy-kar/umc.cpc.2yw2g8dxgwocqmzykqi093t3g |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=Apple TV |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Reviews===
''Saptapadi'' received overwhelming response from both critics and audiences. It's regarded as one of the greatest and most popular romantic Bengali films ever and still impressing this generation.

In an article of 2021 Get Bengal wrote that ''Saptapadi was not only a romantic masterpiece but it's a message to the hated. In today's times of widening religious divides, this film is an essential reminder of the hollowness and damage-causing potential of bigotry, and the healing power of love.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saptapadi, not just a romantic masterpiece, but a message against hatred |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/saptapadi-not-just-a-romantic-masterpiece-but-a-message-against-hatred |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

[[ThePrint|The Print]] wrote in 2019 ''The film's theme rings too familiar a bell in today's time, with a significant rise in threats to couples marrying outside their faith. The film is a reminder of what could happen when religious beliefs are allowed to overrule feelings of love – it can lead to disaster and despair. And while many such stories have happy endings, reality will be far from being so kind.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothukuchi |first=Madhavi |date=28 July 2019 |title=Uttam Kumar's Saptapadi is the 1960s' inter-faith love story that rings true even today |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/uttam-kumars-saptapadi-is-the-1960s-inter-faith-love-story-that-rings-true-even-today/268996/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was massive success at the box office and breaking all the previous records. It's become all-time blockbuster and ran for 105 days in theater and collected over four times more from the budget. The film become [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest grossing Bengali film in 1961]]. At the same time ''Dui Bhai'' was released which starring also Uttam, that also become superhit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=পুজোয় মুক্তি পাওয়া ছবিতে এখনও এক নম্বরে উত্তমকুমার |url=https://www.rojdin.in/uttam/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=রোজদিন.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[9th National Film Awards]], 1961: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Certificate of Merit for Second Best Feature Film in Bengali]]<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=8 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016}}</ref>
*1962: [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actor Award|BFJA Award for Best Actor]] – Uttam Kumar
*1962: [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|BFJA Award for Best Actress]] – Suchitra Sen
*1963: Grand Prix [Nominee] for Ajoy Kar at [[Moscow International Film Festival]] (1963)

==Legacy==
The song ''Ei Path Jodi Na Sesh Hoe'' become evergreen blast hit and most popular romantic song in the history of Bengali cinema and the iconic bike sequence from that song remembering as one of the greatest romantic scenes ever. The song still popular among the Bengali audience and used many cultural event and social issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=ছবির দৃশ্য তুলে ধরে প্রচারে পুলিশ |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/police-campaign-for-careless-death-of-bikers-without-helmet/articleshow/59230737.cms |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=EI Samay |date=20 June 2017 |language=bn}}</ref>

It was featured retrospectively at the [[45th International Film Festival of India|45th IFFI]] in the "homage section" of Indian panorama, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/156_IPCatalogue2014.pdf |title=45th IFFI Homage section page 152|date= |accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref> Inaugural Film at 31st Kolkata International Film Festival (KIFF), 2025.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0055411|title=Saptapadi}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}
{{Othello}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:1961 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ajoy Kar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films about interracial romance]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films based on Othello]]
[[Category:Indian association football films]]

Snehlata (1936 film)

2026-03-10T13:19:07Z

NicholasPrentice: started basic info nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Snehlata
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = Balwant Bhatt
| producer = Vijayshankar Bhatt
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Jayant
* Gulab
* Panna
* Umakant
* Rajkumari
* Shirin Banu
* Lalobhai
}}
| music = Lallubhai Naik
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Prakash Pictures
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = Gujarati, Hindi
| released = {{Film date|1936}}
| based_on =
| distributor =
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Snehlata''''', also known as '''''Bharat Ki Devi''''', is a 1936 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] and Hindi language film directed by Balwant Bhatt and produced by Vijayshankar Bhatt.

==Plot==
Successful businessman Sudhakar who falls in love with a college girl Snehlata. The love-story progresses in a love triangle and ends in a tragedy.<ref name="JT"/>

==Cast==
The cast is as follows:<ref name="JT"/>
* Jayant
* Gulab
* Panna
* Umakant
* Rajkumari
* Shirin Banu
* Lalobhai
* Jai Writer

==Production==
When talkie films were started, Balwant Bhatt and Vijayshankar Bhatt established Prakash Pictures. Following success of ''Sansarleela'' (1934), they produced black-and-white film ''Snehlata'' in Gujarati as well as Hindi.<ref name="JT">{{Cite web |last=Thanki |first=Harsukh |title=સ્નેહલતા|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%b8%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%a8%e0%ab%87%e0%aa%b9%e0%aa%b2%e0%aa%a4%e0%aa%be/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
===Hindi===
{{Infobox album
| name = Snehlata/Bharat Ki Devi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Lallubhai Naik
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1936
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19nd121TaTE&list=OLAK5uy_lkrfZnzPBKkd0wGjLOBQGKFpFsGqKVR3U&index=1 Saregama]}}
}}
{{tracklist
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
|all_music= Lallubhai Naik
|all_lyrics= Vijayshankar Bhatt<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snehlata (1936)|url=http://myswar.co/album/snehlata-1936 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=MySwar}}</ref>

| title1 = Sambhal Kar Rakh Kadam
| extra1 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Tum Ho Kisi Ke Ghar Ke Ujale
| extra2 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Moorakh Man Bharmane
| extra3 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Hey Dhanya Tu Bharat Naari
| extra4 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length4 =

}}

===Gujarati===
The songs of Gujarati version of film had become popular.<ref name="JT"/> "Tame Mara Devna Didhel Chho" was written [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] and had become popular.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોની ગઈકાલ : ભાગ – ૭ |url=https://www.newzviewz.com/gujarati/news-detail/yesterday-s-gujarati-movies-part-7 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.newzviewz.com |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack is as follows:<ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=4-5 |edition=First}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
|all_music= Lallubhai Naik<ref name="JT"/>
|all_lyrics= Raghunath Brahmabhatt<ref name="JT"/>

| title1 = ''Vishay Premna Panth Jagatma''
| extra1 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length1 =

| title2 = ''Tame Mara Devna Didhel Chho''
| extra2 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length2 = 3:11

| title3 = ''Tame Harya Amari Chhe Jeet Mano Ne Tame Man Ghela''
| extra3 =
| length3 =

| title4 = ''Bharan Panghatava Akeli May Gai Ree''
| extra4 =
| length4 =

| title5 = ''Palpal Amari Ankhathi Aaghaa Kadi Jasho Nahi''
| extra5 =
| length5 =

| title6 = ''Aavo Naseeb Ajamavava Khulla Amara Dwar Chhe''
| extra6 =
| length6 =

| title7 = ''Madhura Sandeh Kaink Lave Jeevan Jagaveshi''
| extra7 =
| length7 =

| title8 = ''Surana Shuddha Premine Badha Raspan Ochha Chhe..''
| extra8 = Lallubhai Naik, Ismail
| length8 =

| title9 = ''Sahu Sahuni Mastima Baheni Mast Bani Sahu Dole''
| extra9 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length9 =

| title10 = ''Kya Chhe Musafir Sukh Jagatma Fogat Fanfa Mare''
| extra10 =
| length10 =

| title11 = ''Kyare Nazar Pade E Murti Mruduta Bhari''
| extra11 =
| length11 =

| title12 = ''Hai Aaj Jagat Tu Tyagi Thai Amar Puri Anuragi''
| extra12 = [[Rajkumari Dubey]]
| length12 =

}}

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1930s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:1936 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

{{1930s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Gujarati-film-stub}}

Muniya

2026-03-04T07:30:22Z

NicholasPrentice: started new entry

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muniya
| image = Muniya 2009.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = T. Nagachandra
| writer = Malavalli Saikrishna (dialogue)
| screenplay = S. Kumar
| story = T. Nagachandra
| based_on = 
| producer = A Rajgopal Reddy M Muniraju
| starring = [[Mayur Patel]] Sahitya
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mathew Rajan
| editing = Damodar Kanasur
| music = [[Abhimann Roy]]
| studio = Sri Sadguru Entertainers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|7|24|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/muniya-2009|title=Muniya|work=Chiloka|access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Muniya''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] directed by T. Nagachandra and starring [[Mayur Patel]] and Sahitya. The film was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
*[[Mayur Patel]] as Muniya
*Sahitya as Gowri
*Sheethal
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Abhimann Roy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/muniya/Cd2R5Galq3A_|title=Muniya|work=[[JioSaavn]]|date=2009|access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Attack Machi
| extra1 = Badri Prasad
| length1 = 4:46
| title2 = Daasiya Madiko
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:10
| title3 = Kanhi Kari Hudugiyoblu
| extra3 = Sunitha S. Murali, G. Gurumurthy
| length3 = 4:01
| title4 = O Chandamama
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:49
| title5 = O Chandamama Theme
| extra5 = {{Emdash}}
| length5 = 4:46
| title6 = Ola Ola Olavina
| extra6 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Anusha
| length6 = 4:31
| total_length = 28:13
}}
== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "''Muniya'' is a film made for the sake of making one; not with not with the intention of narrating a good story. And like most such efforts, it fails".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/muniya-been-there-done-with-that/articleshow/22088742.cms|title=Muniya: Been there, done with that|date=25 July 2009|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half stars and wrote that "Go for this only if you have patience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/27/muniya-one-more-underworld-film.htm|title=Muniya, one more underworld film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|date=27 July 2009|access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "If you have patience to withstand and watch the boring first half, ''Muniya'' may appeal to you in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6679/kannada/muniya/2262/review.htm|title=Muniya Kannada Movie|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|date=27 July 2009}}</ref>

==Remake==
Amongst four films, [[Madan Patel]] announced the remake of ''Muniya'' titled ''Muniyandi'' in Tamil in December of 2010;{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} however, the film was remade as ''[[Puli Vesham]]'' (2011).{{efn|The remake credits the original story to Nagachandra.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAARPuIFvnk|title=Puli Vesham {{!}} Puli Vesham Full Movie {{!}} R. K {{!}} Karthik {{!}} Sadha {{!}} Tamil Latest Movies {{!}} Tamil Movies|time=1:30}}</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14188418}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Sollathaan Ninaikkiren

2026-03-04T04:52:51Z

NicholasPrentice: started first data first draft...

{{short description|1973 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sollathaan Ninaikkiren
| image = Sollathaan Ninaikkiren.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| screenplay = K. Balachander
| producer = Manian 'Vidhwan' Ve. Lakshmanan
| based_on = {{based on|''Ilavu Kaatha Kili''|Manian}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[S. V. Subbaiah]]|[[Sivakumar]]|[[Kamal Haasan]]|[[Jayachitra]]|[[Srividya]]|[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]|[[Jayasudha]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Udhayam Productions
| released = {{film date|1973|12|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sollathaan Ninaikkiren''''' ({{Translation|I Am Trying to Say...}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. Starring [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Srividya]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] and [[Jayasudha]], it is based on the novel ''Ilavu Kaatha Kili'' by Manian. The film was released on 7 December 1973. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Ammayilu Jagratha''. Balachander remade the film in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]''.

== Plot ==
Raghavan arrives at the office to assume his role as manager, only to find Sivaraman—a mentally unstable former head clerk and widower—occupying the position. Alarmed by the situation, the staff call Sivaraman's daughter, Manjula, a schoolteacher, who gently escorts her father back home.
Meanwhile, Kamal, a wealthy but idle womanizer, reconnects with his old friend Raghavan at a local club. Raghavan invites him to visit sometime, though Kamal's intentions seem more self-indulgent than cordial.

On New Year's Day, a noticeably steadier Sivaraman, returns to the office and invites Raghavan for a festive lunch at his home. Though Manjula and her sister Kamala doubt he will show up, they lovingly prepare an elaborate meal. Raghavan, who lives with a cook who cares for his motherless child, decides to accept the invitation—and during the visit, he meets the youngest of Sivaraman’s daughters, Pushpa.

In Raghavan’s absence, Kamal exploits the opportunity by bringing a woman from the club into Raghavan’s home. Displeased by this breach of trust, Raghavan decides to rent part of his house to Sivaraman’s family, offering them a safe and dignified place to stay.

As time passes, both Manjula and Kamala quietly fall for Raghavan. One day, Raghavan offers to post a letter Kamala wrote to a friend and reads it, discovering her affection. However, his own feelings lean toward Pushpa. Pushpa, in turn, realizes her sister Kamala loves Raghavan.
At college, Pushpa sees Kamal’s poor treatment of women—especially her friend who was discarded by him. Kamal also influences his younger brother to drink, prompting Pushpa to intervene. In doing so, she learns his identity and confronts Kamal. He shamelessly reveals a list of women he hopes to seduce—Pushpa among them. Outraged, she vows never to fulfill his fantasy.

At home, worry grows as Pushpa returns late, prompting Manjula and Kamala to accuse their father of neglect. Sivaraman confesses his helplessness due to unemployment and lack of savings. Raghavan steps in, promising to find suitable grooms for the daughters, starting with Manjula. Unfortunately, she realizes her love for him is one-sided.
Pushpa later confronts Kamal’s mother, who misjudges her intentions and offers money to make amends for her son’s misconduct.
Two marriage prospects visit Manjula’s home—both reject her. One man, Kathiresan (an acquaintance of Raghavan), prefers Kamala instead. Around this time, Manjula discovers that Raghavan’s cook is the father of the child she’s been helping.

Pushpa comforts her friend Sudha, who is forced to marry a much older man, Prabhu. At the wedding, Kamal leers at Sudha, and later attempts to seduce her during a visit to her home. He entices Prabhu with his luxury car, and while Prabhu is away for a test drive, Kamal makes a move on Sudha.
One evening, Kamala stumbles into Raghavan’s room and discovers a portrait he painted—of Pushpa. Heartbroken, she confronts him, and he confesses his feelings. Kamala, through her own pain, encourages him to speak up, and accepts Kathiresan’s marriage proposal.

Kamal and Sudha plot to elope, but Prabhu overhears. He begs Pushpa to stop them. She races to Kamal’s home, arriving before he leaves for the airport. Kamal, still obsessed with Pushpa, tries to seduce her, but she cleverly halts time—literally stopping the clock—to prevent his escape.
On Pushpa’s birthday, Raghavan plans to propose, but the recent chaos leaves him hesitant. Kamala asks him to consider marrying Manjula instead. Raghavan approaches her, but she declines—haunted by his past connection with the cook. Yet, while caring for the cook’s child, she begins to admire his character. She suggests marriage, but the cook refuses, feeling too poor and unworthy. Later, when he returns a lost purse, Manjula symbolically wears widow’s clothing—revealing her own sense of societal invisibility. Moved, the cook agrees to marry her.

In the end, Sivaraman is reinstated in his job thanks to Raghavan, who himself receives a transfer to another city, closing a chapter filled with love, heartbreak, redemption, and quiet transformations.

== Cast ==
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Sivaraman<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Sivakumar]] as Raghavan<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Kamal<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=கமல் பேரு கமல்; ரஜினி பேரு ரஜினி! கேரக்டர்களுக்கும் அவங்க பெயர்! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3420-kamal-peru-kamal-rajini-peru-rajini-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190118065919/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3420-kamal-peru-kamal-rajini-peru-rajini-2.html |archive-date=18 January 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Jayachitra]] as Pushpa<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2014 |title=தண்ணி கருத்திருச்சு... |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=23290&ncat=19&Print=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203054038/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=23290&ncat=19&Print=1 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Srividya]] as Kamala<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Manjula<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Jayasudha]] as Sudha<ref name="thiraippada solai" />
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Sudha's husband, Prabhu<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashankar |first=Sudha |date=17 October 1987 |title=Poornam: 'acting is a commitment' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871017&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=19 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Sekhar (actor)|Master Sekhar]] as Kamal's brother

== Production ==
''Sollathaan Ninaikkiren'' is based on the novel ''Ilavu Kaatha Kili'' by Manian.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2015 |title=நாவல்கள், திரைப்படங்களாக உருமாறும்போது... |url=https://www.dinamani.com/editorial-articles/special-stories/2015/apr/06/நாவல்கள்-திரைப்படங்களாக-உர-1094199.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417180255/https://www.dinamani.com/editorial-articles/special-stories/2015/apr/06/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0-1094199.html |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The novel had been performed over 100 times as a stage play. The novel was later made into a film by Manian and 'Vidhwan' Ve. Lakshmanan under the production banner Udhayam Productions.<ref name="Maalai Malar" /> The film was launched at Gemini Studios. [[S. S. Balan]] clapped the board while [[M. G. Ramachandran]] switched on the camera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 1973 |title='சொல்லத்தான் நினைக்கிறேன்' படப்பிடிப்பு துவங்கியது |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_49/4.jp2/0,0,5839,8543/5839,8543/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216111110/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_49/4.jp2/0,0,5839,8543/5839,8543/0/default.jpg |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Thangappan Master was initially hired as the dance choreographer, but as K. Balachander objected to whom Kamal Haasan called "the traditional cinema dance master", and wanted a younger man, Haasan hired [[Raghuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 October 2014 |title=Enriching cinema, Kamal style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/enriching-cinema-kamal-style/article6506926.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515155420/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/enriching-cinema-kamal-style/article6506926.ece |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Haasan worked as an assistant director of this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 December 2010 |title=Cupid calling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Cupid-calling/article15589255.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216013204/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article945879.ece |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=12 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The final length of the film was {{Convert|4589.68|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 December 1975 |title='Sollathan Ninaikiren' (Tamil) (35 mm.) (B&W.) (India). |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1975.418/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240408104605/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1975.418/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=2090 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The song "Kalyanam Kacheri" was shot at Gemini Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 1973 |title=ஜெயசுதா செல்வந்தரை மணந்தார் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_71/4.jp2/0,0,5686,8483/5686,8483/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216111517/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_71/4.jp2/0,0,5686,8483/5686,8483/0/default.jpg |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sollaththan Ninaikkiren (1973) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165757/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001300 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=7 July 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The title song is based on [[Keeravani]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kalyanam Kachari" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:32
|-
| "Malar Pol Sirrppathu" || [[Vani Jairam]] || 04:27
|-
| "Pallavi Endru" || [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]] || 05:06
|-
| "Sollathaan Ninaikkiren" || [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[S. Janaki]] || 03:13
|-
| "Sollathaan Ninaikkiren" (Sad) || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || 02:00
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Sollathaan Ninaikkiren'' was released on 7 December 1973.<ref name="Maalai Malar" /> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 30 December 1973, positively reviewed the film for Balachander's writing and the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 1973 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: சொல்லத்தான் நினைக்கிறேன் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39872--2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200515160044/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39872--2 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' also gave the film a positive review.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=6 January 1974 |title=சொல்லத்தான் நினைக்கிறேன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1974/jan/06-01-1974/p36.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727090757/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1974/jan/06-01-1974/p36.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=36 |language=ta}}</ref> ''Navamani'' praised the acting, dialogues and direction.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 December 1973 |title=சொல்லத்தான் நினைக்கிறேன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_31/4.jp2/0,0,5767,8452/5767,8452/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216061721/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_31/4.jp2/0,0,5767,8452/5767,8452/0/default.jpg |archive-date=16 Dec 2025 |access-date=16 Dec 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Ammayilu Jagratha''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} Balachander remade the film in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=18 July 2020 |title=A rare talent for spotting talent, Actor Ramesh Aravind on K Balachander |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jul/18/a-rare-talent-for-spotting-talent-actor-ramesh-aravind-on-k-balachander-2171233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507054235/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jul/18/a-rare-talent-for-spotting-talent-actor-ramesh-aravind-on-k-balachander-2171233.html |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The title of the film inspired a television series of same name, produced by K. Balachander for [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=25 March 2009 |title=All about relationships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/All-about-relationships/article15931533.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190118063505/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/All-about-relationships/article15931533.ece |archive-date=18 January 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="thiraippada solai">{{Cite news |last=சிவகுமார் |author-link=Sivakumar |date=7 June 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 38: சொல்லத்தான் நினைக்கிறேன் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/679475-thiraippada-solai-38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607145815/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/679475-thiraippada-solai-38.html |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Maalai Malar">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=பாலசந்தரின் மற்றொரு புதுமைப்படைப்பு - அவள் ஒரு தொடர்கதை |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2021/01/27035552/2299062/cinima-history-balachandar.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506091012/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2021/01/27035552/2299062/cinima-history-balachandar.vpf |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Balachander}}
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Amazon Obhijaan

2026-03-04T00:33:38Z

NicholasPrentice: enhance structure and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|2017 film by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English| date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amazon Obhijaan
| image = Official_Poster_of_Amazon_Obhijaan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee ]]
| producer = Mahendra Soni [[Shrikant Mohta]]
| writer = [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
| based_on = {{based on|Characters of [[Chander Pahar]], created|[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
*[[Laboni Sarkar]]
*[[David James (actor, born 1972)|David James]]
*Svetlana Gulokava
}}
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| editing = [[Rabiranjan Maitra]]
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = Shree Venkatesh Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|12|22|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon Obhijaan: A monumental film in Bengali cinema| url= https://www.in.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-a-monumental-film-in-bengali-cinema-80267.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171202111355/https://www.in.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-a-monumental-film-in-bengali-cinema-80267.htm| url-status= dead| archive-date= 2 December 2017| date = 2 December 2017 | accessdate = 12 January 2018 | publisher = www.in.com}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MUEwODA3MTEyMDE3MDAwMzQ=|title=CBFC | Search Film }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}20 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news|title=SVF unveils biggest film poster for Bengali film 'Amazon Obhijaan'|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/svf-unveils-the-biggest-film-poster-for-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/61510003.cms|newspaper=Economic Times|accessdate=13 March 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171409/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/svf-unveils-the-biggest-film-poster-for-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/61510003.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Approx.}}{{INR}}48.63{{ndash}}50 [[crore]]{{efn|name="Amazon ObhijaanBO"|''Amazon Obhijaan''{{'s}} reported box office varies between ₹48.53 crore (''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''<ref name="The Statesman">{{cite news |title='Amazon Obhijan' becomes highest grossing Bengali film ever |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijan-becomes-highest-grossing-bengali-film-ever-1502565557.html/amp |access-date = 17 January 2018 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064615/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/amazon-obhijan-becomes-highest-grossing-bengali-film-ever-1502565557.html |archive-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>) – ₹50 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=উচ্চারণ নিয়ে কটাক্ষ! এদিকে টলিউডের সর্বোচ্চ আয়কারী সিনেমার তালিকায় দেবের ৫ ছবি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-box-office-a-report-claims-dev-dominates-top-5-bengali-film-with-amazon-obhijaan-chander-pahar-projapoti-31696239561757.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211063047/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-box-office-a-report-claims-dev-dominates-top-5-bengali-film-with-amazon-obhijaan-chander-pahar-projapoti-31696239561757.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> and ''[[Indian Express]]''<ref name="iexpress">{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='টলিউডের বাদশা'! জিৎ-প্রসেনজিৎকে টেক্কা দিয়ে নয়া 'দুরন্ত' রেকর্ড গড়লেন দেব |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-dev-sets-new-record-with-projapoti-543675/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=11 February 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''Amazon Obhijaan''''' ({{Literal translation}} The Amazon Expedition) is a 2017 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action-adventure film]] written and directed by [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] and produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]] and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].<ref name="Amazon abhijan">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Devs-Amazon-adventure-starts-now/articleshow/52127042.cms|title=Dev's Amazon adventure starts now! - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Starring [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]] in the lead role of [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri|Shankar]], it is the sequel to 2013 film ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' and the second installment of ''[[Chander Pahar (franchise)|Chander Pahar]]'' film series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow_comments/53671271.cms|title=Locations of Dev's Amazon Obhijan will make you gasp - The Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film revolves around Shankar, an adventurer who, along with a lady and her father, travels to [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]] in search of the City of Gold, [[El Dorado]].

''Amazon Obhijaan'' marked the 100th film of the production house.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Shree-Venkatesh-Films-on-a-new-high-with-its-100th-film-production/articleshow/52024602.cms|title=Shree Venkatesh Films on a new high with its 100th film production|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Released in the theatres on 22 December 2017, it is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest-grossing Bengali film of all time]].<ref name='highest grossing Bengali film'>{{cite news |title='Amazon Obhijan' becomes highest grossing Bengali film ever! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijan-becomes-highest-grossing-bengali-film-ever-1502565557.html |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=16 January 2018 |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175516/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/amazon-obhijan-becomes-highest-grossing-bengali-film-ever-1502565557.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 January 2018, the film was dubbed and released in five languages: [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Amazon Obhijaan’ to witness nationwide release on January 5 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-witness-nationwide-release-january-5-1502557162.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=4 January 2018}}</ref> It also became the first [[Cinema of West Bengal| Bengali film]] to release theatrically in [[United Kingdom]] on 12 January 2018, in 30 years.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=March 2022}}
The sequel to the Chander Pahar film, the story shifts to 5 years after the incidents of [[Chander Pahar]]. In 1915, [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri|Shankar]] living in his hometown when he is approached by a young Italian woman named Anna Florian to accompany her and her father, Marco Florian, in finding mythical [[El Dorado]], the city of gold in [[Amazon River|Amazon]]. Thus, the journey of Shankar begins.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri]]
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Shankar's mother
* Tamal Ray Chowdhury as Shankar's father
* [[David James (actor, born 1972)|David James]] as Marco Florian<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-south-african-actor-david-james-recollects-magical-experience-of-acting-in-amazon-obhijaan-2562270|title=South African actor David James recollects 'magical experience' of acting in Amazon Obhijaan|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|accessdate=24 Nov 2017|archive-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125230535/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-south-african-actor-david-james-recollects-magical-experience-of-acting-in-amazon-obhijaan-2562270|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Svetlana Gulakova as Anna Florian
* [[Eduardo Munniz]] as Ankoma
* Augusto Cesar as Doctor
}}

==Production==
===Development and casting===
In earlier 2014, according to a Bengali magazine, director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] has already penned the script, taking the story forward from where it left and [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] has been quoted as saying that the next location, after the African safari, will be the dense forests of [[Amazon rainforest]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Dev-Kamaleswar-planning-Chander-Pahar-sequel/articleshow/47655129.cms|title=Dev, Kamaleswar planning Chander Pahar sequel!|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 June 2015|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203175222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Dev-Kamaleswar-planning-Chander-Pahar-sequel/articleshow/47655129.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film has been titled ''Amazon Obhijan''.<ref name="Amazon abhijan" />

===Filming===
Initially, the makers planned to shot the film in [[Siberia]]. But the director decided to shift the film to a rainforest. Although [[Malaysia]] was considered for the shoot, [[Amazon rainforest]] was finalised owing to its adventurous landscapes. The shooting was started from May 2016.<ref name="Amazon abhijan"/> The initial parts of the film which depicted Dev aka Shankar's home in India, was shot in [[Bolpur]]. The remaining majority of the film was shot across different locations in [[Brazil]] and the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]]. The underwater sequences were mostly shot in the rivers [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and [[Solimões River|Rio Solimões]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive shots from Dev's Amazon Obhijaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/exclusive-shots-from-devs-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/52450301.cms |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

While filming for a scene, Dev hurt his right foot. In an interview with [[The Telegraph (India)| The Telegraph]], he said that he stepped around the sharp edge of a branch, which went through his boot and pierced his foot. The injured part got swollen and took painkillers and injections as primary treatment. Despite pain, he resumed filming the next day and shot for those scenes, where he was sitting down. He also spoke about a near escape while they were shooting under a tree. Hearing a branch snapping sound, they jumped away from under the tree and the tree fell down the very next moment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev’s Amazon adventure |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-rsquo-s-amazon-adventure/cid/1424198 |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

==Marketing==
{{Infobox graphic novel
|title = Amazon Obhijaan
|image =
|caption =
|alt =
|publisher =
|date = 11 November 2017
|origpublication =
|origissues =
|transisbn =
|origlanguage = Bengali and English
|writers = [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|artist =
|creator = {{based on|''[[Chander Pahar]]''|[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]}}
|pages = 160
}}

The first poster and teaser released on 21 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/teaser-of-amazon-obhijaan-launched-on-digital-platforms/1152106|title=Teaser of 'Amazon Obhijaan' launched on digital platforms|publisher=|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002300/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/teaser-of-amazon-obhijaan-launched-on-digital-platforms/1152106|url-status=live}}</ref> A 320 feet long and 190 feet wide poster was launched on 4 November 2017, at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] and made a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] of the biggest film poster in the history of India, breaking the record previously held by ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|Baahubali]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/biggest-poster-measuring-60800-sq-ft-of-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan-launched-at-mohun-bagan-in-kolkata-2602828/|title=Biggest Poster Measuring 60,800 Sq Ft of Bengali Film Amazon Obhijaan Launched At Mohun Bagan in Kolkata|author=India.com Buzz Desk|date=5 November 2017|publisher=|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112132348/http://www.india.com/buzz/biggest-poster-measuring-60800-sq-ft-of-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan-launched-at-mohun-bagan-in-kolkata-2602828/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/svf-unveils-the-biggest-film-poster-for-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/61510003.cms|title=SVF unveils the biggest film poster for Bengali film 'Amazon Obhijaan'|first=Anuradha|last=Himatsingka|date=4 November 2017|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112140834/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/svf-unveils-the-biggest-film-poster-for-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/61510003.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 1 December 2017<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/amazon-obhijaan-trailer-dev-chander-pahar-sequel-shankar-roy-chowdhury/137214|title=Amazon Obhijaan trailer: From anacondas to panthers, this Bengali movie is making Twitter go WOW|publisher=[[Times Now]]|accessdate=1 December 2017|archive-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052625/http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/amazon-obhijaan-trailer-dev-chander-pahar-sequel-shankar-roy-chowdhury/137214|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-trailer-devs-film-marks-monumental-feat-for-bengali-film-industry-4237399.html|title=Amazon Obhijaan trailer: Dev's film marks monumental feat for Bengali film industry|work=[[Firstpost]]|accessdate=1 December 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201213548/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-trailer-devs-film-marks-monumental-feat-for-bengali-film-industry-4237399.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in Bengali, Assamese, Odia, Hindi, Tamil and Telugu languages.<ref>{{cite news|title= హాలీవుడ్ రేంజ్‌లో మరో భారతీయ సినిమా! (Bengali Movie Amazon Obhijaan To Release In Six Languages)|work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://m.telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/bengali-movie-amazon-obhijaan-to-release-in-six-languages/articleshow/61997404.cms|date= 9 December 2017|accessdate= 10 December 2017}}</ref>

===Graphic novel===
As a part of the promotional material, the makers released a [[graphic novel]] titled the same as the film, ''Amazon Obhijaan'', on 11 November 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel-launched/1186534|title=Amazon Obhijaan graphic novel launched|publisher=|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112132154/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel-launched/1186534|url-status=live}}</ref> Written by the film's director [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]], it is available in English and Bengali.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel-launched-1084549-2017-11-11|title=Amazon Obhijaan graphic novel launched|date=11 November 2017 |publisher=|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115203854/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel-launched/1/1087602.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/svf-launches-the-amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel/|title=সবচেয়ে বড় পোস্টারের পর গ্রাফিক নভেল, ফের চমক 'আমাজন অভিযান'-এর|publisher=|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218002633/http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/svf-launches-the-amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel/|archive-date=18 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amazon Obhijaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=05|s=22}}
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer = {{flatlist|
* [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd]]
}}
| prev_title = [[Yeti Obhijaan]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc =
}}

[[Indraadip Dasgupta]] was signed to compose the music of the film. (The songs as well as the background score). The lyrics were penned by Prasen.

