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Miss Universe India 2025

2026-05-07T19:04:48Z

Nhungexim:

{{Infobox beauty pageant
|image =
|photo =
|caption =
|date = 18 August 2025
|presenters = {{hlist|Asmita Chakraborty|Chayanika Debnath}}
|acts =
|venue = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|broadcaster =
|entrants = 48
|placements = 20
|debuts = [[Union territory]]
|withdrawals = [[Maharashtra]]
|returns = {{hlist|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|[[Telangana]]}}
|winner = [[Manika Vishwakarma]]
|represented =
|congeniality = Samiksha Singh
|before = [[Miss Universe India 2024|2024]]
|next = 2026
|photogenic = [[Roosh Sindhu]]
|best national costume = {{hlist|Himanshi Singh|Kaamaakshee Aathreya|[[Roosh Sindhu]]}}
}}
'''Miss Universe India 2025''' is the 2nd edition of the [[Miss Universe India]] pageant, held on 18 August 2025 in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/bollywood/miss-universe-india-2025-jaipur-to-host-a-celebration-of/article-3292 | title=Miss Universe India 2025: Jaipur to Host a Celebration of Beauty, Confidence & Identity | publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] | date=28 July 2025 | accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/miss-universe-india-2025-preparations-in-full-swing-check-date-wise-event-list-2908409.html | title=Miss Universe India 2025: Preparations In Full Swing, Check Date-Wise Event List | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=30 May 2025 | accessdate=6 June 2025}}</ref> This edition was organized by the [[Glamanand Group]], the parent organization of Miss Universe India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/k-sera-sera-chairman-satish-panchariya-glamanand-entertainment-join-hands-to-launch-miss-universe-india-2025-125052400006_1.html | title=K Sera Sera Chairman Satish Panchariya & Glamanand Entertainment Join Hands to Launch 'Miss Universe India 2025 | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | date=24 May 2025 | accessdate=11 June 2025}}</ref>

At the end of the event, [[Rhea Singha]] crowned [[Manika Vishwakarma]] as her successor. She will represent [[India]] at the [[Miss Universe 2025|74th Miss Universe Pageant]] in November 2025 in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/manika-vishwakarma-crowned-miss-universe-india-2025-will-represent-india-in-thailand-2948219.html | title=Manika Vishwakarma Crowned 'Miss Universe India 2025', Will Represent India In Thailand | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref>

== Results ==
=== Placements ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Placement
! Contestant
! International Placement
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| '''Miss Universe India 2025'''
|
* ''' MUI. #21 – [[Manika Vishwakarma]]'''
| {{center|Top 30 – [[Miss Universe 2025]]}}
|-
| 1st Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #43 – Tanya Sharma
|-
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* MUI. #22 – Mehak Dinghrra
| {{center|Top 12 – [[Miss Charm 2025]]}}
|-
| 3rd Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #03 – Amishi Kaushik
|-
| 4th Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #37 – Sarangthem Nirupama §
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| Miss International India 2025<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/nagpurs-roosh-sindhu-to-represent-india-at-miss-international-2025/09122101 | title=Nagpur's Roosh Sindhu to Represent India at Miss International 2025 | publisher=Nagpur Today | date=12 September 2025 | accessdate=23 September 2025}}</ref>
|
* MUI. #32 – [[Roosh Sindhu]]
|{{center|Top 20 – [[Miss International 2025]]}}
|-
| Top 11
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #24 – Ojasvi Sharma
* MUI. #29 – Riddhi Kumar
* MUI. #30 – Riya Tirkey
* MUI. #46 – Vaamshi Uday ∆
* MUI. #48 – Wachi Pareek
|-
| Top 20
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #01 – Aiswarya Sreenivasan
* MUI. #06 – Asmita Chowdhury
* MUI. #10 – Evelyn Zachhingpuii
* MUI. #14 – Kaamaakshee Aathreya
* MUI. #26 – Radhika Singhal
* MUI. #28 – Ravitanaya Sharma
* MUI. #31 – Rizul Singh
* MUI. #35 – Samiksha Singh
* MUI. #42 – Smiti Chhabra
|}
{{Small|§ – Voted into the Top 20 by winning Miss Popular Award ∆ – Winner of Beauty with a Purpose Award}}

=== Appointment ===
For the first time, the Miss Universe India pageant will confer multiple international titles to its finalists. Alongside the main title of Miss Universe India, additional titles, including Miss International India, Miss Charm India, Miss Global India, and Miss Tourism World India, will be awarded. Except for Miss Global India, the titleholders will represent India at the 2025 editions of their respective international pageants.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/manika-vishwakarma-crowned-miss-universe-india-2025-and-yes-dubai-had-its-own-queen-in-the-mix-too-1.500238321 | title=Manika Vishwakarma crowned Miss Universe India 2025 — and yes, Dubai had its own queen in the mix too | publisher=[[Gulf News]] | work=Manjusha Radhakrishnan | date=19 August 2025 | accessdate=20 August 2025}}</ref>

; Color keys
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} The contestant won in an international pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=darkgray}} The contestant was a finalist/runner-up in an international pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} The contestant was a semi-finalist in an international pageant.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Title
! Contestant
! International Placement
! Ref.
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| Miss Charm India 2025
|
* Mehak Dhingra
| Top 12 – Miss Charm 2025
| {{tableTBA}}
|-
|}

=== Special Awards ===
The subcontests for Miss Universe India 2025 commenced on July 26, 2025, in Indore. The first set of finalists from these subcontests was announced through the organization's official social media channels.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Awards
! style="width:80px;"|Results
! Contestants
|-
| rowspan=5 |Best in Speech
| Winner
|
* Saanvi Sharma
|-
| Top 5
|
* Manika Vishwakarma
* Ravitanaya Sharma
* Riddhi Kumar
* Shambhavi Jha
|}

=== Special Awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!Award
!Contestant

|-
| Next Gen Glam Award by Lakmé
|
* MUI. #24 - Ojasvi Sharma
|-
| Beauty with Brains
|
* MUI. #33 – Saanvi Sharma
|-
| Beauty with a purpose
|
* MUI. #46 – Vaamshi Uday
|-
| Best Hair and Makeup
|
* MUI. #24 – Ojasvi Sharma
|-
| Best State Director
|
* Nandini Nagaraj – [[Karnataka]]
|-
| Best in Evening Gown
|
* MUI. #43 – Tanya Sharma
|-
| Best in Fitness
|
* MUI. #44 – Tasneem Raza
|-
| Best in Personal Interview
|
* MUI. #21 – Manika Vishwakarma
|-
| Best in Rampwalk
|
* MUI. #30 – Riya Tirkey
|-
| Best in Sports
|
* MUI. #03 – Amishi Kaushik
|-
| Best in Swimsuit
|
* MUI. #22 – Mehak Dhingra
|-
| Best in Talent
|
* MUI. #05 – Anushka Ghosh
|-
| Best National Costume
|
* MUI. #11 – Himanshi Singh
* MUI. #14 – Kaamaakshee Aathreya
* MUI. #32 – Roosh Sindhu
|-
| Media Choice Award
|
* MUI. #06 – Asmita Chowdhury
|-
| Miss Beautiful Eyes
|
* MUI. #03 – Amishi Kaushik
|-
| Miss Beautiful Smile
|
* MUI. #14 – Kaamaakshee Aathreya
* MUI. #21 – Manika Vishwakarma
* MUI. #24 – Ojasvi Sharma
* MUI. #25 – Prakruthi Kambam
* MUI. #29 – Riddhi Kumar
* MUI. #46 – Vaamshi Uday
|-
| Miss Congeniality
|
* MUI. #35 – Samiksha Singh
|-
| Miss Fashion Icon
|
* MUI. #42 – Smiti Chhabra
|-
| Miss Glowing Skin
|
* MUI. #32 – Roosh Sindhu
|-
| Miss Gorgeous Hair
|
* MUI. #24 – Ojasvi Sharma
|-
| Miss Photogenic
|
* MUI. #32 – Roosh Sindhu
|-
| Miss Popular
|
* MUI. #37 – Sarangthem Nirupama
|-
| Miss Sudoku
|
* MUI. #03 – Amishi Kaushik
|-
| Miss Timeless Beauty
|
* MUI. #31 – Rizul Singh
|-
| Top Model
|
* MUI. #22 – Mehak Dhingra
|}

== Background ==
=== Selection of participants ===
The national organization announced the launch of the new edition under state license holders, scheduled to begin in early 2025. Contestants were selected through various state-level competitions, with the winners advancing to the final national event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Miss Universe Bihar 2025: डेंटिस्ट से ब्यूटी क्वीन बनीं डॉक्टर शांभवी झा, मिस यूनिवर्स इंडिया 2025 में करेंगी बिहार का प्रतिनिधित्व |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/doctor-shambhavi-jha-will-represent-bihar-in-miss-universe-india-2025 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wahidi |first=Inzamam |date=2025-05-04 |title=Miss Universe India 2025: बिहार का प्रतिनिधित्व करेंगी शांभवी, जानिए फर्स्ट और सेकंड रनर का किसे मिला खिताब |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/bihar/miss-universe-india-2025-shambhavi-from-madhubani-to-represent-bihar-in-prestigious-pageant-bihar-1286433.html |access-date=2025-05-05 | language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-05-01 |title=Aiswarya Sreenivasan Crowned Miss Universe Kerala 2025 |url=https://24timemedia.com/aiswarya-sreenivasan-crowned-miss-universe-kerala-2025/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=24 TIME MEDIA |language=en-US}}</ref>

Additionally, a final open audition, independent of state-level selections, was held in June in [[New Delhi]], where participants were chosen as wild card entrants for the finals.<ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions">{{cite news | url=https://firstindia.co.in/epapers/city-first-jaipur/20062025?page=1 | title=Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions | work=Mitali Dusad | date=20 June 2025 | agency=First India | accessdate=20 June 2025 | location=Jaipur | pages=1}}</ref> A separate group of international contestants holding OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) cards participated in online auditions. Those shortlisted were granted NRI entry into the competition.

==== Participants' withdrawals ====
In early July, NRI finalists Ghazal Gill and Manju Bangalore withdrew from the competition. Gill cited health-related reasons that prevented her from traveling, while Bangalore did not disclose a reason for her withdrawal. On 5 August, wildcard delegates Varshini Murugan and Shivin Ganesan of Tamil Nadu also withdrew for contractual concerns. On 12 August, Andleeb Zaidi Merchant announced her withdrawal in a video statement, citing what she described as a toxic environment. She had previously shared on social media that she was experiencing cyberbullying.

On 15 August, hours before the preliminary competition, Maruschka Sahiboe announced her withdrawal via Instagram. She stated that she had not been given sufficient time to review the contract, and after consulting her lawyer and advisers, was advised against signing. According to her, the contract would have bound her to Glamanand "for years under terms that do not align with [her] values, vision and career direction." Shortly after Sahiboe's announcement, another NRI finalist, Chanchal Kaur, also withdrew, citing contractual concerns similar to those raised by Sahiboe.

=== Selection Committee ===
* Ashley Rebello – Fashion designer
* [[Farhad Samji]] – Indian film director and screenwriter
* Kirti Rathore – Fashion designer
* [[Niharica Raizada]] – Luxembourgish actress
* Nikita Rattanshi - Director at K Sera Sera
* Rajiv K Shrivastava – Founder of the Act Now Organisation
* [[Rashmita Rasindran]] – [[Miss Charm 2024]] from Malaysia
* [[Urvashi Rautela]] – Actress and [[Miss Diva 2015|Miss Universe India 2015]]
* Vishal Ladia – Entrepreneur

== Contestants ==
The following is the list of confirmed contestants for Miss Universe India:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:100%; width:80%;"
|-
! No.
! Delegate
! Age{{efn|Ages at the time of the pageant.}}
! State/Territory/Country
! Audition Category
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| Aiswarya Sreenivasan
| 25
| [[Kerala]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://24timemedia.com/aiswarya-sreenivasan-crowned-miss-universe-kerala-2025/ | title=Aiswarya Sreenivasan Crowned Miss Universe Kerala 2025 | publisher=24 TIME MEDIA | date=1 May 2025 | accessdate=1 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| Akanksha Choudhary
| 22
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 3
| Amishi Kaushik
| 23
| [[Haryana]]
| State
| <ref name="MUI Haryana & Delhi 2025">{{cite web | url=https://tennews.in/miss-universe-india-2025-grand-finale-smiti-chhabra-amishi-kaushik/ | title=Miss Universe India 2025 Grand Finale – Smiti Chhabra & Amishi Kaushik | publisher=Tennews.in | date=5 June 2025 | accessdate=5 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{n/a}}
| <s>Andleeb Zaidi</s>
| <s>28</s>
| <s>[[Maharashtra]]</s>
| <s>State</s>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 4
| Anjali Pawar
| 29
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pristinemagazine.com/post/dr-anjali-pawar-won-miss-universe-chhattisgarh-2025 |title=Dr. Anjali Pawar Won Miss Universe Chhattisgarh 2025 |work=Gagan Singh |publisher=Pristine Magazine |date=14 May 2025 |accessdate=16 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| Anushka Ghosh
| 21
| [[Odisha]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Anuska Ghosh is the winner of Miss Universe Odisha 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6V9J3GszGI |website=youtube.com |publisher=Janta TV Hindustan |language=hi |format=video |date=May 10, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| Asmita Chowdhury
| 23
| [[Gujarat]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 7
| Bhanvi Bharadwaj
| 24
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| State
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 8
| Chaivalry Lartang
| 23
| [[Meghalaya]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaivalry Lartang to represent Meghalaya at Miss Universe India 2025 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/chaivalry-lartang-to-represent-meghalaya-at-miss-universe-india-2025-1230711-2025-06-18 |access-date=2025-06-18 |date=18 June 2025 |website=[[India Today|India Today North East]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{n/a}}
| <s>Chanchal Kaur</s>
| <s>27</s>
| <s>[[Australia]]</s>
| <s>NRI</s>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 9
| Divyanshi Sachi
| {{tableTBA}}
| [[Bihar]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 10
| Evelyn Zachhingpuii
| 26
| [[Mizoram]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Universe Mizoram 2025 Evelyn Zachhingpuii |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2025/05/miss-universe-mizoram-2025-evelyn.html | work=Amos MS Dawngzuala |access-date=2025-05-09 |publisher=ExploreMiz}}</ref>
|-
| {{n/a}}
| <s>Ghazal Gill</s>
| <s>29</s>
| <s>[[United States]]</s>
| <s>NRI</s>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 11
| Himanshi Singh
| 25
| [[Haryana]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 12
| Jackielynn Pradhan
| 21
| [[Sikkim]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/transgender-woman-wins-miss-universe-sikkim-to-represent-state-in-miss-universe-india-prnt/cid/2101273 |title=Transgender woman wins Miss Universe Sikkim, to represent state in Miss Universe India |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |work=Vivek Chhetri |date=23 May 2025 |accessdate=27 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 13
| Jahnvi Malhotra
| 26
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/the-grand-finale-of-miss-universe-mp-2025-will-be-held-today-135152665.html |title=Bhopal's Janhavi Malhotra Crowned Miss Universe Madhya Pradesh 2025 After Years of Dedication |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=3 June 2025 |accessdate=4 June 2025 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
|-
| 14
| Kaamaakshee Aathreya
| 19
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |title=This is my ambition.. That is a big Myth - Miss Universe Tamil Nadu talks..!! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Hdn5xiZvfc |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[Polimer TV]] |language=Tamil |format=video |date=May 19, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 15
| Kashvi
| 19
| [[Telangana]]
| State
| <ref name="MUI Telangana & Andhra Pradesh 2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/telugu-beauties-miss-universe-2472314 |title=Telugu Beauties at Miss Universe India 2025 |publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=9 June 2025 |accessdate=10 June 2025 |language=Telugu}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| Kelulu Dawhuo
| 19
| [[Nagaland]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelulu Dawhuo wins Miss Universe Nagaland 2025 title |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/nagaland/story/kelulu-dawhuo-wins-miss-universe-nagaland-2025-title-1227235-2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=[[India Today|India Today North East]]}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| Khumjar Debbarma
| 21
| [[Tripura]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Against All Odds: Tripura~'s Pride Khumzar Debbarma Makes Her Mark at Miss Universe |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=1623&title=Against-All-Odds-Tripuras-Pride-Khumzar-Debbarma-Makes-Her-Mark-at-Miss-Universe |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=tripurainfo.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 18
| Lekana Hegde
| 24
| [[Karnataka]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 19
| Longku Komal
| 23
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamle district's Longku Komal crowned Miss Universe Arunachal 2025 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/kamle-districts-longku-komal-crowned-miss-universe-arunachal-2025-1232842-2025-06-22 | work=Yuvraj Mehta |access-date=2025-06-23 |date=22 June 2025 |publisher=[[India Today|India Today North East]]}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| Lucky Barrot
| 20
| [[Gujarat]]
| State
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 21
| [[Manika Vishwakarma]]
| 22
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| {{n/a}}
| <s>Manju Bangalore</s>
| <s>27</s>
| <s>[[United States]]</s>
| <s>NRI</s>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{n/a}}
| <s>Maruschka Sahiboe</s>
| <s>32</s>
| <s>[[Netherlands]]</s>
| <s>NRI</s>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 22
| Mehak Dhingra
| 19
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 23
| Neha Baruah
| 26
| [[Assam]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neha Baruah Crowned Miss Universe Assam 2025 |url=https://www.pristinemagazine.com/post/neha-baruah-crowned-miss-universe-assam-2025 |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=Gagan Singh |publisher=Pristine Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 24
| Ojasvi Sharma
| 23
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 25
| Prakruthi Kambam
| 25
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| State
| <ref name="MUI Telangana & Andhra Pradesh 2025" />
|-
| 26
| Radhika Singhal
| 23
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/miss-universe-india-2025-announces-winners-for-delhi-haryana-and-uttarakhand-3574228 |title=Miss Universe India 2025 announces winners for Delhi, Haryana and Uttarakhand |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=6 June 2025 |accessdate=6 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 27
| Raksha Jaiswal
| 22
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Wildcard/State{{efn|Following Andleeb Zaidi's withdrawal from the competition, Raksha Jaiswal, a former state finalist, was appointed as Miss Universe India Maharashtra 2025.}}
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 28
| Ravitanaya Sharma
| 25
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://thenewzradar.com/entertainment/himachal-model-ravitanya-sharma-among-top-53-finalists-at-miss-universe-india/ | title=Himachal model Ravitanya Sharma among top 53 finalists at Miss Universe India | publisher=The Newz Radar | work=Munish Sood | date=21 July 2025 | accessdate=27 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 29
| [[Riddhi Kumar]]
| 27
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 30
| Riya Tirkey
| 27
| [[Jharkhand]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/ranchi/news/ranchis-riya-tirkey-became-miss-universe-jharkhand-2025-134953856.html |title=Ranchi's Riya Tirkey becomes Miss Universe Jharkhand 2025 |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=3 May 2025 |accessdate=3 May 2025 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
|-
| 31
| Rizul Singh
| 23
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://firstindia.co.in/epapers/city-first-jaipur/12062025 | title=Rizul Singh Crowned Miss Universe Himachal Pradesh 2025 | work=Mitali Dusad | date=12 June 2025 | agency=First India | accessdate=20 June 2025 | location=Jaipur | pages=1}}</ref>
|-
| 32
| [[Roosh Sindhu]]
| 25
| [[Gujarat]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 33
| Saanvi Sharma
| 23
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 34
| Sachi Kudale
| 24
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Union Territory
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 35
| Samiksha Singh
| 25
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 36
| Sanjana Sood
| 21
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 37
| Sarangthem Nirupama
| 24
| [[Manipur]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!state/from-manipur-sarangthem-nirupama-crowned-miss-universe-of-manipur-2025-student-of-ct-university-ludhiana-punjab-news-pbs25050801096 |title=Sarangthem Nirupama Defies Manipur's Conservatism, Pursues Education in Punjab, and Sets Her Sights on the Universe |publisher=[[ETV Network]] |date=8 May 2025 |accessdate=11 May 2025 |language=Punjabi}}</ref>
|-
| 38
| Saumya Verma
| 20
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| 39
| Shambhavi Jha
| 24
| [[Bihar]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://patnapress.com/from-madhubani-to-the-universe-dr-shambhavi-jha-to-represent-bihar-in-miss-universe-india/ |title=From Madhubani to the Universe: Dr Shambhavi Jha to Represent Bihar in Miss Universe India |publisher=Patna Press |date=4 May 2025 |accessdate=5 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 40
| Shaswati Bala
| 26
| [[West Bengal]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pristinemagazine.com/post/shaswati-bala-crowned-miss-universe-west-bengal-2025 |title=Shaswati Bala crowned Miss Universe West Bengal 2025 |work=Gagan Singh |publisher=Pristine Magazine |date=14 June 2025 |accessdate=18 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 41
| Sheena Parashar
| 24
| [[Rajasthan]]
| State
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|-
| {{n/a}}
| <s>Shivin Ganesan</s>
| <s>29</s>
| <s>[[Tamil Nadu]]</s>
| <s>Wildcard</s>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 42
| Smiti Chhabra
| 26
| [[Delhi]]
| State
| <ref name="MUI Haryana & Delhi 2025" />
|-
| 43
| Tanya Sharma
| 22
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/531134/miss-universe-up-2025---mathura-s-tanya-sharma-crowned-miss-universe-up#gsc.tab=0 | title=Miss Universe UP 2025: Mathura's Tanya Sharma crowned Miss Universe UP | publisher=Amrit Vichar | work=Anjali Singh | date=2 April 2025 | accessdate=2 April 2025 | language=Hindi}}</ref>
|-
| 44
| Tasneem Raza
| 41
| [[United Arab Emirates]]
| NRI
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae-success-stories/dubai-lets-me-be-rebellious-says-mum-of-two-entering-miss-universe-india-pageant-1.500184233 | title='Dubai lets me be rebellious', says mum of two entering Miss Universe India Pageant | publisher=[[Gulf News]] | work=Manjusha Radhakrishnan | date=2 July 2025 | accessdate=14 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 45
| Tokmem Mengu
| {{tableTBA}}
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Wildcard
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2025/07/19/mengu-a-new-face-in-glamour-world/ | title=Mengu – A new face in glamour world! | publisher=arunachalobserver.org | date=19 July 2025 | accessdate=20 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 46
| Vaamshi Uday
| 27
| [[Karnataka]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.m9.news/gallery/miss-karnataka-vaamshi-udays-look-bold-bare-and-blazing/ | title=Miss Karnataka's Look? Bold, Bare, and Blazing | publisher=M9.News | work=Vishnu Aadi | date=22 May 2025 | accessdate=27 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 47
| Vaishanavi Thakur
| 21
| [[Goa]]
| State
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pristinemagazine.com/post/ishnavi-thakur-crowned-miss-universe-goa-2025 |title=Vaishanavi Thakur Won Miss Universe Goa 2025 |work=Gagan Singh |publisher=Pristine Magazine |date=10 July 2025 |accessdate=20 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{n/a}}
| <s>Varshini Murugan</s>
| <s>25</s>
| <s>[[Tamil Nadu]]</s>
| <s>Wildcard</s>
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 48
| Wachi Pareek
| 23
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| Wildcard
| <ref name="Stars in Making, Miss Universe India 2025 Final Auditions" />
|}
{{notelist}}

==Crossovers==
Contestants who previously competed in other national and international beauty pageants with their respective placements:

=== National Pageants ===
==== Femina Miss India ====
===== National Finalists =====
* [[Femina Miss India 2024|FMI 2024 Telangana]]: Prakruthi Kambam<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/who-is-femina-miss-india-telangana-2024-prakruthi-kambam-learn-now/articleshow/113093889.cms | title=Who is Femina Miss India Telangana 2024, Prakruthi Kambam? Learn now! | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | work=Jinta Jose | date=5 September 2024 | accessdate=8 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2023|FMI 2023 West Bengal]]: Shaswati Bala ''(Top 12)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/shaswati-bala-miss-india-plays-a-vital-role-in-moulding-young-girls/articleshow/112447564.cms | title=Shaswati Bala: 'Miss India plays a vital role in moulding young girls' | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | work=Jinta Jose | date=9 September 2024 | accessdate=20 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2023|FMI 2023 Uttar Pradesh]]: Tanya Sharma ''(Top 12)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/tanya-sharma-femina-miss-india-gave-the-wings-to-my-dreams/articleshow/112061365.cms | title=Tanya Sharma: 'Femina Miss India gave the wings to my dreams' | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | work=Jinta Jose | date=9 September 2024 | accessdate=1 April 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2022|FMI 2022 Jharkhand]]: Riya Tirkey<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/trending/one-chance-riya-tirkey-first-tribal-woman-to-reach-miss-india-finale-10045511 | title='One Chance...': Riya Tirkey, First Tribal Woman To Reach Miss India Finale | publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] | work=Anushka Vats | date=4 July 2022 | access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

===== State Finalists =====
{{colbegin}}
* [[Femina Miss India 2024|FMI 2024 Bihar]]: Shambhavi Jha ''(Top 5 state finalist)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/from-overcoming-a-life-threatening-health-scare-to-winning-it-all-shambhavi-jha-now-aims-for-the-crown-at-the-miss-india-zonal-audition/articleshow/112431433.cms | title=From overcoming a life-threatening health scare to winning it all, Shambhavi Jha now aims for the crown at the Miss India zonal audition! | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | work=Jinta Jose | date=10 August 2024 | accessdate=4 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2024|FMI 2024 Kerala]]: Aiswarya Sreenivasan ''(Top 5 state finalist)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-femina-miss-india-2024-south-zone-finalists/meet-femina-miss-india-kerala-2024-top-5-finalists/eventshow/112474376.cms | title=Introducing Femina Miss India 2024 South Zone finalists! | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=12 August 2024 | accessdate=28 April 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2023|FMI 2023 Mizoram]]: Smiti Chhabra ''(Top 2 state finalist)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-femina-miss-india-2023-north-east-zone-finalists/eventshow/97255581.cms | title=Introducing Femina Miss India 2023 North East Zone Finalists | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=23 January 2022 | accessdate=5 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2023|FMI 2023 Union Territory]]: Ravitanaya Sharma ''(Top 10 state finalist)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-femina-miss-india-2023-west-zone-finalists/eventshow/97683557.cms | title=Introducing Femina Miss India 2023 West Zone Finalists | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=7 February 2023 | accessdate=20 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2022|FMI 2022 Madhya Pradesh]]: Amishi Kaushik ''(Top 10 state finalist)''<ref name="Femina Miss India 2022 North Zone State Finalists">{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-vlcc-presents-femina-miss-india-2022-north-zone-finalists/eventshow/90871723.cms | title=Introducing VLCC presents Femina Miss India 2022 North Zone Finalists! | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=16 April 2022 | accessdate=5 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2022|FMI 2022 Uttarakhand]]: Smiti Chhabra ''(Top 10 state finalist)''<ref name="Femina Miss India 2022 North Zone State Finalists" />
* [[Femina Miss India 2020|FMI 2020 Maharashtra]]: Sachi Kudale ''(Top 5 state finalist)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-vlcc-femina-miss-india-maharashtra-2020-finalists/eventshow/79395610.cms | title=Introducing VLCC Femina Miss India Maharashtra 2020 Finalists!
| publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=25 November 2020 | accessdate=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Femina Miss India 2019|FMI 2019 Madhya Pradesh]]: Anjali Pawar ''(Top 3 state finalist)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-2019-madhya-pradesh-audition/eventshow/68110287.cms | title=Miss India 2019: Madhya Pradesh Audition | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=22 February 2019 | accessdate=2 May 2025}}</ref>
{{colend}}

==== Miss Diva ====
* [[Miss Diva 2024|2024]]: Mehak Dhingra ''(Top 20)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/liva-miss-diva-beauty-queen-2024-vote-now-for-your-favourite-contestant-to-make-it-to-the-top-8/articleshow/151151207.cms | title=LIVA Miss Diva Beauty Queen 2024: Vote now for your favourite contestant to make it to the Top 8! | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=31 January 2025 | accessdate=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Miss Diva 2021|2022]]: Ojasvi Sharma ''(Miss Popular Choice Winner)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/learn-more-about-liva-miss-diva-2021-finalist-ojasvi-sharmas-life-story/articleshow/86392841.cms | title=Learn more about LIVA Miss Diva 2021 finalist Ojasvi Sharma's life story | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=21 September 2021 | accessdate=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Miss Diva 2021|2021]]: Sachi Kudale ''(Top 20)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/learn-more-about-liva-miss-diva-2021-finalist-sachi-kudales-life-story/articleshow/86454370.cms | title=Learn more about LIVA Miss Diva 2021 finalist Sachi Kudale's life story | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | work=Manisha Karki |date=23 September 2021 | accessdate=15 June 2025}}</ref>

==== Miss Universe India ====
* [[Miss Universe India 2024|MUI 2024]] Gujarat: Roosh Sindhu
* [[Miss Universe India 2024|MUI 2024]] Haryana: Amishi Kaushik ''(Withdrawn)''
* [[Miss Universe India 2024|MUI 2024]] Rajasthan: Manika Vishwakarma ''(Top 20)''
* [[Miss Universe India 2024|MUI 2024]] Uttar Pradesh: Saanvi Sharma ''(Top 20)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.starbiopic.com/lifestyle/22-year-old-girl-from-uttar-pradesh-aiming-for-miss-universe-crown/ | title=22-Year-Old Girl from Uttar Pradesh Aiming for Miss Universe Crown | website=starbiopic.com | first=Bhayashree |last=Soni| date=5 September 2024 | accessdate=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Miss Universe India 2024|MUI 2024]] Wildcard: Ojasvi Sharma ''(Top 10)''
* [[Miss Universe India 2024|MUI 2024]] Wildcard: Wachi Pareek ''(Top 20)''

=== International Pageants ===
; Miss Teen Universe
* 2022: Wachi Pareek ''(2nd Runner-Up)''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:July 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:2025 beauty pageants]]

Khandaghosh Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:46:59Z

Nhungexim: started post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khandaghosh
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Khandaghosh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Khandaghosh Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Nabin Chandra Bag]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]]
| constituency_no = 259
| established = 1951
| electors = 194,747
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
}}
'''Khandaghosh''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per order of the Delimitation Commission, No. 259 Khandaghosh (SC) assembly constituency covers [[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]] community development block and Adra, Bhuri, Gohogram, Khano, Maszidpur, Sanko and Satinadi gram panchayats of [[Galsi II (community development block)|Galsi II]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2009-05-27 |work=Table B – Assembly segments of Laok Sabha constituencies |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Khandaghosh assembly constituency is part of No. 37 [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Mohammad Hossain|Janab Mohammad Hossain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!colspan="3"|''No constituency''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jahar Lal Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|P. Dhibar
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Gobardhan Pakray
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Purna Chandra Malik
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Monoranjan Pramanick
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Purna Chandra Malik
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="3"|Shibaprasad Dalui
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Jyotsna Singh
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Prasanta Majhi
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Nabin Chandra Bag]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khandaghosh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Nabin Chandra Bag|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:104183}}|percentage=46.67|change={{decrease}}1.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Goutam Dhara|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:95899}}|percentage=42.96|change={{increase}}4.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramjiban Roy|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1271}}|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:8284}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25259.htm

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Khandaghosh<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/khandaghosh-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title = Khandaghosh Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =13 May 2021 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Nabin Chandra Bag|votes=104,264|percentage=47.85|change=+15.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Bijan Mandal|votes=83,378|percentage=38.26|change=+496.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Asima Roy|votes=22,923|percentage= 10.52|change=-73.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate=Pratul Biswas|votes=3,465|percentage=1.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party= BMUP||candidate=Basudeb Ruidas|votes=1,923|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,944|percentage=0.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 217,897|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khandaghosh<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/khandaghosh-west-bengal-assembly-constituency | title= Khandaghosh| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =13 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/881-Khandaghosh_(SC)assembly_election_result_2016.html | title= Khandaghosh| work= Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date =13 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nabin Chandra Bag
|votes = 90,151
|percentage = 45.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Asima Roy
|votes = 86,949
|percentage = 44.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashoke Santra
|votes = 13,973
|percentage = 7.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Protul Biswas
|votes = 2,780
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,624
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Nabin Chandra Bag of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Alok Kumar Majhi of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Khandaghosh<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25259.htm |title = Khandaghosh |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 22 May 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160522171959/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25259.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=259| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223118/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=259| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Khandaghosh| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Khandaghosh |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nabin Chandra Bag
|votes = 94,284
|percentage = 52.11
|change = -16.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Alok Kumar Majhi
|votes = 81,137
|percentage = 44.85
|change = +13.49#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Das Singha
|votes = 5,505
|percentage = 3.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 180,926
|percentage = 92.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -30.02#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
Prasanta Majhi of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Khandaghosh (SC) assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] defeating his nearest rival Biswanath Roy of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001, Jyotsna Singha of CPI (M) defeated Banshi Badan Roy of Trinamool. In 1996, 1991 and 1986 Shiba Prasad Dalui of CPI (M) defeated Basudev Mandal, Sankar Nath Maji and Pramatha Dhibar, all of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], in the respective years. In 1982 and 1977, Purna Chandra Malik of CPI (M) defeated Manoranjan Pramanik of Congress.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp272.htm | title = 272 – Khandaghosh (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Monoranjan Pramanik of Congress won the seat in 1972. In 1971, the seat was won by Purna Chandra Malik of CPI (M). Gobardhan Pakray of [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] won it in 1969. P. Dhibar of Congress won the seat in 1967. Jaharlal Banerjee of Congress won it in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Khandaghosh constituency was not there in 1957 and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]] it was a general constituency. It was won by Jb Md Hossain of Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2010-08-29 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T16:16:37Z

Nhungexim: starting entry

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{coord|11.1018845|79.5795889|display=title|format=dms}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mayiladuthurai
| constituency_no =
| map_image = Mailadurai lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Mayiladuthurai constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1984
| reservation = None
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Sudha Ramakrishnan|R Sudha]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Sirkazhi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sirkazhi]] [[Mayiladuthurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]] [[Poompuhar (State Assembly Constituency)|Poompuhar]] [[Thiruvidaimarudur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvidaimarudur]] [[Kumbakonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kumbakonam]] [[Papanasam (State Assembly Constituency)|Papanasam]]
| electors = 14,84,348<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result]</ref>
}}
'''Mayiladuthurai''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 28 of 39. It spreads on two districts, Mayiladuthurai and Thanjavur.

==History==
Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency) has six assembly constituencies – [[Mayiladuthurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]], [[Sirkali]] (SC), [[Poompuhar (State Assembly Constituency)|Poompuhar]], [[Thiruvidaimarudur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvidaimarudur (SC)]], [[Kumbakonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kumbakonam]] and [[Papanasam (State Assembly Constituency)|Papanasam]].

The constituency was constituted during the third [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house) as Mayuram until the 1980 elections, when it was renamed Mayiladuthurai.<ref name=election62>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=49|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=elections80>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=79 |access-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> During the first elections in 1957, Mayiladuthurai was part of Chidambaram constituency and was held by the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=17|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> From 1962, the Mayiladuthurai parliament seat was held by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) twice between 1967 and 1971,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=67|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=71|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> and from 1971 to 1977,<ref name=elections77>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=80|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] for two terms between 1998 and 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Election Commission of India">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> and 1996 to 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=86|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] twice during 2009 and 2014, Indian National Congress for eight terms during 1962–67,<ref name=election62/> 1977–80,<ref name=elections77/> 1980–84,<ref name=elections80/> 1984–89,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=73|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> 1989–91,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=81|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> 1991–96,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=51|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> 1999–2004,<ref name="Election Commission of India"/> and 2004–09.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=94|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref>

Popular Communist leader [[K. Ananda Nambiar]] represented Mayiladuthurai in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1951 to 1957.<ref name="parliamentindia">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses2/02201191.htm|title=Obituary Reference|publisher=Parliament of India|access-date=17 May 2014|year=2011}}</ref> [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] who served as a minister in India's cabinet was elected to the Parliament from the Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency in the 1991,<ref name="1991electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|year=1991|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> 1999<ref name="1999electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|year=1999|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> and 2004 elections.<ref name="2004electionresults">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|year=2004|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> in 2014, the Member of Parliament from the constituency was R.K. Bharathi Mohan of the AIADMK party.<ref name="Rit">{{cite web|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2014|access-date =26 May 2014}}</ref>

The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is [[Sudha Ramakrishnan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]Indian National Congress party.

==Assembly segments==

=== 2009–present ===
Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate=2008-10-12
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=February 6, 2009
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|160
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]
|SC
| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|161
|[[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|162
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
|SC
| rowspan="3" |[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|-
|171
| [[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|-
|172
| [[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
|}

=== Before 2009 ===

# [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
# [[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
# [[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]] (defunct)
# [[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
# [[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
# [[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Duration
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=2|Party
|-
| First ( as Mayuram seat) || 1952-57 || K. Ananda Nambiar & V Veeraswamy ||{{Full party name with color| communist Party of India & Independent SC Candidate }}
|- <ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF | archive-date=2014-04-04 |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1951 to the first Lok Sabha | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF}}</ref>
| Second ( as Mayuram seat) || 1957-62 || ''Does not exist'' ||colspan=2|-
|-
| Third ( as Mayuram seat) || 1962-67 || [[Maragatham Chandrasekar]] ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="3-ls">{{cite web|title=Members Biographical Sketches Third Lok Sabha|url=http://www.loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=3&tab=12|accessdate=27 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Fourth ( as Mayuram seat) || 1967-71 || rowspan="2" | K. Subravelu || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Fifth ( as Mayuram seat) || 1971-77
|-
| Sixth ( as Mayuram seat) || 1977-80 || rowspan="2" | [[N. Kudanthai Ramalingam]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| Seventh ( as Mayuram seat) || 1980-84
|-
| Eight||1984-89|| rowspan="2" |[[E.S.M. Packeer Mohamed]]
|-
| Ninth||1989-91
|-
| Tenth||1991-96||[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
|-
| Eleventh||1996-98||[[P. V. Rajendran]]||{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Twelfth||1998-99||[[K. Krishnamoorthy]]
|-
| Thirteenth||1999-04|| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-2014||[[O. S. Manian]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-2019||[[R. K. Bharathi Mohan]]
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-2024||[[S. Ramalingam]] ||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|accessdate=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteen]]||2024||[[Sudha Ramakrishnan]] ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|45.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|55.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|57.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|22.49}}

}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai<ref name="Mayiladuthurai Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Mayiladuthurai Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/tamil-nadu/mayiladuthurai |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921145809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/tamil-nadu/mayiladuthurai |archive-date=21 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Sudha Ramakrishnan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=518,459|percentage=47.67%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. Babu|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=247,276|percentage=22.73%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ma.Ka.Stalin|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=166,437|percentage=15.3%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Kaliammal|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=127,642|percentage=11.73%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=8,695|percentage=0.8%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=271,183 |percentage=24.94% |change=- }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,068,509|percentage=98.23%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,99,292 |percentage=54.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Asaimani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,37,978 |percentage=30.92% |change=-19.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Senthamizhan |party=Independent politician |votes=69,030 |percentage=6.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Subhashini |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=41,056 |percentage=3.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Refayudeen |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=17,005 |percentage=1.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=8,231 |percentage=0.75% |change=-0.55% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,61,314 |percentage=23.91% |change=-3.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,92,917 |percentage=73.93% |change= -1.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,84,842 |change =9.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. K. Bharathi Mohan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,13,729 |percentage=50.75% |change=5.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hyder Ali |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=2,36,679 |percentage=23.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Agoram |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,44,085 |percentage=14.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,465 |percentage=5.78% |change=-35.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=13,181 |percentage=1.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Pandiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,613 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Fathima Alias Bharathi |party=Independent politician |votes=7,582 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Raguraman |party=Independent politician |votes=7,214 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Revathi |party=Independent politician |votes=6,286 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,714 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,77,050 |percentage=27.37% |change=22.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,12,357 |percentage=76.03% |change= 1.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,50,318 |change =23.71% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[O. S. Manian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,64,089 |percentage=45.60% |change=14.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,27,235 |percentage=40.98% |change=-18.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Pandian |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=44,754 |percentage=5.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. H. Jawahirullah|Dr. M. H. Jawahirullah]] |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=19,814 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Karthikeyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,486 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. S. Chandirakumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,554 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,854 |percentage=4.62% |change=-23.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,98,527 |percentage=73.25% |change= 5.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,91,519 |change =6.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,11,160 |percentage=59.11% |change=8.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[O. S. Manian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,15,469 |percentage=30.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Rajan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=49,124 |percentage=7.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. Rahmathullah |party=Independent politician |votes=8,335 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Malarvizhi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,573 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,95,691 |percentage=28.13% |change=21.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,95,627 |percentage=68.09% |change= 4.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,22,018 |change =-0.84% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,24,384 |percentage=50.23% |change=47.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. D. Arul Mozhi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,84,253 |percentage=44.02% |change=5.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Krishnamoorthy]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=34,998 |percentage=5.42% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,131 |percentage=6.21% |change=-0.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,45,796 |percentage=63.61% |change= -8.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,30,626 |change =4.03% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -5.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Krishnamoorthy]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,86,098 |percentage=45.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. D. Arul Mozhi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,43,642 |percentage=38.90% |change=33.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=72,911 |percentage=11.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,265 |percentage=2.44% |change=-30.01% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,456 |percentage=6.78% |change=-16.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,26,270 |percentage=64.97% |change= -7.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,90,666 |change =4.18% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -10.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. V. Rajendran]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=3,67,778 |percentage=55.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,14,234 |percentage=32.45% |change=-26.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kothai Kesavan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=38,656 |percentage=5.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Venkatesan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,209 |percentage=4.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Raja Pather |party=Independent politician |votes=3,030 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,53,544 |percentage=23.25% |change=-2.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,60,278 |percentage=72.57% |change= 1.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,50,926 |change =5.34% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,64,598 |percentage=58.98% |change=6.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Kalayanam Kuttalam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,02,661 |percentage=32.78% |change=-4.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Samad |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=37,677 |percentage=6.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaga Veerapandian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,479 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Manisekar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,109 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,61,937 |percentage=26.20% |change=11.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,18,188 |percentage=71.07% |change= -3.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,02,685 |change =-0.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E.S.M. Packeer Mohamed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,52,492 |percentage=52.42% |change=-7.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kalyanam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,50,547 |percentage=37.26% |change=-1.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kottrava Moorthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=64,203 |percentage=9.55% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,01,945 |percentage=15.16% |change=-6.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,72,495 |percentage=74.69% |change= -5.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,10,538 |change =26.26% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E.S.M. Packeer Mohamed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,35,033 |percentage=60.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kalayanam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,15,390 |percentage=38.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Krithivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,697 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,19,643 |percentage=21.49% |change=3.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,56,859 |percentage=80.19% |change= 3.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,21,157 |change =6.57% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 2.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kudanthai N. Ramalingam]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,91,625 |percentage=57.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Govindasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,99,620 |percentage=39.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Mayuram Sundaresan |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=13,743 |percentage=2.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Malavai Singaravelan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,822 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=92,005 |percentage=18.05% |change=2.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,09,810 |percentage=76.99% |change= 0.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,76,693 |change =4.45% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kudanthai N. Ramalingam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,72,202 |percentage=55.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Govindasamy |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,97,937 |percentage=40.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. B. S. Manee |party=Independent politician |votes=14,554 |percentage=2.99% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=74,265 |percentage=15.26% |change=-1.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,86,569 |percentage=76.64% |change= -2.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,47,843 |change =28.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Subravelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,07,304 |percentage=53.84% |change=-3.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rajangam |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,40,931 |percentage=36.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Dhanushkodi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=36,829 |percentage=9.56% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=66,373 |percentage=17.24% |change=3.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,85,064 |percentage=79.37% |change= -2.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,03,830 |change =7.94% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Subravelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,09,660 |percentage=57.09% |change=24.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,57,616 |percentage=42.91% |change=-2.82% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52,044 |percentage=14.17% |change=0.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,67,276 |percentage=82.08% |change= 6.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,66,790 |change =3.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maragatham Chandrasekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,49,330 |percentage=45.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subirra Velu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,06,059 |percentage=32.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veerappan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=71,098 |percentage=21.78% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,271 |percentage=13.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,26,487 |percentage=75.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,49,027 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Mayiladuthurai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ananda Nambiar]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,98,743 |percentage=22.49% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Santhanam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,89,089 |percentage=21.40% |change=21.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Veeraswami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,76,639 |percentage=19.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Subramanyam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,68,343 |percentage=19.05% |change=19.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veerappan Voikaran |party=Communist Party of India |votes=83,440 |percentage=9.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Jagadesan |party=Independent politician |votes=45,561 |percentage=5.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veeran Ilam Singam |party=Republican Party of India |votes=21,950 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,654 |percentage=1.09% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,83,765 |percentage=121.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,30,234 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* [[Kumbakonam]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408154554/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/mayiladuturai/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Mayiladuthurai lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]

Syed Rezaul Karim

2026-05-03T23:20:29Z

Nhungexim: creating the article more to come - done

{{Short description|Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Amirul Mujahidin, [[Mufti]]
| name = Syed Rezaul Karim
| native_name = সৈয়দ রেজাউল করিম
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Syed Muhammad Rezaul Karim (2019).jpg
| caption = Karim in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|2|1}}
| birth_place = [[Char Monai]], [[Barisal]]
| father = [[Syed Fazlul Karim]]
| mother =
| relatives = [[Syed Muhammad Ishaq]] (grandfather) [[Syed Faizul Karim]] (brother)
| office = [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh|Ameer of Islami Andolan Bangladesh]]
| 2blankname = Secretary-General
| 2namedata = Yunus Ahmad
| term_start = 25 November 2006
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Syed Fazlul Karim]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| signature =
| party = [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]]
| alma_mater = *Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania
* Charmonai Jamia Rashidia Islamia
* Sagardi Islamia Kamil Madrasa
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography| embed = yes
| background = #98FB98
| era = Modern
| notable_works =
* Islamic Labor Movement
* Islamic Youth Movement
* National Teachers Forum
* National Council of Ulama Mashayekh Aimma
* National Bar Council
* National Freedom Fighters Council
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| influenced = [[Syed Faizul Karim]]
| main_interests = Politics, [[Tasawwuf]]
| nationality = [[Bangladeshi]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
}}
}}
'''Syed Rezaul Karim''' (born 1 February 1971), also known by his title '''Charmonai Pir''',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-15 |title=Hefazat's Shafi, Chormonai Pir denounce Islamic State activities |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/16612/hefazat%E2%80%99s-shafi-chormonai-pir-denounce-islamic |access-date=2020-10-24 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> is a [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] Islamic scholar, politician, who serving as the [[Emir]] of [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-23 |title=Islami Andolon Bangladesh: Who are they and what do they stand for? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/148631/islami-andolon-bangladesh-who-are-they-and-what |access-date=2020-10-24 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> He is also President of the Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board, and the Vice President of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]].<ref name=":2" />

==Early life and family==
Rezaul Karim was born on 1 February 1971 in the village of [[Char Monai]] in [[Barisal]], [[East Pakistan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=21 December 2020 |title=দেশের ভালোবাসা বুকে লালন করে রাজনীতি করি: একান্ত সাক্ষাৎকারে চরমোনাই পীর |url=https://www.jugantor.com/islam-life/376212 |work=[[Jugantor]]}}</ref> His grandfather, [[Syed Muhammad Ishaq]], was the first Pir of Charmonai, and his father, [[Syed Fazlul Karim]], was the second Pir of Charmonai.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=bn:দ্যা হান্ড্রেড (বাংলা মায়ের একশ কৃতিসন্তান)|last=Nizampuri|first=Ashraf Ali|year=2013|publisher=Salman Prakashani|location=[[Hathazari]], [[Chittagong]]|pages=375–378|isbn=978-112009250-2|edition=1|language=bn}}</ref>

==Education==
He started his education from [[Charmonai Jamia Rashidia Islamia]]. He passed Kamil (post-graduate) from its Alia branch in 1991. At the same time, he used to attend classes in its [[Qawmi Madrasah|Qawmi]] branch. Then he obtained higher degree in [[Fiqh]] and [[Hadith]] from [[Sagardi Islamia Kamil Madrasa, Barisal]]. He studied at [[:bn:জামিয়া ইসলামিয়া দারুল উলুম মাদানিয়া|Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania]] for some time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=June–July 2012|title=Short Biography of Mufti Rezaul Karim|journal=Bimonthly Student News}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his education, he joined [[Charmonai Jamia Rashidia Islamia]] as a teacher of its Alia branch. Then he was assistant principals of both the branches (Alia and Qawmi) for long time. Currently, he is the main patron of both branches. He is also the President of the Bangladesh Quran Education Board and co-president of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]].<ref name=":1" />

He served as the chairman of [[Char Monai Union]] for two terms from 2003 to 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Chairman of Char Monai Union|url=http://charmonaiup.barisal.gov.bd/site/page/7d8973b8-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6|access-date=2020-10-24|website=charmonaiup.barisal.gov.bd|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027175014/http://charmonaiup.barisal.gov.bd/site/page/7d8973b8-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the death of his father on 25 November 2006, he was elected Amir of [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]] and [[Bangladesh Mujahideen Committee]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |date=June–July 2012 |title=Short Biography of Mufti Rezaul Karim |journal=Bimonthly Student News}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Islami Andolan Bangladesh leaders meets with President Abdul Hamid on 9 January 2017 03.jpg|thumb|Karim with President Abdul Hamid in 2017]]
From his student life, he was involved in politics of [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh|Islami Shasantantra Chhatra Andolan]]. Later he served as the Student Welfare Secretary of its Central Committee. He was arrested during the [[Third Khaleda Cabinet|Four-party coalition government led by BNP]] for his activism in the Islamic movement.<ref name=":1" />

==Views==
===Criticism of Sheikh Hasina===
At a conference in June 2019, [[Sheikh Hasina]] said about [[Hijab]], "Hand socks, foot socks, nose and eyes covered, absolutely, what is it? Wandering around as living tents; It doesn't make sense." Rezaul Karim called her statement irresponsible and called for her withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:পর্দা নিয়ে প্রধানমন্ত্রীর বক্তব্য দেশবাসীকে মর্মাহত করেছে: চরমোনাই পীর |trans-title=PM's statement on veil shocks countrymen: Charmonai Pir|url=https://www.jugantor.com/politics/186598/পর্দা-নিয়ে-প্রধানমন্ত্রীর-বক্তব্য-দেশবাসীকে-মর্মাহত-করেছে-চরমোনাই-পীর|access-date=2020-10-24|work=[[Jugantor]]|language=bn}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Islam in South Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, Rezaul}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Chormonai movement]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Islami Andolan Bangladesh politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Char Monai]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic movements]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Islamic religious leaders from Barisal Division]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barisal District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Iraqi descent]]

Kavita Patil (cricketer)

2026-05-01T19:03:11Z

Nhungexim:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Kavita Patil
| female = true
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Kavita Dilip Patil
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|10|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role =

| international =
| oneodi =
| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =

| oneT20I =
| T20Idebutdate =
| T20Idebutyear =
| T20Idebutagainst =
| T20Icap =
| lastT20Idate =
| lastT20Iyear =
| lastT20Iagainst =

| club1 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| year1 = 2013–2019
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| year2 = 2009–2017
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| year3 = 2011–2012

| date = 20 February 2020
| source = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/550234.html ESPNcricinfo]
}}
'''Kavita Dilip Patil''' (Born: 27 October 1988 at [[Kaij]], [[Maharashtra]]) is a [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web|title=KD Patil|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/550234.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> She is a right-handed batter and bowls right-arm medium pace.<ref>{{cite web|title=KD Patil|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/416/416137/416137.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> She played for [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]], [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]], [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]] and [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]. She made her debut in major domestic cricket on 3 November 2009 in a one-day match against [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MAH vs SAU|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/259/259402.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> She has played 4 [[First-class cricket|First-class]], 57 [[List A cricket|List A]] and 49 [[Women's Twenty20 cricket]] matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=statistics_lists|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/416/416137/statistics_lists.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Kavita}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra women cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways women cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone women cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone women cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Aman Gupta

2026-05-01T11:06:59Z

Nhungexim: added new pg

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and investor (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aman Gupta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1982|03|04}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]], [[Delhi University]] ([[BCom]]), [[Indian School of Business]], [[Hyderabad]] ([[Masters in Business Administration|MBA]]), [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|ICAI]] ([[Chartered Accountant|CA]])
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[businessperson]], [[investor]]
| years_active = 2003–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| organisation = boAt Lifestyle
| television = ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' (2021–present)
| spouse = {{marriage |Priya Dagar |2008}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Aman Gupta''' (born 4 March 1982)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-05 |title=Shark Tank India's Aman Gupta jams on stage by singing Yeh Dil Deewana; says 'The real 'Jam'-nagar was here, Rihanna nahi toh Aman hi sahi?' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-indias-aman-gupta-jams-on-stage-by-singing-yeh-dil-deewana-says-the-real-jam-nagar-was-here-rihanna-nahi-toh-aman-hi-sahi/articleshow/108219467.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian entrepreneur and [[angel investor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feeling Proud And Grateful": Aman Gupta Shares Glimpses Of State Dinner At Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/feeling-proud-and-grateful-aman-gupta-shares-glimpses-of-state-dinner-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-4944078 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He is the co-founder and was the [[Chief marketing officer]] (CMO) of Indian electronics brand boAt Lifestyle. Gupta stepped down from his position as CMO just 29 days before the company filed its IPO Prospectus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Aman Gupta spots UK PM Rishi Sunak wearing boAt headphones, says this |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/aman-gupta-spots-uk-pm-rishi-sunak-wearing-boat-headphones-says-this-101694242743611.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He is a judge and investor in the business reality show, ''[[Shark Tank India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-02 |title=Aman Gupta reacts to being considered for Shark Tank US to replace Mark Cuban; writes "East or West, Shark Tank India is the best" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aman-gupta-reacts-to-being-considered-for-shark-tank-us-to-replace-mark-cuban-writes-east-or-west-shark-tank-india-is-the-best/articleshow/105640030.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Shivam |title=Meet Shark Tank India's newest judge, set to join Anupam Mittal, Aman Gupta, Namita Thapar, to replace Deepinder Goyal |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-shark-tank-india-s-newest-judge-kunal-bahl-anupam-mittal-aman-gupta-namita-thapar-deepinder-goyal-3112105 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>. He recently ventured into new-age business with OffBeat Studios, which secured ₹100 crore in seed funding, signaling early traction in the space. <ref>{{Cite web
|title=Aman Gupta's OffBeat Studios raises ₹100 crore in seed funding
|url=https://startupfox.in/article/aman-gupta-offbeat-studios-raises-100-crore-bessemer
|website=StartupFox
|publisher=StartupFox
|language=en
|access-date=2026-04-08
}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gupta was born in Delhi, India. His father's name is Neeraj Gupta and mother's name is Jyoti Kochar Gupta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Who Is Aman Gupta? The Delhi Boy Who Became Trailblazer In Biz World, With Net Worth Of Rs 700 crore Is Shark Tank Indias Most Active Shark |url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/who-is-aman-gupta-the-delhi-boy-who-became-trailblazer-in-biz-world-with-net-worth-of-rs-700-crore-is-shark-tank-indias-most-active-shark-2636561.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-16 |title=Shark Tank India's Aman Gupta recalls his father convinced him to win over his wife Priya in DDLJ style |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-indias-aman-gupta-recalls-his-father-convinced-him-to-win-over-his-wife-priya-in-ddlj-style/articleshow/99529900.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Gupta completed his early education from [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]]. He graduated from [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]] under [[Delhi University]] with a [[BCom]] (Hons). He is a qualified [[Chartered accountant|CA]]. Later he joined [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|ICAI]]. He holds an [[Masters in Business Administration|MBA]] in Finance and Strategy from the [[Indian School of Business]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashneer Grover to Vineeta Singh; Educational qualifications of Shark Tank India judges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashneer-grover-to-vineeta-singh-a-quick-look-at-the-educational-qualifications-of-shark-tank-india-judges/photostory/89891928.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Couldn't study at Harvard, but made my company and work make a mark here, says boAt co-founder Aman Gupta |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/harvard-business-school-boat-case-study-aman-gupta-instagram-15068231.htm |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gupta started his career as an assistant manager with Citi. He later joined KPMG as a Senior Management Consultant.<ref name=":0" /> Later he co-founded Advanced Telemedia Private Limited and was elevated to the position of chief executive officer (CEO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Shark Tank India's Aman Gupta reveals he shut down 5 companies before boAt: 'Jo aap marketing seekh ke aate ho…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-aman-gupta-shut-down-5-companies-before-boat-failures-success-story-8481340/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He founded the electronics brand boAt in 2016 with Sameer Mehta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aman Gupta, Sameer Mehta: Building BoAt Into One Of World's Largest Wearable Brands |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/tycoons-of-tomorrow-2021/aman-gupta-sameer-mehta-building-boat-into-one-of-worlds-largest-wearable-brands/72369/1 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> This company sells headphones, smart watches and speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Success Story: Aman Guptas Journey To Revolutionizing The Audio Industry With BoAt |url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/business-success-story-aman-guptas-journey-to-revolutionizing-the-audio-industry-with-boat-2718288.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=From boAt To Shark Tank, Tracing The Successful Journey Of Aman Gupta |url=https://www.news18.com/business/from-boat-to-shark-tank-tracing-the-successful-journey-of-aman-gupta-8372077.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Shark Tank India'' ===
Gupta is one of the major investors/judges on the business reality show ''[[Shark Tank India]]''. He appeared in 5 seasons of ''[[Shark Tank India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Aman Gupta tears cheque after making an offer to pitchers. Here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/shark-tank-india-3-aman-gupta-tears-cheque-after-making-an-offer-to-pitchers-here-s-why-101706853648102.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title='Shark Tank India 3': Did Boat's Aman Gupta take a dig at Lenskart CEO Peyush Bansal during a pitch? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shark-tank-india-3-did-boats-aman-gupta-take-a-dig-at-lenskart-ceo-peyush-bansal-during-a-pitch/articleshow/107237094.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Ridhi|date=2023-05-04 |title=Aman Gupta on Shark Tank India: 'People are watching more business shows than 'Saas Bahu' serials' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/aman-gupta-on-shark-tank-india-people-are-watching-more-business-shows-than-saas-bahu-shows-2023-05-04-868762 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> He has investments in more than 100 companies and startups. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Aman Gupta’s Investment Portfolio {{!}} List of Companies Backed by Him |url=https://startuptalky.com/aman-gupta-funded-startups/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=StartupTalky- Business News, Insights and Stories |language=en}}</ref>

== Entertainment and news ==
In 2022, Gupta along with the other ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' judges appeared as a VIP contestant in ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=KBC: Vineeta Singh, Aman Gupta pitch for themselves to grab hotsea |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kbc-here-s-how-vineeta-singh-aman-gupta-anupam-mittal-pitched-for-themselves-to-grab-the-hotseat-101672280279803.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He also appeared as a guest on ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' together with other ''Shark Tank India'' judges in 2022 and 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Shark Tank India's Aman Gupta attends the Indo-French CEO Forum with PM Modi for the second time; writes 'The future is here, and it's Made In India' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-indias-aman-gupta-attends-the-indo-french-ceo-forum-with-pm-modi-for-the-second-time-writes-the-future-is-here-and-its-made-in-india/articleshow/118206904.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Aman Gupta shares drawback of becoming famous after Shark Tank India: 'Koi kahin discount nahi deta' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aman-gupta-shares-drawback-of-becoming-famous-after-shark-tank-india-8420669/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Gupta represented India at the [[France–India relations|Indo-French]] CEO Forum with [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]] for the second time, highlighting India's rise as the world's third-largest startup ecosystem. He emphasized the success of the "[[Make in India]]" initiative, with boAt manufacturing a significant portion of its products locally. Gupta also called for greater collaboration between Indian and French startups, proposing joint participation in India's Startup Mahakumbh and [[Viva Technology|France's VivaTech]]. He expressed pride in showcasing India's dynamic startup landscape globally.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
Gupta married Priya Dagar in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-12 |title=From a filmy love story with wife Priya to a whopping net-worth of 720 crores: Lesser known facts about Shark Tank India's Aman Gupta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-a-filmy-love-story-with-wife-priya-to-a-whopping-net-worth-of-720-crores-lesser-known-facts-about-shark-tank-indias-aman-gupta/photostory/107633495.cms?picid=107633684 |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-23 |title=Shark Tank India's Aman Gupta and wife Priya Dagar end Cannes on a glamorous note; the duo stuns in shimmery black and orange outfits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-indias-aman-gupta-and-wife-priya-dagar-end-cannes-on-a-glamorous-note-the-duo-stuns-in-shimmery-black-and-orange-outfits/articleshow/100449406.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The couple has 2 daughters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-26 |title=Shark Tank India judges reunite for Aman Gupta's daughter's birthday party; see inside pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-judges-reunite-for-aman-guptas-daughters-birthday-party-see-inside-pics/articleshow/92467350.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* In 2019, he won the Businessworld Young Entrepreneur Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Entrepreneur Summit & Awards 2018 |url=https://bwevents.co.in/bw/young-entrepreneur-awards/2019/index.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2019, he was named to the Entrepreneur India Tech 25 Class.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* In 2020, he was the Super 30 CMO's winner.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* In 2020, he won Entrepreneur of the Year.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* In 2020, he was named to Businessworld's list of 40 Under 40 Achievers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shark Aman Gupta to lead jury at BW Disrupt 40Under40 2023 – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/shark-aman-gupta-to-lead-jury-at-bw-disrupt-40under40-2023-128387.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |date=5 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* His brand boAt was titled the World's Top 5 Wearable Brand in 2020 and 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=boAt Success Story : How It Became the World's 5th Largest Wearable Brand |url=https://startuptalky.com/boat-success-story/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=StartupTalky |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2021, he was named one of the Economic Times 40 Under 40.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Neha |date=2023-11-05 |title=Aman Gupta: The Inspirational Success Story of boAt Company's Co-Founder & CMO |url=https://pune.news/business/aman-gupta-the-inspirational-success-story-of-boat-companys-co-founder-cmo-81903/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=pune.news |language=en-US}}</ref>
* He won the Lokmat Most Stylish Entrepreneur of the Year in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-06 |title=Entrepreneurs Falguni Nayar, Aman Gupta win big at the Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2021 |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/entrepreneurs-falguni-nayar-aman-gupta-win-big-at-the-lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2021/777416/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneurs Falguni Nayar, Aman Gupta win big at the Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2021 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/entrepreneurs-falguni-nayar-aman-gupta-win-big-at-the-lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2021-121120700475_1.html |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=business-standard.com}}</ref>
* In 2022, he won Retailer India Entrepreneur of the Year.<ref name="q646">{{cite web | last1=Shwenk | first1=Martin | last2=Murthy | first2=Narayana | last3=Poonawalla | first3=Adar | last4=Jain | first4=Manu | last5=Kamath | first5=Nitin | title=National Creators Award: Meet Aman Gupta who got Celebrity Creator of the Year award | website=The Economic Times | date=2024-03-08 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/national-creators-award-meet-aman-gupta-who-got-celebrity-creator-of-the-year-award/articleshow/108321416.cms | access-date=2025-11-11}}</ref>
* In 2024, he won the National Creator Award for Celebrity Creator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-08 |title=National Creators Award: Meet Aman Gupta who got Celebrity Creator of the Year award |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/national-creators-award-meet-aman-gupta-who-got-celebrity-creator-of-the-year-award/articleshow/108321416.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=PM Modi presents 'celebrity entrepreneur award' to Aman Gupta, boAt CEO says this |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/pm-modi-presents-celebrity-entrepreneur-award-to-aman-gupta-boat-ceo-says-this-101709886293499.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11803684}}
* {{twitter|amangupta0303}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Aman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:Shark Tank India]]
[[Category:Indian School of Business alumni]]
{{Shark Tank India}}

The Music Therapy Trust

2026-04-26T18:08:47Z

Nhungexim: Added New Stub W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Organization}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The Music Therapy Trust
| image = The_Music_Therapy_Trust.jpg
| image_border =
| image_size = 180px
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation = TMTTN
| formation = 2005
| extinction =
| type =
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = '''India''': New Delhi '''Nepal''': [[Kathmandu]]
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[India]], [[Nepal]]
| num_members =
| language =
| general_secretary =
| leader_title = Founder
| leader_name = Dr. Margaret Lobo, FRSA
| key_people =
| main_organ = Board of directors
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website =
| remarks =
| former_name =
}}
'''The Music Therapy Trust''' is a registered charity in [[India]] founded by Dr. [[Margaret Lobo]], who is also the founder and director of the [[Otakar Kraus Music Trust]], UK. The trust provides [[music therapy]] to children and adults facing difficult psychosocial and physical challenges, especially those from poor sectors of the society. The trust is also planning to establish a professional body for recognizing qualified Indian music therapists, to be called the Indian Association of Professional Clinical Music Therapists.

