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Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)

2026-05-04T20:32:35Z

NewtonKelson9: Starting Pg...

{{Short description|Metro line in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = {{big|Orange Line}}
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color = {{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}}
| logo =
| logo_width = 200px
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Mumbai Metro]]
| status = Under construction: {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|5|croute}}, {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|12|croute}}
| locale = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| start = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}}
| end = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}}
| stations = 34
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = 
| planopen = {{start date and age|df=y|December 2026}}
| yearcommenced = {{start date|2020|02|df=y}}
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| owner = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA)
| operator =
| character = Elevated and underground
| depot = Kasheli
| stock = [[Titagarh Rail Systems]]
| linelength_km = 45.70
| tracklength_km =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-5|Line 5}}
| map = {{MM Line 5}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Orange Line''' of the [[Mumbai Metro]] is a [[rapid transit]] metro line in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. During construction the line was divided into two smaller lines - Line 5 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}}) and Line 12 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Taloja}}). The {{convert|45.70|km|mi|abbr=on}} line will connect [[Thane]] with {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Taloja}} via [[Bhiwandi]] and [[Kalyan]]. Construction of Line 5 began in February 2020. However, the section from {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}} was put on hold by the State Government. The construction of Line 12 started in March 2020. The line is mostly elevated except for a small underground section in {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}}. The line has a total of 34 stations, of which 33 are elevated, while the station in {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}} is set to be the only underground station on the line. The line offers interchange with the [[Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)|Green Line]] at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}} and with the [[Navi Mumbai Metro]] at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Taloja}}. The line also has a proposed interchange with the [[Thane Metro]] at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Balkum Naka}}.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== Planning ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
! colspan="10" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}};" |Orange Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |Line number
! colspan="2" |Station
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Distance
|-
![[To|From]]
![[To|From]]
|-
|5A
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dhamankar Naka}}
|December 2026
| rowspan="2" |{{Cvt|23.53|km|}}
|-
|5B
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dhamankar Naka}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan Railway Station}}
|TBA
|-
|12
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan Railway Station}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Taloja}}
|December 2027
|{{Cvt|22.17|km|}}
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
|{{Cvt|45.70|km|}}
|}

=== Line 5 ===
In March 2016, the [[Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation]] proposed building an elevated suburban rail corridor from Kurla to Bhiwandi via Thane at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|7500|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-30 |title=Elevated rail corridor to connect city to Bhiwandi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/elevated-rail-corridor-to-connect-city-to-bhiwandi/story-T65vVuwFpEcd4LRT73eWeO.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 19 October 2016, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), headed by Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]], approved a plan to build 24 km metro rail line from Thane to Kalyan via Bhiwandi. The line would have 17 stations and was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|8416|c}}. A future extension to [[Taloje Panchnand|Taloja]] was also proposed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-19 |title=MMRDA approves two Metro corridors |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/MMRDA-approves-two-Metro-corridors/article16076164.ece |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The project was approved by the Maharashtra Cabinet on 24 October 2017.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=24 October 2017 |title=Mumbai Metro's corridor 5 and 6 gets Maharashtra cabinet approval |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Z1VWUGDGga5lJjdm8llzKI/Mumbai-Metros-corridor-5-and-6-gets-Maharashtra-cabinet-ap.html |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=Livemint}}</ref> The detailed project report for Line 5 was prepared by a consortium of D’Appolonia and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-28 |title=Mumbai Metro-5 to move through crowded areas of Thane |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/281217/mumbai-metro-5-to-move-through-crowded-areas-of-thane.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

The project received [[Coastal Regulation Zone]] (CRZ) clearance from the Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority (MCZMA) in June 2017. A 3.9 km stretch of Line 5 passes through CRZ areas along the Kasheli bridge crossing the Ulhas river, and also near Durgadi Fort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-25 |title=Tenders for Metro 5, 6 in a month: MMRDA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-tenders-for-metro-5-6-in-a-month-mmrda-4905005/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA utilized a drone to carry out survey work for Line 5. The drones were fitted with 360 degrees camera that provide up to 3 millimetres (0.12 in) accuracy. The aerial survey takes less time than a regular survey, achieves greater accuracy and helps protect against false claims for compensation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-30 |title=MMRDA to use drones to map Metro-5,6 way |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/301017/mmrda-to-use-drones-to-map-metro-56-way.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

Two potential routes were proposed for Line 5's alignment. The first route passed through more densely populated areas of Thane, Bhiwandi and Kalyan, while the second route passed through their outskirts. The Bhiwandi-Nizampur City Municipal Corporation demanded that the first route be taken in order to benefit more people. The MMRDA began carrying out survey work for the line by December 2017. The same month, the MMRDA stated that it had chosen the first route as the alignment for Line 5.<ref name=":2" /> Survey work was interrupted due to protests by some shopkeepers and residents of Bhiwandi.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Bhiwandi residents oppose Metro 5 |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/010818/bhiwandi-residents-oppose-metro-5.html |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for Line 5 in Kalyan on 18 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-18 |title=Mumbai: PM Modi to lay foundation stone for 2 Metro projects, housing scheme of 90,000 units |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-2-metro-projects-housing-scheme-of-90000-units-5498162/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-18 |title=Modi kicks off ₹33,000 crore metro, low-cost housing projects in Mumbai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/narendra-modi-kicks-off-33000-crore-metro-low-cost-housing-projects-in-mumbai/article25772539.ece |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In June 2019, the MMRDA stated that it had decided to start Line 5 from Kapurbawdi station, which would serve as an interchange with Line 4. The original plan had been to build a separate station 500 metres away from the Line 4 station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=Metro lines 4 and 5 to be linked at station in Thane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/metro-lines-4-and-5-to-be-linked-at-station-in-thane/story-ExLA0iRu8QWQnm16T5v0QJ.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Systra France, Systra MVA Consulting (India) Pvt Ltd and Consulting Engineers Group Ltd were appointed as general consultants for the project on 6 August 2019.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-07 |title=Thane-Bhiwandi-Kalyan Metro: Construction to start after monsoon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-thane-bhiwandi-kalyan-metro-construction-start-after-monsoon-5884119/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-06 |title=MMRDA picks contractor for civil work of Metro 5 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mmrda-picks-contractor-for-civil-work-of-metro-5/article28840753.ece |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In November 2021, the MMRDA decided to construct the depot for Line 5 at Kasheli in Thane, instead of the original plan to build it at Kongaon MIDC,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Mumbai: MMRDA changes location of 2 Metro depots |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-mmrda-changes-location-of-metro-depots-7628405/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> after local residents opposed the plan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thane-Bhiwandi-Kalyan metro’s depot issue resolved |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/thane-bhiwandi-kalyan-metros-depot-issue-resolved |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The agency invited tenders for the construction of the depot on 20 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-22 |title=Metro Line 5: Depot construction work in Thane likely to cost MMRDA over Rs 472 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-line-5-depot-construction-work-in-thane-likely-to-cost-mmrda-over-rs-472-cr-8224144/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ritwik Projects Pvt. Ltd. was awarded a {{INRConvert|589|c}} contract to build the Kasheli depot in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=MMRDA ropes in contractor to build Metro 5 depot at Kasheli on 27ha land - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-infrastructure/mmrda-ropes-in-contractor-to-build-metro-5-depot-at-kasheli-on-27ha-land/103677491 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=MMRDA appoints contractor for Metro Line-5 depot work at Kasheli |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mmrda-appoints-contractor-for-metro-line-5-depot-work-at-kasheli-23309064 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