The film included only one song in the album. "Chol Naa Jai", sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and back vocals by Ishan Mitra, Sayan Ghosh, Amit Chatterjee was released on 16 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chol Naa Jai (Original) - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/chol-naa-jai-original-single/1631825685 |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chol Naa Jai
| length1 = 5:22
| lyrics1 = Prasen
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| total_length = 5:22
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released theatrically on 22 December 2017 in the original [[Bengali language]]. On 5 January 2018, the dubbed versions were released in Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Odia and Assamese languages.<ref>{{cite news |title='Amazon Obhijaan' to be first Bengali movie to release in six languages |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/amazon-obhijaan-to-be-first-bengali-movie-to-release-in-six-languages-117120200484_1.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2 December 2017}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film had its television premiere in Bengali on 27 May 2018 on [[Star Jalsha]]. The Hindi version was premiered on [[Star Plus]] on 16 September 2018.

==Reception==
Ronita Goswami of ''[[Zee Media Corporation|Zee 24 Ghanta]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Amazon Obhijaan is a remarkable feat in Indian cinema in the genre of jungle adventure." She praised the direction, narration, sets, cinematography, background music and acting of the lead cast, specially Dev.<ref>{{cite news |last1=গোস্বামী |first1=রণিতা |title='এলডোরাডো' খুঁজতে গিয়ে বিপদসংকুল পথে শঙ্কর, কেমন ছিল দেবের সেই অভিযান? পড়ুন ফিল্ম রিভিউ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-movie-review-this-fact-about-amazon-obhijaan-will-blow-your-mind_182253.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=23 December 2017 |language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Bhaswati Ghosh of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Amazon Obhijaan is the big scale Bengali commercial film and Bengal's answer to South Indian biggies like Baahubali." She praised the cinematography but criticised the narration, screenplay, VFX, background score and the dialogue delivery. She additionally praised the director and production house for their attempt to take Bengali cinema "one step further."<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=ভাস্বতী |title=অ্যামাজন অভিযান: অন্তত বাণিজ্যের অভিযান সফল |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/movie-review-of-amazon-obhijaan/moviereview/62278791.cms |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=9 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing, "One must watch the film. Not only because of its grandeur but also to savour Kamaleswar’s imagination. The mythic city of El Dorado is pretty much the same as we had imagined in childhood. And finally, the film ends where it all began — with a reference to ''[[National Geographic]]'', the book that opened up the idea of Shankar’s first adventure, ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'', many years ago."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/amazon-obhijaan/movie-review/62229265.cms |title=Amazon Obhijaan Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601061509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/amazon-obhijaan/movie-review/62229265.cms |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Bhaskar Chattopadhyay of the ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "While lavishly planned and mounted, the film is ruthlessly slaughtered by its absolutely shoddy writing and equally cringe-worthy execution." He crticised the film for the unnecessary excesses in every department - the editing, dialogues, cinematography, art direction, background score, sound design, costumes and the makeup.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Bhaskar |title=Amazon Obhijaan movie review: This is not the expedition we signed up for |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-movie-review-this-is-not-the-expedition-we-signed-up-for-4282431.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=31 December 2017}}{{rating|1|5}}</ref>

Sayantan Mondal of ''[[The Quint]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "‘Amazon Obhijaan’ is insipid, boring, lethargic and absolutely avoidable just like linking your Aadhar card." He mentioned how the cringe dialogues made the character of Shankar look more like an insurance agent and less of an explorer as if he was trying to sell an insurance policy to Anna.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Sayantan |title=‘Amazon Obhijaan’ Review: Dev and David James in the Swachh Woods |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/amazon-obhijaan-review |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=24 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5125414}}
* {{Facebook|amazonobhijaanmovie}}

{{Chander_Pahar}}
{{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}
{{Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films set in Brazil]]
[[Category:2010s action adventure films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films set in the Amazon]]
[[Category:Lost world films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Western (genre) films]]

Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku

2026-03-03T21:43:55Z

NicholasPrentice: basic expanded citations for clarity and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku
| image = Kshamichu ennoru vaakku.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer =
| writer = {{ubl|A. R. Mukesh|[[Kaloor Dennis]] (dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Kaloor Dennis
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]|[[Shobana]]}}
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = JB Combines
| distributor = JB Combines
| released = {{Film date|1986|4|11|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kshamichu Ennoru Vaakku''''' ({{Translation}} A word of Apology) is a 1986 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Joshiy]]. The film stars [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Mammootty]] and [[Shobhana]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1864|title=Kshamichu Ennoru Vaakku|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1620|title=Kshamichu Ennoru Vaakku|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kshamichu-ennoru-vakku-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022191632/http://spicyonion.com/title/kshamichu-ennoru-vakku-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2014|title=Kshamichu Ennoru Vaakku|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mammootty]] as Adv. Ravindranath
* [[Shobana]] as Indu, Ravindranath's wife
* [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]] as Satheesh
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Sreedevi, Satheesh's lover
* K.P.A.C. Sunny as Veera Raghava Menon
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Shanthamma
* Master Prasobh as Sreedevi's Son
* [[Srividya]] as Sasikala
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Rajani (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Watch Paramu
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Panikkar
* [[Jose Prakash]] as Judge
* [[Kanakalatha]] as Police Constable
* Santhosh

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aathmaavin Sangeetham Nee" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Aathmaavin Sangeetham Nee" (F) || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Ente Uyiraayi Nee Maari" || K. S. Chithra, [[Unni Menon]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 4 || "Ragangal Raginikal" || K. S. Chithra || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0271603}}
{{Joshiy}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Megham

2026-03-03T21:18:41Z

NicholasPrentice: minor expand formatting after review and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Megham
| caption = VCD cover
| image = Megham.jpg
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = [[Suresh Balaje]]
| screenplay = [[T. Damodaran]]
| story = Priyadarshan
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Dileep]] 
[[Sreenivasan]] [[Priya Gill]] [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] [[Pooja Batra]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Cochin Haneefa]] [[Captain Raju]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Sankar
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Sitara Combines
| distributor = [[Pranavam Arts International|Pranavam Movies (P) Ltd]]
| released = {{Film date|1999|4|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Megham''''' ({{Translation|[[Cloud]]}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Priyadarshan]], written by [[T. Damodaran]], produced by [[Suresh Balaje]] and distributed by [[Mohanlal]] through [[Pranavam Arts International|Pranavam Movies]]. It stars [[Mammootty]], [[Dileep]], [[Priya Gill]], [[Pooja Batra]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Captain Raju]] and [[Cochin Haneefa]]. The music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1259/malayalam/megham/index.htm|title=Megham (1999) | Megham Malayalam Movie | Movie Reviews, Showtimes|access-date=3 October 2010|archive-date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008115653/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1259/malayalam/megham/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/5273/megham.html |title = Megham - Malayalam Movie Reviews, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast … |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218031645/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/5273/megham.html |archive-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/when-pooja-batra-met-megham-co-star-mammootty-after-so-long-in-budapest-see-pics-2593207|title=When Pooja Batra Met Megham Co-Star Mammootty "After So Long" In Budapest. See Pics|work=NDTV}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Colonel|Col]]. Ravi Varma Thampuran decides to go on leave for two months and travel alone to avoid depression after his wife leaves him. During his journey, he visits the home village of his subordinate, Manikandan, where he unexpectedly finds himself falling in love with Meenakshi. Consequently, he grants a divorce to his wife. However, he later discovers that Meenakshi is already engaged to Mani. Frustrated and angry, he initially directs his anger towards Manikandan. However, a visit from his estranged wife prompts him to reflect on his actions and acknowledge his mistakes. He then resolves to bring Meenakshi and Manikandan together, despite facing opposition from both families. To accomplish this, he stages Meenakshi's fake suicide. In the final scene, Col. Ravi Varma Thampuran is seen leaving, accompanied by the police, indicating that he is likely facing court-martial for preventing Manikandan from joining the troops at the war front earlier.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/lv24s4lRStI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200229174028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lv24s4lRStI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lv24s4lRStI| title = Megham Malayalam Full Movie {{!}} Mammootty, Priya Gill, Dileep {{!}} Family entertainer | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 August 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as Colonel Ravi Varma "R.V." Thampuran / Kelan
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Sepoy O. Manikandan Nair / Mani
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Shanmugham
* [[Priya Gill]] as Meenakshi (Voiced by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])
* [[Pooja Batra]] as Swathy (Voiced by [[Revathy]])
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Aachamma, Mani and Meenakshi's grandmother
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Kurup, Ravi's assistant and helper
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kumaran, Meenakshi's father
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Kunjikuttan, Kumaran's youngest brother
* [[T. R. Omana]] as Ravi's mother
* Manka Mahesh as Aachamma's daughter and Manikandan's mother
* [[Venu Nagavally]] as Colonel Sunny, Ravi's Friend
* [[Major Ravi]] as Major Kumar
* James Stalin as Ayyappan, Kumaran's younger brother
* Sindhu as Manikandan's sister
* Ajayan Adoor as Govindan Kutty, Manikandan's brother-in-law
* [[Captain Raju]] as Brigadier, Swathy's father
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Govindan Nair (cameo)
* Vijayan Peringode as Panchayat President (cameo)
* Archived footages of [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Shobhana]] are also used
{{colend}}

== Songs ==
{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
| all_music = [[Ouseppachan]]. The song "Njanoru Pattu Paadam" is based on "Aye Meri Zohra Jabeen" from ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]''

| title1 = Manjukaalam Nolkkum
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]

| title2 = Vilakku Vakkum
| extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]

| title3 = Vilakku Vakkum
| note3 = Instrumental
| extra3 = [[Ouseppachan]]

| title4 = Thumbayum Thulasiyum
| note4 = Male
| extra4 = M. G. Sreekumar

| title5 = Thumbayum Thulasiyum
| note5 = Female
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title6 = Margazhiye Mallikaye
| extra6 = M. G. Sreekumar, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], K. S. Chithra

| title7 = Njanoru Pattu Paadam
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas

}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "This Mammootty starrer is amusing, in its true sense."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Megham |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-megham-mammootty-starrer-is-amusing-in-its-true-sense/photostory/94091358.cms?picid=94091613 |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0251833}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:1999 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Damodaran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:1990s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:1999 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:1999 musical films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{musical-comedy-film-stub}}

Ariyippu

2026-03-03T09:41:30Z

NicholasPrentice: made new post v1...

{{Short description|2022 film by Mahesh Narayanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ariyippu
| image = Ariyippu film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| writer = Mahesh Narayanan
| producer = {{ubl|Shebin Backer| [[Kunchacko Boban]]|Mahesh Narayanan}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]]
* [[Divya Prabha]]
* [[Danish Husain]]
* Loveleen Mishra}}
| cinematography = [[Sanu Varghese]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[Mahesh Narayanan]] |Rahul Radhakrishnan}}
| music = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| studio = {{ubl|Shebin Backer Productions|Kunchacko Boban Productions|Moving Narratives}}
| released = {{Film date|2022|08|04|[[Locarno Film Festival]]|2022|12|16|[[Netflix]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ariyippu''''' ({{Translation|}} '''''Declaration''''') is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Mahesh Narayanan]]. The film is produced by Shebin Backer, under the banner of Shebin Backer Productions, [[Kunchacko Boban]] under the banner of Kunchacko Boban Productions and Mahesh Narayanan himself under the Moving Narratives banner. It features [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Divya Prabha]], [[Danish Husain]], Loveleen Mishra, and Faizal Malik in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mahesh-narayanan-ariyippu-selected-for-locarno-film-festival-kunchacko-boban-is-overjoyed-8013315/|title=Mahesh Narayanan's Ariyippu selected for Locarno Film Festival, Kunchacko Boban is overjoyed|date=6 July 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|website=Indian Express}}</ref> The film premiered in the ''Concorso internazionale'' (international competition section) of the [[75th Locarno Film Festival]] on 4 August 2022, where it was nominated for [[Golden Leopard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefilmstage.com/locarno-film-festival-unveils-2022-lineup/ |title=Locarno Film Festival Unveils 2022 Lineup |first=Jordan|last=Raup|work=The Film Stage |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/kunchacko-boban-mahesh-narayanan-busan-locarno-london-declaration-netflix-1235398941/|title=Kunchacko Boban, Mahesh Narayanan's Festival Hit Film 'Declaration' Snapped Up by Netflix (EXCLUSIVE)|date=12 October 2022 |work=Variety}}</ref> The film had a worldwide release on [[Netflix]] on 16 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahesh-narayanans-ariyippu-to-premiere-december-16-on-netflix/article66234776.ece#:~:text=The%20film%20is%20directed%20by,Netflix%20from%2016th%20December%202022.|title = Mahesh Narayanan's 'Ariyippu' to premiere December 16 on Netflix| newspaper=The Hindu |date = 7 December 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in the pandemic-stricken times in [[Noida]], a struggling [[Malayali]] couple nurture the dream of migrating out of the country for a better life. They both are working in a glove factory and they record a video of Reshmi working which they wanted to share with prospective employers as a skill video. Later, Hareesh receives a video on [[WhatsApp]] where he finds his wife's original video joined with a different clip of a woman engaging in a sexual act with a man. Hareesh decides to complain to the police to prove his wife's innocence. But the police discourages them, saying since the burden of proof will be on Reshmi, they should withdraw the complaint.

Hareesh decides to investigate who leaked the video. His only proof is a bangle typically worn by men which the guy in the video was wearing and that the background of the video is B Block in their company. He follows a driver in the glove factory and finds out that the driver is part of a gang who is replacing the new gloves with used up ones. Meanwhile, Hareesh sexually assaults Reshmi in the presence of their friend Sujaya and Sujaya's son.

Hareesh watches CCTV footage to collect the proof and he finds Reshmi entering B block where the sex act was committed. Hareesh thinks that it was his wife itself in the video. He confronts Reshmi at home, hits her and pushes her out of his home. Reshmi starts living with her friend.

Hareesh and others inform the owner of the company about the scam that is happening at his company. Together they investigate and tries to collect all evidences. Hareesh meanwhile sees the bangle on the owner's hand and he thinks its the owner who is in the video. Hareesh takes them to a remote place pretending to show them the used glove godown. There, Hareesh assaults the owner physically and is arrested. But the owner and Reshmi comes to the police station and owner gives his statement that Hareesh did not attack him and he does not have any complaints.

Hareesh later understands that the woman in the video is another worker in the company who committed suicide. She was having an affair with the owners brother and when they found out about it, she was killed or she committed suicide. The owner and his wife gives Hareesh and Reshmi an offer that both of them will get a job in the owner's another company in Malaysia if they withdraw the original complaint from police. Hareesh agrees but Reshmi does not. Reshmi says her demands are 1) to put a statement on the company noticeboard that it is not Reshmi in the video and 2) she has to visit the family of the victim who died.

Hareesh and Reshmi goes to the victim's home and Reshmi changes her mind when she sees the plight of the victim's mother. She said she is not ready for the compromise because the owner is giving them the price of the victim's life. Rashmi also says that Hareesh can take the offer if he wants but she will not take up that job. Later we see that Hareesh joins the new factory in Malaysia where he sees an employee there wearing the same bangle. Rashmi however continues to work in the same factory in Noida. We also see a notice on the noticeboard where the company denies that the girl in the video is an employee of the company which was one of Reshmi's demands.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Hareesh P. V.
* [[Divya Prabha]] as Reshmi Hareesh, Hareesh's wife
* [[Danish Husain]] as Kailash
* Loveleen Mishra as the female supervisor
* Athulya Ashadam as Sujaya
* [[Faisal Malik]] as Dinesh Singh
* Kannan Arunasalam as Suresh
* Kiran Peethambaran as Mohan
* Kartikey Saxena as Gudda
* Sidharth Bhardwaj
* Dimpy Mishra
* Rohit Gupta as Pawan
* Saifuddin as Ismail
* Mannu Rawat as NSEZ Security Guard
* Rahul Panicker as Doctor
}}

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] began on 20 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-mahesh-narayanan-film-ariyippu-starts-rolling/articleshow/88387212.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban- Mahesh Narayanan film 'Ariyippu' starts rolling|date=20 December 2021|access-date=12 August 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In January 2022, the film was shot in [[Noida]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ariyippu-kunchacko-boban-unveils-his-rugged-look-as-the-shoot-progress-in-noida/articleshow/88852393.cms|title=Ariyippu: Kunchacko Boban unveils his rugged look as the shoot progress in Noida|date=12 January 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The film was wrapped up on 11 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ2RfkvBtdW/|title=Officially the last day Shoot of #ariyippumovie ! #thebestteamever #comingsoon #declaration 11/02/2022|first=Divya|last=Prabha|date=12 February 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|publisher=Instagram|language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
The film had its premiere at the [[75th Locarno Film Festival]] on 4 August 2022, where it was nominated for [[Golden Leopard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.locarnofestival.ch/LFF/locarno75/program-75/film.html?fid=1294983&l=en&eid=75 |title=Concorso internazionale: Ariyippu |publisher=Locarno Festival |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
The film released on 16 December 2022 via [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/ariyippu-ott-release-date-netflix-when-and-where-to-watch-kunchacko-boban-starrer-film-10056689|title = Ariyippu- OTT release date, when and where to watch Kunchacko Boban starrer film|date = 7 December 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] reviewed it for ''[[Firstpost]]'' and praised the authenticity of the acting, cinematography and writing. She rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Ariyippu'' depicts women's oppression including physical abuse without ever seeking to titillate (...) Slice-of-life cinema has seldom been more true to life than this." Vetticad specifically highlighted the film's "acute observations of gender relations" and spotlight on female solidarity, commending the lack of judgement and honesty within the film's narrative in comparison to commercial films that deal with similar subject matter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ariyippu-declaration-movie-review-misogyny-collides-with-corruption-and-alienation-in-a-compelling-covid-time-saga-11026201.html|title=Ariyippu (Declaration) movie review: Misogyny collides with corruption and alienation in a compelling COVID-time saga|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|date=8 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|website=Firstpost}}</ref> She named it the best Malayalam film of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-malayalam-films-2022-a-year-so-good-that-keeping-this-list-down-to-10-was-impossible-11875531.html|title=Best Malayalam Films 2022: A year so good that keeping this list down to 10 was impossible|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|website=Firstpost|date=26 December 2022 }}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''The New Indian Express'' rated 4 out of 5 and appreciated the film stating, "In ''Ariyippu'', we find Mahesh Narayanan at his most liberated, operating in a terrain he hasn't explored before." Shrijith further wrote, "''Ariyippu'' is his purest film, devoid of adulteration from commercial cinema trappings". Praising the performance of Kunchacko Boban, Shrijith wrote, "This is Kunchacko Boban at his most unglamorous and uninhibited." Shrijith opined, "It's a film for grown-up, serious-minded filmgoers."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/aug/11/ariyippu-review-mahesh-narayanan-examines-a-volatile-situation-in-his-finest-2486238.html|title='Ariyippu' review: Mahesh Narayanan examines a volatile situation in his finest|first=Sajin |last=Shrijith |date=11 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Event
! Category and award
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[75th Locarno Film Festival|2022]]
| [[Locarno Film Festival]]
| International competition: [[Golden Leopard]]
| ''Ariyippu''
| {{Nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahesh-narayanans-ariyippu-to-be-screened-in-the-competition-section-of-locarno-film-festival/article65606822.ece |title=Mahesh Narayanan's 'Ariyippu' goes to Locarno|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[53rd Kerala State Film Awards|2023]]
|[[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]]
|[[Mahesh Narayanan]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-winners-list.html|title=മമ്മൂട്ടി നടൻ, വിൻസി നടി, മഹേഷ് നാരായണൻ സംവിധായകൻ: അവാർഡുകൾ വാരിക്കൂട്ടി 'ന്നാ താൻ കേസ് കൊട്' - Kerala Film Awards | date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Manorma Online News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-best-film-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-mahesh-narayanan-8851060|title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam named Best Film; Mammootty, Vincy Aloshious, Mahesh Narayanan bag top honours |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South |2022]]
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Critics film - Malayalam]]
|''Ariyippu''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/malayalam/winners|title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South - Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14189076}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

Neredmet Moodu Gullu

2026-03-03T01:54:58Z

NicholasPrentice: cleaned up article per sources

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Old Neredmet, Malkajgiri, Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4714375|78.5391875|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
| location = [[Old Neredmet Village|Dinakar Nagar Old Neredmet]], [[Secunderabad]]
| elevation_m = 510
| deity = Nallapochamma, [[Mahankali]], Muthyallamma
| architecture =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Sri Nallapochamma, Sri Muthyalamma, Sri Mahakali Devasthanam,''' also known as '''Moodu Gullu Temple,''' is a group of three temples in the [[Old Neredmet Village|Old Neredmet]] neighbourhood of Hyderabad in the [[Indian State]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Nalla Pochamma Sri Muthyalamma Sri Mahakali Devasthanam , Vinayak Nagar, Malkajgiri, Secunderabad, Telangana 500056 – Our Temples |url=https://ourtemples.info/temple/sri-nalla-pochamma-sri-muthyalamma-sri-mahakali-devasthanam-vinayak-nagar-malkajgiri-secunderabad-telangana-500056/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is 120 years old temple. Devotees offer prayers to the goddess every day. In particular, [[Thousands]] of devotees offer prayers during Ashada Jathara, which usually falls on Sundays.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vushii.com |title=Sri Nalla Pochamma - Moodu Gullu Temple (Old Neredmet Village), Medchal, Telangana - Vushii.com |url=http://vushii.com/place.php?name=Sri%20Nalla%20Pochamma%20-%20Moodu%20Gullu%20Temple%20(Old%20Neredmet%20Village) |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=vushii.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Hyderabad district]]

List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly

2026-02-25T15:06:11Z

NicholasPrentice:

{{short description|Leader of the Official Opposition of the National Capital Territory of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition
| body = Delhi Legislative Assembly
| insignia = Seal of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = [[Government of Delhi|Seal of the Government of Delhi]]
| image = Atishi Marlena.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Atishi Marlena]]
| deputy = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly#Deputy leaders of opposition|Deputy Leader of Opposition]]
| incumbentsince = 23 February 2025
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| termlength = 5 years ''Till the Assembly continues''
| appointer = [[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Assembly]]
| inaugural = [[Deep Chand Bandhu]] (1993-1998)
| website =
| member_of = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| type = [[Leader of the Opposition]]
| residence = [[South Delhi district|B-63, Kalkaji, South Delhi]]
| seat = [[New Delhi|Old Secretariat, New Delhi]]
}}
The '''leader of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]. The current leader of the opposition is former Chief Minister [[Atishi Marlena]], the first female in Delhi assembly to hold this office.<ref name="Ramvir Bidhuri to be Leader of Opposition in Delhi Assembly">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=24 February 2020 |title=Ramvir Bidhuri to be Leader of Opposition in Delhi Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ramvir-bidhuri-to-be-leader-of-opposition-in-delhi-assembly-6283629/ |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= |language=en}}</ref>

==Eligibility==
'''Official Opposition'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |title=THE SALARY AND ALLOWANCES OF LEADERS OF OPPOSITION IN PARLIAMENT ACT, 1977 AND RULES MADE THEREUNDER |website=mpa.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000925235105/http://mpa.nic.in/actopp.htm |archive-date=2000-09-25}}</ref> is a term used in [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] to designate the political party which has secured the second largest number of seats in the assembly. In order to get formal recognition, the party must have at least [[Quorum#India|10% of total membership of the Legislative Assembly]]. A single party has to meet the 10% seat criterion, not an alliance. Many of the Indian [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|state legislatures]] also follow this 10% rule while the rest of them prefer single largest opposition party according to the rules of their respective houses.

==Role==
The opposition's main role is to question the government of the day and hold them accountable to the public. The opposition is equally responsible in upholding the best interests of the people of the country. They have to ensure that the Government does not take any steps, which might have negative effects on the people of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-corner/role-opposition-party-parliament/|title = Role of Opposition Party in Parliament|date = 26 April 2014}}</ref>

The role of the opposition in legislature is basically to check the excesses of the ruling or dominant party, and not to be totally antagonistic. There are actions of the ruling party which may be beneficial to the masses and opposition is expected to support such steps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/parliament/opposition/role-of-opposition-in-parliament-india/976|title = Role of Opposition in Parliament | India|date = 21 July 2016}}</ref>

In legislature, opposition party has a major role and must act to discourage the party in power from acting against the interests of the country and the common man. They are expected to alert the population and the Government on the content of any bill, which is not in the best interests of the country.