The organization has its administrative headquarters in [[New Delhi]], [[India]], and [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].

== History ==
The idea of The Music Therapy Trust was conceived by Lobo during her visit to India to give talks on music therapy in New Delhi and Mumbai. The trust was established in 2005 as a registered Indian society and became the first to introduce clinical music therapy network in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aalatimes.com/2011/06/22/the-sound-of-music-a-healing-therapy/ |title=The sound of music – a healing therapy |work=Aala Times |date=22 June 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=April 2022}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/mumbai/Music-therapy-drums-up-support/Article1-711455.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125075242/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/mumbai/Music-therapy-drums-up-support/Article1-711455.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Music therapy drums up support|author=Aarefa Johari|work=Hindustan Times |date=20 June 2011 |accessdate=23 July 2012}}</ref>

== Activities ==
=== The Music Therapy Academy ===
The Music Therapy Academy was launched in New Delhi to train Indian musicians by offering a year-long post-graduate diploma in clinical music therapy. The course is located in the Action For Autism's National Centre for Autism in Jasola Vihar and takes a new batch of students to train every year. It was launched by the famous cricketer [[Brett Lee]], whose MEWSIC foundation is a partner in the programme.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247590/brett-lee-launches-music-therapy.html|title=Brett Lee launches music therapy school in Delhi|work=Deccan Herald|date=7 May 2012|accessdate=24 June 2012|archive-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203134546/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247590/brett-lee-launches-music-therapy.html|url-status=dead}} - {{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/mumbai/Brett-Lee-to-assist-slum-children-to-keep-pace-with-musical-notes/Article1-698898.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005150212/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid-news/mumbai/Brett-Lee-to-assist-slum-children-to-keep-pace-with-musical-notes/Article1-698898.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2013|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 May 2011|accessdate=2012-06-24|title=Brett Lee to assist slum children to keep pace with musical notes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Therapy Trust}}
[[Category:Music therapy]]
[[Category:Health charities in India]]
[[Category:Charities based in Nepal]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Nepal]]

Server Sundaram

2026-04-25T07:15:25Z

Nhungexim: Added Basic Pg Basic Info

{{short description|1964 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{for|the unreleased film|Server Sundaram (unreleased film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Server Sundaram
| image = Server Sundaram poster.jpg
| alt = Black and white newspaper ad. From top to bottom are the pictures of K. R. Vijaya, R. Muthuraman and Nagesh
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| writer = [[K. Balachander]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Server Sundaram''|K. Balachander}}
| producer = [[A. V. Meiyappan]]
| starring = [[Nagesh]] [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| editing = S. Panjabi R. Vittal
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions|Guhan Films]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1964|12|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 minutes{{Sfn|Goble|1999|p=21}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Server Sundaram''''' is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]] and produced by [[A. V. Meiyappan]]. The film stars [[Nagesh]] as the title character. [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]] play the other lead roles while [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[S. N. Lakshmi]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] play supporting roles. It focuses on a hotel waiter who strives to reach greater heights after he becomes an actor to attain the love of his restaurateur's daughter.

The film was adapted from a 1963 play of the same name written by [[K. Balachander]], with the play also featuring Nagesh himself in the title role along with Sundarrajan and Lakshmi who reprised their roles in the film. Balachander also wrote the screenplay for the film. [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] composed the film's [[soundtrack]] and [[background music]], while [[Kannadasan]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and V. Seetharaman wrote the lyrics for the soundtrack's songs.

''Server Sundaram'' was released on 11 December 1964. It received critical acclaim, with praise directed mainly at Nagesh's performance and Balachander's screenplay. The film went on to become a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 100 days. At the [[12th National Film Awards]], it won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] under the Certificate of Merit category, and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]].

''Server Sundaram'' earned Nagesh and Balachander their breakthrough in Tamil cinema and led to many successful collaborations between the two. It became the first Tamil film to show numerous [[behind-the-scenes]] looks at various processes involved in film-making such as the studio interiors and [[Musical composition|song recording]]. The film was remade into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Main Sunder Hoon]]'' (1971) and [[Kannada]] as ''[[Server Somanna]]'' (1993).

== Plot ==
Sundaram, a poor man, comes to [[Chennai|Madras]] with aspirations of becoming a film actor. However, he ends up getting a job as a hotel waiter. While catering for a group of people who were going on an excursion to [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]], he meets Radha, the daughter of his restaurateur, Chakravarthy and misinterprets her friendly nature as love and falls in love with her. In the meantime, Sundaram happens to meet his friend Raghavan, an influential businessman, in the restaurant. During their subsequent meetings, Sundaram tells Raghavan about his ambition to become an actor as well as his love for Radha, without mentioning her name. Raghavan genuinely believes that the girl reciprocates Sundaram's feelings and motivates Sundaram to express his love.

When Raghavan is about to leave his house for a marriage proposal, Sundaram comes there and describes the girl he was talking about to Raghavan. Raghavan realises that Radha, whom he intends to marry, is the same girl Sundaram is in love with. Raghavan, believing that Radha loves Sundaram, decides to help Sundaram attain his love and get a chance to act in films, which he does successfully.

Sundaram becomes a [[Movie star|star]] after his debut film becomes a success and believes that his stardom and popularity will help him in attaining his love. When Radha comes to Sundaram's house to congratulate him, he introduces her to Raghavan, who had come to visit Sundaram. As Sundaram goes to prepare snacks for the two, Radha asks Raghavan why he did not show up for the marriage proposal. Raghavan states that he thought Radha loved Sundaram. Shocked, Radha tells Raghavan that she likes Sundaram for his innocence, although she does not love him. Raghavan is pleasantly surprised, but to ensure that Sundaram's film career does not suffer from discovering the truth, he asks Radha to keep it a secret.

Sundaram's mother is pleased with her son's popularity but misses his presence due to Sundaram's busy acting career. She expresses to Sundaram her desire that she should die in his arms. When Raghavan believes that Sundaram will gradually forget Radha so that he and Radha can get married, he discovers that Sundaram's love for Radha is stronger. Raghavan then informs Radha that she should marry Sundaram, as Raghavan does not want to backstab his friend. Radha instead decides to personally express her feelings to Sundaram. When Sundaram expresses his love to Radha, she tells him that she never imagined that he would assume her friendly affection towards him as love and that Raghavan is her fiancé. Sundaram, shattered on losing his love, is also happy on hearing that Raghavan would marry her and congratulates Raghavan.

While Sundaram is busy shooting for the climax scene of a film, his mother falls down the footsteps of her home and is badly wounded. Sundaram's manager tries to convey the news to Sundaram, but is blocked by the studio authorities who inform him that the director has instructed them not to allow anyone inside. After finishing his shot, Sundaram hears of the news about his mother and rushes home, only to learn that she has died. He regrets being an actor.

Later at Raghavan and Radha's marriage ceremony, Sundaram changes to his old uniform, that of a hotel waiter. When Raghavan orders Sundaram to remove the guise, Sundaram tells him that only the actor's role was a guise, and he has never felt the peace of mind he had as a waiter elsewhere.

== Cast ==

;Male cast
* [[Nagesh]] as Sundaram
* [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] as Raghavan
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Chakravarthy

;Female cast
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Radha
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Sundaram's mother
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kantha

[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] guest stars as a film director.<ref name="MR">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 August 2011 |title=Till the final stage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/till-the-final-stage/article2346587.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428081431/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/till-the-final-stage/article2346587.ece |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=22 July 2019 |title=ரங்காராவ் என்னும் நடிப்புலக சக்ரவர்த்தி |trans-title=Ranga Rao, the emperor of acting |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/74604 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190820110932/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/74604 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> Singer [[T. M. Soundararajan]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Yamunan |first1=Sruthisagar |last2=Rajagopalan |first2=V. |date=26 May 2013 |title=T M Soundararajan: An Alchemist who mixed melodies with emotions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/may/26/t-m-soundararajan-an-alchemist-who-mixed-melodies-with-emotions-480692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202090755/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/T-M-Soundararajan-An-Alchemist-who-mixed-melodies-with-emotions/2013/05/26/article1606131.ece |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> composer [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and guitarist S. Phillips make uncredited appearances in the song "Avalukenna".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=22 March 2018 |title=A composer who honed hits with a humane touch |url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/a-composer-who-honed-hits-with-a-humane-touch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180406155648/https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/a-composer-who-honed-hits-with-a-humane-touch/ |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=6 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=27 January 2022 |title=Man who could make the guitar sing and dance in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-who-could-make-the-guitar-sing-and-dance-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/89145115.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/man-who-could-make-the-guitar-sing-and-dance-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/89145115.cms |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Goundamani]] appears uncredited as a car driver.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=சுப்பிரமணி, கவுண்டமணி ஆனது எப்படி.? – பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/M/cinema_detail.php?id=78384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210319144107/https://www.dinamalar.com/M/cinema_detail.php?id=78384 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 1958, [[K. Balachander]], then a playwright, established a theatre troupe named Ragini Recreations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=19 May 2016 |title=Spotlight on 'Edirneechal' Raman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/spotlight-on-edirneechal-raman/article8620687.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190320103129/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/spotlight-on-edirneechal-raman/article8620687.ece |archive-date=20 March 2019 |access-date=20 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=382}} Comedian [[Nagesh]] asked Balachander to give him a role in his plays, and Balachander assured him that he would write one featuring Nagesh as the main character, which became ''Server Sundaram''.<ref name="actor">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=1 February 2009 |title=Nagesh – actor nonpareil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Nagesh-mdash-actor-nonpareil/article16652614.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428080315/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/nagesh-actor-nonpareil/article344668.ece |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The play, a [[comedy drama]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=V. |date=7 May 2015 |title=Wholesome package |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/review-of-gurukulam/article7180649.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609060047/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/review-of-gurukulam/article7180649.ece |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=''[[Major Chandrakanth (play)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', ''Server Sundaram'', ''Edhir Neechal'' and ''Navagraham'' were serious plays with comedy forming an integral part, seamlessly woven.}}</ref> was first staged in 1963.<ref name="1963 play">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=14 September 1963 |title=Best on the Amateur Front |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n109/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240329133426/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n109/mode/2up |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref> Balachander stated that he wrote the story of ''Server Sundaram'' for Nagesh after watching his dramatic performance in the film ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'' (1963).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |date=27 February 2005 |title=நாகேஷின் அழுகை! |trans-title=Nagesh's tears! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-02-27/kalki2005-02-27.pdf |access-date=12 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–46 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=பா. |date=18 June 2016 |title='நட்சத்திர இயக்குநர்' திருலோகசந்தர்! |trans-title=Tirulokchander, the 'star director'! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2016/jun/18/%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E2%80%99-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81-2527155.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621152304/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2016/06/18/%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E2%80%99-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81/article3488610.ece |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> He recalled in 2009 that when he wrote ''Server Sundaram'' with Nagesh in mind, he suffered anxious moments: "I was convinced of the story, but there was a risk in promoting Nagesh, but I pulled it off".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=5 April 2009 |title=With new play, Balachander returns to first love |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2009/04/05&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00203 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602164656/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2009%2F04%2F05&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00203 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=2 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[A. V. Meiyappan]], the founder of [[AVM Productions]], desired to produce the play as a film, but before he could, the director duo [[Krishnan–Panju]] (R. Krishnan and S. Panju), after watching the play once, went on stage and announced that they would direct its film adaptation, and paid Balachander an advance.{{Sfn|Saravanan|2013|pages=147–148}}<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=6 March 2005 |title=அழாதீங்க தம்பி! |trans-title=Don't cry, younger brother! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-03-06/kalki2005-03-06.pdf |access-date=12 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Nevertheless, the play's namesake film adaptation was produced by Guhan Films (named after [[M. S. Guhan|the son of producer]] [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]), a subsidiary of AVM.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=382}}<ref name="Kalki1979">{{Cite magazine |date=18 March 1979 |title=நூற்றுக்கு நூறு வெற்றி பெற்றோம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-03-18/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230311191158/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-03-18/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=26 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balachander was recruited as the film's screenwriter, and initially had a keen interest in directing it himself.<ref name="hindu2">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2 May 2011 |title=The KB school |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-kb-school/article1985626.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428082107/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1985626.ece |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=22 July 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 18- நாகேஷின் அழுகை! |trans-title=Try making a film 18 – Nagesh's cries! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/48952-18.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200910070406/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/48952-18-2.html |archive-date=10 September 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> He said the script was "tailored" for Nagesh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=10 September 2006 |title=Interview: K Balachander |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/09/10/interview-k-balachander/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180406152429/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/09/10/interview-k-balachander/ |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> contrary to AVM's general practice of choosing actors for already completed scripts.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=161}}

=== Casting and filming ===
Nagesh, who starred as the title character in the play, reprised his role in the film along with [[Major Sundarrajan]] and [[S. N. Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 March 2003 |title=Dialogue delivery set him apart |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428080512/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701070300.htm |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=23 February 2012 |title=An actor par excellence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-actor-par-excellence/article2921596.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428080549/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-actor-par-excellence/article2921596.ece |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sundarrajan played the restaurateur and the female lead's father,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2014 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள்: காலத்தை வென்ற சர்வர் சுந்தரம் – ஸ்பெஷல் ஸ்டோரி! |trans-title=Golden Jubilee film – Server Sundaram – Special Story |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/25065/cinema/Kollywood/Golden-Jubilee-film-Server-Sundaram-Special-Story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607062457/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/25065/cinema/Kollywood/Golden-Jubilee-film-Server-Sundaram-Special-Story.htm |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> and Lakshmi played Sundaram's mother.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2012 |title=Mother to all heroes takes the final bow |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/feb/21/mother-to-all-heroes-takes-the-final-bow-342118.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605162031/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article322221.ece |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=5 June 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> After watching the play, Krishnan–Panju said, "If this play is ever made into a film, then Sundarrajan must play the father's role".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=27 August 2015 |title=Made a 'Major' impact |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-major-effect/article7586580.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223091227/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-major-effect/article7586580.ece |archive-date=23 December 2017 |access-date=23 December 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Meiyappan accepted the inclusion of Nagesh in the film after watching his performance in the play.<ref name="MM">{{Cite news |date=9 May 2012 |title=நகைச்சுவை நடிகராக இருந்த நாகேஷ் "சர்வர் சுந்தரம்" படத்தில் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார் |trans-title=Nagesh, a comedian who became a hero with ''Server Sundaram'' |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/05/09203224/actor-nagesh-Server-Sundaram-c.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428080857/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/05/09203224/actor-nagesh-Server-Sundaram-c.html |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=14 December 2014 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Nagesh, who in turn was impressed with Lakshmi's performance in the play, asked Balachander to have Meiyappan include her in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 May 2010 |title=Courage goaded her on ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Courage-goaded-her-on-%E2%80%A6/article16303894.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217074703/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/courage-goaded-her-on/article439447.ece |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[K. R. Vijaya]] was cast as Sundaram's love interest Radha, and [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] as his friend Raghavan,{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=382}} reprising the roles played by Shobha and Raja on stage.<ref name="1963 play" /> Vijaya was chosen after many actresses refused to pair with Nagesh.<ref name="Kalki1979" /> [[Goundamani]], who later became a successful comedian in Tamil cinema, made his acting debut with this film in an uncredited, non-speaking role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=19 October 2016 |title=In 2016 who's still watching Senthil, Goundamani comedy on YouTube? Most of Tamil Nadu. |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025052829/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |access-date=25 October 2016 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Dharmik |date=4 May 2017 |title=கவுண்டமணி, வடிவேலு, செந்தில் பேசிய முதல் வசனம் என்னனு தெரியுமா? |trans-title=Do you know the first dialogues spoken by Goundamani, Vadivelu and Senthil? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/88388-first-dialogue-of-comedy-actors-in-tamil-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922154714/http://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/88388-first-dialogue-of-comedy-actors-in-tamil-cinema.html |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=22 September 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Balachander, who portrayed a small part as cleaner in the play, reprised his role in the film; however his scenes were deleted to accommodate the film's length.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பாலசந்தர் |first=கே. |author-link=K. Balachander |date=11 June 1995 |title=நினைவலைகள் – 45 |trans-title=Reminiscences – 45 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-06-11/kalki1995-06-11.pdf |access-date=12 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–62 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

''Server Sundaram'' was the first Tamil film to show numerous [[behind-the-scenes]] looks at the various processes involved in filmmaking such as the studio interiors, [[Musical composition|song recording]], horse riding scenes and rain scenes.<ref name="kalki" />{{Sfn|Saravanan|2013|page=149}}<ref name="Kalki1979" /> It was also notable for not featuring an antagonist.<ref name="Tamil_Hindu">{{Cite news |last=மாதவன் |first=பிரதீப் |date=5 December 2014 |title=அவனுக்கென்ன.. அழகிய மனம்! |trans-title=He has such a.. beautiful mind! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/26414-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200910065925/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/26414-.html |archive-date=10 September 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> In one sequence, [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] is seen as an actress performing a scene for a film directed by [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]'s character, using the concept of a [[film-within-a-film]].<ref name="MR" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=12 October 2015 |title=Authentic voice of Tamil culture: Remembering and loving the female Sivaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/authentic-voice-of-tamil-culture-remembering-and-loving-the-female-sivaji/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627111800/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/authentic-voice-of-tamil-culture-remembering-and-loving-the-female-sivaji/ |archive-date=27 June 2016 |access-date=27 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[S. Maruti Rao]],{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=382}} and Panju edited the film under the pseudonym "Panjabi",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 March 2015 |title=Remembering Panju |url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20150301/textview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524075037/https://in.newshub.org/remembering-panju-12679787.html |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=4 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> with R. Vittal as co-editor.<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Server Sundaram |date=11 December 1964 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[AVM Productions]]}}</ref>{{rp|4:27—4:31}} ''Server Sundaram'' was publicised with a still of Nagesh holding many cups and saucers, but the film initially had no such scene. After Meiyappan finished watching the final cut, upon his request it was added to the film.<ref name="kalki" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=148–149}} The final length of the film was {{Convert|4535|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="movie" />{{rp|00:00—00:09}}

== Themes ==

According to historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]], the film shows a "persistent theme in Tamil cinema", that of the bond between mother and son.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|page=138}} He also compared it to ''[[City Lights]]'' (1931) because in both films, a poor man "pin[s] for the attention of the woman he fancies".{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|pp=137–138}} Writing for ''The New Indian Express'', Sharada Narayanan considered ''Server Sundaram'' to be a biography of Nagesh's own life, a view also shared by ''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'}} Gautaman Bhaskaran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sharadha |date=18 July 2010 |title=Reflections of a matinee maverick |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2010/jul/18/reflections-of-a-matinee-maverick-170902.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428081649/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article184201.ece |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=17 September 2013 |title=Crowning glory for Kamal |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/366053/Crowning-glory-for-Kamal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622154633/http://www.gulf-times.com/story/366053/Crowning-glory-for-Kamal |archive-date=22 June 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016 |work=[[Gulf Times]]}}</ref> Theodore Baskaran, [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]], and critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] noted similarities between Nagesh and [[Charlie Chaplin]].{{sfnm|1a1=Baskaran|1y=2013|1p=138|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2a2=Willemen|2y=1998|2p=382}}<ref name="Slice">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 February 2009 |title=A small slice of great genius |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article36889.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501071523/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article36889.ece |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> According to film journalist T. M. Ramachandran, the film tries to convey the message that when a man achieves popularity, the price he has to pay is rather unimaginably high and that peace and happiness are things which could be easily achieved by the humblest and poorest rather than by one in a state of material prosperity.<ref name="Sport & Pastime review">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=9 January 1965 |title=Piece of Good Showmanship |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15522/page/n111/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231219074459/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15522/page/n111/mode/2up |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=52 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=19}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News Sri Lanka]]'', S. Jegathiswaran noted that in ''Server'' ''Sundaram'', Nagesh showed that "after having gained the social status one shouldn't forget one's past."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jegathiswaran |first=S. |date=10 November 2004 |title=Nagesh, the great comedian |url=https://archives.dailynews.lk/2004/11/10/artscop11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609042012/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2004/11/10/artscop11.html |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News Sri Lanka]]}}</ref> TT Srinath wrote for ''The Hindu'' that the film tells viewers to "distance the problem or challenge and see it from afar, thus helping us recognise that what we are experiencing is perhaps not as daunting as we tend to believe."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinath |first=TT |date=18 February 2019 |title=Recognising presumed challenges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/how-to-clear-the-mind-through-the-technique-of-neuro-linguistic-programming/article26301670.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218114133/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/how-to-clear-the-mind-through-the-technique-of-neuro-linguistic-programming/article26301670.ece |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] (a duo consisting of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]), with lyrics written by [[Kannadasan]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], and V. Seetharaman.<ref name="itunes">{{Cite web |date=December 1964 |title=Server Sundaram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/server-sundaram-original-motion/id907751933 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428121856/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/server-sundaram-original-motion/id907751933 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |website=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 2 |date=November 2016 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=155 |language=ta}}</ref> According to Balachander, when Meiyappan wanted another song to be added at the last minute, Kumaran gave an English song for which Viswanathan created a tune which eventually became "Avalukkenna".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பாலச்சந்தர் |first=கே. |author-link=K. Balachander |date=2 July 1995 |title=நினைவலைகள் – 48 |trans-title=Memories – 48 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-07-02/kalki1995-07-02.pdf |access-date=12 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=54–56 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Philips, an [[Autodidacticism|autodidact]] guitarist, performed the guitar portions for "Avalukkenna". The music troupe for the song consisted of Noel Grant ([[drum]]s), Mangalamurthy ([[accordion]]), Nanjappa ([[flute]]), Fobes ([[violin]]), Henry Daniel and Joseph Krishna.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2014 |title=Harmony with strings |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/harmony-with-strings/article6641033.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207094623/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/harmony-with-strings/article6641033.ece |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Violinist T. Samuel Joseph, popularly known as [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]], also took part in the recording of the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=V. |date=9 June 2016 |title=Of song and spirit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/shyaam-aka-t-samuel-joseph-goes-down-memory-lane/article8709686.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622153153/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/shyaam-aka-t-samuel-joseph-goes-down-memory-lane/article8709686.ece |archive-date=22 June 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Balan, a member of the troupe, claimed in 2015 that Viswanathan came up with the tune for "Avalukenna" in ten minutes,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=M. Bharath |date=14 July 2015 |title=Combo, carnival |url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/combo-carnival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526153314/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/combo-carnival |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=26 May 2016 |work=[[News Today]]}}</ref> while Anand Venkateswaran of ''[[The Atlantic Wire|The Wire]]'' believes that Viswanathan set the song to tune in 15 minutes, and it took T. M. Soundararajan the rest of the day to record it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=Anand |date=17 July 2015 |title=MSV, the Man Who Knew Nothing But Music |url=https://thewire.in/culture/msv-obit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524063337/http://thewire.in/2015/07/17/msv-obit-6635/ |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=26 May 2016 |work=[[The Atlantic Wire|The Wire]]}}</ref> According to Gopal Krishnan, in his book, ''Chords & Raaga'', "Avalukkenna" involved a "complicated arrangement of [[Mambo (music)|mambo]] and [[bossa nova]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=28 June 2009 |title=The beat is on |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article112732.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428081928/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article112732.ece |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sadan, a mimicry artiste in Viswanathan's troupe,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=11 December 2017 |title=The mimicry artiste and the memorable song |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-mimicry-artiste-and-the-memorable-song/article21391426.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180612120627/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-mimicry-artiste-and-the-memorable-song/article21391426.ece |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> lent his voice as a parrot for the song "Thattai Nenjam".<ref name="itunes" />

The soundtrack received positive reviews, with "Avalukkenna" being particularly well received. M. N. Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' appreciated the clarinet interludes in the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=M. N. |date=17 July 2015 |title=எம்.எஸ்.வி.- தமிழர்களின் கிலுகிலுப்பை! |trans-title=M. S. V – The rattler of Tamil people! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/49411-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200129094314/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/49411--8.html |archive-date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', said, "Listen to the lazy drawl with which certain words taper off in 'Avalukkenna,' an antidote to the [[Rock and roll|rock 'n' roll]] bounce in the rest of the song."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=27 May 2013 |title=The last of a kind |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-last-of-a-kind/article4756197.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705074052/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-last-of-a-kind/article4756197.ece |archive-date=5 July 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Live versions of "Avalukenna" have been performed by various Indian singers including [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=23 November 2015 |title=Musical time travel |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/november-fest/november-fest-concert-proves-old-is-gold/article7908696.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625133252/http://www.thehindu.com/features/november-fest/november-fest-concert-proves-old-is-gold/article7908696.ece |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Haricharan]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=30 March 2010 |title=What's love got to do with it? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/whats-love-got-to-do-with-it/article784524.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625132338/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/whats-love-got-to-do-with-it/article784524.ece |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Shweta Mohan]] and [[Rahul Nambiar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |date=15 April 2013 |title=Rocking rendezvous |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/rocking-rendezvous/article4620078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625132613/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/rocking-rendezvous/article4620078.ece |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:48
| title1 = Avalukkenna
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length1 = 05:17
| title2 = Silai Edutthan Oru
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kannadasan]]
| length2 = 05:16
| title3 = Poga Poga Theriyum
| extra3 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. Susheela
| lyrics3 = Kannadasan
| length3 = 04:27
| title4 = Thatthai Nenjam
| extra4 = P. Susheela, Sadan
| lyrics4 = Kannadasan
| length4 = 04:02
| title5 = Paattondru Tharuvaar
| extra5 = P. Susheela, L. R. Eswari
| lyrics5 = Kannadasan
| length5 = 04:46
| title6 = Om Namo Sri Narayana
| note6 = musical drama
| extra6 = [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], L. R. Eswari
| lyrics6 = V. Seetharaman
| length6 = 11:15
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu tracklist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Server Sundaram (1966)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DMH/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231219075401/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DMH/info |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:48
| title1 = Katika Shile
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], Chorus
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 05:17
| title2 = Mohini Ilapai Velasene
| extra2 = P. Susheela, [[L. R. Eswari]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 05:16
| title3 = Kannedendham
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 04:27
| title4 = Poota Pooche Hrudayam
| extra4 = P. Susheela, [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 04:02
| title5 = Navayuvati
| extra5 = L. R. Eswari, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 04:46
| title6 = Parabrahma
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = L. R. Eswari, [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], Chorus
| length6 = 11:15
| all_lyrics = Anisetty Subbarao
}}

== Release ==
''Server Sundaram'' was released on 11 December 1964,{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=147}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies from AVM Productions |url=http://www.avm.in/movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607080546/http://www.avm.in/movies.html |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=[[AVM Productions]]}}</ref> delayed from October.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 1964 |title=சர்வர் சுந்தரம் |magazine=Pesum Padam |page=1 |language=ta}}</ref> The film became a commercial success and completed a theatrical run of 100 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Santhanam now plays chef in 'Server Sundaram' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-santhanam-now-plays-chef-in-server-sundaram-2181096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607135541/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-santhanam-now-plays-chef-in-server-sundaram-2181096 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> It was also dubbed in Telugu under the same title.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=152}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 1966 |title=SERVER SUNDARAM (Celluloid) |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/html/uniquepage.aspx?lang=TAMIL&va=server%20sundaram&Type=search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819234730/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/html/uniquepage.aspx?lang=TAMIL&va=server%20sundaram&Type=search |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}} [https://archive.org/details/ServerSundaramTeluguCbfc Alt URL]</ref> ''Server Sundaram'' was remade in Hindi as ''[[Main Sunder Hoon]]'' (1971),{{Sfnm|1a1=Narwekar|1y=2012|1p=176|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2a2=Willemen|2y=1998|2p=382}} and in Kannada as ''[[Server Somanna]]'' (1993).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2014 |title=Did You Know? |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW--02102014117008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603155535/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW--02102014117008 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 18 April 2010, the film was screened at the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce|South Indian Film Chamber Theatre]] for the Dignity Film Festival held in Chennai; other films also screened included ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964), ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966) and ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968).<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Dignity Foundation announces the opening of first of its kind Film Festival for the 50+ citizens |url=http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010135845/http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=2 May 2015 |work=Chennai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=The good ole days |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-good-ole-days/article15708969.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127070134/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-good-ole-days/article785628.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=2 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received critical acclaim.<ref name="dumara-tumbler">{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=Gautaman |date=14 February 2017 |title=Santhanam's Server Sundaram may remind us of Nagesh's pathbreaking work |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/santhanam-s-server-sundaram-may-remind-us-of-nagesh-s-pathbreaking-work/story-MQ5FS77Lbb5ntuPkvVqrrI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170215134015/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/santhanam-s-server-sundaram-may-remind-us-of-nagesh-s-pathbreaking-work/story-MQ5FS77Lbb5ntuPkvVqrrI.html |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Positive comments were directed mainly at Nagesh's performance as Sundaram and Balachander's screenplay.{{sfnm|1a1=Baskaran|1y=2013|1p=138|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2a2=Willemen|2y=1998|2p=382}}<ref name="Slice" /> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its original review of the film dated 20 December 1964, mentioned that the highlight of the film was Nagesh's acting and the film gave the experience of conversing and enjoying with friends in a car journey without living much impact.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=20 December 1964 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: சர்வர் சுந்தரம் |trans-title=Movie Review: Server Sundaram |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' on 9 January 1965, T. M. Ramachandran wrote that filmgoers who had persistently been watching films featuring "top stars in action, singing a duet or doing a romantic scene", would find ''Server Sundaram'' a welcome change, given that a comedian was playing the hero. He considered the story "very thin", but added, "The directors deserve to be congratulated on their ingenuity in presenting such scenes and in creating a sustaining interest in the whole film, especially to those moviegoers who have not witnessed the play." He lauded the performances of Nagesh, Vijaya, Muthuraman and Sundararajan, but criticised the music by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy.<ref name="Sport & Pastime review" /> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said no one could have performed the title role better than Nagesh, but felt Vijaya was wasted.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 January 1965 |title=சர்வர் சுந்தரம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/jan/31-01-1965/p25.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211126110756/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/jan/31-01-1965/p25.jpg |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=26 September 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Outcome
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[12th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Certificate of Merit]]
| [[A. V. Meiyappan]] (producer) [[Krishnan–Panju]] (director)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="hindu2" />
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| 12th Filmfare Awards South
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| A. V. Meiyappan
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIfAQAAMAAJ&q=server+sundaram |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett, Coleman & Company]] |year=1965 |pages=279 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108002545/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIfAQAAMAAJ&q=server+sundaram |archive-date=8 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
{{Centered pull quote
|He would think through me, and I would act through him.
|author = Balachander on his collaborations with Nagesh.<ref name="actor" />
}}
''Server Sundaram'' attained [[cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghu |first=Sunita |date=7 May 2016 |title=Recipe for Success, Served Hot |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/may/07/recipe-for-success-served-hot-933978.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522142342/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Recipe-for-Success-Served-Hot/2016/05/07/article3416807.ece |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and is considered by many critics to be Nagesh's breakthrough role as an actor and Balachander's first success in Tamil cinema.<ref name="Tamil_Hindu" /><ref name="MM" /> Actor [[Kamal Haasan]] compared his 2015 film ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (which also starred Balachander) to ''Server Sundaram'', finding it to be "both emotional and humorous" like the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2014 |title='Uttama Villain' is {{sic|humo|urous|nolink=y}} & emotional says Kamal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uttama-villain-is-humourous-emotional-says-kamal-news-tamil-olkjwfadhgcbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504005515/http://www.sify.com/movies/uttama-villain-is-humourous-emotional-says-kamal-news-tamil-olkjwfadhgcbe.html |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The success of ''Server Sundaram'' led to many collaborations between Nagesh and Balachander, such as ''[[Neerkumizhi]]'' (1965), ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'' (1966), ''[[Edhir Neechal (1968 film)|Edhir Neechal]]'' (1968) and ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975).<ref name="Channel">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=3 January 2015 |title=KB: Kollywood's Discovery Channel |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501063135/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=1 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|The Hindu|2012|p=67}} Film historian [[Mohan Raman]] noted that by casting Nagesh in ''Server Sundaram'', Balachander "made the comedian a serious actor."<ref name="Channel" /> The film also became noted for introducing the anti-hero to Tamil cinema as well as the style of delivering short and fast-paced dialogues.{{Sfnm|1a1=Baskaran|1y=2013|1p=138|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2a2=Willemen|2y=1998|2p=382}} In 2014, Pradeep Madhavan of ''Hindu Tamil Thisai'' called it a trendsetter in Tamil cinema for showcasing scenes involved in filmmaking.<ref name="Tamil_Hindu" /> A dialogue spoken by Sundaram, "Long, long ago... so long ago, nobody can say how long ago"<ref name="movie" />{{rp|29:35}} became popular.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan Rao |first=Thara |date=22 March 2001 |title=Micro serials, macro achiever |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/03/22/stories/09220223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710045643/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/03/22/stories/09220223.htm |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Balachander mentions the dialogue in ''Uttama Villain'' as a build-up to the film his character directs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gauri |first=Deepa |date=3 May 2015 |title='Uttama Villain': Art of immortality |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150503/ARTICLE/305039904/1063 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711092444/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150503/ARTICLE/305039904/1063 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref> [[Tamil Canadians|Tamil Canadian]] journalist D. B. S. Jeyaraj stated that the film gave Nagesh "another dimension as an actor who could evoke tears from the audience through his emotional performance" and that ''Server Sundaram'' was one film in which he "provided stellar displays of his histrionic talents".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=19 December 2015 |title=Uncrowned monarch of humorous actors in Tamil movies |url=http://www.ft.lk/article/510529/Uncrowned-monarch-of-humorous-actors-in-Tamil-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523141122/http://www.ft.lk/article/510529/uncrowned-monarch-of-humorous-actors-in-tamil-movies |archive-date=23 May 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |work=[[Daily FT]]}}</ref>

Actor [[Appukutty]] worked in several hotels and restaurants as a cleaner and server before making his debut as the lead actor with ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]'' (2011) which won him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]; Kumar Chellappan of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' compared this to the plot of ''Server Sundaram''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chellappan |first=Kumar |date=25 March 2012 |title=How National Award winning actor Appukutty waited on success |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-how-national-award-winning-actor-appukutty-waited-on-success-1666970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713140100/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-how-national-award-winning-actor-appukutty-waited-on-success-1666970 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Following Nagesh's death in 2009, [[Sify]] ranked ''Server Sundaram'' fourth in its list, "10 Best Films of late Nagesh", commenting, "A hotel waiter becomes a superstar and the transformation is shown brilliantly by the actor."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2009 |title=10 Best Films of late Nagesh |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-films-of-late-nagesh-news-tamil-kkfsx3ccfbhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123070732/http://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-films-of-late-nagesh-news-tamil-kkfsx3ccfbhsi.html |archive-date=23 November 2014 |access-date=2 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Sri Lankan historian [[Sachi Sri Kantha]] included ''Server Sundaram'' in his list compiling "the ten landmark Tamil movies, spanning all genres, which delighted the multitude of fans immensely".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |title=Book Review: A Valuable Source Book about Tamil Movie History |url=https://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/01-11_Tamil_Film_History_and_Its_Achievements.php?uid=1434 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604062545/http://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/01-11_Tamil_Film_History_and_Its_Achievements.php?uid=1434 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> The sequence where Sundaram balances several vessels in one hand, referred to by Gautaman Bhaskaran as the "dumara-tumbler" sequence, attained popularity,<ref name="dumara-tumbler" /> as did the scene where Sundaram's mother realises that he is not a hotel manager but a waiter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=27 September 2016 |title=Happy Birthday Nagesh: Remembering the legendary comedian on his 83rd birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-nagesh-best-comedy-films-343417-2016-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215150702/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/happy-birthday-nagesh-best-comedy-films/1/774156.html |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On the scene where Sundaram auditions in front of the film producers introduced to him by Raghavan, Baradwaj Rangan, writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', said, "Audiences that grew up with Nagesh will cotton on to the slyness of this apparently ungrateful gesture as the most identifiably Nagesh-like among everything that's transpired during these five minutes of ''Server Sundaram''".<ref name="Slice" />

Director [[Radha Mohan]] expressed a desire to remake the film but decided against it: "If there is one film I want to remake, [''Server Sundaram''] will be the one, but I know I will not, because I believe classics should be left alone."<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2009 |title=Why I like... Server Sundaram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-server-sundaram/article3021498.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502052142/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-server-sundaram/article3021498.ece |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=2 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A restaurant named "Hotel Server Sundaram" is located in the [[Thuraipakkam]] area of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel Restaurant Server Sundaram |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Restaurant_Review-g304556-d5069416-Reviews-Hotel_Server_Sundaram_Restaurant-Chennai_Madras_Chennai_District_Tamil_Nadu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094048/http://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Restaurant_Review-g304556-d5069416-Reviews-Hotel_Restaurant_Server_Sundaram-Chennai_Madras_Tamil_Nadu.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=2 May 2015 |website=[[Tripadvisor]]}}</ref> Clips from ''Server Sundaram'' were screened along with clips from other films such as ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' (1969), ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'' (1973), ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' (1974), ''[[Avargal]]'' (1977) and ''[[Azhagan]]'' (1991) at a function held in Balachander's honour at [[Tiruchirappalli]] in January 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=G. |date=22 January 2015 |title=Rich tributes paid to Balachander |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502054539/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=2 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> a month after his death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2014 |title=K Balachander: The man who gave us Rajinikanth, Kamal Hassan dies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/k-balachander-the-man-who-gave-us-rajinikanth-kamal-hassan-dies/articleshow/45622244.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326020550/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/k-balachander-the-man-who-gave-us-rajinikanth-kamal-hassan-dies/articleshow/45622244.cms |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=2 May 2015 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], who became popularly known by the moniker "Chiyaan" after the release of ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' in 1999, stated in August 2016, "After Nagesh sir [in ''Server Sundaram''] becomes something else, he still holds his server uniform close to his heart as a memento. Chiyaan is something like that to me."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=4 August 2016 |title=People expect me to do something spectacular: Vikram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/People-expect-me-to-do-something-spectacular-Vikram/articleshow/53523195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817134526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/People-expect-me-to-do-something-spectacular-Vikram/articleshow/53523195.cms |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema |publisher=Westland |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4 |orig-date=1996}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goble |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C |title=The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-11-095194-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ |title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-291-2625-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyFMAgAAQBAJ |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd]] |year=2012 |id=GGKEY:A78L0XB1B0X |ref={{sfnref|The Hindu|2012}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Krishnan–Panju}}
{{AVM Productions}}
{{K. Balachander}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1964 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tragicomedy films]]

Sonahatu

2026-04-22T04:10:05Z

Nhungexim: Added New Info Initial Version - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sonahatu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2036|N|85.7073|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2683
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835204
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06522
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 63.70%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes = <nowiki>*</nowiki> For language details see {{slink|Sonahatu block|Language and religion}}
}}
'''Sonahatu''' is a village in the [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Bundu subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16= Sonahatu (R)|shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Sonahatu is located at {{coord|23.2036|N|85.7073|E|display=inline}}.

The [[Subarnarekha River]] forms the boundary with Purulia district in West Bengal before flowing through [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 11: Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://purulia.gov.in/services/notice/general/LR_2.pdf |title = Purulia District, West Bengal: District Survey Report | work= Page 11: Physiography of the district |publisher= RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. | access-date = 20 September 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Sonahatu.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title= District Police Profile - Ranchi |publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Sonahatu CD block are located at Sonahatu.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Sonahatu had a total population of 2,683, of which 1,332 (50%) were males and 1,351 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 457. The total number of literate persons in Sonahatu was 1,418 (63.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi , Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373951, page 202-203|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
SS High School Sonahatu is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1954. It has facilities for teaching in class IX and class X. It has a playground and a library with 715 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20141900702/ss-high-school-sonahatu.html | title = SS High School Sonahatu | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranchi district]]

Malpura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:25Z

Nhungexim: starting stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malpura
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-94-Malpura.svg
| mla = [[Kanhaiya Lal Choudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Tonk district|Tonk]]
| incumbent_image =
| loksabha_cons = [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:271358}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 94
}}
'''Malpura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises [[Malpura tehsil]], and parts of [[Todaraisingh tehsil]], both in [[Tonk district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/> As of 2023, its representative is [[Kanhiya Lal]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/malpura-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470709-2023-12-03 |title=Malpura Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP retains Malpura seat, Kanhaiyalal wins with 84803 votes |date= |author= |access-date= 27 December 2023}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Surendra Vyas<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Jeetram<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Ranveer Pahalwan<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| [[Kanhiya Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Malpura<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kanhaiyalal
|votes = {{formatnum:85915}}
|percentage = 41.22
|change = -10.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ghasi Lal Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:69726}}
|percentage = 33.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:48184}}
|percentage = 23.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1927}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -4.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1816}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16189}}
|percentage = 7.77
|change = -8.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208431}}
|percentage = 76.81
|change = +3.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Malpura<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Kanhiya Lal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:93237}}
|percentage = 52.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Ranveer Phalwan
|votes = {{formatnum:63451}}
|percentage = 35.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Narendra Singh Aamli
|votes = {{formatnum:9836}}
|percentage = 5.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jeetram
|votes = {{formatnum:2722}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1801}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29786}}
|percentage = 16.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178970}}
|percentage = 72.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tonk district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.29|75.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Tonk district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vadgam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:15Z

Nhungexim: Added New Details W/ Sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vadgam
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 11
| mla = [[Jignesh Mevani]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:295281}}
}}
'''Vadgam''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]] district, numbered as 11-Vadgam and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It falls under the [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Vadgam Taluka
# Palanpur Taluka (Part) Villages – Hathidra, Kumpar, Godh, Dhandha, Khasa, Hoda, Galwada, Sagrosana, Bhagal (Jagana), Manaka, Gola, Merwada (Ratanpur), Vagda, Jagana, Vasna (Jagana), Badarpura (Kalusana), Saripada, Patosan, Salla, Sasam, Takarwada, Tokariya, Sedrasana, Kamalpur, Fatepur, Semodra, Asmapura (Gola), Dhelana, Kharodiya, Jasleni, Badargadh, Kanodar (CT).

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Dolatbhai Parmar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Fakir Vaghela]]<ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3839-gujarat-2007/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Manilal Vaghela]]<ref name=election2012/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Jignesh Mevani]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Vadgam Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jignesh Mevani|party=Indian National Congress|votes=94,765|percentage=48.00%|change=+48%}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manilal Vaghela|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=89,837|percentage=45.51%|change=+5.19%}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dalpat Bhatiya<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=4,493|percentage=2.28|change=+2.28%}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,877|percentage=1.46|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,928|percentage=2.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=197,420|percentage=66.21%|change=-6.00%}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:295281}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}<
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Vadgam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jignesh Mevani]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 95,497
|percentage = 50.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijaykumar Chakravarti
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75,801
|percentage = 40.32
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,255
|percentage = 2.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Narendra Makwana
|party = Independent
|votes = 3,711
|percentage = 1.97
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pushpaben Jadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,263
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,696
|percentage = 10.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,88,006
|percentage = 72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Vadgam<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3840-gujarat-2012/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manilal Vaghela]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 90375
|percentage = 53.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Fakir Vaghela]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68536
|percentage = 40.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parmar Jayeshkumar Khemchandbhai
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5190
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vansola Gautambhai Kanjibhai
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 1672
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21839
|percentage = 12.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 168988
|percentage = 72.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Fakir Vaghela]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 50,481
|percentage = 44.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dolatbhai Parmar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,776
|percentage = 36.16
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dineshbhai Parmar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 16,372
|percentage = 14.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 8.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 112776
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banaskantha district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|24.08|72.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Khatu Shyam Temple

2026-04-18T17:54:23Z

Nhungexim: started a location

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{for|Khatu town in Sikar|Khatoo, Rajasthan}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| native_name =
| other_name =
| image = File:Khatu_Shyam_Ji_-_panoramio.jpg
| caption= Khatu Shyam Temple in 2008
| country = {{flag|India}}
| district = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| deity=[[Barbarika]]
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.3645|75.4033|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website=https://khatu-shyam.in/
|location=[[Khatoo, Rajasthan|Khatoo]], [[Sikar district]], [[Rajasthan]]
}}
The '''Khatu Shyam Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Khatoo, Rajasthan|Khatoo town]] in the [[Sikar district]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is a pilgrimage site dedicated to the worship of '''Khatu Shyam''', a divine figure believed to be a manifestation of [[Barbarika]], a character from the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Who was the Barbarika, later known as Khatu Shyam, and what is his connection to the Mahabharata? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/khatu-shyam-jis-birth-anniversary-who-was-the-barbarika-later-known-as-khatu-shyam-and-what-is-his-connection-to-the-mahabharata-645713.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> The temple is one of the most revered religious sites in [[Rajasthan]], attracting millions of devotees annually, particularly during the [[Phalguna Mela|Phalgun Mela]], a festival held in the Hindu month of [[Phalguna]] (February–March).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=Khatu Shyam Ji Birthday: The legend of Khatu Shyam and why he is the most revered form of Krishna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/khatu-shyam-ji-birthday-the-legend-of-khatu-shyam-and-why-he-is-the-most-revered-form-of-krishna/articleshow/115201126.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=His main temple is located in the village of Khatu in Rajasthan, Sikar district and attracts millions of devotees from all over the country}}</ref>

== History==
According to legend, the temple was originally constructed in 1027 CE by Roop Singh Chauhan, a local ruler. In his dream, he was guided to unearth a buried idol of [[Barbarika]], believed to be the head of the warrior, at a site now known as ''Shyam Kund'', a sacred pond near the temple. The idol was installed in the temple, marking the beginning of its veneration as a holy site. The current structure of the temple, built with white [[Makrana marble]], reflects traditional [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajasthani architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=GANGASHETTY |first=RAMESH |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/THIRTHA_YATRA/ajK6DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=khatu+shyam+temple+is+made+up+of+makrana+marble&pg=PT216&printsec=frontcover |title=THIRTHA YATRA: A GUIDE TO HOLY TEMPLES AND THIRTHA KSHETRAS IN INDIA |date=2019-10-30 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68466-134-3 |language=en |quote=It is said that the first temple was constructed in 1027 by King Roop Singh Chauhan as directed in his dream. The temple was built after digging out the Shyam Sheesh from the tank now which is called Shyam Kund}}</ref>

The temple’s prominence grew over centuries, particularly due to its connection with [[Barbarika]], a legendary figure from the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Barbarika]], the son of [[Ghatotkacha]] and grandson of the [[Bhima|Pandava Bhima]], is revered as Khatu Shyam, believed that he is blessed by [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] in the [[Kali Yuga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=महाभारत के बर्बरीक कैसे बने कलियुग के खाटू श्याम? और आखिर क्यों कहा जाता है इन्हें हारे का सहारा? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/travel/religious-trip/who-is-khatu-shyam-baba-and-why-they-called-hare-ka-sahara-by-devotee/articleshow/117145758.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Reengus_Temple_Art6.JPG|250px|thumb|[[Barbarika ]] donates his head to Lord [[Krishna]]]]
According to tradition, [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] blessed [[Barbarika]] with the boon that he would be worshipped in this age under the name Shyam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Who was the Barbarika, later known as Khatu Shyam, and what is his connection to the Mahabharata? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/khatu-shyam-jis-birth-anniversary-who-was-the-barbarika-later-known-as-khatu-shyam-and-what-is-his-connection-to-the-mahabharata-645713.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN |quote=Before sacrificing his head, Barbarika sought a boon from Krishna. He wished to be worshipped in the Kaliyuga by Krishna’s name, Shyam, and that his devotees’ prayers be fulfilled. Krishna granted this boon and promised that Barbarika’s name would bless his followers with prosperity and happiness}}</ref> A 17th century poem containing 25 couplets known as Shyam Pacchisi composed by Durga Das Mathur in [[Braj Bhasha]] during 1675. But in this poem Shyam isn't referred to and identified with Barbarika but instead he's identified with [[Krishna]] and Khatu is referred to as his capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=Shri Shyam Pachisi - 350 years old Khatu Shyam Ji Pachchisi |url=https://www.khatu.org/2023/05/shri-shyam-pachisi.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Khatu {{!}} Latest Updates about Khatu Shyam Mandir and Darshan |language=hi}}</ref> The temple’s historical significance was further cemented during the medieval period, including events like the [[Battle of Khatu Shyamji]] in 1779, where local chiefs defended the region against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rime%20hooja%20rajasthan |title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-1501-0 |language=en |quote=Battle of Khatu–Shyamji. This last occurred when Murtaza Khan Bhadech was sent into Shekhawati to collect revenue arrears. His subsequent march towards Jaipur was blocked at Khatu-Shyamji, where the Shekhawats led by Devi Singh of Sikar defeated the intruder.}}</ref>
[[File:Shyam_Kund,_Khatu_Shyam,_Rajasthan.jpg|250px|thumb|Shyam kund at holy temple]]

'''Origin and mythology'''

The origins of the Khatu Shyam Ji Temple are deeply rooted in [[Hindu mythology]], specifically the epic [[Mahabharata]]. The deity worshipped here, Khatu Shyam Ji, is believed to be [[Barbarika]], the grandson of [[Bhima]] (one of the Pandava brothers) and son of [[Ghatotkacha]]. According to legend, Barbarika was a powerful warrior who possessed three divine arrows capable of determining the outcome of the [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshetra war]]. To ensure fairness in the battle, [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], disguised as a [[Brahmin]], tested Barbarika’s resolve and ultimately asked him to sacrifice his head as an act of charity. Impressed by his devotion and selflessness, [[Krishna]] blessed [[Barbarika]], declaring that he would be worshipped as Shyam (another name for Krishna) in the [[Kali Yuga]] (last of four yugas in [[Hindu cosmology]]). The temple is believed to house the head of [[Barbarika]], making it a sacred site for devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=बर्बरीक ने कहां किया था शीशदान? सीकर में कैसे बना खाटू श्याम धाम, जानिए इतिहास |url=https://www.aajtak.in/religion/festivals/story/khatu-wale-shyam-baba-seekar-rajasthan-mandir-know-about-history-and-how-baba-mandie-was-build-ntcpvp-dskc-2181681-2025-03-05 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=खाटू श्‍याम के दो भाई कौन थे, महाभारत के युद्ध में दोनों किसकी तरफ से लड़े |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/who-was-the-grandfather-of-khatu-shyam-father-mother-of-barbarik-mahabharat-baba-khatu-shyam-temple-8050203.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Nishaan Yatra ==
Nishaan Yatra is a revered [[pilgrimage]] honouring [[Khatu Shyam]], a deity linked to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and [[Barbarika]], held annually in [[Khatoo, Rajasthan]]. During the [[Phalguna Mela]], lakhs of devotees participate in this procession, carrying a [[Flag|nishan]]—a sacred triangular flag in saffron, orange, or red—symbolising devotion. Pilgrims typically travel on foot from [[Reengus]] to the Khatu Shyam Temple, covering a distance of about 17 km, chanting prayers, singing bhajans, and dancing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-19 |title=खाटू श्याम पहुंचकर चढ़ाना है निशान? तो ध्यान रखे कहां से शुरू करनी है पदयात्रा, नहीं तो अधूरी रहेगी मन्नत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/sikar-khatu-shyam-nishan-yatra-start-from-ringas-temple-otherwise-wish-will-remain-unfulfilled-local18-9187674.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> The flag is offered at the temple to seek blessings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surajgarh Nishan Yatra 2025: खाटूश्यामजी मंदिर पर कैसे शुरू हुई निशान चढ़ाने की परंपरा? झूंझुनू के सूरजगढ़ से है खास कनेक्शन |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/khatu-shyam-mandir-surajgarh-nishan-yatra-2025-ki-mahima-lakhi-fair-7859854 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Khatu_shyam.jpg|250px|thumb|Nishan Yatra at temple]]
The Surajgarh white flag is hoisted annually atop the Khatushyam temple during the [[Phalguna Mela]]. Originating from Surajgarh, a town on the [[Haryana]]–[[Rajasthan]] border, this flag, adorned with a blue horse, has been raised for over 300 years. It embodies a rich history tied to resistance against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[British Empire|British]] attempts to disrupt temple practices.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-15 |title=खाटू धाम की शान, सूरजगढ़ का निशान: अंग्रेजों ने मंदिर पर ताला लगा दिया था, मोरपंख से खुला द्वार, 325 साल से शीर्ष पर चढ़ता आया है यह ध्वज |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sikar/jhunjhunu/news/the-british-had-locked-the-temple-the-door-opened-with-peacock-feathers-only-the-flag-of-surajgarh-climbs-to-the-top-for-325-years-129513435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318223906/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sikar/jhunjhunu/news/the-british-had-locked-the-temple-the-door-opened-with-peacock-feathers-only-the-flag-of-surajgarh-climbs-to-the-top-for-325-years-129513435.html |archive-date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

Crafted in Surajgarh’s ancient temple, the flag is carried in a 152-km padyatra (foot pilgrimage) to [[Khatoo, Rajasthan|Khatushyam]]. The flag, believed to house Baba Shyam’s divine presence, is hoisted on [[Phalguna]] [[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=मोर पंख से खोल दिया था खाटूधाम का ताला,सबसे पहले खाटू में चढता है सूरजगढ़ का निशान,12 महीने शिखर बंध पर लहराता है ये निशान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/family-and-welfare/spirituality-khatu-shyam-what-is-the-story-of-the-mark-on-the-top-of-the-temple-its-connection-with-surajgarh-8162554.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Salasar Balaji Temple]]
* [[Jeenmata]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sikar district]]
[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sikar district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:1027 establishments]]

Gurpreet Bhangu

2026-04-16T14:54:56Z

Nhungexim: Put up new info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurpreet Bhangu
| image = Gurpreet Kaur Bhangu.jpg
| caption = Bhangu in 2024
| birth_date =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Gurpreet Kaur Bhangu''' is an Indian film and television actress who is active in Indian Punjabi and Hindi cinema. She is known for her performances in [[Singh vs Kaur|Singh vs. Kaur]] (2013), A Tale of Punjab (2015), [[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]] (2016), and [[25 Kille]] (2016), [[Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne]] (2022) and she also appeared in the Bollywood film [[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=Sohail Ahmad Making us Proud in ‘Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne’ |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/08-Oct-2022/sohail-ahmad-making-us-proud-in-babe-bhangra-paunde-ne |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From Warning To Moh: 6 Punjabi Movies Fans Are Anticipatedly Waiting To Watch On OTT Platform |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/396863-From-Warning-To-Moh-6-Punjabi-Movies-Fans-Are-Anticipatedly-Waiting-To-Watch-On-OTT-Platform |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2022-06-29 |title=Trailer of ‘Padma Shri Kaur Singh’ is out now! |url=https://pragativadi.com/trailer-of-padma-shri-kaur-singh-is-out-now/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2013
|[[Singh vs Kaur|Singh vs. Kaur]]
|Nihal's Taayi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|[[Yaar Annmulle|Yaar Annmulle 2]]
|
|
|-
|[[Vaisakhi List]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ambarsariya]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|[[Sat Shri Akaal England]]
|
|
|-
|[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]
|Roop's grandmother
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|[[Banjara (2018 film)|Banjara - The Truck Driver]]
|
|
|-
|[[Aate Di Chidi]]
|
|
|-
|[[Son of Manjeet Singh|Son Of Manjeet Singh]]
|Mrs. Uppal- Bagga's Debtor
|
|-
|[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=This afsar lost his plot|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/this-afsar-lost-his-plot-663632|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
|Kashmiro Taayi
|
|-
|[[Parahuna]]
|Dhann Kaur
|
|-
|[[Laung Laachi]]
|Bebe Tej Kaur
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
|Tu Mera Ki Lagda<ref>{{Citation|title=Tu Mera Ki Lagda Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/tu-mera-ki-lagda/movieshow/71836345.cms|access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Nikka Zaildar 3]]
|Nikka's Bhua
|
|-
|Jaddi Sardar
|Seeto
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaddi Sardar Movie (2019) {{!}} Release Date, Cast, Trailer, Songs, Streaming Online at Prime Video, MX Player |url=https://www.digitbinge.in/movies/jaddi-sardar-11886.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.digitbinge.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Ardaas Karaan’ creates weekend collection records, still going strong|url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/269772-Ardaas-Karaan-creates-weekend-collection-records-still-going-strong|access-date=2020-06-24|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>
|Sehaj's mother
|
|-
|[[Shadaa]]
|Chadta's Taayi
|
|-
|[[Muklawa]]
|Kartaaro- Shinda's mother
|
|-
|[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]
|Maam
|
|-
|[[Guddiyan Patole]]
|Golo- Naani's sister
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Teri Meri Gal Ban Gayi<ref>{{Cite web|last=SpotboyE|title=Teri Meri Gal Ban Gayi: Makers Drop The Poster Of Rubina Bajwa And Akhil Starrer|url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/teri-meri-gal-ban-gayi-makers-drop-the-poster-of-rubina-bajwa-and-akhil-starrer/5e4bc8e29161ff1271d4b9b9|access-date=2020-06-24|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Sufna]]
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Puaada]]''
|Speaker Chachi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ammy-virk-sonam-bajwas-puaada-to-hit-theatres-in-august-7423180/ |title= Ammy Virk-Sonam Bajwa’s Puaada to hit theatres in August |website= Indian Express |date= 26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|[[ Bhangra Paunde Ne]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Baghi Di Dhee]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A must-watch film 'Baghi Di Dhee' released |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/a-must-watch-film-baghi-di-dhee-released20221126182742/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Kokka
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kokka Movie Review: Kokka is a brave attempt to break stereotypes around an older woman falling in love with a younger guy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/kokka/movie-review/91691310.cms |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|Padma Shari Kaur Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=Padma Shri Kaur Singh actor Karam Batth says boxing champ is hospitalised: ‘Praying he can watch his biopic in theatre’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/padma-shri-kaur-singh-actor-karam-batth-says-boxing-champion-is-hospitalised-101657640970878.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Kali Jotta (2023 film)|Kali Jotta]]
|Teacher
|
|-
|2025
|[[Pind Peya Saara Jombieland Baneya]]
|
|
|}

=== TV series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2017
|[[The Journey of Punjab 2016]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjabi Film and TV Artistes Association elected |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/378948-Punjabi-Film-and-TV-Artistes-Association-elected |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di
|Angrej Kaur
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/mitti-virasat-babbaran-di/movieshow/70223471.cms |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Luni Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:01Z

Nhungexim: starting a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Luni
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-130-Luni.svg
| mla = [[Jogaram Patel]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| established = 1957
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jodhpur district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 130
}}
'''Luni Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Senior Congress leader Ram Singh Bishnoi used contest election from this seat.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Poonam Chand Bishnoi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Swaroop Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Poonam Chand Bishnoi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=5|[[Ram Singh Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> ||rowspan=2| [[Ram Singh Bishnoi]] ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|2003(By Poll)<ref name="election2003-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Jogaram Patel]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Malkhan Singh Bishnoi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN]</ref> || [[Jogaram Patel]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Mahendra Bishnoi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Jogaram Patel]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Luni<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jogaram Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:123498}}
|percentage = 50.59
|change = +16.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahendra Bishnoi
|votes = {{formatnum:98820}}
|percentage = 40.48
|change = +2.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Badrilal
|votes = {{formatnum:16529}}
|percentage = 6.77
|change = -6.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1875}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24678}}
|percentage = 10.11
|change = +6.0
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:244113}}
|percentage = 72.83
|change = -2.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Luni<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendra Bishnoi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:84979}}
|percentage = 38.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jogaram Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:75822}}
|percentage = 33.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Bhanwar Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:30662}}
|percentage = 13.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pappu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:23750}}
|percentage = 10.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2315}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9157}}
|percentage = 4.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223071}}
|percentage = 75.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.00|73.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Ajit (Hindi film actor)

2026-04-15T15:19:59Z

Nhungexim:

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1922 - 1998)}}
{{For|the Pakistani singer of the same birth name|Hamid Ali Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajit Khan
| image = Ajit (Hamid Ali Khan).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Hamid Ali Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|1|27}}
| birth_place = [[Golconda]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1998|10|22|1922|1|27}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1945-1995
| children = [[Shehzad Khan]] Arbaaz Ali Khan
}}
'''Hamid Ali Khan''' (27 January 1922 – 22 October 1998), better known by his [[stage name]] '''Ajit''', was an Indian actor active in [[Hindi]] films. He acted in over two hundred movies over a period of almost four decades.<ref name=rediff/><ref name=TheIndependent>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Ajit |author=Kuldip Singh |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ajit-1183238.html |newspaper=The Independent newspaper|date=7 November 1998 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216212329/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ajit-1183238.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ajit is also credited for starring as a lead actor in popular Bollywood movies such as ''[[Beqasoor]]'',<ref name=BOI/> {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Nastik (1954 film)|Nastik]]}}, ''Bada Bhai'', ''Milan'', ''Bara Dari'', and later as a second lead in ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]}}.<ref name=rediff/>

==Early life==
Ajit was born as Hamid Ali Khan into a [[Muslim]] family of [[Shahjahanpur]] and was brought up in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad city]]. The family belonged to the [[Barozai]] clan of [[Pashtuns]], Ajit's ancestors having moved from [[Kandahar]] in [[Afghanistan]] to [[Shahjahanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] before settling down in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Iqbal |title=Ajit the Lion: Biography of Ajit Khan - A Legend of Indian Cinema |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2022 |pages=3–4}}</ref> His father was a personal driver of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]].<ref name=rediff/><ref name=TheIndependent/>

==Career==
According to Ajit's son Shehzad when Ajit first arrived in Mumbai from Hyderabad, he had so little money that he lived in cement pipes on Mohammad Ali Road. Local gangsters controlled these makeshift shelters and demanded protection money, but Ajit refused to pay, fought back, and soon became so respected that no one dared trouble him. In fact, people began offering him free tea, snacks, and meals out of respect<ref>{{Cite web |title=अजीत खान हीरो बनने आए थे मुंबई, कुछ फिल्मों के बाद कैसे बने मशहूर विलेन, दिलचस्प है किस्सा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/bollywood-famous-villain-ajit-khan-biography-unknown-facts/articleshow/105047252.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>. Initially in his career, he struggled to meet people and be accepted in any film project, and in order to feed himself, he worked as an "extra" in several films. Finally, he managed to land a leading role, and in the first couple of films, he is credited by his real name, Hamid Khan. He did not meet with much success, and on the advice of [[Nanabhai Bhatt|Nana Bhai Bhat]], he took the name "Ajit" meaning "indomitable" as his screen-name, but his luck did not greatly improve. Although he did several films as a protagonist and became known to the public, and although his distinctive baritone voice and impressive personality brought him a fan following, his luck at the box office was not good at all. Film director [[K. Amarnath]], who directed him in ''[[Beqasoor]]'', suggested that the actor change his long name of Hamid Ali Khan to something shorter, and Hamid zeroed in on "Ajit". ''[[Beqasoor]]'' (1950), in which he acted with [[Madhubala]], was one of the biggest hits of 1950.<ref name=BOI>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA==|archive-date=22 September 2012|title=Top Earners in India in 1950 - Box Office India|website=BoxOfficeIndia.com website|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922022011/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA== |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ajit's films as hero include {{Lang|hi-latn|Nastik}} (1953), ''Bada Bhai'', ''Milan'', ''Baradari'' (1955) and ''Dholak'' (1951) and in all of them, he did credible work as actor. In {{Lang|hi-latn|Nastik}} (1953), the song ''"Dekh tere sansar ki haalat kya ho gayi Bhagwan"'' is picturised on him. He moved soon afterwards to second-lead roles, which he accepted because he had no other source of income. These movies include {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]}} and ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''.<ref name=BFI/><ref name=rediff/>

Ajit, who ran away from home to Mumbai after selling his college books, started his career in films in the 1940s. Luck did not favor him in the beginning. He began with the 1946 movie ''Shahe Misra'', acting opposite Geeta Bose, and also did films such as ''Sikander'' (with Van Mala), ''Hatimtai'' (1947), ''Aap Beeti'' (with Khursheed), ''Sone Ki Chidiya'' (with Leela Kumari), ''Dholak'' (1951) (with Meena Shori) and ''Chanda Ki Chandni'' (with Monica Desai) as her leading hero, but flopped. He did the most films (15) with [[Nalini Jaywant]]. Ajit switched over to playing the villain. His first movie as a villain was ''[[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]'', followed by films such as ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' and ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).<ref name=rediff/><ref name=BFI/>

His famous dialogues included the "Mona darling" bit in ''Yaadon Ki Baraat'', "Lily don't be silly" in ''Zanjeer''<ref name=rediff/> and the one about a "Lion" in Kallicharan. Ajit's other well known films were {{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}}, {{Lang|hi-latn|Nastik}} and ''Shikari'' to name only a few. In his four decades of film career, Ajit had acted along with the legendary [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Sohrab Modi]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[I. S. Johar]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Dharmendra]] and many actresses, both young and old.<ref name=rediff>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/oct/22ajit.htm |title= Villain Ajit, source of a zillion jokes, is dead |website=Rediff On The Net website|access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812105427/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/oct/22ajit.htm |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the mid-seventies, he had acted in over 57 films, mostly as a villain. His dialogue delivery remains popular even to this date.<ref name=rediff/>

===Acting style===
Ajit almost always portrayed the sophisticated, educated, well groomed evil mastermind, albeit heartless villain. Ajit was presented in striking western attire, the "bold" checked suits, matching overcoats, white leather shoes, wide sunglasses, jewellery accessories. Given his stature as a senior artist, Ajit was usually the gang leader to second tier villains (such as [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Ranjeet (Indian actor)|Ranjeet]], [[Kader Khan]] and [[Sujit Kumar]]). He was rarely portrayed (in movie roles) doing any "dirty work" himself, rather relying on his army of henchmen for the task, with zero tolerance for any failures. He always had a savvy female accomplice, usually named "Mona." Acting in over 200 films, he specialized in playing suave villains with memorable catchphrases delivered in now iconic Ajit-style nasal drawls such as "Mona, darling". Ajit also brought to fame the [[Smuggling|smuggler]] as the villain. In his movies, he is generally seen smuggling ''gold biscuits'' in or out of the country. It has also been noted that most of his gang members had Christian names like Robert, Michael and Peter. He pronounced "Robert" as "Rabbert." This also has been used for comic purposes in [[parody|parodies]].<ref name=TheIndependent/><ref name=rediff/>

It was the menacing voice he was most famous for. He is still remembered for bringing the most famous villains in the history of Indian cinema to life. His contemporaries include veteran actors like [[Amrish Puri]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] and [[Prem Chopra]]. Some of his popularity in the present time is due to the innumerable jokes and parodies made on his famous lines by comedians.