=== Underground section ===
In December 2017 following requests from the Bhiwandi-Nizampur city municipal corporation the line was altered to bypass through core areas of Thane, Kalyan, and Bhiwandi. Soon however, locals in Bhiwandi began protesting over the line going through the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Aishwarya |date=2018-08-01 |title=Bhiwandi residents oppose Metro 5 {{!}} Bhiwandi residents oppose Metro 5 |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/010818/bhiwandi-residents-oppose-metro-5.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> Later in 2019, MMRDA released the tenders for the line through package CA-28. However, it was later announced the package will only include the section from Kapurbawdi to Bhiwandi with the section from Bhiwandi to Kalyan APMC being placed on hold due to disagreements in alignment. In February 2020, State Urban Development Minister [[Eknath Shinde]] stated that he had requested the MMRDA to alter the alignment of Line 5 to bypass several religious sites, and also to extend the line to [[Shahad]]. MMRDA Metropolitan Commissioner R.A. Rajeev stated that the agency would finalize a new route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-01 |title=Mumbai Metro 5 corridor route to be changed: Eknath Shinde |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-5-corridor-route-to-be-changed-eknath-shinde-6245288/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, Shinde stated that a stretch of the line passing through Bhiwandi would be underground in order to avoid affecting 735 buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-22 |title=Maharashtra: Metro line 5 underground stretch will save 735 buildings, says minister Eknath Shinde |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-line-5-underground-stretch-will-save-735-buildings-eknath-shinde/articleshow/90380256.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The State Urban Development Department approved building a 3 km section of Line 5 between Dhamankar Naka and Temghar underground on 6 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Mumbai Metro Line 5: Underground stretch approved, work on Phase 2 to begin soon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-line-5-underground-stretch-approved-work-on-phase-2-8650130/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The underground section is estimated to increase the cost of the project by {{INRConvert|1727|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=3km stretch on Bhiwandi - Kalyan Metro line to be built underground, saving 735 structures |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/3km-stretch-on-bhiwandi-kalyan-metro-line-to-go-underground-saving-735-structures-101647618225371.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Line 12 ===
The MMRDA approved an extension of Line 5 from Kalyan to Dombivali and Taloja on 21 November 2018. The elevated corridor would be 20.75 km long with 17 stations and was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|5865|c}}. The extension is called [[Line 12 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 12]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2018 |title=3 new Metro lines worth Rs 17,347-cr cleared |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/3-new-metro-lines-worth-rs-17347-cr-cleared/articleshow/66742715.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The detailed project report for the extension was prepared by the DMRC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-31 |title=Mumbai Metropolitan Region to get four new Metro lines |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metropolitan-region-to-get-four-new-metro-lines/story-QZCluCExMIzL7MBRsI53PO.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The extension was approved by the State Government on 23 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-23 |title=State clears three Metro projects |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/state-clears-three-metro-projects/article28693524.ece |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Vrutika |date=2019-07-24 |title=Mumbai is getting 3 new metro routes & here's what you need to know |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-three-new-mumbai-metro-routes-announced |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In March 2023, the MMRDA proposed a 7.7 km extension of Line 5 from Kalyan to [[Ulhasnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-12 |title=Sindhis will see Sindhu Nagar Metro station soon: BJP MLA Kumar Ailani |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/sindhis-will-see-sindhu-nagar-metro-station-soon-bjp-mla-kumar-ailani/articleshow/98578448.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Good news for Ulhasnagar residents! MMRDA to extend Metro 5 to Ulhasna {{!}} Mumbai News |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/transport/mmrda-decided-to-extend-thane-bhiwandi-kalyan-metro-5-route-up-to-ulhasnagar-via-khadakpara-77475 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref>

==Construction==

=== Tendering ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}};" | '''Pre-Construction activity'''
|-
!Package
!Contract
!Section
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|Metro- PIU/0002021
|General Consultant
|Kapurbawdi – Bhiwandi
|{{INRConvert|42.49|c}}
|SYSTRA MVA
|Aug 2019
|-
|CA-256
|General Consultant
|Bhiwandi – Kalyan Railway Station
| colspan="3" |Bidding underway
|-
|Metro- PIU/0002141
|General Consultant<ref>The contract included the scope for Mumbai Line 10 and Line 12. The cost has been averaged out for Line 12 only</ref>
|Kalyan Railway Station – Taloja
|{{INRConvert|183.53|c}}
|SYSTRA MVA – DB Engineering JV
|29 July 2022
|-
| rowspan="2" |TBD
|Detailed Design Consultant
|Bhiwandi – Kalyan Railway Station
| colspan="3" |Bids to be invited
|-
|Detailed Design Consultant
|Kalyan Railway Station – Taloja
|{{INRConvert|6.51|c}}
|LKT - Enia JV
|13 Jun 2023
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|190.04|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}};" | '''Civil Work'''
|-
!Package
!Section
!Length
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|CA-28
|Kapurbawdi – Bhiwandi
|{{Cvt|12.81|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|802.00|c}}
|Afcons
|07 Jan 2020
|-
|TBD
|Bhiwandi – Kalyan Railway Station
|{{Cvt|11.64|km|}}
| colspan="3" |Bids to be invited
|-
|CA-240
|Kalyan Railway Station – Amandoot
|{{Cvt|22.17|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|1971.77|c}}
|Gawar Constructions
|27 Mar 2024
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
|{{Cvt|46.62|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|2773.77|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}};" | '''Architectural finishing work'''

|-
!Package
! colspan="2" |Contract
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|CA-246
| colspan="2" |Balkum Naka – Dhamankar Naka
|{{INRConvert|157.47|c}}
|NACPL-MANSI-UCC JV
|25 July 2024
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}};" | '''Miscellaneous'''
|-
!Package
! colspan="2" |Contract
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|CA-151
| colspan="2" |Kasheli Depot construction
|{{INRConvert|597.56|c}}
|Rithwik Projects
|14 Sept 2023
|-
|CA-166
| colspan="2" |Track work for Bhiwandi – Kalyan APMC
|{{INRConvert|17.53|c}}
|Paras Railtech
|28 Feb 2024
|-
|CA-239
| colspan="2" |Power supply & traction, E&M, lifts & escalators
|{{INRConvert|497.46|c}}
|IRCON
|To be confirmed
|-
|CA-241
| colspan="2" |Rolling stock, platform screen door & signaling contract
|To be confirmed
|Titagarh
|To be confirmed
|-
|CA-242
| colspan="2" |Automated fare collection system
| colspan="3" |Bidding underway
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|4233.83|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|}

Construction of the 24.9 km line was divided into two phases. The first phase is a 11.68 km section between Kapurbawadi in Thane and Dhamankar Naka in Bhiwandi. The second phase is a 11.8 km section between Bhiwandi and Kalyan, which includes a 3 km underground section between Dhamankar Naka and Temghar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Mumbai Metro Line 5: MMRDA to put on hold 4-km tunnelling work as Maharashtra govt nod pending |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-line-5-mmrda-maharashtra-govt-tunnelling-work-8342309/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Line 5A – Thane to Bhiwandi ===

In January 2019 MMRDA invited bids for the construction of the line from Kapurbawdi to Bhiwandi. The package was named CA-28 and included the construction of a 12.811 km elevated viaduct, and seven elevated stations at Kapurbawdi, Balkum Naka, Kasheli, Kalher, Purna, Anjur Phata, and Dhamankar Naka.
Three companies made bids for the package, which were Larsen & Turbo, NCC, and Afcons infrastructure. On January 7, 2020 MMRDA awarded a Letter Of Appointment or LOA to a
Afcons Infrastructure for an approximate cost of Rs. 802 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Afcons Awarded Mumbai Metro Line-5's Thane - Bhiwandi Section |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/01/28/afcons-awarded-mumbai-metro-line-5s-thane-bhiwandi-section/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Construction began in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Afcons Begins Casting Piers for Mumbai Metro Line-5 in Thane |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/02/20/afcons-begins-casting-piers-for-mumbai-metro-line-5-in-thane/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> The first pier cap was erected near Balkum in Thane on 22 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-26 |title=Mumbai Metro-5 corridor to be complete by December 2024: MMRDA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-5-corridor-to-be-complete-by-december-2024-mmrda-101611601396528.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