==List of leaders of the opposition of Delhi==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
|-
!#
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" | Term
!Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| colspan="10" | '''Vacant''' ''(no opposition with at least 10% seats)''
|-
! colspan="10" | State Reorganization
|-
| 1
|[[File:Blank.svg|98x98px]]
| [[Deep Chand Bandhu]]
|[[Wazirpur Assembly constituency|Wazirpur]]
|1993
| 1998
|5 years
|[[1st Delhi Assembly|1st]] ({{small|[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993 election]]}})
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| 2
|[[File:Madan Lal Khurana.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|[[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
|1998
|2003
|5 years
|[[2nd Delhi Assembly|2nd]] ({{small|[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998 election]]}})
| rowspan="7" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|3
|[[File:The Governor of Assam, Shri Jagdish Mukhi meeting the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on October 28, 2018 (cropped).JPG|98x98px]]
|[[Jagdish Mukhi]]
|[[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri]]
|2003
|2008
|5 years
|[[3rd Delhi Assembly|3rd]] ({{small|[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003 election]]}})
|-
| 4
|[[File:Vijay Kumar Malhotra.jpeg|123x123px]]
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
| 2008
| 2013
|5 years
|[[4th Delhi Assembly|4th]] ({{small|[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008 election]]}})
|-
| 5
|[[File:Harsh Vardhan in 2017.jpg|88x88px]]
| [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
|[[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Krishna Nagar]]
| 2 December 2013
| 16 May 2014
|{{Age in years and days|2 December 2013|16 May 2014}}
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]] ({{small|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]]}})
|-
|6
|Vacant
|VACANT
|Vacant
|16 April 2015
|11 February 2020
|4 years, 276 days
|[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]]
( [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015 election]] )
|-
| 7
|[[File:Ramvir Singh Bidhuri.jpg|75x75px]]
| [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| 24 February 2020
| 4 June 2024
|{{Age in years and days|24 February 2020|4 June 2024}}
| rowspan="2" |[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]] ({{small|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020 election]]}})
|-
| (6)
| [[File:Shri Vijender Gupta, Speaker of the Delhi Legislative Assembly.jpg|92x92px]]
| [[Vijender Gupta]]
|[[Rohini Assembly constituency|Rohini]]
| 5 August 2024
| 8 February 2025
|{{Age in years and days|5 August 2024|8 February 2025}}
|-
| 8
|[[File:Atishi Marlena.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Atishi Marlena Singh]]
|[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|23 February 2025
|Incumbent
|{{ayd|23 February 2025|}}
|[[8th Delhi Assembly|8th]]
([[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025 elections]])
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|}

== Deputy leaders of opposition ==
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term
!Assembly
{{small|(Election)}}
!Party
|-
| colspan="9" |'''Vacant'''
''(no opposition with at least 10% seats)''
|-
! colspan="9" |State Reorganization
|-
|1
|?
|?
|?
|1993
|1998
|5 years
|[[1st Delhi Assembly|1st]]
({{small|[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993 election]]}})
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2
|?
|?
|?
|1998
|2003
|5 years
|[[2nd Delhi Assembly|2nd]]
({{small|[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998 election]]}})
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|3
|?
|?
|?
|2003
|2008
|5 years
|[[3rd Delhi Assembly|3rd]]
({{small|[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003 election]]}})
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|4
|?
|?
|?
|2008
|2013
|5 years
|[[4th Delhi Assembly|4th]]
({{small|[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008 election]]}})
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|5
|?
|?
|?
|2 December 2013
|16 May 2014
|{{Age in years and days|2 December 2013|16 May 2014}}
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]]
({{small|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]]}})
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|6
|?
|?
|?
|16 April 2015
|11 February 2020
|4 years, 276 days
|[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]]
( [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015 election]] )
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|7
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|[[Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency|Vishwas Nagar]]
|24 February 2020
|8 February 2025
|{{Age in years and days|24 February 2020|8 February 2025}}
| rowspan="1" |[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]]
({{small|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020 election]]}})
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|9
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|[[Anil Jha Vats]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP appoints Mukesh Ahlawat as Deputy leader and Jarnail Singh as General Secretary |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/aap-appoints-mukesh-ahlawat-as-deputy-leader-and-jarnail-singh-as-general-secretary20250327055240/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari]]
|23 February 2025
|Incumbent
|4 months
|[[8th Delhi Assembly|8th]]
([[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025 election]])
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|}
== Statistics ==
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}
==See also==
* [[Government of Delhi]]
* [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governors of Delhi]]
* [[Chief Minister of Delhi]]
* [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Cabinet of Delhi]]
* [[Delhi High Court|Chief Justice of Delhi]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of India]]
* [[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Delhi Legislative Assembly]]

Madhaweshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir

2026-02-23T18:51:12Z

NicholasPrentice: started a post

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Madhaweshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|native_name=माधवेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|deity=[[Lord Shiva]]|location=[[Saurath Sabha]], [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]]|district=[[Madhubani district]]|state=[[Bihar]]|country=[[India]]|founded_by=King Madhav Singh|inscriptions=Two parts of Kirtishila|image=Saurath Sabha-17.jpg|caption=View of Madhaweshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir from the campus of the [[Saurath Sabha]]|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]}}
'''Madhaweshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''' is a historical [[Hindu temple]] of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] located at the campus of [[Saurath Sabha]] near the outskirts of the city of [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=पर्यटन मंत्री से मिलेगा शिष्टमंडल:सौराठ सभा गाछी को पर्यटन केंद्र बनाने की मुहिम तेज |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/campaign-to-make-saurath-sabha-gachhi-a-tourist-center-128126228.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सौराठ की मुख्य सड़क जर्जर, लाेग परेशान हैं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/sauraths-main-road-is-dilapidated-people-are-upset-128615791.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बोल बम के जयकारे के बीच हुआ जलाभिषेक - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-12782767.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Saurath Sabha-16.jpg|thumb|Madhaweshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir ]]

== Description ==
Madhaweshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir is located at the campus of the world famous marriage assembly known as [[Saurath Sabha|Saurath Sabha Gachi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=निर्णय:बैठक में समाहरणालय के समक्ष सांकेतिक धरना देने का सर्वसम्मति से लिया निर्णय |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/unanimously-decided-to-hold-a-symbolic-strike-in-front-of-the-collectorate-in-the-meeting-128897949.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Madhubani धरोहरों का संरक्षण करने से बढ़ेगा मिथिला का मान |url=https://samacharnama.com/city/madhubani/conservation-of-madhubani-heritage-will-increase-the-value/cid11459930.htm |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=samacharnama.com |language=hi}}</ref> The [[Hindu temple|temple]] has a large green complex, with a building for the shelter of the devotees in the courtyard, a large pond nearby and a paved [[ghat]]. There is inscription called as ''Kirtishila'' on the wall of the temple which gives the record about the construction of temple and other amenities around the temple. The second part of the inscription ''Kirtishila'' is not clearly visible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-28 |title=सौराठ : मिथिला की एक सांस्कृतिक स्थल |url=https://www.vicharbindu.com/saurath-a-cultural-site-of-mithila/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Vichar Bindu |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Saurath Sabha-21.jpg|thumb|[[Lingam|Shivalinga]] at the temple]]

== History ==
According to the ''Kirtishila'' inscription, the temple was constructed by the King ''Madhav Singh'' of Mithila. He started the construction of the temple, an auditorium to facilitate the people coming from outside to attend marriage assembly, huge [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]] around the temple and a large pond in the northeast corner of the temple. The construction was completed during the period (1832 AD - 1833 AD) of the King ''Chhatra Singh''.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]

2009 Andhra Pradesh helicopter crash

2026-02-19T22:18:26Z

NicholasPrentice: Put Up The Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Aviation disaster in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Airliner accident
| name =
| image = VT-APG (13992117974).jpg
| alt = 2009 Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash
| caption = VT-APG, the helicopter involved in the accident
| date = {{Start-date|2 September 2009}}
| summary = [[Spatial disorientation]] resulting from a mechanical failure, [[pilot error]]
| occurrence_type = Occurrence
| site = [[Kurnool]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| aircraft_type = [[Bell 430]]
| aircraft_name =
| tail_number = VT-APG
| operator = Andhra Pradesh Government
| origin = [[Begumpet airport]], India
| stopover =
| stopover0 =
| last_stopover =
| destination = Anuppalle helipad
| occupants = 5
| passengers =
| crew =
| injuries =
| fatalities = 5
| missing =
| survivors = 0
}}
The '''2009 Andhra Pradesh helicopter crash''' occurred on 2 September 2009 near Rudrakonda Hill, {{convert|40|nmi|km}} from [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The helicopter was a [[Bell 430]] helicopter owned by the Andhra Pradesh Government, and registered VT-APG. Fatalities included [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]], the then [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] among others. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-42189320090903 | work=Reuters | title=Andhra Pradesh CM Y.S.R. Reddy missing, damaged helicopter found | date=3 September 2009 | accessdate=3 September 2009 | archive-date=13 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113082512/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-42189320090903 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8235115.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=India politician killed in crash |date=3 September 2009 |accessdate=3 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930094624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8235115.stm |archivedate=30 September 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accident ==
The Puli 430 helicopter took off from [[Begumpet Airport]], Hyderabad, and soon encountered bad weather. The official accident report states that the aircraft's weather radar was red, meaning that the weather was extreme.{{cn|date=September 2025}} The flight crew decided to fly slightly left of their planned route.{{cn|date=September 2025}} The pilots soon noticed that the weather was getting worse, and agreed that they would turn left after crossing [[Krishna River]]. [[Begumpet]] and [[Shamshabad]] [[Air traffic control]]lers lost contact with the aircraft at 9:02 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] while it was passing through the dense [[Nallamala Forest]] area.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Shortly after 09:20 am IST, the flight crew encountered a problem with the transmission oil pressure. The pilots became engaged in finding out emergency checklist procedures for the transmission oil pressure, but were unsuccessful.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Soon after, the co-pilot continually called out "go around", likely indicating that he thought the aircraft would soon crash into something. During the last 14 seconds, the rate of descent was extremely high. Thereafter the helicopter crashed due to loss of control resulting in high rate of descent in down draught. The helicopter impacted the ground in a steep left bank and all occupants on board died due to crash injuries.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-APG.pdf |title=Report on Accident to Andhra Pradesh Government Bell 430 Helicopter VT-APG at Rodrakodu in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh on 02.09.2009 |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |accessdate=6 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204075150/http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-APG.pdf |archivedate=4 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The state government of Andhra Pradesh and the [[Government of India]] launched one of the largest search and rescue operations in the history of the country. The state's security officials mentioned that bad weather was hindering the search and rescue efforts.<ref>{{cite web |last= Krishnakumar |first= P.|author2= Press Trust of India |title= Rains, not Maoists, major hurdle in YSR search-ops |url= http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/02/rains-not-maoists-major-hurdle-in-ysr-search-ops.htm |date= 2 September 2009 |publisher= Rediff |accessdate=10 September 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091022063648/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/02/rains-not-maoists-major-hurdle-in-ysr-search-ops.htm| archivedate= 22 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry of India]] dispatched 5000 [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] soldiers for the operation<ref>{{cite web |title=5000 CRPF personnel involved in search for Andhra CM |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/5000-crpf-personnel-involved-in-search-for-andhra-cm/511476/ |date= 2 September 2009 |work= The Indian Express |accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="tet_02sep09">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Politics/Nation/Andhra-CMs-fate-uncertain-IAF-deploys-Sukhoi-to-locate-YSRs-chopper/articleshow/4965278.cms|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212220320/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Politics/Nation/Andhra-CMs-fate-uncertain-IAF-deploys-Sukhoi-to-locate-YSRs-chopper/articleshow/4965278.cms|archivedate=12 December 2010|title=Andhra CM's fate uncertain, IAF deploys Sukhoi to locate YSR's chopper|date=2 September 2009|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=2 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry of India]] ordered the [[Indian Air Force]] to comb the area using low altitude planes and the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Sukhoi-30MKI]] equipped with [[Thermography|thermal imaging]] systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/Panic-anxiety-grips-YSRs-followers-/articleshow/4964628.cms|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906013022/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/Panic-anxiety-grips-YSRs-followers-/articleshow/4964628.cms|archivedate=6 September 2009|title=Panic, anxiety grips YSR's followers |date=2 September 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, [[Indian Police Service|police personnel]] from six districts were involved in the ground search. Andhra Pradesh's elite anti-[[Naxalite|Naxal]] troops, [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds]], were also deployed in the area, owing to their extreme familiarity with the jungle terrain of the area. Local tribal residents from this part of the state assisted with the search mission. Patrol parties also combed the [[Krishna River]] for the remains of the helicopter.<ref name="toi_2sep09b">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Massive-rescue-operation-on-to-trace-Andhra-CMs-chopper/articleshow/4965499.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-02/india/28095559_1_su-30mki-sukhoi-night-vision-devices|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Massive rescue operation on to trace Andhra CM's chopper|date=2 September 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]'s [[RISAT-2]] satellite was also deployed to search the area,<ref>{{cite news |title= RISAT to search for YSR |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article13970.ece |date= 2 September 2009 |work= The Hindu |accessdate=10 September 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> but the 41 high-resolution images of the area were unable to trace the helicopter.<ref>{{cite news |title= ISRO aircraft takes satellite images to trace YSR |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Politics/Nation/ISRO-aircraft-takes-satellite-images-to-trace-YSR-/articleshow/4965991.cms |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090905171528/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Politics/Nation/ISRO-aircraft-takes-satellite-images-to-trace-YSR-/articleshow/4965991.cms |archivedate= 5 September 2009 |date= 3 September 2009 |work= The Economic Times |accessdate=10 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The wreckage of the helicopter was finally spotted by an IAF [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopter at 08:20 am IST the following day, less than 24 hours after contact was lost with the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last= Nanjappa |first= Vicky |title= Dhruv spotted YSR's fallen chopper first |url= http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/03/dhruv-spotted-ysr-fallen-chopper-first.htm |date= 3 September 2009 |publisher= Rediff |accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref>

==Death of Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy==

{{see also|Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy}}

The [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Indian Prime Minister's Office]] confirmed the helicopter's crash on the morning of 3 September and the death of all aboard, including that of [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-plunges-into-gloom/Article1-449770.aspx |title=Andhra Pradesh plunges into gloom |date=3 September 2009 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=3 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906084640/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-plunges-into-gloom/Article1-449770.aspx |archivedate=6 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-03/india/28065464_1_ysr-reddy-helicopter-crash-y-s-rajasekhara-reddy PMO confirms death of Andhra CM]</ref> The [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] said that the bodies of Reddy and others were charred beyond recognition and had to be identified on the basis of clothing.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/hyderabad/Charred-bodies-of-YSR-others-identified-by-clothes/Article1-449885.aspx Charred bodies of YSR, others identified by clothes] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102191201/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/hyderabad/Charred-bodies-of-YSR-others-identified-by-clothes/Article1-449885.aspx |date=2 January 2011 }}</ref> The autopsy of all the bodies was carried out at [[Kurnool Medical College]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-04/india/28100527_1_ysr-rudrakodur-m-malakondiah Autopsy conducted on YSR in Kurnool]</ref>

==Investigation==
Although the sparsely populated forest area is considered to be stronghold of the outlawed [[Naxalite|Naxal]] communist insurgents, the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] of India ruled out the possibility of the Naxals bringing down the helicopter.<ref>{{cite web |title= NSA rules out Naxal strike on YSR Reddy's chopper |url= http://www.ptinews.com/news/262051_NSA-rules-out-Naxal-strike-on-YSR-Reddy-s-chopper |date= 2 September 2009|agency= Press Trust of India |accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref>

The investigation eventually concluded that the factors that caused that crash included the fact that the crew became fixated for more than six minutes in trying to find the reason behind the problem with their transmission oil pressure system, and they became distracted from the worsening weather. They also noted that the flight crew was flying in [[Instrument meteorological conditions]] whereas the flight plan was cleared for [[Visual flight rules|VFR]] flying, and the flight crew never discussed the bad weather, diverting, or returning to base.<ref name="hindu.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-APG.pdf Final accident report] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131204075150/http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-APG.pdf Archive]) – [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA)

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2009}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Disasters in India in 2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2009 Andhra Pradesh Helicopter Crash}}
[[Category:2009 disasters in India|Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Helicopter Crash, 2009]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2009]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving helicopters]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh (1947–2014)]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:September 2009 in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Bell 430]]

Amravati Municipal Corporation

2026-02-16T10:56:38Z

NicholasPrentice:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Amravati, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Amravati Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic = Amravati Municipal Corporation Logo.png
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| foundation = {{date and age|15 August 1983}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amravaticorporation.in/?page_id=1083|title=History-Amravati Municipal Corporation|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Amravati
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Shrichand Tejwani
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]] & Administrator
| leader2 = Saumya Sharma (Chandak), ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader3_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader3 = Sachin Bhende
| party3 = [[Ravi Rana|RYSP]]
| members = 87
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{URL|https://amravaticorporation.in/}}
| motto = योगः कर्मसु कौशलम {{small|([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]])}}
| political_groups1 = '''Government (54)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25)
:*{{Color box|#1A34BB}} [[Ravi Rana|RYSP]] (15)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|11}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (3)
'''Opposition (33)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|15}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|12}}
:*{{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|1}}
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
}}

'''Amravati Municipal Corporation''' is the governing body of the city of [[Amravati]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members from the state's leading various political parties hold elected offices in the corporation. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Amravati Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

Amravati municipal corporation is located in [[Amravati|Amravati City]]. Amravati Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== Administration ==
The Amravati Municipal Corporation (AMC) is headed by an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer who serves as the [[Municipal commissioner]]. The [[Municipal commissioner]] has executive power and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the AMC. Every five years, there is an election to select [[Corporator]], who have the responsibility of managing fundamental civic infrastructure and enforcing their duties. The [[Mayor]], who is usually from the majority party, serves as the head of the AMC.
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''City officials, as of March 2023'''
|[[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
|Shrichand Tejwani
|6 February 2026
|-
|[[Mayor of Mumbai|Deputy Mayor]]
|Sachin Bhende
|6 February 2026
|-
|[[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal Commissioner]]
|Saumya Sharma (Chandak)
|18 June 2025
|-
|Administrator
|Saumya Sharma (Chandak)
|18 June 2025
|-
|[[Commissioner of police]]
|Arvind Chawaria
|20 may 2025
|}

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Am11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Am12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Am13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from Taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation-

* Property Tax
* Profession Tax
* Entertainment Tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement Tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== Corporation Election 2017 ==
=== Political Performance in Election 2017 ===
Amravati Municipal Corporation elections were conducted in February 2017.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || || 45
|-
| 02 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 15
|-
| 03 || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|75px]] || 10
|-
| 04 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]] || 07
|-
| 05 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) || [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]] || 05
|-
| 06 || [[Yuva Swabhiman Party]] (YSP) || || 03
|-
| 07 || [[Republican Party of India (Athavale)]] || [[File: No flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
| 08 || [[Independent politician|Independents]] || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
|}

== Corporation Election 2012 ==
=== Political Performance in Election 2012 ===
Amravati Municipal Corporation elections were conducted in February 2012.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 25
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || || 07
|-
| 03 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) || [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]] || 06
|-
| 04 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]] ||17
|-
| 05 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]] || 10
|-
| 06 || [[Janvikas Congress]] || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 06
|-
| 07 || [[Jankalyan Aghadi]] || [[File: No flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
| 08 || [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)]] || [[File: No flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
| 09 || [[Republican Party of India (Athavale)]] || [[File: No flag.svg|75px]] || 02
|-
| 10 || [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|IUML Election Symbol|75px]] || 02
|-
| 11 || [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) |||| 01
|-
| 12 ||[[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]]||[[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
| 13 || [[Independent politician|Independents]] || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 08
|-

|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Ward.No. !! Ward Name !! Name of Corporators !!
|-
| 01 || Shegaon || Pravin Meshram, Archana Ingole ||
|-
| 02 || Tapovan || Raju Mankar, Swati Nistane ||
|-
| 03 || Jawahar Stadium || Raju Masram, Sujata Zade ||
|-
| 04 || Sant Gadgebaba || Balu Bhuyar, Sarika Mahalle ||
|-
| 05 || Rampuri Camp || Bhushan Bansod, Sheeladevi Bajaj ||
|-
| 06 || Vidarbha Mahavidyalaya || Dhiraj Hiwase, Divya Sisode ||
|-
| 07 || Navsari || Pradip Bajad, Nileema Kale ||
|-
| 08 || Jamil Colony || Mohd Imran Mohd Yakub, Hamidabano Afzal ||
|-
| 09 || Mahendra Colony || Yojna Revaskar, Lubna Tanvir Nawab ||
|-
| 10 || Vilas Nagar || Pradip Dhande, Rekha Tayade ||
|-
| 11 || Morbag || Suganchand Gupta, Kusum Sahu ||
|-
| 12 || Ambapeth || Dinesh Bub, Hemlata Sahu ||
|-
| 13 || Maltekdi || Sanjay Agrawal, Vandana Kangale ||
|-
| 14 || SRPF || Nitinraj (Bablu) T. Shekhawat, Malti Dabade ||
|-
| 15 || Wadali || Vijay Babulkar, Sapna Thakur ||
|-
| 16 || Chaprasipura Bichutekdi || Ambadas Javare, Shahista Ansari Jishan Ansari ||
|-
| 17 || Congressnagar Frezarpura || Arun Jaiswal, Alka Sardar ||
|-
| 18 || Rukhmini Nagar || Nitin Deshmukh, Nutan Bujade ||
|-
| 19 || Swami Vivekanand || Pradip Hiwase, Asha Nindhane ||
|-
| 20 || Ambika Nagar || Chetan Pawar, Jayshree Morya ||
|-
| 21 || Rajapeth || Prashant Wankhede, Savita Ladekar ||
|-
| 22 || Sharda Nagar || Nandakishor Varhade, Suvarna Raut ||
|-
| 23 || Gaurakshan || Milind Bambal, Kanchan Dendule ||
|-
| 24 || Budhwara || Vilas Ingole, Sunita Bhele ||
|-
| 25 || Jawahar Gate || Pravin Haramkar, Kanchan Upadhyay, Archana Rajgure ||
|-
| 26 || Gawalipura || Shekh Hamid Shada, Bilkis Bano Hamza Khan ||
|-
| 27 || Pathanpura || Nurkha Maujdar Kha, Rahimabi Rafiq ||
|-
| 28 || Mehadiya Colony || Shaikh Jafar Shaikh Jabbar, Hafisabi Yusufshah ||
|-
| 29 || Aleem Nagar || Mohd. Asif Mohd. Haroon, Tamijabi Ahamdakha ||
|-
| 30 || Rehamat Nagar || Abdul Rafiq Abdul Razak, Fahemida Narsin Habibshah ||
|-
| 31 || Gadgeshwar || Bharat Chavhan, Sangita Wagh ||
|-
| 32 || Nawathe Plot || Digambar Dahake, Vanita Tayade ||
|-
| 33 || Dastur Nagar || Rajendra Mahalle, Anjali Pande ||
|-
| 34 || Kiran Nagar || Deepak Patil, Nirmala Borkar ||
|-
| 35 || Wadarpura || Ajay Gondane, Deepmala Mohod ||
|-
| 36 || Benoda Bhimtekdi || Gaurav khond, Mamata Aware ||
|-
| 37 || Jevad Nagar || Rajendra Tayade, Vandana Harne ||
|-
| 38 || Akoli Sainagar || Tushar Bharatiya, Manjusha Jadhav ||
|-
| 39 || Nemani Godown || Sunil Kale, Charanjitkaur Nanda ||
|-
| 40 || Almas Nagar || Javed Memon, Chaya Ambadkar ||
|-
| 41 || Baripura || Vijay Nagpure, Jayshree More ||
|-
| 42 || Somwar Bazar || Chandumal Bidlani, Kanchan Grespunje ||
|-
| 43 || Ziri || Prakash Bansod, Gufa Mahadev Meshram ||
|-

|}
<ref name="auto"/>

== Nominated corporators (2012-2017) ==
A total of 5 corporators were nominated based on the strength of the parties in the corporation after the 2012 elections. These 5 corporators are as follows :-
* Indian National Congress (2) - Vasantrao Saulkar, Amol Thakre
* Nationalist Congress Party (1) - Asif Hussain Muzzafar Hussain
* Shiv Sena (1) - Komal Bothra
* Bharatiya Janata Party (1) - Ajay Samadekar

== Corporation Election 2007 ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 21
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || || 15
|-
| 03 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]] ||18
|-
| 04 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]] || 10
|-
| 05 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) || [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]] || 04
|-
| 06 || [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|IUML Election Symbol|75px]] || 01
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Amravati]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Gulabdas Broker

2026-02-04T20:59:25Z

NicholasPrentice: content fix

{{Short description|Indian writer (1909–2006)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name=Gulabdas Broker
| image= Gulabdas Harjivandas Broker.png
| caption=
| birth_name= Gulabdas Harjivandas Broker
| birth_date={{birth date|1909|9|20|df=y}}
| birth_place=[[Porbandar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date={{death date and age|2006|6|10|1909|9|20|df=y}}
| death_place=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2006-06-11 |title=Gujarati writer Gulabdas Broker dies |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/11/gujarati-writer-gulabdas-broker-dies-1150036482.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Oneindia |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation= Writer, journalist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| period=
| influenced=
| signature=
| awards=[[Padma Shri]] (1991), [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1998)
}}

'''Gulabdas Harjivandas Broker''' (20 September 1909 – 10 June 2006) was a [[Gujarati language]] writer, [[literary critic]], and editor from [[India]]. He is primarily known for his short stories and one-act plays in [[Gujarati literature]].<ref name=sj>{{cite book|last=Jagmohan|first=Sarla|title=Selected Stories from Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ghkJaKIVTsC&pg=PT9|access-date=25 April 2017|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7224-955-7|page=9}}</ref> He is considered a pioneer in introducing psychoanalytic themes to Gujarati storytelling.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol3.pdf/319 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=319–320 |volume=3 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Gulabdas Harjivandas was born at [[Porbandar]] on 20 September 1909. He completed his education in Gujarati and English literature from [[Bombay University]] in 1930.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He briefly worked at the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. Later, he started his writing in 1932 when he was jailed during the [[Satyagraha]] movement. He was imprisoned at the [[Yerwada Central Jail]] in [[Pune]] during the civil disobedience movement of the early 1930s. It was during this incarceration that he wrote his first short story at the behest of a Parsi jailor.<ref name="TOI2002">{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Nisha |date=21 February 2002 |title=Gulabdas Broker: A master storyteller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/gulabdas-broker-a-master-storyteller/articleshow/1611024.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> He was sentenced to 16 months in imprisonment during the agitation. From 1933 until his retirement in 1964, he worked as a broker in the futures market.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His first short story collection was ''Ane Biji Vato'' ("And Other Talks").<ref name=lit>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&dq=gulabdas+broker&pg=PA116|pages=116–117|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|first=Nalini Natarajan|last=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=9780313287787}}</ref> He traveled as an Indian representative to the [[United Nations]]. He also visited the [[United States]] in 1962 and [[West Germany]] in 1963.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He also traveled with President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] and received special invitations to visit France and England.<ref name="TOI2002" /> He served as a member of the Advisory Board for Gujarati at the [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Broker served as the president of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] from 1973 to 1974. Later in life, he settled in Pune with his family.<ref name="TOI2002" /> He died on 10 June 2006 at [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="oi">{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/11/gujarati-writer-gulabdas-broker-dies-1150036482.html|title=Gujarati writer Gulabdas Broker dies|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115041905/http://www.webmasteronline.biz/ppersonality.htm|archive-date=2013-01-15|work=One India News|date=2006-06-11|access-date=2014-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dg">{{cite news|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2006/12/30/gujarat-lost-range-of-giants-in-2006text-article/|title =Gujarat lost range of giants in 2006|work=DeshGujarat|date=2006-12-30|access-date =2014-04-24}}</ref>

== Themes and style ==
Broker occupies a significant place in Gujarati literature, particularly for his use of psychoanalysis in fiction. His stories, often written in simple language, explore the complexities of the human mind and everyday events. He frequently addressed the social and sexual issues faced by the upper-middle-class youth in urban environments. He also wrote stories centered on the relationships between mothers and children.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Broker believed that the short story format allowed for the development of a single aspect of life. He was known for creating female characters that were strong and ahead of their times, though he was occasionally criticized for being "obsessed" with female characters. Regarding his literary standing compared to Russian or French masters, he maintained, "I have my own style."<ref name="TOI2002" />

== Works ==
He edited ''Akhandand'', a Gujarati monthly. His first short story, ''Lata Sun Bole'', was published in many magazines and invited readers to suggest endings.<ref name="TOI2002" /> Many of his early stories were published in ''Prasthan'', a prestigious Gujarati literary magazine based in Mumbai.<ref name="TOI2002" />

He wrote a large number of short stories, plays, travelogues, and an autobiography. Several of them are translated into Hindi, Spanish, German, and English.<ref name=oi/><ref name=dg/> Additionally, his works have been translated into [[Italian language|Italian]] and other European languages.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He also edited ''Ekanki'', a periodical devoted to one-act plays.<ref name=sj/>

Some of his notable works include:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref name="TOI2002" />
* ''Lata Ane Biji Vato'' (1938)
* ''Vasundhara Ane Biji Vato'' (1941)
* ''Ubhi Wate'' (1944)
* ''Surya'' (1950)
* ''Mansa na Man''
* ''Punya Parvardum Nabhi'' (1954)
* ''Prakashan Smit'' (1956)
* ''Jwalant Agni'' (1956)
* ''Jeevanam Amrit'' (1974)
* ''Neeli Nu Bhooth''
* ''Prem Padarath''
* ''Gulamdin Ghadiwalla''
* ''Vasante'' (1964) – Poetry collection
* ''Rup Srishtiman'' (1962) – Critical reviews
* ''Nava Gaganni'' (1970) – Travelogue

Broker also translated literature into Gujarati, including [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[Ghosts (play)|Ghosts]]'' (1960) and [[Henry James]]'s ''[[The American (novel)|The American]]'' (1967).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Awards ==
Broker was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India in 1992.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=October 15, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also awarded [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]], the highest literary award in [[Gujarati language]], in 1998. He also received [[Kumar Chandrak]] in 1968.