==Personal life==
Ajit married three times. His first wife, whom he married after a brief love affair, was an [[Anglo-Indian]] and a Christian. The marriage was very short-lived and fell apart due to huge cultural differences and there were no children. Ajit married Shahida, a young lady of his own community and similar social background, in a match arranged by their parents in the usual Indian way. The marriage, which lasted till her death, was entirely harmonious and resulted in three sons, namely Shahid Ali Khan, Zahid Ali Khan and Abid Ali Khan.<ref name=TheIndependent/> Ajit then married a third time, and the name of his third wife was Sara/Sarah. The actor [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] (better known as the father of actor [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]) took the initiative to facilitate this marriage. Ajit has a further two sons by his third wife, named [[Shehzad Khan|Shezad Khan]] and Arbaaz Khan.

Ajit had a strong friendship with actor [[Rajendra Kumar]]. Apart from friendship, Ajit also credited Rajendra Kumar with advising and helping him to become a "leading villain" rather than a second-lead hero. Rajendra Kumar was instrumental in getting Ajit his first role as the villain in the film ''[[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]''.

==Death and survivors==
Ajit died of a massive heart attack on 22 October 1998 in Hyderabad, India at the age of 76.<ref name=rediff/> His colleagues in the film industry — leading personalities who have acted with him, grew up seeing him in Mumbai — expressed deep sorrow over his death. Earlier in 1981, Ajit went into retirement after he underwent a heart by-pass surgery in the United States.<ref name=rediff/><ref name=TheIndependent/>

Well-known Indian writer [[Javed Akhtar]], who scripted ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'', said: "Like Bachchan, Ajit found a new image as villain after Zanjeer. He started a new innings in his career though he was an established hero in the fifties. His villainy started a new trend. Here was a new villain who was soft-spoken yet forceful. We wanted to give a different image to villainy which matched the hero".

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Acting Filmography
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
|1995
| ''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]''<ref name=BFI/> || Jagdish Prasad
|-
|1994
| ''[[Gangster (1994 film)|Gangster]]''<ref name=TheIndependent/><ref name=BFI>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1185ad2|url-status=dead|title=Ajit filmography (click on TAB 'Show more' to expand)|website=British Film Institute (BFI) website|archive-date=24 April 2022|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424072940/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1185ad2}}</ref> || Chandulal Seth
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994 film)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]''|| Kalka Singh
|-
|1994
| ''[[Betaaj Badshah]]'' || Khan Chacha
|-
|1994
| ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire|Aatish]]'' || Uncle (Underworld Don)
|-
|1993
| ''[[Shaktiman (1993 film)|Shaktiman]]'' || Shamsher Singh / Tiger
|-
|1993
| ''[[Aadmi (1993 film)|Aadmi]]''<ref name=BFI/> || Trikaal
|-
|1992
| ''[[Jigar]]''|| Baba Thakur (Karate Instructor)
|-
|1992
| ''[[Police Officer (film)|Police Officer]]'' || Dindayal "D. D."
|-
|1985
| ''[[Phaansi Ke Baad]]'' || D.I.G. Surendranath
|-
|1984
| ''[[Raaj Tilak (1984 film)|Raaj Tilak]]''|| Bhavani Singh
|-
|1984
| ''Raja Aur Rana''|| Teja / Heeralal
|-
|1983
| ''[[Daulat Ke Dushman]]'' || Jagga Thakur
|-
|1983
| ''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' || Amil Balban
|-
|1983
| ''[[Mangal Pandey (1983 film)|Mangal Pandey]]'' || Lal Singh / Jaganlal
|-
|1982
| ''[[Chorni]]''|| Shambhu Dada
|-
|1981
| ''[[Khoon Aur Paani]]''<ref name=BFI/> || Thakur Vikram Singh
|-
|1981
| ''[[Aakhri Mujra]]'' ||
|-
|1981
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Jyoti (1981 film)|Jyoti]]}} || Amirchand
|-
|1981
| ''[[Khuda Kasam (1981 film)|Khuda Kasam]]''<ref name=BFI/> || Raizada Hukamchand
|-
|1980
| ''[[Choron Ki Baaraat]]''<ref name=BFI/> || Dhanraj
|-
|1980
| ''[[Ram Balram]]''<ref name=TheIndependent/><ref name=BFI/>|| Jaggu / Chowdhary Jagatpal
|-
|1979
| ''[[Heera-Moti]]''|| Pratap Singh
|-
|1979
| ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]''|| Inspector Girdharilal
|-
|1978
| ''[[Aahuti (1978 film)|Aahuti]]''|| C.B.I. Officer Harnam Prasad
|-
|1978
| ''[[Azaad (1978 film)|Azaad]]''|| Seema's Uncle
|-
|1978
| ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Gurnam
|-
|1978
| ''[[Heeralaal Pannalaal (1978 film)|Heeralaal Pannalaal]]''|| Kalicharan
|-
|1978
| ''[[Karmayogi (1978 film)|Karmayogi]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Keshavlal
|-
|1978
| ''[[Ram Kasam]]''|| Inspector Ajit Singh
|-
|1977
| ''[[Aakhri Goli]]''<ref name=BFI/>||
|-
|1977
| ''[[Chalta Purza]]''||Captain Rajendra Behl
|-
|1977
| ''[[Ankh Ka Tara]]''|| Ramlal
|-
|1977
| ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''<ref name=rediff/>|| Sunita's Father (Guest Appearance)
|-
|1976
| ''[[Jaaneman (1976 film)|Jaaneman]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Raja Sahib / Gulbahar Singh
|-
|1976
| ''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Kalicharan
|-
|1976
| ''[[Kalicharan]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=TheIndependent/>|| Dindayal / Lion
|-
|1976
| ''Sangram''|| Durjan
|-
|-
|1976
| ''[[Rangila Ratan|Rangilla Ratan]]''|| Laxman Dada
|-
|1975
| ''[[Do Jhoot]]''|| Nathulal
|-
|1975
| ''[[Pratigya (1975 film)|Pratiggya]]''|| Bharat Daku
|-
|1975
| ''[[Warrant (1975 film)|Warrant]]'' || Master
|-
|1974
| ''Badla'' || Pratap / Randhir
|-
|1974
| ''[[Khote Sikkay]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Jangha
|-
|1974
| ''[[Paap Aur Punya]]''|| Balvir Singh
|-
|1974
| ''[[Patthar Aur Payal]]''|| Ajit Singh
|-
|1973
| ''[[Bandhe Haath|Bandhe Hath]]'' || Inspector Kumar / Pakkad Singh
|-
|1973
| ''[[Chhupa Rustam]]'' || Vikram Singh
|-
|1973
| ''[[Dharma (1973 film)|Dharma]]''<ref name=BFI/> || IG Ajit Singh
|-
|1973
| ''[[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]]''<ref name=TheIndependent/> || Boss
|-
|1973
| ''[[Kahani Kismat Ki]]''|| Premchand
|-
|1973
| ''[[Shareef Budmaash]]''|| Ranjit
|-
|1973
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''<ref name=rediff/>|| Shakeel
|-
|1973
| ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]''<ref name=BFI/><ref name=rediff/><ref name=TheIndependent/>|| Dharam Dayal Teja
|-
|1972
| ''[[Dil Ka Raja|Dil Ka Raaja]]''|| Thakur Gajendra Singh
|-
|1972
| ''[[Sultana Daku (1972 film)|Sultana Daku]]'' ||
|-
|1971
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]}} || Raju's Father
|-
|1971
| ''[[Lal Patthar]]''|| Raja Raghav Shankar Rai
|-
|1971
| ''[[Paraya Dhan]]''|| Heeralal Daku
|-
|1971
| ''[[Patanga (1971 film)|Patanga]]''|| Kunwar Amar Singh
|-
|1970
| ''[[Heer Raanjha]]''|| Heer's husband
|-
|1970
| ''[[Dharti (1970 film)|Dharti]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Diwan
|-
|1970
| ''[[Jeevan Mrityu]]''|| Harishchandra "Harish"
|-
|1969
| ''[[Aadmi Aur Insaan]]''|| Kundanlal / Sher Singh
|-
|1969
| ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]''|| Shamsher's Mamaji
|-
|1968
| ''[[Raja Aur Runk]]''|| Hariya
|-
|1967
| ''Baghdad Ki Raatein''||
|-
|1966
| ''[[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]''<ref name=rediff/><ref name=TheIndependent/> || Rajkumar Pratap Singh
|-
|1965
| ''Main Hoon Aladdin'' || Aladdin
|-
|1965
| ''Namaste Ji''||
|-
|1963
| ''[[Shikari (1963 film)|Shikari]]'' ||
|-
|1963
| ''Kabli Khan''|| Kabli Khan
|-
|1962
| ''Burmah Road''||
|-
|1962
| ''[[Tower House]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Suresh Kumar
|-
|1962
| ''[[Girls' Hostel]]'' ||
|-
|1961
| ''[[Opera House (1961 film)|Opera House]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Ajit Rai
|-
|1960
| ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''<ref name=BFI/><ref name=rediff/><ref name=TheIndependent/>|| Durjan Singh
|-
|1960
| ''[[Baraat]]''<ref name=BFI/>|| Shyamu
|-
|1959
| ''[[Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)|Char Dil Char Rahen]]'' || Dilawar
|-
|1959
| ''Guest House''<ref name=BFI/> || Amar
|-
|1958
| ''[[Mehndi (1958 film)|Mehndi]]''||
|-
|1957
| ''Miss Bombay''||
|-
|1957
| ''Bada Bhai'' ||
|-
|1957
| ''Kitna Badal Gaya Insaan''||
|-
|1957
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]<ref name=BFI/><ref name=rediff/>}}|| Krishna
|-
|1956
| ''26 January''||
|-
|1956
| ''Aan Baan''||
|-
|1956
| ''Durgesh Nandini'' ||
|-
|1956
| ''[[Halaku (film)|Halaku]]''|| Parvez
|-
|1955
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Ki Baat]]}}||
|-
|1955
| ''Bara Dari''|| Ajit Singh
|-
|1955
| ''[[Marine Drive (film)|Marine Drive]]''<ref name=BFI/> || Ajit
|-
|1955
| ''[[Naqab (1955 film)|Naqab]]''||
|-
|1955
| ''Shahzada''<ref name=BFI/>||
|-
|1955
| ''[[Teerandaz (1955 film)|Teerandaz]]'' ||
|-
|1954
| ''Maan'' ||
|-
|1954
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Nastik (1954 film)|Nastik]]}}<ref name=rediff/>|| Anil Kapoor / Babaji
|-
|1954
| ''[[Samrat (1954 film)|Samrat]]''||
|-
|1952
| ''[[Anand Math]]''||
|-
|1952
| ''Moti Mahal''||
|-
|1952
| ''Tarang''||
|-
|1952
| ''Vasna'' ||
|-
|1951
| ''Daman''||
|-
|1951
| ''Dholak'' ||
|-
|1951
| ''[[Saiyan (film)|Saiyan]]''|| Vijay
|-
|1951
| ''Sarkar''||
|-
|1950
| ''[[Beqasoor]]''<ref name=BOI/>|| Brij
|-
|1949
| ''Jeevan Saathi''||
|-
|1949
| ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]''||
|-
|1945
| ''[[Kurukshetra (1945 film)|Kurukshetra]]''||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0015000}}

{{authority control}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajit}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]

History of domes in India

2026-04-15T00:16:26Z

Nhungexim: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[South Asian domes]]

Baudhayana

2026-04-12T10:07:06Z

Nhungexim: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian sage and mathematician}}
{{multiple issues|
{{tone|date=January 2026}}
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Baudhayana
| native_name = बौधायन
| native_name_lang = Sa
| other_names = Bodhayan
| birth_name = Upvarsha
| image = Bas-relief of Baudhayana (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bas-relief in [[Shaheedi Park]]
| birth_place = [[Swami Bodhayan Mandir]], Bangaon Village, Bajpatti block, [[Sitamarhi district]], [[Mithila region]], [[Bihar]]
| monuments = [[Swami Bodhayan Mandir]]
| alma_mater = [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
| occupation = Vedic [[Acharya]] and [[mathematician]]
| era = 7th-8th century BCE
| known_for = Baudhayana Sutra
| mother = Charumati
| father = Shankardutt
}}
'''Baudhayana''' ([[Sanskrit]]: बौधायन, [[Romanization|Romanised]]: Baudhāyana) was an ancient [[Indian mathematics|Indian mathematician]] and [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage, believed to have lived around the 8th-7th century BCE. He contributed to early Indian mathematics and geometry, primarily through his authorship of the [[Baudhayana sutras|Baudhayana Sutras]]. His birth anniversary is known as ''Baudhayana Jayanti'' or ''Bodhayan Jayanti'' or ''Bodhayan Janmotsav'' in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]].

== Description ==
Baudhayana was a revered philosopher as well as a great Indian mathematician during 700 BC. He was the author of several ancient texts composed in the ancient [[Indian subcontinent]]. He composed more than two hundred texts. He gave many important theories of mathematics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=गणितज्ञ बोधायन की जयंती आज, पर्यटन केंद्र के रूप में होगा विकसित - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-today-the-birthplace-of-mathematician-bodhayan-will-be-developed-as-a-tourist-center-18810738.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

In the text [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Ashtadhyayi]], he is described as the guru of the famous Sanskrit grammarian [[Pāṇini|Panini]]. He was a great scholar of philosophy, theology, mathematics and language. His important works were Vedvriti, Vedanta, Ratna Manjusha, Dharmasutra and Grihasutra.<ref name=":0" /> ''Baudhayana Dharmasutra'' and ''Baudhayana Grihya Parishishta Sutra'' are the two major texts composed by him, which emphasize the ritualistic manner and philosophy of the Hindu tradition. His school of thought in Hindu tradition is known as ''Baudhayana Shakha'' or ''Baudhayana school''. The Baudhayana Shakha consider the practices of image worship in Hinduism. It is affiliated to the [[Taittiriya Shakha|Taittiriya]] recension of ''Krishna'' [[Yajurveda]]. In the Baudhayana school, [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] is considered as the highest being and called as ''Mahapurusha''. Apart from Lord Vishnu, it also considers all other deities in [[Hinduism]] as "Worthy of honor".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxsLEQAAQBAJ&q=Baudhayana |title=Religions of Early India: A Cultural History |date=2024-11-26 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19926-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Baudhayana is traditionally credited as the author of the [[Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra|Baudhāyana-Śrauta-sutra]]. It is the oral lectures delivered by him to his disciples and belongs to the Taittiriya recension of the Krishna Yajurveda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Baudhayana Srauta-Sutra {{!}} IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/the-baudhayana-srauta-sutra/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> The dates of this text are given variously as between the 8th and 5th century BCE. It contains a list of [[Pythagorean triple]]s and a statement (without proof) of the [[Pythagorean theorem]], both in the special case of the [[Isosceles triangle|isosceles]] [[Isosceles right triangle|right triangle]] and in the general case.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kim |last=Plofker |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India |title-link=Mathematics in India (book) |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-691-12067-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&pg=PA17 17–18]}}</ref>

== Birth ==
According to legend in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], Baudhāyana is also called as ''Bhagwan Bodhayana''. He was born on the [[Dvadashi|Dwadashi]] (twelfth day) in [[Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] of [[Pausha]] month in the Hindu calendar. He was born at the ''Bangaon'' village of the [[Bajpatti Assembly constituency|Bajpatti block]] in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of the Mithila region in the present state of [[Bihar]] in India. His childhood name was ''Upvarsha''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> His father's name was ''Shankardutt'' and mother's name was ''Charumati''. His father was a scholar of [[Pataliputra]].<ref name=":2" />

== Baudhayana Jayanti ==
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Cultural
| holiday_name = Baudhayana Jayanti
| official_name = Bodhayan Janmotsav
| nickname = Bodhayan Jayanti
| observedby = [[Hinduism]]
| significance = Celebration of the birth anniversary of Baudhayana
| date = Pausha Krishna Dwadashi
| frequency = Annual
| startedby = [[Swami Bodhayan Mandir]]
| firsttime = 1957
| date2024 = 27 December
}}

Baudhayana Jayanti is majorly celebrated in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. A grand ceremony of Baudhayana Jayanti is organised at the campus of the [[Swami Bodhayan Mandir]] in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of [[Bihar]] since 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=बिहार के ऐसे गणितज्ञ...जिनकी थ्योरम प्रयोग कर आर्यभट्ठ ने की थी अंतरिक्ष की कई खोज, पाणिनि के थे गुरु |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/sitamarhi-panini-guru-mathematician-baudhayana-aryabhata-use-of-his-theorem-know-birthplace-local18-8907667.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-27 |title=भगवान बोधायन की जयंती आज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-celebration-of-saint-bodhayan-jayanti-with-grand-festivities-in-bazpatti-201735238092884.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418195257/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-celebration-of-saint-bodhayan-jayanti-with-grand-festivities-in-bazpatti-201735238092884.html |archive-date=2025-04-18 |access-date=2025-07-13 |language=hi-IN |url-status=live }}</ref> On the occasion of the celebration, Sadhu - Saints and sages are invited.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-02 |title=तैयारियां पूरी, दार्शनिक गणितज्ञ भगवान बोधायन की जयंती आज |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/sitamarhi/news/preparations-are-completed-the-birth-day-of-philosopher-mathematician-lord-goddess-021034-3560175.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803163444/https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/sitamarhi/news/preparations-are-completed-the-birth-day-of-philosopher-mathematician-lord-goddess-021034-3560175.html |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref> A 7-day long ''Shrimad Bhagwat Katha'' is organised in the campus of the temple. The preparation of the festive celebration starts a week before the Baudhayana Jayanti. It starts with celebration of a ''Kalash Sobha Yatra'' procession.<ref>{{Cite news |title=शोभायात्रा:बोधायन जयंती 20 को 14 को कलश शोभायात्रा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/sitamarhi/news/bodhayan-jayanti-20-to-14-kalasha-procession-130677240.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> Every year a huge feast is organized here. A large number of devotees gather here on the Bodhayan Jayanti. They take sacred bath in the pond situated in the campus of the temple. They do parikrama and worship the statue of Bodhayan in the temple.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=भगवान बोधायन की तपस्थली बोधायनसर को अब मिल सकेगी विश्वव्यापी ख्याति - Bodhanyansar, the ascetic place of Lord Bodhayan, will now be able to gain worldwide fame - Bihar Sitamarhi General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-bodhanyansar-the-ascetic-place-of-lord-bodhayan-will-now-be-able-to-gain-worldwide-fame-19851207.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The Bodhayan Janmotsav has been proposed as the status of state festival in Bihar by the state minister [[Jibesh Kumar|Jeevesh Mishra]]. In 2022, he assured the people of Mithila that the Bodhayan Jayanti would be given the status of a state festival through the Art and Culture department.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=बोधायन गणितज्ञ ही नहीं बल्कि ज्योतिषाचार्य व वेदज्ञ थे: मंत्री |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-bodhayan-was-not-only-a-mathematician-but-also-an-astrologer-and-a-vedic-scholar-minister-5467202.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baudhayana}}
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Philosophers of Mithila]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Tasgaon (West) Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:29:25Z

Nhungexim: Added First Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tasgaon West
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52–124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 51,683
| mla = Suryawanshi Dattajirao Bhaurao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Tasgaon West Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. In 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Tasgaon Assembly constituency|Tasgaon]] and [[Vita Assembly constituency|Vita]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Suryawanshi Dattajirao Bhaurao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon West <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Suryawanshi Dattajirao Bhaurao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,105 |percentage = 55.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lad Ganpati Dada |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,880 |percentage = 21.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koli Ganpati Naiku |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,286 |percentage = 14.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lugade Ramchandra Dnyanoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,009 |percentage = 8.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,225 |percentage = 33.70% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,280 |percentage = 70.20% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,280}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,683 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

N. K. Sharma

2026-04-02T02:52:32Z

Nhungexim: starting a biography

{{Short description|Indian theatre director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N.K. Sharma
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Narendra Kumar Sharma
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| notable_works = ''Aksar Maine Socha Hai'', ''Hamaar Babuji Ki Chhatri''
| other_names = पंडित जी
| occupation = Theatre Actor & Director
| known_for = Founder of [[Act One (theatre group)|Act One]] theatre group <ref name="deccan"/>
| years_active = 1978 - present
}}
'''N.K. Sharma''' is an Indian [[theatre director]] and acting teacher, and founder of 'Act One' theatre group.<ref name="deccan">{{cite web | last=Kapur | first=Sohaila | title=The Teacher of Action | website=Deccan Herald | date=2018-05-11 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/teacher-action-669453.html#google_vignette | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref> Since 1978, he has been a freelance theatre person, working all over India in many languages and with many traditional forms. Sharma has worked with [[Safdar Hashmi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/keeping-it-real/article4365920.ece|title=Keeping it real|date=2013-02-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nk-sharma-was-the-first-person-to-tell-me-i-could-act-huma-qureshi/story-or2wGxDSVn0zh0fYwXoERJ.html|title=NK Sharma was the first person to tell me I could act: Huma Qureshi|date=2016-06-28|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-acDoLv-sigC&q=n+k+sharma&pg=PA83|title=Theatre of the streets|last=Deshpande|first=Sudhanva|date=2007|publisher=Jana Natya Manch|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
He began his theatre career with the [[Jana Natya Manch]] (Janam)- to be in association with [[Communist Party of India]] ([[Marxism|Marxist]]), he was in the government sector, where no employee was allowed to participate in any political activities. After years with 'Janam' He founded a theatre group 'Act One' in 1990 with [[Manoj Bajpayee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120701/jsp/7days/story_15677164.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109141204/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120701/jsp/7days/story_15677164.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2014|title=The industry makes me sit at home most of the time|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/theatre-actors-in-bollywood/#.d3x2ublvr|title=51 Times Indian Theatre Gifted Bollywood With Amazing Acting Talent|last=ScoopWhoop|date=2015-10-05|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=2017-12-07|language=En}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{quote box
| quote = " Acting is something that can be learnt, but never taught. You learn from life. A person should be real, true to character,”
| source = —N. K. Sharma on Keeping it real,.[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/keeping-it-real/article4365920.ece]
| align = right
| width = 25%
| bgcolor = #CCDDFF
}} In the 1990s, the group included actors like [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and [[Shoojit Sircar]]. <ref name="d698">{{cite web | last=Manwani | first=Akshay | title=The highs and lows of being Piyush Mishra | website=The Caravan | date=2012-11-01 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/artists-demons | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

He has co-written the Hindi play ''Gagan Damama Bajyo'' based on the life of freedom fighter Bhagat Singh, with [[Piyush Mishra]]. <ref name="q604">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Saumya | title=Piyush Mishra on films, theatre, Ballimaaraan, Husna and more | website=Hindustan Times | date=2019-02-27 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/piyush-mishra-says-won-t-sing-husna-till-pak-addresses-terrorism-issue/story-LaM6yPzljYnx1E0J3xGkaN.html | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

'''“'''You must be interested in people if you want stories. Shakespeare lived before Marx, but he wrote working-class stories. The Panchatantra was all about the triumph of good over evil and the desire to live. Stories are going to come back. Look at (Steven) Spielberg’s last four films. The spotlight will return to the actor,'''”''' - He told to ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
!Play
!Writer-Director
|-
|Aksar Maine Socha hai
|N.K.Sharma
|-
|Hamaar Babuji Ki Chhatri
|N.K.Sharma
|-
|Aao Saathi Sapna Dekhen
|[[Harsh Khurana]]-N.K.Sharma
|-
!Movie
!Associate/Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar (1992)]]''
|N.K.Sharma<ref>{{IMDb name|3577240}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notable students ==
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-wanted-to-commit-suicide-after-I-was-rejected-by-NSD-Manoj-Bajpayee/articleshow/18399539.cms|title=I wanted to commit suicide after I was rejected by NSD: Manoj Bajpayee - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=hub020411RAJJU.asp|title=Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine|website=archive.tehelka.com|access-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420214355/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=hub020411RAJJU.asp|archive-date=2017-04-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Huma Qureshi]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/huma-qureshi-i-owe-my-success-two-people-n-k-sharma-and-anurag-kashyap/article4926.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614083224/http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/huma-qureshi-i-owe-my-success-two-people-n-k-sharma-and-anurag-kashyap/article4926.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 14, 2013|title=Huma Qureshi: I owe my success to two people - N K Sharma and Anurag Kashyap|work=Desimartini|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Piyush Mishra]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/94456/exclusive-interview-with-piyush-mishra/|title="Everyone Can't Become an Einstein, Everyone Can't Earn in Lakhs" - Piyush Mishra to Indian Parents|date=2017-04-05|work=The Better India|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Darshan Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-always-wanted-to-be-an-actor-7367.html|title=I always wanted to be an actor|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shoojit Sircar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/pq/shoojit-sircar-film-maker/|title=Getting To Know Shoojit Sircar|date=2017-04-07|work=Man's World India|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Dino Morea]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0roiLKQ62I|title=Dino Morea {{!}} The Empire {{!}} Helmet {{!}} Spill The Tea With Sneha {{!}} Film Companion|date=2021-09-02|work=Film Companion |access-date=2021-09-02|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqJKPwf-FUg Guftagoo with N K Sharma] on [[Rajya Sabha TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, N. K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Acting teachers]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Organization founders]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Christ Church, Shimla

2026-03-27T11:20:34Z

Nhungexim: Put up new article.

{{Short description|Anglican church in Shimla, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2013}}{{Infobox religious building
| name = Christ Church
| religious_affiliation = [[Church of North India]]
| image = Christ Church, Shimla.jpg
| caption = Christ Church front view
| location = [[The Ridge, Shimla]]
| festival = [[Christmas]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| architect = [[John Theophilus Boileau]] and [[Lockwood Kipling]]
| architecture_type = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo-Gothic]]
| established = 1857
| groundbreaking = 9 September 1844
| construction_cost = 50,000 rupees
| coordinates = {{coord|31.104|77.176|display=title,inline}}
}}

'''Christ Church''', [[Shimla]], is the second oldest church in North [[India]], after [[St. John's Church, Meerut|St John's Church]] in [[Meerut]]. Worship is conducted in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christchurchshimla.com/ |title=Christ Church Shimla |publisher=Christ Church Shimla |date= |accessdate=2013-12-10 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517063408/http://christchurchshimla.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Presently{{when|date=August 2025}}, Rev. Sohan Lal is the head priest of the church.

==History==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 805703 - The Ridge in Shimla.jpeg|thumb|180x180px|Christ Church depicted on a postage stamp]]
Shimla was mostly forest when the first Europeans came to the hills in the 1820s. The Europeans sought permission on the Raia of Keonthal, from whose state much of Simla was later carved out, to build residences. Captain (later Major) Charles Kennedy was the Political Agent of the British Government posted in these hill states. He built the first house and the estate known as Kennedy House in late 1820s. Later Lord Amherst, the Governor General came to Simla for a summer trip in the year 1827 and stayed in the Kennedy House. By 1830s about sixty houses were raised for the British and Simla became a health resort.

Built in the [[neo-Gothic|neo-Gothic style]] in 1857 to serve the largely [[Anglican]] [[British people|British]] community in what was formerly called Simla, Christ Church is situated on [[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]]. It stands out as one of the prominent landmarks of Shimla and its silhouette is visible for many kilometres around the vicinity of Shimla city. Christ Church is one of the enduring legacies of the [[British Raj]].

[[File:Stained Glass Catholic Church Shimla 1988.jpg|thumb|[[Stained glass]] windows at Christ Church (1850), Simla]]Christ Church was designed by [[Colonel (British Army)|Colonel]] [[John Theophilus Boileau|J. T. Boileau]] in 1844, and the cornerstone was laid on 9 September 1844 by Bishop Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta. The church was consecrated on 10 January 1857 by Bishop Thomas Daltrey, Bishop of Madras. The estimated cost of construction at that time was 40,000 to 50,000 rupees. The clock adorning Christ Church was donated by [[Colonel (British Army)|Colonel]] Dumbleton in 1860. The porch was added in 1873. A British manufactured pipe-organ was installed in 1899 and extensively renovated in 1932.

On September 11, 1918, [[Guy Gibson]], leader of [[Operation Chastise]], the famous "Dambusters Raid" of 1943, was christened at the church.<ref>Geoff Simpson, "Guy Gibson - Dam Buster", Pen and Sword, 2013 </ref>

Christ Church survived the 20th-century [[Partition of India|partition]] and the subsequent political upheavals on the Indian subcontinent. The first Indian Chaplain of Christ Church Shimla was Rev. B.S. Chander (1948 to 1957). Christ Church continues to be well maintained and is in relatively good condition. The clock's original mechanical mechanism has more recently been replaced with an electrical equivalent. However, currently whilst all four faces of the clock remain in synchronization, they rarely reflect the correct time.

==Architecture==
It is designed in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-Gothic]] style. The church is lit at night to illuminate it.

The church contains five fine stained glass windows. One represents the Christian virtues of Faith, Hope, Charity, Fortitude, Patience, and Humility. The chancel window was designed by [[Lockwood Kipling]] (father of [[Rudyard Kipling]]). The pipe-organ of Christ Church is the largest in the Indian subcontinent; it was installed in September 1899.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/gothicrevival/2.html |title=Christ Church, Simla, India, by J. T. Boileau |publisher=Victorianweb.org |date=2008-03-15 |accessdate=2013-12-10}}</ref>
[[File:Inside Christ Church (Shimla).jpg|thumb|Inside Christ Church, Shimla]]

Among the church's holdings are a great collection of books and ancient scriptures.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]
[[Category:Church of North India church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimla]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1857]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in India]]
{{commonscat|Christ Church (Shimla)}}
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]

M. Prabhakar Reddy

2026-03-22T09:01:29Z

Nhungexim:

{{Short description|Indian actor, writer (1935–1997)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Prabhakar Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|8 Oct 1935}}
| birth_place = [[Thungathurthy]], [[Hyderabad State]], India
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|25 November 1997|1 July 1935}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | writer}}
| yearsactive = 1960–1988
| spouse =
| awards =
}}

'''Mandadi Prabhakar Reddy''' (1935–1997) was an [[Indian film]] [[character actor]] known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He acted in over 472 films over three decades.<ref>Prabhakar Reddy M, Luminaries of 20th Century, Part I, Potti Sriramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005, pp: 362–3.</ref> He wrote stories for several acclaimed films, including ''[[Karthika Deepam (film)|Karthika Deepam]]''.

Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy, known for his generosity and deep connection to the Telugu film industry, donated approximately 12 acres of land to provide shelter for homeless workers in the industry. His vision was to ensure that those who contributed tirelessly behind the scenes had a place to call home. Honoring his noble gesture, his children brought this dream to life, transforming the land into a thriving residential community. As a tribute to his legacy, they named it Dr. M. Prabhakar Reddy Chitrapuri Colony, preserving his memory and his commitment to the well-being of film workers.

==Early life==
He was born in [[Thungathurthy]], [[Hyderabad State]], (present day [Nalgonda] district of [Kethepally Mandal] [[Telangana]]) India to Lakshma Reddy and Kausalya.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

After primary education in [[Suryapet]] town, he did his intermediate course from [[City College, Hyderabad]]. He did his medical education from [[Osmania Medical College]] under [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad between 1955 and 1960.

==Film career==
Prabhakar Reddy debuted in the film ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'', directed by [[Gutta Ramineedu]], in 1960, in which he acted as a [[psychiatrist]]. He acted in about 472 films during the next three decades.

He wrote stories for about 21 Telugu films. Some of them were highly successful. They include ''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]'', ''Pacchani Samsaram'', ''Dharmatmudu'', ''[[Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)|Gruha pravesam]]'', ''Gandhi Puttina Desam'', ''[[Karthika Deepam]]'' and ''Naaku Swatantram Vacchindi''. He wrote and directed the film ''Comrade'' (1996), which featured lyrics by K. G. Satyamurthy and Masterji.

He gave the screen name for famous Telugu actress [[Jaya Prada]], originally Lalitha Rani, and introduced her in a three-minute song in the Telugu film ''[[Bhoomi Kosam]]'' in 1976.

==Death==
He died in 1997 in Hyderabad due to cariadic arrest. The Telugu film fraternity attended his funeral.

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]'' (1980)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''Palle Pilichindi'' (1981)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Second Best Story Writer]] – ''[[Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)|Gruha Pravesam]]'' (1982)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – ''Chinna Kodalu'' (1990)

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Partial list of M. Prabhakar Reddy film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'' || Psychiatrist
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1962 || ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]'' || [[Santanu]]
|-
| ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'' || Veerabhadra Gajapati
|-
|''[[Siri Sampadalu]]''
|Doctor
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1963 || ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || Lord [[Shiva]]
|-
| ''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Narthanasala]]'' || [[Karna]]
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1964 || ''[[Bobbili Yudham]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1965 || ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' || [[Karna]]
|-
| ''[[Aakasaramanna]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakasaramanna (1965) |url=https://indiancine.ma/LKT |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004095330/https://indiancine.ma/LKT |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Gopalakrishna Rayulu
|-
|''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''
|Seshu
|-
| rowspan="6" |1966
|''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]''
|[[Karna]]
|-
|''[[Loguttu Perumallukeruka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loguttu Perumaallu Keruka (1966) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MBF/info |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhaskar Rao
|-
|''[[Monagallaku Monagadu]]''
|Bhujangam
|-
| ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navaratri]]'' || Police Inspector
|-
| ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yudham]]'' || Kannama Dasu
|-
| ''[[Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (Tamil) || [[Brahma]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1967 || ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' || [[Balarama]]
|-
|''[[Kanchu Kota]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Nindu Manasulu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1968 || ''[[Bandipotu Dongalu]]'' || Police officer
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Veeranjaneya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeranjaneya (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NEJ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Vayu|Vayu Deva]]
|-
|''[[Aggi Meeda Guggilam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggi Meeda Guggilam (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MTN |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927095504/https://indiancine.ma/MTN |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Kamabhupaludu
|-
|''[[Vintha Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintha Kapuram Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/vintha-kapuram-1968#overview}}</ref>
|Raju
|-
| ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' || Raju
|-
| rowspan="8" |1969
|''[[Sri Rama Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NQE |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dhumrakshudu
|-
|''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]''
|Dalapathi
|-
| ''[[Aatmiyulu]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Ukku Pidugu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukku Pidugu - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ukku_pidugu |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Bhujanga, Invader of Kalinga
|-
|''[[Sipayi Chinnayya]]''
|Kodandam
|-
| ''[[Bhale Thammudu (1969 film)|Bhale Thammudu]]'' || Inspector Sekhar
|-
|''[[Jarigina Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarigina Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NJU |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010004337/https://indiancine.ma/NJU |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Suspicious Husband
|-
| ''[[Natakala Rayudu]]'' || Prem Kumar
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1970 || ''[[Himmat (1970 film)|Himmat]]'' (Hindi) ||
|-
| ''[[Akka Chellelu]]'' || Senior lawyer
|-
| ''[[Jagath Jetteelu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagath Jetteelu (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NWS |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002171256/https://indiancine.ma/NWS |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Johnny Jinger
|-
| ''[[Pettandarulu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Kataksham]]'' || King Mahendra Varma
|-
| rowspan="8" |1971
| ''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattilo Manikyam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ONG |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>||Raghavaiah
|-
| ''[[Anuradha telugu film|Anuradha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/anuradha-1?media=movie&layout=movies |title=Anuradha |date=31 December 1970 |website=ETVWin |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002050944/https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/anuradha-1?media=movie&layout=movies |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Ranganatham
|-
| ''[[Jagath Janthrilu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagath Jantrilu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/jagath-jantrilu/cast/2030164066/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005073551/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/jagath-jantrilu/cast/2030164066/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gangaram
|-
|''[[Vintha Samsaram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintha Samsaram on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/vintha-samsaram |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|Ashok
|-
| ''[[Basthi Bul Bul]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basthi Bul Bul (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OHE |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023162427/https://indiancine.ma/OHE |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Raoji
|-
| ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ramalayam]]''|| Rayudu
|-
| rowspan="7" |1972
| ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' || [[Ashwatthama]]
|-
| ''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kiladi Bullodu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Kiladi Bullodu (1972) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/kiladi-bullodu-1972-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009020246/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/kiladi-bullodu-1972-telugu-movie/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Korada Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korada Rani (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PCC |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Khaidi No. 333 aka Gorakhnath
|-
| ''[[Nijam Nirupistha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nijam Nirupistha (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PEX |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803151908/https://indiancine.ma/PEX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Raju, leader of the bandits gang
|-
| ''[[Papam Pasivadu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Pilla? Piduga?'' || Reeku
|-
| rowspan="4" |1973
| ''[[Oka Nari Vanda Thupakulu|Oka Nari Vandha Thupakulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PVL |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506183330/https://indiancine.ma/PVL |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Beaton Dora
|-
| ''[[Manchi Vallaki Manchivadu]]'' || Jaggu
|-
| ''[[Samsaram Sagaram]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Desoddharakulu]]'' || Commissioner Prabhakar Rao
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1974 || ''[[Alluri Seetarama Raju (film)|Alluri Seetharama Raju]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Andaru Dongale]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalya bhagyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalya Bhagyam (1974) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QJH |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613195925/https://indiancine.ma/QJH |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Raghu
|-
| ''[[Devadasu (1974 film)|Devadasu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bhoomi Kosam]]'' ||Raghavulu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1975 || ''[[Eduruleni Manishi (1975 film)|Yeduruleni Manishi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Annadammula Anubandham]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Gunavanthudu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1976
|''[[Padi Pantalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padi Pantalu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RAZ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Somayya
|-
|''[[Iddharu Iddhare (1976 film)|Iddaru Iddare]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddaru Iddare (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RMS/info |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Narasimha Raja aka Raja Saheb
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' ||
|-
|[[Bhale Dongalu (1976 film)|''Bhale Dongalu'']]
|
|-
| ''[[Aradhana (1976 film)|Aradhana]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Manishi]]''
| Bhanoji Rao
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1977 || ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' || [[Yudhishthira|Dharmaraja]]
|-
| ''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yamagola]]'' || Ramana Murthy/Rama Sastry
|-
|''[[Gadusu Pillodu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadusu Pillodu (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SFM |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Papa Rao
|-
| ''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]''
| Ranganatham
|-
| rowspan="9" |1978
|''[[Indradhanussu 1978 film|Indradhanussu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|'Watchman' Chandrayya
|-
|''[[Agent Gopi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agent Gopi (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/STH |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Superintendent of police (India)|S.P.]] Raja Rao
|-
| ''[[Katakataala Rudraiah|Katakatala Rudraiah]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Lawyer Viswanath]]''
| G.N.K.
|-
| ''[[Pottelu Punnamma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pottelu Punnamma (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/THU |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101215143/https://indiancine.ma/THU |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Dharmaiah
|-
|''[[Sahasavanthudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahasavantudu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TJN |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Mukherjee
|-
| ''[[Dongala Veta]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongala Veta (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SYO |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426122415/https://indiancine.ma/SYO |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Mohan Rao
|-
| ''[[Kondura]]'' || Bhairav's servant
|-
| ''[[Melu Kolupu]]'' || Parabrahmam
|-
| rowspan="12" |1979
| ''[[Seethe Ramudaithe]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seethe Ramudaithe (1979) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/seethe-ramudaithe-1979 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504045550/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/seethe-ramudaithe-1979 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Pothuraju
|-
| ''[[Sommokadidi Sokokadidi]]'' || Black tiger
|-
| ''[[Srungara Ramudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]'' || [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Gorintaku (1979 film)|Gorintaku]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Tiger (1979 film)|Tiger]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yugandhar]]'' || David/Bhanoji
|-
| ''[[Karthika Deepam (film)|Karthika Deepam]]'' || Story writer and Actor: Dhananjaya Rao)
|-
|''[[Maa Voori Devatha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Voori Devatha (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AMKA |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Raghavaiah
|-
| ''[[Judagadu]]'' || Rudrappa
|-
| ''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]'' ||Dharma Raju
|-
|''[[Sri Rama Bantu]]'' ||Rahim
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1980
| ''[[Sivamethina Satyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivamethina Satyam (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UHM |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528201341/https://indiancine.ma/UHM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Bhushan
|-
|''Bhola Shankarudu''
|
|-
| ''[[Mahalakshmi (1980 film)|Mahalakshmi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahalakshmi (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UXK |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521175008/https://indiancine.ma/UXK |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Madhava
|-
| ''[[Nakili Manishi]]'' || CID Prabhakar
|-
| ''[[Badai Basavayya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badai Basavayya |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/badai-basavayya/cast/2030247088/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221081308/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/badai-basavayya/cast/2030247088/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Himself
|-
|''[[Bebbuli]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebbuli (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UOC |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Seshu
|-
| ''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' (Tamil) ||
|-
| ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sardar Papa Rayudu|Sardar Paparayudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Buchi Babu (film)|Buchi Babu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam (వేంకటేశ్వర వ్రత మహత్యం) 1980 {{!}} ♫ tunes |url=https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114183110/https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Bhushaiah
|-
| ''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1981
| ''[[Puli Bidda]]'' || Robert
|-
| ''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]'' ||
|-
|''Jagamondi''
|
|-
|''[[Pakkinti Ammayi (1981 film)|Pakkinti Ammayi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Kanuka]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Srirasthu Subhamasthu]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Srirasthu Subhamasthu (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WDL/info |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419153729/https://indiancine.ma/WDL/info |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1982
|''[[Bangaru Bhoomi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Bhoomi (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WJC |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630130339/https://indiancine.ma/WJC |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Harishchandra Rao
|-
| ''[[Madhura Swapnam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)|Gruha Pravesam]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Shamsher Shankar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamsher Shankar (1982) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/shamsher-shankar-1982 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829062814/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/shamsher-shankar-1982 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Venkatapathi
|-
| ''[[Kalahala Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalahala Kapuram (1982) {{!}} V CINEMA – Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Bapatla Suryanarayana aka Basu
|-
| ''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nivuru Gappina Nippu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Desam]]'' || Kailasham
|-
| ''[[Golconda Abbulu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvaraju (1982 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' || Ranga Dubba Rao
|-
|''[[Pralaya Rudrudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pralaya Rudrudu (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYA |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]], Jaya's father
|-
| rowspan="8" |1983 || ''[[Shakthi (film)|Shakthi]]'' || P. K. Bir
|-
| ''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' || Ananda Murthy
|-
| ''[[Praja Rajyam film|Praja Rajyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Praja Rajyam (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XYK |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101215028/https://indiancine.ma/XYK |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Raghavaiah
|-
| ''[[M. L. A. Yedukondalu]]'' || Yella Rao
|-
|''Police Venkataswamy''
|
|-
|''[[Mayagadu (1983 film)|Mayagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=8q4bXWADthk |title=Mayagadu Telugu Full Length Movie HD {{!}} Mohan babu {{!}} Kavitha {{!}} Chakravarthy @skyvideostelugu |date=2018-03-26 |last=SkyVideos Telugu |access-date=2024-10-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Acharya aka Black Cobra
|-
| ''[[Sangharshana]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Moogavani Paga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moogavani Paga (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XUS |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010013/https://indiancine.ma/XUS |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Parandhamayya
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1984
| ''Sardar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413213216/https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Justice Mahendra
|-
| ''[[Nayakulaku Saval]]'' || Jailor Srinivasa Rao
|-
|[[Anubandham (1984 film)|''Anubandham'']]
|
|-
|''Bharatamlo Shankaravam''
|
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Nagulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Nagulu (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YSS |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Papa Rao
|-
|''Dandayatra''
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Ramudu 1984 film|Bhale Ramudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Ramudu 1984 movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/bhale-ramudu-1984}}</ref>
|Bhujanga Rao
|-
|''Merupu Daadi''
|
|-
|''[[Punyam Koddi Purushudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punyam Koddi Purushudu Movie Info |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/punyam-koddi-purushudu-1984#overview}}</ref>
|Punyakoti
|-
| ''[[Sitaara]]'' || Doctor
|-
| ''[[Sahasame Jeevitham]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Raraju (1984 film)|Raraju]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dongalu Baboi Dongalu]]'' || Gangulu
|-
| rowspan="10" |1985
| ''Srivaru''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srivaru 1985 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Srivaru Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/srivaru-8573/cast-crew |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=MovieGQ |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420093408/https://moviegq.com/movie/srivaru-8573/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Chalapathi
|-
| ''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' || Rudrayya
|-
|''[[Illale Devata|Illale Devatha]]''
|Damodaram
|-
|''Aggiraju''
|
|-
|''[[Nerasthudu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIxU60VCweE |title=NERASTHUDU {{!}} EXCLUSIVE TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} MOHAN BABU {{!}} MADHAVI {{!}} KANTHARAO {{!}} V9VIDEOS |date=2025-08-16 |last=v9 Videos |access-date=2025-11-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Ranganna
|-
|''[[Khooni (1985 Telugu film)|Khooni]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khooni (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZWJ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221102053/https://indiancine.ma/ZWJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Janardhan
|-
|''Dongallo Dora''
|
|-
|[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chattamtho Poratam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattamtho Poratam (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZOP |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415093234/https://indiancine.ma/ZOP |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Major Chakrapani
|-
| ''[[Sri Datta Darsanam]]'' || [[Atri]]
|-
| rowspan="11" |1986
|''[[Nampalli Nagu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nampalli Nagu on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/nampalli-nagu |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|Prajapathi
|-
| ''[[Driver Babu]]'' || Keshava Rao
|-
| ''[[Aranyakanda (film)|Aranyakanda]]'' ||
|-
|''Papikondalu''
|
|-
|''Srimathi Kanuka''
|
|-
|''Vivaha Bandham''
|
|-
| ''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]'' || Kondaiah
|-
| ''Dharmapeetam Daddarillindhi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapeetam Daddarillindhi (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AATV |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101040/https://indiancine.ma/AATV |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Ranga Rao
|-
| ''[[Brahma Rudrulu]]'' || Marideswara Rao
|-
|''Adavi Raja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adavi Raja (1986) {{!}} V CINEMA – Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Ranga Rao
|-
| ''[[Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/naa-pilupe-prabhanjanam |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Moviebuff.com |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111104541/https://www.moviebuff.com/naa-pilupe-prabhanjanam |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Koteswara Rao
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1987 || ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]'' || [[Timmarusu]]
|-
|''[[Chaitanya Ratham]]''
|Paramahamsa
|-
|''[[Lawyer Suhasini]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Mandaladeesudu]]'' || Director
|-
|''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1988 || ''[[Dorakani Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorakani Donga (1988) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACQJ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418191332/https://indiancine.ma/ACQJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Bharathi's father
|-
|''Collector Vijaya''
|
|-
|''Anna Chellelu''
|
|-
| ''[[Antima Teerpu (1988 film)|Antima Theerpu]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Prithviraj (1988 film)|Prithviraj]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Prudhvi Raj Full Length Telugu Movie {{!}}{{!}} Krishnam Raju, Jayasudha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9zSVAbZz8g |access-date=2023-10-21 |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101213341/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9zSVAbZz8g |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Home Minister
|-
| rowspan="4" |1989 || ''[[Rajakeeya Chadarangam]]'' || Papa Rao
|-
| ''[[Koduku Diddina Kapuram]]'' ||
|-
|''Gandipeta Rahasyam''
|
|-
| ''[[Ajatha Satruvu]]'' || Durga Prasad
|-
| rowspan="4" |1990 || ''[[Balachandrudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rao Gari Intlo Rowdy]]'' || I.G.
|-
| ''[[Anna Thammudu (1990 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Chinna Kodalu'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991 || ''[[Alludu Diddina Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alludu Diddina Kapuram {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/alludu_diddina_kapuram |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>||Vishwanatham
|-
|''Pichi Pullaya''
|
|-
|''[[Indra Bhavanam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |1992 || ''[[Raktha Tharpanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raktha Tharpanam (1992) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AOLI |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101215029/https://indiancine.ma/AOLI |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Constable Ramadas
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0694884}}

{{Nandi Award for Best Actor}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Prabhakar}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Sakshi Sharma

2026-03-21T11:16:00Z

Nhungexim: Added First Bio Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''Sakshi Sharma''' (born 2004) is an Indian kabaddi player from [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rohit |date=2025-11-15 |title=Sakshi Sharma Biography: Rising Defender in Indian Women’s Kabaddi |url=https://sportsvichar.com/sakshi-sharma-biography/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=sportsvichar.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She plays for the [[India women's national kabaddi team|Indian women's national kabaddi team]] and for Himachal Pradesh in the domestic tournaments. She is a defender.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Sakshi Sharma Biography: Early Life, Domestic Career, Achievements, Social Media and More - Kabaddi Adda |url=https://www.kabaddiadda.com/kabaddi/sakshi-sharma-biography-early-life-domestic-career-achievements-social-media-and-more/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharma is from Maharal village, [[Sirmaur district]], but resides at [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> Her father Pradeep Sharma is a lineman in the Himachal Pradesh Electricity department. She did her master's in English at Chandigarh University.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
In 2015, Sharma joined the Himachal Pradesh Sports Hostel. In 2024, she was part of the gold winning Chandigarh University in the 4th Khelo India University Games.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khelo India University Games: Sakshi Sharma Inspires Chandigarh University To Clinch Maiden Women’s Kabaddi Gold {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/sports/khelo-india-university-games-sakshi-sharma-inspires-chandigarh-university-to-clinch-maiden-womens-kabaddi-gold-6741331/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she represented Himachal University in the first Khelo India University Games at Odisha and won a gold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Khelo India University Games: Sakshi Sharma Leads Chandigarh To Glorious Debut In Women's Kabaddi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/khelo-india-university-games-2023-sakshi-sharma-chandigarh-women-kabaddi-final-ashtalakshmi-bharati-vidyapeeth |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> She also won a silver medal in the third edition at Uttar Pradesh also for Himachal University.<ref name=":0" /> In March 2023, she captained the Himachal Pradesh state team at the 69th Women's Senior National Kabaddi Championship held at Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakshi Sharma of Hamirpur to lead state kabaddi team |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/sakshi-sharma-of-hamirpur-to-lead-state-kabaddi-team-487160/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

She was a part of the Indian women's national kabaddi team that won gold in the Women's Kabaddi World Cup 2025 at Bangladesh in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=24 November 2025 |title=Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025: India defend title - all match results, scores and points table |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/women-kabaddi-world-cup-2025-results-scores-standings-points-table |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sakshi}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]

Mary, mother of Jesus

2026-03-20T18:52:50Z

Nhungexim: rework information per sources

{{Short description|Mother of Jesus}}
{{Redirect-several|Mary, Mother of Jesus|Mary of Nazareth|Mother Mary|Saint Mary|Virgin Mary}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mary
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Madonna Advocata.png
| alt = Slightly faded painting of a woman wearing a black veil, staring out of the portrait. Her hands are raised. The image is on a gold background.
| caption = The [[Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)|''Madonna del Rosario'']] ({{circa|6th century}} or earlier), perhaps the oldest icon of Mary in Rome. Medieval tradition held that this icon was painted by [[Luke the Evangelist]].
| birth_date = {{circa|18 BC}}{{efn|Per the [[Bar and bat mitzvah#Significance|Jewish customs surrounding marriage]] at the time, and the apocryphal [[Gospel of James]], Mary, at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, was 12–14 years old.<ref name="NewAdvent" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |title=A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person |year=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14018-7|pages=235, 318}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Thompson |first=A. Keith |title=The Character and Knowledge of Mary, the Mother of Christ |year=2020 |journal=Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship |volume= 36 |page=110 |issn=2372-126X}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Birth of Jesus |encyclopedia=Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |first=France |last=Richard |page=2376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&pg=PA2376 |isbn=978-90-04-16372-0 |editor1-first=Tom |editor1-last=Holmen |editor2-first=Stanley E. |editor2-last=Porter |access-date=21 February 2025 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218154433/https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&pg=PA2376 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her year of birth is therefore contingent on [[Date of birth of Jesus|that of Jesus]], and though some posit slightly different dates (such as [[John P. Meier|Meier]]'s dating of {{c.|7}} or 6 BC)<ref>{{cite book |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |title=A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person |year=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14018-7|page=407}}</ref> general consensus places Jesus' birth in {{c.|4}} BC,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=E. P.|author-link=E. P. Sanders|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|publisher=Allen Lane Penguin Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|isbn=978-0-14-192822-7|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|url-status=live|pages=10–11}}</ref> thus placing Mary's birth in {{c.|18}} BC.}}
| birth_place = [[Herodian kingdom|Herodian Judea]]
| death_date = After {{c.|33 AD}}
| death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[Province of Judea|Province of Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]] or [[Ephesus]], [[Province of Asia]], [[Roman Empire]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Enncyclopedia: Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=New Advent |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706013025/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb of Mary: Location and Significance: University of Dayton, Ohio |url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/t/tomb-of-mary-location-and-significance.php |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=udayton.edu |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608074159/https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/t/tomb-of-mary-location-and-significance.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
| spouse = [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]
| children = [[Jesus]]
| parents = [[Joachim]] and [[Saint Anne|Anne]] (according to some apocryphal writings)
}}

'''Mary'''{{efn|{{langx|he|מִרְיָם|translit=Mīryām}}; {{langx|syc|ܡܪܝܡ|translit=Maryam}}; {{langx|ar|مريم|translit=Maryam}}; {{langx|grc|Μαρία|translit=María}}; {{langx|la|Maria}}; {{langx|cop|Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ|translit=Maria}}}} was a first-century [[Jewish]] woman of [[Nazareth]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Raymond Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140 |title=Mary in the New Testament |last2=Fitzmyer |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Donfried |first3=Karl Paul |publisher=Paulist Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0809121687 |location=NJ |page=140 |quote=...consonant with Mary's Jewish background |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817232637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> the wife of [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and the mother of [[Jesus]]. She is an important figure of [[Christianity]], venerated under [[titles of Mary, mother of Jesus|various titles]] such as [[Perpetual virginity of Mary|virgin]] or [[Queen of Heaven|queen]], many of which are mentioned in the [[Litany of Loreto]]. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Lutheranism|Evangelical Lutheran]], [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]], [[Anglican]], [[Methodist]] and [[Baptist]] churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]]. The [[Church of the East]] historically regarded her as [[Christotokos]], a term still used in the liturgy of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Liturgy of the Assyrian Church of the East |url=https://www.liturgies.net/Liturgies/Other/LiturgyOfTheAssyrianChurch.htm |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314114228/https://www.liturgies.net/Liturgies/Other/LiturgyOfTheAssyrianChurch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She has the [[Mary in Islam|highest position in Islam]] among all women and is mentioned numerous times in the [[Quran]], including in a chapter (surah) [[Maryam (surah)|named after her]].<ref>Quran 3:42; cited in Stowasser, Barbara Freyer, "Mary", in: ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān'', General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.</ref><ref>J. D. McAuliffe, ''Chosen of all women.''</ref><ref name="Jestice-2004">Jestice, Phyllis G. ''Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3''. 2004, {{ISBN|1-57607-355-6}}, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=%22Sayyidana+Maryam%22&pg=PA558 558 Sayyidana Maryam]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115808/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA558#v=onepage&q=%22Sayyidana%20Maryam%22&f=false|date=27 July 2020}}.</ref> She is also revered in the [[Baháʼí]] and [[Druze]] faiths.<ref name="Bowman-2012" />

The [[synoptic Gospels]] name Mary as the mother of Jesus. The gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] describe Mary as a virgin{{efn|{{langx|grc|παρθένος|translit="parthénos"}}; Matthew 1:23<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|1:23}}</ref> uses the Greek {{transliteration|grc|parthénos}}, "virgin", whereas only the Hebrew of Isaiah 7:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|7:14|HE}}</ref> from which the New Testament ostensibly quotes, as {{transliteration|hbo|Almah}} – "young maiden". See article on {{transliteration|grc|parthénos}} in Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, ''A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature''.<ref>Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, ''A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature'', 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1979, p. 627.</ref>}} who was chosen by [[God in Christianity|God]] to [[annunciation|conceive Jesus]] through the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]. After [[nativity of Jesus|giving birth to Jesus]] in [[Bethlehem]], she and her husband Joseph raised him in the city of Nazareth in [[Galilee]], and she was in [[Jerusalem]] at his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] and with the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] after his [[Ascension of Jesus|ascension]]. Although her later life is not accounted in the [[Bible]]; Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and some [[Protestantism|Protestant]] traditions believe that her body [[Entering heaven alive|was raised]] into [[Heaven in Christianity|heaven]] at the end of her earthly life, which is known in [[Western Christianity]] as the [[Assumption of Mary]] and in [[Eastern Christianity]] as the [[Dormition of the Mother of God]].