One construction worker died after being electrocuted at a construction site in Thane on 25 May 2021. Police registered [[first information report]]s against the site supervisor and a crane operator charging them with "causing death by negligence".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2021 |title=Worker electrocuted at Metro rail site in Thane, two booked |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/worker-electrocuted-at-metro-rail-site-in-thane-two-booked/articleshow/82943454.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The first marine pile cap was placed on Kasheli Creek in October 2021. The metro viaduct crossing the Kasheli creek is 550 metres long, and consists of 13 piers, of which 9 are in the creek and 5 are on land.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=Mumbai: 1st marine pile cap cast in Kasheli creek for Metro 5 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-1st-marine-pile-cap-cast-in-kasheli-creek-for-metro-5-7592423/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The viaduct is 15 metres above the water and has 13 spans each with a length of 42.3 metres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=Mumbai: Work on 1st Metro viaduct over water body completed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/work-on-1st-metro-viaduct-over-water-body-completed-8400350/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, five construction workers were injured by falling iron rods at the site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-13 |title=Iron rods of Metro work in Thane collapse, 5 workers injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/iron-rods-of-metro-work-in-thane-collapse-5-workers-injured-101636815409638.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA said that 65% of the work had been completed in November 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Here is latest update of more than dozen Metro projects in the city |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-here-is-latest-update-of-more-than-dozen-metro-projects-in-the-city |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> and 70% in December 2022 including 64% of work on stations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-25 |title=70% work completed on Metro Line 5 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/70-work-completed-on-metro-line-5-101671974263161.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Construction of the 550 metre viaduct over Kasheli Creek was completed on 22 January 2023, taking a total of 123 days. In the same month, Afcons stated that it completed 9.3 km of viaducts.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-25 |title=Mumbai Metro Line 5: Thane-Kalyan-Bhiwandi viaduct across Kasheli Creek completed |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/mumbai-metro-line-5-thane-kalyan-bhiwandi-viaduct-across-kasheli-creek-completed/articleshow/97312393.cms |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The MMRDA stated that 79% of civil work on the first phase had been completed on 6 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Dhamankar Naka to Temghar stretch of Metro 5 to be underground |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/dhamankar-naka-to-temghar-stretch-of-metro-5-to-be-underground-101686078047163.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Stations==
The Orange Line has a total of 34 stations. 33 are elevated, while the station in Bhiwandi is underground. Of the 34 stations, 26 are under construction and six are under various stages of tendering.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
|-
! style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}};" colspan="10" | Orange Line 5
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station name
! rowspan="2"|Status
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| 1 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}} || कापूरबावडी || Under construction || {{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|green|croute}} (under construction) || Elevated
|-
| 2 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Balkum Naka}} || बाळकुम नाका || Under construction || [[File:Thane_Metro.png|link=Thane_Metro|25x25px]] Balkum Naka (under construction) || Elevated
|-
| 3 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasheli}}|| कशेळी || Under construction || None || Elevated
|-
| 4 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalher}} || काल्हेर || Under construction || None || Elevated
|-
| 5 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Purna}} || पूर्णा || Under construction || None || Elevated
|-
| 6 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Anjur Phata}} || अंजूर फाटा || Under construction || {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Vasai Road-Roha|croute}} || Elevated
|-
| 7 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dhamankar Naka}} || धामणकर नाका || Under construction || None || Elevated
|-
| 8 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}} || भिवंडी || Approved || None || Underground
|-
| 9 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gopal Nagar}} || गोपाळ नगर || Approved || None || Elevated
|-
| 10 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Temghar}} || टेमघर || Approved || None || Elevated
|-
| 11 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Rajnouli Village}} || रांजणोली गाव || Approved || None || Elevated
|-
| 12 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Govegaon MIDC}} || गोवेगाव एमआयडीसी || Approved || None || Elevated
|-
| 13 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kongaon}} || कोनगाव || Approved || None || Elevated
|-
| 14 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Durgadi Fort}} || दुर्गाडी किल्ला || Approved || None || Elevated
|-
| 15 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Sahajanand Chowk}} || सहजानंद चौक || Approved || None || Elevated
|-
| 16 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan Railway Station}} || कल्याण रेल्वे स्थानक || Under construction || {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{Rail color box|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|croute}} and [[Indian Railways]] || Elevated
|-
| 17 || {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}} || कल्याण एपीएमसी || Under construction || None|| Elevated
|-
|18
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ganesh Nagar (Kalyan)}}
|गणेश नगर (कल्याण)
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|19
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pisavali Gaon}}
|पिसवली गाव
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|20
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Golavali}}
|गोळवली
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|21
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dombivali MIDC}}
|डोंबिवली एमआयडीसी
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|22
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Sagaon}}
|सागाव
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|23
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Sonarpada}}
|सोनारपाडा
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|24
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Manpada (Dombivali East)}}
|मानपाडा (डोंबिवली पूर्व)
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|25
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Hedutane}}
|हेदुटणे
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|26
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kolegaon}}
|कोळेगाव
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|27
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Nilaje Gaon}}
|निळजे गाव
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|28
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vadavali}}
|वडवली
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|29
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bale}}
|बाळे
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|30
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Waklan}}
|वाकळण
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|31
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Turbhe}}
|तुर्भे
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|32
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pisarve Depot}}
|पिसार्वे आगार
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|33
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pisarve}}
|पिसार्वे
|Under construction
|None
|Elevated
|-
|34
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Amandoot}}
|अमनदूत
|Under construction
|[[File:Navi_Mumbai_Metro_Logo.png|link=Navi_Mumbai_Metro|24x24px]] Amandoot
|Elevated
|}

== Cost ==
Line 5 is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|8416|c}}. The cost was primarily borne by the MMRDA.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and the [[OPEC Fund for International Development]] provided a total loan of {{INRConvert|2357.25|c}} for the project.<ref name=":0"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 5=yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro lines]]

Lakkundi, Belagavi

2026-05-01T21:08:50Z

NewtonKelson9: added the article v1...

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lakkundi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Karnataka#India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|51|17|N|74|45|37|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sampagaon, Belgaum|Sampgoan]]
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 6.52
| elevation_m = 745
| population_total = 1720
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 591102
}}

'''Lakkundi''' is a village in [[Belagavi district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the southern portion of the district, about 34 kilometres east of the district headquarter [[Belgaum]]. As of the year 2011, it had a total population of 1,720.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kakkundi is situated on the banks of Badabadi River, along the Karnataka State Highway 138. It covers a total area of 652.2 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/588/download/2000/DH_2011_2901_PART_A_DCHB_BELGAUM.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Karnataka District Census Handbook Belgaum |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Karnataka |page=536 |access-date=2023-12-18}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], there were 359 households within the village. Among the local population, 858 were male and 862 were female. The average literacy rate was 60.12%, with 581 of the male residents and 453 of the female residents being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

Papiya Ghosh

2026-04-21T09:42:41Z

NewtonKelson9: Starting A Pg...

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Papiya Ghosh
| image = Malti_and_Papiya.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Papiya Ghosh (right) and Malti Devi (left)
| birth_date = 8 October 1953
| birth_place= [[Dumka]], Bihar, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2006|12|3|1953|10|8}}
| death_place= [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| occupation = Historian
| spouse =
}}

'''Papiya Ghosh''' was a historian of [[South Asian history]] and a professor of the [[University of Patna]], [[Patna]], India. She was found murdered on 3 December 2006, along with her elderly housemaid, Malti Devi, apparently as a result of an attempted burglary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Historian-Papiya-Ghosh-murder-shocks-Patna/articleshow/702585.cms |title=Historian Papiya Ghosh murder shocks Patna - Times of India |access-date=2011-08-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708005425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-03/india/27794715_1_murder-shocks-daisy-narain-patna-university |archive-date=8 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 December 2006 |df=dmy-all }}, www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref>

Ghosh, an ethnic [[Bengali people|Bengali]], was the sister of [[Tuktuk Kumar]], an officer of Indian Administrative Service<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.papiyaghosh.com/message.asp |title=Tributes and Messages for Papiya |access-date=2011-03-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727143559/http://www.papiyaghosh.com/message.asp |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}, www.papiyaghosh.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref> from the West Bengal cadre, and a close associate of the writer [[Jug Suraiya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0278.htm |title=Papiya Ghosh: From JS to an End by Dr. Amitabh Mitra |access-date=2007-08-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103020/http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0278.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, www.boloji.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref> from the ''[[Times of India]]''.

==Life==
Papiya Ghosh was born on 8 October 1953, in [[Dumka]] ([[Bihar]], [[India]]). She was the third of four daughters of Ujjal Kumar Ghosh, an IAS officer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com/ |title=Purnujjal Papiya Ghosh Memorial Trust Standing up for Justice and Excellence! |access-date=2009-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723171304/http://www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com/ |archive-date=23 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}, www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref> of the Bihar Cadre, and his wife Purnima Ghosh. Her father was a victim of what was widely held to be a political murder<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com/ |title=Purnujjal Papiya Ghosh Memorial Trust Standing up for Justice and Excellence! |access-date=2009-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723171304/http://www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com/ |archive-date=23 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}, www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref> in 1957. The four sisters were subsequently brought up by their mother, who took up a job as a school teacher to support her daughters after the murder of her husband.

Papiya attended St Joseph's Convent High School in Patna, where she was school topper and elected Head Girl in 1971. She earned an undergraduate degree in history from the [[Patna Women's College]] ([[Patna University]])<ref>[[University of Patna]], www.wikipedia.org, accessed on 8 April 2011</ref> and was also elected Premier of the Students' Union. Papiya was an avid debater, dramatist and writer from an early age, and, together with her sister Tuktuk, became something of a household name as a regular contributor to [[Kookie Kol]], a column in the [[The Statesman (India)|Junior Statesman]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0278.htm |title=Papiya Ghosh: From JS to an End by Dr. Amitabh Mitra |access-date=2007-08-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103020/http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0278.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}, www.boloji.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref> which was a popular youth magazine of the time.

As [[Patna University]] was closed down indefinitely in 1975 during [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s agitation, Papiya Ghosh moved to [[Delhi University]] where she completed her MPhil and PhD, studying the pre-independence civil disobedience movement in Bihar (1930–34). After her PhD, she taught history at [[Delhi University]] for two years. In 1979, she decided to move back to Patna. This was in part to support her mother, who was by then living on her own, but also because she wanted to live and work in the midst of the land, people and society which formed the main focus of her academic research.

In Patna, Papiya taught first at Patna Women's College and then at the history department at Patna University. A highly regarded teacher, she took great personal pains to ensure that the content and quality of instruction her students received was at par with the best universities in the country. This was especially challenging given the general decline of standards at Patna University, the very limited funding available, deteriorating facilities, and official indifference.

Professional recognition was hard to come by, given the situation in Patna and its remoteness from the more high-profile academic centres of India. Nevertheless, she was awarded the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship (twice), as well as fellowships from the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] (Shimla) and [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] (New Delhi). She also contributed a number of scholarly articles to prestigious academic journals.

A follower of the philosopher [[Rumi]], Papiya Ghosh was drawn towards [[Sufi]] mysticism, which she saw as a unique amalgam of influences truly representative the assimilative culture of the Indian sub-continent. She also had a keen interest in modern literature, especially writings by and about Indian and Pakistani women.