He received the Mahida Gold Medal in 1943 for his story ''Dhumraser''. The Government of Bombay awarded him the first prize for the play ''Dhumraser'' (1947). His collection ''Mansana Man'' received the first prize from the Government of Gujarat in 1968, an honor also bestowed upon his works ''Surya'' and ''Nava Gaganni Neeche''. He was honored as a Gujarati writer at the Marathi Sahitya Sammelan in 1974.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

The Government of Gujarat also awarded him the [[Narsinh Mehta]] Award.<ref name=oi/><ref name=dg/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Gulabdas Brokar}}
* {{Gbooks-author|Gulābadāsa Brokara}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Broker, Gulabdas}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Porbandar district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

Daya Jethalal Gada

2026-02-04T20:02:32Z

NicholasPrentice: started a entry!

{{Short description|Fictional character}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Daya Jethalal Gada
| series = [[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]
| image = Disha.Vakani.jpg
| caption = [[Disha Vakani]] as Daya Jethalal Gada
| first_major = [[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]
| creator = [[Tarak Mehta]]
| portrayer ={{ubl|[[Disha Vakani]] (2008–2017, 2018; 2019)}}
| voice = Bhoomika Jain (''[[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah]]'', animated TV series)
| lbl1 = Spin-off
| data1 = ''[[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah]]''
| full_name = Daya Jethalal Gada
| nickname =
| alias = {{ubl|Daya "Tapu ke Papa" Gada
|Garba Queen
}}
| occupation =Homemaker
| relatives ={{ubl|[[Jethalal Gada]] (husband)|Tipendra "Tapu" Jethalal Gada (son)
|Sundar (brother)
|Champaklal Jayantilal Gada (father-in-law)
}}
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| origin = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| home = Gokuldham Society
| nationality = Indian
| lbl21 = Hometown
| data21 = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
}}

'''Daya Jethalal Gada''' also known as '''Dayaben''', is a fictional character from the television series ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''. Daya is the wife of businessman [[Jethalal Gada]] and is among the central characters of the series. She lives with her husband and their son Tipendra, affectionately known as Tapu. The character was created by [[Tarak Mehta]] and portrayed by [[Disha Vakani]].

Daya Jethalal Gada, portrayed by Disha Vakani is a lovable homemaker known for her unique quirks, innocence and cooking skills. Her character emphasis community values and is known as a dutiful mother and wife. Daya is popularly referred to as "Garba Queen", and has become a popular character on Indian television. Her catchphrases "Hey Maa Mata Ji" and "Aee Halo" are popular too.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pretty women |author=Jhumari Nigam-Misra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20091123-pretty-women-741298-2009-11-11 |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=14 May 2013 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922201913/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pretty+women+/1/70595.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Development ==
[[Disha Vakani]], known for her supporting parts in films and for her Gujarati plays was cast as the Gujarati homemaker, Daya Jethalal Gada.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 December 2011 |title=I enjoy acting: Disha Vakani |url=http://mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/tv/I-enjoy-acting-Disha-Vakani/articleshow/16193137.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111103004/http://mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/tv/I-enjoy-acting-Disha-Vakani/articleshow/16193137.cms |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=14 May 2013 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> Disha played the character from 2008 to 2017. She took a maternity leave in 2017, but then decided to leave the show. As of 2024, the character of Daya has an open exit, since Vakani was not replaced by [[Asit Kumarr Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-confirmed-disha-vakani-not-returning-as-dayaben-on-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-2711350 |title=Confirmed! Disha Vakani not returning as Dayaben on 'Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah' |date=23 January 2019 |website=DNA India|language=en |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002732/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-confirmed-disha-vakani-not-returning-as-dayaben-on-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-2711350 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2018 and in 2019, Vakani played Daya for two special episodes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-disha-vakani-aka-daya-ben-returns-to-shoot-for-special-segment-7502011.html/amp|title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: Disha Vakani aka Daya Ben returns to shoot for special segment|website=Firstpost|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

== Characterization ==
Daya is shown as a Gujarati homemaker who loves her family and is deeply traditional. Her relationship with her husband Jethalal, is a husband and wife's relationship filled with love, friendship and humour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Comedy Inc |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/comedy-inc/640054/0 |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=14 May 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015838/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/comedy-inc/640054/0 |url-status=live}}</ref> She shares a quirky relationship with her brother Sundar Lal (played by her real brother, Mayur Vakani). Daya's character also possesses a collection of Gujarati sarees and heavy jewellers. Her friendship with [[Anjali Taarak Mehta|Anjali]] (played by [[Neha Mehta]]), and interactions with Sundar and her mother, Jeevdaya, is a source of entertainment and comic relief. Daya is also known for her dance and is popularly called as the "Garba Queen" of Ahmedabad. Her cooking traditional dishes, reflects the rich cultural heritage of [[Gujarat]] and resonates with viewers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat comes alive on TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news-and-gossip/Gujarat-comes-alive-on-TV/articleshow/17293926.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 October 2018|date=23 October 2018|first=Shruti|last=Jambhekar|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024083759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news-and-gossip/Gujarat-comes-alive-on-TV/articleshow/17293926.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legacy and influence ==
[[File:Disha Wakani on the sets of KBC 07.jpg|thumb|Daya's saree collection is a distinctive feature of the character.]]

Vakani's portrayal of Daya has garnered significant acclaim, establishing her as a beloved character in Indian television.<ref>{{cite news |title=Funny female bone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Funny-female-bone/articleshow/4681848.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 June 2009 |access-date=14 May 2013 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724024753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-21/mumbai/28175223_1_gujarati-daya-housewife |url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance has contributed to the show's longevity, making Daya one of the iconic characters in Indian sitcom history. Despite Vakani leaving the show, her portrayal remain irreplaceable. Vakani's on-screen pairing with [[Dilip Joshi]] has garnered significant attention, with fans frequently expressing their admiration for the couple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/daya-and-jethalal-ki-hawa-hawai-/articleshow/14300937.cms|title=Daya and Jethalal ki hawa hawai......|website=The Times of India|date=20 June 2012|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Times of India]]'', Navya Malini said, "There are a number of reasons why Daya has become a household name among the Hindi TV viewers. Consistency, dedication and attention to different layers of characteristion have enabled Disha retain the innocence of Daya."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-actress-disha-vakani-has-added-her-signature-style-to-the-character-of-daya/articleshow/49538777.cms|title=TV actress Disha Vakani has added her signature style to the character of Daya|website=The Times of India|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> Several publications like ''[[Pinkvilla]]'', ''[[Zee News]]'', ''[[Times Now]]'' and ''[[ScoopWhoop]]'' term Daya among the "most iconic characters" of Indian television.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/top-9-iconic-female-characters-of-tv-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-tulsi-to-balika-vadhus-anandi-the-era-we-still-cherish-1332851?amp|title=Top 9 iconic female characters of TV: From Tulsi to Daya, the era we still cherish|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/web-stories/entertainment/iconic-10-indian-tv-characters-that-are-irreplaceable-2794427.html|title=10 iconic Indian TV characters that are irreplaceable|website=Zee News|access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/10-unforgettable-tv-characters-we-love/photostory/111802512.cms|title=10 unforgettable TV characters we love|website=Times Now|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/fav-hindi-show-characters/|title=35 Unforgettable TV Characters Who'll Stay With Us Forever|website=Scoop Whoop|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

== In other media ==
In 2023 [[Neela Film Productions|Neela Films]], the production house of the show,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's makers venture into gaming |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-makers-venture-into-gaming/article67378965.ece/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=The Hindu |date=4 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> launched mobile game, after investing a noteworthy sum of ₹24 crore into the gaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TMKOC To Launch 18 New Games on Jethalal, Daya, Taarak, Anjali and More |url=https://www.indiatodaygaming.com/news/national/story/tmkoc-to-launch-18-new-games-on-jethalal-babitaji-bhide-madhavi-goli-and-more-3899 |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=India Today Gaming |language=en}}</ref> The character of Daya is a part of the games "Daya Match Pool" and "Run Jetha Run" among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah goes beyond TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-expands-into-gaming-and-merchandise/articleshow/115282902.cms |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Garha|Gada]]
* [[Disha Vakani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://taarakmehtakaooltahchashmah.com/daya-jethalal-ghada/ Daya Jethalal Gada] at TMKOC's official website
{{Commons}}

[[Category:Fictional characters from the 21st century]]
[[Category:Female characters in television]]
[[Category:Sitcom characters]]
[[Category:Comedy television characters]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people]]
[[Category:Fictional housewives]]
[[Category:Female characters in sitcoms]]

Hari Om (agronomist)

2026-02-02T13:10:26Z

NicholasPrentice: New Some Details Needs Work.

{{Short description|Indian agronomist and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Hari Om
| image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|1|10}}
| birth_place = Siwana Mai, Jind district, Haryana, India
| occupation = Agronomist
| employer = Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (retired)
| known_for = Contributions to natural farming education and implementation.
| awards = Padma Shri (2024)
}}

'''Hari Om''' (born 10 January 1959) is an Indian [[Agriculturist|agronomist]]. He is known for his work in [[agricultural education]], particularly concerning natural farming practices. In 2024, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], for his contributions to [[agriculture]].<ref name="padma2024">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 Citation – Dr. Hari Om |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202488.pdf |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hari Om was born in Siwana Mai, [[Jind district]], [[Haryana]], India.<ref name="zee">{{cite news |title=पद्म पुरस्कार 2024: हरियाणा से डॉ. हरिओम सहित इन लोगों को मिला सम्मान, देखें पूरी लिस्ट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/padma-award-2024-haryana-winners-list-gurvinder-singh-dr-hariom-mahaveer-singh-guddu-ramchandra-sihag/2080443 |access-date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> He received his B.Sc. (Hons.) in Agriculture (1980), M.Sc. in Agronomy (1982), and Ph.D. in Agronomy (1995) from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]] (CCSHAU), Hisar. He was awarded the V.D. Kashyap Gold Medal during his doctoral studies.

== Career ==
Hari Om served as an agronomist at CCSHAU for 36 years. His work included training programs on natural farming for farmers, agricultural scientists, and government officials. These programs were conducted in various Indian states and included international participants.<ref name="amarujala">{{cite news |title=कुरुक्षेत्र : प्राकृतिक खेती को बढ़ावा देने वाले डॉ. हरिओम को पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/kurukshetra/kurukshetra-padmashree-to-dr-hariom-who-is-engaged-in-promoting-natural-farming-2024-01-26 |access-date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

His career involved collaboration with institutions such as Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and Gurukul Kurukshetra, providing educational resources and training. His activities included training for civil servants and administrative personnel on agricultural practices.<ref name="etv">{{cite news |title=प्राकृतिक खेती को बढ़ावा देने वाले डॉक्टर हरिओम को पद्मश्री |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/padmashree-to-doctor-hariom-natural-farming-promoted-hrs24012703335 |access-date=12 April 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat |language=hi}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Hari Om has published over 150 research papers, articles, book chapters, bulletins, and manuals related to agronomy and natural farming.<ref name="kisantak">{{cite web |title=Two agricultural scientists from Haryana to receive Padma Shri awards |date=27 January 2024 |url=https://www.kisantak.in/news/story/two-agricultural-scientists-from-haryana-will-receive-padma-shri-awards-know-what-both-of-them-do-795071-2024-01-27 |access-date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Kisantak}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* '''Padma Shri''' (2024) – awarded by the Government of India for contributions to agriculture.<ref name="padma2024" />
* '''Best Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Award, Haryana''' (2016) – awarded by the Chief Minister of Haryana.<ref name="prharyana">{{cite web |title=Haryana Chief Minister felicitates Padma Shri awardees including Dr. Hari Om |url=https://www.prharyana.gov.in/en/haryana-chief-minister-sh-nayab-singh-today-felicitated-padma-shri-awardees-dr-hariom-prof |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>
* '''Best Zonal KVK Award''' (2018) – awarded by the Prime Minister of India.<ref name="amarujala2">{{cite news |title=पद्मश्री डॉ. हरिओम ने 10000 किसानों, 500 वैज्ञानिकों और 60 आईएएस को दी प्राकृतिक खेती की ट्रेनिंग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/kurukshetra/padmashree-to-dr-hariom-has-given-training-in-natural-farming-to-10000-farmers-500-scientists-60-ias-2024-01-27 |access-date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Natural farming]]
* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]]
* [[agricultural scientist|Agricultural Scientists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2024-2024&Place=Haryana Official Padma Awards Dashboard – 2024 awardees from Haryana]

[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jind district]]
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]]
[[Category:21st-century agronomists]]

Siddaramanahundi

2026-01-20T23:17:55Z

NicholasPrentice: started a details from scratch

{{Short description|Village in Mysore taluka & Mysore district Karnataka}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Siddaramanahundi
|native_name = 
|native_name_lang = 
|settlement_type =Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_alt =
|image_seal =
|seal_alt =
|image_shield =
|shield_alt =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_label_position =
|mapframe = 
|coordinates = {{coord|12|12|55|N|76|48|47|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 =[[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
|subdivision_type2 =[[List of districts of Karnataka|District]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Mysore district|Mysore]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluka (Tehsil)]]
|subdivision_name3 =[[Mysore]]
|established_title =
|established_date =
|founder =
|seat_type =
|seat =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =Gram Panchayat
|governing_body =Siddaramanahundi Gram Panchayat
|leader_party =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|unit_pref = Metric


|area_footnotes =
|area_urban_footnotes = 
|area_rural_footnotes = 
|area_metro_footnotes = 
|area_note =
|area_water_percent =
|area_rank =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank2_title =

|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_rural_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_blank1_km2 =
|area_blank2_km2 =

|area_total_ha =
|area_land_ha =
|area_water_ha =
|area_urban_ha =
|area_rural_ha =
|area_metro_ha =
|area_blank1_ha =
|area_blank2_ha =
|length_km =
|width_km =
|dimensions_footnotes =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_note =
|population_demonym =
|timezone1 =
|utc_offset1 =
|timezone1_DST =
|utc_offset1_DST =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code_type =
|area_code =
|area_codes = 
|iso_code =
|website = 
|module =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Siddaramanahundi''' is a village in Varuna Hobli of [[Mysore district]] in the Indian state of Karnataka.<ref name="wire2023">{{cite news |title=Support for Siddaramaiah Is Strong in His South Karnataka Village and its Surroundings |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/karnataka-siddaramaiah-village-congress |publisher=The Wire |date=1 May 2023 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> The village is located approximately 23 kilometers from Mysore city<ref name="etvbharat2023">{{cite news |title=Siddaramaiah of Siddaramanahundi: A journey of perseverance and leadership |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/karnataka/siddaramiah-political-journey-from-humble-background-to-become-the-chief-minister/na20230518171045837837802 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=18 May 2023 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> and has become widely recognised as the birthplace of Siddaramaiah, the current Chief Minister of Karnataka.<ref name="etvbharat2023" />

==Geography and administration==

Siddaramanahundi is situated in Varuna Hobli, which falls under the Mysore taluka of [[Mysore district]].<ref name="census_mysore">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Mysore District |url=https://karnataka.census.gov.in/DCHB-PART-A/577.Mysore.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Census |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> The village is part of the Varuna assembly constituency, currently represented by Siddaramaiah in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.<ref name="ceo_karnataka">{{cite web |title=Electoral Documentation |url=https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/71671732007319.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Karnataka |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> The postal code for the area is 570010.

==Demographics and economy==

Siddaramanahundi is a small rural village with a predominantly agricultural economy. The village is home to farming families primarily engaged in traditional agriculture.<ref name="quint2018">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Elections 2018: At Siddaramaiah's Village, His Brothers Live Simple Farmers' Life |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/at-siddaramaiah-karnataka-village-his-brothers-say-theyre-better-off-as-farmers |publisher=The Quint |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

==Culture and religion==

The Siddarameshwara temple is situated in the village, which serves as a family deity temple for the local community.<ref name="siddarameshwara_temple">{{cite news |title=CM's native village set Siddarameshwara |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/cms-native-village-set-siddarameshwara-2049689 |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

==Infrastructure and development==
Transportation connectivity has improved, with better road networks linking the village to Mysore and other districts. The village's location within the Varuna constituency has facilitated infrastructure development and government attention due to its political significance.{{cn|date=September 2025}}
==Notable people==
*[[Siddaramaiah]], [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] (2013{{endash}}2018; 2023{{endash}}present)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Mysore district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mysore district]]

{{Mysore-geo-stub}}

Ram Rati Bind

2026-01-05T19:53:09Z

NicholasPrentice: added new entry from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Ram Rati Bind''' is an Indian politician who served as Member of [[13th Lok Sabha]] from [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of 13th Lok Sabha from Uttar Pradesh |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Uttar+Pradesh&lsno=13 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> On 26 February 2002, he took oath in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Ram Rati Bind took oath in the House. |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/718229?view_type=search |website=Digital Parliamentary Library}}</ref> In [[2007 elections in India|2007 byelections in India]], he was defeated by [[Ramesh Dube]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSP sweeps LS bypolls |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/11bsp.htm |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-13 |title=BSP retains three LS seats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bsp-retains-three-ls-seats/story-ayqzGXfpyW0VaE5AAQjgsI.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In [[Lok Sabha]], he served as Member of Committee on Human Resource Development<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEPARTMENT-RELATED PARLIAMENTARY STANDING COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ONE HUNDRED FORTY-FOURTH REPORT |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/16/16/144_2016_7_12.pdf |website=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> and Committee on Petition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMITTEE ON PETITIONS (THIRTEENTH LOK SABHA) |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/66039/1/13_Petitions_28.pdf |website=Digital Parliamentary Library}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bind, Ram Rati}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Heer from Denmark

2025-12-27T18:49:07Z

NicholasPrentice: New First Pg More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Heer from Denmark
| type = studio
| artist = [[Anita Lerche]]
| cover =Heer from Denmark.jpg|border=yes
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2006|11|21}}<ref name="ti"/><ref name="a"/>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Classical, [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk]], [[Bhangra (popular music)|Bhangra]]
| length = {{Duration
|m=44|s=00}}
| label = [[Goyal Music]]<ref name="a"/> ([[Bathinda]])
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

'''''Heer from Denmark''''' is the first [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] solo album by [[Anita Lerche]], a singer-songwriter from [[Denmark]].<ref name="ti"/><ref name="ie"/>

Throughout this album, the singer pays tribute to the rich [[Punjabi culture]]. The album is a mixture of traditional Punjabi folk, [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] (Punjabi pop), and [[Western culture#Music|Western music]].<ref name="ti"/><ref name="sbh"/>

Lerche has been sung in 16 different languages of the world till now.<ref name="ti"/><ref name="ie"/>

== Track listing ==

The album has nine tracks. One of them is the legendary Punjabi folk song "Heer" written by [[Waris Shah]],<ref name="ti"/> sung using the traditional folk tune. The album also includes an English song "Goddess" written and composed by Lerche herself.

{{Track listing
|headline = ''Heer from Denmark'' track listing
|extra_column =
|total_length = 44:00
|all_writing =
|all_lyrics =
|all_music =
|title1 = Gori
|note1 =
|writer1 =
|lyrics1 =
|music1 =
|extra1 =
|length1 = 4:12
|title2 = Mallomalli
|lyrics2 =
|extra2 =
|length2 = 3:57
|title3 = Koka
|lyrics3 =
|extra3 =
|length3 = 4:39
|title4 = Nacha Lai
|lyrics4 =
|length4 = 4:05
|title5 = Passport
|note5 = Duet with G.P. Bali
|lyrics5 = Chann Gurayan Wala
|length5 = 4:32
|title6 = Mela
|lyrics6 =
|length6 = 4:48
|title7 = Heer
|note7 = Traditional composition
|lyrics7 = [[Waris Shah]]
|length7 = 6:30
|title8 = Classic remix
|lyrics8 = Mix
|length8 = 4:42
|title9 = Goddess
|lyrics9 = Anita Lerche
|music9 = Anita Lerche
|length9 = 4:36}}

The tracks ''Passport'' and ''Gori'' were played on the [[BBC Asian Network]] on 27 June 2010 in a programme co-hosted by Lerche herself.<ref name="bbc"/>

== References ==

<references>

<ref name="ti">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061122/jplus1.htm | title=Heer from Denmark | date=22 November 2006 | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | accessdate=30 July 2012 | location=[[Chandigarh]]}}</ref><ref name="ie">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/desi-girl/702027/2 | title=DESI GIRL | date=25 October 2010 | agency=[[The Indian Express]] | accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="sbh">{{cite web | url=http://simplybhangra.com/news/bhangra-news/605-heer-from-denmark | title=Heer from Denmark | publisher=SimplyBhangra | accessdate=24 November 2011 | year=2006}}</ref>
<ref name="a">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Heer-From-Denmark/dp/B003M10ZO0 | title=Heer From Denmark | accessdate=24 November 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00swzw1 | title=Weekend Punjabi | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=27 June 2010 | access-date=24 November 2011}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* [http://anitalerche.com Anita Lerche Official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 albums]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language albums]]

Pahargarh caves

2025-12-24T12:47:15Z

NicholasPrentice: expanded structure further and updated info for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Pahargarh Caves]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

K. K. Jacob

2025-12-24T04:18:50Z

NicholasPrentice: New Initial Details Needs Work.

{{Short description|Indian educationist (1904–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. K. Jacob
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 3 August 1904
| birth_place = [[Aymanam]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 25 August 1991
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Educationist
| yearsactive = since 1931
| known for =
| spouse = Grace Mathai
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

{{Indian name|Jacob|Kunnenkeril Kuruvila}}'''Kunnenkeril Kuruvila Jacob''' (1904-1991) was an Indian educationist from the South Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Madras Miscellany">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHtZG8beGy4C&q=Kunnenkeril+Kuruvila+Jacob&pg=PT267 | title=Madras Miscellany | publisher=Westland | author=Muthaiah S. | year=2011 | pages=1212 | isbn=9789380032849}}</ref> Born on 3 August 1904 in a small hamlet of [[Aymanam]] in [[Kottayam district]] to Kuruvila of the Kunnenkeril house and educated at various places such as Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Nagercoil, and Parur, Jacob did higher education at [[Leeds University]].<ref name="Madras Miscellany" /><ref name="The Man">{{cite web | url=http://www.kuruvilajacob.com/theman.htm | title=The Man | publisher=Kuruvila Jacob | date=2014 | access-date=28 December 2014 | archive-date=2 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102182001/http://www.kuruvilajacob.com/theman.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He started his career as the first Indian headmaster of [[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School|Madras Christian College School]], Chennai, in 1931 and retired from there in 1962.<ref name="Madras Miscellany" /><ref name="MCC">{{cite web | url=http://www.kuruvilajacob.com/atmcc.htm | title=MCC | publisher=Kuriuvila Jacob | date=2014 | access-date=28 December 2014 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211825/http://www.kuruvilajacob.com/atmcc.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IITM">{{cite web | url=http://tfore.iitm.ac.in/about.html | title=IITM | publisher=IITM | date=2014 | access-date=28 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228192845/http://tfore.iitm.ac.in/about.html | archive-date=28 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> After retirement, he was in charge of [[Hyderabad Public School]] for seven years and, later, worked as the principal of [[The Cathedral & John Connon School|Cathedral and John Connon School]], Mumbai.<ref name="Madras Miscellany" /><ref name="IITM" /> He died on 25 August 1991.<ref name="Later Years">{{cite web | url=http://www.kuruvilajacob.com/lateryears.htm | title=Later Years | publisher=Kuruvila Jacob | date=2014 | access-date=28 December 2014 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220100/http://www.kuruvilajacob.com/lateryears.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 1991, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> Jacob's students have started an initiative for bringing about innovation in teaching methodology under the name, ''Kuruvila Jacob Initiative''.<ref name="IITM" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Hyderabad Public School]]
* [[The Cathedral & John Connon School]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Education}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Kunnenkeril K.}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]

Indian Army during World War II

2025-12-20T09:54:10Z

NicholasPrentice: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{About||other periods|British Indian Army|Indians fighting with Imperial Japan|Indian National Army|Indians fighting with Nazi Germany|Indian Legion}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]
| image = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|150px]] [[File:INDIAN TROOPS IN BURMA, 1944.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Indian troops of the [[Rajput Regiment]] in [[Arakan]] during the [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|Burma campaign]], {{circa|1944}}
| dates = 1895–1947
| country = {{flagcountry|British India}}
| allegiance = {{flag|British Empire}}
| branch =
| type = [[Army]]
| size = 2.5 million men
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[GHQ India]] ([[Delhi]])
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell]] [[Claude Auchinleck]]
}}
The '''Indian Army during World War II''', a British force also referred to as the [[British Indian Army]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army personnel |author= |work=The National Archives |date= |access-date=4 December 2021 |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-army-personnel/ |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615090257/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-army-personnel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> began the [[World War II|war]] in 1939, numbering just under 200,000 men.<ref name="su25">Sumner, p.25</ref> By the end of the war, it had become the largest [[Volunteer military|volunteer army]] in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in August 1945.<ref name="su25"/><ref name="CWrepdirect">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf |title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Report on India 2007–2008 |access-date=7 September 2009 |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618081321/http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2010 }}</ref> Serving in [[Division (military)|divisions]] of infantry, armor and a fledgling airborne force, they fought in Africa, Europe and Asia.<ref name="su25"/>

The army fought in [[East African campaign (World War II)|Ethiopia]] against the [[Royal Italian Army during World War II|Italian Army]], in [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria]] against both the Italian and [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German armies]], and, after the Italian surrender, against the German Army in Italy. However, the bulk of the Indian Army was committed to fighting the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]], first during the British defeat in Malaya and the [[Burma Campaign|retreat from Burma]] to the Indian border; later, after resting and refitting for the victorious advance back into Burma, as part of the largest [[British Empire]] army ever formed. These campaigns cost the lives of over 87,000 Indian servicemen, while 34,354 were wounded, and 67,340 became [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448%2F31764375 |title=Annual Report 2014-2015 by Commonwealth War Graves Commission - issuu |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075358/https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448%2F31764375 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=su23>Sumner, p.23</ref> Their valour was recognised with the award of some 4,000 decorations, and 18 members of the Indian Army were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] or the [[George Cross]]. [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Claude Auchinleck]], Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from 1942, asserted that the British "couldn't have come through both wars ([[World War I]] and II) if they hadn't had the Indian Army."<ref name="cwgc.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php |title=The Indian Army in the Second World War - CWGC - Forever India |website=www.cwgc.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404114825/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php |archive-date=2012-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print |title=Armed and ready |access-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524192004/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print |archive-date=24 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] also paid tribute to "The unsurpassed bravery of Indian soldiers and officers."<ref name="cwgc.org"/>

==Background==
In 1939, the Indian Army was an experienced British force, having fought in the [[Third Afghan War]], two major campaigns in [[Waziristan]], during [[Waziristan campaign 1919–1920|1919–1920]] and [[Waziristan campaign 1936–1939|1936–1939]], and in several smaller disputes on the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier]] since the [[World War I|First World War]]. There was no shortage of manpower to call upon, but the army did suffer from a shortage of skilled technical personnel. The conversion of the cavalry force into a mechanised tank force had only just begun and was hampered by the inability to supply adequate numbers of tanks and armoured vehicles.