[[Veneration of Mary|Mary has been venerated]] since [[early Christianity]],<ref>Mark Miravalle, Raymond L. Burke; (2008). ''Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons,'' {{ISBN|978-1-57918-355-4}}, p. 178.</ref><ref>''Mary for evangelicals'' by Tim S. Perry, William J. Abraham 2006 {{ISBN|0-8308-2569-X}} p. 142</ref> and is often considered to be the holiest and greatest [[saint]]. There is a certain diversity in the [[Mariology]] and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Catholic Church and some Oriental Orthodox Churches hold distinctive Marian [[Dogma in the Catholic Church#Dogma as divine and Catholic faith|dogmas]], namely her [[Immaculate Conception]] and her bodily assumption into heaven.<ref>"Mary, the mother of Jesus" ''The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Credo Reference. Web. 28 September 2010.</ref> Many [[Protestantism|Protestants]] hold [[Protestant views on Mary|various views of Mary's role]] that they perceive as being in accordance with the Scriptures.<ref name="Hillerbrand-2004" /><ref name="Wengert-2017"/> The [[Book of Concord|Confessions]] of the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] have taught the [[Virgin birth of Jesus|virgin birth]], [[Theotokos]], and [[perpetual virginity of Mary|perpetual virginity]].<ref name="Smith-2010"/><ref name="Anderson-1992"/>

The multiple forms of [[Marian devotions]] include various [[Christian prayer|prayers]] and [[Hymns to Mary|hymns]], the celebration of several [[Marian feast days]] in [[Christian liturgy|liturgy]],<ref name="Wengert-2017"/> the veneration of [[religious image|images]] and [[relics]], the construction of [[Catholic Marian church buildings|churches dedicated to her]] and [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimages]] to [[shrines to the Virgin Mary|Marian shrines]]. Many [[Marian apparition]]s and [[miracle]]s attributed to her [[intercession of saints|intercession]] have been reported by believers over the centuries. She has been a traditional [[Madonna (art)|subject in arts]], notably in [[Byzantine art]], [[medieval art]] and [[Renaissance art]].

==Names and titles==

{{Main|Titles of Mary}}

[[File:Encaustic Virgin.jpg|thumb|right|Virgin and Child with angels and Sts. George and Theodore. Icon, {{circa|600}}, from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]].]]
{{Mary|state=collapsed}}

Mary's name in the original manuscripts of the [[New Testament]] was based on her original [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] name {{Lang|arc|מרים|rtl=yes}}, transliterated as {{transliteration|arc|[[Maryam (name)|Maryam]]}} or {{transliteration|arc|Mariam}}.<ref>"Mary", ''A Dictionary of First Names'' by Patrick Hanks, Kate Hardcastle and Flavia Hodges (2006). Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0198610602}}.</ref> The English name ''[[Mary (name)|Mary]]'' comes from the Greek {{lang|grc|Μαρία}}, a shortened form of the name {{lang|grc|Μαριάμ}}. Both {{lang|grc|Μαρία}} and {{lang|grc|Μαριάμ}} appear in the New Testament.

===In Christianity===

In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] impregnated her, thereby conceiving her first-born son Jesus [[Miraculous births|miraculously]], without sexual relations with her betrothed Joseph, "until her son [Jesus] was born".<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|1:25}}</ref> The word "until" has inspired considerable analysis on whether Joseph and Mary produced [[Brothers of Jesus|siblings]] after the birth of Jesus or not.{{efn|See [[Sabine R. Huebner]]'s succinct analysis of the issue: "Jesus is described as the 'first-born son' of Mary in Mt 1:25 and Lk 2:7. From this wording alone we can conclude that there were later-born sons ... The family ... had at least five sons and an unknown number of daughters."<ref>[[Sabine R. Huebner]], ''Papyri and the Social World of the New Testament'' (Cambridge University Press, 2019), p. 73. {{ISBN|1108470254}}</ref>}} Among her many other names and titles are the [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Blessed Virgin Mary]] (often abbreviated to "BVM" after the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Beata Maria Virgo}}),<ref>{{citation|author=Fulbert of Chatres|author-link=Fulbert of Chartres|title=O Beata Virgo Maria|url=https://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/OBeataVM.html|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304020702/https://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/OBeataVM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saint]] Mary (occasionally), the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] (primarily in [[Western Christianity]]), the {{transliteration|grc|[[Theotokos]]}} (primarily in [[Eastern Christianity]]), Our Lady (Medieval {{Langx|it|Madonna}}), and [[Queen of Heaven]] ({{lang|la|Regina caeli}}; see also [[Regina Coeli (disambiguation)|here]]).<ref>''Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn'', J. Gordon Melton, 2007, {{ISBN|0-8160-5455-X}}, pp. 443–444</ref><ref name="Hillerbrand-2003">Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim. ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism'', Volume 3, 2003. {{ISBN|0-415-92472-3}}, p. 1174</ref> The title "[[Queen of heaven (antiquity)|queen of heaven]]" had previously been used as an [[epithet]] for a number of goddesses, such as [[Isis]], or [[Ishtar]].

Titles in use vary among [[Anglican Marian theology|Anglicans]], [[Luther's Marian theology|Lutherans]] and other [[Protestant views on Mary|Protestants]], as well as [[Latter Day Saint views on Mary|Mormons]], [[Roman Catholic Mariology|Catholics]], [[Orthodox Marian theology|Orthodox]] and [[Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary|other Christians]].

The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}} ({{lang|grc|Θεοτόκος}} or "God-bearer"), {{transliteration|grc|[[Aeiparthenos]]}} ({{lang|grc|ἀειπαρθένος}}) which means ever-virgin, as confirmed in the [[Second Council of Constantinople]] in 553, and {{transliteration|grc|[[Panagia]]}} ({{lang|grc|Παναγία}}) meaning "all-holy".<ref name="Fairbairn-2002" /> Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions.

The title {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}, which means "God-bearer", was recognized at the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longenecker |first1=Father Dwight |title=God-bearer |url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/god-bearer |website=Catholic Answers |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730161135/https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/god-bearer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Ephesus |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05491a.htm |website=New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718154429/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05491a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The direct equivalents of title in Latin are {{lang|la|Deipara}} and {{lang|la|Dei Genitrix}}, although the phrase is more often loosely translated into Latin as {{lang|la|Mater Dei}} ("Mother of God"), with similar patterns for other languages used in the [[Latin Church]]. However, this same phrase in Greek ({{lang|grc|Μήτηρ Θεοῦ}}), in the abbreviated form {{lang|grc|ΜΡ ΘΥ}}, is an indication commonly attached to her image in [[Eastern Christianity|Byzantine]] [[icon]]s. The Council stated that the [[Church Fathers]] "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".<ref name="ccel.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.i.html|title=The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Ccel.org|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-date=17 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617221958/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.i.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>M'Corry, John Stewart''Theotokos: Or, the Divine Maternity''. 2009 {{ISBN|1-113-18361-6}} p. 10</ref><ref>''The Christian theology reader'' by Alister E. McGrath 2006 {{ISBN|1-4051-5358-X}} p. 273</ref>

Some Marian titles have a direct [[Bible|scriptural]] basis. For instance, the title "Queen Mother" has been given to Mary, as she was the mother of Jesus, sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his ancestral descent from [[David|King David]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:32}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|9:6}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|1 Kings|2:19–20}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Jeremiah|13:18–19}}</ref><ref>''What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary'' by Terrence J. McNally {{ISBN|1-4415-1051-6}} p. 128</ref> This is also based on the Hebrew tradition of the "Queen-Mother", the [[Gebirah]] or "Great Lady".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hahn |first1=Scott |title=Hail, Holy Queen: The Mother of God in the Word of God |date= 2006 |publisher=Image |isbn=978-0385501699 |page=78 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Scott |title=What You Need to Know About Mary: But Were Never Taught |date=2018 |publisher=Holy Water Books |isbn=978-0998360324 |page=87 }}</ref> Other titles have arisen from [[Miracle|reported miracles]], special appeals, or occasions for calling on Mary.{{efn|To give a few examples, [[Our Lady of Good Counsel]], [[Our Lady of Navigators]], and [[Mary Untier of Knots|Our Lady Undoer of Knots]] fit this description.<ref>''Legends of the Madonna'' by Anna Jameson 2009 {{ISBN|1406853380}} p. 50</ref><ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 515</ref><ref>Candice Lee Goucher, 2007 ''World history: journeys from past to present'' {{ISBN|0-415-77137-4}} p. 102</ref><ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 525</ref>}}

===In Islam===
{{Main|Mary in Islam}}

[[File:Virgin Mary Painting by Hossein Nuri.jpg|thumb|''Virgin Mary'' depicted by Muslim painter [[Hossein Nuri#Virgin Mary painting|Hossein Nuri]]]]
In [[Islam]], Mary is known as [[Mary in Islam|Maryam]] ({{langx|ar|مريم|translit=Maryam}}), mother of [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] ({{lang|ar|عيسى بن مريم}}, {{transliteration|ar|ʿĪsā ibn Maryām}}, {{literal translation|Jesus, son of Mary}}). She is often referred to by the honorific title {{transliteration|ar|"Sayyidatuna"}}, meaning "Our Lady"; this title is in parallel to {{transliteration|ar|"Sayyiduna"}} ("Our Lord"), used for the prophets.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2008|title=Mary|encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|location=Plymouth, United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC|access-date=2 June 2016|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|edition=3rd|pages=340–341|isbn=978-0742562967|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117195626/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC|url-status=live}}</ref> A related term of endearment is {{transliteration|ar|"Siddiqah"}},<ref>{{qref|5|73-75|b=y}}</ref> meaning "she who confirms the truth" and "she who believes sincerely completely". Another title for Mary is {{transliteration|ar|"Qānitah"}}, which signifies both constant submission to God and absorption in prayer and invocation in Islam.<ref name="qref|66|12|b=y">{{qref|66|12|b=y|t=si}}</ref> She is also called {{transliteration|ar|"Tahira"}}, meaning "one who has been purified" and representing her status as one of two humans in creation to not be touched by [[Iblis|Satan]] at any point, the other being Jesus.<ref name="qref|3|36|b=y">{{qref|3|36|b=y}}</ref> In the [[Quran]], she is described both as "the daughter of Imran" and "the sister of Aaron" and Moses, alluding to [[Miriam]] from the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref>{{qref|19|28|b=y}}</ref> However, the title of "the sister of Aaron" is confirmed to be metaphorical (which is a common [[figure of speech]] in [[Arabic]]) as per a [[Hadith]] from the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]] explaining Mary was indeed named after Miriam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Abu Amina |date=6 October 2012 |title=Hadith on Maryam: Why Mary is called sister of Aaron |url=https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2012/10/05/sister-harun-quran/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=www.abuaminaelias.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Life in ancient sources==
[[File:Eustache Le Sueur.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Annunciation|The Annunciation]]'' by [[Eustache Le Sueur]], an example of 17th century [[Marian art in the Catholic Church|Marian art]]. The [[Gabriel|Angel Gabriel]] announces to Mary her pregnancy with Jesus and offers her [[Lilium candidum|white lilies]].]]

=== New Testament ===
The [[canonical Gospels]] and the [[Acts of the Apostles]] are the [[primary source]]s of historical information about Mary.<ref name="Hesemann-2016"/><ref name="Canales-2010"/> They are almost contemporary sources, as the [[synoptic Gospels]] and the Acts of the Apostles are generally considered dating from around AD 66–90, while the [[gospel of John]] dates from AD 90–110. They provide limited information about Mary, as they primarily focus on the teaching of [[Jesus]] and on [[apostles in the New Testament|his apostles]].<ref name="Hesemann-2016"/> The [[historical reliability of the Gospels]] and [[historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles]] are subject to debate, as it was common practice in early Christian writings to mix historical facts with legendary stories.<ref name="Hesemann-2016">{{cite book |last= Hesemann |first= Michael |author-link=Michael Hesemann |date=2016 |title= Mary of Nazareth: History, Archaeology, Legends|url= |location= |publisher=Ignatius |page=4 |isbn=978-1621640905}}</ref>

The earliest New Testament account of Mary is in the [[epistle to the Galatians]], which was written before the [[gospels]]. She is referred to as "a woman" and is not named: "But when the fullness of time had come, God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law" (Galatians 4:4).<ref name="Canales-2010">{{cite web |url=https://www.smp.org/dynamicmedia/files/67270a1eefafe0f8457d559592c79a4f/TX001252_1-Background-Mary_of_Nazareth.pdf |title=Mary of Nazareth |last=Canales |first=Arthur David |date=2010 |website= |publisher=Saint Mary's Press |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025165134/https://www.smp.org/dynamicmedia/files/67270a1eefafe0f8457d559592c79a4f/TX001252_1-Background-Mary_of_Nazareth.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mary is mentioned several times in the canonical Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles:
*The [[Gospel of Luke]] mentions Mary the most often, identifying her by name twelve times, all of these in the infancy narrative (Luke 1:27–2:34).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|1:27–2:34}}</ref>
*The [[Gospel of Matthew]] mentions her by name five times, four of these (1:16, 18, 20; 2:11)<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|1:16–2:11}}</ref> in the infancy narrative and once (Matthew 13:55)<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:55}}</ref> outside the infancy narrative.
*The [[Gospel of Mark]] names her once (Mark 6:3)<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|6:3|ESV}}</ref> and mentions Jesus' mother without naming her in Mark 3:31–32.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|3:31–32}}</ref>
*The [[Gospel of John]] refers to the mother of Jesus twice, but never mentions her name. She is first seen at the [[Marriage at Cana|wedding at Cana]] (John 2:1–12).<ref name="John 2">{{Bibleverse|John|2:1–12}}</ref> The second reference has her standing near the cross of Jesus together with [[Mary Magdalene]], [[Mary of Clopas]] (or Cleophas), and her own sister (possibly the same as Mary of Clopas; the wording is semantically ambiguous), along with the "[[disciple whom Jesus loved]]" (John 19:25–26).<ref name="John 19">{{Bibleverse|John|19:25–26}}</ref> John 2:1–12<ref name="John 2"/> is the only text in the canonical gospels in which the adult Jesus has a conversation with Mary. He does not address her as "Mother" but as "Woman". In [[Koine Greek]] (the language that the Gospel of John was composed in), calling one's mother "Woman" was not disrespectful, and could even be tender.<ref>William Temple, ''Readings in St John's Gospel.'' London, England: MacMillan, 1961. pp. 35, 36.</ref> Accordingly, some versions of the Bible translate it as "Dear woman".<ref>{{bibleverse|John|2:4|NLT;NCV;AMP}}</ref>
*In the [[Acts of the Apostles]], Mary and the [[brothers of Jesus]] are mentioned in the company of the eleven apostles who are gathered in the [[Cenacle|upper room]] after the [[Ascension of Jesus]] (Acts 1:14).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|1:14}}</ref>

In the [[Book of Revelation]], also part of the [[New Testament]], the "[[Woman of the Apocalypse|woman clothed with the sun]]" (Revelation 12:1, 12:5–6)<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation|12:1, 5–6}}</ref> is sometimes identified as Mary.

====Genealogy====
{{Further|Genealogy of Jesus}}
[[File:Virgin's first seven steps.jpg|thumb|The Virgin's first seven steps, mosaic from [[Chora Church]], {{circa|12th century}}]]
The New Testament tells little of Mary's early history. The Gospel of Matthew gives a genealogy for Jesus by his father's paternal line, only identifying Mary as the wife of Joseph. John 19:25<ref>{{bibleverse|John|19:25}}</ref> states that Mary had a sister; semantically it is unclear if this sister is the same as [[Mary of Clopas]], or if she is left unnamed. [[Jerome]] identifies Mary of Clopas as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church Fathers: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary (Jerome)|url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3007.htm|website=New Advent|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805183356/https://newadvent.org/fathers/3007.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the early 2nd century historian [[Hegesippus (chronicler)|Hegesippus]], Mary of Clopas was likely Mary's sister-in-law, understanding Clopas (Cleophas) to have been Joseph's brother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=12101|title=The Blessed Virgin Mary – Encyclopedia Volume – Catholic Encyclopedia |website=Catholic Online|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520002215/https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=12101|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of [[Elisabeth (biblical person)|Elizabeth]], wife of the priest [[Zechariah (priest)|Zechariah]] of the priestly division of [[Abijah]], who was herself part of the [[Daughter of Aaron|lineage of Aaron]] and so of the [[Tribe of Levi]].<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|1:5|NRSV}},{{Bibleverse|Luke|1:36|NRSV}}</ref> Some of those who believe that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, believe that Mary, like Joseph, was of the royal [[Davidic line]] and so of the [[Tribe of Judah]], and that the [[genealogy of Jesus]] presented in [[Luke 3]] from [[Nathan (son of David)|Nathan]], is in fact the genealogy of Mary, while the genealogy from [[Solomon]] given in [[Matthew 1]] is that of Joseph.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Douglas | last2 = Hillyer | last3 = Bruce | title = New Bible Dictionary | publisher = Inter-varsity Press | year = 1990 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newbibledictiona00jddo/page/746 746] | isbn = 978-0-85110-630-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/newbibledictiona00jddo/page/746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06410a.htm |title=New Advent Genealogy of Christ |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 September 1909 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507023753/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06410a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Henry|first1=Matthew|title=Luke in Matthew Henry commentary on the whole Bible (complete)|date=1706|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Luk/Luk_003.cfm?a=976001|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718212445/https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Luk/Luk_003.cfm?a=976001|url-status=live}}</ref> (Aaron's wife [[Elisheba]] was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)<ref>{{bibleverse|Numbers|1:7}}; {{bibleverse|Exodus|6:23}}</ref>

====Annunciation====
{{Main|Annunciation}}

Mary resided in "her own house"<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:56}}</ref> in [[Nazareth]] in [[Galilee]], possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal—the first stage of a [[Jewish view of marriage|Jewish marriage]]. Jewish girls were considered marriageable at the age of twelve years and six months, though the actual age of the bride varied with circumstances. The marriage was preceded by the betrothal, after which the bride legally belonged to the bridegroom, though she did not live with him till about a year later, when the marriage was celebrated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: The Blessed Virgin Mary |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 October 1912 |accessdate=22 June 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010170332/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[angel]] Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised [[Messiah]] by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and, after initially expressing incredulity at the announcement, she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word."<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:35}}</ref>{{efn|This event is described by some Christians as the Annunciation.}} Joseph planned to quietly divorce her, but was told her conception was by the Holy Spirit in a dream by "an angel of the Lord"; the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.<ref>Mills, Watson E., Roger Aubrey Bullard. ''Mercer dictionary of the Bible''. 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} p. 429</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|1:18–25}}</ref>

Since the angel Gabriel had told Mary that Elizabeth—having previously been barren—was then miraculously pregnant,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|1:36}}</ref> Mary hurried to see Elizabeth, who was living with her husband Zechariah in "the hill country..., [in] a city of Juda". Mary arrived at the house and greeted Elizabeth who called Mary "the mother of my Lord", and Mary spoke the words of praise that later became known as the {{lang|la|[[Magnificat]]}} from her first word in the [[Latin]] version.<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:46–55|VULGATE; KJV}}</ref> After about three months, Mary returned to her own house.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|1:56–57}}</ref>

====Birth of Jesus====
{{Main|Nativity of Jesus}}

[[File:Crèche - bergers.jpg|thumb|The adoration of the shepherds, a [[nativity scene]] in France]]
According to the [[gospel of Luke]], a decree of the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Augustus]] required that Joseph return to his hometown of [[Bethlehem]] to register for a [[Census of Quirinius|Roman census]].{{efn|The historicity of this census' relationship to the birth of Jesus continues to be one of scholarly disagreement; see, for example, p. 71 in Edwards, James R. (2015).<ref>''The Gospel of Luke''. Grand Rapids MI: Eerdmans. {{ISBN|978-0802837356}}.</ref>}} While he was there with Mary, she gave birth to Jesus; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she used a [[manger]] as a cradle.<ref>Brown, Raymond Edward. ''Mary in the New Testament''. 1978 {{ISBN|978-0-8091-2168-7}}</ref>{{rp|p.14}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|2}}</ref> It is not told how old Mary was at the time of the Nativity,<ref name="Levine-2018" /> but attempts have been made to infer it from the age of a typical Jewish mother of that time. Mary Joan Winn Leith represents the view that Jewish girls typically married soon after the onset of puberty,<ref>Leith, Mary Joan Winn: Mary, Mother of Jesus. In Coogan, Michael (ed.): ''Oxford Encyclopedias of the Bible: Digital Collection''. Oxford University Press, 2022. ISBN 9780197669402.</ref> while according to [[Amram Tropper]], Jewish females generally married later in Palestine and the Western Diaspora than in Babylonia.<ref name="Tropper-2006">Tropper, A: Children and Childhood in Light of the Demographics of the Jewish Family in Late Antiquity. ''Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period'', Vol. 37, 2006, 3, pp. 299–343.</ref> Some scholars hold the view that among them it typically happened between their mid and late teen years<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keener |first1=Craig S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2FgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2147 |title=NRSV, Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible: Bringing to Life the Ancient World of Scripture |last2=Walton |first2=John H. |publisher=Zondervan |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-310-45272-0 |page=2147 |access-date=21 January 2023}}</ref> or late teens and early twenties.<ref name="Levine-2018" /><ref name="Tropper-2006" /> After eight days, the boy was [[Circumcision of Jesus|circumcised]] according to Jewish law and named "[[Jesus (name)|Jesus]]" ({{lang|hbo|ישוע}}, {{transliteration|hbo|[[Yeshua (name)|Yeshu'a]]}}), which means "[[Yahweh]] is salvation".<ref>''The Gospel of Matthew'' by R. T. France 2007 {{ISBN|0-8028-2501-X}} p. 53</ref>

After Mary continued in the "[[Tumah and taharah|blood of her purifying]]" another 33 days, for a total of 40 days, she brought her [[Burnt offering (Judaism)|burnt offering]] and [[sin offering]] to the [[Second Temple|Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] (Luke 2:22),<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|2:22}}</ref> so the priest could make atonement for her.<ref>{{bibleverse|Leviticus|12:1–8}}</ref> They also presented Jesus{{snd}}"As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord" (Luke 2:23; Exodus 13:2; 23:12–15; 22:29; 34:19–20; Numbers 3:13; 18:15).<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|2:23}}; {{bibleverse|Exodus|13:2; 13:12–15; 22:29; 34:19–20}}; {{bibleverse|Numbers|3:13; 18:15}}</ref> After the prophecies of [[Simeon (Gospel of Luke)|Simeon]] and the prophetess [[Anna (Bible)|Anna]] in Luke 2:25–38,<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|2:25–38}}</ref> the family "returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth".<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|2:39}}</ref>

According to the [[gospel of Matthew]], [[Biblical Magi|magi]] coming from Eastern regions arrived at Bethlehem where Jesus and his family were living, and worshiped him. Joseph was then warned in a dream that [[Herod the Great|King Herod]] wanted to murder the infant, and the [[Holy Family|family]] [[Flight into Egypt|fled by night to Egypt]] and stayed there for some time. After Herod's death in 4 BC, they returned to Nazareth in Galilee, rather than Bethlehem, because Herod's son [[Herod Archelaus|Archelaus]] was the ruler of Judaea.<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|2}}</ref>

Mary is involved in the only event in Jesus' adolescent life that is recorded in the New Testament. At the age of 12, Jesus, having become separated from his parents on their return journey from the [[Passover]] celebration in Jerusalem, was [[Finding in the Temple|found in the Temple]] among the religious teachers.<ref>Walvoord, John F.; Roy B. Zuck. ''The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament edition''. 1983. {{ISBN|0-88207-812-7}}.</ref>{{rp|p.210}}<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|2:41–52}}</ref>

====Ministry of Jesus====
[[File:Wüger Kreuzigung.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|''[[Stabat Mater (art)|Stabat Mater]]'' by [[Gabriel Wuger]], 1868]]
Mary was present when, at her suggestion, Jesus worked his first miracle during a [[wedding at Cana]] by turning water into wine.<ref>{{Bibleverse|John|2:1–11}}</ref> Subsequently, there are events when Mary is mentioned along with the [[Brothers of Jesus|Jesus' brothers]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Mt|1:24–25|9}}, {{bibleverse|Mt|12:46|9|12:46}}, {{bibleverse|Mt|13:54–56|9|13:54–56}}, {{bibleverse|Mt|27:56|9|27:56}}, {{bibleverse|Mk|3:31|9}}, {{bibleverse|Mk|6:3|9|6:3}}, {{bibleverse|Mk|15:40|9|15:40}}, {{bibleverse|Mk|16:1|9|16:1}}, {{bibleverse|Jn|2:12|9}}, {{bibleverse|John|7:3–5|9|7:3–5}}, {{bibleverse|Gal|1:19|9}}, {{bibleverse|Acts|1:14|9}}</ref> According to [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], [[Origen]] and [[Eusebius of Cesarea|Eusebius]], these "brothers" would be sons of Joseph from a previous marriage. This view is still the official position of the Eastern Orthodox churches. Following [[Jerome]], those would be actually Jesus' cousins, children of Mary's sister. This remains the official Roman Catholic position. For [[Helvidius]], those would be full siblings of Jesus, born to Mary and Joseph after the firstborn Jesus. This has been the most common Protestant position.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butz |first=Jeffrey J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=610oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |title=The Brother of Jesus and the Lost Teachings of Christianity |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2005 |isbn=9781594778797 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' by D. N. Freedman, David Noel, Allen Myers and Astrid B. Beck (2000) {{ISBN|9053565035}} p. 202</ref><ref>''The Bible: The Basics'' by John Barton (2010) [[Routledge]] {{ISBN|0415411351}} p. 7</ref>

The [[hagiography]] of Mary and the [[Holy Family]] can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'."<ref>[[Beverly Roberts Gaventa|Gaventa, Beverly Roberts]]. ''Mary: glimpses of the mother of Jesus.'' 1995 {{ISBN|1-57003-072-3}}, p. 70</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|3:31–35}}</ref>

Mary is also depicted as being present in a [[women at the crucifixion|group of women]] at the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] standing near the [[disciple whom Jesus loved]] along with [[Mary of Clopas]] and [[Mary Magdalene]],<ref name="John 19"/> to which list Matthew 27:56<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|27:56}}</ref> adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the [[Salome (disciple)|Salome]] mentioned in Mark 15:40.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|15:40}}</ref>

====After the Ascension of Jesus====
In Acts 1:12–26,<ref>{{bibleverse|Acts|1:12–26}}</ref> especially verse 14, Mary is the only one other than the [[Twelve apostles|eleven apostles]] to be mentioned by name who abode in the [[Cenacle|upper room]], when they returned from [[Mount of Olives|Mount Olivet]]. Her presence with the apostles during the [[Pentecost]] is not explicit, although it has been held as a fact by Christian tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Pentecost and the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church |url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/pentecost-and-the-blessed-virgin-mary |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=NCR |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030092503/https://www.ncregister.com/blog/pentecost-and-the-blessed-virgin-mary |url-status=live }}</ref>

From this time, she disappears from the biblical accounts, although it is held by Catholics that she is again portrayed as the [[Woman of the Apocalypse|heavenly woman]] in the [[Book of Revelation]].<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation|12:1|DRA; KJV}}</ref>

Her death is not recorded in the scriptures, but Orthodox tradition, tolerated also by Catholics, has her first dying a natural death, known as the [[Dormition of the Mother of God|Dormition of Mary]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maas |first1=Anthony |title=The Blessed Virgin Mary |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm |website=The Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010170332/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and then, soon after, her body itself also being [[Assumption of Mary|assumed]] (taken bodily) into [[Heaven#In Roman Catholicism|Heaven]]. Belief in the corporeal assumption of Mary is a [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|dogma]] of the [[Catholic Church]], in the [[Latin Church|Latin]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] alike, and is believed as well by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]],<ref>Stephen J. Shoemaker, [https://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199210749 ''Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption'']. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005046/https://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199210749|date=11 March 2007}}. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002, 2006); ''De Obitu S. Dominae'' as noted in; Holweck, F. (1907). The Feast of the Assumption. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html |title=''Munificentissimus Deus'' on the Assumption |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904181017/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox Church]], and parts of the [[Anglican Communion]] and [[Continuing Anglican movement]].<ref>[https://www.copticchurch.net/topics/thecopticchurch/church2-1.html#7minor Coptic Church website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813074503/https://www.copticchurch.net/topics/thecopticchurch/church2-1.html#7minor |date=13 August 2014 }}, Accessed 2010/10/6.</ref>

===Apocryphal accounts and later writings===
{{Christianity|state=collapsed}}
Some [[apocryphal]] texts add further narrative elements to the story of Mary, although scholars generally consider such texts to be historically mainly unreliable.<ref>Seppälä, Serafim: ''Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa'', pp. 21–22, 52–53. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010. {{ISBN|978-952-5652-87-1}}</ref> According to the [[Gospel of James]], Mary was the daughter of [[Joachim]] and [[Saint Anne|Anne]]. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old.<ref>Ronald Brownrigg, Canon Brownrigg. ''Who's Who in the New Testament,'' 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-26036-1}}, p. T-62.</ref> This event is commemorated by some Christian churches as a [[liturgical feast]], the [[Presentation of Mary]], even though its premise conflicts with common understandings of Jewish culture and temple customs.<ref>{{cite book|first=Christian|last=Roy|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA373|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|page=373|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815164522/https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA373|url-status=live}}</ref> The Gospel of James also states that Mary was 12–14 years old at the time of her betrothal to Joseph<ref>Gospel of James 8:2</ref> and that she was 16–17 during her pregnancy, according to most manuscripts.<ref>Gospel of James 12:3</ref><ref>Vuong, Lily C.: ''Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James'', p. 171. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.</ref><ref name="NewAdvent">{{cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Joseph |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627235620/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Seppälä, Serafim: ''Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa'', pp. 40–41. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010. {{ISBN|978-9525652871}}.</ref> According to ancient Jewish custom, Mary could have been betrothed at 12,<ref>Allison, Dale C., [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&q=betrothal&pg=PA12 ''Matthew: A Shorter Commentary'', p. 12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705121433/https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q=betrothal&f=false |date=5 July 2021 }} Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004 {{ISBN|0-567-08249-0}}</ref> but some scholars hold the view that in [[Judea]] betrothal typically happened later.<ref name="Levine-2018">Levine, Amy-Jill & Witherington III, Ben: ''The Gospel of Luke'', p. 34. Cambridge University Press, 2018. {{ISBN|9780521859509}}.</ref> The text underlines that the relationship between Mary and Joseph was a non-sexual social arrangement, and that Mary was dedicated to God. It emphasizes holiness of Mary and the virginal nature of her pregnancy.<ref>Seppälä, Serafim: ''Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa'', pp. 36–42. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010. {{ISBN|978-952-5652-87-1}}</ref>

Although the canonical gospels contain no account of Mary's life after the resurrection, texts written centuries later provide some embellishment. The origin and authenticity of these details are unknown. The earliest extant biographical writing on Mary is ''[[Life of the Virgin (Maximus)|Life of the Virgin]]'', attributed to the 7th-century saint [[Maximus the Confessor]], which portrays her as a key element of the [[Early Christianity|early Christian Church]] after the death of Jesus.<ref>''The Oxford handbook of early Christian studies'' by Susan Ashbrook Harvey, David G. Hunter 2008 {{ISBN|978-0199271566}} p. 527</ref><ref>''The reception and interpretation of the Bible in late antiquity'' by Lorenzo DiTommaso, Lucian Turcescu 2008 {{ISBN|9004167153}} p. 507</ref><ref>[https://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary Maximus's Mary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530230802/https://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary |date=30 May 2012 }}, by Sally Cuneen, ''Commonweal Magazine'', 4 December 2009</ref> [[Hyppolitus of Thebes]], writing in the 7th or 8th century, says that Mary lived for 11 years after the death of her son, dying in 41 AD.<ref>{{cite book| title = Paul's early period: chronology, mission strategy, theology| author = [[Rainer Riesner]]| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7mAqa7PYr4kC&q=Hippolytus+of+Thebes&pg=PA120| access-date = 20 August 2011| isbn = 978-0802841667| year = 1998| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans| archive-date = 30 December 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201230090849/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mAqa7PYr4kC&q=Hippolytus+of+Thebes&pg=PA120| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Religious perspectives==

{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix = [[Canonization|Saint]]
| name = Mary
| image = Sassoferrato - Jungfrun i bön.jpg
| caption = ''[[The Virgin in Prayer]]'', by [[Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato|Sassoferrato]], {{circa|1650}}
| titles = {{ubl|[[Western Christianity]]:{{pb}}[[Mother of God]], [[Queen of Heaven]], [[Mother of the Church]] (see [[Titles of Mary]])|[[Eastern Christianity]]:{{pb}}{{transliteration|grc|[[Theotokos]]}}|[[Islam]]:{{pb}}{{transliteration|ar|[[Mary in Islam|Sayyidatna]]}} ("Our Lady"), Greatest Woman, the Chosen One, the Purified One}}
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| feast_day = See [[Marian feast days]]
| honored_in = Christianity, Islam, [[Druze faith]]<ref name="Makdisi-2000"/>
| canonized_date = Pre-[[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregation]]
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| major_shrine = [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] (See [[Marian shrines]])
| attributes = Blue mantle, crown of 12 stars, pregnant woman, roses, woman with child, woman trampling serpent, crescent moon, woman clothed with the sun, heart pierced by sword, rosary beads
| patronage = See [[Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
| venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Oriental Orthodox churches]], [[Anglican Communion|Anglicanism]], [[Lutheranism]]
}}

===Christian===
{{See also|Mariology|Theotokos|Hymns to Mary}}
Christian Marian perspectives include a great deal of diversity. While some Christians such as Catholics and Eastern Orthodox have well established Marian traditions, Protestants at large pay scant attention to [[Mariology|Mariological]] themes. Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutherans and Anglicans [[veneration|venerate]] the Virgin Mary. This veneration especially takes the form of [[prayer]] for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ. Additionally, it includes composing poems and songs in Mary's honor, painting [[icon]]s or carving statues of her, and [[Titles of Mary|conferring titles on Mary]] that reflect her position among the saints.<ref name="Hillerbrand-2003" /><ref name="Fairbairn-2002" /><ref name="Flinn-2007" /><ref name="Schroedel-2006" />

====Catholic====
{{Main|Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church}}


In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed" ({{lang|la|beata}}, {{lang|grc|μακάρια}}, {{transliteration|grc|makaria}}) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. There is a difference between the usage of the term "blessed" as pertaining to Mary and its usage as pertaining to a [[beatified]] person. "Blessed" as a Marian title refers to her exalted state as being the greatest among the saints; for a person who has been declared beatified, on the other hand, "blessed" simply indicates that they may be venerated despite not being [[canonized]]. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, but rather by God through her intercession.<ref>Miegge, Giovanni, ''[[The Virgin Mary (book)|The Virgin Mary: Roman Catholic Marian Doctrine]]'', pp. 15–22, Westminster Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1963.</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Mariology|four Catholic dogmas]] regarding Mary are: her status as {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}, or Mother of God; her perpetual virginity; the Immaculate Conception; and her bodily Assumption into Heaven.<ref name="Fahlbusch-2003" /><ref>''Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions'' by Wendy Doniger, 1999 {{ISBN|0-87779-044-2}} p. 696</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en.html|title= Encyclical ''Ad Caeli Reginam''|publisher= Vatican|access-date= 15 March 2020|archive-date= 7 October 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101007103544/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

The [[Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism|Blessed Virgin Mary]], the mother of Jesus has a more central role in Roman Catholic teachings and beliefs than in any other major Christian group. Not only do Roman Catholics have more theological doctrines and teachings that relate to Mary, but they have more feasts, prayers, devotional and venerative practices than any other group.<ref name="Flinn-2007" /> The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' states: "The Church's devotion to the Blessed Virgin is intrinsic to Christian worship."<ref name="ccc971">{{Cite CCC|2.1|971}}</ref>

For centuries, Catholics have performed acts of [[consecration and entrustment to Mary]] at personal, societal and regional levels. These acts may be directed to the Virgin herself, to the [[Immaculate Heart of Mary]] and to the [[Immaculate Conception]]. In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, but enhances it, for all consecration is ultimately made to God.<ref>''The Catholicism Answer Book'' by John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti 2007 {{ISBN|1-4022-0806-5}} p. 325</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html#Chapter%20Five |title=Vatican website: Marian consecration and entrustment, item 204 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013300/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html#Chapter%20Five |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the growth of Marian devotions in the 16th century, Catholic saints wrote books such as [[The Glories of Mary|''Glories of Mary'']] and ''[[True Devotion to Mary]]'' that emphasized Marian veneration and taught that "the path to Jesus is through Mary".<ref>Schroede, Jenny, ''The Everything Mary Book'' 2006 {{ISBN|1-59337-713-4}} p. 219</ref> Marian devotions are at times linked to [[Christology|Christocentric]] devotions (such as the [[Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary]]).<ref>O'Carroll, Michael, ''The Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary'' 2007, {{ISBN|1-882972-98-8}} pp. 10–15</ref>

Major Marian devotions include: [[Seven Sorrows of Mary]], [[Rosary and scapular]], [[Miraculous Medal]] and [[Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary|Reparations to Mary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary |website=NewAdvent.org |date=1 October 1912 |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15459a.htm |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419113405/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15459a.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zenit.org/article-23246?l=english |title=Cardinal Urges Devotion to Rosary and Scapular |publisher=Zenit.org |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=30 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053557/https://www.zenit.org/article-23246?l=english |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> The months of May and October are traditionally "Marian months" for Roman Catholics; the daily [[rosary]] is encouraged in October and in [[May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary|May Marian devotions]] take place in many regions.<ref>''Handbook of Prayers'' by James Socías 2006 {{ISBN|0-87973-579-1}} p. 483</ref><ref>''The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4'' by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2005 {{ISBN|0-8028-2416-1}} p. 575</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_22091891_octobri-mense_en.html|website=Octobri Mense|publisher=Vatican|access-date=4 October 2010|title=Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary|author=Pope Leo XIII|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021237/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_22091891_octobri-mense_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Popes have issued a number of [[Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters|Marian encyclicals and Apostolic Letters]] to encourage devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary.

Catholics place high emphasis on Mary's roles as protector and intercessor and the [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|''Catechism'']] refers to Mary as "honored with the title 'Mother of God', to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs".<ref name="ccc971"/><ref>''A Beginner's Book of Prayer: An Introduction to Traditional Catholic Prayers'' by William G. Storey 2009 {{ISBN|0-8294-2792-9}} p. 99</ref><ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 365</ref><ref>''Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac'' by Matthew Bunson 2009 {{ISBN|1-59276-441-X}} p. 122</ref><ref>''The Catholic Handbook for Visiting the Sick and Homebound'' by Corinna Laughlin, Sara McGinnis Lee 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-56854-886-9}} p. 4</ref> Key Marian prayers include: {{lang|la|[[Hail Mary|Ave Maria]]}}, {{lang|la|[[Alma Redemptoris Mater]]}}, {{lang|la|[[Sub tuum praesidium]]}}, {{lang|la|[[Ave maris stella]]}}, {{lang|la|[[Regina caeli]]}}, {{lang|la|[[Ave Regina caelorum]]}} and the {{lang|la|[[Magnificat]]}}.<ref>Geoghegan. G.P. ''A Collection of My Favorite Prayers'', 2006 {{ISBN|1-4116-9457-0}} pp. 31, 45, 70, 86, 127</ref>

Mary's participation in the processes of [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]] and redemption has also been emphasized in the Catholic tradition, but they are not doctrines.<ref>''Mary, mother of the redemption'' by Edward Schillebeeckx 1964 {{ASIN|B003KW30VG}} pp. 82–84</ref><ref>''Mary in the Redemption'' by Adrienne von Speyr 2003 {{ISBN|0-89870-955-5}} pp. 2–7</ref><ref>''Salvation Through Mary'' by Henry Aloysius Barry 2008 {{ISBN|1-4097-3172-3}} pp. 13–15</ref><ref>''The mystery of Mary'' by Paul Haffner 2004 {{ISBN|0-85244-650-0}} p. 198</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]]'s 1987 encyclical {{lang|la|[[Redemptoris Mater]]}} began with the sentence: "The Mother of the Redeemer has a precise place in the plan of salvation."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html |title=''Redemptoris Mater'' at the Vatican website |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101165341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 20th century, both popes John Paul II and [[Benedict XVI]] emphasized the Marian focus of the Catholic Church. Cardinal [[Joseph Ratzinger]] (later Pope Benedict XVI) suggested a redirection of the whole church towards the program of Pope John Paul II in order to ensure an authentic approach to [[Christology]] via a return to the "whole truth about Mary,"<ref name="Miravalle-Burke-2008" /> writing:
<blockquote>"It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that 'truth about Jesus Christ,' 'truth about the Church' and 'truth about man.{{'"}}<ref name="Miravalle-Burke-2008">Mark Miravalle, Raymond L. Burke; (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons {{ISBN|978-1-57918-355-4}} p. xxi</ref></blockquote>

There is significant diversity in the Marian doctrines attributed to her primarily by the Catholic Church. The key Marian doctrines held primarily in Catholicism can be briefly outlined as follows:
* [[Immaculate Conception]]: Mary was conceived without [[original sin]].
* [[Mother of God]]: Mary, as the mother of Jesus, is the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}} (God-bearer), or Mother of God.
* [[Virgin birth of Jesus]]: Mary conceived Jesus by action of the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]] while remaining a virgin.
* [[Perpetual Virginity]]: Mary remained a virgin all her life, even after the act of giving birth to Jesus.
* [[Dormition of the Mother of God|Dormition]]: commemorates Mary's "falling asleep" or natural death shortly before her Assumption. Dormition is part of accepted [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] theology, but not part of [[Roman Catholic (term)|Roman Catholic]] doctrine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019|title=The Assumption Presumption and the Dormition Tradition|url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/the-assumption-presumption-and-the-dormition-tradition|access-date=10 October 2022|website=National Catholic Register|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]: Mary was taken [[entering heaven alive|bodily into heaven]] either at, or before, her death.

The acceptance of these Marian doctrines by Roman Catholics and other Christians can be summarized as follows:<ref name="Hillerbrand-2004">{{Cite book |last=Hillerbrand |first=Hans J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbBx9DTtwSIC&q=mariology+protestant&pg=PA1174 |title=The Encyclopedia of Protestantism |date=15 January 2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-48431-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Jackson, Gregory Lee.''Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison''. 1993 {{ISBN|978-0-615-16635-3}} p. 254</ref><ref>Miravalle, Mark. ''Introduction to Mary''. 1993 Queenship Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-882972-06-7}} p. 51</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!| Doctrine
!| Church action
!| Accepted by
|-
| [[Virgin birth of Jesus]] || [[First Council of Nicaea]], 325 || Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrians, Lutherans, Anglicans, Baptists and other Protestants
|-
| [[Mother of God]]|| [[First Council of Ephesus]], 431 || Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, some Evangelicals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gatewood |first=Timothy |date=8 November 2023 |title=Should Evangelicals Call Mary the "Mother of God"? |url=https://credomag.com/2023/11/should-evangelicals-call-mary-the-mother-of-god/ |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=credomag.com |language=en-US |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629182805/https://credomag.com/2023/11/should-evangelicals-call-mary-the-mother-of-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Perpetual Virginity]] || [[Second Council of Constantinople|Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople]], 553 || Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrians, many Lutherans, some Anglicans<ref name="Smith-2010"/><ref name="Anderson-1992"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The American Lutheran, Volume 49 |date=1966 |publisher=American Lutheran Publicity Bureau |page=16 |language=English |quote=While the perpetual virginity of Mary is held as a pious opinion by many Lutheran confessors, it is not regarded as binding teaching of the Scriptures.}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immaculate Conception]] ||{{lang|la|[[Ineffabilis Deus]]}} encyclical{{pb}}[[Pope Pius IX]], 1854 || Catholics, some Oriental Orthodox,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.eritreantewahdo.org/bwl-advanced-faq/what-is-our-position-on-st-mary-and-immaculate-conception-and-what-is-it/|title=What is our position on St. Mary and Immaculate Conception and what is it?|date=19 January 2016|publisher=Diocese of U.S.A. and Canada, [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]|access-date=6 January 2025|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105153624/https://english.eritreantewahdo.org/bwl-advanced-faq/what-is-our-position-on-st-mary-and-immaculate-conception-and-what-is-it/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eotcmk.org/e/the-birth-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary-2/|title=THE BIRTH OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY – Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department – Mahibere Kidusan}}</ref> some Anglicans, some Lutherans (early Martin Luther)
|-
| [[Assumption of Mary]] || {{lang|la|[[Munificentissimus Deus]]}} encyclical{{pb}}[[Pope Pius XII]], 1950 || Catholics, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox (only following her natural death), some Lutherans, some Anglicans
|}

The title "Mother of God" ({{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}) for Mary was confirmed by the [[First Council of Ephesus]], held at the [[Church of Mary]] in 431. The Council decreed that Mary is the Mother of God because her son Jesus is one person who is both God and man, divine and human.<ref name="ccel.org"/> This doctrine is widely accepted by Christians in general, and the term "Mother of God" had already been used within the oldest known prayer to Mary, the {{lang|la|[[Sub tuum praesidium]]}}, which dates to around 250 AD.<ref>Miravalle, Mark ''Introduction to Mary'', 1993, {{ISBN|978-1-882972-06-7}}, pp. 44–46</ref><ref name="Smith-2010"/><ref name="Anderson-1992"/>

[[File:Saint Mary of Lukawiec-Saint Mary of Tartakow.jpg|thumb|Miraculous Icon of Our Lady of Tartaków in Blessed Virgin Mary Church in Łukawiec]]

The [[Virgin birth of Jesus]] was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075467/Virgin-Birth#181858 Virgin Birth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303125658/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075467/Virgin-Birth#181858 |date=3 March 2008 }}" ''britannica.com''. Retrieved 22 October 2007.</ref> It is included in the two most widely used Christian [[creed]]s, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the [[Nicene Creed]], in what is now its familiar form)<ref>Translation by the ecumenical [[English Language Liturgical Consultation]], given on p. 17 of [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201315/https://www.englishtexts.org/praying.pdf Praying Together], a literal translation of the [https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.xii.xiii.html original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501042331/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.xii.xiii.html |date=1 May 2021 }}, "σαρκωθέντα ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς Παρθένου", accessed 11 September 2014</ref> and the [[Apostles' Creed]]. The [[Gospel of Matthew]] describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|7:14}}</ref> The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse, and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|1:18}}; {{Bibleverse|Matthew|1:25}}; {{Bibleverse|Luke|1:34}}</ref> This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through [[human reproduction#Copulation|intercourse]] with Joseph or anyone else.<ref name="Miravalle-1993">Miravalle, Mark ''Introduction to Mary'', 1993, {{ISBN|978-1-882972-06-7}}, pp. 56–64</ref>

The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to heaven. Roman Catholic Church has dogmatically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by [[Pope Pius XII]] in {{lang|la|[[Munificentissimus Deus]]}}. Whether Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary is made in {{lang|la|Munificentissimus Deus}}. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her [[Dormition of the Mother of God|Dormition]], where they believe she died.

Catholics believe in the [[Immaculate Conception of Mary]], as proclaimed {{lang|la|[[ex cathedra]]}} by Pope [[Pius IX]] in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of [[original sin]]. The [[Latin Church]] has a liturgical [[feast of the Immaculate Conception|feast by that name]], kept on 8 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07674d.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Immaculate Conception |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205062347/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07674d.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] interpretation and that of the Catholic Church.<ref>Ware, Timothy. ''The Orthodox Church'' (Penguin Books, 1963, {{ISBN|0-14-020592-6}}), pp. 263–264.</ref>

The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual [[virginity]] even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek {{lang|grc|ἀειπάρθενος}}) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose [[Incarnation (Christianity)|conception]] and [[Nativity of Jesus|birth]] are held to be miraculous.<ref name="Fahlbusch-2003">Fahlbusch, Erwin, et al. ''The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3'' 2003, {{ISBN|90-04-12654-6}}, pp. 403–409.</ref><ref name="Miravalle-1993" /><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|499}}.</ref> The Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the [[Gospel of James|Protoevangelium of James]] that Jesus' brothers and sisters were Joseph's children from a marriage prior to that of Mary, which had left him widowed. Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father [[Jerome]] in considering them Jesus' cousins.

====Eastern Orthodox====
[[File:Santa Sofia - Mosaic de Joan II Comnè i la seva esposa, Irene.JPG|thumb|A [[mosaic]] from the [[Hagia Sophia]] of [[Constantinople]] (modern Istanbul), depicting Mary with Jesus, flanked by [[John II Komnenos]] (left) and his wife [[Irene of Hungary]] (right), {{circa|1118}} AD]]
[[File:Молченская икона 1405 Путивль.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|15th century [[icon]] of the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}} ("God-bearer")]]
[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever-Virgin Mary, the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}.<ref>McNally, Terrence, ''What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary'' {{ISBN|1-4415-1051-6}} pp. 168–169</ref> The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth.<ref name="Fairbairn-2002" /> The {{transliteration|grc|[[Theotokia]]}} ([[Hymns to Mary|hymns to the Theotokos]]) are an essential part of the [[Divine Services]] in the [[Eastern Church]] and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}} in the most prominent place after Christ.<ref name="Dragas-2005">''Ecclesiasticus II: Orthodox Icons, Saints, Feasts and Prayer'' by George Dion Dragas 2005 {{ISBN|0-9745618-0-0}} pp. 81–83</ref> Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers and Martyrs, giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the "Lady of the Angels".<ref name="Dragas-2005" />

The views of the [[Church Fathers]] still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly [[Doxology|doxological]], rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry, and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox [[Akathist]]s ([[Akathist to the Theotokos|standing hymns]]) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the ''[[Akathist to the Theotokos|Akathist Hymn]]''.<ref>''The Everything Mary Book'' by Jenny Schroedel 2006 {{ISBN|1-59337-713-4}} p. 90</ref> Five of the twelve [[Great Feasts]] in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary.<ref name="Fairbairn-2002" /> The [[Sunday of Orthodoxy]] directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration.<ref>Vasilaka, Maria ''Images of the Mother of God: perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium'' 2005 {{ISBN|0-7546-3603-8}} p. 97</ref>
A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}.<ref name="Dragas-2005" />

[[File:Virgin of the Passion by E.Tzanfournaris.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|''(Panagía tou Páthous) [[Virgin of the Passion]]'' by [[Emmanuel Tzanfournaris]], early 1600s]]

The Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings", although not divine.<ref name="Bulgakov-1997" /> As such, the designation of Saint to Mary as Saint Mary is not appropriate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/titles.htm|title=Orthodox Holiness: The Titles Of The Saints|website=www.orthodoxengland.org.uk|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114061835/https://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/titles.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Orthodox does not venerate Mary as conceived immaculate. [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], [[Archbishop of Constantinople]] in the 4th century AD, speaking on the Nativity of Jesus Christ argues that "Conceived by the Virgin, who first in body and soul was purified by the Holy Ghost, He came forth as God with that which He had assumed, One Person in two Natures, Flesh and Spirit, of which the latter defined the former."<ref>{{cite book |author=Nazianzenus |first=Gregorius |url=https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0329-0390__Gregorius_Nazianzenus__In_theophania__EN.pdf.html |title=Documenta Catholica Omnia |chapter=In theophania |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812151055/https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0329-0390__Gregorius_Nazianzenus__In_theophania__EN.pdf.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Orthodox celebrate the [[Dormition of the Theotokos]], rather than Assumption.<ref name="Fairbairn-2002" />

The [[Protoevangelium of James]], an [[Biblical canon|extra-canonical]] book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The [[Kohen|high priest]] Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was 12 years old. At that point, an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of [[Presentation of Mary]], and icons of the feast depict the story.<ref>Wybrew, Hugh ''Orthodox feasts of Jesus Christ & the Virgin Mary: liturgical texts'' 2000 {{ISBN|0-88141-203-1}} pp. 37–46</ref> The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox theologian [[Sergei Bulgakov]] has written: "The Virgin Mary is the centre, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church."