==Murder==
Papiya Ghosh was murdered on the night of 2/3 December 2006, along with her elderly maid, Malti Devi. The post-mortem report listed 34 stab wounds inflicted on her, including to the eyes, throat and stomach. Of the six men accused on the murder, four have been arrested, tried and convicted and two of the named accused, who were absconding, have since been arrested in August 2012 by Bihar Police. However, the trial in their case has yet to commence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.papiyaghosh.com/status.asp |title=Status of Investigation :Papiya Ghosh |access-date=2011-03-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727143641/http://www.papiyaghosh.com/status.asp |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}, www.papiyaghosh.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref>

==Work==
After her PhD, Papiya Ghosh taught history at Daulat Ram College (Delhi University) briefly, and then at the [[Hindu College, University of Delhi]] for two years. In 1979, she moved back to Patna, where she taught at her alma mater, Patna Women's College (Patna University), until 1991. She was subsequently promoted and moved to the Department of History, Patna University.

Her research subjects related, inter-alia, to the impact of Partition in 1947, the plight of Dalit Muslims, peoples' movements, popular syncretic culture, secularism, the contribution of the underprivileged to political processes etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/ComparativePolitics/IndiaPakistan/?view=usa&ci=9780195693003 |title=Oxford University Press: Community and Nation: (Late) Papiya Ghosh |access-date=2011-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019091014/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/ComparativePolitics/IndiaPakistan/?view=usa&ci=9780195693003 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}, www.oup.com, accessed on 26 March 2011</ref> She was particularly interested in questions of identity, especially how people identify themselves individually and collectively when removed from their place of origin. She spent much of her time travelling to remote areas, meeting key sources (within and outside the country), and conducting first-hand primary research using her own limited resources. She would devote hours on translation, roping in friends and well-wishers to help. She taught herself to read and write [[Urdu]], as many of the manuscripts she studied were written in the [[Nastaliq]] script. She immersed herself in local traditions (many obscure, some dying out) and was also a keen student of diasporic sub-continental populations, both contemporary (such as the Bangladeshi population in London) and historical (such as in Mauritius and the West Indies).

She was:
* Rockefeller Fellow at the [[University of Chicago]], 1994;
* Rockefeller Fellow at the Triangle South Asia Consortium at [[North Carolina State University]], 1996–97;
* Fellow at the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Shimla (India), 1993–96
* Visiting Scholar at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], [[Teen Murti Bhavan]], New Delhi, 1988–91;
* Adviser to the [[Asian Development Research Institute]], Patna; and
* Visiting Scholar at the Centre for Historical Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi.

==Books==
*{{cite book |author=Ghosh, Papiya |title=Muhajirs and the Nation: Bihar in the 1940s |publisher=Routledge|location=New Delhi |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-415-54458-0}}
*{{cite book |author=Ghosh, Papiya |title=The Civil Disobedience Movement in Bihar |publisher=Manak |location=New Delhi |year=2008 |pages=290 |isbn=978-81-7827-000-5 }}
*{{cite book |author=Ghosh, Papiya |title=Community and Nation: Essays on Identity and Politics in Eastern India |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-569300-3 }} Collected Essays
*{{cite book |author=Ghosh, Papiya |title=Partition and the South Asian diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-42409-7 }}
Details of other publications are available at https://web.archive.org/web/20090627075058/http://www.papiyaghosh.com/. The Nobel laureate Amartya Sen released a commemorative volume in Papiya Ghosh's memory – Resurrection of the State, A Saga of Bihar – on 4 February 2013 in Patna. The volume is edited by Sunita Lall and Shaibal Gupta.

==Memorials==
The following awards have been instituted in Papiya Ghosh's name by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723171304/http://www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com/ Purnujjal Papiya Ghosh Memorial Trust]:
* Patna Women's College, Patna University, for the Topper in BA History
* Department of History, Patna University, for the Topper in MA History
* Hindu College, Delhi University, for the Topper in MA History
* The Professor Papiya Ghosh National Award, instituted by the [[Indian History Congress]]
* The Papiya Ghosh Memorial Prize for the best MPhil Thesis in Development Studies, at Oxford University
* A Memorial Fund for PhD and Short Term fellowships in Papiya Ghosh's memory has been set up at the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]], for young women academicians from non-metropolitan areas of the country. This has been supported by, among others, the [[Dorabji Tata]] Trust, and friends and family of Papiya Ghosh.
* The Syndicate of Patna University has approved, on 3 May 2007, the setting up of the Papiya Ghosh Centre for Gender Studies to promote research in this area.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090627075058/http://www.papiyaghosh.com/ Papiya Ghosh official website (memorial)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723171304/http://www.purnujjalpapiyaghoshmemorialtrust.com/ Purnujjal Papiya Ghosh Memorial Trust website]
*{{cite journal |url=http://direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=202939544&ETOC=RN&from=searchengine |title=Papiya Ghosh: In Memoriam|author=Supriya RoyChowdhury |date=13 January 2007 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=42 |issue=2 |issn=0012-9976|pages=99–102 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121014060012/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-04/patna/27809617_1_papiya-ghosh-bihar-historian-work-on-bihari-diaspora Shock of Papiya Ghosh's murder rocks Patna Intelligentsia]
* [http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0278.htm Papiya Ghosh: From J.S. to an end] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103020/http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0278.htm |date=29 September 2007 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230358/http://www.patnadaily.com/news2006/dec/120406/professors_killing_stuns_all.html Professor's Murder Stuns Friends, Colleagues]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Papiya}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:2006 murders in India]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in Bihar]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in India]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Patna University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Patna]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Educators from Bihar]]
[[Category:Women educators from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]

List of villages in Purba Bardhaman district

2026-04-19T08:45:56Z

NewtonKelson9: added some place from scratch...

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

This is an alphabetical list of villages in [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

{{horizontalTOC|nonum=yes}}

== A–C ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Abujhati]]
* [[Adrahati]]
* [[Akhina]]
* [[Amarpur, Purba Bardhaman|Amarpur]]
* [[Amarun]]
* [[Ambana]]
* [[Amgoria]]
* [[Amrargar]]
* [[Amur, Purba Bardhaman|Amur]]
* [[Aogram]]
* [[Arjjunpur, Purba Bardhaman|Arjjunpur]]
* [[Arra, Purba Bardhaman|Arra]]
* [[Atgharia]]
* [[Ausgram, Bardhaman|Ausgram]]
{{div col end}}

== B ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Badla, Purba Bardhaman|Badla]]
* [[Badulia]]
* [[Bagabanpur]]
* [[Bagbati]]
* [[Baidyapur]]
* [[Balgana]]
* [[Balgona]]
* [[Balsidanga]]
* [[Bamshore]]
* [[Bamunapara]]
* [[Bamunara, Purba Bardhaman|Bamunara]]
* [[Bamungram]]
* [[Bankapasi]]
* [[Banpash]]
* [[Bara Belun]]
* [[Barshul]]
* [[Belenda]]
* [[Bharatpur, Purba Bardhaman|Bharatpur]]
* [[Bhatakul]]
* [[Bhatar]]
* [[Bhimsara]]
* [[Bhuyera]]
* [[Bigra]]
* [[Bononabagram]]
{{div col end}}

== C–F ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}

* [[Chak Khandajuli]]
* [[Chak Tentul]]
* [[Chandra, Purba Bardhaman|Chandra]]
* [[Chandrapur, Bardhaman|Chandrapur]]
* [[Channa village]]
* [[Choto Meigachi]]
*[[Darbeshpur]]

* [[Debipur, West Bengal|Debipur]]
* [[Dihipalashan]]
* [[Dharmapura]]
* [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman|Dwariapur]]
* [[Erachya]]
*[[Eruar]]
* [[Fatepur, Purba Bardhaman|Fatepur]]
{{div col end}}

== G–J ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Galsi, Bardhaman|Galsi]]
* [[Gangatikuri]]
* [[Ghagra, Purba Bardhaman|Ghagra]]
* [[Ghanshyampur, Bardhaman|Ghanshyampur]]
* [[Gholada]]
* [[Gonna Serandi]]
* [[Gotan]]
* [[Gramdihi]]
* [[Guir]]
* [[Hanrgram]]
*[[Hapania]]
* [[Haribati]]
* [[Hasanhati]]
* [[Hatgobindapur]]
* [[Jajigram]]
* [[Jamalpur, Bardhaman|Jamalpur]]
* [[Jamtara, Bardhaman|Jamtara]]
* [[Jaugram]]
* [[Jhamatpur]]
* [[Jhapandanga]]
* [[Jharul]]
* [[Jhikardanga]]
* [[Jhujkadanga]]
{{div col end}}