In 1939, British officials had no plan for expansion and training of Indian forces, which comprised about 130,000 men (in addition, there were 44,000 men in British units in India in 1939). Their mission was internal security and defence against a possible Russian threat through Afghanistan. As the war progressed, the size and role of the Indian Army expanded dramatically, and troops were sent to battle fronts as soon as possible. The most serious problem was lack of equipment.<ref>Kaushik Roy, "Expansion And Deployment of the Indian Army during World War II: 1939-45,"''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'', Autumn 2010, Vol. 88 Issue 355, pp 248-268</ref>

==Organisation==
{{further|List of Indian Army brigades in World War II|List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922)}}
[[File:Subedar Dyanu Chawan of 3rd Battalion, 5th Mahratta Infantry, 1943 (c).jpg|thumb|[[Subedar]] (VCO Captain) Chawan of 3rd Battalion, 5th [[Maratha (caste)|Mahratta]] Infantry, 1943. His battalion had served in [[North African campaign|North Africa]] between 1941-1943 before taking part in the [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]]. His unit was involved in the crossing of the [[Sangro]], the advance to [[Florence]], the breaking of the [[Gothic Line]] and the engagements at Alpe de Vitigliano and the [[Senio|River Senio]].]]
The Indian Army of 1939 was different from the [[Indian Army during World War I]] (also a British force); it had been reformed in 1922, moving away from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments.<ref>Sumner, p.15</ref> Overall, the army was reduced to 21 cavalry regiments and 107 infantry battalions.<ref>Louis & Brown, p.284</ref> The field army now consisted of four infantry divisions and five cavalry [[brigade]]s.<ref name=su13/> There was a covering force of 12 infantry brigades to protect the North West Frontier from incursions and one third of the infantry, 43 battalions, were allocated to internal security and to aid the civil power.<ref name=su13>Sumner, p.13</ref> In the 1930s, the Indian Army began a programme of modernisation—they now had their own artillery—the [[Royal Indian Artillery|Indian Artillery Regiment]]—and the cavalry had started to mechanise.<ref>Louis & Brown, p.285</ref> By 1936, the Indian Army had committed to supplying in wartime a brigade each for [[Singapore]], the [[Persian Gulf]], the [[Red Sea]], Burma and two for Egypt.<ref>Perry, p.101</ref>
But, by 1939, further reductions had reduced the Indian Army to 18 cavalry regiments and 96 infantry battalions, in total 194,373 men including 34,155 non-combatants.<ref name=pe102/> They could also call upon 15,000 men from the [[North-West Frontier (military history)#Frontier Corps|Frontier Irregular Force]], 22,000 men from the [[Auxiliary Force (India)]], consisting of European and Anglo-Indian volunteers, 19,000 from the [[Indian Territorial Force]], and 53,000 from the [[Imperial Service Troops|Indian State forces]].<ref name=pe102>Perry, p.102</ref>

There were twenty two regular regiments of cavalry, which supplied tank and armoured car units. (Seven more were raised during the war.) There were twenty regular Indian regiments of infantry (including the [[Burma Rifles]]) and ten [[Gurkha]] regiments. Before the war, all the Indian regiments had at least two battalions, and most had more. The Gurkha regiments had two battalions each. During the war, the Gurkha regiments raised a further two battalions each, while the Indian regiments raised up to fifteen each. Two further regiments (the [[Assam Regiment]] and the [[Burma Regiment]]) were created during the war.

The Indian Army started World War II underprepared and short of modern weapons and equipment.<ref name="su23" /> It had not expected to be involved in any hostilities and had been advised after the outbreak of war in Europe, by the British government, that it was unlikely to be required at all.<ref name=su23/> So, it was with some surprise when the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Infantry]] and [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Infantry]] divisions were requested to serve in the [[North African Campaign|North African]] and [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaigns]] and four mule companies to join the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] in France.<ref name=su23/>

===1940===
In May 1940, agreement was reached between the British and Indian governments over the formation of another five infantry and one armoured divisions, which became the [[6th Infantry Division (India)|6th]], [[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th]], [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th]], [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th]], [[10th Infantry Division (India)|10th]] infantry and the [[31st Armoured Division (India)|31st Armoured division]]s.<ref name=pe103/> These new divisions were primarily intended to be used in the defence of Malaya (9th Division) and [[Iraq]] (6th, 8th and 10th Infantry divisions).<ref name=pe103/> The [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]], from the armoured division, was to go to Egypt; the formation of the rest of the armoured division was put on hold, because of the shortage of armoured vehicles.<ref name=pe103>Perry, p.103</ref>

===1941===
In March 1941, the Indian government revised the defence plan for India. Concerned with what the Japanese were planning and the requirement to replace the divisions sent overseas, seven new armoured regiments and 50 new infantry battalions were needed for five new infantry divisions that were formed: the [[14th Indian Infantry Division|14th]], [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th]], [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th]], [[20th Indian Infantry Division|20th]], [[34th Infantry Division (India)|34th]] and the two armoured formations [[32nd Indian Armoured Division]] and [[50th Indian Tank Brigade]].<ref>Perry, pp.103–104</ref>

===1942===
With the fall of Singapore in 1942, about 40,000 Indian soldiers were captured. They were given a choice; 30,000 joined the [[Indian National Army]]. Those who refused became POWs and were mostly shipped to New Guinea.<ref>Peter Stanley, "Great in adversity: Indian prisoners of war in New Guinea", ''Journal of the Australian War Memorial'' (Oct 2002) #37 [https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/indians.asp online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208040250/https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/indians.asp |date=8 February 2016 }}</ref>

With the previously formed divisions mostly committed overseas in 1942, the army formed another four infantry divisions ([[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd]], [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25th]], 28th, [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th]]) and the [[43rd Armoured Division (India)|43rd Indian Armoured Division]].<ref name=pe108>Perry, p.108</ref> However, events during 1942 and the Japanese conquests meant that the 28th Division was not formed and the units earmarked for it were used elsewhere. The 36th Division, uniquely, was created as an Indian Army formation, but was formed from British brigades that had reached India from the [[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar campaign]] and from Britain. The final division formed in 1942 was the [[26th Indian Infantry Division]], which was hastily formed from the various units in training or stationed near [[Calcutta]].<ref name=pe108/>

After the perceived poor performance in battles in Malaya and Burma in 1942, it was decided that the existing infantry divisions were over–mechanised. To counter this, the 17th and [[39th Infantry Division (India)|39th]] divisions were selected to become light divisions, of only two brigades which would rely more on animal and four-wheel-drive transport.<ref name=pe108/>

By December 1942, agreement was reached that India should become the base for offensive operations. Support should be in place for 34 divisions, which would include two British, one West African, one East African and eleven Indian divisions, and what was left of the [[Burma Army (1937-1942)|Burma Army]].<ref name=pe112>Perry, p.112</ref>

===1943===
The plans for 1943 included the formation of another infantry division, an airborne division and a heavy armoured brigade. Only the [[44th Armoured Division (India)|44th Indian Armoured Division]] was formed, by amalgamating the 32nd and 43rd Armoured divisions.<ref name=pe108/> There was a change to the establishment of infantry divisions, which received two extra infantry battalions as divisional troops.<ref name=pe108/>

A committee was set up in 1943 to report on the readiness of the army and suggest improvements. Its recommendations were:
# The infantry should have first claims on cadet officers and educated recruits, the quality of officers and non commissioned officers (NCO) should be improved and there should be an increase in pay.
# Basic training should be increased to nine months followed by two months' specialised jungle training.
# The reinforcement system should be improved and drafts should include experienced NCO's
# Infantry brigades should include a British, an Indian and a Gurkha battalion.<ref name=pe111>Perry, p.111</ref>

To assist in the jungle training of the infantry from July 1943, the 14th and 39th divisions were converted to training divisions.<ref name=pe111/> The [[116th Indian Infantry Brigade]], part of [[39th Infantry Division (India)|39th Division]], provided the specialised jungle conversion training. An infantry battalion would spend from four to six months with the brigade, before being sent to the front to replace a tired battalion in one of the fighting divisions.<ref name=pe111/> The brigades and units of the [[14th Indian Infantry Division|14th Division]] provided jungle training for drafts of reinforcements for the Indian battalions already serving on the Burma front.<ref>Jeffreys & Anderson, pp. 19–20</ref>

===1944===
The planned [[44th Airborne Division (India)|44th Indian Airborne Division]] was finally formed from the 44th Armoured Division, leaving the 31st Armoured as the only armoured division in the army.<ref name=pe108/> The infantry division formation was changed again; it was now standardised as three infantry brigades plus three infantry battalions assigned as divisional troops.<ref name=pe108/>

The success of the [[2nd Indian Infantry Brigade|116th Brigade]] in training for jungle warfare was recognised. From May 1944, 116th Brigade trained units destined for the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] and [[150th Indian Infantry Brigade|150th Brigade]], which was converted from the [[Risalpur]] Training Brigade, trained units destined for the Southern Army.<ref>Moreman (2005), p.164</ref> The [[155th Indian Infantry Brigade]] was formed to provide training for units destined for the western theatres of war.<ref name=pe111/>

===Infantry divisions===
Infantry divisions consisted of three infantry brigades, of three infantry battalions. Usually, one battalion in each brigade was British and two were Indian or Gurkha. Four brigades were raised consisting entirely of Gurkha battalions. Later in the war, as British infantry reinforcements became more scarce, particularly in the South East Asian Theatre, British battalions in brigades fighting in Burma were replaced by Indian units.

In a division with a standard MT (Mechanical Transport) establishment, the divisional units were a reconnaissance unit provided by a mechanised cavalry regiment, and a heavy machine gun battalion armed with thirty-six [[Vickers machine gun]]s. (Each Indian infantry regiment raised a machine gun battalion in addition to its infantry battalions.) The divisional artillery consisted of three field artillery regiments with twenty-four [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|25-pounder]] guns each, one anti-tank regiment with forty-eight anti-tank guns and one light anti-aircraft regiment with up to fifty-four light anti-aircraft guns. There were three engineer field companies and one engineer field park company, plus signals, medical and transport units.<ref>Jeffreys & Anderson p.21</ref>

There were variations on the infantry formation, depending on role. The light divisions (14th, 17th and 39th) as formed in 1942 had only two brigades and lacked much heavy equipment. Transport was provided by six mule and four [[Jeep]] companies. This type of division was later dropped. The Animal and Mechanised transport divisions (A & MT) (7th, 20th and 23rd and later the 5th) had a mixture of animal and vehicle transport, as the name suggests.<ref>Jeffreys & Anderson, p.23</ref> In particular, one of the vehicle-drawn field artillery regiments was replaced by a [[mountain artillery]] regiment with twelve [[QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer|3.7-inch howitzers]], carried on mules. The anti-tank and light anti-aircraft regiments were replaced by a single regiment, with two batteries each of anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns. The divisional reconnaissance unit was replaced by a lightly equipped infantry battalion. Another standard infantry battalion provided the HQ Defence unit.

On 27 May 1944, General [[George Giffard]] (the commander of [[11th Army Group]]) ordered that all Indian divisions fighting in Burma should adopt the A & MT establishment.<ref>Jeffreys & Anderson, p.24</ref> Late that year, however, Lieutenant General [[William Slim]] (commanding Fourteenth Army) converted two divisions (the 5th and 17th) to a mixed establishment of two motorised brigades and one airportable brigade, in anticipation of mechanised operations in the comparatively open terrain of central Burma.<ref>Slim, p.379</ref> In April 1945, the 20th Division was also converted to a partially motorised establishment by acquiring the vehicles from a British division whose personnel were being withdrawn from Burma.<ref>Slim, p.477</ref>

===Armoured divisions===
It was intended to form an armoured division in the plans for 1940, 1941 and 1942. However, the Indian armoured formations suffered from a lack of equipment. The shortage of tanks in 1940 was reflected in the organisation of 31st Armoured Division, which first had one armoured and two motor brigades. At the end of 1940, this was changed to two armoured and one motor brigade.<ref name=pe114/> When the [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]] was sent to Egypt, the British armoured division organisation of two armoured brigades and a Support group was adopted.

In June 1942, the division's establishment was fixed as one armoured and one infantry brigade. The surplus armoured brigades ([[50th Indian Tank Brigade|50th]], [[254th Indian Tank Brigade|254th]], [[255th Indian Tank Brigade|255th]] and the [[267th Indian Armoured Brigade|267th]]) became independent brigades and served in the Burma campaign.<ref name=pe114>Perry, p.1114</ref> In March 1943, the shortage of technical staff forced another review of the armoured force and the 32nd and 43rd armoured divisions were amalgamated to become the [[44th Indian Armoured Division]].<ref name=pe114/> In March 1944, a further review reduced the armoured force to one division (the 31st Armoured Division serving in the Middle East) and three tank brigades (the 50th, 254th and 255th) serving in Burma.<ref name=pe114/>

===Airborne troops===
The [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Independent Indian Parachute Brigade]] was formed on 29 October 1941, with the British [[156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)|151st Parachute Battalion]], 152nd Indian Parachute Battalion and 153rd Gurkha Parachute Battalion, a medium machine gun company and a medium mortar detachment. The 151st Battalion was later renumbered as the 156th Battalion and returned to Britain and another Gurkha battalion (154th) was formed, but had not joined the brigade when it was heavily involved in the [[Battle of Sangshak]] in March 1944.<ref name=al187/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=12 October 2009|title=50th Parachute Brigade|publisher=Order of Battle|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6185&Tab=Sub}}</ref>

The headquarters of the 44th Indian Armoured Division was converted in April 1944, to [[44th Airborne Division (India)|9th Indian Airborne Division]], which was renamed the 44th Airborne Division a few weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=12 October 2009|title=44 Indian Airborne Division|publisher=Order of Battle|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7413&Tab=Uhi|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030034/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7413|url-status=dead}}</ref> After a delay caused by the Japanese invasion of India, the division resumed forming in July. It absorbed the 50th Parachute Brigade, and later two brigades from the disbanding Chindit force<ref name=br22/> The division now consisted of the 50th, [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77th]] Parachute Brigades and [[14th Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)|14th Airlanding Brigade]], two field artillery regiments, two anti-aircraft regiments and a joint anti-aircraft and anti-tank regiment.<ref name=44ab>{{cite web|title=44 Indian Airborne Division|publisher=Order of Battle|access-date=10 October 2009|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7413&Tab=Sub|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030034/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7413|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Artillery===
The [[Royal Artillery]] still provided some of the artillery required for Indian Army formations, but the [[Royal Indian Artillery|Indian Regiment of Artillery]] had been formed in 1935, initially consisting of four horse–drawn batteries.<ref name=indart/> The regiment was expanded during the war and, by 1945, had formed 10 field artillery regiments, 13 mountain artillery regiments, 10 anti–tank artillery regiments. Three anti–aircraft brigades were formed from the four heavy anti–aircraft artillery regiments and five light anti–aircraft artillery regiments created.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=11 October 2009|title=Index data|publisher=Order of Battle|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/IndexData.aspx?SttX=BCOM&&SrvX=ARM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614232609/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/IndexData.aspx?SttX=BCOM&&SrvX=ARM|archive-date=14 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For the regiments service during the war, it was granted the title ''Royal Indian Artillery'' in 1945.<ref name=indart>{{cite web|access-date=11 October 2009|title=Regiment of Artillery|publisher=Global Security|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/artillery.htm|archive-date=23 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723033200/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/artillery.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Engineers===
The [[Indian Engineers]] were a part of every division in the army. The engineers corps started the war with two army troops companies, 11 Field Companies and one field park company. Expansion during the war took the totals of engineers to; five army troops companies, 67 Field companies, six independent field squadrons, 20 field park companies and two independent field park squadrons.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=12 October 2009|title=Indian Engineers|publisher=Order of Battle|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/CorpsData.aspx?CorX=376}}</ref>

===Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)===
[[File:Commonwealth Forces in India IND4410.jpg|thumb|upright=0.45|{{small|WAC(I) Naval Wing officers}}]]
The [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] was formed in May 1942; recruits had to be a minimum age of 18 years and their duties were clerical or domestic. In December 1942, the minimum age was reduced to 17 years and 11,500 women had enlisted by the end of the war.<ref name=pe114/> Volunteers could enlist on Local service or General service terms. Those on General service could be sent to serve anywhere in India.<ref>Brown, p.140</ref> Compared to over two million men, the corps of 11,500 women was small, but recruitment was always hampered by caste and communal inhibitions. Indian women at the time did not mix socially or at work with men and a large part of the corps was formed from the mixed-race Anglo–Indian community.<ref>Blunt, p.61</ref> The WAC(I) had an autonomous Air Wing, which served as the Indian counterpart of the WAAF: the women operated switchboards and similar duties at airfields and air headquarters (AHQ). In the earlier part of the war there was likewise a Naval Wing, but with the very localised environment of naval base and the very distinct ethos of the wartime naval services, British and Indian, this department was formally hived-off, in 1944, to become: the [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] (WRINS), with its own uniform, similar to WRNS.

===Indian States Forces (ISF)===
{{further|List of Indian princely states|Imperial Service Troops}}
The armies of the Indian States or [[Princely state]]s provided a further 250,000 men during the war.<ref name=b134/> They contributed five cavalry regiments and 36 infantry battalions,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Corps unit index|publisher=Order of Battle|access-date=10 October 2009|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/CorpsIndex.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210075847/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/CorpsIndex.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and between them they had 16 infantry battalions plus signal, transport and pioneers companies away on active service.<ref name=b134>Brown, p.134</ref> One of their men, Captain [[Mahmood Khan Durrani]], was awarded the [[George Cross]] while in Japanese captivity.<ref name=mkd/>

===Chindits===
{{Main|Chindits|Order of Battle of the Chindits}}
The Chindits (named after a mythical beast, statues of which guarded Burmese temples) were the brainchild of [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Orde Wingate]], who intended that [[long-range penetration]] raids behind enemy lines would become the main effort against the Japanese in Burma.<ref>Jackson, pp.376–377</ref> In 1943, he mounted Operation ''Longcloth'' by the [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade]]. In 1944, they staged a much larger operation which involved disbanding the [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th British Infantry Division]], its three brigades together with three more brigades were grouped as ''Special Force'' and referred to for cover purposes as [[3rd Indian Infantry Division]]. In practice, the four Indian Army battalions in Special Force were all from regiments of Gurkha Rifles. There was also a battalion of [[Burma Rifles]], to provide reconnaissance and intelligence gathering. Chindits were in fact ordinary infantry units arbitrarily selected for the mission on the basis of their availability. There was no commando, airborne or other selection procedure,<ref>Slim, p.216</ref> although there was some "weeding out" of less fit personnel during training for operations.

The Chindits were disbanded in February 1945.<ref name=br22>Brayley, p.22</ref> Several of the brigade headquarters and many of the veterans of the Chindit operations were reformed and merged into 44th Airborne Division, while the force headquarters and signals units formed the core of [[XXXIV Corps (India)|XXXIV Indian Corps]].

=== Recruitment ===
In October 1939 shortly after the outbreak of war the Indian army numbered 205,038 men, initially little recruitment was undertaken as there was no expectation in London for India to contribute largely to a European war and the army grew to around 220,000 by the end of 1939 and by mid-1940 to 228,000 mostly from the [[Martial race|'martial races']] namely the Gurkhas and Sikhs. This policy of small increase and of Indian non-commitment was rapidly overturned following the [[Battle of France|fall of France]], London quickly called for the rapid expansion of the Indian army and the army duly grew doubling to 456,000 by the end of 1940 and to 912,000 by the end of 1941 then a further growth to over 1,577,000 by the end of 1942, further growth continued though at a diminishing rate. The total army including auxiliary forces peaked at 2,250,000 men. This was an impressive expansion of military force in a rapid period brought about solely by volunteers and not conscription. However, the British remained prejudiced and favoured their martial race categorisation of troops and deemed that of the 390,000,000 Indians, slightly less than 13,000,000 were intelligent and had the aptitude and sense to become a modern soldier for a modern war, thus only 3% of the adult male population was recruited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fennell |first=Jonathan |title=Fighting the people's war: the British and Commonwealth armies and the Second World War |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03095-4 |series=Armies of the Second World War |location=Cambridge |pages=66–69}}</ref>

The British recruitment policy however began to break down by mid 1942 as the martial races who were considered the most loyal and able fighters began to not volunteer in the same numbers due to rising demands for labour and higher profit in agriculture. Accordingly, recruits were sourced from beyond the martial races particularly Madras which grew from 3% of the pre-war army to 17% of the wartime army, though they joined not out of patriotism or loyalty but economic necessity as inflation caused by mass printing of money leading to rising prices. This is true especially of the Bengali recruits, whose wages were vastly reduced by inflation. The growth achieved by 1942 proved difficult to maintain as even the martial races of the dogra, Muslim, Sikh, Punjabi and Pathan struggled to fill existing units, though they continued to constitute the bulk of the frontline forces as the non-martial recruits were relegated to rear areas and auxiliary functions. By 1945 the martial races constituted 95% of the infantry, almost all of the armoured formations, artillery formations and air defence formations.<ref name=":0" />

==Armies==
The Indian Army supplied formations for the following British Empire and Commonwealth armies:

===Eighth===
The [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] was formed from the [[Western Desert Force]] in September 1941,<ref>Moreman & Anderson, p.4</ref> under the command of Lieutenant General Sir [[Alan Gordon Cunningham|Alan Cunningham]].<ref name=ma5>Moreman & Anderson, p.5</ref> Over time, the Eighth Army would be commanded by Generals [[Neil Ritchie]], [[Claude Auchinleck]] and [[Bernard Montgomery]].<ref name=ma5/> In the early years of the war, the Eighth Army suffered from poor leadership and repeated reversals of fortune until the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] when it advanced across [[Libya]] into [[Tunisia]].<ref name=ma5/>

===Ninth===
The [[Ninth Army (United Kingdom)|Ninth Army]] was formed on 1 November 1941 with the re-designation of the Headquarters of the British Troops in [[Mandate Palestine]] and [[Kingdom of Jordan|Transjordan]]. It controlled British and Commonwealth land forces stationed in the eastern Mediterranean. Its commanders were General [[Henry Maitland Wilson|Sir Henry Maitland Wilson]] and Lieutenant-General [[William Holmes (British general)|Sir William George Holmes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6890&Tab=Uhi|title=HQ British Troops Palestine and Transjordan|access-date=14 December 2008|publisher=Order of Battle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814080031/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6890&Tab=Uhi|archive-date=14 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7077&Tab=Sub|title=History and Commanders of 9 Army [British Commonwealth]|access-date=14 December 2008|publisher=Order of Battle|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120516042314/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7077&Tab=Sub|archive-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7077&Tab=App|title=Commanders of the 9th Army|access-date=14 December 2008|publisher=Order of Battle|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120516042330/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7077&Tab=App|archive-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Tenth===
The [[Tenth Army (United Kingdom)|Tenth Army]] was formed in [[Iraq]] and from the major part of [[Paiforce]] after the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]. It was active in 1942–1943, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir [[Edward Quinan]], and consisted of the [[III Corps (United Kingdom)|III Corps]] and the [[XXI Indian Corps]].<ref name=Lyman19>Lyman & Gerrard, p.19</ref> Its main task was the maintenance of the lines of communication to the Soviet Union from the Persian Gulf to the Caspian and the protection of the South Persian and Iraqi oilfields that supplied Britain with all its non American sourced oil.<ref>Lyman & Gerrard, pp.7–8</ref>

===Twelfth===
The [[Twelfth Army (United Kingdom)|Twelfth Army]] was reformed in May 1945, to take control of operations in [[Burma]] from the Fourteenth Army. The army Headquarters was created by re-designating the Headquarters of the [[XXXIII Indian Corps]], under Lieutenant-General Sir [[Montagu George North Stopford|Montagu Stopford]].<ref name=bc4>Brayley & Chappel, p.4</ref>

===Fourteenth===
The [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] was a multinational force comprising units from [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, many of its units were from the Indian Army as well as British units and there were also significant contributions from [[81st (West Africa) Division|81st]], [[82nd (West Africa) Division|82nd]] and [[11th (East Africa) Division|11th]] African divisions. It was often referred to as the "Forgotten Army" because its ongoing operations in the [[Burma Campaign]] were largely overlooked by the contemporary press, as the War in Europe drew to a close and even after Victory in Europe (VE), when people took the view the war was over everywhere. It still remained more obscure than those of the corresponding formations in Europe long after the war.<ref>Brayley & Chappell, p.5</ref> The Fourteenth Army was formed in 1943, under the command of Lieutenant General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]] and was the largest [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Army during the war, with nearly a million men by late 1944. At various times, four corps were assigned to the army: [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]], [[XV Indian Corps]], [[XXXIII Indian Corps]] and the [[XXXIV Indian Corps]].<ref name=bc4/>

===Eastern===
The [[Eastern Army (India)]] was formed from Eastern Command in 1942. It served as the rear area command for the Twelfth and Fourteenth Armies.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
Units being rested or reforming would be posted to this command, as would newly-formed or newly-posted units, being prepared for active service. It provided the training bases and depots, the equipment stores and the lines of communication (LOC) to headquarters. In addition, it provided force protection for the front-line forces, cushioning them from any domestic unrest and from any enemy attack from the rear. Its Commanders-in-Chief included Broad, Irwin and Giffard.