Theologians from the Orthodox tradition have made prominent contributions to the development of Marian thought and devotion.
[[John Damascene]] ({{circa|650|750}}) was one of the greatest Orthodox theologians. Among other Marian writings, he proclaimed the essential nature of Mary's heavenly Assumption or Dormition and her meditative role.
{{blockquote|It was necessary that the body of the one who preserved her virginity intact in giving birth should also be kept incorrupt after death. It was necessary that she, who carried the Creator in her womb when he was a baby, should dwell among the tabernacles of heaven.<ref>Damascene, John. ''Homily 2 on the Dormition 14''; p. 96, 741 B</ref>}}

{{blockquote|From her we have harvested the grape of life; from her we have cultivated the seed of immortality. For our sake she became Mediatrix of all blessings; in her God became man, and man became God.<ref>Damascene, John. ''Homily 2 on the Dormition 16''; p. 96, 744 D</ref>}}

More recently, [[Sergei Bulgakov]] expressed the Orthodox sentiments towards Mary as follows:<ref name="Bulgakov-1997" />

{{blockquote|Mary is not merely the instrument, but the direct positive condition of the Incarnation, its human aspect. Christ could not have been incarnate by some mechanical process, violating human nature. It was necessary for that nature itself to say for itself, by the mouth of the most pure human being: "Behold the handmaid of the Lord, be it unto me according to Thy word."}}

====Protestant====
{{Further|Protestant views on Mary}}
[[File:MaryattheTomb.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Stained glass window of [[Christ taking leave of his Mother|Jesus leaving his mother]], in a [[St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church|Lutheran church]] in South Carolina]]
Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.<ref name="Hillerbrand-2004"/>{{rp|1174}} They share the belief that Mary is the mother of Jesus and "blessed among women" (Luke 1:42)<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|1:42}}</ref> but they generally do not agree that Mary is to be venerated. She is considered to be an outstanding example of a life dedicated to God.<ref>{{citation |last1=Geisler |first1=Norman L. |first2=Ralph E. |last2=MacKenzie |title=Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: agreements and differences |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8010-3875-4 |page=143|publisher=Baker Publishing }}</ref> As such, they tend not to accept certain church doctrines such as her being preserved from sin.<ref>White, James (1998). ''Mary – Another Redeemer?''. Bethany House Publishers.</ref> Theologian [[Karl Barth]] wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its [[Mariology]]".<ref>{{citation |last=Barth |first=Karl |title=Church dogmatics |date=2004 |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-567-05069-4 |pages=143–144|publisher=A&C Black }}</ref>

Early Protestantism had high regard for Mary. [[Martin Luther]] wrote that: "Mary is full of grace, proclaimed to be entirely without sin. God's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil."<ref>Lehmann, H., ed. ''Luther's Works, American edition,'' vol. 43, p. 40, Fortress, 1968.</ref> [[John Calvin]] remarked, "It cannot be denied that God in choosing and destining Mary to be the Mother of his Son, granted her the highest honor."{{efn|Alternately: "It cannot even be denied that God conferred the highest honour on Mary, by choosing and appointing her to be the mother of his Son."<ref>''Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke'', 1845, Jean Calvin, Rev. William Pringle, Edinburgh, Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sH49AAAAYAAJ&q=%22highest+honour+on+Mary%22&pg=PA87 p. 87 quote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208145816/https://books.google.com/books?id=sH49AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q=%22highest%20honour%20on%20Mary%22&f=false |date=8 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>"Neque etiam negari potest, quin Deus Mariam Filio suo matrem eligens ac destinans summo eam honore dignatus sit." Calvin's ''Opera'', vol. 45 ([[Corpus Reformatorum]], vol. 73), p. 348. [https://archive.org/details/ioanniscalvinio09calvgoog/page/n183  no preview]</ref>}} However, Calvin firmly rejected the notion that Mary can intercede between Christ and man.<ref>{{citation |last=McKim |first=Donald K. |title=The Cambridge companion to John Calvin |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01672-8}}.</ref>

Although Calvin and [[Huldrych Zwingli]] honored Mary as the Mother of Christ in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther.<ref>{{citation | last = Haffner | first = Paul | title = The mystery of Mary | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-85244-650-8 | page = 11| publisher = Gracewing }}</ref> Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; however, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the [[Council of Trent]] in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment, any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.<ref name="Hillerbrand-2004" />

In the 20th century, some Protestants reacted in opposition to the Catholic dogma of the [[Assumption of Mary]].<ref>Williams, Paul (2007). pp. 238, 251, quote: "Where Anglican writers discuss the doctrine of the Assumption, it is either rejected or held to be of the ''adiaphora''."</ref> The tone of the [[Second Vatican Council]] began to mend the ecumenical differences, and Protestants began to show interest in Marian themes.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} In 1997 and 1998, ecumenical dialogues between Catholics and Protestants took place, but, to date, the majority of Protestants disagree with Marian veneration and some view it as a challenge to the [[Sola Scriptura|authority of Scripture]].<ref name="Hillerbrand-2004" />{{better source needed|date=December 2020}}

=====Lutheran=====
{{Main|Lutheran Mariology}}

[[File:Gettorf Altar.jpg|thumb|Mary with an inscription referencing Luke 1:46–47 in St. Jürgen (Lutheran) church in [[Gettorf]] (Schleswig-Holstein)]]
[[Lutheranism|Evangelical-Lutheranism]] regards her as the ''Blessed Virgin Mary'', with this codified in the Formula of Concord.<ref name="Anderson-1992">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Hugh George |last2=Stafford |first2=J. Francis |last3=Burgess |first3=Joseph A. |title=The One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary |date=1992 |publisher=Alban Books |isbn=978-0-8066-2579-9 |page=241 |language=en |quote=In the Smalcald Articles of 1537 Luther reaffirmed Mary's perpetual virginity, calling her "ever virgin” (semper virgo). The Formula of Concord of 1577 repeated Mary's ancient ecumenical title “God-bearer” (Theotokos) and praised her as “the most blessed virgin” (laudtissima virgo).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Carlson |first1=Kristofer |title=The Book of Concord on Mariology |url=https://wmm.dormitionpress.org/archives/33 |publisher=Dormition Press |access-date=30 July 2025 |date=5 July 2013 |quote=The descriptive title of “most blessed Virgin Mary” is, of course, a reference to the Annunciation, where the angel Gabriel said “blessed art thou among women” (Luke 1:28). It is also a reference to the Visitation, where Elizabeth shouted in the Spirit: “Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. …And blessed is she that believed” (Luke 1:42, 45). And finally, it is a reference to the Magnificat, where Mary says: “From henceforth all generations shall call me blessed” (Luke 1:48). |archive-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016194930/http://wmm.dormitionpress.org/archives/33 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Evangelical-Lutheran Churches celebrate several Marian feast days, including the [[Feast of the Annunciation|Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary]], [[Candlemas|Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary]], and the [[Visitation (Christianity)|Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary]].<ref name="Wengert-2017">{{cite book |last1=Wengert |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Granquist |first2=Mark A. |last3=Haemig |first3=Mary |last4=Kolb |first4=Robert |last5=Mattes |first5=Mark |last6=Strom |first6=Jonathan |title=Dictionary of Luther and the Lutheran Traditions |date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-1-4934-1023-1 |language=en|quote=The Lutheran confessions maintain the traditional christological titles for Mary (e.g., Theotokos) and no not dispute the question of her perpetual virginity. Likewise, Lutherans retaind the (biblical) Marian feast days of the Annunciation, the Purification of Mary, and the Visitation.}}</ref> The [[Formula of Concord]] and the [[Smalcald Articles]], upheld by the Lutheran Churches, teach the [[Virgin birth of Jesus|virgin birth]], ''[[Theotokos]]'' and the [[perpetual virginity of Mary]].<ref name="Smith-2010">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Gordon T. |title=The Lord's Supper: Five Views |date=4 February 2010 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-7868-0 |page=44 |language=en|quote=Formula of Concord, Solid Declaration, art. 8.15ff. (Tappert, pp. 594ff.) Notice well the strong avowal of Mary's Mother-of-God title (and of her perpetual virginity) in Formula of Concord, Solid Declaration, art. 8.24.}}</ref><ref name="Anderson-1992"/> The [[Apology of the Augsburg Confession]] teaches that "blessed Mary prays for the Church".<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDonnell |first1=Kilian |title=Mary and the Protestants |date=1960 |publisher=[[College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University]] |page=35}}</ref>

Theologians agree that Martin Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the [[ecumenical council]]s and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and Mother of God.<ref>Bäumer, Remigius. ''Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe'', Leo Scheffczyk, ed., (Regensburg: Institutum Marianum, 1994), 190.</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Everything Mary Book |first=Jenny |last=Schroedel |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59337-713-7 |pages=125–126|publisher=Adams Media }}</ref> Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some 300 years before the dogmatization of the [[Immaculate Conception]] by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the church, maintaining however the [[Sinlessness of Mary|sinlessness of Mary throughout her life]].<ref>{{citation |last=Jackson |first=Gregory Lee |title=Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison |year=1993 | isbn = 978-0-615-16635-3 | page = 249|publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref><ref>Bäumer, 191</ref> For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death.<ref>{{citation |last=Haffner |first=Paul |title=The mystery of Mary |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-85244-650-8 |page=223|publisher=Gracewing }}</ref><ref>Bäumer, 190.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Colonna |first1=Vittoria |first2=Chiara |last2=Matraini |first3=Lucrezia |last3=Marinella |title=Who Is Mary? |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-11400-2 |page=34|publisher=University of Chicago Press }}</ref> "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety."<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Eric W. Gritsch]] |editor1=H. George Anderson |editor2=J. Francis Stafford |editor3=Joseph A. Burgess |title=The One Mediator, The Saints and Mary, Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue |volume=VII |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Augsburg Fortress |year=1992 |page=235}}</ref> Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating [[saint]]s' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be [[idolatry]].<ref>''Luther's Works'', 47, pp. 45f.</ref><ref>''Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue'' VIII, p. 29.</ref> His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:

{{blockquote|Therefore, when we preach faith, that we should worship nothing but God alone, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, as we say in the Creed: 'I believe in God the Father almighty and in Jesus Christ,' then we are remaining in the temple at Jerusalem. Again,'This is my beloved Son; listen to him.' 'You will find him in a manger'. He alone does it. But reason says the opposite:

What, us? Are we to worship only Christ? Indeed, shouldn't we also honor the holy mother of Christ? She is the woman who bruised the head of the serpent. Hear us, Mary, for thy Son so honors thee that he can refuse thee nothing. Here [[Bernard of Clairvaux|Bernard]] went too far in his ''Homilies on the Gospel: Missus est Angelus''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9HQwAACAAJ&q=%22Missus+est+Angelus+gabriel%22+bernard |title=Homiliae S. Bernardi super evangelio: "Missus est angelus Gabriel" – saint Bernard de Clairvaux – Google Boeken |access-date=30 September 2013 |last1=Clairvaux |first1=Saint Bernard de |year=1476 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211244/https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9HQwAACAAJ&q=%22Missus+est+Angelus+gabriel%22+bernard |url-status=live }}</ref> God has commanded that we should honor the parents; therefore I will call upon Mary. She will intercede for me with the Son, and the Son with the Father, who will listen to the Son. So you have the picture of God as angry and Christ as judge; Mary shows to Christ her breast and Christ shows his wounds to the wrathful Father. That's the kind of thing this comely bride, the wisdom of reason cooks up: Mary is the mother of Christ, surely Christ will listen to her; Christ is a stern judge, therefore I will call upon St. George and St. Christopher. No, we have been by God's command baptized in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, just as the Jews were circumcised.<ref>{{citation |contribution=Sermon on the Second Sunday after Epiphany |orig-year=1546 |series=Luther's Works |volume=51 |title=Sermons I |editor1-first=John W. |editor1-last=Doberstein |editor2-first=Helmut T. |editor2-last=Lehmann |publisher=Fortress Press |year=1959 |isbn=978-0-8006-0351-9 |page=375}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Dr. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe |year=1883 |place=Weimar |volume=51 |page=128}}</ref>}}

Certain Lutheran churches such as the [[Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church]] venerate Mary and the saints in the same manner that Roman Catholics do, and hold all Marian dogmas as part of their faith.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anglolutherancatholic.org/laypeople/more-faq/ |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523163135/https://anglolutherancatholic.org/laypeople/more-faq/ |title=More FAQ |publisher=The Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church |archive-date=23 May 2010}}</ref>

=====Anglican=====
{{Main|Anglican Marian theology}}

The various churches that form the [[Anglican Communion]] and the [[Continuing Anglican]] movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the [[Church of England]]) understands itself to be both "Catholic" and "[[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]]".<ref>Milton, Anthony ''Catholic and Reformed'' 2002 {{ISBN|0-521-89329-1}} p. 5</ref> The Anglican Communion includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.<ref name="Schroedel-2006" >Schroedel, Jenny ''The Everything Mary Book'', 2006 {{ISBN|1-59337-713-4}} pp. 81–85</ref>

Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" is recognized in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians.<ref name="Braaten-2004" >Braaten, Carl, et al. ''Mary, Mother of God'' 2004 {{ISBN|0-8028-2266-5}} p. 13</ref> All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the [[Presentation of Christ in the Temple]]. This feast is called in older [[Book of Common Prayer|prayer books]] the [[Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] on 2 February. The [[Annunciation]] of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on 25 March was from before the time of [[Bede]] until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 [[Book of Common Prayer]]. Anglicans also celebrate in the [[Visitation (Christian)|Visitation of the Blessed Virgin]] on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of 2 July is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, 15 August. The [[Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Nativity]] of the Blessed Virgin is kept on 8 September.<ref name="Schroedel-2006" />

The Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary is kept in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, on 8 December. In certain Anglican parishes of [[Anglo-Catholic]] churchmanship, this feast is called the Immaculate Conception. Again, the Assumption of Mary is believed in by most Anglo-Catholics, but is considered a [[Piety|pious]] opinion by moderate Anglicans. [[Reformed Anglican]]s reject the celebration of these feasts.<ref name="Schroedel-2006" />

Prayers and venerative practices vary greatly. For instance, as of the 19th century, following the [[Oxford Movement]], [[Anglo-Catholic]]s frequently pray the [[Rosary]], the {{lang|la|[[Angelus]]}}, {{lang|la|[[Regina caeli]]}}, and other litanies and anthems of Mary reminiscent of Catholic practices.<ref>Burnham, Andrew ''A Pocket Manual of Anglo-Catholic Devotion'' 2004 {{ISBN|1-85311-530-4}} pp. 1, 266, 310, 330</ref> Conversely, [[low church]] Anglicans rarely invoke the Blessed Virgin except in certain hymns, such as the second stanza of ''[[Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones]]''.<ref name="Braaten-2004" /><ref>Duckworth, Penelope, ''Mary: The Imagination of Her Heart'' 2004 {{ISBN|1-56101-260-2}} pp. 3–5</ref>

The [[Society of Mary (Anglican)|Anglican Society of Mary]] was formed in 1931 and maintains chapters in many countries. The purpose of the society is to foster devotion to Mary among Anglicans.<ref name="Schroedel-2006" /><ref>''Church of England yearbook: Volume 123'' 2006 {{ISBN|0-7151-1020-9}} p. 315</ref> [[High church]] Anglicans espouse doctrines that are closer to Roman Catholics, and retain veneration for Mary, such as [[Christian pilgrimage|Anglican pilgrimages]] to [[Our Lady of Lourdes]], which have taken place since 1963, and [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimages]] to [[Our Lady of Walsingham]], which have taken place for hundreds of years.<ref>Perrier, Jacques, ''Lourdes Today and Tomorrow'' 2008 {{ISBN|1565483057}} p. 56</ref>

Historically, there has been enough common ground between Roman Catholics and Anglicans on Marian issues that in 2005, a joint statement called ''Mary: grace and hope in Christ'' was produced through ecumenical meetings of Anglicans and Roman Catholic theologians. This document, informally known as the "Seattle Statement", is not formally endorsed by either the Catholic Church or the Anglican Communion, but is viewed by its authors as the beginning of a joint understanding of Mary.<ref name="Schroedel-2006" /><ref>''Mary: grace and hope in Christ: the Seattle statement of the Anglican-Roman Catholics'' by the Anglican/Roman Catholic International Group 2006 {{ISBN|0-8264-8155-8}} pp. 7–10</ref>

=====Methodist=====
{{Further|Saints in Methodism#Virgin Mary}}{{anchor|Methodism}}
Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists generally accept the doctrine of the virgin birth, but reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1431 |title=What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Immaculate Conception and the Virgin Birth? |publisher=Archives.umc.org |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729023105/https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1431 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[John Wesley]], the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a [[perpetual virginity of Mary|pure and unspotted virgin]]", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary.<ref>{{citation|url=https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleyrsquos-letters-1749 |publisher=The Wesley Center Online |title=Wesley's Letters |year=1749 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105150155/https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1749/ |archive-date=5 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/mary_perpetual_virgin.htm |title=Mary's Perpetual Virginity |publisher=Davidmacd.com |access-date=30 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825160944/https://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/mary_perpetual_virgin.htm |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> Contemporary Methodism holds that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1430 |title=What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Virgin Mary? |publisher=Archives.umc.org |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701112647/https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1430 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://christianity.about.com/od/denominationscomparison/ss/comparebeliefs1_9.htm |title=Comparing Christian Denominations – Beliefs: Nature of Mary |publisher=Christianity.about.com |date=30 July 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404182522/https://christianity.about.com/od/denominationscomparison/ss/comparebeliefs1_9.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the [[Assumption of Mary]] as a pious opinion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://christianityfaq.com/methodists-pray-mary/|title=Theotokos; Mary, Mother of God|last=Stepp|first=Todd|date=23 December 2009|publisher=Wesleyan/Anglican Society|language=en|quote=We Protestants (for the most part) tend to say something to the affect [sic] that, if it is not found in Scripture it is not held to be required as an article of faith. Thus, the assumption of Mary would not be held as an article of faith (i.e., as a required doctrine). However, in as much as the Scripture does not say that Mary was not assumed into heaven, and, in as much as we do have other instances of some sort of "assumption" in Scripture (e.g., Elijah, as mentioned, before), there seems to be nothing that would require that a Protestant Christian could not have a private "opinion" (in the Wesleyan sense of the term) that agrees with Rome or Constantinople (at least regarding Mary's assumption).}}</ref>

====Nontrinitarian====
[[Nontrinitarians]], such as [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]], [[Christadelphians]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]]<ref>Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America 2006 p. 73 Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft: "Jehovah's Witnesses pray to God in the name of Jesus, but insist that the Bible never identifies Christ as an eternal ... Jehovah God caused an ovum, or egg cell, in Mary's womb to become fertile, accomplishing this by the transferral of."</ref> also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but most reject any immaculate conception and do not recognize Marian titles such as "Mother of God". The [[Latter Day Saint views on Mary|Latter Day Saint movement's view]] affirms the virgin birth of Jesus<ref>{{citation|last=Colton|first=Eleanor|title=Encyclopedia of Mormonism|year=1992|volume=4|page=1510|contribution=Virgin Birth|contribution-url=https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4311|location=New York1|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Co.|title-link=Encyclopedia of Mormonism|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702201133/https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4311|url-status=live}}</ref> and Christ's divinity, but only as a separate being than [[God the Father]]. The [[Book of Mormon]] refers to Mary by name in prophecies and describes her as "most beautiful and fair above all other virgins"<ref>{{lds|1 Nephi|1-ne|11|13|20}}</ref> and as a "precious and chosen vessel."<ref>{{lds|Alma|alma|7|10}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Fronk|first=Camille|title=Encyclopedia of Mormonism|year=1992|volume=2|pages=863–864|contribution=Mary, Mother of Jesus|contribution-url=https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3906|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Co.|title-link=Encyclopedia of Mormonism|access-date=10 June 2013|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702194002/https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3906|url-status=live}}</ref>

In nontrinitarian groups that are also [[Christian mortalism|Christian mortalists]], Mary is not seen as an intercessor between humankind and Jesus, whom mortalists would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection.<ref>Christian mortalism from Tyndale to Milton Norman T. Burns – 1972</ref>

===Jewish===
The issue of the parentage of [[Jesus in the Talmud]] also affects Jewish views of Mary. However, the Talmud does not mention Mary by name, and is considerate rather than only polemic.<ref>The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture: Volume 3 – p. 369 [[Peter Schäfer]], [[Catherine Hezser]] – 2002 The Mother of the Messiah in the Talmud Yerushalmi and [[Sefer Zerubbabel]] by [[Martha Himmelfarb]] "Through the centuries the Virgin Mary has played a central role in Christian piety. Unlike so many aspects of Christianity, veneration of the…"</ref><ref>Peter Schäfer, ''Mirror of His beauty: feminine images of God from the Bible to the early Kabbalah''. 2002, p. 233: "On the one hand, it mockingly disapproves of the idea of the mother of God; on the other hand, it treats Mary considerately and by no means only polemically. The talmudic and post-talmudic discussions about the Virgin Mary are classic…"</ref> The story about [[Panthera (Jesus's father)|Panthera]] is also found in the {{transliteration|he|[[Toledot Yeshu]]}}, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty, and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, the time is too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus.<ref>Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' WmB Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} pp. 122, 127</ref> ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' states that the {{transliteration|he|Toledot Yeshu}} has no historical facts and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity.<ref>Michael J. Cook ''Jewish Perspectives on Jesus'' Chapter 14 in "The Blackwell Companion to Jesus" edited by Delbert Burkett 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-4443-2794-6}}</ref> The tales from the {{transliteration|he|Toledot Yeshu}} did impart a negative picture of Mary to ordinary Jewish readers.<ref name="Remensnyder-2014" /> The circulation of the {{transliteration|he|Toledot Yeshu}} was widespread among European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities since the 9th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC&pg=PA122|date=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5|pages=122–|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818200857/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC&pg=PA122|url-status=live}}</ref> The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term {{transliteration|grc|parthenos}} ("virgin") and [[Raymond E. Brown]] considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus that includes very little historical evidence.<ref>''Mary in the New Testament'' by [[Raymond Edward Brown]], et al. 1978 {{ISBN|0-8091-2168-9}} p. 262</ref> [[Robert Van Voorst]] states that because {{transliteration|he|Toledot Yeshu}} is a medieval document with its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.<ref>Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence,'' WmB Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}}, p. 128.</ref> Stacks of the copies of the Talmud were burnt upon a court order after the [[Disputation of Paris|1240 Disputation]] for allegedly containing material defaming the character of Mary.<ref name="Remensnyder-2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4EfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|title=La Conquistadora: The Virgin Mary at War and Peace in the Old and New Worlds|author=Amy G. Remensnyder|date=2014|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-989300-3|pages=138–|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211601/https://books.google.com/books?id=D4EfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Islamic===
{{Main|Mary in Islam}}

[[File:Maryam and Isa.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature]] of Mary and Jesus]]
The Virgin Mary holds a singularly exalted place in [[Islam]], and she is considered by the [[Quran]] to have been the greatest woman in the history of humankind. The Islamic scripture recounts the Divine Promise given to Mary as being: ""O Mary! Surely Allah has selected you, purified you, and chosen you over all women of the world" ({{qref|3|42|pl=y}}).

Mary is often referred to by Muslims by the honorific title {{transliteration|ar|Sayedetina}} ("Our Lady"). She is mentioned in the Quran as the daughter of Imran.<ref name="Glasse-2003">''The new encyclopedia of Islam'' by Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith 2003 {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}} p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&q=maryam+%22mother+of+Jesus%22&pg=PA296 296 sayyidatuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705123338/https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q=maryam%20%22mother%20of%20Jesus%22&f=false |date=5 July 2021 }}</ref>

Moreover, Mary is the only woman named in the Quran and she is mentioned or referred to in the scripture a total of 50 times.{{efn|See the following verses: {{qref|5|114}}, {{qref|5|116}}, {{qref|7|158}}, {{qref|9|31}}, {{qref|17|57}}, {{qref|17|104}}, {{qref|18|102}}, {{qref|19|16}}, {{qref|19|17}}, {{qref|19|18}}, {{qref|19|20}}, {{qref|19|22}}, {{qref|19|24}}, {{qref|19|27}}, {{qref|19|28}}, {{qref|19|29}}, {{qref|19|34}}, {{qref|21|26}}, {{qref|21|91}}, {{qref|21|101}}, {{qref|23|50}}, {{qref|25|17}}, {{qref|33|7}}, {{qref|39|45}}, {{qref|43|57}}, {{qref|43|61}}, {{qref|57|27}}, {{qref|61|6}}, {{qref|61|14}}, {{qref|66|12}}.}} Mary holds a singularly distinguished and honored position among [[Female figures in the Quran|women in the Quran]]. A {{transliteration|ar|[[sura]]}} (chapter) in the Quran is titled "[[Maryam (sura)|Maryam]]" (Mary), the only {{transliteration|ar|sura}} in the Quran named after a woman, in which the story of Mary (Maryam) and Jesus (Isa) is recounted according to the view of [[Jesus in Islam]].<ref name="Jestice-2004" />

====Birth====
In a narration of [[hadith]] from Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], he mentions that [[Allah]] revealed to [[Joachim#In Islamic tradition|Imran]], "I will grant you a boy, blessed, one who will cure the blind and the leper and one who will raise the dead by My permission. And I will send him as an apostle to the Children of Israel." Then Imran related the story to his wife, [[Anne in Islam|Hannah]], the mother of Mary. When she became pregnant, she conceived it was a boy, but when she gave birth to a girl, she stated "Oh my Lord! Verily I have delivered a female, and the male is not like the female, for a girl will not be a prophet," to which [[Allah]] replies in the Quran, "Allah knows better what has been delivered" (3:36). When Allah bestowed Jesus to Mary, he fulfilled his promise to Imran.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Qa'im|first1=Mahdi Muntazir|title=Jesus Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations|date=2007|publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an|location=Queens, New York|isbn=978-1879402140|page=16|edition=bilingual}}</ref>

====Motherhood====
[[File:Maryamat the palm tree with baby Isa.jpg|thumb|Islamic [[Persian miniature|miniature]] of Maryam in labor shaking a date palm, with Isa and hidden voice below]]
Mary was declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a "Sign of God" to humanity;<ref>{{qref|23|50|b=y|t=si}}</ref> as one who "guarded her chastity";<ref name="qref|66|12|b=y"/> an "obedient one";<ref name="qref|66|12|b=y"/> and dedicated by her mother to Allah whilst still in the womb;<ref name="qref|3|36|b=y"/> uniquely (amongst women) "Accepted into service by God";<ref name="qref|3|37|b=y">{{qref|3|37|b=y}}</ref> cared for by (one of the prophets according to Islam) [[Islamic view of Zechariah|Zakariya]] (Zacharias);<ref name="qref|3|37|b=y"/> that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-[[Mihrab]] (understood to be the [[Holy of Holies]]), and was provided with heavenly "provisions" by God.<ref name="qref|3|37|b=y"/><ref name="Glasse-2003" />

Mary is also called a "Chosen One";<ref name="qref|3|42|b=y">{{qref|3|42|b=y|t=si}}</ref> a "Purified One";<ref name="qref|3|42|b=y"/> a "Truthful one";<ref>{{qref|5|75|b=y}}</ref> her child conceived through "a Word from God";<ref>{{qref|3|45|b=y}}</ref> and "chosen you above the women of the worlds(the material and heavenly worlds)".<ref name="qref|3|42|b=y"/>

The Quran relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, {{qref|3|35-47|pl=y}} and {{qref|19|16-34|pl=y}}. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the virgin birth of Jesus.<ref>Jomier, Jacques. ''The Bible and the Qur'an''. 2002 {{ISBN|0-89870-928-8}} p. 133</ref><ref>Nazir-Ali, Michael. ''Islam, a Christian perspective''. 1984 {{ISBN|0-664-24527-7}} p. 110</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/marykran.htm |title=The Virgin Mary In The Koran |website=EWTN.com |date=13 April 1978 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806044024/https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/marykran.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The account given in {{qref|19|c=y|pl=y}} is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to [[Luke the Evangelist|Luke]], and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and "Good News of the birth of Yahya (John)", followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.<ref>Jackson, Montell. ''Islam Revealed''. 2003 {{ISBN|1-59160-869-4}} p. 73</ref>

In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan.<ref>{{Qref|3|36|b=y}}</ref><ref>Rodwell, J. M. ''The Koran''. 2009, {{ISBN|0-559-13127-5}}, p. 505.</ref> According to the author [[Shabbir Akhtar]], the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic.
{{blockquote|"O [[People of the Book]]! Do not go to extremes regarding your faith; say nothing about Allah except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was no more than a messenger of Allah and the fulfilment of His Word through Mary and a spirit ˹created by a command˺ from Him. So believe in Allah and His messengers and do not say, "Trinity." Stop!—for your own good. Allah is only One God. Glory be to Him! He is far above having a son! To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah is sufficient as a Trustee of Affairs.|{{qref|4|171|c=y}}<ref>Akhtar, Shabbir.''The Quran and the secular mind: a philosophy of Islam''. 2007 p. 352</ref><ref>Glassé, Cyril, Huston Smith. ''The new encyclopedia of Islam''. 2003 {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}} p. 240</ref>}}

The Quran says that Jesus was the result of a virgin birth. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Suras 3 and 19 of the Quran, where it is written that God sent an angel to announce that she could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin.<ref>Sarker, Abraham.''Understand My Muslim People''. 2004 {{ISBN|1-59498-002-0}} p. 260 [https://books.google.com/books?id=xkQfnwEACAAJ no preview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205618/https://books.google.com/books?id=xkQfnwEACAAJ&dq=isbn:1594980020 |date=17 April 2021 }}</ref>

===Druze Faith===
[[File:The icon of Saydet el Talleh.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The icon of [[Church of Saidet et Tallé|Saidet et Tallé]], also known as "the Virgin of the Druze", is venerated by both the [[Druze]] and [[Christian]] communities in Lebanon.<ref name="Bowman-2012">{{cite book|title=Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places|first=Glenn|last= Bowman|year=2012|isbn=9780857454867|page=17|publisher=Berghahn Books}}</ref>]]
The [[Druze faith]] holds the Virgin Mary, known as ''Sayyida Maryam'', in high regard.<ref name="Makdisi-2000">{{cite book|title=The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon|first=Ussama|last=Makdisi|authorlink=Ussama Makdisi|year=2000|isbn=978-0520218468|page =35|publisher=University of California Press|quote=}}</ref> Although the [[Druze religion]] is distinct from mainstream [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]], it incorporates elements from both and honors many of their figures, including the Virgin Mary.<ref name="Makdisi-2000" /> The Druze revere Mary as a holy and pure figure, embodying virtue and piety.<ref name="Dana-2008">{{cite book|title=The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status |first=Nissim |last=Dana|year=2008 |isbn=978-1-903900-36-9 |page=47 |publisher=Michigan University press}}</ref><ref name="Makdisi-2000" /> She is respected not only for her role as the mother of Messiah Jesus but also for her spiritual purity and dedication to God.<ref name="Dana-2008"/><ref name="Makdisi-2000" /> In regions where [[Christianity and Druze|Druze and Christians coexist]], such as parts of [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]] and [[Israel]], the [[Marian devotions|veneration of Mary]] often reflects a blend of traditions.<ref name="Munro-2019">{{cite book|last1=Munro|first1=Dane|last2=Haddad|first2=Nour Fara|title=Peace Journeys: A New Direction in Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Research|year=2019|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781527543133|pages=7}}</ref> Shared pilgrimage sites and mutual respect for places like the [[Church of Saidet et Tallé]] in [[Deir el Qamar]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Twilight of the Saints: Everyday Religion in Ottoman Syria and Palestine|last=Grehan|first=James|year=2016|isbn=9780190619145|page=178|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=On Mt. Lebanon, so many Druze flocked to the shrine of the Virgin of the Mountain, located in the Shihabi administrative seat of Dayr al-Qamr, that it became known as the "Virgin of the Druze".}}</ref> the [[Our Lady of Lebanon]] shrine in [[Harissa-Daraoun|Harrisa]], the [[Our Lady of Saidnaya Monastery]] in [[Saidnaya]], and the [[Stella Maris Monastery]] in [[Haifa]] exemplify this.<ref name="Munro-2019"/>

Historical records and writings by authors like Pierre-Marie Martin and Glenn Bowman show that Druze leaders and community members have historically shown deep reverence for [[Shrines to the Virgin Mary|Marian sites]].<ref name="Bowman-2012" /> They often sought her intercession before battles or during times of need, demonstrating a cultural and spiritual integration of Marian veneration into their religious practices.<ref name="Bowman-2012" />

===Bahá'í Faith===
The [[Bahá'í Faith]] venerates Mary as the mother of Jesus. The {{transliteration|fa|[[Kitáb-i-Íqán]]}}, the primary theological work of the Bahá'í religion, describes Mary as "that most beauteous countenance," and "that veiled and immortal Countenance." The Bahá'í writings claim Jesus Christ was "conceived of the Holy Ghost"<ref>[https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html ''The Kitáb-i-Íqán Part One''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108183525/https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html |date=8 January 2015 }}. Bahá'í Reference Library. Retrieved 10 September 2014.</ref> and assert that in the [[Bahá'í Faith]] "the reality of the mystery of the Immaculacy of the Virgin Mary is confessed."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Promised Day Is Come {{!}} Bahá'í Reference Library|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/promised-day-come/5#160284005|access-date=18 August 2021|website=www.bahai.org|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807013812/https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/promised-day-come/5#160284005|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Biblical scholars===
The statement found in [[Matthew 1:25]] that [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] did not have sexual relations with Mary before she gave birth to Jesus has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael|title=God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says|url=https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog|url-access=registration|quote=god and sex.|access-date=5 May 2011|edition=1st|date=October 2010|publisher=Twelve. Hachette Book Group|location=New York, Boston|isbn=978-0-446-54525-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/39 39]}}</ref> Other scholars contend that the Greek word {{transliteration|grc|heos}} ("until") denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus.<ref>McNally, Terrence, ''What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary'' {{ISBN|1-4415-1051-6}} p. 95</ref><ref>''Cradle of redeeming love'' by John Saward 2002 Ignatius Press {{ISBN|0-89870-886-9}} p. 17</ref><ref>''Mary in the New Testament'' by Raymond Edward Brown 1978 {{ISBN|0-8091-2168-9}} p. 86</ref> According to Biblical scholar [[Bart Ehrman]], the Hebrew word {{transliteration|he|[[almah]]}}, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as {{transliteration|grc|parthenos}}, which often, though not always, refers to a young woman who has never had sexual intercourse. In Isaiah 7:14, it is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23.<ref>Ehrman, Bart ''Did Jesus Exist'' p. 294</ref> While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus' father.<ref>{{bibleverse|John|1:45|NIV}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse|John|6:42|NIV}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Whose Word is It?: The Story Behind who Changed the New Testament and why|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcrUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year=2008|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84706-314-4|pages=158–|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223649/https://books.google.com/books?id=lcrUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983943-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm/page/96 96]–}}</ref>

Other biblical verses have also been debated; for example, the reference made by Paul the Apostle that Jesus was made "of the seed of David according to the flesh" (Romans 1:3)<ref>{{Bibleverse|Romans|1:3}}</ref> meaning that he was a descendant of David through Joseph.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael|title=God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says|url=https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog|url-access=registration|access-date=5 May 2011|date=2010|publisher=Twelve. Hachette Book Group|location=New York, Boston|isbn=978-0-446-54525-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/38 38]}}</ref>

===Pre-Christian Rome===
From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates, and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike.<ref>Bennett, Clinton, ''In search of Jesus'' 2001 {{ISBN|0-8264-4916-6}} pp. 165–170</ref> In the 2nd century, as part of his [[anti-Christian]] polemic ''[[The True Word]]'', the pagan philosopher [[Celsus]] contended that Jesus was actually the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named [[Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera|Panthera]].<ref>Also see: [[Jane Schaberg|Schaberg, Jane]]. ''Illegitimacy of Jesus: A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives'' (Biblical Seminar Series, No 28), {{ISBN|1-85075-533-7}}.</ref> The Church Father [[Origen]] dismissed this assertion as a complete fabrication in his apologetic treatise ''[[Contra Celsum|Against Celsus]]''.<ref>''Contra Celsum'' by Origen, [[Henry Chadwick (theologian)|Henry Chadwick]] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953) reprint 1980 {{ISBN|0-521-29576-9}} p. 32</ref> How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.<ref>John Patrick ''The Apology of Origen in Reply to Celsus'' 1892 reprint 2009 {{ISBN|1-110-13388-X}} pp. 22–24</ref>

==Christian devotions==
{{Main|Marian devotions}}

===History===
====2nd century====

[[Justin Martyr]] was among the first to draw a [[New Eve|parallel between Eve and Mary]]. This derives from his comparison of Adam and Jesus. In his ''[[Dialogue with Trypho]]'', written sometime between 155 and 167,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allert|first1=Craig D.|title=Revelation, Truth, Canon and Interpretation: Studies in Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho|date=2002|publisher=Brill|page=34}}</ref> he explains:

{{blockquote|He became man by the Virgin, in order that the disobedience which proceeded from the serpent might receive its destruction in the same manner in which it derived its origin. For Eve, who was a virgin and undefiled, having conceived the word of the serpent, brought forth disobedience and death. But the Virgin Mary received faith and joy, when the angel Gabriel announced the good tidings to her that the Spirit of the Lord would come upon her, and the power of the Highest would overshadow her: wherefore also the Holy Thing begotten of her is the Son of God; and she replied, 'Be it unto me according to thy word." And by her has He been born, to whom we have proved so many scriptures refer, and by whom God destroys both the serpent and those angels and men who are like him; but works deliverance from death to those who repent of their wickedness and believe upon Him.<ref>{{ws|{{cite book |author=Justin Martyr |translator-first=George |translator-last=Reith |chapter=[[s:Ante-Nicene Christian Library/Dialogue with Trypho|Dialogue with Trypho, Chapter C]] |editor-first1=Alexander |editor-last1=Roberts |editor-first2=James |editor-last2=Donaldson |title=[[Ante-Nicene Christian Library]] |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T. & T. Clark |year=1885 |volume=II}}}}</ref>}}

It is possible that the teaching of Mary as the New Eve was part of the apostolic tradition rather than merely Justin Martyr's own creation, according to [[Serafim Seppälä]].<ref>Seppälä, Serafim: ''Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa'', p. 60. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010. {{ISBN|978-952-5652-87-1}}</ref> [[Irenaeus]], [[bishop of Lyon]], also takes up this parallel, in ''Against Heresies'', written about the year 182:<ref>{{cite web|title=Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.i.html|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127195452/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.i.html |archivedate=27 November 2021 |website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>

{{blockquote|In accordance with this design, Mary the Virgin is found obedient, saying, "Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to your word." Luke 1:38 But Eve was disobedient; for she did not obey when as yet she was a virgin. ... having become disobedient, was made the cause of death, both to herself and to the entire human race; so also did Mary, having a man betrothed [to her], and being nevertheless a virgin, by yielding obedience, become the cause of salvation, both to herself and the whole human race. And on this account does the law term a woman betrothed to a man, the wife of him who had betrothed her, although she was as yet a virgin; thus indicating the back-reference from Mary to Eve,...For the Lord, having been born "the First-begotten of the dead," Revelation 1:5 and receiving into His bosom the ancient fathers, has regenerated them into the life of God, He having been made Himself the beginning of those that live, as Adam became the beginning of those who die. 1 Corinthians 15:20–22 Wherefore also Luke, commencing the genealogy with the Lord, carried it back to Adam, indicating that it was He who regenerated them into the Gospel of life, and not they Him. And thus also it was that the knot of Eve's disobedience was loosed by the obedience of Mary. For what the virgin Eve had bound fast through unbelief, this did the virgin Mary set free through faith.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church Fathers: Against Heresies, III.22 (St. Irenaeus) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103322.htm|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203233/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103322.htm |archivedate=11 November 2020|website=New Advent}}</ref>}}

During the second century, the Gospel of James was also written. According to [[Stephen J. Shoemaker]], "its interest in Mary as a figure in her own right and its reverence for her sacred purity mark the beginnings of Marian piety within early Christianity".<ref>Shoemaker, Stephen J.: ''Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion,'' pp. 229–230. Yale University Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0-300-21953-1}}.</ref>

====3rd to 5th centuries====
During the Age of Martyrs and at the latest in the fourth century, the majority of the most essential ideas of Marian devotion already appeared in some form – in the writings of the [[Church Fathers]], apocrypha and visual arts. The lack of sources makes it unclear whether the devotion to Mary played a role in liturgical use during the first centuries of Christianity.<ref>Seppälä, Serafim: Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa, p. 368. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010. {{ISBN|978-952-5652-87-1}}</ref> In the 4th century, Marian devotion in a liturgical context becomes evident.<ref>Shoemaker, Stephen J.: Mary in Early Christian Faith and Devotion, p. 202, 236. Yale University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-300-21953-1.</ref>

The earliest known Marian prayer (the {{lang|la|[[Sub tuum praesidium]]}}, or ''Beneath Thy Protection'') is from the 3rd century (perhaps 270), and its text was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt.<ref>Mark Miravalle, Raymond L. Burke; ''Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons,'' 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-57918-355-4}}, p. 178.</ref><ref>''The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3'' by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 {{ISBN|90-04-12654-6}} p. 406</ref> According to some sources, [[Pope Theonas of Alexandria|Theonas of Alexandria]] consecrated one of the first holy places dedicated to Mary during the late 3rd century. An even earlier place has been found in Nazareth, dated to the previous century by some scholars.<ref>Seppälä, Serafim: ''Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa'', p. 85. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010.</ref> Following the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313, by the 5th century artistic images of Mary began to appear in public and larger churches were being dedicated to Mary, such as the [[Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore]] in Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04295c.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Constantine the Great |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118133118/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04295c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Osborne, John L. "Early Medieval Painting in San Clemente, Rome: The Madonna and Child in the Niche" ''Gesta'' 20.2 (1981:299–310) and (note 9) referencing T. Klauser, Rom under der Kult des Gottesmutter Maria, ''Jahrbuch für der Antike und Christentum'' 15 (1972:120–135).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/sm_maggiore/index_en.html |title=The Papal Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125104022/https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/sm_maggiore/index_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[Council of Ephesus]] in 431, Mary was officially declared the ''[[Theotokos]]'', meaning "God-bearer"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theotokos |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Theotokos |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419152206/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Theotokos |url-status=live }}</ref> or "Mother of God". The term had possibly been used for centuries<ref>Seppälä, Serafim: Elämän äiti: ''Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa'', p. 82–83. Maahenki, 2010. {{ISBN|978-952-5652-87-1}}</ref> or at least since the early 300s, when it seems to have already been in established use.<ref>Seppälä, Serafim: Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa, p. 114. Maahenki, 2010. {{ISBN|978-952-5652-87-1}}</ref>

The Council of Ephesus was long thought to have been held at a church in Ephesus which had been dedicated to Mary about a hundred years before.<ref>Baldovin, John and Johnson, Maxwell, ''Between memory and hope: readings on the liturgical year'' 2001 {{ISBN|0-8146-6025-8}} p. 386</ref><ref>Dalmais, Irénée et al. ''The Church at Prayer: The liturgy and time'' 1985 {{ISBN|0-8146-1366-7}} p. 130</ref><ref>McNally, Terrence, ''What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary'' {{ISBN|1-4415-1051-6}} p. 186</ref> Though, recent archeological surveys indicate that St. Mary's Church in Ephesus did not exist at the time of the Council or, at least, the building was not dedicated to Mary before 500.<ref>Stefan Karwiese, ''[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeai.at%2Feng%2Fausland%2Fmarienk.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url The Church of Holy Mary in Ephesos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205012243/https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.oeai.at/eng/ausland/marienk.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |date=5 December 2022 }}'', 2008 (phase 3).</ref> The [[Church of the Seat of Mary]] in [[Judea]] was built shortly after the introduction of Marian liturgy at the council of Ephesus, in 456, by a widow named Ikelia.<ref>{{cite book |last= Avner |first= Rina |chapter= The Initial Tradition of the Theotokos at the Kathisma: Earliest Celebrations and the Calendar |title= The Cult of the Mother of God in Byzantium: Texts and Images |series= Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies |editor= Leslie Brubaker |editor2= Mary B. Cunningham |year= 2016 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1351891974 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xxWoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |access-date= 8 January 2019 |archive-date= 17 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210417204926/https://books.google.com/books?id=xxWoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |url-status= live }}</ref>

According to the 4th-century heresiologist [[Epiphanius of Salamis]], the Virgin Mary was worshipped as a [[mother goddess]] in the Christian sect of [[Collyridianism]], which was found throughout Arabia sometime during the 300s AD. Collyridianism had women performing priestly acts, and made bread offerings to the Virgin Mary. The group was condemned as heretical by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and was preached against by [[Epiphanius of Salamis]], who wrote about the group in his writings titled [[Panarion]].<ref>[https://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/COLLYRID.TXT Collyridianism – EWTN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924074201/https://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/COLLYRID.TXT |date=24 September 2012 }} Retrieved 11 September 2014</ref>

====Byzantium====
During the era of the [[Byzantine Empire]], Mary was venerated as the virginal Mother of God and as an intercessor.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Virgin Mary in Byzantium, c. 400–1000: Hymns, Homilies and Hagiography |last=Cunningham |first=Mary B. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-108-84569-4 |pages=211–212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMGFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA422}}</ref>

[[Ephesus]] is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of [[Artemis]], a virgin goddess; the [[Temple of Artemis]] there is regarded as one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]. The cult of Mary was furthered by [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Queen Theodora]] in the 6th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/did_you_know_ephesus.htm|title=Mysterious facts about Ephesus, Ephesus Turkey|last=Ephesus.us|website=www.ephesus.us|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034428/https://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/did_you_know_ephesus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/dw/virgin-mary-justinian-theotokus-theodora-kate-cooper/|title=Virgin Mary – Justinian – Theotokus – Theodora – Kate Cooper – Divine Women|date=18 July 2015|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621072946/https://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/dw/virgin-mary-justinian-theotokus-theodora-kate-cooper/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> According to William E. Phipps, in the book ''Survivals of Roman Religion'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=Laing|first1=Gordon|title=Survivals of Roman Religion|year=1931|publisher=Longmans, Green And Co.|url=https://archive.org/stream/survivalsofroman009154mbp/survivalsofroman009154mbp_djvu.txt}}</ref> "Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Phipps|first1=William E.|title=Supernaturalism in Christianity: Its Growth and Cure|date=2008|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0881460940|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hk1dZI5JYzEC&q=Gordon+Laing+Artemis+as+both+virgin+and+mother+at+the+grand+Ephesian+temple+contributed+to+the+veneration+of+Mary.&pg=PA46|access-date=10 November 2015|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020143413/https://books.google.com/books?id=hk1dZI5JYzEC&q=Gordon+Laing+Artemis+as+both+virgin+and+mother+at+the+grand+Ephesian+temple+contributed+to+the+veneration+of+Mary.&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Middle Ages====
[[File:Angelico, madonna col bambino, pinacoteca sabauda.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Madonna of humility]]'' by [[Fra Angelico]], {{circa|1430}}. A traditional depiction of Mary wearing blue clothes.]]
The Middle Ages saw many legends about Mary, her parents, and even her grandparents.<ref>Toronto Star article – In December 2010, Catherine Lawless of the [[University of Limerick]] stated that by analyzing 15th century Florentine manuscripts, she had concluded that 'Ismeria' was the maternal grandmother of Mary. [https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/905109--is-this-the-real-identity-of-jesus-s-great-grandmother?bn=1 ''Toronto Star'' Dec 2010] {{Webarchive |date=14 November 2012 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053558/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/905109--is-this-the-real-identity-of-jesus-s-great-grandmother?bn=1}} [https://news.discovery.com/history/jesus-great-grandmother.html Discovery News] {{Webarchive |date=18 November 2012 |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121118154014/https://news.discovery.com/history/jesus-great-grandmother.html}}</ref> Mary's popularity increased dramatically from the 12th century,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mâle |first1=Emile|translator1-last=Mathews|translator1-first=Marthiel|title=Religious Art in France: The Twelfth Century|date=1978}}</ref> linked to the Roman Catholic Church's designation of Mary as [[Mediatrix]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Warner|first1=Marina|title=Alone of All her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary|date=1976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pelikan|first1=Jaroslav|year=1996|title=Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/marythroughcentu00peli|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300069518}}</ref>

====Post-Reformation====
[[File:The Madonna in Sorrow.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''Our Lady of Sorrows'' by [[Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato]], 17th century]]
Over the centuries, devotion and veneration to Mary has varied greatly among Christian traditions. For instance, while Protestants show scant attention to Marian prayers or devotions, of all the saints whom the Orthodox venerate, the most honored is Mary, who is considered "more honorable than the [[Cherubim]] and more glorious than the [[Seraphim]]".<ref name="Fairbairn-2002" >''Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes'' by Donald Fairbairn 2002 {{ISBN|0-664-22497-0}} pp. 99–101</ref>

Orthodox theologian [[Sergei Bulgakov]] wrote: "Love and veneration for the Virgin is the soul of Orthodox piety. A faith in Christ which does not include [...] His mother is another faith, another Christianity from that of the Orthodox Church."<ref name="Bulgakov-1997" >''The Orthodox Church'' by Serge? Nikolaevich Bulgakov 1997 {{ISBN|0-88141-051-9}} p. 116</ref>

Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures.<ref>''Miravalle, Mark. Introduction to Mary''. 1993 Queenship Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-882972-06-7}} pp. 92–93</ref> Similarly, Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ.<ref name="Bulgakov-1997" /> "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote.<ref>''The Orthodox word'', Volumes 12–13, 1976 p. 73</ref> Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term {{lang|la|[[veneration|hyperdulia]]}} is reserved for Marian veneration, {{lang|la|[[latria]]}} for the worship of God, and {{lang|la|[[veneration|dulia]]}} for the veneration of other saints and angels.<ref>Trigilio, John and Brighenti, Kenneth ''The Catholicism Answer Book'' 2007 {{ISBN|1-4022-0806-5}} p. 58</ref> The definition of the three level hierarchy of {{lang|la|latria}}, {{lang|la|hyperdulia}} and {{lang|la|dulia}} goes back to the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] in 787.<ref>''The History of the Christian Church'' by Philip Smith 2009 {{ISBN|1-150-72245-2}} p. 288</ref>

Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of [[Catholic Marian art]] and no image permeates [[Catholic art]] as does the image of [[Madonna and Child]].<ref>''The Celebration of Faith: The Virgin Mary'' by Alexander Schmemann 2001 {{ISBN|0-88141-141-8}} p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sls53hUSodgC 11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705120656/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sls53hUSodgC |date=5 July 2021 }}</ref> The icon of the Virgin {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}} with Christ is, without doubt, the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church.<ref>De Sherbinin, Julie ''Chekhov and Russian religious culture: the poetics of the Marian paradigm'' 1997 {{ISBN|0-8101-1404-6}} p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w6qCCpYK1TsC&q=orthodox++venerated+icon&pg=PA15 15] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705123340/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6qCCpYK1TsC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20%20venerated%20icon&f=false |date=5 July 2021 }}</ref> Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html |title=Pope John Paul II, General Audience, 1997 |publisher=Vatican.va |date=29 October 1997 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303020028/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same.<ref>Kilmartin, Edward. ''The Eucharist in the West'' 1998. {{ISBN|0-8146-6204-8}}, p. 80.</ref> According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.<ref>Ciaravino, Helene ''How to Pray'' 2001 {{ISBN|0-7570-0012-6}} p. 118</ref>

The Anglican position towards Mary is in general more conciliatory than that of Protestants at large and in a book he wrote about praying with the icons of Mary, [[Rowan Williams]], former [[archbishop of Canterbury]], said: "It is not only that we cannot understand Mary without seeing her as pointing to Christ; we cannot understand Christ without seeing his attention to Mary."<ref name="Schroedel-2006" /><ref>[[Rowan Williams|Williams, Rowan]] ''Ponder these things: praying with icons of the Virgin'' 2002 {{ISBN|1-85311-362-X}} p. 7</ref>

On 4 September 1781, 11 families of {{lang|es|[[Los Angeles Pobladores|pobladores]]}} arrived from the Gulf of California and established a city in the name of [[Charles III of Spain|King Carlos III]]. The small town was named {{lang|es|El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula}} (after our Lady of the Angels), a city that today is known simply as [[Los Angeles]]. In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions within the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archdiocese of Los Angeles]], in September 2011 the [[Queen of Angels Foundation]], and founder Mark Anchor Albert, inaugurated an annual Grand Marian Procession in the heart of [[Downtown Los Angeles]]' historic core. This yearly procession, held on the last Saturday of August and intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles, begins at the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] and concludes at the parish of [[La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles]] which is part of the [[Los Angeles Plaza Historic District]], better known as "La Placita".<ref>[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34391/marian-procession-to-mark-los-angeles-235th-birthday Catholic News Agency website, ''Marian procession to mark Los Angeles’ 235th birthday'', article dated 18 August 2016]</ref><ref>[https://angelusnews.com/local/la-catholics/this-years-grand-marian-procession-marks-a-time-of-celebration-and-a-call-for-renewal-in-the-church/ Angelus News website, ''This year’s Grand Marian Procession marks a time of celebration and a call for renewal in the Church'', article by Tom Hoffarth dated 31 August 2018]</ref>

===Feasts===
{{Main|Marian feast days}}

The earliest feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the [[Nativity of Jesus]]. Given that according to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2:22–40),<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|2:22–40}}</ref> 40 days after the birth of Jesus, along with the [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple]], Mary was purified according to Jewish customs. The Feast of the Purification began to be celebrated by the 5th century, and became the "Feast of [[Simeon (Gospel of Luke)|Simeon]]" in [[Byzantium]].<ref name="Clayton-2003">Clayton, Mary. ''The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England''. 2003 {{ISBN|0-521-53115-2}} pp. 26–37</ref>

[[File:Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG|thumb|left|Village decorations during the ''[[Feast of the Assumption]]'' in [[Għaxaq]], Malta]]
In the 7th and 8th centuries, four more Marian feasts were established in [[Eastern Christianity]]. In the [[Western Christianity|West]], a feast dedicated to Mary, just before Christmas was celebrated in the Churches of [[Milan]] and [[Ravenna]] in Italy in the 7th century. The four Roman Marian feasts of Purification, Annunciation, Assumption and Nativity of Mary were gradually and sporadically introduced into England by the 11th century.<ref name="Clayton-2003" />

Over time, the number and nature of feasts (and the associated [[Titles of Mary]]) and the venerative practices that accompany them have varied a great deal among diverse Christian traditions. Overall, there are significantly more titles, feasts and venerative Marian practices among [[Roman Catholics]] than any other Christians traditions.<ref name="Flinn-2007" >Flinn, Frank K., J. Gordon Melton''Encyclopedia of Catholicism''. 2007 {{ISBN|0-8160-5455-X}} pp. 443–444</ref> Some such feasts relate to specific events, such as the Feast of [[Our Lady of Victory]], based on the 1571 victory of the [[Papal States]] in the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]].<ref>[[EWTN]] on [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)]] [https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/olislam.htm Our Lady and Islam: Heaven's Peace Plan – EWTN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023223846/https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/olislam.htm |date=23 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>by Butler, Alban, Peter Doyle. ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''. 1999, {{ISBN|0-86012-253-0}}, p. 222.</ref>

Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the [[Feast of the Assumption]] is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, [[Dormition of the Theotokos|Dormition]] or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others.<ref name="Hillerbrand-2003" /><ref>Jackson, Gregory Lee, ''Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison''. 1993 {{ISBN|978-0-615-16635-3}} p. 254</ref> While the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on 15 August, some [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] celebrate it as [[Dormition of the Mother of God|Dormition of the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}]], and may do so on 28 August, if they follow the [[Julian calendar]]. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] also celebrate it as the Dormition of the {{transliteration|grc|Theotokos}}, one of their 12 [[Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church|Great Feasts]]. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.<ref name="Hillerbrand-2003" />

===Relics===
The veneration of Marian [[relics]] used to be common practice before the [[Reformation]]. It was later largely surpassed by the veneration of Marian images.

==== Bodily relics ====
As Mary's body is believed by most Christians to have been [[Assumption of Mary|taken up into the glory of heaven]], her bodily relics have been limited to hair, nails and [[Nursing Madonna|breast milk]].

According to [[John Calvin]]'s 1543 ''[[Treatise on Relics]]'', her hair was exposed for veneration in several churches, including in [[Rome]], [[Saint-Flour]], [[Cluny]] and [[Nevers]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Calvin|first= John |author-link= John Calvin|date=1543|title= A Treatise on Relics |url= https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32136/32136-pdf.pdf|publisher=Project Gutenberg EBook|pages=184–187}}</ref>

In this book, Calvin criticized the veneration of the Holy Milk due to the lack of biblical references to it and the doubts about the veracity of such relics:
{{blockquote|With regard to the milk, there is not perhaps a town, a convent, or nunnery, where it is not shown in large or small quantities. Indeed, had the Virgin been a wet-nurse her whole life, or a dairy, she could not have produced more than is shown as hers in various parts. How they obtained all this milk they do not say, and it is superfluous here to remark that there is no foundation in the Gospels for these foolish and blasphemous extravagances.}}

Although the veneration of Marian bodily relics is no longer a common practice today, there are some remaining traces of it, such as the [[Chapel of the Milk Grotto]] in [[Bethlehem]], named after Mary's milk.

==== Clothes ====
[[File:Syriac Orthodox Holy Girdle.jpg|thumb|Late His Eminence Meletios Barnabas, Former [[Syriac Orthodox Archdiocese of Homs|Syriac Orthodox Arch Bishop of Homs]], with the [[Holy Girdle]] of the [[Virgin Mary]]]]
Clothes which are believed to have belonged to Mary include the [[Cincture of the Theotokos]] kept in the [[Vatopedi monastery]] and her [[Holy Girdle]] kept in [[Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt|Holy Belt Church, Homs]].

Other relics are said to have been collected during later [[Marian apparitions]], such as her robe, veil, and part of her belt which were kept in [[Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)|Blachernae church]] in [[Constantinople]] after she appeared there during the 10th century. These relics, now lost, are celebrated by the [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Byzantine Catholic Church]]es as the [[Intercession of the Theotokos]].

Few other objects are said to have been touched or given by Mary during [[Marian apparitions|apparitions]], notably a 1531 image printed on a ''[[Tilmàtli|tilma]]'', known as [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]], belonging to [[Juan Diego]].

==== Places ====
[[File:House of the Virgin Mary.jpg|thumb|The chapel based on the claimed [[House of Mary]] in Ephesus]]
Places where Mary is believed to have lived include the [[Basilica della Santa Casa]] in [[Loreto, Marche]], and the [[House of the Virgin Mary]] in [[Ephesus]].

[[Eastern Christians]] believe that she died and was put in the [[Tomb of the Virgin Mary]] near [[Jerusalem]] before the [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]].

The belief that Mary's house was in [[Ephesus]] is recent, as it was claimed in the 19th century based on the visions of [[Anne Catherine Emmerich]], an [[Augustinian nun]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20041003_emmerick_en.html |title=Anna Katharina Emmerick (1774–1824), biography |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=9 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040909222047/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20041003_emmerick_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Emmerich, Anna Catherine: ''The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ'' {{ISBN|978-0-89555-210-5}} p. viii</ref> It has since been named as the [[House of the Virgin Mary]] by [[Christian pilgrimage|Roman Catholic pilgrims]] who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption.<ref>''Frommer's Turkey'' by Lynn A. Levine 2010 {{ISBN|0470593660}} pp. 254–255</ref><ref>''Home of the Assumption: Reconstructing Mary's Life in Ephesus'' by V. Antony John Alaharasan 2006 {{ISBN|1929039387}} p. 38</ref><ref>Stephen J. Schoemaker, 2006. ''The Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption,'' {{ISBN|0199210748}}, p. 76.</ref><ref>''Mary's House'' by Donald Carroll (20 April 2000) Veritas, {{ISBN|0953818802}}</ref> The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the [[Disciple whom Jesus loved]],<ref>{{Bibleverse|John|19:27}}</ref> [[Disciple whom Jesus loved#Identity|traditionally identified]] as [[John the Evangelist]]<ref>Based on {{Bibleverse|John|21:20–24}}</ref> and [[John the Apostle]]. [[Irenaeus]] and [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John.<ref>[[Irenaeus]], ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus haereses]]'' III,1,1; [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], ''Church History, III,1''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 July 1912 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706013025/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The apparition of [[Our Lady of the Pillar]] in the first century was believed to be a [[bilocation]], as it occurred in [[Spain]] while Mary was living in Ephesus or Jerusalem. The pillar on which she was standing during the apparition is believed to be kept in the [[Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar]] in [[Zaragoza]] and is therefore venerated as a relics, as it was in physical contact with Mary.

== In arts ==
=== Iconography ===
{{See also|Madonna (art)|Marian art in the Catholic Church}}

In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in [[Marian blue|blue]]. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from {{circa|500}} AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock [[lapis lazuli]], a stone of greater value than gold, which was imported from Afghanistan. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue. Transformations in visual depictions of Mary from the 13th to 15th centuries mirror her "social" standing within the Church and in society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kugeares |first1=Sophia Manoulian |title=Images Of The Annunciation Of The Virgin Mary Of The 13th, 14th And 15th Century | date=1991}}</ref>

Traditional representations of Mary include the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] scene, called {{lang|la|[[Stabat Mater (art)|Stabat Mater]]}}.<ref>de Bles, Arthur. ''How to Distinguish the Saints in Art by Their Costumes, Symbols and Attributes'', 2004 {{ISBN|1-4179-0870-X}} p. 35</ref><ref>Jameson, Anna. ''Legends of the Madonna: as represented in the fine arts''. 2006 {{ISBN|1-4286-3499-1}} p. 37</ref> While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "[[pietà]]" or "pity".

In the Egyptian, Eritrean, and Ethiopian tradition, Mary has been portrayed in story and paint for centuries.<ref>Chojnacki, Stanisław. 1977. "Note on the Early Imagery of the Virgin Mary in Ethiopia." Ethnologische Zeitschrift 3: 5–41.</ref> Beginning in the 1600s, however, highland Ethiopians began portraying Mary performing a variety of miracles for the faithful, including paintings of her giving water to a thirsty dog, healing monks with her breast milk, and saving a man eaten by a crocodile.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belcher |first=Wendy |date=6 October 2023 |title=The African Library of Paintings of the Virgin Mary |url=https://pemm.princeton.edu/research/research-and-lessons/16 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=Princeton Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Egyptian Miracles of Mary (PEMM) project}}</ref> Over 1,000 such [https://pemm.princeton.edu/stories stories] about her exist in this tradition, and about one hundred of those have hundreds of paintings each, in various manuscripts, adding up to thousands of [https://pemm.princeton.edu/paintings paintings].<ref>Brown, Jeremy, Mehari Worku, Dawit Muluneh, and Evgeniia Lambrinaki. 2023. "The Ethiopian Stories about the Miracles of the Virgin Mary (Täˀammərä Maryam)." In Ethiopia at the Crossroads: Exhibition Catalogue, edited by Christine Sciacca. Baltimore, MD: Walters Art Museum.</ref>

{{For|a larger gallery|Commons:Madonna structured gallery}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Madonna catacomb.jpg|Mary nursing the [[Infant Jesus]]. Early image from the [[Catacomb of Priscilla]], [[Rome]], {{circa|2nd century}}
File:VergineTricherusa.jpg|''[[Trojeručica]]'', a Byzantine representation of the ''[[Theotokos]]'', ({{circa|8th century}}), in [[Hilandar]]. [[Serbia]]
File:Vladimirskaya.jpg|''[[Our Lady of Vladimir]]'', a Byzantine representation of the ''[[Theotokos]]''
File:Panachranta.jpg|{{transliteration|el|Theotokos Panachranta}}, from the 11th century [[Gertrude Psalter]]
File:Flight into Egypt - Capella dei Scrovegni - Padua 2016.jpg|''[[Flight into Egypt]]'' by [[Giotto]] {{circa|1304}}
File:Pietro lorenzetti, compianto (dettaglio) basilica inferiore di assisi (1310-1329).jpg|''[[Lamentation of Christ|Lamentation]]'' by [[Pietro Lorenzetti]], [[Assisi]] Basilica, {{circa|1310–1329}}
File:Ethiopia-Axum Cathedral-fresco-Black Madonna.JPG|[[Black Madonna]] and Child, [[Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion]], [[Axum]], Ethiopia
File:Chinese Madonna. St. Francis' Church, Macao.jpg|Chinese Madonna, St. Francis' Church, [[Macau|Macao]]
File:Michelangelo's Pieta 5450 cropncleaned edit.jpg|[[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'' (1498–99) in [[St. Peter's Basilica]], [[Vatican City]]
File:DARET Jacques Visitation.jpg|''[[Visitation (Christianity)|Visitation]]'', from the [[Abbey of St. Vaast|St Vaast]] Altarpiece by [[Jacques Daret]], 1434–1435
File:Virgen de guadalupe1.jpg|''[[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Virgin of Guadalupe]]'', from the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]], [[Mexico City]], 16th century
File:Our Lady of La Naval de Manila.jpg|[[Our Lady of La Naval de Manila]] statue in [[Quezon City]], Philippines, {{circa|1593}}
File:Rubens Madonna on Floral Wreath.jpg|''Madonna on Floral Wreath'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] with [[Jan Brueghel the Elder]], {{circa|1619}}
File:Peter Paul Rubens 009.jpg|''[[Adoration of the Magi]]'', [[Rubens]], 1634
File:SAAM-1996.91.10 2.jpg|[[Virgin of Montserrat]] from [[Puerto Rico]], {{circa|1775–1825}}
File:SAAM-1929.6.154 1.jpg|Virgin and Child, French (15th century)
File:Virgin and Child Statue outside the Jongno Catholic Church.jpg|Mary and Jesus, outside the Jongno Catholic Church in [[Seoul]], South Korea.
File:Statue of the Virgin Mary presenting the child Jesus Gwanghwamun Beatification.jpg|Statue of Mary and Jesus at [[Gwanghwamun]], pictured at the time of [[Pope Francis]]' visit to South Korea, 2014.
File:Jungfru Maria - St. Nikolai - Ystad-2021.jpg|Mary outside St. Nikolai [[Catholic Church]] in [[Ystad]] 2021
File:Maaria.vaakuna.svg|A kneeling Virgin Mary pictured in the former coat of arms of [[Maaria]]
</gallery>

=== Cinematic portrayals ===

Mary has been portrayed in various films and on television, including:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[The Miracle (1912 film)|The Miracle]]'' (1912) color [[silent film]] of the 1911 play ''[[The Miracle (play)|The Miracle]]'', a statue of Mary, played by [[Norina Matchabelli|Maria Carmi]], comes to life
* {{lang|de|[[Das Mirakel (1912 film)|Das Mirakel]]}} (1912) [[silent film]]; a German version of the 1911 play ''[[The Miracle (play)|The Miracle]]''
* ''[[The Song of Bernadette (film)|The Song of Bernadette]]'' (1943 film), played by [[Linda Darnell]].
* ''[[The Living Christ Series]]'' (1951 non-theatrical, non-television film twelve-part series), played by [[Eileen Rowe]].
* ''[[The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima]]'' (1952 film), played by [[Virginia Gibson]].
* ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' (1959 film), played by [[José Greci]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt7bAAAAMAAJ |title=Trick cinematography: the Oscar special-effects movies |first=R. M. |last=Hayes |publisher=[[McFarland Publishing]] |year=1986 |page=149 |isbn=978-0899501574 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212641/https://books.google.com/books?id=zt7bAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Miracle (1959 film)|The Miracle]]'' (1959 film; a loose remake of the 1912 film {{lang|de|[[Das Mirakel (1912 film)|Das Mirakel]]}})
* ''[[King of Kings (1961 film)|King of Kings]]'' (1961 film), played by [[Siobhán McKenna]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/iwasinterruptedn00rayn |url-access=registration |title=I Was Interrupted: Nicholas Ray on Making Movies |first=Nicholas |last=Ray |author-link=Nicholas Ray |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=10 September 1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/iwasinterruptedn00rayn/page/230 230] |isbn=978-0520916678 |editor-first=Susan |editor-last=Rey}}</ref>
* ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' (1965 film), played by [[Dorothy McGuire]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA1012 |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories |first1=Rosemary Skinner |last1=Keller |first2=Rosemary Radford |last2=Ruether |first3=Marie |last3=Cantlon |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2006 |page=1012 |isbn=978-0253346872 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212637/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA1012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)|Jesus of Nazareth]]'' (1977 two-part television miniseries), played by [[Olivia Hussey]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/01/olivia-hussey-romeo-and-juliet-film-franco-zeffirelli |title=Olivia Hussey, star of Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet: 'I was wild' |first=Amy |last=Nicholson |date=1 August 2018 |access-date=11 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian News & Media Limited]] |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221032548/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/01/olivia-hussey-romeo-and-juliet-film-franco-zeffirelli |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' (1988 film), played by [[Verna Bloom]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blepPjQL9I0C&pg=PA57 |title=Hollywood Under Siege: Martin Scorsese, the Religious Right, and the Culture Wars |first=Thomas |last=Lindlof |publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] |date=2008 |page=57 |isbn=978-0813173160 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417214201/https://books.google.com/books?id=blepPjQL9I0C&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Mary, Mother of Jesus (film)|Mary, Mother of Jesus]]'' (1999 television film), played by [[Pernilla August]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GDnyI3GLMEC&pg=PA5 |title=The Celluloid Madonna: From Scripture to Screen |first=Catherine |last=O'Brien |author-link=Catherine O'Brien (film scholar) |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2011 |page=5 |isbn=978-1906660284 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818162347/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GDnyI3GLMEC&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Saint Mary (film)|Saint Mary]]'' (2001 film), played by [[Shabnam Gholikhani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.ifilmtv.com/news/content/6989/saint-mary-female-lead-shabnam-gholikhani-talks-with-ifilm |title='Saint Mary' female lead Shabnam Gholikhani talks with ifilm |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=[[iFilm (TV channel)|iFilm]] |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205618/https://en.ifilmtv.com/news/content/6989/saint-mary-female-lead-shabnam-gholikhani-talks-with-ifilm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' (2004 film), played by [[Maia Morgenstern]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/599/actress-who-plays-mary-speaks-of-filming-the-passion |title=Actress who plays Mary speaks of filming 'The Passion' |date=6 February 2004 |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=[[Catholic News Agency]] |first=JD |last=Flynn |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072555/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/actress_who_plays_mary_speaks_of_filming_the_passion |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Imperium: Saint Peter]]'' (2005 television film), played by [[Lina Sastri]].
* ''[[Color of the Cross]]'' (2006 film), played by [[Debbi Morgan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/What-race-was-Jesus-Color-of-the-Cross-puts-a-2547475.php |title=What race was Jesus? 'Color of the Cross' puts a different face on the debate. |first=Jason B. |last=Johnson |date=7 November 2006 |access-date=10 April 2019 |newspaper=[[SFGate]] |publisher=[[Hearst Communications, Inc.]] |archive-date=18 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118175612/https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F11%2F07%2FDDG0VM628B1.DTL |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Nativity Story]]'' (2006 film), played by [[Keisha Castle-Hughes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bpnews.net/24487/nativity-story-actress-should-not-be-shunned-leaders-say |title='Nativity Story' actress should not be shunned, leaders say |first=Erin |last=Roach |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=10 April 2019 |work=[[Baptist Press]] News |publisher=[[Southern Baptist Convention]] |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727003526/https://www.bpnews.net/24487/nativity-story-actress-should-not-be-shunned-leaders-say |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Passion (TV serial)|The Passion]]'' (2008 television miniseries), played by [[Paloma Baeza]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Riazat Butt |date=18 August 2007 |title=TV airing for Islam's story of Christ |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/18/religion.news |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105035856/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/18/religion.news |archive-date=5 November 2021 |website=The Guardian}} Featured in [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] documentary.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk/the-muslim-jesus-itv/ |title=The Muslim Jesus, ITV – Unreality Primetime |date=18 August 2007 |publisher=Primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016032528/https://primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk/the-muslim-jesus-itv/ |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[The Nativity (2010 TV series)|The Nativity]]'' (2010 four-part miniseries), played by [[Tatiana Maslany]].
* ''[[Mary of Nazareth (film)|Mary of Nazareth]]'' (2012 film), played by [[Alissa Jung]].
* ''[[Son of God (film)|Son of God]]'' (2014 film), played by [[Roma Downey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.cbn.com/roma-downey-and-diogo-morgado-faith-and-filming-son-god |title=Roma Downey and Diogo Morgado on Faith and Filming Son of God |first=Hannah |last=Goodwyn |work=[[The Christian Broadcasting Network]], Inc. |access-date=10 April 2019 |year=2014 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501030350/https://www1.cbn.com/roma-downey-and-diogo-morgado-faith-and-filming-son-god |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Chosen (TV series)|The Chosen]]'' (2017 TV series), played by [[Vanessa Benavente]].
* ''[[Mary Magdalene (2018 film)|Mary Magdalene]]'' (2018 film), played by Irit Sheleg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2018/03/14/news/mary-magdalene-attempts-to-wash-away-biblical-character-s-stains-of-ill-repute-1276541/ |title=Mary Magdalene attempts to wash away biblical character's stains of ill repute |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=10 April 2019 |newspaper=[[Irish News]] |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053802/https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2018/03/14/news/mary-magdalene-attempts-to-wash-away-biblical-character-s-stains-of-ill-repute-1276541/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Jesus: His Life]]'' (2019 TV series), played by [[Houda Echouafni]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/20/jesus-his-life-dispels-beliefs-about-christ-and-biblical-history/ |title='Jesus: His Life' dispels beliefs about Christ and biblical history |first=Robert |last=Rorke |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |newspaper=[[NY Post]] |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417204333/https://nypost.com/2019/03/20/jesus-his-life-dispels-beliefs-about-christ-and-biblical-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Fatima (2020 film)|Fatima]]'' (2020 film), played by [[Joana Ribeiro]].
* ''[[Mary (2024 film)|Mary]]'' (2024 film), played by [[Noa Cohen]].