== K ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}* [[Kachgaria]]
* [[Kaigram]]
* [[Kamargoria]]
* [[Kamnara]]
* [[Kandorsona]]
* [[Kandra, Bardhaman|Kandra]]
* [[Karjjana]]
* [[Karui]]
* [[Kasba, Bardhaman|Kasba]]
* [[Kendur]]
* [[Ketugram]]
* [[Khandaghosh]]
* [[Kherur]]
* [[Kogram]]
* [[Kondaipur, Purba Bardhaman|Kondaipur]]
* [[Kora, Bardhaman|Kora]]
* [[Korakdal]]
* [[Kshirgram]]
* [[Kshetia]]
* [[Kuara, West Bengal|Kuara]]
* [[Kulingram]]
* [[Kumarun]]
* [[Kumirkola]]
* [[Kurmun]]
* [[Kusumgram]]
* [[Kubajpur]]
{{div col end}}

== L–N ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Lakhuria]]
* [[Lohai]]
* [[Madhabdihi]]
* [[Mahata]]
* [[Maheshbati]]
* [[Majida]]
* [[Majigram]]
* [[Mankar]]
* [[Masagram]]
* [[Mongalkote]]
* [[Monteswar]]
* [[Muidhara]]
* [[Nabagram, Bardhaman|Nabagram]]
* [[Nadanghat]]
* [[Naopara]]
* [[Narayanpur, Purba Bardhaman|Narayanpur]]
* [[Narjja]]
* [[Nasigram]]
* [[Nityanandapur]]
* [[Nutanhat]]
{{div col end}}

== O–R ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Okersa]]
* [[Orgram]]
*[[Painta]]
* [[Pahalanpur]]
* [[Paharhati]]
* [[Palitpur]]
* [[Panchkula, Purba Bardhaman|Panchkula]]
* [[Parulia, Bardhaman|Parulia]]
* [[Patuli]]
* [[Purbasthali]]
* [[Pursha]]
* [[Putsuri]]
* [[Raina, Bardhaman|Raina]]
* [[Rajipur]]
* [[Ramchandrapur, Purba Bardhaman|Ramchandrapur]]
* [[Ramgopalpur, Purba Bardhaman|Ramgopalpur]]
* [[Randiha]]
* [[Rangapara, Kalna|Rangapara]]
* [[Rasulpur, Bardhaman|Rasulpur]]
* [[Ratanpur, Purba Bardhaman|Ratanpur]]
* [[Routhgram]]
{{div col end}}

== S ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sagrai]]
* [[Salkuni]]
* [[Salun]]
* [[Samudragarh]]
* [[Sankari, West Bengal|Sankari]]
* [[Santoshpur, Purba Bardhaman|Santoshpur]]
* [[Selenda]]
* [[Shillya]]
* [[Shunur]]
* [[Shyamsundar]]
* [[Silakot]]
* [[Singi]]
* [[Singarkone]]
* [[Singot]]
* [[Sodepur, Purba Bardhaman|Sodepur]]
* [[Sonchalida]]
* [[Sotkhali]]
* [[Sribati]]
* [[Srikhanda]]
* [[Subaldaha]]
* [[Sujapur, Purba Bardhaman|Sujapur]]
* [[Sundalpur, Purba Bardhaman|Sundalpur]]
{{div col end}}

== T–Z ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Tulsidanga]]
* [[Uchalan]]
* [[Uchchagram]]
* [[Udaypur, Kalna|Udaypur]]
* [[Uddharanpur]]
* [[Ukhrid]]
* [[Usha, Purba Bardhaman|Usha]]
{{div col end}}

{{Purba Bardhaman district}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in India|Purba Bardhaman district]]

University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering

2026-04-16T22:52:56Z

NewtonKelson9: Made first article v1...

{{Short description|Government engineering college in Bangalore, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| motto =
| name = University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering
| image = UVCE Main Building.jpg
| caption = UVCE Main Building
| established = {{start date and age|1917}}
| director = Subhasish Tripathy
| chairman = Shri Atul Kumar Tiwari
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[technical university]]
| city = Bengaluru, Karnataka
| campus = {{ubl|K R Circle campus – {{cvt|15|acre}}|Jnana Bharathi campus – {{cvt|50|acre}}}}
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|58|31|N|77|35|12|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://uvce.ac.in/}}|{{URL|https://campusuvce.in/}}|{{URL|https://uvce.karnataka.gov.in/}}}}
| parent = [[University of Mysore]] (1917–1964) [[Bangalore University]] (1964–2021) University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (2022–present)
| head_label = Founder
| head = [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]]
| mascot =
| accreditation = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| address = UVCE, K R Circle, Bengaluru 560001
}}
'''University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering''' ('''UVCE''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/uvce-set-to-become-autonomous-on-lines-of-iits/articleshow/88245874.cms|title=Bengaluru: UVCE set to become autonomous, on lines of IITs|date=13 December 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-cm-bommai-uvce-will-be-developed-into-an-institution-on-par-with-iit-8154443/|title=UVCE will be developed into an institution on par with IIT: Karnataka CM Bommai|date=16 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] has declared it as an '''Institution of State Eminence''' for its contributions to engineering sciences since 2022. The institution was founded in 1917 by [[Bharat Ratna]], [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M Visvesvaraya]] during the reign of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/uvce-govt-plans-to-allot-10-seats-for-k-taka-domicile-students-3198628|title=UVCE: Govt plans to allot 10% seats for Karnataka domicile students|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

It was previously known as the College of Engineering, Bangalore. It is the first engineering college in Karnataka and the fifth engineering college to be established in India. The institution offers degrees such as B.Tech, B.Arch, M.Tech and PhD in various disciplines of Engineering and Architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-the-cradle-of-engineering-education-in-india/articleshow/122795046.cms|title=41st anniversary of The Times of India, Bengaluru: Engineering the future|date=20 July 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

'''UVCE''' was the University College of Engineering of the [[University of Mysore]] from 1917 to 1964, and of the [[Bangalore University]] from 1964 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/university-visvesvaraya-college-of-engineering-first-in-karnataka-kcet-jee-main-gate-uvce-ac-in-10175098/|title=University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering: Know about the first engineering college of Karnataka|date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

It has been a centre of excellence in engineering education, with prominent alumni such as [[M. R. Srinivasan|M R Srinivasan]], [[Roddam Narasimha|Roddam Narasimha FRS]], [[V. K. Aatre|V K Aatre]], [[Prahlada (scientist)|Prahlada Rama Rao]] etc, who have contributed to the development of the nation.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> The Government of Karnataka constituted the Sadagopan Committee to draft the UVCE Act 2021, which was passed by the State Legislative Assembly of Karnataka in 2022, making UVCE a State Autonomous Public University, to be developed on the lines of the IITs. This act grants UVCE the status of an ''Institution of State Eminence.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/uvce-to-come-up-on-iit-model-on-bu-campus/article68687229.ece|title=UVCE to come up on IIT model on BU campus|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau|date=27 September 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Engineering Gandabherunda.jpg|thumb|379x379px|Engineering Gandabherunda, UVCE]]
[[File:UVCE - Library.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Minchu - Marvel]]
[[File:Muc1918.jpg|thumb|Mysore University Calendar - 1918]]
[[File:UVCE Library, 1917.jpg|thumb|266x266px|UVCE Library, 1917]]
UVCE was established as the College of Engineering, Bangalore, in a time when there were no engineering colleges in the Kingdom of Mysore. The [[College of Engineering, Pune]] and [[College of Engineering, Guindy|College of Engineering Guindy]] were not able to accommodate enough students from Mysore, so there was a stark requirement of an Engineering College which would steer the industrialization of Mysore.

When Sir M Visvesvaraya became the diwan of Mysore, he proposed the creation of the [[University of Mysore]] which was created in 1916. This was the first university in the Kingdom, and it had two campuses at Mysore and Bangalore. The Mysore Campus offered courses in arts and culture and the Bangalore campus offered courses in Science and Engineering. Whilst [[Central College, Bengaluru|Central College]] offered courses in Basic Sciences, Mathematics, the College of Engineering (UVCE) was the centre of excellence in Engineering.

The School of Mechanical Engineering was established in 1913, before the existence of the Engineering College. It offered certificate courses in Mechanical Engineering, and was directed by Prof. [[S.V. Setty|S. V. Shetty]], an early aviation pioneer, who was the founding professor of the College of Engineering in 1917. The School of Mechanical Engineering became the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the College post 1920. K. R. Sheshachar, recipient of the Order of Gandabherunda, became the first principal of the institution. The college first started on 1 July 1917 with a strength of 45 students in the First Year Class. UVCE’s department of Electrical Engineering was the first electrical engineering department to be established in the country.

In the course of UVCE's history, its name has changed several times:

# College of Engineering Bangalore (1917)
# University College of Engineering (1925)
# University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (1971)
# University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (2022)

==Campus==
UVCE has two campuses in Bangalore. The main campus is located at [[Bengaluru Central Business District|Bangalore’s Central Business District]] in K. R. Circle, very close to the Vidhana Soudha. The City Campus has lots of heritage structures spread over 15 acres. It has the departments of Mechanical engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communications and Computer Science Engineering.