===Southern===
The [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]] was formed from Southern Command in 1942, and disbanded in August 1945. Mostly a British formation used on internal security and for units out of the front line. The [[19th Indian Infantry Division]] was one of its units from 1942 to 1944.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Army Subordinates|access-date=11 October 2009|publisher=Order of Battle|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7163&Tab=Sub|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104100946/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=7163&Tab=Sub|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref>

===North Western===
The [[North Western Army]] was formed from North Western Command in April 1942, formed to guard the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier]] it controlled the [[Kohat]], [[Peshawar]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]] and [[Waziristan]] Districts.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 October 2009|title=North Western Army|publisher=Order of Battle|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=8813&Tab=Sub|archive-date=6 July 2007|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070706171348/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=8813&Tab=Sub|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Middle East and Africa==

===North Africa===
{{Main|North African campaign|Western Desert campaign|Tunisian campaign}}

Just before the declaration of war, one Indian infantry brigade was sent to reinforce the British garrison in Egypt. In October 1939, a second brigade was sent; they were grouped together as the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]].<ref name=pe102/> By March 1940, two additional brigades and a divisional headquarters had been sent to Egypt; these became the [[5th Indian Infantry Division]].<ref name=pe102/>

[[Operation Compass]] (4th Indian and [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]]) was the first major Allied military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during the Second World War. It resulted in British and Commonwealth forces pushing across a great stretch of Libya and capturing almost all of Cyrenaica, 115,000 Italian soldiers, hundreds of tanks and artillery pieces and more than 1,100 aircraft with very few casualties of their own.<ref name=ri115/>

The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]' success against the Italians forced the Germans to reinforce North Africa. The [[Afrika Corps]] commanded by [[Erwin Rommel]] attacked in March 1941. The [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]], fought a delaying battle at [[Meikili]] on 6 April, which allowed the [[9th Australian Division]] to safely withdraw to [[Tobruk]].<ref name=ri116>Riddick, p.116</ref>

[[Operation Battleaxe]] (4th Indian and 7th Armoured) in June 1941 had the goal of clearing eastern Cyrenaica of German and Italian forces; one of the main benefits of this would be the lifting of the [[Siege of Tobruk]]. The operation did not succeed losing over half of their tanks on the first day and only achieved victory at one out of three thrusts. On the second day, they achieved mixed results, being pushed back on their western flank but repelled a significant German counter-attack in their centre. On the third day, the British narrowly avoided outright disaster by successfully withdrawing just prior to a German encircling movement which would have cut them off from retreat.<ref name=ri116/>

[[Operation Crusader]] (4th Indian, 7th Armoured, [[1st South African Division|1st South African]], [[2nd New Zealand Division|2nd New Zealand]] and [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th British]] divisions) between 18 November–30 December 1941. The initial plan was to destroy the Axis armoured force before advancing its infantry. 7th Armoured were heavily defeated by the Afrika Korps at [[Sidi Rezegh]]. Rommel's subsequent advance of his armoured divisions to the Axis fortress positions on the Egyptian border failed to find the main body of the Allied infantry, which had bypassed the fortresses and headed for Tobruk, so Rommel had to withdraw his armoured units to support the fighting at Tobruk. Despite achieving some tactical successes at Tobruk, the need to preserve his remaining forces prompted Rommel to withdraw his army to the defensive line at Gazala, west of Tobruk, and then all the way back to El Agheila.<ref name=ri116/>

4th Division left the desert for Cyprus and Syria in April 1942. By May 1942, their 11th Brigade had returned attached to the 5th Indian fighting south of Tobruk.<ref>Brown, p.98</ref> Their 5th Brigade returned in June 1942, and fought at [[Mersa Matruh]].<ref name=br101/> The [[10th Indian Infantry Division]] arrived from Syria, in time to take part in the [[Battle of Gazala]] May–June 1942, then held the Axis forces for 72 hours, in the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] permitting Eighth Army to safely withdraw.<ref>Ford & White p.26</ref>
HQ 4th Division returned for the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], holding [[Ruweisat Ridge]] at the centre of the Eighth Army's line, made a mock attack and two small raids intended to deflect attention to the centre of the front.<ref name=br101>Brown, p.101</ref>

[[Operation Pugilist]] (4th Indian, 2nd New Zealand and [[50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division|50th Northumbrian]] divisions) was an operation in the [[Tunisian Campaign]] The object of was to destroy the Axis forces in the [[Mareth Line]], and to capture Sfax. Pugilist itself was indecisive and failed to make a decisive breakthrough. It did, however, establish an alternative route of attack and thus laid the ground for Supercharge II, an outflanking manoeuvre via the Tebaga Gap.<ref>Brown, pp.103–110</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Indian soldiers with swastika flag after re-occupation of Benghazi 1941.jpg|{{small|[[Central Indian Horse]] after re-occupation of [[Benghazi]]}}
File:Indian troops in North Africa parade with a Boys anti-tank rifle and 'Molotov cocktail' petrol bombs, 6 October 1940. E699.jpg|{{small|[[4th Indian Division|4th Division]] tank-hunting squad at [[Mersa Matruh]]}}
File:Smiling Indian Soldiers in Tobruk 1941.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers smile at [[Tobruk]]}}
File:IWM-E-003660-4700-32.jpg|{{small|From Khyber Pass to [[Halfaya Pass|Hellfire Pass]], [[Operation Battleaxe]]}}
File:Indian Forces in North Africa during the Second World War E6940.jpg|{{small|4th Division with captured German flag at Sidi Omar}}
File:Members of the 4th Indian Division in action, Tunisia, April 1943.jpg|{{small|4th Division in Tunisia to which [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim|General Von Arnim]] surrendered}}
File:Indian Forces in North Africa during the Second World War E7180.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers guard Italian prisoners near [[Gamal Abdel Nasser Airbase|El Adem Aerodrome]]}}
File:Commonwealth Forces in North Africa E2502.jpg|{{small|Indian troops man anti-aircraft Bren gun, [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]]}}
</gallery>

===East Africa===
{{Main|East African campaign (World War II)}}
The [[Italian conquest of British Somaliland]] started on 3 August 1940, the 3/[[15th Punjab Regiment]] were amongst the forces on hand and they were quickly reinforced from Aden by the 1/[[2nd Punjab Regiment]] on 7 August. After the [[Battle of Tug Argan]], the British force was forced to withdraw, the 3/15th Punjab forming part of the rearguard. By 19 August, the British and Indian battalions were evacuated to Aden. British ground losses were 38 killed, 102 wounded, and 120 missing, compared to Italian casualties of 465 killed, 1,530 wounded, and 34 missing.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Invasion of British Somaliland|access-date=5 October 2009|publisher=Stone & Stone online database of World War II|url=http://stonebooks.com/history/somaliland.shtml|archive-date=6 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706002409/http://stonebooks.com/history/somaliland.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 1940, the 4th Indian Infantry Division was rushed from Egypt to join the [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Indian Infantry Division]] in the [[Sudan]]. From February to April 1941, the Indian 4th and 5th Infantry Divisions took part in the [[Battle of Keren]],<ref name=ri115/> By the end of the campaign, the Italian forces had been cleared from [[Eritrea]] and [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] 220,000 of them becoming [[prisoners of war]].<ref name=ri115>Riddick, p.115</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Indian soldiers at a shore posts in Berbera - August 1940.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers at shore post in [[Berbera]]}}
File:Indian troops stand next to a Cheren (Keren) signpost, May 1941.jpg|{{small|Indian Army at [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]] (Cheren)}}
File:Indian Troops in East Africa, 1941 E2182.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers clear [[Eritrea]]n village}}
File:Indian-field-gun-keren.jpg|{{small|Indian [[Ordnance QF 18-pounder]] gun crew in action before capture of Keren}}
</gallery>

===Iraq and Persia===
{{Main|Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraqforce|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran}}

In 1941, forces were required to participate in the Anglo-Iraqi War, to safeguard the overland supply route to the Soviet Union.<ref name=su23/> In April, the [[8th Indian Infantry Division]] landed at [[Basra]] and marched on [[Baghdad]] securing Iraq for the Allied cause from the pro German [[Rashid Ali]].<ref name=ri115/> [[Operation Barbarossa]] the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, placed the [[Persia]]n oil fields in danger from the advancing German Army. In August 1941, the Indian 8th and [[Indian 10th Infantry Division|10th]] Infantry Divisions invaded southern Persia to secure the oil installations.<ref name=ri115/>

The 8th and 10th Indian Infantry Divisions, [[2nd Indian Armoured Brigade]] and the [[1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)#Order of battle in Second World War|British 4th Cavalry Brigade]] were all involved in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (August–September 1941), which was rapid and conducted with ease. From the south, two battalions from 8th Divisions 24th Indian Brigade making an amphibious crossing of the [[Shatt al-Arab]], captured the [[Abadan Refinery|petroleum installations at Abadan]].<ref>Compton McKenzie, p.130</ref> The 8th Division then advanced from [[Basra]] towards [[Qasr Shiekh]] and by 28 August had reached [[Ahvaz]] when the Shah ordered hostilities to cease.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, pp.132–133</ref> Further north, eight battalions of British and Indian troops under Major-General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]] advanced from [[Khanaqin]] into the [[Naft shahr|Naft-i-Shah]] oilfield and on towards the [[Pataq|Pai Tak Pass]], leading towards [[Kermanshah]] and [[Hamadan]]. The Pai Tak position was taken on 27 August after the defenders had withdrawn in the night; the planned assault on Kermanshah on 29 August was aborted when the defenders called a truce to negotiate surrender terms.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, pp.130–136</ref>

After hostilities had ended, the [[2nd Indian Infantry Division]], [[6th Indian Infantry Division]] and [[12th Indian Infantry Division]] all remained in the region on internal security duties.<ref name="su25" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Indian Army troops in winter clothing, Iran, 1944 (c).jpg|{{small|Indian troops in winter clothing in [[Persia]]}}
File:Two Sikh members of an Indian camouflage unit in Baghdad, with a dummy Stuart tank mounted on a car chassis, 25 March 1942. E9697.jpg|{{small|Indian camouflage unit with dummy [[Stuart tank]] in [[Baghdad]]}}
File:Pictures From Iran E5329.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers guard [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]] refinery at [[Abadan]]}}
File:Indian soldiers stand next to a supply convoy en route to the Soviet Union.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers stand next to supply convoy en route to [[Soviet Union]]}}
</gallery>

===Syria and Lebanon===
{{Main|Syria–Lebanon campaign}}

The Indian Army supplied the 5th Brigade, 4th Indian Infantry Division which attacked from the south with the [[I Corps (Australia)|Australian I Corps]] and the [[10th Indian Infantry Division]] which also had the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade, [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]] under command was part of [[Iraqforce]] attack northern and central Syria from the east. 5th Brigade took part in the [[Battle of Kissoué]] and the [[Battle of Damascus (1941)|Battle of Damascus]], June 1941, and 10th Division the [[Battle of Deir ez-Zor (1941)|Battle of Deir ez-Zor]] in July.<ref name=ri115/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Indian troops in Lebanon 1942.jpg|{{small|Indian troops march through [[Zgharta]]}}
File:The British Army in the Middle East 1941 E3839.jpg|{{small|Indian tank passes wrecked [[Vichy French]] tank on road to [[Damascus]]}}
</gallery>

==South-East Asia==

===Hong Kong===
{{Main|Battle of Hong Kong}}
The Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, less than eight hours after their [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. The garrison comprised British, Indian and Canadian battalions plus local Hong Kong Chinese reservists. The Indian Army troops were the 5/[[7th Rajput Regiment]] and the 2/[[14th Punjab Regiment]]. The garrison held out for 18 days before being forced to surrender.<ref name=ri116/>

===Malaya===
{{Main|Malaya Command|Battle of Malaya|Japanese invasion of Malaya}}

As in Egypt, the Indian Army dispatched one infantry brigade to Malaya just before the start of the war.<ref name=pe102/> By 1941, all training and equipment was geared to fight in North Africa and the Middle East and the forces in Burma and Malaya had been depleted to supply reinforcements to the forces in the west.<ref name=su23/>
As a result, in the spring of 1941, the [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th Indian Infantry Division]] was sent to Malaya.<ref name=pe107>Perry, p.107</ref>

On 8 December, the Japanese Army attacked the Malayan peninsula,<ref name=ri116/> the defenders now included the Indian 9th and the [[11th Indian Infantry Division]]s, the [[12th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and a number of independent battalions and units of [[Imperial Service Troops]], in the [[III Corps (India)|III Indian Corps]]. The 11th Indian division fought the [[Battle of Jitra]] 11–13 December, the [[Battle of Kampar]] 30 December – 2 January, the [[Battle of Slim River]] 6–8 January 1942. The [[17th Infantry Division (India)|44th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|45th Indian Infantry Brigade]] had arrived as reinforcement in January 1942. The 45th Brigade fought the [[Battle of Muar]] 14–22 January, of the 4,000 men in the brigade only 800 survived the battle.<ref>Churchill, p.36</ref>

===Singapore===
{{Main|Battle of Singapore}}

The Battle of Singapore 31 January – 15 February ended with the capture of 9th and 11th Indian Divisions and the 12th, 44th and 45th brigades and 55,000 Indian servicemen were made prisoners of war.<ref>Warren, p.275</ref> Regrettably on 26 January 1943, 269 of those [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) from the [[16th Punjab Regiment]] were among those aboard the [[Japanese transport ship Buyo Maru]]. During the incident, some 195 of them lost their lives.

During the battle for Singapore, Indian units fought in the [[Battle of Bukit Timah]] and the [[Battle of Pasir Panjang]].<ref>Churchill, pp.87–89</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:IN CONVOY FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE. FEBRUARY 1942, ON BOARD THE TROOPSHIP DEVONSHIRE DURING PASSAGE FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE AND BATAVIA (DJAKARTA) AND RETURN, IN WHAT WAS PROBABLY THE LAST CONVOY TO REACH SING A9689.jpg|{{small|Boarding in Bombay bound for [[Singapore]] and [[Jakarta|Batavia]]}}
File:Newly-arrived Indian troops.jpg|{{small|Newly-arrived troops line up in Singapore}}
File:Victory Sign Indian Soldier Singapore 1941.jpg|{{small|Soldier flashes [[V Sign#Victory sign|Churchill Victory Sign]]}}
</gallery>

===Borneo===
{{Main|Battle of Borneo (1941–42)}}
In late 1940, [[Air Chief Marshal]] Sir [[Robert Brooke-Popham]] ordered the 2nd Battalion, [[15th Punjab Regiment]] and a heavy {{convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on}} gun battery from the Hong Kong-Singapore Royal Artillery, to be positioned at [[Kuching]], the capital of [[Sarawak]]. The battalion, which numbered about 1,050 men, was commanded by British Lieutenant Colonel C.M. Lane and was a part of "SARFOR" (Sarawak Force). Some 230 men of the battalion were killed or captured in the defence of the airfield before the fall of the city to the Japanese on 24 December 1941. Two days later, SARFOR was disbanded; on the 27th, the remainder of the Punjabi force crossed into [[Dutch Borneo]], where Lane placed them under Dutch command. The men continued to resist the Japanese in the dense jungle of southern Borneo until 1 April, when they finally surrendered. [[Arthur Percival]], GOC Malaya, later called their resistance "a feat of endurance which assuredly will rank high in the annals of warfare. It says much for the morale of this fine battalion that it remained a formed and disciplined body to the end."<ref>L. Klemen (1999–2000), [http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/sarawak.html "The Invasion of British Borneo in 1942"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045301/http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/sarawak.html |date=8 April 2023 }}, ''Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942''.</ref>

===Return to Malaya and Singapore===
{{Main|Operation Tiderace|Operation Zipper}}

[[25th Indian Infantry Division]] with [[3 Commando Brigade]], in January 1945 the Division took part in the first large scale Amphibious Operations in South East Asia, They were ferried across the Four Mile wide Mayu Estuary to land on the Northern beaches of [[Sittwe|Akyab Island]], in the course of the following weeks they occupied [[Myrbaw]] and [[Ruywa]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 October 2009|publisher=Burma Star Association|title=25th Indian Division|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/25thind.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712023409/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/25thind.htm|archive-date=12 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 1945. the division was withdrawn to South India to prepare for Operation Zipper the invasion of Malaya, having been chosen for the assault landing role. Although hostilities then ceased, the operation proceeded as planned, 23rd and 25th Divisions was the first formations to land in Malaya 9 September, and then accepting the surrender of the Japanese Army.<ref>Warren, pp.297–299</ref>

Operation Tiderace ([[5th Indian Infantry Division]]) commenced when troops set sail from Trincomalee and Rangoon on 21 August for Singapore.<ref>Harper, p.154</ref> The fleet arrived in Singapore on 4 September 1945, and Japanese forces in Singapore officially surrendered to Admiral Lord [[Louis Mountbatten]], Supreme Allied Commander [[South East Asia Command]] on 12 September 1945.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wong|first=Gillian|title=Singapore Marks Japan's WW II Surrender Anniversary|magazine=The Irrawaddy|access-date=15 October 2009|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=4968|archive-date=12 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812080700/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=4968|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:British Reoccupation of Singapore, 1945 SE4636.jpg|{{small|Indian landing craft enter bay at [[Singapore]]}}
File:British Reoccupation of Singapore, 1945 SE4649.jpg|{{small|[[5th Indian Division|5th Division]] pass through streets of Singapore}}
File:Mountbatten inspects Indian troops at Singapore 1945.jpg|{{small|[[Lord Mountbatten]] inspects [[17th Dogra Regiment|17th Dogras]] after Japanese surrender in Singapore}}
File:5th Indian division soldier with Japanese soldiers.jpg|{{small|Indian soldier guards Japanese prisoners in Singapore}}
File:Japanese Surrender in Malaya, 1945 IND4851.jpg|{{small|Japanese officers surrender swords to [[25th Indian Division|25th Division]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]}}
</gallery>

===Post-Japanese surrender===
{{further|War in Vietnam (1945–1946)|Indonesian National Revolution}}

After the Japanese surrender, some divisions were sent to disarm the Japanese and assist the local governments. The 7th Division moved to Thailand, where it disarmed the Japanese occupying army, and liberated and repatriated Allied prisoners of war.<ref>Reynolds, p.413</ref> The 20th Division was sent to [[French Indochina]], occupying the southern part of the colony. There were several battles with the [[Viet Minh]], who were intent on achieving independence.<ref>Dunn, pp176–177</ref> The 23rd Division was sent to Java, where the end of the war had brought widespread disorder and conflict between the Dutch colonial regime and pro-independence movements.<ref>McMillan, p.19</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Japanese Troops Leave Bangkok, 1945 IND4835.jpg|{{small|[[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th Division]] supervise disarmament of Japanese prisoners in [[Bangkok]]}}
File:General Leclerc reviews Indian troops in Saigon 1945.jpg|{{small|[[General Leclerc]] reviews troops of [[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Division]] in [[Saigon]]}}
File:Indian troops clear road between Batavia and Bandoeng 1946.jpg|{{small|[[36th Indian Brigade|36th Brigade]] clear [[Jakarta|Batavia]]-[[Bandung|Bandoeng]] road of snipers and ambush squads}}
File:The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE5894.jpg|{{small|Indian troops on road to Bangjoebiroe Camp to free Dutch civilians held by [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian Nationalists]]}}
File:The British Occupation of Java SE5865.jpg|{{small|Indian soldier takes cover, [[Battle of Surabaya]]}}
File:The British Occupation of Java SE6799.jpg|{{small|[[Rajput Regiment|4/7th Rajputs]] in position along railway line at [[Bekasi]], Java}}
File:The Allied Occupation of Sumatra SE7516.jpg|{{small|[[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Division]] mortar positions outside [[Medan]], Sumatra}}
File:Brits-Indiërs van het 6th Battalion the Mahratta Light Infantry, Bestanddeelnr 100A-1-1.jpg|{{small|[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry|6/5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] in [[Jakarta]], Java}}
</gallery>

==Burma==
{{Main|Burma campaign}}
At the same time, the 9th Division was sent to reinforce Malaya, in the spring of 1941, an infantry brigade was sent to reinforce Burma followed by a second brigade later in the year.<ref name=pe107/> On 8 December, the Japanese Army invaded Burma from [[Siam]].<ref name=ri116/> Withdrawing to India, the last British and Indian escaped from Burma in July 1942.<ref name=ri116/>

===Japanese conquest of Burma===
{{Main|Japanese conquest of Burma}}
The [[Battle of Bilin River]] was fought in February 1942, by the [[17th Indian Infantry Division]]. The 17th Division held the Japanese at the Bilin River for two days of close-quarters jungle fighting. The Japanese tactics were to outflank, and eventually with encirclement imminent, they were given permission to fall back. The division disengaged under cover of darkness and began a {{convert|30|mi}} retreat along the dusty track to the [[Sittang]] bridge.<ref>Slim, p.17.</ref> The [[Battle of Sittang Bridge]] followed after which 17th Division lost most of its artillery, vehicles and other heavy equipment.<ref>Slim, p.18</ref> Its infantry manpower was 3,484 just over 40% of its establishment, though it was already well under-strength before the battle started.<ref>Liddle Hart, p.218</ref> The [[Battle of Pegu]] in March was carried out by the surviving elements of the 17th Division and the [[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th British Armoured Brigade]], which had just arrived from the Middle East.<ref name="7th Armd Bde">{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/9976.aspx |title=7th Armoured Brigade |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=8 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821221643/http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/9976.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> In April, the [[Battle of Yenangyaung]] was fought between the 7th Armoured Brigade, [[17th Infantry Division (India)|48th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and [[39th Infantry Division (India)|1st Burma Division]] for control of the [[Yenangyaung]] oil fields. The Japanese suffered heavy casualties during the battle, but the Allied forces were too weak to hold the oil fields and had to retreat to the north. The fighting retreat to India, was successfully completed in May just before the monsoons would have cut them off.<ref name="7th Armd Bde"/> Approximately 12,000 of the 40,000 Indian prisoners of war who were captured either during the [[Malayan campaign]] or surrendered at Singapore were led by [[Mohan Singh Deb|Mohan Singh]] as the [[First Indian National Army]] which was dissolved in December 1942.

===Burma campaign 1943===
{{Main|Burma campaign (1942–1943)}}
The [[Arakan campaign (1942–1943)|Arakan campaign]], which began in December 1942, conducted by what at the time was an improvised formation [[14th Indian Infantry Division]] was a failure. The average British and Indian soldier was not properly trained for fighting in jungle, which together with repeated defeats adversely affected morale. This was exacerbated by poor administration in the rear areas. Drafts of reinforcements sent to replace casualties were found in some cases to have not even completed basic training.<ref>Allen, p.115</ref> There were also questions asked about the ability of the Indian Army's high command, which led to the creation of the position of Supreme Allied Commander [[South East Asia Command]], leaving the army high command to concentrate on internal security and administration.<ref>Perry, p.110</ref> There was continual patrol activity and low-key fighting south of Imphal, but neither army possessed the resources to mount decisive operations. 17th Division held positions around the town of [[Tiddim]] {{convert|100|mi}} south of Imphal, and skirmished with units of the [[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|33rd Japanese Division]]. The Japanese had a shorter and easier supply line from the port of [[Kalewa]] on the [[Chindwin River]] and had the upper hand for most of 1942 and 1943.<ref>Slim, p.284</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:India+in+world+war+two+2.jpg|{{small|Moving ammunition in muddy conditions on road to [[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]]}}
File:The War in the Far East- the Burma Campaign 1941-1945 IND4222.jpg|{{small|Indian landing craft advance along tributary of [[Kaladan]]}}
File:INDIAN TROOPS IN BURMA, 1944.jpg|{{small|[[7th Rajput Regiment|7th Rajputs]] about to go on patrol in [[Arakan]]}}
</gallery>

===Burma campaign 1944===
{{Main|Burma campaign (1944)}}

The [[Battle of the Admin Box]] ([[5th Indian Infantry Division|5th]], [[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th]] and [[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Indian]], [[81st (West Africa) Division]], [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th British Division]]) in February, came after a limited allied offensive. The Japanese had infiltrated the widely dispersed lines of the 7th Division. They then moved north undetected across the Kalapanzin River, and swung west and south, and attacked the HQ of the 7th Division. The forward divisions were ordered to dig in and hold their positions rather than retreat, while the reserve divisions advanced to their relief. On the ground, the fighting for the Admin Box was severe and Japanese fire caused heavy casualties in the crowded defences and twice set ammunition dumps on fire. However, all attempts to overrun the defenders were thwarted by the tanks of the [[25th Dragoons]]. Although Allied casualties were higher than the Japanese, the Japanese had been forced to abandon many of their wounded to die. For the first time in the Burma Campaign, the Japanese tactics had been countered and turned against them and British and Indian soldiers had held and defeated a major Japanese attack.<ref name=al187>Allen, pp.187–188</ref>

The [[Battle of Imphal]] and the [[Battle of Sangshak]] ([[17th Indian Infantry Division|17th]], [[20th Indian Infantry Division|20th]], [[23rd Indian Infantry Division|23rd Indian Divisions]], [[50th Indian Parachute Brigade]] and [[254th Indian Tank Brigade]]) took place in the region around the city of Imphal, the capital of the state of Manipur in North-East India from March until July 1944. The Japanese army and the [[Indian National Army]] attempted to destroy the Allied forces at Imphal and invade India, but were driven back into Burma with heavy losses.<ref>Allen, pp.159–162</ref>

The [[Battle of Kohima]] ([[50th Indian Parachute Brigade]] and [[5th Indian Infantry Division|5th]], [[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th Indian]] and [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd British Division]]s) was the turning point of the [[Operation U-Go|Japanese U Go offensive]]. The Japanese attempted to capture Kohima ridge, a feature which dominated the road by which the major British and Indian troops at Imphal were supplied. British and Indian reinforcements counter-attacked to drive the Japanese from the positions they had captured. The Japanese abandoned the ridge, but continued to block the Kohima-Imphal road. From 16 May to 22 June, the British and Indian troops pursued the retreating Japanese and reopened the road. The battle ended on 22 June when British and Indian troops from Kohima and Imphal met at Milestone 109.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=11 October 2009 |title=Battle of Kohima |publisher=Ministry of Defence.UK |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4C2B25FC-2E6C-45F9-B785-8A75139E9A0A/0/ww2_kohima.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806001743/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4C2B25FC-2E6C-45F9-B785-8A75139E9A0A/0/ww2_kohima.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Imphalgurkhas.jpg|{{small|Gurkhas advance with [[Lee tank]]s on [[Imphal]]-[[Kohima]] road}}
File:Indian and Gurkha soldiers inspect captured Japanese ordnance during the Imphal-Kohima battle, 1944.jpg|{{small|Indian troops inspect captured Japanese ordnance}}
File:Indian soldiers patrol Burmese jungle 1944.jpg|{{small|[[Garhwal Rifles]] patrol jungle in Burma}}
File:Indian troops in Arakan.jpg|{{small|Indian trench in Arakan}}
</gallery>

===Burma campaign 1945===
{{Main|Burma campaign (1944–1945)}}

The [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay]] (5th, 7th, 17th, 19th, and 20th Indian divisions, 2nd British Division, and [[254th Indian Tank Brigade|254th]] and [[255th Indian Tank Brigade]]s) between January and March 1945, were decisive battles near the end of the Burma Campaign. Despite logistical difficulties, the Allies were able to deploy large armoured and mechanised forces in Central Burma, and also possessed air supremacy. Most of the Japanese forces in Burma were destroyed during the battles, allowing the Allies to later recapture the capital, Rangoon, and reoccupy most of the country with little organised opposition.<ref>Moreman (2005), pp.175–197</ref>

The [[Battle of Ramree Island]] ([[26th Indian Infantry Division]]) was fought for six weeks during January and February 1945, as part of the [[XV Indian Corps]] 1944–45 offensive on the Southern Front of the Burma Campaign. Ramree Island lies off the Burma coast and was captured along with the rest of Southern Burma, during the early stages of the Campaign, by the rapidly advancing Imperial Japanese Army in 1942. In January 1945 the Allies were able to launch attacks to retake Ramree and its neighbour Cheduba, with the intention of building sea-supplied airbases on them.<ref>Moreman (2005), p.181</ref>