{{div col end}}

===Music===
* [[Claudio Monteverdi]]: {{lang|it|[[Vespro della Beata Vergine]]}} (1610)
* [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]: {{lang|la|[[Magnificat (Bach)|Magnificat]]}} (1723, rev. 1733)
* [[Franz Schubert]]: {{lang|la|[[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ave Maria]]}} (1835)
* [[Charles Gounod]]: {{lang|la|[[Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)|Ave Maria]]}} (1859)
* [[John Tavener]]: ''[[Mother and Child (Tavener)|Mother and Child]]'', setting a poem by [[Brian Keeble]] for choir, organ and temple gong (2002)

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism|Christianity}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Genealogy of Jesus]]
* [[History of Catholic Mariology]]
* [[Holy Name of Mary]]
* [[Hymns to Mary]]
* [[Marian and Holy Trinity columns]]
* [[May crowning]]
* [[Miriai]]; Mandaean heroine that many equate with Mary
* [[New Testament people named Mary]]
* [[Shrines to the Virgin Mary]]
{{div col end}}


== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

*Brown, Raymond E., ''The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives of Matthew and Luke: New and Updated Edition'', Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday, 1993, {{ISBN|0-385-47202-1}}
* Brown, Raymond, E., Donfried, Karl, P., Fitzmyer, Joseph A., & Reumann, John, (eds.), ''Mary in the New Testament'', Fortress/Paulist Press, 1978, {{ISBN|0-8006-1345-7}}
* Kugeares, Sophia Manoulian. ''Images of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary of the 13th, 14th and 15th Century''. n.p.: 1991, University of South Florida Libraries Catalog. Web. 8 April 2016. Hahn, Scott, ''Hail, Holy Queen: The Mother of God in the Word of God'', Doubleday, 2001, {{ISBN|0-385-50168-4}}
*{{cite book|title=The Glories of Mary, Mother of God. Translated from the Italian|year=1833|url=https://www.ecatholic2000.com/liguori/glories.shtml|first=Alphonsus|last=Liguori|author-link=Alphonsus Liguori|publisher=Dublin: John Coyne}}
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth/Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary.|Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary.]]|title=Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth|year=1897|publisher=Henry Sphar & Co.|first=Bernard|last=O'Reilly|author-link=Bernard O'Reilly (historian)}}
*{{cite book|title=Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption|year=2003|last=Shoemaker|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen J. Shoemaker|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27239|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191600746}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=Virgin Mary |commons=Virgin Mary |b=no |n=no |q=Mary, mother of Jesus |s=Author:Mary of Nazareth |v=Angel oracle#8 Mother Mary |species=no |voy=no }}
* [https://mariologicalsociety.com Mariological Society of America]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161110164434/https://www.churchfathers.org/category/mary-and-the-saints/mary-without-sin/ Church Fathers on the Sinless Nature of Mary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161116120838/https://www.churchfathers.org/category/mary-and-the-saints/mary-ever-virgin/ Church Fathers on the Perpetual Virginity of Mary]
* [https://www.christians.eu/mary/ Mary] (Biblical perspective)
* [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p-vi_exh_19740202_marialis-cultus_en.html Apostolic exhortation of Paul VI. ''Marialis Cultus'']

{{Virgin Mary}}
{{Jesus footer}}
{{Nativity of Jesus}}
{{Christmas}}
{{New Testament people|prophets}}
{{Gospel of Matthew}}
{{Gospel of Mark}}
{{Gospel of Luke}}
{{Gospel of John}}
{{Madonna styles}}
{{Symbols of Georgia (country)}}
{{Christianity footer}}
{{Catholicism}}

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Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

2026-03-19T11:19:52Z

Nhungexim: minor expanded lead for clarity and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
| image = Cedrus deodara India12.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Cedrus deodara]] at [[Chail, Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| country = [[India]]
| country1 = [[Nepal]]
| country2 = [[Pakistan]]
| country3 = [[Afghanistan]]
| border = [[Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]
| border1 = [[Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]
| border2 = [[Western Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
| border3 = [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]
| border4 = [[Baluchistan xeric woodlands]]
| bird_species = 315<ref name = "Atlas">
{{cite book |last1 = Hoekstra |first1 = J. M. |last2 = Molnar |first2 = J. L. |last3 = Jennings |first3 = M. |last4 = Revenga |first4 = C. |last5 = Spalding |first5 = M. D. |last6 = Boucher |first6 = T. M. |last7 = Robertson |first7 = J. C. |last8 = Heibel |first8 = T. J. |last9 = Ellison |first9 = K. |title = The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |editor1-last = Molnar |editor1-first = J. L. |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-520-26256-0 |url = https://archive.org/details/atlasofglobalcon0000unse |url-access = registration }}</ref>
| mammal_species = 102<ref name = "Atlas"/>
| habitat_loss = 62.318
| habitat_loss_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/>
| protected = 6.18
| protected_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/>
| area = 39700
| biome = [[temperate coniferous forests]]
| biogeographic_realm = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
| map = Ecoregion IM0502.svg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple)
}}

The '''Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests''' is a [[temperate coniferous forests]] [[terrestrial ecoregion|ecoregion]] of the middle and upper elevations of the western Middle [[Himalayas]] of [[Nepal]], [[India]], and [[Pakistan]].

==Setting==
The ecoregion forms a belt of coniferous forest covering {{convert|39700|sqkm|mi2}} on elevations between {{convert|3000|and|3500|m|ft}}. It extends west from the [[Gandaki River]] in Nepal, through the Indian states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into northern Pakistan. This belt of conifers is the highest expanse of woodland to be found on the slopes of the Himalayas, treeless alpine scrub lying just above its ecotopic frontier. It is a valuable ecosystem as many Himalayan birds and animals migrate seasonally up and down the mountains spending part of the year in the conifer forests, so conservation is a high priority.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|id=im0502}}</ref>

This ecoregion is drier than the [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]], which receive more moisture from the [[Bay of Bengal]] monsoon.

==Flora==
Several distinct forest types are found in this ecoregion. Fir trees (''[[Abies spectabilis]]'') in places grow in nearly pure stands. In other areas they mix with oaks (''[[Quercus semecarpifolia]]''). ''[[Rhododendron campanulatum]]'', ''Abies spectabilis'', and birch (''[[Betula utilis]]'') form another common assemblage. Elsewhere mixed-conifer forests are made up of ''Abies spectabilis'', blue pine (''[[Pinus wallichiana]]'') and spruce (''[[Picea smithiana]]''). ''[[Cupressus torulosa]]'' and ''[[Cedrus deodara]]'' are also found here. Some parts like the [[Deva Vatala National Park]] have shrubbier forests consisting of [[mangifera indica]], [[Senegalia senegal]] and others.

A recently published major new monograph, ''Conifers Around the World'', treats the high-level western Himalayan fir tree as ''Abies gamblei'' (apparently, ''[[Abies spectabilis]]'' does not reach this region!)<ref>[http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/abies_gamblei_gamble_fir Abies gamblei - Gamble Fir | Conifers Around the World]</ref>

Following are some notable conifers present in the area:

*[[Fir]]: ''[[Abies pindrow]]'', ''[[Abies spectabilis]]'', and ''[[Abies gamblei]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2609866|title=Abies gamblei Hickel — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref>
*[[Pine]]: ''[[Pinus roxburghii]]'', ''[[Pinus wallichiana]]'', and ''[[Pinus gerardiana]]''
*[[Spruce]]: ''[[Picea smithiana]]''
*[[Cypress]]: ''[[Cupressus torulosa]]''
*[[Juniper]]: ''[[Juniperus communis]]'', ''[[Juniperus indica]]'', ''[[Juniperus squamata]]'', ''[[Juniperus recurva]]'', ''[[Juniperus excelsa]]'' subsp. ''polycarpos'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/16336635/0|title=Juniperus excelsa subsp. polycarpos (Turkestan Juniper)|website=www.iucnredlist.org|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> etc
*''[[Cedrus]]'': ''[[Cedrus deodara]]''
*''[[Taxus]]'': ''[[Taxus contorta]]'' and ''[[Taxus wallichiana]]''
*[[File:Lightning struck tree - From the beautiful hiking trails of Ayubia National Park.jpg|thumb|310x310px|[[Deodar forests]] in [[Ayubia National Park]].]][[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]: ''[[Ephedra gerardiana]]'', ''[[Ephedra intermedia]]''

==Fauna==
This ecoregion is home to some fifty-eight species of mammals. Important inhabitants include the [[Ursus arctos|brown bear]] and threatened or endangered species such as [[Himalayan serow]], [[Hemitragus jemlahicus|Himalayan tahr]], and the [[Capra falconeri|markhor]] goat, the national symbol of Pakistan. The only endemic mammal is a rodent, the [[murree vole]] (''Hyperacrius wynnei'').

About 285 species of birds have been recorded in this ecoregion, including 9 [[Endemism|endemic]] species and a number of birds that are sensitive to habitat disturbance and therefore likely to be vulnerable to further forest clearance. These include the [[Koklass pheasant]] (''Pucrasia macrolopha''), [[western tragopan]] (''Tragopan melanocephalus''), and the [[Himalayan monal]] (''Lophophorus impejanus'').

==Threats and conservation==
Despite being relatively thinly populated some seventy percent of the conifer forest has been cleared or degraded, partly to make way for terrace cultivation. However it still contains some of the least disturbed forests in the western Himalayas. Protected areas that contain areas of conifer forest include [[Great Himalayan National Park]] and [[Rupi Bhabha Sanctuary]] in Himachal Pradesh, [[Kishtwar National Park]] in Jammu and Kashmir, [[Gangotri National Park]] and [[Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Uttarakhand]], all in India, and [[Royal Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve]] in Nepal. A particular threat comes from disturbance of nesting birds during the collection of [[morel mushroom]]s in spring.

Extraction of firewood for heating among rural populations in Pakistan has degraded forests at some locations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaheen |first1=Hamayun |date=2016 |title=Fuelwood consumption pattern and its impact on forest structure in Kashmir Himalayas |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-92002016000200020&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=[[Bosque (journal)|Bosque]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0717-92002016000200020 |access-date=January 12, 2018|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Himalayan silver fir forests]] — ''plant community within the ecoregion''.
*{{C|Flora of West Himalaya}}
*{{C|Ecoregions of the Himalayas}}
*[[List of ecoregions in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Uttarakhand}}
{{portal bar |Ecology |Trees |India |Nepal |Pakistan}}

[[Category:Ecoregions of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Nepal]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal|*]]
[[Category:Flora of West Himalaya|*]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Forests of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Himalayan forests]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]
[[Category:Temperate coniferous forests]]
[[Category:Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests| ]]
[[Category:Forests of Nepal]]

Protagonist

2026-03-10T00:07:45Z

Nhungexim: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Main character of a creative work}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:William Morris Hunt - Hamlet - 2000.1231 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|thumb|200px|[[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]], Prince of Denmark.'' William Morris Hunt, oil on canvas, {{Circa|1864}}]]

A '''protagonist''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|πρωταγωνιστής}}'' ({{grc-transl|πρωταγωνιστής}})|one who plays the first part, chief actor}})<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dprwtagwnisth%2Fs πρωταγωνιστής], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library.</ref><ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/protagonist "protagonist"]. [[Dictionary.com]], [[Random House]]. Retrieved November 17, 2017.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|protagonist|access-date=}}</ref> is the main [[Character (arts)|character]] of a story. The protagonist makes key decisions that affect the [[Plot (narrative)|plot]], primarily influencing the story and propelling it forward, and is often the character who faces the most significant obstacles and choices. If a story contains a [[subplot]], or is a narrative made up of several stories, then each subplot may have its own protagonist.<ref>Duncan, Stephen. ''A Guide to Screenwriting Success: Writing for Film and Television''. Rowman & Littlefield (2006) {{ISBN|9780742553019}}</ref>

The protagonist is the character whose fate is most closely followed by the reader or audience, and who is opposed by the [[antagonist]]. The antagonist provides obstacles and complications and creates conflicts that test the protagonist, revealing the strengths and weaknesses of the protagonist's character, and having the protagonist develop as a result. A particularly noble, virtuous, or accomplished protagonist is commonly called a ''[[hero]],'' though the terms are not synonyms.

==Etymology==
The term ''protagonist'' comes {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|πρωταγωνιστής}}'' ({{grc-transl|πρωταγωνιστής}})|actor who plays the chief or first part}}, combined of {{wikt-lang|grc|πρῶτος}} ({{grc-transl|πρῶτος}}, 'first') and {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀγωνιστής}} ({{grc-transl|ἀγωνιστής}}, 'actor, competitor'), which stems from {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀγών}} ({{grc-transl|ἀγών}}, '[[Agon|contest]]') via {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀγωνίζομαι}} ({{grc-transl|ἀγωνίζομαι}}, 'I contend for a prize').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/protagonist#etymonline_v_2724 |title=Protagonist |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

==Ancient world==
The earliest known example of a protagonist can be found in the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]], dated around the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Svend |editor1-last=Starnini |editor1-first=E. |title=Unconformist Archaeology. Papers in honour of Paolo Biagi |date=2013 |publisher=BAR |location=Oxford |pages=101–112 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4411971 |access-date=7 July 2025 |chapter=The Birth of the Hero. The Emergence of a Social Type in the 4th Millennium BC}}</ref> However, the term originated only later with the dramatic performances of [[Ancient Greece]]. At first these involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus, but then, according to [[Poetics (Aristotle)|Aristotle's ''Poetics'']], a poet named [[Thespis]] introduced the idea of one actor stepping out and engaging in a dialogue with the chorus. This was the invention of tragedy, and occurred about 536 B.C.<ref>Müller, K.O. ''History of the literature of Ancient Greece''. [Library of Useful Knowledge.] Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London (1840) page 306</ref> Then the poet [[Aeschylus]], in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters. [[Sophocles]] then wrote plays that included a third actor.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.britannica.com/art/protagonist|title=Protagonist – literature|encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Britannica|date = 1 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Aristotle. ''Poetics''. Oxford University Press (January 20, 2013) {{ISBN|978-0199608362}}</ref><ref>[[William Packard (author)|Packard, William]]. ''The Art of the Playwright''. Thunder's Mouth Press. 1997 {{ISBN|1-56025-117-4}}</ref><ref name = storey84/>

A description of the protagonist's origin cited that during the early period of Greek drama, the protagonist served as the author, the director, and the actor and that these roles were only separated and allocated to different individuals later.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0jhjDwAAQBAJ&q=protagonist+definition+classical+greece&pg=PT235|title=Moreno's Personality Theory and its Relationship to Psychodrama: A Philosophical, Developmental and Therapeutic Perspective|last=Telias|first=Rozei|date=2018-07-06|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351021081|language=en}}</ref> There is also a claim that the poet did not assign or create the protagonist as well as other terms for actors such as ''[[deuteragonist]]'' and ''[[tritagonist]]'' primarily because he only gave actors their appropriate part.<ref name="Bart-2018">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgpaDwAAQBAJ&q=protagonist+protagonistes+classical+greece&pg=PT513|title=History of the Literature of Ancient Greece|last=Bart|first=M. P.|date=2018-03-22|publisher=Charles River Editors|isbn=9781632956316|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, these actors were assigned their specific areas at the stage with the protagonist always entering from the middle door or that the dwelling of the deuteragonist (second most important character) should be on the right hand, and the tritagonist (third most important character), the left.<ref name="Bart-2018" />

In Ancient Greece, the protagonist is distinguished from the term "hero", which was used to refer to a human who became a semi-divine being in the narrative.<ref name = storey84>{{Cite book|title=A Guide to Ancient Greek Drama|last1=Storey|first1=Ian|last2=Allan|first2=Arlene|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1405102148|location=Malden, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetoancientgr0000stor/page/84 84]|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoancientgr0000stor/page/84}}</ref>

==Types==
===Hero/heroine===
In literary terms, a [[hero]] (masculine) or heroine (feminine) protagonist is typically admired for their achievements and noble qualities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/hero-literary-and-cultural-figure |title=Hero|publisher=Britannica |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Heroes are lauded for their strength, courage, virtuousness, and honor, and are considered to be the "good guys" of the narrative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hero |title=Hero|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

Examples include DC Comics' [[Superman]] (hero) and [[Katniss Everdeen]] from ''[[The Hunger Games]]'' (heroine).

===Antihero===
{{Main article|Antihero}}
An antihero (sometimes spelled as anti-hero) or antiheroine is a main character in a story who lacks conventional heroic qualities and attributes such as idealism, courage, and morality.

Examples include [[Holden Caulfield]] from ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'', [[Scarlett O'Hara]] from ''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone With the Wind]]'', [[Jay Gatsby]] from ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'', and [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]] from [[Breaking Bad]].

===Tragic hero===
{{Main article|Tragic hero}}
A tragic hero is the protagonist of a tragedy.

Examples include [[Oedipus]] from ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' and [[Prince Hamlet]] from Shakespeare's ''[[Hamlet]]''.

=== Main protagonist ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2026}}
In narratives that feature multiple protagonists, such as [[ensemble cast]]s or multi-perspective storytelling, one character is often identified as the main protagonist. This character typically receives the greatest narrative focus and plays the most significant role in advancing the central plot, even though other protagonists may have substantial and independent story arcs.

The terms protagonist and main protagonist are frequently used interchangeably, particularly in works centered on a single character. However, the distinction becomes more relevant in stories with multiple protagonists, where the main protagonist serves as the primary organizing figure of the narrative.

The main protagonist is not necessarily the most morally virtuous character, nor must they function as a traditional hero. Rather, their defining characteristic is narrative centrality. In some works, the prominence of the main protagonist may shift over time or be shared, reflecting evolving storytelling conventions that challenge rigid protagonist–antagonist structures.

===Villain protagonist===
The protagonist is not always conventionally good.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1118755 |title=A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Contrasting the hero protagonist, a villain protagonist is a protagonist who is a [[villain]], driving the story forward regardless of the evil qualities the main character has. These traits can include being cruel, malicious, and wicked.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/villain |title=Villain|publisher=Dictionary.com|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

Examples include Humbert Humbert in [[Vladimir Nabokov|Vladimir Nabokov's]] ''[[Lolita]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Byford|first1=Andy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjPNDwAAQBAJ&q=%22villain+protagonist%22&pg=PA137|title=Transnational Russian Studies|last2=Doak|first2=Connor|last3=Hutchings|first3=Stephen|date=2020-01-30|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-78962-087-0|language=en}}</ref> Richard III in the [[Richard III (play)|eponymous play]] by [[William Shakespeare]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLFPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22villain+protagonist%22&pg=PA376|title=The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge|date=1918|publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corporation|language=en}}</ref> [[Frank Underwood (House of Cards)|Frank Underwood]] in ''[[House of Cards (American TV series)|House of Cards]]'', [[Tony Soprano]] from ''[[The Sopranos]]'' and [[Light Yagami]] in the ''[[Death Note]]'' franchise.

===Supporting protagonist===
When a supporting protagonist appears, the story is told from the perspective of a character who appears to be minor. This character may be more peripheral from the events of the story and are not as involved within the "main action" of the plot. The supporting protagonist may be telling the story while viewing another character as the main influence of the plot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and-terms/protagonist|title=Protagonist|publisher=LitCharts|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

One example is Nick in ''[[The Great Gatsby]]''.{{Cn|date=December 2023}}

==Further examples==

[[Euripides]]' play ''[[Hippolytus (play)|Hippolytus]]'' may be considered to have two protagonists, though one at a time. Phaedra is the protagonist of the first half, who dies partway through the play. Her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play.<ref>Euripides. ''Hippolytos''. Oxford University Press (October 29, 1992) {{ISBN|978-0195072907}}</ref>

In [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s play ''[[The Master Builder]]'', the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness. The young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist.<ref>Ibsen, Henrik. Meyer, Michael Leverson. editor. ''Ibsen Plays: 1: Ghosts; The Wild Duck; The Master Builder''. Dramatists Play Service Inc. (1980) {{ISBN|9780413463302}}. page 241</ref>

In Shakespeare's play ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Romeo is the protagonist. He is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. Tybalt, as an antagonist, opposes Romeo and attempts to thwart the relationship.<ref>Shakespeare, William. ''Romeo and Juliet''. Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare; Third edition (July 15, 2012) {{ISBN|9781903436912}}</ref>

In Shakespeare's play ''[[Hamlet]]'', Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist is the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius (though, in many ways, Hamlet is his own antagonist).<ref>Shakespeare, William. ''Hamlet''. Simon & Schuster (July 1, 1992) {{ISBN|978-0743477123}}</ref>

Sometimes, a work will have a [[false protagonist]], who may seem to be the protagonist, but then may disappear unexpectedly. The character Marion in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s film ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960) is an example.<ref>Kolker, Robert Phillip. ''Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho: A Casebook''. Oxford University Press (2004) {{ISBN|9780195169195}}</ref>

A novel may contain a number of narratives, each with its own protagonist. [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]]'s ''[[The First Circle]]'', for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in a [[gulag]] camp.<ref>''The Solzhenitsyn Reader: New and Essential Writings, 1947–2005: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn'', Edward E. Ericson, Jr., Daniel J. Mahoney.</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s ''[[War and Peace]]'' depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war.<ref>Moser, Charles. 1992. ''Encyclopedia of Russian Literature''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–300.</ref>

Though many people equate protagonists with the term hero and possessing heroic qualities, it is not necessary, as even villainous characters can be protagonists. For example [[Michael Corleone]] from ''[[The Godfather (film series)|The Godfather]]'' (1972–1990) film series (1978–1983).

In some cases, the protagonist is not a human: in [[Richard Adams]]' novel ''[[Watership Down]],'' a group of [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphised]] rabbits, led by the protagonist Hazel, escape their warren after seeing a vision of its destruction, starting a perilous journey to find a new home.<ref>Adams, Richard, 1920–2016. Watership Down. London: Rex Collings Ltd, 1972. Print.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wiktionary}}

{{Fiction writing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek theatre]]
[[Category:Protagonists by role| ]]
[[Category:Psychodrama]]
[[Category:Fiction]]

Stree (1972 film)

2026-03-07T06:34:25Z

Nhungexim: basic correct structure for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Stree
| image = Stree (1972) poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Salil Dutta]]
| producer = Pradyot Kumar Basu
| writer = [[Bimal Mitra]]
| screenplay = Salil Dutta
| based_on = ''Stree'' by Bimal Mitra
| starring = {{ubl|[[Uttam Kumar]]|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]|[[Arati Bhattacharya]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
| cinematography = Bijoy Ghosh
| editing = Amiyo Mukhopadhyay
| studio = Baby June Production
| distributor = S. B. Films
| released = {{Film date|1972|08|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
}}
'''''Stree''''' is a 1972 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Historical drama|period]] [[Action film|action drama film]] directed by [[Salil Dutta]]. The film is based on the novel of [[Bimal Mitra]] by the same title and the era of the plot showing during the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Stree |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/stree_1972 |access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref> Produced by Baby June Productions marking their second venture, it stars [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Arati Bhattacharya]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sanyasi Raja' - Bengali films that proved Uttam Kumar was not just a romantic matinee idol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/bengali-films-that-proved-uttam-kumar-was-not-just-a-romantic-matinee-idol/sanyasi-raja/photostory/63907008.cms |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Nachiketa Ghosh]],<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Stree|url=http://www.gomolo.com/stree-movie-synopsis-plot-story/14128|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=7 September 2013|archive-date=6 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306003641/http://www.gomolo.com/stree-movie-synopsis-plot-story/14128|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the lyrics penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] and [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]].

The film showed Uttam's one of the best performance and clash with Soumitra. The film became a blockbuster hit at the box office. The film had dominated at the [[BFJA Award]] 1973 and went on to win seven awards. It was later remade in Hindi in 1982 as [[Ayaash]] starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Arun Govil]] and [[Rati Agnihotri]] in lead roles.

== Plot ==
Sitapati (Soumitra Chatterjee), a homeless youth, comes to landlord Madhav Dutta's (Uttam Kumar) house and gets a job as his cameraman. Sitapati discovers his former girlfriend Mrinmoyee (Arati Bhattacharya) is now Madhav Dutta's wife. Madhav's polygamy and Mirnmoyee's loneliness prompt her extramarital relationship with Sitapati. Baiji dance and alcoholism, love, betrayal, hatred - Sitapati's lens captures it all. Finally, Sitapati leaves the house, Mrinmoyee dies, and gradually Madhav learns about their relationship. Madhav cannot bear the fact that his wife has committed adultery. He goes to take revenge and shoots Sitapati who is already dead, then becomes mad and shoots himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0215215/fullcredits|title=Stree (1972) - IMDb|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Uttam Kumar]] as Madhab Dutta (Zamindar)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/film/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80/|title = স্ত্রী (Film): Reviews, Ratings, Cast and Crew - Rate Your Music}}</ref>
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Sitapati
*[[Arati Bhattacharya]] as Madhab Dutta's Wife
*[[Bhanu Banerjee]] as Sansar Chatterjee
*[[Jahor Roy]] as Gobardhan Choudhury
*[[Tarun Kumar]] as Sitapati's Brother-in-law
*[[Subrata Chattopadhyay]] as Sitapati's Sister
*[[Sulata Chowdhury]] as Maid Servant
*Moni Srimani
*Amarnath Mukhopadhyay as Lawyer
*Ashok Mitra as Prankeshto
*Rasaraj Chakraborty
*Parijat Bose
*Ajay Bandyopadhyay
*Kalyani Ghosh
*Arindam Ganguly
*Jhuma Mukhopadhyay

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Stree
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1972
| recorded = 1971
| venue =
| studio = Baby June Production
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 0:16:01
| label = SA RE GA MA
| producer = Pradyat Kumar Basu
| prev_title = [[Notun Diner Alo]]
| prev_year = 1972
| next_title = [[Agnibhramar]]
| next_year = 1973
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_lyrics = [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]] and [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]]
| all_music = [[Nachiketa Ghosh]].
The song ''Hazar Takar Jharbatita'' become huge hit.
| title1 = Khirki Theke Singhaduar
| extra1 = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| length1 = 3:30
| lyrics1 = Pulak Bandyopadhyay
| title2 = Sakkhi Thakuk Jhorapata
| extra2 = Hemanta Mukherjee
| length2 = 3:17
| lyrics2 = Pulak Bandyopadhyay
| title3 = Shokhi Kalo Amar Bhalo Lage Naa
| extra3 = [[Manna Dey]], Hemanta Mukherjee
| length3 = 3:00
| lyrics3 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| title4 = Jemon Shapini Ke Posh Manay Ojha
| extra4 = Manna Dey
| length4 = 3:08
| title5 = Hazaar Takar Jharbati Ta
| extra5 = Manna Dey, Hemanta Mukherjee
| length5 = 3:24
| total_length = 16:19
}}

==Reception==
[[The Times of India]] wrote "Stree, one of the finest works of Uttam Kumar, reminds us that icons like him are rare. Uttam Kumar stepped out of his romantic image and tried something just the opposite. A drunkard Bengali zamindar without any sense of chastity – he was unrecognizable in this negative character. Yet he bamboozled everyone with this persona. Even critics admitted only Uttam Kumar can do this. The Uttam-Soumitra movie remains a classic one and Uttam's dialogues still haunt us.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Stree - Bengali films that proved Uttam Kumar was not just a romantic matinee idol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/bengali-films-that-proved-uttam-kumar-was-not-just-a-romantic-matinee-idol/stree/photostory/63907011.cms |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film become blockbuster at the box office and ran for 24 weeks in the theaters.

== Awards ==
;[[BFJA Awards]] (1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL. |url=https://www.filmiclub.comaward/bfja-awards/bfja-awards-1973 |access-date=20 July 2023}}{{Dead link |date=July 2023}}</ref>

* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actor Award|BFJA Best Actor]] - Uttam Kumar
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Supporting Actor Award|BFJA Best Actor In a Supporting Role]] - Soumitra Chatterjee
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award Best Dialogue|BFJA Award Best Dialogue]] - Salil Dutta
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Lyricist Award|BFJA Award Best Lyrics]] - [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay|Pulak Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Music Director Award|BFJA Award Best Music Direction]] - [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Male Playback Award|BFJA Award Best Playback Singer (Male)]] - [[Manna Dey]]

==Remake==
The film was remade in Hindi in 1982 as ''[[Ayaash]]'' directed and produced by [[Shakti Samanta]] and starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]] in lead.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0215215}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1972 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Salil Dutta]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bimal Mitra]]

{{1970s-Bengali-film-stub}}

List of Kannada films of 2018

2026-02-26T05:37:57Z

Nhungexim: update information per standard format for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Sandalwood films}}
A list of Kannada language films produced in the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]] in India in 2018.
==Box office collection==
The [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada films]] released in 2018, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.

The rank of the films in the following depends on the worldwide gross. The budget is only for knowledgeable purpose.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2018
|-
! Rank !! Title
! Production company !! Worldwide gross !! Ref
|-
!1
|''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''
|[[Hombale Films]]
|{{INRConvert|250|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-09 |title=Yash reveals he has approached Sanjay Dutt for KGF Chapter 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-reveals-he-has-approached-sanjay-dutt-for-kgf-chapter-2-1452187-2019-02-09 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]''
|Tanvi Shanvi Films
|{{INRConvert|60|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2018-10-26 |title=Will Shiva Rajkumar’s ‘The Villain’ reach the magic Rs 100 crore mark? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/will-shiva-rajkumar-s-villain-reach-magic-rs-100-crore-mark-90621 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|''[[Raambo 2]]''
|Ladoo Cinema House
De Arte Studios
|{{INRConvert|27|c}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-31 |title=2018 Kannada movies that completed 100 days in cinema halls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/2018-kannada-movies-that-completed-100-days-in-cinema-halls/photostory/67323380.cms?picid=67323438 |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai|''Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale'']]
|Rishab Shetty Films
|{{INRConvert|20|c}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!5
|''[[Tagaru]]''
|Venus Entertainers
|{{INRConvert|11.5|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2018-02-27 |title=Shivaraj Kumar and Dhananjay's Tagaru has set the box office on fire |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/shivaraj-kumar-dhananjays-tagaru-has-set-box-office-fire-says-distributor-762072 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!6
|''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]''
|Kichcha Creations
|{{INRConvert|10|c}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!7
|[[Ayogya (2018 film)|''Ayogya'']]
|Crystal Park Cinemas
|{{INRConvert|5|c}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!8
|''[[Dandupalya 3]]''
|SRT Entertainers
|{{INRConvert|4.5|c}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!9
|''[[Victory 2]]''
|Tharun Talkies
|{{INRConvert|3.5|c}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Film awards events==
* [[65th National Film Awards]]
* 2017 Karnataka State Film Awards
* [[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* [[Suvarna Film Awards]], by Suvarna channel.
* [[Udaya Film Awards]], by Udaya Channel
* [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]
* Bangalore Times Film Awards

==January–June==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:18%;"|Title
! style="width:10%;"|Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast !! Notes !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N U A R Y'''
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"|'''5'''
|align="center"|''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]''
|align="center"| [[Nanda Kishore]] || [[Manoranjan Ravichandran]], [[Mishti|Mishti Chakraborthy]], [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]|| Remake of Tamil film ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' (2014) Produced by [[Rockline Entertainments]]
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/16360-brihaspathi-to-be-the-first-film-of-2018.html|title=Brihaspathi To Be The First Film of 2018|publisher=Chitraloka|date=19 December 2017|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820083338/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/16360-brihaspathi-to-be-the-first-film-of-2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Nammavaru''
| align="center" | Purushottam Omkarswamy || [[Srinivasa Murthy]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], Ganesh Rao, Jayalakshmi|| Produced by Ataveshwara Films
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nammavaru/ET00068612|title=Nammavaru Movie (2018) |publisher=Bookmyshow|date=5 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Punararambha''
| align="center" | Vijaya Kumar || Vijaya Kumar, Aishwarya Dinesh, Shankar Ashwath, Ganesh Rao|| Produced by Vibhin Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/punararambha-complete-dr-vijaykumar-comeback-kannada-news-198852|title=Punararambha complete, Dr Vijaykumar comeback|website=IndiaGlitz|date=5 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | ''Punarapi''|| Lingaraj P. Bellary
| align="center" | Raj Charan, Pallavi, Ritesh Nagaraj, Sudhiksha Ramesh
| align="center" |
|<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=Punaraphi Movie (2018) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/punaraphi/ET00068610 |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;" |'''12'''
| align="center" |''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''
| align="center" | [[Saad Khan]]|| [[Danish Sait]], [[Vijay Chendoor]], [[Sumukhi Suresh]], [[Roger Narayan]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]]|| Produced by [[Paramvah Studios]], [[Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah|Pushkar Films]] & Lost and Found Films
| align="center" |<ref>[https://www.chitraloka.com/news/16426-humble-politician-nogaraj-postponed-to-jan-12th.html "Humble Politician Nogaraj Postponed To Jan 12th"] Chitraloka.com (25 December 2017)</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Mari Tiger''
| align="center" | [[P. N. Sathya]]|| [[Vinod Prabhakar]], Teju, [[Neethu]], [[Bullet Prakash]]|| Produced by Simhadri Productions
| align="center" |<ref>[https://www.chitraloka.com/news/16558-mari-tiger-to-finally-release-on-jan-12th.html "Mari Tiger To Finally Release On Jan 12th"] Chitraloka.com (7 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;" |'''19'''
| align="center" |''[[3 Gante 30 Dina 30 Second]]''
| align="center" | G. K. Madhusudhan || Aru Gowda, [[Kavya Shetty]], [[Devaraj]], [[Sudharani]], Yamuna Srinidhi, Sundar|| Produced by Brain Share Creations Private Limited
| align="center" |<ref>[https://www.chitraloka.com/news/16602-3-gante-30-dina-30-second-on-jan-19th.html "'3 Gante 30 Dina 30 Second' On Jan 19th"] Chitraloka.com (11 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Neenillada Male''
| align="center" | Amosh || R. Janardhan, Vallery Maravi, [[Girish Karnad]], [[Tabla Nani]]|| Produced by Laxmi Movies and Maas Movies
| align="center" |<ref>[https://citytoday.news/neenillada-male-to-hit-screens-on-january-19/ "Neenillada Male to hit screens on January 19"] Citytoday.com (11 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Raju Kannada Medium]]''
| align="center" | Naresh Kumar || [[Gurunandan]], [[Avantika Shetty]], [[Ashika Ranganath]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], Anjelina Desdena, [[Sudeep]] (cameo role)|| Produced by Suresh Arts
| align="center" |<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/raju-kannada-medium-on-19-kannada-news-204029 "Raju Kannada medium on 19"] Indiaglitz.com (1 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;" |'''26'''
| align="center" |''[[Churikatte]]''
| align="center" | Raghu Shivamogga || [[Praveen Tej]], Prerana Kambam, [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], Balaji Manohar, Manjunath Hegde|| Produced by Morning Star Pictures
| align="center" |<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/churikatte/ET00069248 Churikatte (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (25 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''I Dash You''
| align="center" | Keshav Chandu || Pramod, Lucky, Suvarna, Kalyani|| Produced by Kavi Hrudaya Talkies
| align="center" |<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/i-dash-you/ET00067737 I Dash You(2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (25 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| align="center" | ''[[Kanaka (film)|Kanaka]]''|| [[R. Chandru]]
| align="center" | [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Hariprriya]], [[Manvitha Harish]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| align="center" |
|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kanaka/ET00064734 Kanaka (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (25 January 2018)</ref>
|-
|- February!
| rowspan="24" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B R U A R Y'''
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;"|'''2'''
|align="center"|''Aa Ondu Dina''
|align="center"| Sanjay || Badami, Vijay Desai, Raj Bahaddur, Simran Mishra Koti, Alisha|| Produced by Kumar Samarth Creations
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/aa-ondu-dina/ET00070119 Aa Ondu Dina (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Devrantha Manushya''
|align="center"| Kiran Shetty || Pratham, Shruthi, Vaishnavi Menon, [[Suchendra Prasad]], [[Tabla Nani]]|| Produced by Suravi Combines and Sahith Films
|align="center"|<ref name="auto">[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/devrantha-manushya/ET00067334 Devrantha Manushya (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Jantar Mantar''
|align="center"| Govinde Gowda || Shivaraj K.R.Pete, Nayana, Divyasri, Hitesh, Sambrama, [[Master Anand]], [[V. Manohar]]|| Produced by Sri Huliyamma Movie Makers
|align="center"|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|align="center"|''Java''
|align="center"| Abhay Chandra Gowda || [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], [[Dileep Raj]], Bhavani Prakash, Nagini Bharana|| Produced by Blue Aubrey Entertainment Pvt Ltd.
|align="center"|<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/java-for-february-2-kannada-news-204774 "Java for February 2"] Indiaglitz (11 January 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Manjari''
|align="center"| Vishruth Naik || Roopika, Amith, Prabhu Mandukar, [[Vijay Chendoor]]|| Produced by Shankara Combines
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/manjari/ET00069747 "Manjari (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Rajasimha (film)|Rajasimha]]''
|align="center"| Ravi Ram || [[Aniruddha Jatkar]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Sanjjana]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Bullet Prakash]]|| Produced by Veer Maasti Films
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rajasimha/ET00069822 "Rajasimha (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Sanjeeva''
|align="center"| Sri Panchami Cine Creations || Chethan Gandharva, Lekha Chandra, [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| Produced by Sri Panchami Cine Creations
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/sanjeeva/ET00070126 "Sanjeeva (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;"|'''9'''
|align="center"|''Amalu''
|align="center"| L. Ravi Kumar || Bhanu Prakash, M. D. Kowshik|| Produced by
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/amalu/ET00070590 "Amalu (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (9 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Naanu L/O Jaanu''
|align="center"| Suresh. G || Vishal Dantha, Manjula Gangappa, [[Chikkanna]], [[Suchendra Prasad]]|| Produced by Shri Kalathapasvi Creations
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/naanu-lo-jaanu/ET00070539 "Naanu L/O Jaanu (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (9 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Prema Baraha]]''
|align="center"| [[Arjun Sarja]] || [[Chandan Kumar]], [[Aishwarya Arjun]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Arjun Sarja]]|| Simultaneously released in Tamil as ''[[Solli Vidava]]'' Produced by [[Sree Raam Films International]]
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/prema-baraha/ET00069184 Prema Baraha (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (9 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Raghuveera''
|align="center"| Surya Sathish || Harsha, Dhenu Achappa, Swaminathan, Robo Ganesh, Mythri Jagadish|| Produced by Achappa Movies
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/raghuveera/ET00070567 Raghuveera (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (9 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Real Real 2''
|align="center"| Kavi Rajesh || Prajwal, Kavya Gowda, Soujanya|| Produced by Megha Varsha Movies
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/real-real-2/ET00070536 Real Real 2(2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (9 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Samhaara]]''
|align="center"| [[Guru Deshpande]] || [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Hariprriya]], [[Kavya Shetty]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Tabla Nani]]|| Remake of Tamil film ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' (2017) Produced by Manu Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/samhaara/ET00070471 Samhaara (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (9 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;"|'''16'''
|align="center"|''[[Googal (film)|Googal]]''
|align="center"| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] || [[V. Nagendra Prasad]], [[Shubha Poonja]], Amrutha Rao, Deepak|| Produced by Utsav Movies
|align="center"|<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/feb/13/upcoming-kannada-film-googal-is-dr-nagendra-prasads-one-man-show-1772903.html Upcoming Kannada film 'Googal' is Dr Nagendra Prasad's one-man show] The New Indian Express (14 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Jana Gana Mana''
|align="center"| Shashikanth Anekal || Ayesha Habib, [[Ravi Kale]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], Raghunath Yadav|| Produced by VIP Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/jana-gana-mana-kannada/ET00070867 "Jana Gana Mana (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kantri Boys''
|align="center"| S. Raju Chatnally || Gaddappa, Aravind, Sumanth Surya, Darshan Raj, Sandhya, Shalini, Anakha, Vasanthi|| Produced by Cherains Entertainment
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kanthri-boys/ET00070120 "Kanthri Boys (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Mr. LLB''
|align="center"| Raghuvardhan Shravana || Shishir Shastry, Lekha Chandra, Sujay Hegde, Nandini, Kempegowda|| Produced by RV Creations
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mr-llb/ET00070815 "Mr. LLB (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Shankhanada''
|align="center"| Vishwanatha Basappa Kalagi || Shanthareddy Patil, Nayana, Srinivasa, Sri Rashmitha|| Produced by Sri Siddarameshwara Films
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/shankhanada/ET00070986 "Shankhanada (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Tunturu (film)|Tunturu]]''
|align="center"| Mussanje Mahesh || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Rishika Singh]], Anil || Produced by Thibbadevi Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/tunturu/ET00070953 "Tunturu (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ede3ef;"|'''23'''
|align="center"|''Dvaita''
|align="center"| Sadashivachar || Prasad Vasishta, Shrithama, Chandrakala Mohan|| Produced by
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/dvaita/ET00071171 "Dvaita (2018) Movie"] Bookmyshow (23 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Gande Oorige Hodaga''
|align="center"| Sai Krishna || Sindhu Rao, Anu Gowda, Sapna|| Produced by
|align="center"|<ref>[https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/4699-ganda-oorige-hodaga.html "'Ganda Oorig Hodaga' To Release On Feb 23rd"] Chitraloka (23 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Rangbirangi''
|align="center"| Mallikarjun Muthalagerigenre || Tanvi Rao, Sreejith, Panchu, Charan, Kuri Pratap, Satyajith, Babu Hirannaiah, Rockline Sudhakar|| Produced by SK Talkies
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rangbirangi/ET00070809 Rangbirangi Movie (2018)] Bookmyshow (23 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Rankal Raate''
|align="center"| Gopi Kerur || Mana Advik, Ashriya, Ravi, Yashas|| Produced by Cinema Krushi Movies
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rankal-raate/ET00071170 Rankal Raate Movie (2018)] Bookmyshow (23 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Tagaru]]''
|align="center"| [[Duniya Soori]] || [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]], [[Manvitha]], [[Bhavana Menon|Bhavana]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Devaraj]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]|| Produced by Venus Entertainers
|align="center"|<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/tagaru/ET00049201 Tagaru Movie (2018)] Bookmyshow (23 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|- March!
|rowspan="18" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R C H'''
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''2'''
|align="center"|''3000''
|align="center"| Rabbuni Keerthi || Keerthi, M. D. Prasad, Clarence Allen Crasta, Ujala Baboria, Pallavi Sagar|| Produced by Shankar & associates
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/3000/ET00071424|title=3000 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Chinnada Gombe''
|align="center"| Pankaj Baalan || Century Gowda, Gaddappa, Keerthi Krishna, Leena Kushi, Anji Shri|| Produced by Sri Krishna Movie Makers
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/chinnada-gombe/ET00071336|title=Chinnada Gombe Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Preethiya Raayabhari''
|align="center"| M. M. Muthu || Nakul Gowda, Sukruta Deshpande, [[Charan Raj]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Suchendra Prasad]]|| Produced by Naadakirana Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/preethiya-raayabhari/ET00071472|title=Preethiya Raayabhari Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Sarkaar''
|align="center"| Manju Preetham || Jaguar Jaggi, Lekha Chandra|| Produced by Sri Veerabhadreshwara Entertainment
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/sarkaar/ET00071651|title=Sarkaar Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''16'''
|align="center"|''[[Dandupalya 3]]''
|align="center"| [[Srinivas Raju]] || [[Pooja Gandhi]], [[Makarand Deshpande]], [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Sanjjana]], [[Ravi Kale]], Adi Lokesh, Petrol Prasanna|| Produced by SRT Entertainments Pvt Ltd
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/iii-kannada/ET00072007|title=III Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Idam Premam Jeevanam''
|align="center"| Raghavanka Prabhu || Sanath, Shanaya Katwe, Siri Raju, [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]|| Produced by Riona Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/idam-premam-jeevanam/ET00071887|title=Idam Premam Jeevanam Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Muttina Pallakki''
|align="center"| M. D. Kaushik || Gauthami Gowda, Randhir Kamalakar, [[Sundar Raj]]|| Produced by Global Man Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/muttina-pallakki/ET00072558|title=Muttina Pallakki Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Nanagishta''
|align="center"| [[Dinesh Babu]] || Ashwin Devang, Rachana, [[Rajesh Nataranga]]|| Produced by Sri Lakshmivenkateshwara Visions
|align="center"|<ref name="auto1">{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nanagista/ET00072559|title=Nanagishta Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[O Premave (2018 film)|O Premave]]''
|align="center"| Manoj Kumar || Manoj Kumar, [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Huccha Venkat]]|| Produced by M K Films
|align="center"|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''23'''
|align="center"|''Athruptha''
|align="center"| Nagesh Kyalanur || Arjun Yogesh Raj, [[Shruthi Raj]], [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]], [[Sihi Kahi Geetha]]|| Produced by Jaithashri Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/athruptha/ET00068639|title=Athruptha Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Mukhyamantri Kaldodnappo''
|align="center"| Shivakumar Badriah || Bharath Badriah, Amulya Raj, Shivakumar Badriah|| Produced by Bale Yele Film Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mukyamantri-kaldodnappo/ET00072720|title=Mukhyamantri Kaldodnappo Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Rajaratha]]''
|align="center"| [[Anup Bhandari]] || [[Nirup Bhandari]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Avantika Shetty]], [[P. Ravishankar]]|| Produced by Jollyhits
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rajaratha-kannada/ET00045240|title=Rajaratha Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Saakshi''
|align="center"| Prasad P. J. || Nakul Govind, Sheela Rai|| Produced by Master Frames
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/saakshi/ET00072950|title=Saakshi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Yogi Duniya]]''
|align="center"| Hari || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Hitha Chandrashekar]]|| Produced by MY Film Factory & Balaji Cinema
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/yogi-duniya/ET00072707|title=Yogi Duniya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''30'''
|align="center"|''[[Gultoo]]''
|align="center"| [[Janardhan Chikkanna]] || [[Naveen Shankar]], [[Sonu (actress)|Sonu Gowda]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]|| Produced by Vivid Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/gultoo/ET00069612|title=Gultoo Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Heegondhu Dina]]''
|align="center"| [[Vikram Yoganand]] || [[Sindhu Lokanath]], [[Praveen Tej]], [[Guruprasad]], [[Shobaraj (actor)|Shobaraj]]|| Produced by [[Smart Screen Productions]]
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/heegondhu-dina/ET00061720|title=Heegondhu Dina Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Ideega Banda Suddhi''
|align="center"| S. R. Patil || Maadhav, Kaavya, Shivakumar, Balaram Kannadiga|| Produced by Basava Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/eedhiga-bandha-sudhi/ET00072991|title=Ideega Banda Suddhi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Johnny Johnny Yes Papa (film)|Johnny Johnny Yes Papa]]''
|align="center"| [[Preetham Gubbi]] || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Achyuth Kumar]]|| Produced by Duniya Talkies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/johnny-johnny-yes-papa/ET00072957|title=Johnny Johnny Yes Papa Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- April!
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#b4cae3; textcolor:#000;" | '''A P R I L'''
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''6'''
|align="center"|''[[Andhagaara]]''
|align="center"| Jayakumar || Naveen Theerthahalli, Sowmya Gowda, Nandish, Jithendra Kumar|| Produced by Sri Kuppamma Devi Movies, ARK Media
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/andhagaara/ET00073350|title=Andhagaara Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Huccha 2]]''
|align="center"| [[Om Prakash Rao]] || [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]], Shravya Rao, [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], [[Malavika Avinash]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| Remake of ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'' (2005) Produced by Sri Renuka Movie Makers
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/huccha-2/ET00072322|title=Huccha 2 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Jayamahal''
|align="center"| Hrudaya Shiva || [[Shubha Poonja]], Neenasam Ashwath, [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], Hrudaya Shiva|| Produced by S S Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/jayamahal/ET00073009|title=Jayamahal Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Maduve Dibbana''
|align="center"| S. Umesh || Abhishek, [[Sonal Monteiro]], Shivaraj KR Pete|| Produced by BNR Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/maduve-dibbana/ET00073379|title=Maduve Dibbana Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Nanjundi Kalyana''
|align="center"| Rajendra Karanth || Thanush Shivanna, Shravya Rao, Kuri Prathap, Padmaja Rao|| Produced by Srirama Talkies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nanjundi-kalyana/ET00006674|title=Nanjundi Kalyana Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''UN2''
|align="center"| Nithesh G. R. || Nithesh G. R., Anitha Bhat, Manoj Mishra|| Produced by SSD Movies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/un2/ET00073632|title=UN2 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Varthamana]]''
|align="center"| Umesh Amshi || [[Sanchari Vijay]], Sanjana Prakash || Produced by Ultimate Movies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/varthamana/ET00073456|title=Varthamana Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''13'''
|align="center"|''[[Dalapathi (film)|Dalapathi]]''
|align="center"| [[Prashant Raj]] || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Krishi Thapanda]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]|| Produced by Nimma Cinema
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/dalapathi/ET00070754|title=Dalapathi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]]''
|align="center"| [[Karthik Subbaraj]] || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Sananth Reddy]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], Deepak Paramesh, Shashank Purushotham, Anish Padmanabhan, Indhuja|| Produced by Stone Bench Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mercury/ET00058962|title=Mercury Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Seizer]]''
|align="center"| Vinay Krishna || [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Parul Yadav]], [[Prakash Rai]], [[Nagineedu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| Produced by Sree Kadari Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/seizer/ET00025557|title=Seizer Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''20'''
|align="center"|''6 to 6''
|align="center"| Shidlughatta Srinivas || Tarak Ponnappa, Aarohi, Swaroopini, [[Suresh Heblikar]]|| Produced by Annapoorneshwari Arts
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/6-to-6/ET00074217|title=6 To 6 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Attempt to Murder''
|align="center"| Amar Gowda || Chandu Gowda, Soorya, Shobitha, Hemalatha. V, Vinay H. S.|| Produced by Renukamba Digital Theater
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/attempt-to-murder/ET00072436|title=Attempt to Murder Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Krishna Tulasi]]''
|align="center"| Sukhesh Nayak || [[Sanchari Vijay]], [[Meghashree]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Ramesh Bhat]]|| Produced by Annapoorneshwari Cine Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/krishna-tulasi/ET00073970|title=Krishna Tulasi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Nagavalli Vs Apthamithraru''
|align="center"| Shankar Arun || Vikram Karthik, Vaishnavi Menon|| Produced by Prabhik Media Works
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nagavalli-vs-apthamithraru/ET00073475|title=Nagavalli Vs Apthamithraru Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Rukku''
|align="center"| Basavaraj Bellary || Shreyas, Vega Ramya|| Produced by
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rukku/ET00074334|title=Rukku Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Saaguva Daariyalli''
|align="center"| Shiv Kumar Gowda || Anup SaRa Govind, Pavithra Gowda, [[Devaraj]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Rangayana Raghu]]|| Produced by Shiva Shakti Movie Dreams
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/saaguva-daariyalli/ET00073954|title=Saaguva Daariyalli Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;"|'''27'''
|align="center"|''[[Buckasura]]''
|align="center"| Navaneeth Kumar || [[RJ Rohith]], Kavya Gowda, [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Makarand Deshpande]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]|| Produced by Padmavathi Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/buckaasuura/ET00072306|title=Buckaasuura Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Days of Borapura''
|align="center"| Aditya Kunigal || Prashanth C. M., Anitha Bhat, Surya Siddhartha, [[Suchendra Prasad]]|| Produced by
|align="center"|<ref name="auto2">{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/days-of-borapura/ET00073375|title=Days of Borapura Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Dhwaja (film)|Dhwaja]]''
|align="center"| Ashok Cashyap || Ravi Gowda, [[Priyamani]], [[T. N. Seetharam]], [[Tabla Nani]], Divya Uruduga|| '''Remake''' of Tamil film ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' (2016) Produced by C. B. G Production
|align="center"|<ref name="auto2"/>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Hebbet Ramakka]]''
|align="center"| N. R. Nanjunde Gowda || [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Devaraj]], Hanumanthe Gowda|| Produced by Saviraj Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/hebbet-ramakka/ET00074491|title=Hebbet Ramakka Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kanoorayana''
|align="center"| [[T. S. Nagabharana]] || [[Skanda Ashok]], [[Sonu (actress)|Sonu Gowda]], [[Doddanna]], Kaddipudi Chandru|| Produced by Shruthalaya Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kaanoorayana/ET00074263|title=Kanoorayana Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- May!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a;" | '''M A Y'''
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''4'''
|align="center"|''[[Bhootayyana Mommaga Ayyu]]''
|align="center"| Nagaraj Peenya || [[Chikkanna]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Honnavalli Krishna]]|| Produced by Sri Vaishnavi Cine Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bhootayyana-mommaga-ayyu/ET00063887|title=Bhootayyana Mommaga Ayyu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Kicchu]]''
|align="center"| Pradeep Raj || Dhruva Sharma, [[Ragini Dwivedi]], [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], [[Suchendra Prasad]], [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], [[Sudeep]]|| Produced by Indirajal Advertisement Solutions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kichchu/ET00074600|title=Kichchu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''11'''
| align="center" |''Edakallu Guddada Mele''
| align="center" | Vivin Surya || Nakul Sharma, Swathi Sharma, Pragathi Hemakala, [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]], [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]|| Produced by Sri Sai Siddhi Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/edakallu-guddada-mele/ET00075235|title=Edakallu Guddada Mele Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=11 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Hello Mama''
| align="center" | [[Mohan Shankar]]|| [[Mohan Shankar]], Bhumika A. K.|| Produced by Pragathi Cine Creations
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/hello-mama/ET00075252|title=Hello Mama Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=11 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''18'''
| align="center" |''Parthasarathi''
| align="center" | Robert Navaraj || Renukumar, Akshatha Sreedhar Shastry|| Produced by Digital Pixll
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/parthasarathi/ET00075862|title=Parthasarathi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Raambo 2]]''
| align="center" | Anil Kumar || [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], [[Ashika Ranganath]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[P. Ravishankar]]|| Produced by Laddoo Cinemas
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/raambo-2/ET00075633|title=Raambo 2 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''Saddu''
| align="center" | Arun || Bharath, Nikitha Swamy, Bhagya|| Produced by Tasha Productions
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/saddu/ET00075464|title=Saddu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''25'''
| align="center" |''[[Hottegagi Genu Battegagi]]''
| align="center" | Narendra Babu || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Radhika Chetan]]|| Produced by Acme Movies International
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/hottegaagi-genu-battegaagi/ET00075238|title=Hottegagi Genu Battegagi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=25 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Raja Loves Radhe]]''
| align="center" | Rajashekar || [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Radhika Preeti]], [[Rakesh Adiga]], [[Shubha Poonja]], [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Bhavya]], [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]], [[Tabla Nani]]|| Produced by H.L.N. Raj Entertainer
| align="center" |<ref name="auto3">{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/raama-dhanya/ET00076007|title=Rama Dhanya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=25 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Ramadhanya]]''
| align="center" | T. N. Nagesh || Yashas Surya, Nimika Ratnakar, [[Mandya Ramesh]], Yash Ninasam, Ramesh Pandit|| Produced by Dashamukha Ventures
| align="center" |<ref name="auto3" />
|-
| align="center" |''Yar Yaro Gori Mele''
| align="center" | L. V. Raghuchand || Raaj, Abhi, Varsha|| Produced by Mathru Krupa Communication
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/yaar-yaaro-ghorimele/ET00076315|title=Yaar Yaaro Ghorimele Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=25 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- June!
|rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#50c878; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N E'''
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''1'''
|align="center"|''[[2nd Half]]''
|align="center"| Yogi Devagange || [[Priyanka Upendra]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], Niranjan Sudhindra, Surabhi Santhosh|| Produced by Brindavan Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/2nd-half/ET00075749|title=2nd Half Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Adarsha''
|align="center"| Sai Prabhakar || [[Naga Kiran]], Prajju Poovaiah, Taranga Vishwanath|| Produced by SBR Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/adarsha/ET00076769|title=Adarsha Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Bicycle Boys''
|align="center"| Naveena S. Kumar || Abhishek Acharya, Navitha Jain|| Produced by Sreekara Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bicycle-boys/ET00076753|title=Bicycle Boys Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''J''
|align="center"| K. Harish || K. Harish, Veena|| Produced by KP Company
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/j/ET00075988|title=J Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Navila Kinnari''
|align="center"| Venky Challa || Himansee Katragadda, [[Hulikal Nataraj]], [[Srinivas Prabhu]], Baby Deekshitha|| Produced by Hulikal Entertainment Studios
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/navila-kinnari/ET00076002|title=Navila Kinnari Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Vanilla (2018 film)|Vanilla]]''
|align="center"| [[Jayatheertha]] || Avinash J, Swathi Konde, Pavana|| Produced by Akhila Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/vanilla/ET00076690|title=Vanilla Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''8'''
|align="center"|''Shathaya Gathaya''
|align="center"| Sandeep Gowda || Raghu Ramappa, Sonika Gowda, Kuri Prathap, Govinde Gowda, [[M. S. Umesh]]|| Produced by Alphaa Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/shathaya-gathaya/ET00076087|title=Shathaya Gathaya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=8 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Shivu Paru''
|align="center"| America Suresh || America Suresh, [[Disha Poovaiah]], [[Chitra Shenoy]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Honnavalli Krishna]], Tharanga Vishwa|| Produced by Suri Film
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/shivu-paru/ET00075452|title=Shivu Paru Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=8 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''15'''
|align="center"|''[[Amma I Love You]]''
|align="center"| [[K. M. Chaitanya]] || [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Nishvika Naidu]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Prakash Belawadi]]|| '''Remake''' of Tamil film ''[[Pichaikkaran]]'' (2016) Produced by [[Dwarakish]] Chitra
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/amma-i-love-you/ET00073347|title=Amma I Love You Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=15 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kattu Kathe''
|align="center"| Raj Praveen || Surya, Swathi Konde, [[Rajesh Nataranga]], [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]]|| Produced by Anagha Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kattu-kathe/ET00077308|title=Kattu Kathe Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=15 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Megha Alias Maggi''
|align="center"| Vishal Puttanna || Tej Gowda, [[Sukrutha Wagle]], Neethu Bala|| Produced by Vinni Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/megha-alias-maggi/ET00076905|title=Megha Alias Maggi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=15 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''22'''
|align="center"|''1098''
|align="center"| N. A. Shwetha || Preetham, Ayush, Thoshith, Gowri, Milana, Sharadamma, Punish, Pavan|| Produced by Lakshmi Narasimha Film Factory & Sambrama Dream House
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/1098/ET00078162|title=1098 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Aranyakanda''
|align="center"| Raghunandan. S || Amar, Archana Kottige, Gururaj Shetty, Pawan Damodar, Ayush|| Produced by Lakshmi Narasimha Film Factory & Sambrama Dream House
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/aranyakanda/ET00077268|title=Aranyakanda Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kelavu Dinagala Nanthara''
|align="center"| Sri Ni || [[Shubha Poonja]], Dravya Shetty, Lokesh, Pawan|| Produced by Sri Kalpavruksha Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kelavu-dinagala-nanthara/ET00075034|title=Kelavu Dinagala Nanthara Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Mast Kalandar''
|align="center"| Rajkumar Aditthyaa || Nithin, Aarohi|| Produced by Swamy Film Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mast-kalandar/ET00077807|title=Mast Kalandar Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Mr. Cheater Ramachari''
|align="center"| Ramachari || Ramachari, Shalini Bhat, Ramanjaneyulu, Vijay Chowdhary|| Produced by Runway Reel
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mr-cheater-ramachari/ET00077945|title=Mr. Cheater Ramachari Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Surya Eva Vrukshamitra''
|align="center"| Annaiah. P || Abdul Salmaan, Chandrakala Mohan, Ramesh Pandit, [[Ramesh Bhat]]||
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/surya-eva-vrukshamitra/ET00077818|title=Surya Eva Vrukshamitra Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;"|'''29'''
|align="center"|''*121#''
|align="center"| Dosti V Anand || Vinay Chandar, Vidya Virsh, Naveen Kumar Gowda, Ugramm Manju|| Produced by Nekara Cine Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/121/ET00077613|title=*121# Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Chitte''
|align="center"| M. L. Prasanna || Yashas Surya, [[Harshika Poonacha]], B. M. Giriraj|| Produced by Sri Vagdevi Creations and S. Nalige Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/chitte/ET00078401|title=Chitte Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Hyper''
|align="center"| Ganesh Vinayak || Arjun Aarya, [[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Bullet Prakash]]|| Produced by M Big Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/hyper-kannada/ET00078039|title=Hyper Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kulfi''
|align="center"| Manju Hassan || Dilip, Sinol|| Produced by AMS Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kulfi-kannada/ET00077841|title=Kulfi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''V2''
|align="center"| Bhayanaka Naga Krishna Nag || Bhayanaka Naga, Krishna Nag|| Produced by Kiran Creations
|align="center"|
|-
|}