The Departments of Civil and Architecture are situated at the [[Jnanabharati campus|Jnanabharati]] Campus of Bangalore University in Mysore Road, Bangalore. The college provides hostel facilities for boys and girls separately, both in the Jnanabharathi and K.R. Circle campus.

==Admissions==
As UVCE is a public university, all admissions are strictly on merit basis. UG - Candidates who qualify in the [[Common Entrance Test|Karnataka Common Entrance Test (KCET)]] conducted by the Government of Karnataka, are eligible for admission to the Undergraduate Engineering. Admission for Architecture is through [https://www.nata.in/ NATA]. Candidates belonging to Union Territories / other states are also admitted to the college under the Central Government quota.

PG - Candidates who qualify through GATE and PGCET are eligible to the Post Graduate programmes.

==Academics==
UVCE offers UG, PG courses and PhD in the following Departments of Engineering and Architecture:

'''Dept of Mechanical Engineering'''

B.Tech - Mechanical Engineering

M.Tech - Machine Design, Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Thermal Science Engineering, Advanced Materials Technology

'''Dept of Electrical Engineering'''

B.Tech - Electrical and Electronics Engineering

M.Tech - Power Electronics, Control and Instrumentation, Power Engineering and Energy Systems

'''Dept of Electronics and Communications'''

B.Tech - Electronics and Communications

M.Tech - Electronics and Communications

'''Dept of Computer Sciences'''

B.Tech - Computer Sciences Engineering, Information Science Engineering, Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences

M.Tech - Computer Sciences Engineering, Cybersecurity, Computer Networking, Web Technologies, Internet of Things, Information Technology.

'''Dept of Civil Engineering'''

B.Tech - Civil Engineering

M.Tech - Construction Technology, Geotechnical Engineering, Structural Engineering, Highway Engineering, Pre-Stressed Concrete, Water resources Engineering, Environment Engineering and Management, Earthquake Engineering.

'''Dept of Architecture'''

B.Arch - Architecture

==Student life==
'''Training and Placement Office'''

Student Placement Coordinators run the [https://campusuvce.in/ Training and Placement Office] [https://campusuvce.in/ UVCE] under the guidance of a faculty Placement Officer. Placements at UVCE are run completely by a student-team who lead the management of placement drives.
[[File:Wings of UVCE.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Wings of UVCE]]
'''MARVEL Makerspace'''

[https://www.hub.uvcemarvel.in Makerspace for Advanced Research, Vital Education and Learning (MARVEL)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423023932/https://hub.uvcemarvel.in/ |date=23 April 2025 }} is UVCE’s student-run makerspace. It was founded by students and alumni from the [https://www.uvcega.org UVCE Graduates Association] to host student upskilling programs in cutting-edge technologies and support student-led projects.

The makerspace is managed by a team of Student Coordinators who design skill-development courses and oversee its operations. The UVCE Graduates Association, which patronizes this makerspace, has provided critical infrastructure such as 3D printers, computers, and essential prototyping tools. They also actively support student-led initiatives.

'''UVCE Gymkhana'''

All cultural and sports activities of UVCE are governed by the UVCE Gymkhana.

'''Adhamya'''

Adhamya is the cultural club of UVCE with several specialized clubs in it such as Eunoia-Fashion Club, Tatva-Drama Club, Paradox-Singing & Music Club, Momento-Dance Club, Chetana-Kannada Club, Vinimaya-Literary and Pop Culture Club, Pratibimbha-Fine Arts and Photography Club and G2C2-Environment Club.

'''Student Executive Body UVCE'''

Student Executive Body (an initiative of UVCE Foundation) is a policy body comprising students who lead in bringing grassroots policies for the benefit of students at UVCE. They also engage in the brand-building and PR of UVCE.

'''Entrepreneurship Cell UVCE'''

E-Cell UVCE is a student association which engages with activities on entrepreneurship by hosting events, masterclasses and workshops from leading entrepreneurs, thereby driving the spirit of entrepreneurship at UVCE.

'''IEEE UVCE'''

This is a student chapter of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] at UVCE. IEEE UVCE hosts technical upskillment workshops, hackathons, paper and poster presentation fests and technical fests at UVCE.

Along with these clubs, they are niche clubs such as [https://gdg.community.dev/gdg-on-campus-university-visvesvaraya-college-of-engineering-bangalore-india/ GDG UVCE], TEDxUVCE, 180DC UVCE(consulting club), HashCode UVCE etc which engage in diversifying students’ exposure to the world.[[File:UVCE during Quit India Movement.jpg|thumb|UVCE during Quit India Movement|275x275px]]

==Alumni==
UVCE, being older than almost all of the IITs, have a vast network of distinguished alumni who have made it to the top in all walks of life.
* [[M. R. Srinivasan|Dr M R Srinivasan]], Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, Nuclear Scientist, Former Chairman - [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]]
*Balu Balakrishnan, CEO of [[Power Integrations, Inc.|Power Integrations]], Inventor (200+ US Patents)
*[[Roddam Narasimha|Dr Roddam Narasimha]], Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, FRS, Aerospace and Fluid Dynamics Scientist, Former Director, [[National Aerospace Laboratories|CSIR - NAL]]
*[[V. K. Aatre|Dr V K Aatre]], Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Former Head, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
*[[Prahlada (scientist)|Dr Prahlada Rama Rao]], Padma Shri, Programme Director - [[Agni (missile)|Agni]], [[Akash (missile)|Akash]], [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]], [[BrahMos|Brahmos]] Missile Programme, DRDO, Ex Director DRDL, VC [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology|DIAT]].
*[[Shatavadhani Ganesh]], Padma Bhushan, Author, Avadhani
*[[T. S. Prahlad|Dr T S Prahlad]], Padma Shri
*[[N. Seshagiri|Dr N Sheshagiri]], Former director-general of the National Informatics Centre
*B R Manickam, Chief Architect - [[Vidhana Soudha]]
*[[N. Ahmed]], Professor Emeritus, Electrical and Computer and Engineering, [[University of New Mexico]]
*[https://www.svquad.com/bv-jagadeesh B V Jagadeesh], Entrepreneur, Venture Capitalist, Philanthropist; Founder - Exodus Communications, Nutanix
*[https://www.ideaspringcap.com/team/naganand-doraswamy Naganand Doraswamy], Entrepreneur, Venture Capitalist
*[[Ramesh Arvind]], Film Director, Actor
*[[H. G. Dattatreya]], Wing Commander, Actor
* [[Prakash Belawadi]], Actor
* [[Mano Murthy]], Music Director, Composer.
* [[:File:Prof. Venugopal K R.jpg|Venugopal K R]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Venugopal K R |url=https://venugopalkr.com/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Former Principal UVCE and Vice Chancellor [[Bangalore University]].
* [[Venkatesh K. R. Kodur]], University professor at [[Michigan State University]] and a pioneer in structural fire design.
* [[Sundaraja Sitharama Iyengar|Professor S. S. Iyengar]], Ryder professor and director of Computer Science at [[Florida International University]], [[Miami]], Florida, USA
* [[Satish Nagarajaiah]], Professor Civil Engineering at [[Rice University]], Texas, USA, ASCE [[Nathan M. Newmark Medal]] Awardee
* [[Lakshmi Narayanan]], Ex-CEO at Cognizant
* [[Katepalli R. Sreenivasan]], Former Chairman, Mechanical Engineering, [[Yale University]]
* [[Vijaya Bhaskar]], Composer
* [[Arvind Bhat]], Badminton player
* [[G Guruswamy]], NASA Principal Aerospace Scientist who pioneered computational aeroelasticity in 1978.
* [[Rajkumar Buyya]], Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor and Director of the Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory at the [[University of Melbourne]]

==IEEE Fellows from UVCE==
* M A L Thathachar<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. A. L. Thathachar |language=en |publisher=[[IEEE Xplore]] |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37327554700 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410072541/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37327554700 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref>
* [[Sundaraja Sitharama Iyengar|S. S. Iyengar]]
* Viktor Prasanna<ref>[http://halcyon.usc.edu/~pk/prasannawebsite/ Viktor K. Prasanna]</ref>
* V. Prasad Kodali<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ethw.org/V._Prasad_Kodali|title=V. Prasad Kodali - Engineering and Technology History Wiki|date=March 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[V. K. Aatre|Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre]]
* Rajkumar Buyya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buyya.com|title=Professor Rajkumar Buyya's Cyberhome|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>
* Venugopal K R,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Venugopal K R, Vice Chancellor, Bangalore University |url=http://venugopalkr.com |access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> Former Principal UVCE and Vice Chancellor [[Bangalore University]], IEEE Fellow, ACM Distinguished Educator, for his contributions to "Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Education".
* [[N. Ahmed]], 1985 "for his contributions to engineering education and digital signal processing."