[[Operation Dracula]] and the [[Battle of Elephant Point]] (5th and 17th Infantry, and [[44th Airborne Division (India)|44th Indian Airborne Division]]; 2nd and 36th British Divisions; and 255th Indian Tank Brigade) was the name given to an airborne and amphibious attack on Rangoon by British and Indian forces. When it was launched, the Imperial Japanese Army had already abandoned the city.<ref>Haining, pp.166–167</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Indian troops wade ashore at Akyab, Burma, January 1945. SE2418.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers wade ashore at [[Akyab]]}}
File:Indian paratroops jumping over Burma 1945.jpg|{{small|[[44th Airborne Division (India)|44th Airborne Division]] parachute to drop zone south of [[Rangoon]]}}
File:Indian troops among pagodas on Mandalay.jpg|{{small|[[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Division]] fire on Japanese strong point among pagodas on [[Mandalay Hill]]}}
File:The War in the Far East- the Burma Campaign 1941-1945 IND4549.jpg|{{small|[[Madras Sappers]] open gates after capture of [[Mandalay Palace|Fort Dufferin]]}}
File:Indian landing craft enters Rangoon harbour 1945.jpg|{{small|Indian [[landing craft assault|landing craft]] enters Rangoon harbour to crowds of cheering civilians}}
File:Rajputana Rifles assault on Meiktila.jpg|{{small|[[Rajput Regiment|6/7th Rajputs]] march towards [[Meiktila]]}}
File:British commander and Indian crew encounter elephant near Meiktila.jpg|{{small|[[255th Indian Tank Brigade]] encounter elephant near Meiktila}}
File:Indian Troops in Burma, 1945 IND4652.jpg|{{small|Indian [[Stuart tank]] on road to Rangoon}}
File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE3270.jpg|{{small|Indian troops take cover behind [[Lee tank]] during street fighting in [[Mandalay]]}}
File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE4081.jpg|{{small|[[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Division]] search for hidden Japanese units in [[Pyay|Prome]]}}
</gallery>

==Japan==

===British Commonwealth Occupation Force===
{{Main|British Commonwealth Occupation Force}}

Indian Army units formed part of the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force]] (BCOF) in [[Occupation of Japan|occupied Japan]]. BCOF was responsible for supervising [[demilitarisation]] and the [[surrender of Japan|disposal of Japan]]'s war industries,<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/bcof.htm British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820040331/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/bcof.htm |date=20 August 2008 }}, AWM.</ref> as well as the occupation of the western prefectures of [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]], [[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi]], [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]], [[Okayama Prefecture|Okayama]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]] and [[Shikoku|Shikoku Island]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:HMIS Sutlej 1946 IWM IND 5217.jpg|{{small|[[HMIS Sutlej]] at [[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]], Shikoku Island, Japan}}
File:Indian Sappers and Miners in Hiroo, Japan, 1946.jpg|{{small|[[Madras Sappers]] construct building in Hiroo, Japan}}
File:Indian soldiers Hiroshima 1946.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers survey ruins of [[Hiroshima]]}}
File:Indian Independence Day celebration at BCOF base in Bofu, Japan, 15 August 1947.jpg|{{small|Indian troops celebrate [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence]] at BCOF base in Bofu, Japan}}
</gallery>

==Europe==

===France===
{{Main|British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|Battle of France}}
In 1940, four mule companies of the [[British Indian Army|British Indian Army Service Corps]] joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in [[France]]. They were [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated from Dunkirk]] with the rest of the BEF in May 1940,<ref name=su23/> and were still stationed in [[England]] in July 1942.<ref>Jackson, p.366</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:The British Army in France 1940 F2676.jpg|{{small|Indian muleteers and mule with gas masks in France}}
File:Indian mule transport company parade in France 1940.jpg|{{small|[[British Indian Army|British Indian Army Service Corps]] on parade in France}}
</gallery>

===Italy===
{{Main|Italian campaign (World War II)}}

The Allies landed in Italy on 9 September 1943. The [[4th Indian Infantry Division|4th]], [[8th Indian Infantry Division|8th]] and [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th]] Indian Divisions and the [[43rd Independent Gurkha Infantry Brigade]] were all involved during the campaign<ref name=ri116/><ref>Chappell, p.58</ref>
In October 1943, the 8th Indian Division fighting on the [[Adriatic]] front reached the [[Barbara Line]] which was breached in early November.<ref>Carver, p.90</ref> The 8th Division led the assault on the German defensive [[Bernhardt Line]], crossed the [[Sangro River]] and advanced to just short of [[Pescara]] where Eighth Army halted to wait for better weather in the spring.<ref>Carver, p.103</ref>

The 4th Indian Division took part in the [[Battle of Monte Cassino#Second battle (Operation Avenger)|second battle of Monte Cassino]],<ref>Majdalany, p. 128</ref> In the final [[Battle of Monte Cassino#Fourth and final battle|fourth battle of Monte Cassino]] on 11 May, on the Eighth Army front, [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] had made two strongly opposed night crossings of the Rapido by the [[4th Division (United Kingdom)|British 4th Division]] and [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]].<ref>Badsey, p.150</ref> By 18 May, the Germans had withdrawn to their next line.<ref>Badsey, p.154</ref>

The [[Gothic Line]] formed the last major line of defence in the final stages of the war along the summits of the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]] The Gothic Line was breached on both the Adriatic and the central Apennine fronts during the [[Battle of Gemmano]] in August (4th Indian Divisions last battle before moving to Greece).<ref>Zuehlke, p.340</ref> On the [[United States Army North|United States Fifth Army]]'s far right wing, on the right of the [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] front, 8th Indian Division fighting across trackless ground had captured the heights of Femina Morta, and [[6th British Armoured Division]] had taken the San Godenzo Pass on Route 67 to [[Forlì]], both on 18 September. On 5 October, the 10th Indian Division, switched from [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British X Corps]] to [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|British V Corps]], had crossed the Fiumicino river high in the hills and turned the German defensive line on the river forcing the German Tenth Army units downstream to pull back towards Bologna.

In the [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|1945 spring offensive]], the critical role of getting across the Senio, honeycombed with defensive tunnels and bunkers front and rear, was given to the 8th Indian Division, reprising the role they played crossing the Rapido in the final Battle of Monte Cassino.<ref name=tiger>{{cite web|access-date=12 October 2009|title=The Tiger Triumphs|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office for the Government of India|year=1946|url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Tiger/triumphs08.html|archive-date=1 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201224621/http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Tiger/triumphs08.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 April 1945, the Germans signed an instrument of surrender; hostilities in Italy formally ceased on 2 May.<ref name=tiger/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Mahratta sniper in Italy 1943.jpg|{{small|[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry|Mahratta]] sniper on south bank of [[Trigno]]}}
File:Indian troops advance across the Aquino aerodrome 1944.jpg|{{small|[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry|1/5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] advance across [[Aquino, Italy|Aquino]] aerodrome}}
File:The British Army in Italy 1945 NA21748.jpg|{{small|Indian troops proceed through snow near [[Castel Bolognese]]}}
File:6th DCO Lancers, San Felice, during the advance towards the Sangro.jpg|{{small|[[British Indian Armoured Corps|Indian Armoured Corps]] chat with civilians in [[San Felice del Molise|San Felice]] during advance towards [[Sangro]]}}
File:Sikh soldier with captured Swastika flag.jpg|{{small|Indian soldier holds captured [[swastika]] flag after surrender of German forces in Italy}}
File:German prisoners being escorted by Indian troops after the Battle of the Sangro 1943.jpg|{{small|Indian soldier escorts German prisoners after [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Battle of the Sangro]]}}
File:A Universal Carrier and mortar team of the Indian 6th Royal Frontier Force in Italy, 13 December 1943. NA9785.jpg|{{small|Indian [[Universal Carrier]] and mortar team between [[Lanciano]] and [[Orsogna]]}}
File:Indian sikh soldiers in Italian campaign.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers with [[Bren Gun]] near Villa Grande}}
File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA17069.jpg|{{small|[[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th Division]] on the move in Italy}}
File:1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg|{{small|[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] train in [[Florence]]}}
</gallery>

===Greece===
{{Main|Greek Civil War}}

On 24 October 1944, the 4th Indian Infantry Division were shipped to Greece, to help stabilise the country after the German withdrawal.<ref>Hoyt, p.186</ref> The plan called for the division to be dispersed in three widely scattered areas. The 7th Indian Brigade and Divisional troops were allocated [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek Macedonia]], [[Thrace]] and [[Thessaly]], with instructions to keep watch on the borders of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The 11th Indian Brigade would garrison the towns of Western Greece and the Ionian islands. The 5th Indian Brigade would take over the Aegean area and the Cyclades, and would move into Crete when the enemy garrisons in that island capitulated.<ref name=tiger/>

On 3 December, the [[Greek People's Liberation Army|ELAS]] members of the Greek Government resigned. A general strike was declared, and police opened fire on demonstrators. In Italy, the [[4th Division (United Kingdom)|4th]] and [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|46th British Infantry Divisions]] were ordered to leave for Greece. On 15 January, a truce had been concluded in Athens, by the terms of which ELAS undertook to withdraw from the capital and Salonika and to occupy rural concentration areas. Except for isolated incidents, this truce ended operations in Greece.<ref name=tiger/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:The British Army in Cyprus 1941 E6547.jpg|{{small|Indian [[Universal Carrier]] crew play with children in [[Cyprus]]}}
File:Indian troops sweep for mines in Salonika 1944.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers sweep for mines after landing in [[Salonika]]}}
File:Indian troops touring the Acropolis 1944.jpg|{{small|[[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]] tour [[Acropolis]] after clearing [[Piraeus]] of Communist forces}}
File:The Liberation of Rhodes, 1945 E30950.jpg|{{small|[[9th Bhopal Infantry|Bhopal Regiment]] take over German sentry position after liberation of [[Rhodes]]}}
File:Archbishop Damaskinos inspects Indian troops in Salonika 1945.jpg|{{small|[[Archbishop Damaskinos]] inspects [[4th Indian Infantry Division|4th Division]]}}
File:Indian troops depart from Salonika 1946.jpg|{{small|[[4th Indian Infantry Division|Red Eagles]] prepare to return home at war end}}
</gallery>

==India==
The [[14th Indian Infantry Division]] and the [[39th Indian Infantry Division]] were converted to training formations in 1943, and remained in India till the end of the war. Other units that only served in India include the [[32nd Indian Armoured Division]] and the [[43rd Indian Armoured Division]] which never completed forming before being converted to the [[44th Indian Airborne Division]] in 1943. The Assam-based [[21st Indian Infantry Division]] was also broken up to form 44th Airborne in 1944. The [[34th Indian Infantry Division]] provided the garrison for [[Ceylon]], and remained there during the war, it was disbanded in 1945, never having seen active service.<ref name=su25/>

==Victoria Cross==
Indian personnel received 4,000 awards for gallantry, and 31 [[Victoria Cross]]es.<ref name=ccww>{{cite web|access-date=8 October 2009|publisher=BBC History|title=Colonies, Colonials and World War Two|last=Sherwood|first=Marika|author-link=Marika Sherwood|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702084539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest [[military decoration]], which is, or has been, awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the armed forces of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, and previous [[British Empire]] territories. The Victoria Cross is awarded for {{blockquote|... most conspicuous bravery, or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.operations.mod.uk/honours/honours.htm |title=Military Honours and Awards |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=30 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210734/http://www.operations.mod.uk/honours/honours.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>}}

The following members of the Indian Army were recipients of the Victoria Cross in World War II;

===East African campaign awards===
* Second-Lieutenant [[Premindra Singh Bhagat]], [[Corps of Indian Engineers]]
:During the pursuit of the enemy following the capture of Metemma on the night 31 January – 1 February 1941, for his persistence (over a period of 96 hours working from dawn to dusk) and gallantry, in personally supervising the clearing of 15 minefields.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |publisher=Royal Engineers Museum |title=History Section - Sappers VCs |url=http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_vc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810230716/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_vc.htm |archive-date=10 August 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Subadar]] [[Richhpal Ram]], [[6th Rajputana Rifles]] (posthumous award)
:On 7 February 1941, at Keren, Eritrea, Richhpal Ram led a successful attack on the enemy and subsequently repelled six counter-attacks and then, without a shot left, brought the few survivors of his company back. Five days later, when leading another attack, his right foot was blown off, but he continued to encourage his men until he died.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009|title=Richhpal Ram|publisher=National Archives|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/valgal/valour/INF3_0423.htm|archive-date=9 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009212309/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/valgal/valour/INF3_0423.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Malayan campaign awards===
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Arthur Edward Cumming]], [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]
:On 3 January 1942, near Kuantan, Malaya, the Japanese made a furious attack on the battalion and a strong enemy force penetrated the position. Cumming, with a small party of men, immediately led a counter-attack and although all his men became casualties and he, himself, had two bayonet wounds in the stomach he managed to restore the situation sufficiently for the major portion of the battalion and its vehicles to be withdrawn. Later, he drove in a carrier, under very heavy fire, collecting isolated detachments of his men and was again wounded. His gallant actions helped the brigade to withdraw safely.

===Tunisian campaign awards===
* [[Company Havildar Major]] [[Chhelu Ram]], [[6th Rajputana Rifles]] (posthumous award)
:On the night of 19–20 April 1943, at Djebel Garci, Tunisia, despite being wounded took command of the company, leading them in hand-to-hand fighting. Wounded again, he continued rallying his men until he died.
* Subadar [[Lalbahadur Thapa]], [[2nd Gurkha Rifles]]
:On 5–6 April 1943, during the silent attack on Rass-es-Zouai, Tunisia, Lalbahadur Thapa, commanding two sections, made his first contact with the enemy at the foot of a pathway winding up a narrow cleft which was thickly studded with enemy posts. The garrison of the out-posts were all killed by the subadar and his men, by kukri or bayonet and the next machine-gun posts were dealt with similarly. This officer then continued to fight his way up the bullet-swept approaches to the crest where he and the riflemen with him killed four - the rest fled. This made advance by the whole division was made possible.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36053 |supp=y|page=2719|date=11 June 1943}}</ref>

===Burma campaign awards===
* Captain [[Michael Allmand]]. [[6th Gurkha Rifles]] (posthumous award)
** On 11 June 1944, when his platoon come within 20 yards of the Pin Hmi Road Bridge, the enemy opened heavy and accurate fire, inflicting severe casualties and forcing the men to seek cover. Captain Allmand, however, with the utmost gallantry charged on by himself, hurling grenades into the enemy gun positions and killing three Japanese himself with his kukrie. Inspired by the splendid example of their platoon commander the surviving men followed him and captured their objective. Two days later Captain Allmand, owing to casualties among the officers, took over command of the Company and, dashing 30 yards ahead of it through long grass and marshy ground, swept by machine gun fire, personally killed a number of enemy machine gunners and successfully led his men onto the ridge of high ground that they had been ordered to seize. Once again, on 23 June, in the final attack on the Railway Bridge at Mogaung, Captain Allmand, although suffering from trench-foot, which made it difficult for him to walk, moved forward alone through deep mud and shell-holes and charged a Japanese machine gun nest single-handed, but he was mortally wounded and died shortly afterwards.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36764 |supp=y|page=4900|date=26 October 1944 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* Major [[Frank Blaker]] [[9th Gurkha Rifles]] (posthumous award)
** On 9 July 1944, Major Blaker was commanding a company which was held up during an important advance by close-range firing from medium and light machine-guns. The major went ahead of his men through very heavy fire and despite being severely wounded in the arm, located the machine-guns and charged the position alone. Even when mortally wounded, he continued to cheer on his men whilst lying on the ground. His fearless leadership inspired his men to storm and capture the objective.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36715 |supp=y|page=4423|date=26 September 1944 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] [[Fazal Din]], [[10th Baluch Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** On 2 March 1945, during an attack, Naik Fazal Din's section was held up by fire from the enemy bunkers, whereupon he personally attacked the nearest bunker and silenced it, then led his men against the other. Suddenly six Japanese, led by two officers wielding swords, rushed out and Naik Fazal Din was run through the chest by one of them. As the sword was withdrawn, the naik wrested it from the hands of its owner and killed him with it. Having killed another Japanese with the sword he waved it aloft, continuing to encourage his men before staggering back to make his report and collapsing.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Burma Star Association|access-date=9 October 2009|title=Fazel Din|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/vcs.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720000142/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/vcs.htm|archive-date=20 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Havildar]] [[Gaje Ghale]], [[5th Gurkha Rifles]]
** During the period 24–27 May 1943, Havildar Gaje Ghale was in charge of a platoon of young soldiers engaged in attacking a strong Japanese position. Wounded in the arm, chest and leg he nevertheless continued to lead assault after assault, encouraging his men by shouting the Gurkha's battle-cry. Spurred on by the irresistible will of their leader, the platoon stormed and captured the position which the havildar then held and consolidated under heavy fire, refusing to go to the Regimental Aid post until ordered to do so.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36190 |supp=y|page=4347|date=28 September 1943 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* Rifleman [[Bhanbhagta Gurung]], [[2nd Gurkha Rifles]]
** On 5 March 1945, his company became pinned down by an enemy sniper and were suffering casualties. As this sniper was inflicting casualties on the section, Rifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung, being unable to fire from the lying position, stood up fully exposed to the heavy fire and calmly killed the enemy sniper with his rifle, thus saving his section from suffering further casualties. The section advanced again but came under heavy fire once again. Without waiting for orders, Gurung dashed out to attack the first enemy fox-hole. Throwing two grenades, he killed the two occupants and without any hesitation rushed on to the next enemy fox-hole and killed the Japanese in it with his bayonet. He cleared two further fox-holes with bayonet and grenade. "During his single-handed attacks on these four enemy fox-holes, Rifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung was subjected to almost continuous and point-blank Light Machine Gun fire from a bunker on the North tip of the objective." For the fifth time, Gurung "went forward alone in the face of heavy enemy fire to knock out this position. He doubled forward and leapt on to the roof of the bunker from where, his hand grenades being finished, he flung two No. 77 smoke grenades into the bunker slit." Gurung killed two Japanese soldiers who ran out of the bunker with his Kukri, and then advanced into the cramped bunker and killed the remaining Japanese soldier. Gurung ordered three others to take up positions in the bunker. "The enemy counter-attack followed soon after, but under Rifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung's command the small party inside the bunker repelled it with heavy loss to the-enemy. Rifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung showed outstanding bravery and a complete disregard for his own safety. His courageous clearing of five enemy positions single-handed was in itself decisive in capturing the objective and his inspiring example to the rest of the Company contributed to the speedy consolidation of this success".<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37107 |date=1 June 1945 |page=2831 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref>
* Rifleman [[Lachhiman Gurung]], [[8th Gurkha Rifles]]
** On 12–13 May 1945, Rifleman Lachhiman Gurung was manning the most forward post of his platoon which bore the brunt of an attack by at least 200 of the enemy. Twice he hurled back grenades which had fallen on his trench, but the third exploded in his right hand, blowing off his fingers, shattering his arm and severely wounding him in the face, body and right leg. His two comrades were also badly wounded but the rifleman, now alone and disregarding his wounds, loaded and fired his rifle with his left hand for four hours, calmly waiting for each attack which he met with fire at point blank range. Afterwards, when the casualties were counted, it is reported that there were 31 dead Japanese around his position which he had killed, with only one arm.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37195 |supp=y|page=3861|date=24 July 1945 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Jemadar]] [[Abdul Hafiz, VC|Abdul Hafiz]], [[9th Jat Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** On 6 April 1944, Jemadar Abdul Hafiz was ordered to attack with his platoon a prominent position held by the enemy, the only approach to which was across a bare slope and then up a very steep cliff. The Jemadar led the assault, killing several of the enemy himself and then pressed on regardless of machine-gun fire from another feature. He received two wounds, the second of which was fatal, but he had succeeded in routing an enemy vastly superior in numbers and had captured a most important position.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |title=Jemadar Abdul Hafiz |publisher=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww2/a_hafiz.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018190557/http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww2/a_hafiz.html |archive-date=18 October 2008 }}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Karamjeet Singh Judge]], [[15th Punjab Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** On 18 March 1945, Lieutenant Karamjeet Singh Judge, a platoon commander of a company ordered to capture a cotton mill, dominated the battlefield by his numerous acts of gallantry. After eliminating ten enemy bunkers he directed one tank to within 20 yards of another and asked the tank commander to cease fire while he went in to mop up. While doing so he was mortally wounded.<ref name=natarch/>
* Rifleman [[Ganju Lama]], [[7th Gurkha Rifles]]
** On 12 June 1944,'B' Company was attempting to stem the enemy's advance when it came under heavy machine-gun and tank machine-gun fire. Rifleman Ganju Lama, with complete disregard for his own safety, took his PIAT gun and, crawling forward, succeeded in bringing the gun into action within 30 yards of the enemy tanks, knocking out two of them. Despite a broken wrist and two other serious wounds to his right and left hands he then moved forward and engaged the tank crew who were trying to escape. Not until he had accounted for all of them did he consent to have his wounds dressed.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36690 |supp=y|page=4157-4158|date=5 September 1944 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* Rifleman [[Tul Bahadur Pun]], [[6th Gurkha Rifles]]
** On 23 June 1944, during an attack on the railway bridge, a section of one of the platoons was wiped out with the exception of Rifleman Tul Bahadur Pun, his section commander and one other. The section commander immediately led a charge on the enemy position but was at once badly wounded, as was the third man. Rifleman Pun, with a Bren gun continued the charge alone in the face of shattering fire and reaching the position, killed three of the occupants and put five more to flight, capturing two light machine-guns and much ammunition. He then gave accurate supporting fire, enabling the rest of his platoon to reach their objective.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36785 |supp=y|page=5129|date=7 November 1944 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* Rifleman [[Agansing Rai]], [[5th Gurkha Rifles]]
** on 26 June 1944, under withering fire Agansing Rai and his party charged a machine-gun. Agansing Rai himself killed three of the crew. When the first position had been taken, he then led a dash on a machine-gun firing from the jungle, where he killed three of the crew, his men accounting for the rest. He subsequently tackled an isolated bunker single-handed, killing all four occupants. The enemy were now so demoralised that they fled and the second post was recaptured.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36730 |supp=y|page=4569|date=3 October 1944 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* Sepoy [[Bhandari Ram]], [[10th Baluch Regiment]]
** On 22 November 1944, Sepoy Bhandari Ram's platoon was pinned down by machine-gun fire. Although wounded he crawled up to a Japanese light machine-gun in full view of the enemy and was wounded again, but continued crawling to within 5 yards of his objective. He then threw a grenade into the position, killing the gunner and two others. This action inspired his platoon to rush and capture the enemy position. Only then did he allow his wounds to be dressed.<ref name=natarch/>
* [[Lance Naik]] [[Sher Shah (VC)|Sher Shah]], [[16th Punjab Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** On 19–20 January 1945, Lance Naik Sher Shah was commanding a left forward section of his platoon when it was attacked by overwhelming numbers of Japanese. He broke up two attacks by crawling right in among the enemy and shooting at point-blank range. On the second occasion he was hit and his leg shattered, but he maintained that his injury was only slight and when the third attack came, he again crawled forward engaging the enemy until he was shot through the head and killed.<ref name=natarch/>
* Naik [[Gian Singh (soldier)|Gian Singh]], [[15th Punjab Regiment]]
** On 2 March 1945, Naik Gian Singh who was in charge of the leading section of his platoon, went on alone firing his tommy gun, and rushed the enemy foxholes. In spite of being wounded in the arm, he went on, hurling grenades. He attacked and killed the crew of a cleverly concealed anti-tank gun, and then led his men down a lane clearing all enemy positions. He went on leading his section until the action had been satisfactorily completed.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |title=Naik Gian Singh |url=http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww2/g_singh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329225023/http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww2/g_singh.html |archive-date=29 March 2009 }}</ref>
* Naik [[Nand Singh]], [[11th Sikh Regiment]]
** On 11–12 March 1944, Naik Nand Singh, commanding a leading section of the attack, was ordered to recapture a position gained by the enemy. He led his section up a very steep knife-edged ridge under very heavy machine-gun and rifle fire and although wounded in the thigh, captured the first trench. He then crawled forward alone and, wounded again in the face and shoulder, nevertheless captured the second and third trenches.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009|title=Nand Singh|publisher=National Army Museum|url=http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/vc/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112103728/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/vc/|archive-date=12 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Havildar [[Parkash Singh]], [[8th Punjab Regiment]]
** On 6 January 1943, Havildar Parkash Singh drove his own carrier forward and rescued the crews of two disabled carriers under very heavy fire. Again on 19 January in the same area he rescued two more carriers which had been put out of action by an enemy anti-tank gun. He then went out yet again and brought to safety another disabled carrier containing two wounded men.<ref>Sharna, p.222</ref>
* Jemadar [[Prakash Singh Chib]], [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] (posthumous award)
** On 16/17 February 1945, Jemadar Prakash Singh was commanding a platoon which took the main weight of fierce enemy attacks. He was wounded in both ankles and relieved of his command, but when his second-in-command was also wounded, he crawled back and took command of his unit again, directing operations and encouraging his men. He was wounded in both legs a second time but he continued to direct the defence, dragging himself from place to place by his hands. When wounded a third time and final time, he lay shouting the Dogra war-cry as he died, inspiring his company that finally drove off the enemy.<ref name=natarch/>
* Havildar [[Umrao Singh]], [[Indian Artillery Regiment]]
** On 15–16 December 1944, Havildar Umrao Singh was a [[field gun]] detachment commander in an advanced section of the 30th Mountain Regiment, Indian Artillery, attached to the [[81st West African Division]]. Singh's gun was in an advanced position, supporting the 8th Gold Coast Regiment. After a 90-minute sustained bombardment from 75 mm guns and mortars, Singh's gun position was attacked by at least two companies of Japanese infantry. Using a [[Bren]] light machine gun he directed the rifle fire of the gunners, holding off the assault, and was wounded by two grenades. A second wave of attackers killed all but Singh and two other gunners, but was also beaten off. The three soldiers had only a few bullets remaining, and these were rapidly exhausted in the initial stages of the assault by a third wave of attackers. Undaunted, Singh picked up a "gun bearer" (a heavy iron rod, similar to a crow bar) and used that as a weapon in hand-to-hand fighting. He was seen to strike down three infantrymen, before succumbing to a rain of blows. Six hours later, after a counterattack, he was found alive but unconscious near to his artillery piece, almost unrecognisable from a head injury, still clutching his gun bearer. Ten Japanese soldiers lay dead nearby. His field gun was back in action later that day.
* [[Subadar]] [[Ram Sarup Singh]], [[1st Punjab Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** On 25 October 1944, two platoons were ordered to attack a particularly strong enemy position. The platoon commanded by Subadar Ram Sarup Singh attained its objective, completely routing the enemy, and although the subadar was wounded in both legs he insisted on carrying on. Later, the enemy's fierce counter-attack was only halted by Subadar Ram Sarup Singh's dashing counter-charge in which he killed four of the enemy himself. He was again wounded, in the thigh, but continued to lead his men, killing two more of the enemy, until he was mortally wounded.<ref name=natarch/>
* Acting Subedar [[Netrabahadur Thapa]], [[5th Gurkha Rifles]] (posthumous award)
** On 25–26 June 1944, Acting Subedar Thapa was in command of a small isolated hill post at Bishenpur, Burma when the Japanese army attacked in force. The men, inspired by their leader's example, held their ground and the enemy were beaten off, but casualties were very heavy and reinforcements were requested. When these arrived some hours later they also suffered heavy casualties. Thapa retrieved the reinforcements' ammunition himself and mounted an offensive with grenades and kukris, until he was killed.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36742 |supp=y|page=4673|date=10 October 1944 |nolink=y}}</ref>