== July–December ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:18%;"|Title
! style="width:10.5%;"|Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast !! Notes !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#40e0d0;"| '''J U L Y'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"|'''6'''
|align="center"|''[[6ne Maili]]''
|align="center"| Seeni || [[Sanchari Vijay]], Krishna Hebbale, Mythri Jaggi, Dr. Janvi Jyothi, RJ Nethra, RJ Sudhesh|| Produced by Sri Nagabrahma Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/6ne-maili/ET00074814|title=6ne Maili Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Asathoma Sadgamaya''
|align="center"| Rajesh Venoor || [[Radhika Chetan]], [[Kiran Raj]], Lasya Nagaraj, Deepak Shetty|| Produced by ICare Movies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/asathoma-sadgamaya/ET00072731|title=Asathoma Sadgamaya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Dhangadi''
|align="center"| Sidram Karnik || Surendra Ugare, Kanaka Lakshmi|| Produced by Parameshwari Arts
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/dhangadi/ET00079133|title=Dhangadi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Kannadakkaagi Ondannu Otti]]''
|align="center"| Kushal Gowda || Avinash Shatamarshana, [[Krishi Thapanda]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Suchendra Prasad]]|| Produced by Edabidangi Talkies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kannadakkaagi-ondannu-otti/ET00078189|title=Kannadakkagi Ondannu Otti Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kuchiku Kuchiku''
|align="center"| [[D. Rajendra Babu]] || [[Jayram Karthik]], [[Praveen Tej]], Nakshatra, [[Bhuvann Ponnannaa]] || Produced by Cheluvarayaswami Movies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kuchiku-kuchiku/ET00078655|title=Kuchiku Kuchiku Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=6 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"|'''13'''
|align="center"|''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]''
|align="center"| [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] || [[Jayram Karthik]], [[Anupama Gowda]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Veena Sundar]] || Produced by D Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/aa-karaala-ratri/ET00073555|title=Aa Karaala Ratri Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Atharva (2018 film)|Atharva]]''
|align="center"| Arun || Pavan Teja, Sanam Shetty, Yash Shetty, [[Rangayana Raghu]]|| Produced by Mahasimha Movies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/atharva/ET00078089|title=Atharva Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Double Engine (2018 film)|Double Engine]]''
|align="center"| Chandra Mohan || [[Chikkanna]], [[Suman Ranganathan]], [[H. G. Dattatreya]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], Prabhu Mundkur, Priyanka Malnad, [[Achyuth Kumar]]|| Produced by SRS Group
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/double-engine/ET00076442|title=Double Engine Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Hasiru Ribbon''
|align="center"| [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]] || [[B. Jayashree]], [[Girija Lokesh]], Nikhil Manju, Supriya, Chaitra|| Produced by Nisarga Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/hasiru-ribbon/ET00079241|title=Hasiru Ribbon Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Love U2''
|align="center"| Just BK || Pavan Kumar, Raghu Bhat, Keerthi Lakshmi, Kempegowda||
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/love-u2/ET00079331|title=Love U2 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[MMCH (film)|MMCH]]''
|align="center"| Mussanje Mahesh || [[Ragini Dwivedi]], [[Meghana Raj]], [[Samyukta Hornad]], Prathama Prasad, Nakshatra, Yuvaraj, Raghu Bhat|| Produced by Aishwarya Film Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/premigalige-mmch/ET00077379|title=MMCH Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Trunk''
|align="center"| Rishika Sharma || Nihal Rajput, Vaishali Deepak, [[Aruna Balraj]] || Produced by Anvitha Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/trunk/ET00069205|title=Trunk Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"|'''20'''
|align="center"|''Keechakaru''
|align="center"| Shivamani. G || Shivamani G., Sheela, Ugram Reddy|| Produced by Sheetal Cine Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/keechakaru/ET00080091|title=Keechakaru Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' ({{small|Re-release}})
|align="center"| [[Puttanna Kanagal]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Aarathi]], [[Ambareesh]], [[K. S. Ashwath]], Shubha, [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Shivaram]]|| Produced by [[N. Veeraswamy|Eshwari Productions]]
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nagarahavu/ET00079650|title=Naagarahavu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Navodaya Dayzz''
|align="center"| Jaikumar Manju || Gaurish Akki, Chandrika Awasthi, Hemanth Srinivas, Sagar, Karthik Vaibhav|| Produced by Sri Nandi Film Factory, Srinandi, Raghukumar, Deepak
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/navodaya-dayzz/ET00080090|title=Navodaya Dayzz Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Nee Nanna Usiru''
|align="center"| Sunil Anil || Ajay Kumar, Pallavi Lokesh|| Produced by Kannada Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nee-nanna-usiru/ET00080092|title=Nee Nanna Usiru Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Samartha''
|align="center"| K. S. Govinda Raju || Ravi Siror, Rachana Dashrath|| Produced by Sarva Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/samartha/ET00079815|title=Samartha Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=20 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"|'''27'''
|align="center"|''Ayyo Rama''
|align="center"| R. Vinod Kumar || Sheshan Padmanabhan, Priyanka Suresh, M. S. Jahangir, Rockline Sudhakar|| Produced by SK Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ayyo-rama/ET00069607|title=Ayyo Rama Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Mogambo''
|align="center"| Alankar || Arjun Mahadev, Rishita Malnad, Radhika, Mandya Jayaram|| Produced by Amma Venus Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mogambo/ET00080511|title=Mogambo Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Prayanikara Gamanakke''
|align="center"| Manohar || Bharath Sarja, Lokesh, Amitha Ranganath, Deepak Shetty, Girish|| Produced by Srushti Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/prayanikara-gamanakke/ET00073759|title=Prayanikara Gamanakke Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Sankashtakara Ganapathi''
|align="center"| Arjun Kumar S || Likhith Shetty, Shruthi Goradia, [[Achyuth Kumar]], Manjunath Hegde|| Produced by Dynamite Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/sankashta-kara-ganapathi/ET00076516|title=Sankashtakara Ganapathi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=27 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- August!
| rowspan="33" style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;"| '''A U G U S T'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;"|'''3'''
|align="center"|''[[Katheyondu Shuruvagide]]''
|align="center"| [[Senna Hegde]] || [[Diganth]], [[Pooja Devariya]], Shreya Anchan, Babu Hirannaiah|| Produced by [[Paramvah Studios]]
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/katheyondu-shuruvagide/ET00074625|title=Katheyondu Shuruvagide Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Kumari 21F (2018 film)|Kumari 21F]]''
|align="center"| Sriman Vemula|| Pranam Devaraj, [[Nidhi Kushalappa]], Apoorva Gowda, [[Ravi Kale]]|| '''Remake''' of Telugu film ''[[Kumari 21F]]'' (2015) Produced by Shri Hayagriva Kala Chitra
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kumari-21-f/ET00070336|title=Kumari 21F Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Statement''
|align="center"| Appi Prasad || Ramachandran Nair, Manoj. G, Karthik Vaibhav, Radha Ramachandra||
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/statement/ET00073860|title=Statement Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Summer Holidays]]''
|align="center"| [[Kavitha Lankesh]] || Esha Lankesh, [[Samarjit Lankesh]], Sonia Hegde, Anish Angre || Produced by Esha Lankesh Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-03 |title=Kavitha Lankesh's 'Summer Holidays' hits the screens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kavitha-lankeshs-summer-holidays-hits-the-screens/articleshow/65260284.cms |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Theory''
|align="center"| Pavan Shankar || Deepak Gowda, Tejaswini, Yadushreshtha||
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/theory/ET00080892|title=Theory Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]''
|align="center"| Ajithvasan Uggina || [[Anish Tejeshwar]], [[Nishvika Naidu]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Aruna Balraj]], Manjunath Hegde|| Produced by Winkwhistle Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/vaasu-naan-pakka-commercial/ET00074429|title=Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=3 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;"|'''10'''
|align="center"|''Abhisarike''
|align="center"| A. S. Madhusudhan || Tej, [[Sonal Monteiro]], Yash Shetty, Chandrakala Mohan, Ashok Raj|| Produced by Bhagyalakshmi Productions & Vision Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/abhisaarike/ET00080425|title=Abhisarike Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Arkavath''
|align="center"| Hemanth Kumar || Ramesh Pandit, Asha Shetty, Shivakumar Aradhya, Nataraj, Abhijith Shetty|| Produced by Hemanth Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/arkavath/ET00081499|title=Arkavath Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Hosa Climax''
|align="center"| Dr. Shally || Naresh Gandhi, Anitha Bhat, Dr. Shally, M. D. Kaushik|| Produced by Shally Konark International
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/hosa-climax/ET00081376|title=Hosa Climax Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kathale Kone''
|align="center"| Sandesh Shetty Ajri || Sandesh Shetty Ajri, Hanika Rao, Vaishak Amin, Rithik Murudeshwar, Ashwath Acharya, Chithrakala Rajesh|| Produced by Thasmay Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kathale-kone/ET00081330|title=Kathale Kone Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Loudspeaker (2018 film)|Loudspeaker]]''
|align="center"| Shiva Tejas || Abhishek Jain, Anusha Rodrigues, Kavya Shah, Ninasam Bhaskar, Sumanth Bhat, Disha Dinakar, [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Prakash Thuminad]]|| Produced by Raj Production
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/loudspeaker-kannada/ET00072216|title=Loud Speaker Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Padarasa''
|align="center"| Hrishikesh Jambagi || [[Sanchari Vijay]], Vaishnavi Menon, Manasvini, Niranjan Deshpande, [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Chi. Guru Dutt]]|| Produced by Art N Soul Media Services
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/padarasa/ET00077345|title=Padarasa Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Puttaraju Lover of Shashikala''
|align="center"| Sahadev || Amith Gowda, Sushmitha Siddappa, Jayashree Aradhya, Dingri Naresh|| Produced by Sri Hanuman Talkies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/puttaraju-lover-of-shashikala/ET00078640|title=Puttaraju Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Ramarajya''
|align="center"| Neel Kengapura || Master Ekanth Prem, Master Hemanth, Master Karthik, Master Sohib, Ashwini Gowda|| Produced by Bhuvi Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ramarajya/ET00080891|title=Ramarajya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Savitribai Phule''
|align="center"| Vishal Raj || [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Suchendra Prasad]]|| Produced by Sri Amogha Siddeshwara Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/savitribai-phule/ET00081379|title=Savitribai Phule Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Vandana''
|align="center"| Vijetha || Arun Kumar, Shobhitha Shivanna, Baby Sindhu, Spandana|| Produced by Nishma Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/vandana/ET00081142|title=Vandana Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Beti''
|align="center"|[[P. Sheshadri]]||Revathi, [[Siri Ravikumar]] || Drama
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;"|'''17'''
|align="center"|''Amavase''
|align="center"| K. Prashanth || Rajiv Pillai, Dharani|| Produced by JC Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/amavase/ET00081723|title=Amavase Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|Ayogya]]''
|align="center"| S. Mahesh Kumar || [[Sathish Ninasam]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[P. Ravishankar]]|| Produced by Crystal Park Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ayogya/ET00080222|title=Ayogya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Divangatha Manjunathana Geleyaru''
|align="center"| Arun N. D. || Rudra Prayag, Sheetal Pandya, Shankar Murthy, Ravi Poojary, Mohan Dass|| Produced by 807 Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/divangatha-manjunathana-geleyaru/ET00077344|title=Divangatha Manjunathana Geleyaru Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Onthara Bannagalu''
|align="center"| Sunil Bhimrao || [[Kiran Srinivas]], [[Hitha Chandrashekar]], Sonu Gowda, Praveen Pugalia, [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]|| Produced by SKY Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/onthara-bannagalu/ET00075877|title=Onthara Bannagalu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;"|'''24'''
|align="center"|''Dhoolipata''
|align="center"| Rashmi || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], Rupesh G. Raj, Archana, Aishwarya|| Produced by Director Dream Creation
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/dhoolipata/ET00081822|title=Dhoolipata Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=24 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kavi''
|align="center"| M. S. Thyagaraj || Punith Gowda, Shobhitha Shivanna||
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kavi/ET00081883|title=Kavi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=24 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Life Jothe Ondh Selfie]]''
|align="center"| [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]] || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Hariprriya]], [[Sudharani]]|| Produced by Virat Sai Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/amavase/ET00081723|title=Amavase Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=24 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''May 1st''
|align="center"| Nagendra Urs || [[Jayram Karthik]], Rohiet Nair, Raksha Somashekar, Purvi Joshi|| Produced by Sri Sai Lakshmi Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/may-1st/ET00082189|title=May 1st Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=24 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]''
|align="center"| [[D. Satya Prakash]] || Master P. V. Rohith, Sai Krishna Kudla, Anand Neenasam, M. K. Mutt, Prabhudeva Hosadurga|| Produced by D. N. Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref name="auto4">{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ondalla-eradalla/ET00079825|title=Ondalla Eradalla Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=24 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''
|align="center"| [[Rishab Shetty]] || [[Ananth Nag]], Ranjan, Sampath, [[Pramod Shetty]]|| Produced by [[KRG Studios]]
|align="center"|<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;"|'''31'''
|align="center"|''Aarohana''
|align="center"| Sridhar Shetty || Sushil Kumar, Rohit Shetty, Preethi, Sridhar Shetty, Umesh Punga|| Produced by Sri Mallikarjuna Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/aarohana/ET00082760|title=Aarohana Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Abhaya Hastha''
|align="center"| Naveen B. P. || Ranjan, Manju, Mandya Sridhar, Saru, Khushi Gowda, Pooja, Aishwarya, Fakirappa Doddamani|| Produced by SRS Productions, Navilugari Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/abhaya-hasta/ET00081830|title=Abhaya Hastha Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Chowkur Gate''
|align="center"| RGM Dinesh || Rakshith Urs Gopal, Pavithra, Aravind, Gaddappa, Archana, Kuri Ranga, Basavaraj Kumar|| Produced by S K Movies
|align="center"|
|-
|align="center"|''Mesthri''
|align="center"| S. Rajkiran || Balu, Raani, Sangeetha Shetty, Chemban, Tharanga Vishwa, Mohan Juneja|| Produced by Sun Light Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mestri-kannada/ET00025548|title=Mesthri Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Trataka (film)|Trataka]]''
|align="center"| Shiva Ganesh || Rahul Ainapura, Hrudaya Avanthi, Akshatha, Bhavani Prakash, Ajith Jairaj, [[Chitra Shenoy]]|| Produced by Aastha Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/trataka/ET00081293|title=Thrataka Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Uddishya''
|align="center"| Hemanth Gowda K || Hemanth, Archana Gayakwad, Akshatha, Ananthavelu, Ashwath Narayan, Vijay Kaundinya|| Produced by Chersonese Entertainment, Arch Films
|align="center"|
|-
|- September!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P T E M B E R'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;"|'''7'''
|align="center"|''Bindaas Googly''
|align="center"| Santhosh Kumar R. S. || Aakash Anvekar, Shilpa Laddimath, Mamatha Rahuth, Ramakrishna|| Produced by Vijaykumar Star Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bindaas-googly/ET00082828|title=Bindaas Googly Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Manoratha''
|align="center"| Prasanna Kumar || Raj Charan, Anjali, Chandru Obaiah, Raghu Ramankoppa|| Produced by Shree Venkateshwara Maramma Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/manoratha/ET00082999|title=Manoratha Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Pathibeku.com]]''
|align="center"| Rakesh || Sheethal Shetty, Krishna Adiga, Harini Shrikanth|| Produced by Jai Maruthi Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/pathibekucom/ET00080893|title=Pathibeku.com Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;"|'''14'''
|align="center"|''[[Kaarni]]''
|align="center"| Vini || [[Rashmi (actress)|Duniya Rashmi]], Niranth, Rajesh Ramakrishna|| Produced by Gokul Entertainers, Kaivalya
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kaarni/ET00083278|title=Kaarni Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;"|'''21'''
|align="center"|''Gaddappana Duniya''
|align="center"| Anil Reddy Sunil Reddy || Gaddappa, Century Gowda, Raghu Achar, Murali|| Produced by SJM Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/gaddappana-duniya/ET00084301|title=Gaddappana Duniya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Iruvudellava Bittu]]''
|align="center"| Kantha Kannalli || [[Thilak Shekar]], [[Meghana Raj]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], Shri Mahadev|| Produced by Bilwa Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/iruvudellava-bittu/ET00081587|title=Iruvudellava Bittu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|'' Mane No.67''
|align="center"| Jaya Kumar ||[http://emagazine.chittara.in/viewpage.php?edn=&isid=CHITTARA_MAI_20181115&pn=84 Sathya Ajith], Vasanthi||
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mane-no-67/ET00084434|title=Mane No.67 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;"|'''27'''
|align="center"|''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]''
|align="center"| Gurudath Ganiga || [[Ambareesh]], [[Sudeep]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Dileep Raj]], [[Rockline Venkatesh]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]|| '''Remake''' of Tamil film ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' (2017) Produced by KSK Showreel Productions
|align="center"|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;"|'''28'''
|align="center"|''Avanobbane''
|align="center"| Vivek Chakari || Chandrakanth, Akshara, Shivakumar Aradhya, Mysore Ramanand|| Produced by SS 12 Years Ripined Production
|align="center"|
|-
|align="center"|''Kinaare''
|align="center"| Devaraj Poojari || Sathish Raj, Gouthami Jadav, Apeksha Purohith, [[Veena Sundar]], Shamanth|| Produced by Red Apple Movies, Adithi Film Factory
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kinaare/ET00056982|title=Kinaare Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=29 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- October!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#eef003; textcolor:#000;"| '''O C T O B E R'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#f9fab3;"|'''5'''
|align="center"|''A+''
|align="center"| Vijay Surya || Anil Siddhu, Sangeetha Sringeri, Madhusudhan Rao, Lakshmi Hegde|| Produced by BR Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/a/ET00083114|title=A+ Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Aadi Purana''
|align="center"| Mohan Kamakshi || Shashank. K, Ahalya Suresh, Moksha Kushal|| Produced by Rainbow Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/aadipurana/ET00078618|title=Aadi Purana Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kotti Paise''
|align="center"| Kiran R. K. || Ram Chethan, Sahana Y. G., Rachika, [[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]]||
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kotti-paise/ET00085391|title=Kotti Paise Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Naduve Antaravirali]]''
|align="center"| Raveen Kumaara || Prakhyath Paramesh, Aishani Shetty, [[Chikkanna]], [[Thulasi Shivamani]]|| Remake of Tamil film ''[[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]'' (2013) Produced by Brunda Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/naduve-antaravirali/ET00081831|title=Naduve Antaravirali Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Snehave Preethi''
|align="center"| GLB Srinivas || [[Suraj Gowda]], Sonia Fara, [[Chitra Shenoy]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Ramesh Bhat]]|| Produced by Ananthalakshmi Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/snehave-preethi/ET00085527|title=Snehave Preethi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f9fab3;"|'''18'''
|align="center"|''[[The Terrorist (2018 film)|The Terrorist]]''
|align="center"| P. C. Shekar || [[Ragini Dwivedi]], Giri Shivanna, Manu Hegde, Sameeksha|| Produced by Invenio Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/the-terrorist/ET00081115|title=The Terrorist Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=18 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]''
|align="center"| [[Prem (film director)|Prem]] || [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Sudeep]], [[Amy Jackson]], [[Mithun Chakraborthy]], [[Thilak Shekar]]|| Produced by Tanvi Shanvi Films
|align="center"|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f9fab3;"|'''26'''
|align="center"|''-3+1''
|align="center"| Ramesh Yadav || Abhishek, Sasya, Century Gowda, [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], [[Padma Vasanthi]]|| Produced by Sri Jaganmathe Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/minus-3-plus-1/ET00086713|title=-3+1 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Rudrakshipura''
|align="center"| Eshwar Polanki || Arjun Chauhan, Roopika, Ravi Chethan|| Produced by Sri Chowdeshwari Cine Art Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rudrakshipura/ET00086994|title=Rudrakshipura Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- November!
| rowspan="27" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;" | '''N O V E M B E R'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#F7C099;"|'''1'''
|align="center"|''[[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]]''
|align="center"| [[Champa P Shetty]] || [[Raj B. Shetty]], Vyjayanthi Adiga, Diya Palakkal, Radhakrishna Urala. K, Deepika Aradhya|| Produced by Apron Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ammachi-yemba-nenapu/ET00087168|title=Ammachi Yemba Nenapu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Gvana Yajna''
|align="center"| Shivu Saralebettu || [[Shine Shetty]], Manoj Puttur, [[B. Jayashree]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], Anvitha Sagar, Mata Koppala|| Produced by KRS Kudla Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/gvana-yajna/ET00086936|title=Gvana Yajna Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Kannada Deshadol''
|align="center"| Aviram Kanteerava || [[Suchendra Prasad]], Tharak Ponnappa, Jane Volkova, Nazar Ali, Harish Arasu|| Produced by JSM Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kannada-deshadol/ET00087292|title=Kannada Deshadol Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Preethi Keli Sneha Kaledukollabedi''
|align="center"| [[Dinesh Baboo]] || Raj, Deepa Hiremath, Chaitra, Darshan|| Produced by Raj Movie House
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/preethi-keli-sneha-kaledukollabedi/ET00083756|title=Preethi Keli Sneha Kaledukollabedi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Victory 2]]''
|align="center"| Hari Santhosh || [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], [[Asmita Sood]], Apoorva, [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Tabla Nani]]|| Produced by Tarun Talkies
|align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#F7C099;"|'''2'''
|align="center"|''Saahasi Makkalu''
|align="center"| Susheel Mukashi || M. Madhusudhan, M. Sushmith, Baby Punya, [[Bank Janardhan]], [[Dingri Nagaraj]], [[Rekha Das]], [[Honnavalli Krishna]], [[Ramesh Bhat]]|| Produced by Sri Lakshmi Narayana Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/saahasi-makkalu/ET00087525|title=Saahasi Makkalu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=2 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#F7C099;"|'''9'''
|align="center"|''Galli Bakery''
|align="center"| V. R. K. Radhakrishna || Santhosh, Prajju Poovaiah, Yamuna Srinidhi, [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Suchendra Prasad]]|| Produced by Twin Tower Entertainment Ltd.
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/galli-bakery/ET00087788|title=Galli Bakery Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=9 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Jagath Kiladi''
|align="center"| Arav Dheerendra || Niranjan Shetty, Ameeta Kulal, [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Suchendra Prasad]], [[Jai Jagadish]]|| Remake of Tamil film ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' (2014) Produced by Lions Cine Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/jagath-kiladi/ET00086750|title=Jagath Kiladi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=9 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[MLA (2018 Kannada film)|MLA]]''
|align="center"| Manju Maurya || [[Pratham (Kannada actor)|Pratham]], [[Sonal Monteiro]], [[Naveen D. Padil]], [[Kuri Prathap]], [[Sparsha Rekha]] || Produced by Triveni 24 Crafts
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mla-kannada/ET00078038|title=MLA Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=9 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Manasina Mareyali''
|align="center"| Oscar Krishna || Kishore Yadav, Divya Gowda, Vardhan Thirthahalli, Nandagopal|| Produced by Paanchajanya Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/manasina-mareyali/ET00086199|title=Manasina Mareyali Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=9 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#F7C099;"|'''16'''
|align="center"|''8MM Bullet''
|align="center"| Harikrishna. S || [[Jaggesh]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Mayuri Kyatari]], [[Rockline Venkatesh]], [[Adi Lokesh]] || '''Remake''' of Tamil film ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017) Produced by Haricharan Arts
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/8mm-bullet/ET00084503|title=8MM Bullet Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Jeerjimbe]]''
|align="center"| Karthik Saragur || Siri Vanalli, Lavanya Natana, [[Suman Nagarkar]], Pallavi D. H., Chitra Venkataraju, Gowtham Natana|| Produced by Pushkar Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/jeerjimbe/ET00087881|title=Jeerjimbe Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Puta 109]]''
|align="center"| [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] || [[Jayram Karthik]], [[Naveen Krishna]], Vaishnavi Menon, Victory Vasu|| Produced by D Pictures and Om Production House
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/puta-109/ET00080802|title=Puta 109 Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Sur Sur Batthi''
|align="center"| Mugil. M || Aarva, Vaishnavi Menon, [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| Produced by PS Films
|align="center"|<ref name="auto5">{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/sur-sur-bathi/ET00088276|title=Sur Sur Batthi Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=16 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Thayige Thakka Maga (2018 film)|Thayige Thakka Maga]]''
|align="center"| [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] || [[Krishna Ajai Rao]], [[Ashika Ranganath]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| Produced by Shashank Cinemass
|align="center"|<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#F7C099;"|'''23'''
|align="center"|''Apple Cake''
|align="center"| Ranjith Kumar Gowda || Ranjith, Aravind, Vijay Shankar, Krishna Anagi, Shubha Raksha, Chaithra Shetty|| Produced by Mastermind Inc Entertainment
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/apple-cake/ET00085061|title=Apple Cake Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Friendly Baby''
|align="center"| R. Mutthu Kumar || Arjun Sundaram, Jyothi, Keerthiraj, Pavan, Yathiraj, [[Tennis Krishna]]|| Produced by R Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/friendly-baby/ET00089027|title=Friendly Baby Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Karshanam''
|align="center"| Sharavana || Dhananjay Athre, Anusha Rai, Srinivas Murthy, [[Vijay Chendoor]], HMT Vijay, Chirag|| Produced by DJ Entertainments
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/karshanam/ET00086114|title=Karshanam Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''King of Bidar''
|align="center"| Vivek Sajjan || Savan Sagar, Vidyashree P, Sapna Raj, Nagesh Chalva, Ramesh Halli, Nagraj Jogi|| Produced by Lakshmi Sagar Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/king-of-bidar/ET00089008|title=King of Bidar Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Kismath (2018 film)|Kismath]]''
|align="center"| [[Vijay Raghavendra]] || [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Sangeetha Bhat]], [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], Nanda Gopal, [[Dileep Raj]], [[Naveen Krishna]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Honnavalli Krishna]]|| '''Remake''' of Tamil film ''[[Neram]]'' (2013) Produced by Spandana Srushti
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kismath-kannada/ET00088792|title=Kismath Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Neevu Kare Madida Chandadararu''
|align="center"| Monish. C || [[Dileep Raj]], Shilpa Manjunath, Sharath K P, Adarsh H S, Santhosh Reddy, Aishwarya Rangarajan|| Produced by Sukruthi Chithralaya
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/neevu-kare-maadida-chandadaararu/ET00088818|title=Neevu Kare Madida Chandadararu Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Ondu Sanna Breakna Nantara''
|align="center"| Abhilash Gowda || Hithan Hassan, Ammani, Dosthi Surya, Chaithra Mallikarjuna, Kiran Kudlipete|| Produced by Colorful Crystal Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ondu-sanna-break-na-nantara/ET00088313|title=Ondu Sanna Breakna Nantara Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Raahee''
|align="center"| Mahanth M Aski || Shiva Girish, Nandini, Ashwini, Chethan M G, Saligrama Chandru, Stanly, Rank Raghu|| Produced by Sri Siddarameshwara Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/raahee/ET00089025|title=Raahee Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Tharakaasura]]''
|align="center"| Chandrashekar Bandiyappa || Vaibhav, [[Manvitha Harish]], Danny Sapani, [[Sadhu Kokila]], Kari Subbu, [[Jai Jagadish]]|| Produced by Om Balaji Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/taarakaasura/ET00084568|title=Tharakasura Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Varnamaya''
|align="center"| Ravindra Vemshi || Raj, Shakthi S Shetty, Sunitha Maria Pinto, Aradhya Attavara, Mandya Jaga|| Produced by Riddhi Entertainments, Ravindra Talkies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/varnamaya/ET00088491|title=Varnamaya Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#F7C099;"|'''30'''
|align="center"|''Gaanchali''
|align="center"| K. N. Ashok || Adarsh, Akhila Prakash, [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]]|| Produced by Jai Maruthi Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/gaanchali/ET00089187|title=Gaanchali Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Looty (2018 film)|Looty]]''
|align="center"| Girish Kamplapur || [[Isha Koppikar]], Dhruva Sharma, Shwetha Pandit, Kaddipudi Chandru, [[Dileep Raj]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[B. Jayashree]]|| Produced by Studio Focus Entertainment Pvt Ltd.
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/looty/ET00088663|title=Looty Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=30 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- December!
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue; textcolor:#000;"| '''D E C E M B E R'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ADD8E6;"|'''7'''
|align="center"|''[[Bhairava Geetha]]''
|align="center"| Siddhartha || [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]], Irra Mor, [[Bala Rajwadi]] || Produced by Abhishek Pictures
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/bhairava-geetha/ET00083074|title=Bhairava Geetha Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Charanti''
|align="center"| Mahesh Raval || Parashuram Raval, Madhu, [[Rekha Das]] || Produced by Raval Cini Focus
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/charanti/ET00090259|title=Charanti Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Mundina Badalaavane''
|align="center"| Praveen Bhushan || Praveen Bhushan, Sangeetha V|| Produced by Sirap Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mundina-badalaavane/ET00087685|title=Mundina Badalaavane Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Orange (2018 film)|Orange]]''
|align="center"| [[Prashant Raj]] || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Dev Gill]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]|| Produced by Nimma Cinemas
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/orange/ET00068487|title=Orange Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ADD8E6;"|'''14'''
|align="center"|''Aranyani''
|align="center"| Bharath Kumar || Anjan Gowda, Theju Ponnappa, Mayur M, Keerthi, Santhosh Arabavi|| Produced by Sri Gangadhareshwara Cine Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/aranyani/ET00091101|title=Aranyani Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Rangada Hudugaru''
|align="center"| Thejesh Kumar || Sagar, Prakyath, Manu Hegde, Amitha Kulal, Shahan Ponnamma, Girish, [[M. S. Umesh]]|| Produced by Ugama Cine Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/rangaada-hudugaru/ET00090854|title=Rangada Hudugaru Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Sed''
|align="center"| J. S. Mahesh || Vijay Karthik, Sulaksha, Yuvaraj Singh, Srinidhi Bhat, Lakshmish Nayak, Yathish, [[Bhavya]]|| Produced by G-Films Production
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/sed/ET00087648|title=Sed Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Viraj''
|align="center"| Nagesh Naradasi || Vidyabharan, Shirin Kunchawala, Nikhitha, [[Devaraj]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Jai Jagadish]], Swathi, Kaddipudi Chandru, [[Tennis Krishna]]|| Produced by Herambha Combines
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/viraaj/ET00090004|title=Viraj Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ADD8E6;"|'''21'''
|align="center"|''Amrutha Ghalige''
|align="center"| Ashok Kadaba || Rajashekar, [[Neethu (actress)|Neethu]], [[H. G. Dattatreya]], [[Padma Vasanthi]], Samhitha Vinya|| Produced by Shree Banashankari Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/amrutha-ghalige/ET00084571|title=Amrutha Ghalige Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=21 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
|align="center"| [[Prashanth Neel]] || [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Srinidhi Shetty]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Malavika Avinash]], [[Mita Vashisht]]|| Produced by Hombale Films Also released in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]]
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/kgf/ET00042769|title=KGF Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=21 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ADD8E6;"|'''28'''
|align="center"|''Ajja''
|align="center"| Vemagal Jagannath Rao || [[H. G. Dattatreya]], Raj praveen|| Produced by Abhishek Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ajja/ET00092411|title=Ajja Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Ananthu vs Nusrath]]''
|align="center"| Sudheer Shanbhogue || [[Vinay Rajkumar]], [[Latha Hegde]], [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Guruprasad]], [[H. G. Dattatreya]]|| Produced by Manyatha Productions
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/ananthu-vs-nusrath/ET00088739|title=Ananthu Vs Nusrath Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Nathicharami]]''
|align="center"| Mansore || [[Sanchari Vijay]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], Sharanya, Balaji Manohar|| Produced by Tejaswini Enterprises
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/nathicharami/ET00069277|title=Nathicharami Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''[[Paradesi C/o London]]''
|align="center"| M. Rajashekar || [[Vijay Raghavendra]], Raashi Mahadev, [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Tabla Nani]], Danny Kuttappa, Pooja Hunasuru || Produced by B. V. S. Movies
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/paradesi-co-london/ET00092255|title=Paradesi C/o London Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Swartharatna''
|align="center"| Ashwin Kodange || Adarsh Gunduraj, Ishitha Varsha, [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]|| Produced by Running Horse Creations
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/swartharatna/ET00092805|title=Swartharatna Kannada Movie (2018)|publisher=Bookmyshow|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Kannada films of 2019]]
* [[List of Kannada films of 2017]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&languages=kn|1&sort=num_votes&year=2018,2018 Kannada Movies of 2018] at [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}
{{2018 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannada Films Of 2018}}
[[Category:Lists of 2018 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|2018]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian cinema]]

Pramukh Swami Maharaj

2026-02-21T14:59:31Z

Nhungexim: put up the post needs work

{{Short description|Indian guru (1921–2016)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Pramukh Swami Maharaj
| image = Pramukh Swami Maharaj.jpg
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 7 December 1921
| birth_place = Chansad, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Shantilal Patel
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|8|13|1921|12|7}}
| death_place = [[Sarangpur, Gujarat|Sarangpur]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| caption = Pramukh Swami Maharaj
| denomination = [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]], [[BAPS]]
| monastic_name = Narayanswarupdas Swami
| notable_works = Global development of BAPS Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar, New Delhi) 1,125 mandirs built Initiated 1,000 swamis
| philosophy = [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Yogiji Maharaj]]
| successor1 = [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]]
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Pramukh Swami Maharaj''' (born '''Shantilal Patel'''; ordained '''Narayanswarupdas Swami'''; 7 December 1921 – 13 August 2016) was the [[guru]] and Pramukh, or president, of the [[Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha|Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)]], a major branch of the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]], a Hindu denomination. BAPS regards him as the fifth spiritual successor of [[Swaminarayan]], following [[Gunatitanand Swami]], [[Bhagatji Maharaj]], [[Shastriji Maharaj]], and [[Yogiji Maharaj]]. He was believed by his followers to be in constant communion with Swaminarayan, and ontologically, the manifestation of Akshar, the eternal abode of [[Swaminarayan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ|title=A new face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan religion|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|date=1984-03-15|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=9780521274739|language=en}}</ref>

He received initiation as a Hindu [[Swami]] in 1940 from Shastriji Maharaj, the founder of BAPS, who later appointed him as President of BAPS in 1950. Yogiji Maharaj declared Pramukh Swami Maharaj to be his spiritual successor and guru of BAPS, a role he commenced in 1971.

As president of BAPS, he had overseen the growth of BAPS from an organization centered in [[Gujarat]], [[India]], to one spread around the world, maintaining many Hindu [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] and centers outside of India. He built more than 1,100 Hindu temples, including the [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Swaminarayan Akshardham]] temples in New Delhi and [[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Gandhinagar, Gujarat.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/wRSayFUvvGVDwzbPM8VUAM/Pramukh-Swami-head-of-Swaminarayan-sect-dies-at-95.html|title=Pramukh Swami, head of Swaminarayan sect, dies at 95|last=Pathak|first=Maulik|date=2016-08-14|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref> He had also spearheaded the efforts of [[BAPS Charities]], which is the charitable service organization affiliated with BAPS. He was succeeded as the guru and president of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha by [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]].<ref name="baps.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/Announcement/2016/Final-Darshan-and-Rites-of-Pramukh-Swami-Maharaj-9961.aspx|title=Final darshan and rites of Pramukh Swami Maharaj|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref>

==Early years==
[[File:Shantilal - Pramukh Swami.png|left|thumb|Sketch of Shantilal Patel (Pramukh Swami Maharaj) as a child.]]
Shantilal was born in the village of Chansad, [[Gujarat]], on 7 December 1921. His parents, Motibhai and Diwaliben Patel, were disciples of [[Shastriji Maharaj]] and followers of the [[Akshar Purushottam Upasana|Akshar Purushottam]] faith.<ref>Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi.</ref> Motibhai and Diwaliben were both involved in the Swaminarayan fellowship; Diwaliben's family's association with the Swaminarayan fellowship extended to the time of [[Bhagatji Maharaj]].<ref name="Shantipriyadas">Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj</ref>{{rp|2}} Shastriji Maharaj had blessed young Shantilal at birth, and had told his father, "This child is ours; when the time is ripe, please give him to us. He will lead thousands to the devotion of God. Through him, thousands will attain liberation."<ref name="Shantipriyadas" />{{rp|11}}

Shantilal's mother described him as a calm and soft-spoken, yet energetic and active child.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|9}} His childhood friends recall that Shantilal developed a reputation in the town and in school as an honest, reliable, mature, and kindhearted boy.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|10}} Even as a child, he possessed an uncommon empathy that led others to seek out and trust his opinions and judgments in matters large and small.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brahmaviharidas|first=Sadhu|title=Vicharan: Moments and Memories|year=1996|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|page=13}}</ref> Shantilal was raised in a simple home environment, as his family was of modest means. Although he excelled in his studies, in the seventeen years he spent at home before becoming a swami, Shantilal only had the opportunity to attend school for six years.<ref name="shelat7">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications|location=Ahmedabad|page=7}}</ref> As he grew older, Shantilal helped his household by doing chores on the family farm.

===Early spiritual inclination===
[[File:Narayanswarupdas and Shastriji Maharaj.jpg|thumb|Pramukh Swami Maharaj (left) with his Guru [[Shastriji Maharaj]] (right) shortly after entering monastic life at BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Sarangpur (1939). [Photograph by Shankarprasad Mulshankar Trivedi].]]
Shantilal was strongly inclined towards spirituality from a young age. Upon completing his schoolwork, he would often rush off to the village's [[Hanuman]] temple, where he and a childhood friend would listen to the discourses of a Hindu "holy man" named Haridas.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|2}}

Shantilal's daily “darshan”, or worship, at the Swaminarayan temple in Chansad, and his association with Shastriji Maharaj and his disciple swamis whenever they came to the village, further reflected Shantilal's affinity for spirituality.<ref name="aksharvatsaldas2007">Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xi. {{ISBN|81-7526-217-6}}.</ref> Shantilal took his meals only after having darshan at the Swaminarayan temple. He used to meet other swamis who passed through the village from the holy places of pilgrimage in North India.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|10}} Swaminarayan swamis, such as Ghanshyam Swami and Balmukund Swami, frequently visited Chansad and other nearby villages; Shantilal regularly engaged in serving them during those visits.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|7}}

As a teenager, Shantilal's bond with Shastriji Maharaj deepened, and his devoutness and intellect impressed many in the fellowship. Those close to Shantilal felt it was only a matter of time until he would embark upon a monastic life by joining the order of Swaminarayan swamis under Shastriji Maharaj.<ref name="shelat7"/>

===Entering the monastic life===
On 7 November 1939, when Shantilal was seventeen years old, he received a letter from his guru, Shastriji Maharaj, asking him to join the swamis. His parents gave their permission and blessings, and Shantilal left home that day to join Shastriji Maharaj and his swamis.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|11}}

Shastriji Maharaj gave Shantilal primary initiation, ''parshad diksha'', at Ambli-Vadi Pol in [[Ahmedabad]] on 22 November 1939, and renamed him Shanti Bhagat.<ref name="aksharvatsaldas2007"/> One of Shastriji Maharaj's first requests to the newly initiated Shanti Bhagat was for him to study [[Sanskrit]]; Shanti Bhagat complied with this wish, and excelled in his studies.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|15}}

Soon thereafter, on 10 January 1940 at the [[Akshar Deri]] in [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], Shanti Bhagat was given the ''bhagvati diksha'', initiated as a swami, and named Narayanswarupdas Swami (meaning "the form of Narayan").<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|170}} Upon giving him this name, Shastriji Maharaj elaborated, "His face carries the brilliance of God, so I name him Narayanswarupdas (the servant of the form of God)."<ref>{{cite book|last=Brahmaviharidas|first=Sadhu|title=Vicharan: Moments and Memories|year=1996|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|page=14}}</ref> [[Yogiji Maharaj]] also gave Narayanswarupdasji his blessings, observing, "He will surely become great."<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|17}}

Renouncing worldly pleasures, Shantilal adopted vows of [[celibacy]] (''nishkam''), non-covetousness (''nirlobh''), non-taste (''nisswad''), non-attachment (''nissneh'') and humility (''nirman'') and committed himself to lifelong dedication and service to God and humanity.<ref>Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xvii. {{ISBN|81-7526-217-6}}.</ref> Shantilal was a [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]].<ref>Trivedi, Yogi. (2023). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PiWnEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22swamishri+adhered+to+and+inspired+millions+to+live+a+lacto-+vegetarian+lifestyle%22&pg=PT113 ''In Love, At Ease: Everyday Spirituality with Pramukh Swami'']. Penguin Random House. {{ISBN|978-9354929137}}</ref>

==Early years as a swami==
As a young swami, Narayanswarupdas Swami studied Sanskrit and the Hindu scriptures at Bhadaran and [[Khambhat]], earning the title “Shastri” upon mastering both scripture and philosophy.<ref name="Raymond2001">Raymond Brady Williams (2001). ''An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-65422-7}}.</ref>{{rp|61}} In addition to his studies, Shastri Narayanswarupdas routinely engaged in a multitude of activities, including cleaning the temple compounds, cooking for swamis and devotees, and many other duties.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|17}} Shastri Narayanswarupdas also played a significant role throughout the construction of the Atladra mandir in the early 1940s. During the construction, he sustained chemical burns and blisters on his body after mixing the lime to be used in construction, yet he persisted unflinchingly in performing his service despite the injuries.<ref>Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi. See also {{cite web |title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj-Diksha |url=http://baps.org/pramukhswami/life/2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102002719/http://www.baps.org/pramukhswami/life/2.htm |archive-date=2 January 2005 |access-date=2011-12-01 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Serving concurrently as Shastriji Maharaj's personal secretary, Shastri Narayanswarupdas also gained a comprehensive understanding of BAPS’ broader affairs and activities.<ref name="Raymond2001"/> In 1946, when Shastri Narayanswarupdas was 25, Shastriji Maharaj appointed him the head, or "kothari", of the large BAPS temple in Salangpur.<ref name="Raymond2001"/> As head of the temple, Shastri Narayanswarupdas oversaw a major expansion of the temple facilities despite considerable financial constraints. His leadership and unassuming personality in the midst of significant hardships earned him the respect of his fellow swamis and devotees, and presaged the significant responsibility that his guru would soon entrust to him.<ref name="shelat8">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications|location=Ahmedabad|page=8}}</ref>

==President of BAPS==

===Appointment as president===
[[File:Ambli Vali Pol.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the ceremony at Ambli Vali Pol in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where Pramukh Swami Maharaj was appointed president of BAPS in 1951.]]
In the early part of 1950, Shastriji Maharaj wrote several letters to 28-year-old Shastri Narayanswarupdas expressing his wish to appoint him the president of the organization. Twice Shastri Narayanswarupdas wrote back respectfully declining, citing his young age and inexperience, and the presence of many senior swamis who would be more suited to the responsibility.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vivekjivandas|first=Sadhu|title=Pramukh Varni Din|journal=Swaminarayan Bliss|date=June 2000}}</ref> Shastriji Maharaj continued to insist, sending several senior devotees to convince Shastri Narayanswarupdas. Perceiving it to be his guru's inner wish, Shastri Narayanswarupdas ultimately acquiesced.<ref name="shelat8"/>

On 21 May 1950 at Ambli-Vali Pol in [[Ahmedabad]], Shastriji Maharaj appointed Shastri Narayanswarupdas, then merely 28 years of age, as the administrative president ("Pramukh") of BAPS.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} After that Shastri Narayanswarupdas was widely known as "Pramukh Swami." At the ceremony, Shastriji Maharaj placed his own shawl around Shastri Narayanswarupdas's shoulders, and asked Yogiji Maharaj to bless him.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|14}} Shastri Narayanswarupdas then addressed the group, "I feel overwhelmed by the kindness and love showered upon me so lavishly here by my guru, [[Shastriji Maharaj]], and by my mentor [[Yogiji Maharaj]]. Always will this day remain sacred for me, in that I am considered worthy of so great a trust and confidence by the two most noble souls of our fellowship, and by you all despite my young age."<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. p. 65.</ref> Despite being appointed the president of the organization just hours before, that evening, Shastri Narayanswarupdas was found washing the cooking utensils and dishes used by the devotees who had attended the ceremony.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|14}} This incident was emblematic of the humble style of servant-leadership that would characterize the next six decades of his presidency.<ref>Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas (2008). ''Eternal Virtues: Spiritual Attributes of Pramukh Swami Maharaj''. p.251-259. {{ISBN|81-7526-395-4}}.</ref>

===Service under Yogiji Maharaj===
[[File:Yogiji Maharaj and Pramukh Swami.jpg|left|thumb|Pramukh Swami Maharaj (right) with Yogiji Maharaj (left), then the spiritual head of BAPS, in the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Gondal, Gujarat.]]
He continued to serve as the president of BAPS under guru Yogiji Maharaj after Shastriji Maharaj died in 1951. He became particularly esteemed for his aptitude as an organizer and administrator, fulfilling all of Yogiji Maharaj's goals and dreams for the organization.<ref name="Raymond2001"/> For instance, he helped Yogiji Maharaj in expanding the faith to England and East Africa in 1960 and 1970, constructing new temples, and instituting new programs within the organization. Throughout these efforts, he remained unassuming in his conduct and uncomplaining during the hardships he encountered.{{which|date=August 2016}}

Before dying in 1971, Yogiji Maharaj had explained to swamis and devotees, "From now onwards, Pramukh Swami Maharaj will carry on my work…Pramukh Swami is my everything".<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|35}}

==As president and guru of BAPS==

===Global growth===
[[File:BAPS Akshardham New Delhi.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)|Swaminarayan Akshardham, New Delhi]] (2007)]]
Under his leadership, BAPS rapidly grew into a global Hindu organization and witnessed a significant expansion in many measurable parameters. As of 2019, BAPS encompasses over one million devotees, more than 900 swamis, 3,300 mandirs and congregations, over 7,200 weekly assemblies, and a host of humanitarian and charitable activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/About-BAPS.aspx|title=About BAPS|website=BAPS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> He accompanied Yogiji Maharaj on a tour of East Africa in 1960<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|291}} as well as in 1970, and embarked upon his first overseas visit as the guru, or spiritual leader, of BAPS in 1974.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=100 years of BAPS : foundation--formation--fruition|last=Amrutvijaydas.|date=2009|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|others=Swaminarayan Aksharpith.|isbn=978-81-7526-377-2|edition=2nd|location=Ahmedabad|oclc=748287143}}</ref>{{Rp|74}} In the following decades, his 27 international spiritual tours spanned over fifty countries in five continents.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|190}}

===Temples===
[[File:BAPS Mandir Chino Hills.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chino Hills|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Chino Hills, California]] (2013)]]
On 4 June 1971, in the village of Sankari, he consecrated the first temple after Yogiji Maharaj's death.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|70}} After that he inaugurated hundreds of temples and centers around the world, leading to his recognition for having consecrated the greatest number of Hindu temples.<ref>Hanna Kim (2010). Public Engagement and Personal Desires: BAPS Swaminarayan Temples and their Contribution to the Discourses on Religion. International Journal of Hindu Studies. p. 2.</ref> In total, he consecrated 125 temples abroad, and 1,000 in India.<ref name=":1" /> Outside India, such temples include ''shikharbaddha'' temples in the metropolitan areas of [[Houston]], [[Atlanta]], [[Chicago]], [[London]], [[Toronto]], and [[Nairobi]].<ref>John Zavos (2010). Negotiating Minority/Majority Religious Identity: Exploring the Social Location of a Transnational Religious Organisation in Britain and India. Rindas, The Center for the Study of Contemporary India, Ryukoku University. International Symposium Series 1. p. 104.</ref> The temple in the [[Atlanta]] metro area is currently recognized as the largest traditional Hindu temple outside the Indian subcontinent.<ref>Associated Press, Hindu Temple in Atlanta Suburbs Will Be Largest in U.S., Aug 22, 2007. Available at http://blog.beliefnet.com/news/2007/08/hindu-temple-in-atlanta-suburb.php</ref> Within India, he is credited as the inspirer of the Swaminarayan Akshardham complexes in [[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Gandhinagar]] and [[Akshardham (Delhi)|New Delhi]], itself the world's largest comprehensive Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-12-26/news/27689947_1_hindu-temple-akshardham-temple-spiritual-leader-and-head |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201041846/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-12-26/news/27689947_1_hindu-temple-akshardham-temple-spiritual-leader-and-head |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2013 |title=Akshardham temple enters Guinness Book of World Records - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2007-12-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref> In discussing BAPS’ efforts to construct traditional Hindu temples around the world, Pramukh Swami emphasized the importance of such houses of worship in modern society and values and faith they inspire in members of the community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mandir.org/mandir/concepts.htm|title=Mandir Concepts - BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London|date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523192132/http://www.mandir.org/mandir/concepts.htm|access-date=2019-12-03|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

===Interfaith harmony===
[[File:UN World Peace Summit.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Pramukh Swami Maharaj addressing the United Nations Millennium World Peace Summit in New York (2000).]]
In addition to meeting with and providing spiritual guidance to devotees during his international visits, he met with other religious and civic leaders. Brian Hutchinson notes that in speaking with these individuals, the pramukh "consistently emphasizes what religions hold in common and advocates cooperation between them with the purpose of uplifting the moral and religious life of mankind".<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. pp. 65-66.</ref> The sentiments he shared with world religious leaders at the 2000 Millennium World Peace Summit at the United Nations reflected a similar message. In his address, he emphasized the goal of cooperation and mutual respect among religions, for "religion is that which spreads love for one another". He also expressed a desire that all forms of organized religion be able to coexist in harmony, noting that "flourishing together is the secret of peace". In particular, he analogized every religion to a goldmine of values from which all people could draw lessons for life. Pramukh Swami also encouraged his fellow spiritual leaders to teach their followers that religion does not grow by quantity of followers, but by quality of spirituality. In his words, "a Hindu should become a better Hindu, a Jew should become a better Jew, a Christian should become a better Christian, a Muslim should become a better Muslim. If the follower of every religion becomes a better and true follower then our world will be a much better world".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/news/2000/08/peacesummit/index.htm |title=HDH Pramukh Swami Maharaj Addresses World Peace Summit, UN |publisher=Swaminarayan.org |date=August 2000 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref>[[File:BAPS Akshardham Gandhinagar.jpg|thumb|Prayer assembly after the 2002 terrorist attack at [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Swaminarayan Akshardham]] in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.]]This vision of harmony through dialogue characterized his message within BAPS and beyond. During the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 communal riots in Gujarat]] and the [[Akshardham Temple attack|terror attack on the Akshardham complex]] in Gandhinagar, he urged the public to maintain peace and unity.<ref>Hindu Press International, Religious Leaders Appeal for Peace in Gujarat, September 26, 2002, available at http://hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/religious-leaders-appeal-for-peace-in-gujarat/2242.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/News/2002/Pramukh-Swami-Maharajs-Appeal--Prayer-for-Peace-1865.aspx|title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj's Appeal & Prayer for Peace|website=BAPS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> His response and guidance during those times was commended by leaders and commentators, including the National Security commando in charge, NSG Brigadier Raj Seetapathy, of the rescue mission during the Akshardham attack. Seetapathy presented a case study, ''Akshardham Response: How to challenge an attack with calm and peace'', at various centres, including the Sardar Patel Police Academy in Hyderabad and various Army training sessions. He commented: "What Pramukh Swami Maharaj did was unbelievable. He pieced society back together. The Akshardham tragedy instilled a sense of confidence that Gujarat need not burn at every spark that is ignited. What I observed after the operation was the calm and serenity that was quickly restored. I have faced many violent encounters in my professional life but Akshardham response was a great learning both from operational and philosophical point of views.”<ref>Ajay Umat, Akshardham Ideal Terror Response, The Times of India, September 28, 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Akshardham ideal anti-terror response' 9 Yrs On, NSG Case Study Marvels At Post-Attack Calm |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDExLzA5LzI3I0FyMDAxMDM= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023718/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDExLzA5LzI3I0FyMDAxMDM= |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=10 April 2015 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

===Celebrating Hindu culture===
[[File:Cultural Festival of India.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Cultural Festival of India in Edison, NJ (1991)]]
He led BAPS’ efforts in conducting a number of large-scale cultural festivals, with the aim of fostering better understanding and appreciation of Hindu traditions and promoting moral and spiritual living.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} The month-long Cultural Festival of India held in [[Edison, New Jersey]] during the summer of 1991, for instance, showcased traditional Indian arts, architecture, dance, and music as well as Hindu culture and spirituality, aiming to foster deeper intercultural and interfaith understanding to the over one million visitors who attended.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|110}}

===Swamis===
[[File:BAPS monks.jpg|thumb|300x300px|BAPS swamis with Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Sarangpur, Gujarat, India (2016)]]
Beginning with his first swami initiation ceremony in January 1971, during his lifetime he initiated 1,000 youth into the swami fold.<ref name="Shantipriyadas" />{{rp|292}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Work|url=https://pramukhswami.org/work/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=pramukhswami.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Hutchinson observes that his "selfless love…was his most frequently and enthusiastically reported characteristic that had influenced persons to become devotees and swamis".<ref name="autogenerated105">Brian Hutchinson (1996) The Divine-Human Figure in the Transmission of Religious Transition. Published in Raymond Williams’ A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad. Columbia University Press. p. 105.</ref> After renouncing worldly ambitions, these swamis were guided by him in their service of God and society.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} Milestone events in this realm include the bicentenary celebrations of [[Swaminarayan]] in 1981 and of [[Gunatitanand Swami]] in 1985, which saw the initiation of 200 and 173 swamis, respectively, in a single day.<ref name="Shantipriyadas" />{{rp|294}} On 14 March 2012, he initiated 68 youths into the monastic order during a ceremony in Sarangpur, Gujarat.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |title=The Monks who abandoned Ferraris |journal=India Today |date=2 April 2012 |pages=66–67 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20120402-nris-turn-into-new-age-monks-for-spirituality-757825-2012-03-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diksha Ceremony 2012, Sarangpur, India |url=http://www.baps.org/News/2012/Diksha-Ceremony-2012-3523.aspx |publisher=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha |access-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Pramukh swami samadhi sthal, salangpur,Botad, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Shrine erected at the place of cremation, Sarangpur]]
He had been suffering from a [[lung infection|chest infection]] in his last days from which he was gradually recovering. However, due to his longstanding heart problems, he died on 13 August 2016, at 6 pm at the BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir, [[Salangpur, Gujarat|Sarangpur]], [[Botad district]], Gujarat, India.<ref name="InEX2016">{{cite web | title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj passes away, PM Narendra Modi says will miss his presence | website=The Indian Express | date=13 August 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pramukh-swami-maharaj-passes-away-pm-narendra-modi-says-will-miss-his-presence-2973555/ | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="BAPSPS2016">{{cite web | title=PRESS RELEASE: 13 Aug 2016 | website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha | date=13 August 2016 | url=http://www.baps.org/Announcement/2016/PRESS-RELEASE-13-Aug-2016-925.aspx | language=gu | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zee News2016">{{cite web | title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj, head of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, passes away in Sarangpur | website=Zee News | date=13 August 2016 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/pramukh-swami-maharaj-head-of-baps-passes-away-in-sarangpur_1918578.html | language=la | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> On 20 July 2012, Pramukh Swami had declared in the presence of senior swamis that [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]] would succeed him as the sixth guru and spiritual head of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha.<ref name="baps.org" />

==Significance in BAPS==
Followers of [[BAPS]] believed him to be a manifestation of "Akshar", the form of the eternal abode of God. As Akshar he was also in constant communion with God. Accordingly, he was considered by devotees to be "the perfect servant of God, …totally filled with God and therefore worthy of reverence and worship".<ref name="Raymond2001" />{{rp|87–95}}

===Theological role===
[[File:BAPS congregation.jpg|thumb|300x300px|BAPS devotees in an assembly in the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.]]
The living guru is considered by followers of BAPS to be the ideal swami, the perfect devotee, and the principal target for emulation by all spiritual aspirants. He was often described by followers as a personification of the sacred scriptures.<ref name="Raymond2001" />{{rp|94}} He was viewed as "fully ''brahmanized''", or having achieved the ultimate level of spiritual development.<ref name="GDR">Brian Hutchinson (1998) ''The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of the Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha''.</ref>{{rp|151}}

Devotees considered him to exemplify all the ideals of the religion; he was viewed as the first disciple, most faithful in his observance of the commandments, most active in propagation of the religion, the best interpreter of the meaning of the scriptures, and the most effective in eradicating the ignorance that separates man from God.<ref name="Raymond1996">Raymond Brady Williams (1996). "The Holy Man as the Abode of God in the Swaminarayan Religion". In Joanne P. Waghorne and Norman Cutler’s ''Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India''. [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-89012-037-4}}.</ref>{{rp|153}} His conduct was hence considered to be that of the "ideal saint" and "perfect ''bhakta'' (devotee)", providing a tangible and graspable example for the spiritual aspirant to follow.<ref>Hanna Kim ''[http://en.scientificcommons.org/48403746 Being Swaminarayan: The Ontology and Significance of Belief in the Construction of a Gujarati Diaspora]''. Columbia University Press (2001) p.354.</ref> Devotees viewed his staunch respect for Shastriji Maharaj and Yogiji Maharaj as the model of devotion to one's guru.<ref name="Brear1996">A.D. Brear, "[http://www.basr.ac.uk/diskus/diskus1-6/BREAR.TXT The Authority of Pramukh Swami within the Swaminarayan Hindu Mission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731124320/http://www.basr.ac.uk/diskus/diskus1-6/BREAR.TXT |date=31 July 2013 }}" (1996). DISKUS Vol.4, No.1.</ref>

His practice of carrying the ''[[murti]]'' of Swaminarayan before him and directing all garlands or offerings presented to him to the image was also seen as a paradigm of humility and selflessness.<ref name="Raymond1996"/>{{rp|150}} Similarly, devotees viewed his actions in September 2002, when he appealed for peace and forgiveness of Muslim militants who killed 32 people and injured dozens more in an attack on Akshardham Gandhinagar, to epitomize the Hindu tenet of [[ahimsa]], or nonviolence.<ref>John Statton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan (2006). ''The Life of Hinduism''. University of California Press. pp. 4-5. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24913-4}}.</ref> His personality and conduct thus served as exemplars for devotees striving to progress personally and spiritually.

Followers believed that by associating with him, they might rid themselves of their vices, baser instincts, and worldly attachments.<ref name="Raymond1996"/> Earning the grace of the guru, devotees believed, would enable them to achieve liberation in which they would escape the cycle of births and deaths and attain "Akshardham" (God's divine abode).<ref name="Raymond1996"/>{{rp|149}}

For a devotee of BAPS, he was considered the essential spiritual link with God.<ref name="autogenerated105"/> According to the teachings of Swaminarayan, devotees consider God (Swaminarayan) to be manifest through Pramukh Swami Maharaj.<ref name=GDR/>{{rp|149}} Thus, his followers believed that by offering devotion to Pramukh Swami, they offer it to Swaminarayan himself.<ref name=GDR />{{rp|147}}

===Spiritual guide===
[[File:Pramukh Swami - writing letter.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Pramukh Swami Maharaj writing letters to devotees in Gujarat, India.|left]]
[[File:Pramukh Swami - speaking with you.jpg|thumb|Pramukh Swami Maharaj counseling a young devotee in Gujarat, India.]]
Pramukh Swami was approached by many followers for guidance in all aspects of life.<ref name=GDR />{{rp|144}} Devotees frequently took to him matters of personal, family, and business affairs and seek his guidance.<ref name="Raymond1996"/>{{rp|154}} This type of communication was thought to be an important aspect of the guru-disciple relationship.<ref name="Raymond2004">Raymond Brady Williams (2004). ''Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works''. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. {{ISBN|9780754638568}}.</ref>{{rp|107}} Accordingly, Pramukh Swami spent much time counseling devotees in person or by letters or telephone.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} Women could not directly receive advice from Pramukh Swami due to his vows as a swami in the Swaminarayan tradition that prohibit him from interacting directly with females. Women had to ask male relatives to approach Pramukh Swami on their behalf, or had written messages sent to him to ask for guidance.<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|112}}

Raymond Williams reports that through such pastoral counseling, "Pramukh Swami instructs his followers to believe in God, because without belief in the inspiration of God and faith, nothing is possible".<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|109}} Young devotees approaching Pramukh Swami for advice and guidance were often counseled to focus on their education.<ref name="Raymond1996"/> Williams notes that devotees trust Pramukh Swami's advice due to his theological role as guru and manifestation of Akshar, but also because "as a world-renouncer, he is impartial and gains no personal advantage from helping them with decisions."<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|108}}

Pramukh Swami had said that the purpose of his providing advice on such a range of matters was not to establish the devotees in business or to enable them to become wealthy, but to relieve them of anxieties about mundane affairs so they could attend to their spiritual progress.<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|110}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* APJ Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari, ''[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]'' (2015), HarperCollins India. {{ISBN|978-93-5177-405-1}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm18111149|Pramukh Swami Maharaj}}
*{{commons category inline|Pramukh Swami Maharaj}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{BAPS}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Pramukh Swami}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Presidents of religious organizations]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Dal Pitha

2026-02-03T20:41:29Z

Nhungexim: Put up a details

{{short description|Bihari dish}}
'''''Dal Pitha''' (दाल पिठा) also known as '''''Pithi''', is a [[Bihari cuisine|Bihari dish]] that is a mixture of spicy [[Lentil|lentils]] is stuffed into [[rice flour]] doughs and then boiled or steamed in a [[saucepan]]. Indian language defines "dal" as lentils and "[[pitha]]" or "pithi" as whole wheat or freshly prepared rice flour [[Dumpling|dumplings]]. The steamed dumplings have a shape similar to that of [[Gujhia|Gujiyas]] in the past.