==Alumni Associations==
# UVCE Centenary Foundation
# [https://www.uvcefoundation.org/ UVCE Foundation]
# [https://uvcega.org/ UVCE Graduates Association]
# UVCE Alumni Association
# UVCE Architecture Alumni Association

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Education in Bangalore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:University of Visvesvaraya College Of Engineering}}
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering|University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]]

Pundri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:34Z

NewtonKelson9: Starting Stub

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pundri
| state = [[Haryana]]
|type= SLA
| map_image = Pundri Assembly constituency map.svg
|alliance = 
|region =
|division =
|constituency_no = 18
|established = 
|abolished = 
| district = [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Satpal Jamba]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = 2,06,279
}}

'''Pundri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]] district, and encompasses the town of [[Pundri]] and some surrounding areas.<ref name=eci1/> As of 2019, it was represented by [[Satpal Jamba]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="results2024"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pundri Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/pundri.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. P. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || rowspan=2 | Ishwar Singh || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Agnivesh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Ishwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Makhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Ishwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Narender Sharma || {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Tejvir Singh
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Dinesh Kaushik (politician)|Dinesh Kaushik]]
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Sultan
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Dinesh Kaushik (politician)|Dinesh Kaushik]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Randhir Singh Gollen]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Satpal Jamba]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pundri">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pundri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0718.htm |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113123926/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0718.htm |archive-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Satpal Jamba]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,805 |percentage=31.48% |change={{increase}}16.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Bhana |party=Independent politician |votes=40,608 |percentage=29.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan Jadula |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,341 |percentage=19.37% |change={{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurinder Singh Habri |party=Independent politician |votes=8,097 |percentage=5.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Singh Dhull |party=Independent politician |votes=4,937 |percentage=3.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hisam Singh Bhukka |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,891 |percentage=3.60% |change= {{decrease}}0.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kaushik |party=Independent politician |votes=3,105 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sharma |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,571 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=229 |percentage=0.17% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Gollen]] |party=Independent politician |votes=90 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,197 |percentage=1.62% |change= {{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 1,35,745 |percentage=70.91% |change= {{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,443 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent |swing= {{increase}}16.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Gollen]] |party=Independent politician |votes=41,008 |percentage=29.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Bhana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,184 |percentage=20.58% |change={{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vedpal Advocate |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,990 |percentage=15.33% |change={{decrease}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kaushik |party=Independent politician |votes=16,142 |percentage=11.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=14,242 |percentage=10.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar (Raju Dhull Pai) |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=8,138 |percentage=5.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Dhull |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,626 |percentage=4.11% |change={{increase}}1.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Comrede Krishan Chand |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=838 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,824 |percentage=9.36% |change= {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,959 |percentage=75.28% |change= {{decrease}}7.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,938 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kaushik |party=Independent politician |votes=38,312 |percentage=27.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Gollen]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,480 |percentage=24.27% |change={{increase}}22.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejvir Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=16,169 |percentage=11.72% |change={{decrease}}7.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=15,004 |percentage=10.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvir Bhana |party=Independent politician |votes=14,918 |percentage=10.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,476 |percentage=6.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Mehla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,522 |percentage=2.55% |change={{decrease}}25.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karamvir Gujjar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,186 |percentage=2.31% |change={{decrease}}11.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=825 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,832 |percentage=3.50% |change= {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,929 |percentage=82.82% |change= {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,66,546 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=38,929 |percentage=31.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kaushik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,878 |percentage=28.41% |change={{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,690 |percentage=19.30% |change={{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=17,227 |percentage=14.03% |change={{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Pal Sharma |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=2,686 |percentage=2.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Gujjar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,906 |percentage=1.55% |change={{decrease}}14.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Krishan Bhatt |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,051 |percentage=3.30% |change= {{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,774 |percentage=83.70% |change= {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,691 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kaushik |party=Independent politician |votes=33,024 |percentage=32.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sharma |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=24,998 |percentage=24.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,176 |percentage=18.83% |change={{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Gollen]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,854 |percentage=16.55% |change={{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Engineer Kali Ram Mohna |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=2,275 |percentage=2.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh Dhiman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,058 |percentage=2.02% |change={{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,078 |percentage=1.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hitender |party=Independent politician |votes=789 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,026 |percentage=7.88% |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,01,863 |percentage=79.83% |change= {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,606 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejvir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=21,559 |percentage=24.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder S/O Thaukar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=19,790 |percentage=22.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kaushik |party=Independent politician |votes=16,618 |percentage=18.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Makhan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,363 |percentage=11.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh Gollen]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,103 |percentage=10.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,848 |percentage=5.50% |change={{decrease}}18.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghveer Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,965 |percentage=3.36% |change={{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,306 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,769 |percentage=2.01% |change= {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,194 |percentage=76.99% |change= {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,883 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=21,542 |percentage=25.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,311 |percentage=23.94% |change={{decrease}}9.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Makkhan Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=16,323 |percentage=19.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar Walia |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=15,226 |percentage=17.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,319 |percentage=8.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=860 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=585 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder |party=Independent politician |votes=498 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,231 |percentage=1.45% |change= {{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,851 |percentage=78.32% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,295 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar S/O Sind Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,660 |percentage=33.22% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Makhan Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=14,476 |percentage=21.22% |change={{increase}}11.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh S/O Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,696 |percentage=17.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Miter Sain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,638 |percentage=11.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukhtiar Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,637 |percentage=11.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,334 |percentage=1.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,070 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,184 |percentage=12.00% |change= {{decrease}}7.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,206 |percentage=74.50% |change= {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,882 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}19.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Makhan Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=33,647 |percentage=52.59% |change={{increase}}47.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh S/O Singhram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,250 |percentage=33.21% |change={{decrease}}9.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=6,159 |percentage=9.63% |change={{decrease}}31.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,027 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=424 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sona Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,397 |percentage=19.38% |change= {{increase}}18.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,979 |percentage=74.59% |change= {{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,102 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,392 |percentage=42.26% |change={{increase}}23.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=21,837 |percentage=41.21% |change={{decrease}}17.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=2,645 |percentage=4.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,795 |percentage=3.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,397 |percentage=2.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,366 |percentage=2.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mewa Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=326 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Didar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=306 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=555 |percentage=1.05% |change= {{decrease}}39.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,988 |percentage=72.59% |change= {{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,270 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Agnivesh |party=Janata Party |votes=24,256 |percentage=58.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Antram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,546 |percentage=18.31% |change={{decrease}}36.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,831 |percentage=6.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,729 |percentage=6.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,633 |percentage=6.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Chand Barsana |party=Independent politician |votes=316 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,710 |percentage=40.54% |change= {{increase}}22.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,214 |percentage=67.11% |change= {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,112 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,074 |percentage=54.54% |change={{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marcharan Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=16,158 |percentage=36.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pirtha |party=Independent politician |votes=2,454 |percentage=5.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardara Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=748 |percentage=1.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phul Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=704 |percentage=1.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,916 |percentage=17.93% |change= {{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,138 |percentage=74.83% |change= {{increase}}15.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,496 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=14,211 |percentage=45.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,773 |percentage=44.03% |change={{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Lal |party=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |votes=2,691 |percentage=8.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=370 |percentage=1.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=438 |percentage=1.40% |change= {{decrease}}14.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,278 |percentage=58.84% |change= {{decrease}}20.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,330 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pundri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. P. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,143 |percentage=49.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,670 |percentage=33.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Bhuj |party=Independent politician |votes=5,322 |percentage=12.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,939 |percentage=4.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,473 |percentage=15.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,074 |percentage=81.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,792 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kaithal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.76|76.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Kaithal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Hasanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:44Z

NewtonKelson9: new a stub v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hasanpur
| map_image = 42-Hasanpur, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Mahender Singh Khadakvanshi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:364215}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 42
}}
'''Hasanpur''' is one of the 403 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017/>

It is part of [[Amroha district|Amroha]] district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*1957: [[Sukhan Lal]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1957: Jagdish Prasad, [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="election1957">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1962: [[Sukhan Lal]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="election1962">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1962: Jagdish Prasad, [[Indian National Congress]]
*1967: [[R. Uddin]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1969: Mahendra Singh, [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]<ref name="election1969">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh | format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1974: Mahendra Singh, [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]<ref name="election1974">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh | format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1977: [[Rama Shanker Kaushik]], [[Janata Party]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1980: [[Rais Uddin Warsi]], [[Janata Party (Secular)]] [[Charan Singh]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1985: [[Rama Shanker Kaushik]], [[Indian Congress (J)]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1989: [[Rifaqat Husain]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="election1989">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1991: [[Tula Ram Siani]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="election1991">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1993: [[Tula Ram Siani]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*1996: [[Rifaqat Husain]], [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="election1996">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*2002: [[Devendra Nagpal]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*2007: [[Ferhat Hasan|Farhat Hasan]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
*2012: [[Kamal Akhtar]], [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |format=PDF |access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Mahender Singh Khadakvanshi]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hasanpur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahendra Singh Khargvanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:120135}}
|percentage = 44.67
|change = {{increase}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mukhya Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:97753}}
|percentage = 36.35
|change = {{increase}}3.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Phire Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:36150}}
|percentage = 13.44
|change = {{decrease}}6.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Ahtesham Rza Hashmi
|votes = {{formatnum:4972}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change = {{increase}}1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1279}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change = {{decrease}}0.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22382}}
|percentage = 8.32
|change = {{decrease}}2.57
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:268924}}
|percentage = 73.84
|change = {{decrease}}0.54
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Hasanpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|access-date= 21 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahendra Singh Khargvanshi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:111269}}
|percentage = 43.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kamal Akhtar
|votes = {{formatnum:83499}}
|percentage = 32.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gangasaran Khadgvanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:51930}}
|percentage = 20.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1693}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27770}}
|percentage = 10.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:254919}}
|percentage = 74.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Amroha district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|28.72|78.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amroha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Saurabh Thapliyal

2026-04-12T01:02:14Z

NewtonKelson9: Made a post w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saurabh Thapliyal
| image =
| country = [[India]]
| term_start = 7 February 2025
| term_end =
| state = [[Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand, India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dehradun|Dehradun, Uttarakhand India]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater = [[S.C.B.A. Managing Committee|SCBA, Dehradun]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| office = [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Dehradun]]
| predecessor = [[Sunil Uniyal]]
}}

'''Saurabh Thapliyal''' is an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]. In January 2025, he was elected as the Mayor of Dehradun, securing a historic victory with the largest margin ever recorded in the [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation|city's municipal elections]] and in any local election in the state.