===Italian campaign awards===
* Naik [[Yeshwant Ghadge]], [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] (posthumous award)
** On 10 July 1944, a rifle section commanded by Naik Yeshwant Ghadge came under heavy machine-gun fire at close range which killed or wounded all members of the section except the commander. Without hesitation Naik Yeshwant Ghadge rushed the machine-gun position, first throwing a grenade which knocked out the machine-gun and firer and then he shot one of the gun crew. Finally, having no time to change his magazine, he clubbed to death the two remaining members of the crew. He fell mortally wounded, shot by an enemy sniper.
* Rifleman [[Thaman Gurung]], [[5th Gurkha Rifles]] (posthumous award)
** On 10 November 1944, Rifleman Thaman Gurung was acting as a scout to a fighting patrol. It was undoubtedly due to his superb gallantry that his platoon was able to withdraw from an extremely difficult position without many more casualties than were in fact incurred and that some very valuable information was obtained which resulted in the capture of the feature three days later. The rifleman's bravery cost him his life.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36950 |supp=y|page=1039|date=20 February 1945 |nolink=y}}</ref>
* Sepoy [[Ali Haidar (military)|Ali Haidar]], [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]
** On 9 April 1945, during the crossing of the Senio River, only Sepoy Ali Haidar and the two other men of his section managed to get across under heavy machine-gun fire. Then, while the other two covered him, the sepoy attacked the nearest strong point and, in spite of being wounded, put it out of action. In attacking a second strong-point he was again severely wounded but managed to crawl closer, throw a grenade and charge the post; two of the enemy were wounded, the remaining two surrendered. The rest of the company were then able to cross the river and establish a bridgehead.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=9 October 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Ali Haidar VC|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/jul/27/guardianobituaries | location=London | date=27 July 1999}}</ref>
* Sepoy [[Namdeo Jadav]], [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]
** On 9 April 1945, Italy, when a small party were almost wiped out in an assault on the east floodbank of the river, Sepoy Namdeo Jadav carried two wounded men under heavy fire through deep water, up a steep bank and through a mine belt to safety. Then, determined to avenge his dead comrades, he eliminated three enemy machine-gun posts. Finally, climbing on top of the bank he shouted the Maratha war cry and waved the remaining companies across. He not only saved many lives but enabled the battalion to secure the bridgehead and ultimately to crush all enemy resistance in the area.<ref name=natarch>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009|title=The Victoria Cross Registers|publisher=The National Archives|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/victoriacross.asp|archive-date=6 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606185903/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/victoriacross.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sepoy [[Kamal Ram]], [[8th Punjab Regiment]]
** On 12 May 1944, the company advance was held up by heavy machine-gun fire from four posts on the front and flanks. The capture of the position was essential and Sepoy Kamal Ram volunteered to get round the rear of the right post and silence it. He attacked the first two posts single-handed, killing or taking prisoner the occupants and together with a Havildar he then went on to complete the destruction of a third. His outstanding bravery unquestionably saved a difficult situation at a critical period of the battle.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |title=Sepoy Kamal Ram |publisher=Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww2/k_ram.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025113636/http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww2/k_ram.html |archive-date=25 October 2009 }}</ref>
* Rifleman [[Sher Bahadur Thapa]], [[9th Gurkha Rifles]] (posthumous award)
** On 18–19 September 1944, when a company of the 9th Gurkha Rifles encountered bitter opposition from a German prepared position, Rifleman Sher Bahadur Thapa and his section commander, who was afterwards badly wounded, charged and silenced an enemy machine-gun. The rifleman then went on alone to the exposed part of a ridge where, ignoring a hail of bullets, he silenced more machine-guns, covered a withdrawal and rescued two wounded men before he was killed.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36860 |supp=y|page=5933|date=26 December 1944 |nolink=y}}</ref>

==George Cross==
The [[George Cross]] (GC) is the counterpart of the Victoria Cross and the highest gallantry award for civilians as well as for military personnel in actions which are not in the face of the enemy, or for which purely military honours would not normally be granted.
The following members of the Indian Army were recipients of the George Cross in World War II;
* Captain [[Mateen Ahmed Ansari]], [[7th Rajput Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** He was taken prisoner by the Japanese after they invaded Hong Kong in December 1941. After the Japanese discovered that he was related to the ruler of one of the Princely States, they demanded that he renounce his allegiance to the British and foment discontent in the ranks of Indian prisoners in the prison camps. He refused and was thrown into the notorious Stanley Jail in May 1942, where he was starved and brutalised. When he remained firm in his allegiance to the British on his return to the prison camps, he was again incarcerated in Stanley Jail, where he was starved and tortured for five months. He was then returned to the original camp, where he continued his allegiance to the British, and even helped to organise escape attempts by other prisoners. He was sentenced to death, with over 30 other British, Chinese and Indian prisoners and beheaded on 20 October 1943.<ref name=LG1>{{London Gazette|issue= 37536|date=16 April 1946|linkeddate=|page=1949|notarchive=|supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Sowar]] [[Ditto Ram]], [[The Central India Horse (21st King George V's Own Horse)|Central India Horse]] (posthumous award)
** Sowar Ditto Ram was posthumously awarded the George Cross for his gallantry in helping a wounded comrade on 23 July 1944 at Monte Cassino in Italy.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |publisher=George Cross database |title=Ditto Ram |url=http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/DittoRam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531175114/http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/DittoRam.htm |archive-date=31 May 2008 }}</ref>
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Mahmood Khan Durrani]], [[1st Bahawalpur Infantry]], [[Indian State Forces]]
** At the time of his capture, he was attached to the 1st Bahawalpur Infantry of the Indian State Forces. During the retreat in Malaya in 1942, he and small party of soldiers managed to evade capture for three months before their location was betrayed to the Japanese sponsored Indian Nationalist Army. He refused to co-operate with the INA and worked to counter their attempts to infiltrate agents into India. In May 1944, he was arrested and systematically starved and tortured by the Japanese, but refused to betray his comrades. He was then handed over by the Japanese to the INA where he was again brutally tortured and, at one point, sentenced to death. He stood firm throughout his ordeal.<ref name=mkd>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |publisher=George Cross database |title=Mahmood Khan Durrani |url=http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/DurraniMK.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531175159/http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/DurraniMK.htm |archive-date=31 May 2008 }}</ref>
* Lance Naik [[Islam-ud-Din]], [[9th Jat Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** 12 April 1945 in Pyawbwe, Central Burma when he sacrificed his own life to save others.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |publisher=George Cross database |title=Islam-ud-Din |url=http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/Islam-ud-Din.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531175850/http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/Islam-ud-Din.htm |archive-date=31 May 2008 }}</ref>
* Naik [[Kirpa Ram]] [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] (posthumous award)
** During a field firing exercise at a rest camp in Bangalore, a rifle grenade misfired and fell only eight yards from his section. The twenty-eight-year-old soldier rushed forward, shouting at the men to take cover and attempted to throw it to a safe distance. It exploded in his hand, wounding him fatally, but his self-sacrifice saved his comrades from harm.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 October 2009 |publisher=George Cross database |title=Kirpa Ram |url=http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/KirpaRam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531180020/http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/KirpaRam.htm |archive-date=31 May 2008 }}</ref>
* Havildar [[Abdul Rahman (GC)|Abdul Rahman]], [[9th Jat Regiment]] (posthumous award)
** He was awarded the decoration for the gallantry he showed in attempting an air crash rescue on 22 February 1945 in Kletek in Java.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/RahmanA.htm
|title=Abdul Rahman
|publisher=George Cross database
|access-date=18 November 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116141712/http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/RahmanA.htm
|archive-date=16 November 2007
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Subramanian (GC)|Subramanian]], [[Madras Engineer Group|Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners]] (posthumous award)
** Sacrificed his own life on 24 June 1944 by throwing himself over a mine to protect others from the blast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/Subramanian.htm |access-date=9 October 2009 |title=Subramanian |publisher=George Cross database |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531181050/http://www.gc-database.co.uk/recipients/Subramanian.htm |archive-date=31 May 2008 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Indian troops in Japanese POW camp in New Britain, September 1945.jpg|thumb|{{small|Indian POWs liberated from Japanese camp in [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]]}}]]

World War II cost the lives of over 87,000 soldiers, air crews and mariners from the Indian Empire,<ref name="ccww"/> This included 24,338 killed and 11,754 missing in action.<ref name="CWGC DoHR">{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 |title='Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission |publisher=Direct.gov.uk |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611200009/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 |archive-date=11 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the overwhelming majority being members of the Indian Army. Another 34,354 more were wounded,<ref name="ccww"/>

Of the 79,489 Indian personnel who became [[prisoners of war]] (POWs), German and/or Italian forces held 15,000–17,000.<ref name="Douds">G. J. Douds, 2004, "The Men Who Never Were: Indian POWs in the Second World War", ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'', vol. 27, no. 2, pp189, 191, 209.</ref> Between 2,500 and 4,000 of these POWs subsequently enlisted in the Italian ''[[Battaglione Azad Hindoustan]]'' and/or German ''[[Indische Legion]]'', with the intention of fighting the Allies.<ref name="Douds"/><ref name="Hansard"/> More than 40,000 Indian POWs captured by Japanese forces volunteered for the pro-Japanese [[Indian National Army]] (INA), which fought the Allies in Burma and north-east India. Out of 60,000 Indian POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in Japanese camps from disease, malnutrition, physical abuse, or overwork;<ref name="Dear & Foot">Ian Dear & MRD Foot, ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'', Oxford, OUP, (2001) p. 443.</ref> many of these had been transported to [[New Guinea]] or the [[Solomon Islands]], where they were used as forced labour by Japanese forces.

In late 1943, when Italy capitulated to the Allies, Indians were among tens of thousands of Allied POWs who escaped from, or were liberated from POW camps. During 1943 and 1944, 128 Indian POWs were repatriated from Germany in [[prisoner exchange]]s.<ref>Arieh J. Kochavi, Confronting Captivity. Britain and the United States and their POWs in Nazi Germany (London and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005, p136.</ref> More than 200 Indian POWs died in captivity in Europe.<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 2014, ''Find War Dead''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625003437/http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead.aspx |date=25 June 2014 }} (11 May 2014).</ref> By 30 April 1945, only 8,950 Indian prisoners of war remained in German camps.<ref name="Hansard">Secretary of State for India [Arthur Henderson], 1946, ''House of Commons Debates'', vol 425, (8 July).</ref> The German ''Indische Legion'' saw little front-line action, suffered few casualties and many of its recruits were returned to POW camps. In July 1945, the British government reported that at least 1,045 members of the ''Legion'' had already been repatriated to India, or were being held for questioning in the UK, while about 700 remained at large in Europe.<ref name="Douds"/><ref name="Hansard"/>) Conversely, 2,615 of the POWs recruited by the INA were killed in action against the Allies or missing.<ref name="Micheal Clodfelter 2000. p. 556">Micheal Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}. p. 556</ref>

World War II was the last time the Indian Army fought as part of the British military apparatus, as independence and partition followed in 1947.<ref>Perry, p.119</ref> On 3 June 1947, the British Government announced the plan for the partition of the sub–continent between India and Pakistan. On 30 June 1947, the procedure for the division of the armed forces was agreed upon. After partition, the Indian Army was divided between the armies of the newly independent states, the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Pakistan Army]]. Field Marshal [[Claude Auchinleck]], then [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], was appointed Supreme Commander to ensure smooth division of units, stores and so on. It was announced on 1 July 1947, that both countries would have operational control of their respective armed forces by 15 August 1947.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Indian Army during World War I]]
* [[List of Indian divisions in World War II]]
* [[List of British Empire divisions in the Second World War]]
* [[Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War]]
* [[Indian National Army]]
* [[Indian Legion]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Louis|title=Burma: The Longest War|publisher=Dent Paperbacks|year=1984|isbn=0-460-02474-4}}
* Anders, Leslie. ''The Ledo Road: General Joseph W. Stilwell's Highway to China'' (1965)
* {{cite book|last=Badsey|first=Stephen|year=2000|title=The Hutchinson atlas of World War Two battle plans: before and after|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=1-57958-265-6}}
* [[Tarak Barkawi|Barkawi, Tarak]]. "Culture and Combat in the Colonies: The Indian Army in the Second World War", ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 41 (2006): 325–55. [https://fsi.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/barkawi.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304173943/https://fsi.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/barkawi.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}
* {{cite book|last=Blunt|first=Alison|year=2005|title=Domicile and diaspora: Anglo-Indian women and the spatial politics of home|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=1-4051-0055-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/domicilediaspora0000blun}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brayley|first1=Martin|last2=Chappell|first2=Mike|year=2002|title=The British Army 1939–45 (3): The Far East|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-238-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=F Yeats|year=2007|title=Martial India|publisher=Read Books|isbn=978-1-4067-3397-6}}
* {{cite book| author-link=Michael Carver, Baron Carver|first=Field Marshal Lord|last=Carver|title=The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy 1943-1945|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|year=2001|isbn=0-330-48230-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Chappell|first=Mike|year=1993|title=The Gurkhas|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-85532-357-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston|author-link=Winston Churchill|year=1986|title=The Hinge of Fate Volume 4 of Second World War|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-395-41058-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Dunn|first=Peter M|year=1985|publisher=C Hurst & Co|title=The first Vietnam War|isbn=0-905838-87-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ford|first1=Ken|last2=White|first2=John|year=2008|title=Gazala 1942: Rommel's Greatest Victory|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-264-6}}
* Guy, Alan J. and Peter B. Boyden, eds. ''Soldiers of the Raj: The Indian Army 1600–1947'' (Coventry, UK: National Army Museum, 1997)
* {{cite book|last=Harper|first=Stephen|year=1985|title=Miracle of deliverance: the case for the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=0-283-99282-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Haining|first=Peter|year=2007|title=The Banzai Hunters: The Forgotten Armada of Little Ships That Defeated the Japanese, 1944-45|publisher=Anova Books|isbn=978-1-84486-052-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoyt|first=Edwin Palmer|title=Backwater war: the Allied campaign in Italy, 1943-1945|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-97478-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Ashley|year=2005|title=The British Empire and the Second World War|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=1-85285-417-0}}
* Jeffreys, Alan, and Patrick Rose, eds. ''The Indian Army 1939-47: Experience and Development'' (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012), 244pp [http://secondworldwaroperationsresearchgroup.wordpress.com/2013/06/09/book-review-the-indian-army-1939-47-experience-and-development/ online review]
* {{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Alan|last2=Anderson|first2=Duncan|year=2005|title=The British Army in the Far East 1941-45|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-790-5}}
* Khan, Yasmin. ''The Raj At War: A People's History of India's Second World War'' (Random House India, 2015); published in US and UK as ''India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War'' (Oxford U.P. 2015)
* {{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |date= 2000 |title= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |access-date= 30 March 2021 |archive-date= 26 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |url-status= dead }}
* [[Jon Latimer|Latimer, Jon]] (2004). ''Burma: The Forgotten War'', London: John Murray.
* {{cite book|last=Liddle Hart|first=Basil|year=1970|author-link=Basil Liddell Hart|title=History of the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsecondw0000lidd|url-access=registration|publisher= G P Putnam|isbn=0-306-80912-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Louis|first1=William Roger|last2=Brown|first2=Judith M|year=2001|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century Volume 4 of The Oxford History of the British Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-924679-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lynan|first1=Robert|last2=Gerrard|first2=Howard|year=2006|publisher=Osprey Publishing|title=Iraq 1941: the battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad|isbn=1-84176-991-6}}
* {{cite book|last=McMillan|first=Richard|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|title=The British occupation of Indonesia 1945-1946|isbn=0-415-35551-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Moreman|first1=Tim|last2=Anderson|first2=Duncan|year=2007|title=Desert Rats: British 8th Army in North Africa 1941-43|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-144-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Moreman|first=T R |year=2005|title=The jungle, the Japanese and the British Commonwealth armies at war, 1941-45|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7146-4970-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Perry|first=Frederick William|year=1988|title=The Commonwealth armies: manpower and organisation in two world wars|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|isbn=0-7190-2595-8}}
* Prasad, Bisheshwar. ''The Retreat from Burma, 1941-1942'' (Delhi, 1954) [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/Retreat/index.html online official history]
* Prasad, S. N., K. D. Bhargava, P. N. Khera. ''The Reconquest of Burma, volume I: June 1942 - June 1944'' (Delhi: 1958) [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/Burma1/index.html online vol 1]; [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/Burma2/index.html online vol 2]
* Raghavan, Srinath. ''India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia'' (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/dp/046503022X/sr=1-1/qid=1466893522/ excerpt]
* Roy, Kaushik. "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II." ''Journal of Military History'' 73.2 (2009): 497-529.
* Raina, B.L. ''The Official History Of The Indian Armed Forces In The Second World'' 5 vol. 1963).
* {{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Bruce E|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge UNiversity|title=Thailand's secret war: the Free Thai, OSS, and SOE during World War II|isbn=0-521-83601-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Riddick|first=John F|year=2006|title=The history of British India|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-32280-5}}
* Rose, Patrick. ''The Indian Army, 1939–47: Experience and Development'' (Routledge, 2016).
* Roy, Kaushik, "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II", ''Journal of Military History'' (2009) 73#2 pp 144–172 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v073/73.2.roy.html online]
* Roy, Kaushik. "Expansion And Deployment of the Indian Army during World War II: 1939–45," ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research,'' (2010) 88#355, pp 248–268
* Roy, Kaushik, ed. ''The Indian Army in the Two World Wars'' (Brill, 2011).
* Roy, Kaushik, ed. ''War and society in colonial India, 1807-1945'' (Oxford UP, 2010).
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Gautam|year=1990|title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=81-7023-140-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Slim|first=William|year=1956|author-link=William Slim|title=Defeat Into Victory|publisher=Buccaneer Books|isbn=1-56849-077-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|year=2001|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}
* Voigt, Johannes. ''India in The Second World War'' (1988).
* {{cite book|last=Warren|first=Alan|year=2007|title=Britain's Greatest Defeat: Singapore 1942|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-85285-597-0}}
* The Forgotten Colonial Forces of World War II ''NYT, Sept. 3, 2020'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/magazine/the-forgotten-colonial-forces-of-world-war-ii.html]

==External links==
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in Official website of the Indian Army]

{{Indian Divisions in World War II}}
{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Army During World War Ii}}
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of India in World War II| ]]
[[Category:Indian World War II divisions| ]]
[[Category:Military history of India during World War II]]

College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara

2025-12-13T17:23:21Z

NicholasPrentice: started data!

{{Short description|College of Kerala Agricultural University}}
{{Advert|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| image = College of Agriculture Vellanikkara (2).jpg
| name = College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara
| native_name = കാർഷിക കോളേജ് വെള്ളാനിക്കര
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name = COA Vellanikkara
| former_name = College of Horticulture Vellanikkara
| motto =
| established = 1972
| accreditation = Indian Council of Agricultural Research
| academic_affiliation = Kerala Agricultural University
| officer_in_charge = Dean
| type = Education and research institution
| dean = Dr Mani Chellappan
| other =
| address = Kerala Agricultural University Main campus, KAU P.O.
| city = [[Thrissur, Kerala]]
| campus = Rural
| campus_size = {{Convert|1000|acre}}
| free_label = Label
| free = HORTICOS
| postalcode = 680656
| country = India
| logo = College of agriculture logo updated.png
| website = {{url|cohvka.kau.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''College of Agriculture Vellanikkara''', is the main campus and the premier college of [[Kerala Agricultural University]], situated in [[Thrissur]] of [[Kerala]] state in India. The College of Agriculture imparts agricultural education at undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels. The college has 22 departments, 11 All India Coordinated Research Projects and 11 centres undertaking the multiple activities of teaching, research and extension. The college is located in the picturesque of [[Kerala Agricultural University]] where the college and its departments itself spans the central campus in Vellanikkara, [[Thrissur]]. The college received Sardar Patel Outstanding Institution Award more than 10 times consecutively which is awarded by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]], for the institution's efficiency in contributing most number of Top ranks in JRF and SRF All India Entrance Examinations. The IPR cell under this college plays a pivotal role in establishing and promoting the Intellectual rights for products and services of the state and has secured the recognition of being the India's leading government institute for bagging most Geographical Indication tags. Agri Business Incubator functioning under the college is one of the prosperous and promising avenue for rising entrepreneurs of the state. The college was the first college to be awarded 'The Best College Award'<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara {{!}} Kerala Agricultural University|url=http://www.kau.in/institution/college-horticulture-vellanikkara|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.kau.in}}</ref> by Kerala Agricultural University. College of Agriculture Vellanikkara is the only college under the university to win the intercollegiate Golden Lady Arts Trophy consecutively for about a decade. Dr. Mani Chellappan. Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Entomology, CoA Vellanikkara,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dean {{!}} College of Horticulture, Thrissur|url=http://cohvka.kau.in/contact-point/652|access-date=2021-06-30|website=cohvka.kau.in}}</ref> is the current dean of the college
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kauhort.in/
|title=Home
|publisher=College of Horticulture
|access-date=2010-08-04
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818044533/http://www.kauhort.in/
|archive-date=2010-08-18
}}</ref>

==History==
The College of Horticulture was established in 1972 with the main objective of starting graduate programme in [[Horticulture]] and strengthening research and extension activities in Horticultural crops. B.Sc. (Hort.) degree programme was started with an intake of 20 students during 1972. The intake capacity was increased to 30 from 1976 and then to 40 from 1979. The B.Sc.(Ag.) programme was also introduced from 1977 with an intake of 50 students. The syllabi for the B.Sc. (Hort.) and B.Sc. (Ag.) programme were then integrated and the B.Sc. (Ag) programme alone was continued with the integrated syllabus. The intake capacity for the B.Sc. (Ag.) programme was subsequently raised to 75 and then to 90. Post graduate programme was started in six disciplines from 1976 viz., M.Sc. (Hort.), M.Sc. (Ag.) in [[Agronomy]], Agricultural Botany, Soil Science & Agrl. Chemistry, Agrl. Entomology and Plant Pathology.

From 1979, Ph.D. programmes in the above disciplines were commenced. Subsequently, M.Sc. programmes were also started in Agrl. Economics, Agrl. Extension, Agrl. Meteorology, Agrl. Statistics and Home Science (Food Science and Nutrition). Two post-graduate diploma courses of one-year duration were conducted in Natural Rubber Production and Land Water Resources and Management from 1979 and 1980 respectively and subsequently discontinued. Under the Manpower Development Scheme sponsored by the Coffee Board of India, the final year B.Sc. (Ag.) students were given special training in coffee cultivation and processing from 1984 to 1997.

A new diploma course of two-year duration in Natural Rubber Production was started in 1998 for the sponsored candidates from Tripura with the financial assistance of the Rubber Board, [[Kottayam]]. The required Infrastructure for imparting practical training has been established. In addition to the Instructional Farm having an area of 95.35 ha, the different departments have established farms of their own in a total area of about 72.24 ha. Most of the tropical annual, perennial and plantation crops are grown in these farms. The undergraduates are given training in the cultivation of various annual crops, maintenance of perennial crops and processing of agricultural and horticultural produces through various work experience courses.
[[File:Tapioca harvest Department of Agronomy, CoA Vellanikkara.png|thumb|Crop production (Tapioca), Department of Agronomy, CoA Vellanikkara|center|709x709px]]

In addition to the regular field trips to various places within the state as part of practical training, the students of the second and third year B.Sc. (Ag) classes are taken on study tour to places of agricultural importance all over South India and all over the country, respectively. During the eighth semester, the final year students are attached to Krishi Bhavans and Agricultural Research Stations of the state for specific periods as a part of their field Training Programme (RAWE). The Dean heads the college. The faculty consists of nearly 130 highly qualified teachers specialised in various branches of agricultural sciences.

The name College of Horticulture Vellanikkara was renamed to College of Agriculture Vellanikkara in 2020 through ICAR recommendation followed by the Kerala Agricultural University academic council decision. Present intake of Bsc. (Hons.) Agriculture programme is 100+9(EWS).
[[File:College_of_Agriculture_Vellanikkara_main_gate.jpg|center|709x709px]]
==Departments==
#Department of [[Agronomy]]
#Department of [[Agricultural]] [[Meteorology]]
#Department of [[Soil Science]] and [[Agricultural Chemistry]]
#Department of Agricultural Microbiology
#Department of [[Plant Breeding]] & [[Genetics]]
#Department of Agricultural [[Entomology]]
#Department of Plant [[Pathology]]
#Department of Agricultural [[Economics]]
#Department of Agricultural Extension
#Department of Agricultural [[Statistics]]
#Department of Fruit Science
#Department of Vegetable Science
#Department of [[Plantation]], [[spices]], medicinal and aromatic crops.
#Department of Post Harvest and Processing [[Technology]]
#Department of Seed science and Technology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Seed Science and Technology {{!}} College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara|url=http://cohvka.kau.in/ml/node/2945|access-date=2021-07-01|website=cohvka.kau.in}}</ref>
#Department of [[Agricultural Engineering]]
#Department of Community Science
#Department of Physical Education
#Department of Floriculture and Landscape architecture
#Department of Plant Physiology
#Department of Biotechnology
#Department of Nano Science and Technology

[[File:College_plant_pathology_laboratory,_CoA_Vellanikkara.png|center|709x709px]]

==Hostels of the college==
[[File:Pampa mens hostel CoA, Vellanikkara, mess hall.png|thumb|Pampa men's hostel CoA, Vellanikkara, mess hall|center|709x709px]]
#Pampa Men's Hostel
#Scholar's Hostel
#Harsha Ladies Hostel
#Haritha Ladies Hostel
#Hrithika Ladies Hostel
#Hridhya Scholar's Hostel
#Pampa Ladies Hostel

==Associated Centres==

*Agri Business Incubator (ABI)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAU Agri Business Incubator {{!}} College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara |url=https://cohvka.kau.in/kau-agri-business-incubator |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=cohvka.kau.in}}</ref>
*Pesticide Residue Testing Laboratory<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory {{!}} College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara |url=https://cohvka.kau.in/pesticide-residue-analysis-laboratory |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=cohvka.kau.in}}</ref>
*Center for Gender Concerns in Agriculture<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Gender Studies in Agriculture {{!}} Kerala Agricultural University |url=https://kau.in/institution/centre-gender-studies-agriculture |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=kau.in}}</ref>
*Centre of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) {{!}} Kerala Agricultural University |url=https://kau.in/institution/centre-intellectual-property-rights-ipr |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=kau.in}}</ref>
*Center for Plant Biotechnology & Molecular Biology<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Plant Biotechnology & Molecular Biology (CPBMB) {{!}} College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara |url=https://cohvka.kau.in/cpbmb |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=cohvka.kau.in}}</ref>
*Center for e-learning<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for e-Learning {{!}} Kerala Agricultural University |url=https://kau.in/cel |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=kau.in}}</ref>
*Center for Land Resources Management
*Radio Tracer Lab
*Cadbury-KAU Cocoa Project
*Center for Bioinformatics
*Instructional Farm
*Agricultural Technology Information Centre
*Model Nursery on Spices (4 star accredited)
*Principle Agro-met Observatory (Class A ranked)
*Seed Grading and Processing Unit
*Ornithology & Apiculture division
*Acarology division
*Dr. T V Vishwanathan Memorial Herbal Garden

==Auditoriums/Halls/Council rooms==
*Central Auditorium (A/C)
*Uthara Auditorium (Block III)
*Dakshina Auditorium (Block II)
*Golden Jubilee Hall (A/C) (Block III)
*Council Room (A/C) (Block II)
*Agri- DIKSHA virtual conference hall (A/C) (Block I)
*Seminar Hall (A/C) (Block II)
*Seminar Hall (A/C) (Central library)
*Ootupura Hall (Stage cum dining)
*Quadrangle Open stage (Interblock II&III)
*Borlaug Mandapam (Interblock II&III)

==Other Facilities==
[[File:Students computer centre, CoA, Vellanikkara, Thrissur.png|thumb|Students computer centre, CoA, Vellanikkara, Thrissur|center|709x709px]]
*Students Fitness centre and Wellness pavilion
*Students' Computer Centre with High-speed connectivity
*Language Laboratory
*College Union Office room cum Cultural centre
*Library & Digital Library
*Photostat and binding facility station
*Salkara College Store
*Salkara College Canteen
*Horti's Ahaara College Canteen
*Badminton Court
*Basketball Courts
*Football stadium
*Volleyball Courts
*Butterfly Garden
*Umbrella & Central courtyard

[[File:College of Agriculture Vellanikkara, Polyhouse.png|thumb|College of Agriculture Vellanikkara, Protective structures|center|709x709px]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Kerala Agricultural University}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Thrissur topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Colleges in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Kerala Agricultural University]]
[[Category:Agricultural research stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]
[[Category:Horticultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Kerala]]