== Region ==
Dal Pitha is a traditional [[Eastern indian cuisine|Eastern Indian dish]] that is consumed in the states of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUMOEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22dal+pitha%22&pg=PA223 |title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation and Regenerative Trends in Tourism and Hospitality Industry (IRTTHI 2024) |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-94-6463-437-2 |language=en}}</ref> It is also a famous cuisine in the region of [[eastern Uttar Pradesh]], especially in the [[Bhojpuri region]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smita |date=2019-10-30 |title=Dal ke Phare / Dal Pitha |url=https://myspicetrunk.com/2019/10/30/dal-ke-phare-pitha/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=myspicetrunk |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History and culture ==
The history of this simple and healthy dish is deeply rooted in the sociocultural dynamics of this agrarian region. People in the rural villages, particularly those in the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] and Mithilanchal regions, were required to work long hours away from home on the farms. They needed a light lunch that would give them instant energy and keep them feeling full for a long period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dal Pitha: A Tale of Bihari Dumplings |url=https://www.thisday.app/story/dal-pitha-a-tale-of-bihari-dumplings-24553 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.thisday.app |language=en}}</ref>

== Variety ==
[https://cookingwithme.in/%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a0%e0%a4%bf-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80/#more-2441 '''Dal Pitha'''], a snack, comes in both sweet and [[Savoury (dish)|savoury]] varieties. The lentil stuffing is the key to this recipe. People typically love the Bihari snack for the morning, which consists of rice flour dumplings filled with a hot, masala lentil filling. The sweeter variety, where the dal filling adds an extra mixture of [[coconut]] and [[jaggery]] to give the dumpling a sweet taste, is particularly popular in some areas of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Northern Bengali|Northern Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dal Pitha: These Bihari Dumplings Are Nothing Like Anything You Have Had Before |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/dal-pitha-these-bihari-dumplings-are-nothing-like-anything-you-have-had-before-1792406 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref>

== Nutrition ==
The main component of Dal Pitha is lentils, which are a great source of plant-based [[protein]]. They contain [[Essential amino acids in plant food|essential amino acids]] that aid muscle development. Additionally, high in [[dietary fiber]], lentils facilitate digestion and prevent constipation. The rice flour used in Dal Pitha provides [[complex carbohydrates]]. It is also rich in [[essential vitamins]] and [[Mineral|minerals]] such as [[iron]], [[potassium]], [[magnesium]], and [[B vitamins|vitamin B]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Bihari cuisine]]
* [[Pitha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Pitha]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Jharkhandi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Wheat flour]]

Chippi appam

2026-01-24T08:07:10Z

Nhungexim: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Tamil cuisine#Seafood varieties]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Hors d'oeuvres]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]

Kakinada district

2026-01-22T19:44:06Z

Nhungexim: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|District in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kakinada district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 280
|photo1a = District Collector Office building at Kakinada.jpg
|photo2a = Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary 1.jpg
|photo2b = Yeleru dam reservoir at Yeleswaram view 03.JPG
|photo3a = Gollalamamidada temple gopuram Eastgodavari.JPG
|photo3b = Kumararama, Samarlakota.jpg
|photo4a = River in coringa forest.jpg
}}
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.97|82.26|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kakinada]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 3019.79
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="demographics"/>
| population_total = 2092374
| population_density_km2 = auto
| native_name = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://kakinada.ap.gov.in}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district
}}

'''Kakinada district''' is a [[district]] in the [[Coastal Andhra]] Region in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. With [[Kakinada]] as its administrative headquarters, it was proposed on 26 January 2022 to become one of the resultant [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|twenty six districts]] in the state after the final notification has been issued on 4 April 2022 by the [[government of Andhra Pradesh]]. The district was formed from [[Kakinada revenue division|Kakinada]] and [[Peddapuram revenue division|Peddapuram]] revenue divisions from [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari district]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=V.|date=26 January 2022|title=With creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|archive-date=26 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|title=AP issues draft gazette notification on 26 districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129231708/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|archive-date=29 January 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=New districts to come into force on April 4|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2022|title=కొత్త జిల్లా తాజా స్వరూపం|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[Eenadu.net]]|language=te}}</ref> Incidentally, during earlier times, the region comprising towns Pithapuram, Kakinada and Peddapuram were referred as [[Prolunadu]] ({{Transliteration|te|ISO|prōlunāḍu}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: East Godavari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk5uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press|year=1979|page=27}}</ref> or Polnaud,<ref>{{cite book |author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the East India Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coIfAAAAYAAJ&q=Polnaud |title=Madras Presidency |publisher=J. Higginbotham |year=1966 |page=216 |via=Google Books}}</ref> which now roughly corresponds to the areas in this district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-ptAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society|year=1972|page=77}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
This district name derives from its headquarters [[Kakinada]].

==History==
The region's administrative structure has undergone several reorganizations since the early 19th century. In 1823, during British rule, the Rajahmundry District was established as part of the Madras Presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=B. V. S. |date=8 June 2014 |title=Nyapathi Subbarao carved an identity for Telugus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nyapathi-subbarao-carved-an-identity-for-telugus/article6094152.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 1859, the administrative divisions of Rajahmundry, Masulipatam, and Guntur were reorganized into two districts: [[Godavari district|Godavari]], with its headquarters at Kakinada, and Kistna, with boundaries defined by the Upputeru and Tamaleru rivers.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/168/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |page=169}}</ref>

Further adjustments occurred in 1907–1908, when portions of the Godavari district were transferred to the Kistna district.<ref name=":32">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Godavari (district)|volume=12|pages=170-171|last=|first=|author-link=|short=1}}</ref> In 1925, the Godavari district was bifurcated into [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari]] and West Godavari districts. Kakinada was designated as the headquarters of East Godavari, while [[Eluru]] became the administrative center of West Godavari.<ref name="Maclean1879">{{citation |last=Maclean |first=Charles Donald |title=Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in Each Department in Illustration of the Yearly Administration Reports Prepared Under the Orders of Government by C. D. Maclean |page=400 |year=1879 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&pg=PA400 |publisher=Keys}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=West Godavari district profile |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/West-Godavari-district-profile/article15203616.ece |accessdate=28 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

On 4 April 2022, East Godavari was further bifurcated, leading to the creation of Kakinada district. Kakinada continued as the administrative headquarters of the newly formed district.

== Geography ==
This district is surrounded in the north by [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]], south by [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Yanam district]], east by [[Anakapalli district]] and west by [[East Godavari district]] and [[Konaseema district]].

== Politics ==
There is 1 parliamentary and 7 assembly constituencies in Kakinada district. The parliamentary constituencies are {{bulleted list
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency]]

}}
The assembly constituencies are<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Parliament
|-
|35
|[[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|-
|36
|[[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]
|None
|-
|37
|[[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
|None
|-
|38
|[[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Kakinada Rural]]
|None
|-
|39
|[[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]
|None
|-
|41
|[[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada City]]
|None
|-
|42
|[[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
|None
|}

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Kakinada.png|alt=Kakinada District|thumb|Satellite view of Kakinada district|278x278px]]

The district is divided into 2 revenue divisions: [[Kakinada revenue division|Kakinada]] and [[Peddapuram revenue division|Peddapuram]], which are further subdivided into a total of 21 mandals, each headed by a sub-collector.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

=== Mandals ===
The list of 21 mandals in Kakinada district, divided into 2 revenue divisions, is given below.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
{{Div col}}
# [[Kakinada revenue division]]
## [[Pithapuram mandal|Pithapuram]]
## [[Gollaprolu mandal|Gollaprolu]]
## [[U. Kothapalli mandal|U. Kothapalli]]
## [[Karapa mandal|Karapa]]
## [[Kakinada Rural mandal|Kakinada Rural]]
## [[Kakinada Urban mandal|Kakinada Urban]]
## [[Pedapudi mandal|Pedapudi]]
## [[Thallarevu mandal|Thallarevu]]
## [[Kajuluru mandal|Kajuluru]]
# [[Peddapuram revenue division]]
## [[Samalkota mandal|Samalkota]]
## [[Peddapuram mandal|Peddapuram]]
## [[Jaggampeta mandal|Jaggampeta]]
## [[Gandepalle mandal|Gandepalle]]
## [[Kirlampudi mandal|Kirlampudi]]
## [[Tuni mandal|Tuni]]
## [[Kotananduru mandal|Kotananduru]]
## [[Prathipadu mandal, Kakinada district|Prathipadu]]
## [[Sankhavaram mandal|Sankhavaram]]
## [[Yeleswaram mandal|Yeleswaram]]
## [[Rowthulapudi mandal|Rowthulapudi]]
## [[Thondangi mandal|Thondangi]]
{{Div end}}

== Cities and towns ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
{{Largest cities
| country = Kakinada district
| stat_ref = As per the [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of towns UA in Kakinada District UA
| div_name = Division
| div_link = List of towns in Kakinada District{{!}}Division

| city_1 = Kakinada
| div_1 = Kakinada revenue division{{!}}Kakinada Division
| pop_1 = 443,028
| city_2 = Tuni
| div_2 = Kakinada revenue division{{!}}Peddapuram Division
| pop_2 = 2,53,425
| city_3 = Samalkota
| div_3 = Peddapuram revenue division{{!}Peddapuram Division
| pop_3 = 56,864
| city_4 = Pithapuram
| div_4 = Peddapuram revenue division{{!}}Kakinada Division
| pop_4 = 52,360

| city_5 = Peddapuram
| div_5 = Peddapuram revenue division{{!}}Peddapuram Division
| pop_5 = 49,477

| city_6 = Yeleswaram
| div_6 = Peddapuram revenue division{{!}}Peddapuram Division
| pop_6 = 32,957
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Municipal bodies in district
!S.No.
!City / Town
!Municipality
formation year
!No. of
Wards
!Civic status
of municipal body
!2011 census
population
!2001 census
population
!1991 census
population
!1981 census
population
!1971 census
population
!1961 census
population
!1951 census
population
|-
|1
|Kakinada
|1866
|50
|Municipal Corporation
|4,43,028
|3,76,861
|3,27,541
|2,40,973
|1,64,200
|1,22,865
|99,952
|-
|2
|Samalakota
|1955
|29
|Municipality Grade - 2
|56,864
|53,602
|48,760
|41,264
|34,607
|31,924
|28,180
|-
|3
|Pithapuram
|1955
|28
|Municipality Grade - 2
|54,859
|50,103
|44,061
|36,607
|31,391
|27,910
|22,040
|-
|4
|Tuni
|1950
|30
|Municipality Grade - 1
|253,425
|250,368
| 147,654
| 127,876
| 98,987
| 67,666
| 53,443
|-
|5
|Peddapuram
|1955
|29
|Municipality Grade - 2
|49,477
|45,520
|42,806
|34,319
|28,579
|24,302
|23,360
|-
|6
|Yeleswaram
|2011
|20
|Nagar Panchayat
|32,957
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
|-
|7
|Gollaprolu
|2011
|20
|Nagar Panchayat
|23,882
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Erstwhile talukas in district (non-municipal bodies)
!S.No.
!Town
!Civic Status of Town
!2011 Census
Population
|-
|1
|Prathipadu
|nagar panchayat
|40,450
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Census towns in district
!S.No.
!Town
!Civic status of town
!2011 census
population
|-
|1
|Arempudi [Sankhavaram]
|Census town
|5,073
|}

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kakinada district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|1.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.40}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, Kakinada district had a population of 20,92,374, of which 662,726 (31.67%) lived in urban areas. The district had a sex ratio of 1007 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3,31,103 (15.82%) and 30,803 (1.47%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – East Godavari |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/158/download/282/DH_2011_2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST_GODAVARI.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|85–90}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kakinada district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 98.41 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 1.14 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.45 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.41% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.14% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Kakinada district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110714860}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kakinada district| ]]

Danda

2026-01-16T16:03:38Z

Nhungexim: updated structure further and added references

{{Short description|Punctuation mark in Indic scripts}}
{{about|the Brahmic punctuation character||Danda (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox punctuation mark
| mark = ।
| name = Daṇḍa
| unicode = {{unichar|0964}}
}}
In [[Indic scripts]], the '''daṇḍa''' ([[Sanskrit]]: दण्ड ''{{IAST|daṇḍa}}'' "stick"){{efn|Other terms used in various languages for variants of daṇḍa include ''kaan'' (or ''khan''), ''shad'' (or ''shya''), ''carik siki'' (doubled to ''carik pareren''), ''ta-rol'', ''mucaad'', [[Javanese script#Punctuation|''pada lingsa'']] (doubled to ''pada lungsi'') and ''section (mark)''.<ref name="utn33"/>}} is a [[punctuation]] mark.<ref name=Ruppel>{{cite book
| last = A.M.
| first = Ruppel
| title = The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| date = 2017
| location = New York
| pages = 33
| language = English
| isbn = 978-1107088283
}}</ref> The [[grapheme]] consists of a single vertical stroke.

== Use ==
The daṇḍa marks the end of a sentence or line, comparable to a [[full stop]] (period) as commonly used in the [[Latin alphabet]], and is used together with Western punctuation in Hindi and Nepali.

The daṇḍa and double daṇḍa are the only punctuation used in Sanskrit texts.<ref name=Ruppel/> No distinct punctuation is used to mark questions or exclamations, which must be inferred from other aspects of the sentence.<ref name=Ruppel/>

In metrical texts, a double daṇḍa is used to delimit verses, and a single daṇḍa to delimit a [[pada (foot)|pada]], line, or semi-verse. In prose, the double daṇḍa is used to mark the end of a paragraph, a story, or section.<ref name=Ruppel/>

== Computer encoding ==
[[Unicode]] encodes the daṇḍas as {{unichar|0964}} and {{unichar|0965}}. The Unicode standard recommends using this character also in other [[Indic scripts]], like Bengali, Telugu, Oriya, and others.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/UnicodeStandard-13.0.pdf|title=The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|year=2020|isbn=978-1-936213-26-9|location=Mountain View, CA|pages=278|access-date=2020-11-26|archive-date=2020-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005161924/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/UnicodeStandard-13.0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Encoding it separately for every Indic script was proposed,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public Review Issue #59|url=https://www.unicode.org/review/pr-59.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.unicode.org|archive-date=2019-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230030228/http://unicode.org/review/pr-59.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but has been accepted. (The graphemes for x0964 and x0965 can be implemented in a [[computer font]] with a [[glyph]] design that matches the conventional style for those languages.)

Danda and similar characters are encoded separately for some scripts in which its appearance or use is significantly different from the Devanagari one. These include forms with adornments, such as the [[Rgya Gram Shad]].<ref name="utn33">{{Cite web|title=UTN #33: Dandas and More Dandas|url=https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn33/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.unicode.org|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229162004/http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn33/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[ISCII]] encoded daṇḍa at 0xEA.

==See also==
* {{anl|Vertical bar}}, {{char|{{!}}}}
* {{anl|Pilcrow}}, the latin character-set equivalent of the double daṇḍa

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{wiktionary-inline|danda}}
* {{wiktionary-inline|दण्ड}}

[[Category:Devanagari]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Syntax]]
[[Category:Punctuation]]

Dendrelaphis chairecacos

2026-01-13T23:40:20Z

Nhungexim: Put up post.

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Dendrelaphis chairecacos.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status">{{cite iucn |author=Deepak, V. |author2=Srinivasulu, C. |author3=Ganesan, S.R. |author4=Srinivasulu, B. |year=2013 |title=''Dendrelaphis chairecacos'' |article-number=e.T194916A2368397 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T194916A2368397.en}}</ref>
| genus = Dendrelaphis
| species = chairecacos
| authority = ([[Friedrich Boie|Boie]], 1827)
}}

'''''Dendrelaphis chairecacos''''' is a [[species]] of snake in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. The species is found in [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Dendrelaphis|species=chairecacos|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3022306}}

[[Category:Reptiles described in 1827]]
[[Category:Dendrelaphis|chairecacos]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich Boie]]

{{Colubrid-stub}}

Zee Kannada

2026-01-12T21:38:46Z

Nhungexim: expanded content

{{short description|Indian television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Zee Kannada
| logo = Zee Kannada 2025.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2006|05|11}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/zee-group-to-launch-kannada-channel_294322.html|title=Zee Group to launch Kannada channel|website=[[Zee News]]|date=11 May 2006}}</ref>
| closed_date =
| picture_format = {{ubl|[[1080i]] [[HDTV]]|(downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)}}
| owner = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| key_people = Raghavendra Hunsur (Chief Channel Officer)
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| area = India
| affiliates =
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India
| sister_channels = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises#Owned channels|List of Zee channels]]
| website = [https://www.zee5.com/channels/details/zee-kannada/0-9-zeekannada Zee Kannada] on [[ZEE5]]
| network = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| online_serv_1 = [[ZEE5]]
| online_chan_1 = (India)
| type = [[TV Channel]]
}}

'''Zee Kannada''' also known as '''Z Kannada''' is an Indian [[Kannada-language|Kannada]] [[pay television]] [[general entertainment channel]] that was launched in the year 2006 and owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Kannada launch today|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-zee-kannada-launch-today-1028713|website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=10 May 2006}}</ref> It is also being as the first mainstream satellite channel in Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-kannada-marks-14-years-of-grand-success/|title=Zee Kannada marks 14 years of grand success|date=12 May 2020|publisher=Medianews4u.com}}</ref>

==History==
Zee Kannada was launched in 2006 as [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|ZEE]]'s second South Indian language channel after its Telugu venture, which launched in May 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/may/may134.htm|title=Zee Group launched its much anticipated Kannada channel Zee Kannada |website=[[Indian Television]]|date=11 May 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, Zee Kannada light blue logo has given way to brighter red and blue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-kannada-goes-colourful-with-new-logo-and-look-140731|title=Zee kannada goes colourful with new logo and look|website=[[Indian Television]]|date=31 July 2014}}</ref>

In 2018, a new brand identity and launched the [[HD-TV|HD Channel]] with HD visuals and Dolby Digital Plus sound quality. The unveil and launch took place in a grand ceremony at the Zee Kannada Kutumba Awards 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeekannadatv.com/about-us/|title=Zee Kannada – ZEE KANNADA HD – Kannada Entertainment Online – Updates & More – ZEE5|website=[[Zee5]]|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230132659/http://www.zeekannadatv.com/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zee-kannada-to-air-new-episodes-on-june-1-as-shooting-resumes-for-shows-104902.html|title=Zee Kannada to air new episodes on June 1 as shooting resumes for shows|website=Exchange4media.com}}</ref>

[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|ZEEL]] launched the digital news channel as '''Zee Kannada News''' in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/zee-group-launches-four-digital-regional-news-channels-for-south-india-118036.html|title=ZEE Group to launch four digital regional news channels for South India|website=Exchange4media.com}}</ref>

==Sister channel==
===Zee Picchar===
'''Zee Picchar''' is an Indian Kannada movies [[pay television]] channel offers [[Kannada]] language movies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zeel-to-launch-zee-picchar-on-01-march-200211|title=ZEEL to launch 'Zee Picchar' on 01 March|website=Indian Television|date=11 February 2020}}</ref> It was launched on 1 March 2020 and it is the sister channel of Zee Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/03/new-kannada-movie-channel-zee-picchar-to-give-viewers-a-hit-dinada-feeling/|title=New Kannada movie channel Zee Picchar to give viewers a 'Hit Dinada Feeling'|website=Bestmediainfo|date=16 March 2020}}</ref> The channel owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/new-kannada-movie-channel-zee-picchar-launched|title=www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/new-kannada-movie-channel-zee-picchar-launched|website=News Karnataka|date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/new-kannada-movie-channel-launched/1757830|title=New Kannada movie channel launched
|website=Outlook India|date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ZP">{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zeel-to-launch-kannada-movie-channel-zee-picchar-in-india/|title=ZEEL to launch Kannada movie channel ZEE Picchar in India|website=Bizasialive|date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

== Former broadcast ==
=== Drama series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Original release !! Series !! Last aired !! Adaptation of
|-
|8 February 2016
|''[[Naagini]]''
|7 February 2020
|Hindi TV series ''[[Naagin (2007 TV series)|Naagin]]''
|-
|13 March 2017
|''[[Jodi Hakki (TV series)|Jodi Hakki]]''
|5 July 2019
|Marathi TV series ''[[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]]''
|-
|12 June 2017
|''[[Subbalakshmi Samsara]]''
|3 April 2020
|Marathi TV series ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|-
|28 May 2018
|''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]''
|7 October 2022
|Telugu TV series ''Mutyala Muggu''
|-
|3 December 2018
|''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]''
|16 March 2024
|Telugu TV series ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]''
|-
|11 March 2019
|''[[Gattimela]]''
|5 January 2024
|Telugu TV series ''Varudhini Parinayam''
|-
|15 July 2019
|''[[Radha Kalyana]]''
|3 April 2020
|Telugu TV series ''[[Maate Mantramu]]''
|-
|9 September 2019
|''[[Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)|Jothe Jotheyali]]''
|19 May 2023
|Marathi TV series ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''
|-
|17 February 2020
|''[[Naagini 2]]''
|3 March 2023
|
|-
| 7 December 2020
| ''[[Sathya (Kannada TV series)|Sathya]]''
| 10 August 2024
| Odia TV series ''Sindura Bindu''
|-
|9 August 2021
|''[[Hitler Kalyana]]''
|14 March 2024
|[[Hindi]] TV series ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''
|-
|20 March 2023
|''[[Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha]]''
|4 August 2024
|[[Hindi]] TV series ''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]''
|}

== Reality shows ==
* ''[[Bharjari Bachelors]]''
(Season 1 - 2)
* ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Kannada]] (Season 1 - 21)''
* ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship]]''
* ''[[Weekend with Ramesh]] (Season 1 - 5)''
* ''[[Dance Karnataka Dance]]''
(Season 1 - 7)
* ''[[Comedy Khiladigalu]]''
(Season 1 - 4)
* ''[[Mahanati]]''
(Season 1 - 2)
* ''[[Drama Juniors]]''
(Season 1 - 5)
* ''[[Genes]]''
(Season 1 - 2)
* ''[[Super Queen]]''
(Season 1 - 2)
* ''[[Jodi No-1]]''

==Award functions==
===Hemmeya Kannadiga===
Hemmeya Kannadiga is given to the people who made Karnataka proud at different occupation like Film Industry, Social Service, Sports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/heresthe-list-of-hemmeya-kannadigas-who-have-made-karnataka-proud/articleshow/63313183.cms |title=List of Hemmeya Kannadigas who have made Karnataka proud|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 March 2018 }}</ref>

===Zee Kutumba Awards===
Renowned Zee Kannada television personalities are felicitated for their on-screen work and achievements for their shows. Zee honoring fiction stars and shows by nominating and presenting awards to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/zee-kutumba-awards|title=ZEE Kannada celebrates ZEE Kutumba Awards|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zee5.com/channels/details/zee-kannada/0-9-zeekannada ''Zee Kannada''] at [[ZEE5]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/zeekannada ''Zee Kannada''] on [[YouTube]]

{{Kannada TV Channels}}
{{Television in India}}

[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Karnataka]]

Muskan Malik (cricketer)

2026-01-05T22:13:35Z

Nhungexim: starting biography

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{About|the Indian cricketer born in 2002|the Indian kabaddi player with the same name|Muskan Malik (kabaddi player)}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Muskan Malik
| female = true
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| fullname = Muskan Malik
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|10|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightcm =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Batting (cricket)|Batter]]
| family =

| international =
| country =
| internationalspan =

| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2015/16–present}}
| club2 = [[IPL Supernovas|Supernovas]]
| year2 = 2020–2022

| columns = 2
| hidedeliveries = true

| column1 = [[List A cricket|WLA]]
| matches1 = 28
| runs1 = 1,120
| bat avg1 = 43.07
| 100s/50s1 = 4/4
| top score1 = 114
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/–

| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| matches2 = 41
| runs2 = 784
| bat avg2 = 27.03
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 63
| catches/stumpings2 = 18/–

| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1971/1971742/1971742.html CricketArchive
| date = 28 October
| year = 2023
}}
'''Muskan Malik''' (born 8 October 2002, [[Hindi]]: मुस्कान मलिक) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who primarily plays as a right-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]]. She plays for [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] and India A, and also played for [[IPL Supernovas]] in the [[Women's T20 Challenge]] before the tournament ended in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muskan Malik Profile - Cricket Player India. Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/muskan-malik-961523 |access-date=2023-09-28 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muskan Malik Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/18532/muskan-malik |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Muskan Malik Profile - Cricket Player, India. News, Photos, Stats, Ranking, Records - NDTV Sports |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/players/117895-muskan-malik-playerprofile |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muskan Malik Profile - Age, Career Info, News, Stats, Records & Videos |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/muskan-malik |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aligarh News: अलीगढ़ की मुस्कान मलिक का राष्ट्रीय महिला ए-टीम में चयन, पिता करते हैं दूध बेचने का काम |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/aligarh-muskan-malik-selected-in-national-women-s-a-team-will-play-for-asia-cup-ann-2422945 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=ABP Live |date=3 June 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born on 8 October 2002, Muskan Malik joined Hamza Cricket Academy in her hometown [[Aligarh]] at a young age. She was initially mentored by her younger brother Rashid Malik. Later, she joined Abdul Cricket Academy, where she started developing her skills under the guidance of veteran coach Masood<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Young batter Muskan Malik gives Aligarh reason to smile |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/young-batter-muskan-malik-gives-aligarh-reason-to-smile-101636656700097.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In November 2022, she was selected in India A women's squad to play the [[2022–23 Women's Senior T20 Challenger Trophy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ankit |date=2022-11-17 |title=Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy 2022: Squads and Schedule announced |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-squads-and-schedule-announced/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref> In May 2023, Muskan was selected for [[National Cricket Academy]] coaching camp in [[Bengaluru]], alongside Archana Devi and Parshvi Chopra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=3 UP women selected for Cricket Academy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/3-up-women-selected-for-cricket-academy/articleshow/100199201.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In June 2023, she was selected in [[ACC Women's T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup]] under the leadership of [[Shweta Sehrawat]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-06-02 |title=Cricket: Shweta Sehrawat to lead India 'A' squad at ACC Emerging Women's Asia Cup 2023 |url=https://scroll.in/field/1050213/cricket-shweta-sehrawat-to-lead-india-a-squad-at-acc-emerging-womens-asia-cup-2023 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> She also captained [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s Under-19 cricket team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Young batter Muskan Malik gives Aligarh reason to smile |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/young-batter-muskan-malik-gives-aligarh-reason-to-smile-101636656700097.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aligarh News: मुस्कान मलिक का महिला भारतीय क्रिकेट ए टीम में चयन, एशिया कप में खेलेंगी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/muskan-malik-selected-in-women-indian-cricket-a-team-2023-05-31 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Muskan}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh women cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Supernovas cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Himaja

2025-12-06T16:19:17Z

Nhungexim:

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Himaja
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Himaja Mallireddy
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Veerlapalem]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| education =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
}}

'''Himaja Mallireddy''' is an Indian actress and model who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Himaja to debut in Tollywood |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Himaja-to-debut-in-Tollywood/articleshow/45808728.cms |date=8 January 2015 |accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref> She is popularly known for her debut serial ''Konchem Istam Konchem Kastam'' and primarily known for her roles in movies ''[[Shatamanam Bhavati|Sathamanam Bhavati]], [[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' and ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]].'' She participated as a contestant in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|Season 3]] of [[Bigg Boss Telugu|''Bigg Boss'']] and evicted on day 63.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Small screen scorchers of 2019 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/small-screen-scorchers-of-2019/articleshow/73806471.cms |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Himaja hails from [[Veerlapalem]] in [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She first acted in a tele-film "Sarvaantaryaami" which is about [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] which was produced by her father Mallireddy Chandrasekhar Reddy and telecasted on MAA TV on the occasion of [[Guru Purnima|Guru Pournami]].<ref name="merged1">{{cite AV media |date=24 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixNS34KDwKA |title=Actress Himaja Exclusive Interview {{!}}{{!}} Anchor Komali Tho Kaburlu #13 {{!}}{{!}} #692 |publisher=iDream Telugu Movies |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref> She worked as a model and TV host before she pursued a career in films. She worked as a TV host at Tollywood TV.<ref name="merged1"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]'' || Risitha ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016 || ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' || Suchitra ||
|-
| ''[[Chuttalabbai]]'' || Himaja ||
|-
| ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || ||<ref name="merged2">{{cite AV media |date=5 February 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Y11IlMRXFQ |title=Himaja Exclusive Interview {{!}}{{!}} Shathamaanam bavathi fame {{!}}{{!}} Hangout With Naveena {{!}}{{!}} Part 2 |publisher=NAVEENA ** The Ultimate channel ** |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]'' || Ishika's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2017 || ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' || Meghana's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Shatamanam Bhavati]]'' || Subbalakshmi ||
|-
| ''Chandamama Raave'' || || <ref name="merged2"/>
|-
| ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' || Renuka || Both in Telugu and Tamil
|-
| ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' || Kanuka ||
|-
| '' [[Next Nuvve]]'' || Ghost ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]'' || Divya ||
|-
| ''Rachayitha'' || Sheela ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' || Ram's sister-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]'' || Navneetha ||
|-
| ''[[Aaviri]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anukunnadi Okkati Ayyandhi Okati]]'' || Srujana ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 ||''[[Kanabadutaledu]]'' || Sashi's sister-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]'' || 'Selfie' Sarala ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[10th Class Diaries]]'' || Nagalakshmi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Maya Petika]]'' || Mayor Malliswari ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' || Valli ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]'' || Krishnamurthy’s daughter ||
|-
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
|Vishala
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Network
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''Bharyamani''
| Apoorva
|
|
|-
| ''Swayamvaram''
|
|
|
|-
| 2014-2016
| ''Konchem Istam Konchem Kastam''
| Revathi
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
|''13 - Fear is Real''
| Episode 1 Contestant
|<ref>{{cite AV media |date=30 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQN9fDcf-2Q |title=13 - Fear Is Real {{!}} Paranormal Activity {{!}} Akul Balaji {{!}} Full Episode - 1 {{!}} Zee Telugu |publisher=[[Zee Telugu]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
|''Super 2''
| Contestant
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|<ref>{{cite AV media |date=21 June 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWdsriDPdnA |title=Super 2 – 21st June 2016 - సూపర్ 2 – Curtain Raiser |publisher=etvteluguindia |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202092554/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWdsriDPdnA&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2016
|''Kevvu Kabaddi''
| Contestant (Team Adhire Angels)
|
| <ref>https://www.facebook.com/ActressHimajaOfficial/posts/1356536174358375 {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 3|Bigg Boss 3]]''
| Contestant
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

{{Authority control}}
{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary

2025-11-23T15:17:47Z

Nhungexim:

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = Mysore district, Karnataka, India
| area =
| established = 1985
}}

'''Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary''' is located in the [[Mysore district]] of [[Karnataka]], India. It was declared as a [[Nature reserve|wildlife sanctuary]] on 30 April 1985. It was originally called the Arabithittu Game Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Forest Department|url=https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/(S(qksnlwhysnw4b5nkytcmws4r))/English/WildLifeSanctuary.aspx|access-date=2021-11-28|website=aranya.gov.in}}</ref> The sanctuary has a large area of [[eucalyptus]] and [[sandalwood]] plantations. It also has [[scrub forests]] and other plantations in the area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-02|title=Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary {{!}} Wildlife in India Foundation|url=https://wildlifeinindia.in/arabithittu-wildlife-sanctuary/|access-date=2021-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location ==
Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of {{Convert|13.5|km2}}. It is located in the [[Mysore district]] at [[Hunsur|Hunsur Taluk]], Karnataka, and because of this, it is also known as Hunsur Territorial Range. Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary has a chain link installed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defense Research Development Organization]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]] to act as a boundary for the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-23|title=Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary|url=https://wildtrails.in/arabithittu-wildlife-sanctuary/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary is home to various species of flora and fauna. It has large plantations of [[eucalyptus]] and [[sandalwood]], surrounded by agricultural fields. Other species of animals like [[wild boar]], [[leopard]], [[fox]], [[spotted deer]], [[mongoose]], etc., are also found there.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12|19|25|N|76|24|20|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:5000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Mysore district]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1985]]

Nikhilanand Panigrahy

2025-11-22T05:36:46Z

Nhungexim: put up new pg initial version

{{Multiple issues|
{{Autobiography|date=February 2024}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nikhilanand Panigrahy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dhanantar]], [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Odisha]]
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|
| education = [[M.Sc.]], [[Ph.D.]] ([[Physics]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| genre = [[Popular Science]]
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]<ref name=NIT>{{cite web|url=http://alumni.nitrkl.ac.in/index.php/cb-profile/userprofile/nikhilananda_panigrahi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812002343/http://alumni.nitrkl.ac.in/index.php/cb-profile/userprofile/nikhilananda_panigrahi|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 12, 2014|title= Alumni}}</ref>
}}
'''Nikhilanand Panigrahy''' is an Indian science writer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/(S(5a0hoiuviolbthubvzumdbvm))/pdf/December_2013_S_H.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052205/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/(S(5a0hoiuviolbthubvzumdbvm))/pdf/December_2013_S_H.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 8, 2014|title= CONTENTS OF THE 3RD YEAR (2013) 'SCIENCE HORIZON'}}</ref> and columnist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/(S(dfrmspujre4jzuaf4mcl3s45))/pdf/December_2013_Bigyan_Diganta.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044510/http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/(S(dfrmspujre4jzuaf4mcl3s45))/pdf/December_2013_Bigyan_Diganta.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 8, 2014|title= Sahareekaran O Jalayogan}}</ref> from Odisha. He has been contributing regularly to a variety of prominent Oriya news papers and magazines since 1973.

==Early life and education==
{{ref improve section|date=March 2025}}
Nikhilanand was born on 20 December 1947 in the village of [[Dhanantar]] near [[Asika|Aska]] in [[Ganjam]] district of [[Odisha]] in [[India]]. He was born to Padmanav Panigrahy and Annapurna Panigrahy. He had primary education at village school in Dhanantara. Then he passed matriculation from Harihara High School, Aska successfully in 1961. He secured Bachelor of Science(B.Sc) with Physics Honours from Khallikote College, Berhampur with distinction and Honours in 1965. In 1967 he completed an M.Sc in Physics, with specialization in X-rays,{{cn|date=April 2025}} from Regional Engineering College,<ref name=NIT/> now known as [[National Institute of Technology Rourkela]]. He earned Ph.D. under the guidance of Prof Prashanta Kumar Mishra. His Ph.D. thesis was about theoretical [[Solid State Physics]]. He retired as Director of Odisha State Bureau of Text Book Preparation and Production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.textbookbureauodisha.in/DirectorList.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812002353/http://www.textbookbureauodisha.in/DirectorList.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 12, 2014|title= Director Lists|date= 11 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Odia literature}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panigrahy, Nikhilanand}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Raghavan Narasimhan

2025-11-13T13:44:12Z

Nhungexim: put up the data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (1937–2015)}}
{{Expand German|topic=bio|Raghavan Narasimhan|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Raghavan Narasimhan
| image = Raghavan Narasimhan.jpg
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]] [[Bombay University]]
| workplaces =
| birth_date = August 31, 1937
| birth_place = [[Madras]]
| death_date = October 3, 2015
| death_place = [[Chicago]]
}}
'''Raghavan Narasimhan''' (August 31, 1937–October 3, 2015) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[mathematician]] at the [[University of Chicago]] who worked on [[real manifold|real]] and [[complex manifold]]s and who solved the [[Levi problem]] for complex manifolds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2015/10/15/raghavan-narasimhan-analytically-deft-mathematician-1937-2015|title=Raghavan Narasimhan, analytically deft mathematician, 1937-2015|work=uchicago.edu}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He attended Loyola College in Madras, where, like many other well-known Indian mathematicians, he was taught by the French Jesuit priest Racine, and received his doctorate in 1963 from K. Chandrasekharan in Bombay. In 1966 he was at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at Princeton. Narasimhan was a professor at the [[University of Chicago]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

*{{Citation | last1=Narasimhan | first1=Raghavan | title=Proc. Internat. Congr. Mathematicians (Stockholm, 1962) | chapter-url=http://mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1962.1/ | publisher=Inst. Mittag-Leffler | location=Djursholm | mr=0176096 | year=1963 | chapter=The Levi problem in the theory of functions of several complex variables | pages=385–388 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717144510/http://mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1962.1/ | archivedate=2011-07-17 }}
*{{Citation | last1=Narasimhan | first1=Raghavan | title=Several complex variables | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plF-L3cVFKcC | publisher=The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.-London | isbn=978-0-226-56817-1 |mr=0342725 | year=1971}}

==External links==
*{{MathGenealogy|id=40862}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimhan, Raghavan}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:Complex analysts]]

Dadu Indurikar

2025-10-01T05:48:29Z

Nhungexim: Put up pg

Dadu Raghu Sarode<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna-hindi/Awardees.php?section=Akademi%20Awardee|title=पुरस्कार सम्मानित कलाकारों की विवरणिका|website=www.sangeetnatak.gov.in|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref> popularly known as '''Dadu Indurikar''' was a [[Tamasha]] person from the state of [[Maharashtra]], India.{{cn|date=October 2020}} He was born in [[Induri]] in [[Pune district]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ&q=Dadu+Indurikar|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|last=Lal|first=Ananda|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195644463|language=en}}</ref> and belonged to a family of tamasha artists and apprenticed his art under his grandfather, father and Mukund Lahiri all notable artists.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLEZAAAAYAAJ&q=Dadu+Indurikar|title=Eminent Indians who was who, 1900-1980, also annual diary of events|last=Ltd|first=Durga Das Pvt|date=1985-01-01|publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Ltd.|language=en}}</ref> He started his own phad - troupe after the death of his father.<ref name=":1" /> He popularised the [[Vag (theatre)|vag]] "Gadhvacha lagna".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&dq=Dadu+Indurikar&pg=PA170|title=History of Indian Theatre|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|date=1987-01-01|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170172789|language=en}}</ref> It is considered that [[Dada Kondke]] imbibed the traditions of tamasha under Indurikar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcAKAQAAIAAJ&q=Dadu+Indurikar|title=Sangeet Natak|date=1969-01-01|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|language=en}}</ref> He is said to have lived his senior years in financial distress.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK6wAAAAIAAJ&q=Dadu+Indurikar|title=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1980-01-01|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Academy]] award for tamasha.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bYiAAAAMAAJ&q=Dadu+Indurikar|title=Quarterly Journal|last=(India)|first=National Centre for the Performing Arts|date=1972-01-01|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_oUAAAAIAAJ&dq=Dadu+Indurikar&pg=PA79|title=Language and Civilization Change in South Asia|last=Maloney|first=Clarence|date=1978-01-01|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9004057412|language=en}}</ref>
* President's medal for role in fostering tamasha.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Indian folk artists]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

M. Nazim Uddin Al Azad

2025-09-30T20:52:56Z

Nhungexim: fix information and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Nazim Uddin Al Azad
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh]] [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
| constituency_MP = [[Jessore-10]]
| constituency_MP1 = [[Jessore-4]]
| predecessor1 = [[Shah Hadiizzzaman]]
| successor1 = [[Shah Hadiizzzaman]]
| termstart = 18 February 1979
| termend = 12 February 1982
| termstart1 = 1988
| termend1 = 1990
}}
'''M. Nazim Uddin Al Azad''' is a Bangladeshi politician, journalist and former minister who was a member of parliament for the then Jessore-10 and Jessore-4 constituencies.

==Career==
Azad was elected to parliament from [[Jessore-10]] as a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] candidate in 1979.<ref name="1979results">{{cite web |author= |title=List of 2nd Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |access-date=13 August 2014 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> He was elected to parliament from Jessore-4 as an independent candidate in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 4th Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |accessdate=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708101931/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> He was a former minister of religion and former minister of water resources.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad}}
[[Category:Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]

{{Khulna-politician-stub}}

Parshu Ram Dhada

2025-09-29T23:41:00Z

Nhungexim: put up a details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Surendra Prasad Pramanik
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Parshu Ram Dhada''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing the [[Soro Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soro Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Soro Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/soro-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soro, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/soro-constituency-s18aed2008a041/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhada, Parshu Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Agri Farm Ward

2025-09-16T13:30:05Z

Nhungexim: added new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Agri Farm Ward
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.658174|N|94.094333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Agri Farm Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 17 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://morungexpress.com/sanitation-drive-schedule-kma-ward-17|title=Sanitation drive schedule for Kma ward-17|date=4 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html Map of Agri Ward] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120056/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html |date=1 December 2021 }}

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Behna

2025-09-14T12:58:35Z

Nhungexim: Revised content for better accuracy

{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= Behna
|popplace = India
|langs = • [[Urdu language|Urdu]] • [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|rels= Islam
|related=
}}

The '''Behna''' are a Muslim community found in [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC&dq=global+encyclopaedic+ethnography+of+indian+muslim+by+abida+samiuddin%2C+r.+khanam+volume+0&pg=RA1-PA361 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=90–93 |language=en}}</ref>{{Vague|reason=Where in North India? any estimates or number of the population?|date=September 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Kalpana Wilson

2025-07-28T18:20:24Z

Nhungexim: started a entry

{{Short description|Academic and author}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Kalpana Wilson
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Academic, author
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[University of Sussex]] (BA Hons, MA Area Studies (South Asia))
| alma_mater = [[SOAS University of London]] (PhD)
| discipline = Geography
| sub_discipline = South Asia
| workplaces = [[London School of Economics]] [[SOAS University of London]] [[Birkbeck, University of London]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Kalpana Wilson''' is an author and scholar with a focus on South Asia.<ref name="Guardian profile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/kalpana-wilson|title = Kalpana Wilson | the Guardian|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> She is a founding member of the South Asian Solidarity Group.<ref name="Dasgupta 2020">{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |title=JNU attack: Diaspora raises protest pitch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/jnu-attack-diaspora-raises-protest-pitch/articleshow/73129152.cms |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=January 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VIRTUAL: Contested Nationalisms in Contemporary India |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/institute-of-advanced-studies/events/2021/may/virtual-contested-nationalisms-contemporary-india |website=Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) |date=15 April 2021 |publisher=[[University College London]] |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> She has taught at the [[London School of Economics]], [[SOAS University of London]], and [[Birkbeck, University of London]].

==Education==
Wilson completed a Bachelors with Honors and a Masters in Area Studies (South Asia) from the [[University of Sussex]], and a PhD in Political Economy from [[SOAS University of London]].<ref name="Birbeck profile">{{cite web |title=Dr. Kalpana Wilson |url=https://www.bbk.ac.uk/our-staff/profile/8009423/kalpana-wilson |website=University of London Birbeck |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Wilson has taught at the Gender Institute at the [[London School of Economics]], where her research focus was on [[Bihar]], India.<ref name="Guardian profile"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Suroor |first1=Hasan |title=South Asian women call for 'gender-just' laws in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news//article60440874.ece |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=January 25, 2013 |quote=updated December 4, 2021}}</ref> She has also taught at [[SOAS University of London]] and is a Lecturer in Geography at [[Birkbeck, University of London]], where her research focus includes [[South Asia]] diasporas.<ref name="Birbeck profile"/>

During her career, Wilson has written in a variety of forums, including in ''[[The Guardian]]'' and elsewhere about [[Human population planning|population control policies]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Kalpana |title=Britain must end its support for sterilisation in India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/14/britain-end-support-forced-sterilisation-india-chhattisgarh |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sunnia |first1=Manishta |title=Is migration green? |url=https://newint.org/blog/2013/08/09/migration-green-population-matters |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[New Internationalist]] |date=August 10, 2013}}</ref> She has also signed a variety of open letters with other academics, including in 2020 to condemn the [[2020 Jawaharlal Nehru University attack]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A violent attack on academic freedom |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/09/a-violent-attack-on-academic-freedom |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 9, 2020}}</ref> in 2019 to protest the Indian government response to [[Violence against women in India|violence against women]],<ref>{{cite news |title=India's government fails to act on violence against women and girls |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/08/india-government-fails-to-act-on-violence-against-women-and-girls |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> in 2016 to protest [[Caste system in India|caste]] discrimination,<ref>{{cite news |title=An open letter to Vice-Chancellor of University of Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Dalit-student-Rohith-Vemula-suicide-An-open-letter-to-Vice-Chancellor-of-University-of-Hyderabad/article60542823.ece |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=January 19, 2016 |quote=updated December 4, 2021}}</ref> and in 2015 to call for [[Narendra Modi]] to be held accountable for human rights abuses in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=On his UK visit, Narendra Modi must be held accountable for his record on human rights in India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/11/on-his-uk-visit-narendra-modi-must-be-held-accountable-for-his-record-on-human-rights-in-india |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 11, 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is the daughter of John Wilson and [[Amrit Wilson]] and is married to Dipankar Bhattacharya. They have a daughter.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url= https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/race-racism-and-development-interrogating-history-discourse-and-practice/acknowledgements | publisher=Zed Books | title=Race, racism and development: Interrogating history, discourse and practice| chapter=Acknowledgements|pages=vii–viii| last= Wilson|first=Kalpana | year=2012}}</ref>

==Selected works==
===Books===
*{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Kalpana |title=Race, Racism and Development: Interrogating History, Discourse and Practice |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781848135123}}<ref>
Reviews for ''Race, Racism and Development'':
*{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Kai |title=Race, Racism and Development: Interrogating History, Discourse and Practice. |journal=[[Ethnic & Racial Studies]] |date=July 2013 |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=1256–1257 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2013.786115 |s2cid=144274325 }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/08039410.2014.871786 |title=Book Reviews: Race, {{sic|Racsim}} and Development. Interrogating History, Discourse and Practice |first=Tomáš |last=Profant |pages=565–573 |journal=Forum for Development Studies |volume=41 |year=2014 |issue=3|s2cid=143812000 }}
</ref>
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Madhok |editor1-first=Sumi |editor2-last=Phillips |editor2-first=Anne |editor3-last=Wilson |editor3-first=Kalpana |title=Gender, Agency, and Coercion |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-0-230-30032-3}}<ref>
Reviews for ''Gender, Agency, and Coercion'':
*{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=James |title=Sumi Madhok, Anne Philips, and Kalpana Wilson, eds., Gender, Agency, and Coercion, Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillian, 2013, pp. ix + 280. Indexed. ISBN 978-0230300323 |journal=Hypatia Reviews Online |date=2014 |volume=2014 |doi=10.1017/s2753906700001261 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Engeli |first1=Isabelle |title=Gender, Agency, and Coercion. Edited by Sumi Madhok, Anne Phillips, and Kalpana Wilson. New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 304 pp|journal=[[Politics & Gender]] |date=2015 |volume=11 |pages=439–441 |doi=10.1017/S1743923X15000173 |s2cid=152277122 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/abs/gender-agency-and-coercion-edited-by-sumi-madhok-anne-phillips-and-kalpana-wilson-new-york-and-london-palgrave-macmillan-2013-304-pp-100-hardcover/792FE78D11B364FE4735E9419085A975 |access-date=15 April 2022|url-access=subscription }}
</ref>

===Book contributions===
* Wilson, Kalpana (2007). "Agency." In Georgina Blakeley and Valerie Bryson (eds.), ''The Impact of Feminism on Political Concepts and Debates''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 126–145.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Yang |title=Filial Daughters? Agency and Subjectivity of Rural Migrant Women in Shanghai |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |date=June 2016 |volume=226 |pages=519–537 |doi=10.1017/S0305741016000357|s2cid=147754429 }}</ref>
* {{cite book |author1=Kalpana Wilson |editor1-last=Visvanathan |editor1-first=Nalini |editor2-last=Duggan |editor2-first=Lynn |editor3-last=Wiegersma |editor3-first=Nan |editor4-last=Nisonoff |editor4-first=Laurie |title=The Women, Gender and Development Reader |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781848135888 |chapter=From missionaries to microcredit? 'Race', gender and agency in neoliberal development}}
* Wilson, Kalpana. (2013). "Agency as 'Smart Economics': Neoliberalism, Gender and Development." In ''Gender, Agency and Coercion'', edited by S. Madhok, A. Phillips, and K. Wilson, 84 – 101. London : Palgrave McMillan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bessa |first1=Thais |title=Informed powerlessness: child marriage interventions and Third World girlhood discourses |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |date=November 2019 |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1941–1956 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2019.1626229|s2cid=197777697 }}</ref><ref name="Switzer 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Switzer |first1=Heather |last2=Bent |first2=Emily |last3=Endsley |first3=Crystal Leigh |title=Precarious Politics and Girl Effects: Exploring the Limits of the Girl Gone Global |journal=[[Feminist Formations]] |date=Spring 2016 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=33–59|doi=10.1353/ff.2016.0014 |s2cid=151744969 }}</ref>
*Ramamurthy, Anandi and Wilson, Kalpana (2018). "'An act of struggle in the present': History, education and political campaigning by South Asian anti-imperialist activists in Britain". In: Choudry, Aziz and Vally, Salim (eds.) ''Reflections on Knowledge, Learning and Social Movements: History's Schools''. Routledge Advances in Sociology. London, UK: Routledge. {{ISBN|9781138059108}}
* Wilson, Kalpana (2018). "Development". In: Bleiker, R. (ed.) ''Visual Global Politics. Interventions''. London, UK: Routledge. {{ISBN|9780415726078}}.
* Wilson, Kalpana (2021). "Racism, imperialism and international development". In: Farris, S. and Skeggs, B. and Toscano, A. and Bromberg, S. (eds.) ''The SAGE Handbook of Marxism''. SAGE Publications. {{ISBN|9781473974234}}

===Journals===
* Cornwall, Andrea, Jasmine Gideon, and Kalpana Wilson. (2008). "Reclaiming Feminism: Gender and Neoliberalism." ''[[IDS Bulletin]]'' 39 (6): 1–9.<ref name="Switzer 2016"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google Scholar id| 4jCkSwoAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Kalpana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century English writers]]
[[Category:English academics]]
[[Category:British writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century British women writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Academics of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]

Zyada Mat Udd

2025-06-29T06:47:38Z

Nhungexim:

{{Short description|2025 Indian television sitcom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| alt_name =
| caption =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| developer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = Shehzad Shaikh [[Helly Shah]]
| narrated =
| story =
| screenplay =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 30 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-27 minutes
| company = [[Yoodlee Films]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|03|8}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2025|06|15}}
}}

'''''Zyada Mat Udd''''' is an Indian [[Hindi Language|Hindi language]] sitcom television series which aired from 8 March 2025 to 15 June 2025 on [[Colors TV]] and is also digitally available on JioHotstar. Produced by [[Yoodlee Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Anandita |date=1 March 2025 |title=Helly Shah And Shehzad Shaikh Spill Beans On Their New Show|url=https://www.news18.com/television/helly-shah-and-shehzad-shaikh-spill-beans-on-their-new-show-aa-9245822.html |work=[[News 18]] |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Goldie Khurana, who had his inheritance on autopilot — until a storm hits! After the untimely passing of his father, the heir to Air-Aasman Airlines learns that his seat at the top isn't reserved just yet. The airline board throws a major plot twist, stating that he must earn his wings by winning the coveted Flight Attendant of the Year award if he wants to take over. Goldie goes incognito as Gopal, a rookie steward navigating a world of back-to-back flights and backbreaking work with no option but to buckle up.

Kajal Thakkar, a confident and ambitious air hostess who sees Air-Aasman as her runway to a luxurious life. She believes that marrying a rich man is her ticket to a better future, unaware that her fellow crew member is the heir of Air-Aasman. Then there's Shilpa Srivastava, the sharp and authoritative head stewardess who runs a tight ship, or rather a cabin, and ensures that Gopal, aka Goldie, doesn't have it easy.

Passengers aboard Air-Aasman should be less worried about calamities and more about the spectacular incompetence of its crew that doles out setbacks rather than dealing with them. Amid this whirlwind, will Goldie's cover as Gopal crash and burn with a crew that turns every flight into a comedy of errors?

== Cast ==
* Shehzad Shaikh as Goldie Khurana / Gopal Bajaj: Satish's son, heir of Air Aasman airlines turned flight attendant turned new owner of Air Aasman airlines
* [[Helly Shah]] as Kajal Thakkar: flight attendant; Jagrati's daughter
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] as Shilpa Srivastava: Chief flight attendant
* [[Tanu Khan]] as Anu Arora Ahluwalia: Ranjeet's wife and co-pilot; Gagan's mother.
* [[Rewati Chetri]] as Liza Wangsu: flight attendant
* Bhawsheel Singh Sahni as Chanpreet "Touchy" Chatwal: flight attendant
* Gaurav Amlani as Anees Rizvi: flight attendant; Ammi's son
* [[Vivek Mushran]] as Satish Khurana: Gopal's father, former owner of Air Aasman airlines
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Ranjeet Arora: Anu's husband and co-pilot; Gagan's father
* Rajesh Balwani as Ferrero: Goldie's caretaker
* Vishal Joshi as Shridhar: flight attendant inspection officer
* Prayag as Shrimaan: flight attendant inspection officer
* [[Bhakti Rathod]] as Jagrati Thakkar: Kajal's mother
* Sham Mashalkar as Dr. Shabir
* [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]] as Vikram Nanda
* Kamaljeet Rana as Dildeep Singh
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as Ammi: Anees's mother
* [[Neelu Kohli]] as Lovely: Chandpreet's aunt
* Charu Mehra as Avni
* Jay Pathak as Mahesh
* Unknown as Shalini Devi: Goldie's ex-girlfriend
* Unknown as Devika
* [[Bakhtiyaar Irani]] as Neenad Zhople

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In early March 2025, [[Colors TV]] announced a new series titled ''Zyada Mat Udd''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1 March 2025|title=Zyada Mat Udd Promo: Helly Shah Turns Air Hostess, Carefree Heir Shehzad Shaikh Forced To Become Steward In His Own Airline (VIDEO)|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/zyada-mat-udd-promo-helly-shah-turns-air-hostess-carefree-heir-shehzad-shaikh-forced-to-become-steward-in-his-own-airline-video|access-date=8 March 2025|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] was cast as Shilpa Srivastava.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=7 March 2025|title=EXCLUSIVE: Aishwarya Sakhuja recalls the time she was 'overwhelmed' after doing a scene on the sets of sitcom Zyada Mat Udd; says, "I cried my heart out of happiness"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-aishwarya-sakhuja-recalls-time-overwhelmed-scene-sets-sitcom-zyada-mat-udd-says-cried-heart-happiness/|access-date=8 March 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref> Gaurav Amlani was chosen to play Anees Rizvi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Simran|date=8 March 2025|title=Gaurav Almani on The Secrets of the Shiledars' success, Zyada Mat Udd, career's trajectory: 'I have been rejected 124 times before...'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-gaurav-almani-on-the-secrets-of-the-shiledars-success-zyada-mat-udd-career-trajectory-i-have-been-rejected-150-times-before-first-show-3137434|access-date=8 March 2025|work=[[DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref> Sham Mashalkar was selected to portray as Dr. Shabir.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Hasti|date=5 March 2025|title=Sham Mashalkar on joining Zyada Mat Ud: If I wasn't an actor, I would have been a pilot or working in aviation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sham-mashalkar-on-joining-zyada-mat-ud-if-i-wasnt-an-actor-i-would-have-been-a-pilot-or-working-in-aviation/articleshow/118731406.cms|access-date=8 March 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi comedy shows]]
[[Category:Hindi language television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|36072066}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]

Fort St. George, India

2025-06-07T22:13:13Z

Nhungexim: small expanded intro for accuracy and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Fort St. George]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
{{R unprintworthy}}
}}

Tilantapara

2025-06-05T18:17:27Z

Nhungexim: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tilantapara
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2252|N|87.6548|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1593
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721155
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03228
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sabang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabang]]
| website = {{URL|paschimmedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tilantapara''' (also written as Tilandapara) is a village in the [[Sabang (community development block)|Sabang]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kharagpur subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|0|0|N|87|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern portion of Kharagpur subdivision (including Dantan I & II, Mohanpur, Keshiary, Narayangarh and Sabang CD blocks) of Paschim Medinipur district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|21|56|26|N|87|17|39|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Chaulia | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chaulia]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|4|39|N|87|19|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Deuli | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Deuli, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|4|48|N|87|20|30|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Belda | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Belda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|21|54|38|N|87|16|12|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Dantan | numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Dantan]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|0|29|N|87|25|3|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Dhaneswarpur | numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Dhaneswarpur]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|21|57|51|N|87|28|46|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Kashmuli | numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Kashmuli]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|7|23|N|87|14|33|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Keshiary | numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Keshiary]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|21|57|51|N|87|24|25|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Khandrui | numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Khandrui]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|13|20|N|87|33|43|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Lutunia | numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lutunia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|21|50|33|N|87|25|17|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Mohanpur | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Mohanpur, Paschim Medinipur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|10|2|N|87|23|5|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Narayangarh | numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|10|58|N|87|35|56|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sabang | numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Sabang, Paschim Medinipur]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|21|59|33|N|87|17|47|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13= Moghalmari| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Moghalmari]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|5|40|N|87|15|9|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Kurumbera Fort| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Kurumbera Fort]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|13|23|N|87|40|48|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15= Bhemwa| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhemwa]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|11|29|N|87|43|18|E}}| label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dubrajpur| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dubrajpur, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|11|10|N|87|40|7|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17= Kerur| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Kerur, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|5|40|N|87|31|32|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Kolanda| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Kolanda, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|40|N|87|35|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Shrirampur| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Shrirampur, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|14|20|N|87|39|17|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20= Tilantapara| numbered20=H| mark-title20= Tilantapara (H)|shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|7|53|N|87|32|4|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21= Adasimla| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Adasimla]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|21|46|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textA= ODISHA| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=20| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Tilantapara is located at {{coord|22.2252|N|87.6548|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Kharagpur subdivision, shown partly in the map alongside, mostly has [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soils, except in two CD blocks in the west – Kharagpur I and Keshiary, which mostly have [[Laterite|lateritic]] soils. Around 74% of the total cultivated area is cropped more than once.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| title = District Human Development Report Paschim Medinipur, 2011| work= page 27-28| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref> With a density of population of 787 per km2nearly half of the district’s population resides in this subdivision. 14.33% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.67% lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook Paschim Medinipur, 2013| work= Table 2.2, 2.4 (a)| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Tilantapara had a total population of 1,593, of which 827 (52%) were males and 766 (48%) were females. There were 155 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Tilantapara was 3237 (91.96% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_p190ca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census, India | accessdate = 19 August 2020}}</ref>

.*For language details see [[Sabang (community development block)#Language and religion]]

==Education==
Tilantapara U.M.M. High School is a Bengali-medium co-educational institution established in 1901. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a library with 3,200 books, 3 computers and a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/paschim-medinipur/19201010402/tilantapara-u-m-m-h-sc-u-pry.html | title = Tilantapara U.M.M. H. Sc. U Pry | publisher = Schools.org |accessdate = 19 August 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions the Janaki Ballava temple as a ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Ratna temple|pancharatna]]'' with smooth rekha turrets measuring 30’ square, built in 1810/11. It has a porch on three arches. It has rich terracotta on three sides and stucco on the fourth.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, page 49. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Paschim Medinipur district]]

Madhosh

2025-05-07T02:59:38Z

Nhungexim: starting new article

{{Wiktionary|مدهوش}}

'''Madhosh''' ({{Lit|intoxicated}}) may refer to:
*[[Madhosh (1951 film)|''Madhosh'' (1951 film)]], a 1951 Bollywood romance film by J. B. H. Wadia, starring Manhar Desai and Meena Kumari
*[[Madhosh (1974 film)|''Madhosh'' (1974 film)]], a 1974 Bollywood drama film by Desh Gautam, starring Mahendra Sandhu and Reena Roy
*[[Madhosh (1994 film)|''Madhosh'' (1994 film)]], a 1994 Bollywood musical romance film by Vikram Bhatt
*[[Madhosh Balhami]], an Indian poet
* [[Ahmad Khan Madhosh]] (1931–2010), Sindhi-language poet from Pakistan

==See also==
*''[[Madhoshi]]'', a 2004 Bollywood film
*{{intitle}}

{{disambiguation|surname}}

Barwa Barauli

2025-04-20T16:37:29Z

Nhungexim: refine details to improve readability

{{One source|date=March 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barwa Barauli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0760258|N|84.5248403|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = Narkatiaganj
| established_title = 
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 84
| population_total = 5008
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 216640
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barwa Barauli''' is [[Gram panchayat]] which comes under Narkatiaganj block of [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

== Governance ==
It comes under [[Sikta Assembly constituency]] of [[Narkatiaganj]] Block. This panchayat includes [[Rupwaliya]], Rampur, Ammaghaud, Khajuriya, Barwa Barauli, Pokhariya, and Mangrahari villages, having 15 wards.

Neighbouring Panchayats include [[Bheriharwa]], [[Baitapur]], [[Gokhula|Gokula]], and [[Belwania, Bihar|Belwania]].

=== Panchayat Representatives ===

* Mukhiya - Shaukat Ali

* Sarpanch - Rijwan Alam

* Jila parishad member - Shafiuddin Urf Teni Bhai

== Education ==
The local schools are:

* Uchch Madhyamik Vidyalay, Barwa Barauli

* Maulana Azad Public School Barwa Barauli

* Ideal Mission School Rupwaliya Bazar

== Health care ==
A Primary Health Centre is sited at Rupwaliya Bazar.

== Transport ==
Gokhula Railway Station is the local. It is on the line between [[Narkatiaganj Junction railway station]] and [[Raxaul Junction railway station]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Barwa Barauli had a population of 5,008 in 795 households. Males constitute 53.1% and females 46.8% of the population. Barwa Barauli has an average literacy rate of 51%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 36%. In Barwa Barauli, 22% of the population is under 6.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-1001-F-Census.xlsx |title=Pashchim Champaran - Census of India 2011 |access-date=7 October 2015 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Champaran district}}

[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}