==Early life and education==
Saurabh Thapliyal was born and raised in [[Dehradun|Dehradun, Uttarakhand]]. He completed his schooling in the city before pursuing higher education at SCBA , Nathuawala, Dehradun. During his time at SCBA, he was actively involved in student politics and served as the President of the Students' Union in 2001.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Political career==
Thapliyal began his political journey through student activism, where he gained recognition for his leadership skills. He later became the State President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha |Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM)]] in 2013, further cementing his role in the BJP.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In December 2024, the BJP nominated Thapliyal as its candidate for the [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election|Dehradun mayoral elections]]. His selection was seen as a move to bring youthful leadership into local governance.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

The municipal elections were held on 23 January 2025, with a voter turnout of 55.9%. Thapliyal secured a decisive victory, receiving 241,778 votes and defeating Congress candidate Virendra Singh Pokhriyal by a margin of 105,295 votes.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Elections contested==
===Dehradun Municipal Corporation===
{{Main|Dehradun Municipal Corporation}}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=50|Year
!width=50|Post
!width=50|Result
!width=70|Vote Percentage
!width=200|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition Vote Percentage
|-
|[[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election|2025]] || [[Mayor of Dehradun|Mayor]] || {{Won}} || 58.29% || Virendra Pokhriyal || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 32.86%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite web | title=BJP wins mayoral seat in Dehradun | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-wins-mayoral-seat-in-dehradun/articleshow/117576064.cms | access-date=2025-07-28 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=26 January 2025 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Saurabh Thapliyal set to be elected Doon Mayor | url=https://garhwalpost.in/saurabh-thapliyal-set-to-be-elected-doon-mayor/ | access-date=2025-07-28 | website=garhwalpost.in | date=27 January 2025 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Saurabh Thapliyal won post of Mayor in Dehradun Municipal Corporation won by so many votes देहरादून नगर निगम में मेयर पद पर भाजपा के सौरभ थपलियाल जीते, इतने वाटों से मिली जीत, Uttarakhand Hindi News - Hindustan | date=26 January 2025 | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/saurabh-thapliyal-won-post-of-mayor-in-dehradun-municipal-corporation-won-by-so-many-votes-201737871864561.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130074036/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/saurabh-thapliyal-won-post-of-mayor-in-dehradun-municipal-corporation-won-by-so-many-votes-201737871864561.html | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title=Video : देहरादून नगर निगम पर भाजपा के सौरभ थपलियाल का कब्जा, जीतते ही गिनाईं प्राथमिकताएं | url=https://www.amarujala.com/video/dehradun/video-bjp-saurabh-thapliyal-become-dehradun-new-mayor-told-priorities-after-winning }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title=देहरादून मेयर रिजल्ट में BJP की रेकॉर्डतोड़ जीत, मैराथन काउंटिंग के बाद सौरभ थपलियाल ने जमानत जब्त करवा दी | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttarakhand/dehradun/dehradun-mayor-election-result-bjp-saurabh-thapliyal-record-win-nagar-nigam-uttarakhand-urban-body-poll/articleshow/117575984.cms }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=जानिए कौन हैं देहरादून नगर निगम के महापौर सौरभ थपलियाल,एक लाख वोटों से जीतकर बना दिया जीत का नया रिकॉर्ड {{!}} Know who is Saurabh Thapliyal Mayor of Dehradun Municipal Corporation created new record victory - Hindi Oneindia | date=26 January 2025 | url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/know-who-is-saurabh-thapliyal-mayor-of-dehradun-municipal-corporation-created-new-record-victory-1210265.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130074037/https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/know-who-is-saurabh-thapliyal-mayor-of-dehradun-municipal-corporation-created-new-record-victory-1210265.html | access-date=2025-07-28 | archive-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Saurabh Thapliyal Biggest Victory In Dehradun Municipal Corporation. देहरादून: नगर निगम के इतिहास की सबसे बड़ी जीत, लाख वोटों के अंतर से मेयर बने सौरभ थपलियाल. Saurabh Thapliyal BJP Mayer. Biggest Victory In Nikay Chunav- राज्य समीक्षा | url=https://www.rajyasameeksha.com/uttarakhand/32039-saurabh-thapliyal-biggest-victory-in-dehradun-municipal-corporation | access-date=2025-07-28 | website=www.rajyasameeksha.com | date=26 January 2025 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=देहरादून मेयर चुनाव: BJP प्रत्याशी सौरभ थपलियाल के सिर सजा ताज, निगम चुनाव के इतिहास में सबसे बड़ी जीत | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/bjp-mayor-candidate-saurabh-thapliyal-won-in-dehradun-nagar-nigam-uttarakhand-news-uts25012601883 | access-date=2025-07-28 | website=www.etvbharat.com | date=26 January 2025 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Historic Win: BJP's Saurabh Thapliyal becomes Dehradun Mayor with record-breaking victory in Municipal polls | url=https://www.news9live.com/india/historic-win-bjps-saurabh-thapliyal-becomes-dehradun-mayor-with-record-breaking-victory-in-municipal-polls-2806013 | access-date=2025-07-28 | website=www.news9live.com | date=26 January 2025 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Uttarakhand Nikay Chunav Result 2025: Check Results From Dehradun, Garhwal, Haridwar And Other Areas As Counting Unfolds | url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-result-2025-dehradun-municipal-election-result-haridwar-winners-garwal-nikay-chunav-uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-winner-list-10214843 | access-date=2025-07-28 | website=english.jagran.com}}</ref>

[[Category:Politicians from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Mayors of Dehradun]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]

Bassein Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:18:13Z

NewtonKelson9: adding first info v1.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bassein
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952
| abolished = 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title=Archive Delimitation Orders |access-date=25 December 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| electors = 104,155
| mla = Bhausaheb Vartak
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Bassein Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Sadanand G. Warty || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | [[Hari Govindrao Vartak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bassein <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hari Govindrao Vartak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,589 |percentage = 58.65% |change = {{increase}}8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandhari Nath R. Choudhari |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 28,617 |percentage = 41.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,972 |percentage = 17.30% |change = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,145 |percentage = 68.31% |change = {{decrease}}9.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,206}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,155 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bassein <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hari Govindrao Vartak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,494 |percentage = 50.12% |change = {{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadanand G. Warty |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 25,252 |percentage = 36.69% |change = {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = W. T. Samant |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,110 |percentage = 11.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. G. Gavankar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 971 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,242 |percentage = 13.43% |change = {{decrease}}12.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,154 |percentage = 78.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,827}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,293 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bassein <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hari Govindrao Vartak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,498 |percentage = 59.00% |change = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadanand G. Warty |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,430 |percentage = 33.03% |change = {{decrease}}20.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Shantaram More |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,807 |percentage = 6.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yeshwant Vithal Powale |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,068 |percentage = 25.98% |change = {{increase}}19.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,583 |percentage = 79.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,857}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,664 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bassein <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sadanand G. Warty |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 29,642 |percentage = 53.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hari Govindrao Vartak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,975 |percentage = 46.70% |change = {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,667 |percentage = 6.59% |change = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,617 |percentage = 79.13% |change = {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,617}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,288 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |swing = {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bassein <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sadanand G. Warty |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 19,283 |percentage = 50.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parulekar Ganesh Bhikaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,895 |percentage = 49.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 388 |percentage = 1.02% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,178 |percentage = 63.66% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,178}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,970 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

2025 Lucknow Super Giants season

2026-04-09T11:20:49Z

NewtonKelson9: adding the info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|lsg}}
| season = [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
| image = Ekana cricket stadium .jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = Ekana Cricket Stadium in 2018
| caption = Ekana Cricket Stadium, home ground of Lucknow Super Giants
| coach = [[Justin Langer]]
| captain = [[Rishabh Pant]]
| ground = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| comp1 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 7th place
| most runs = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (627)<ref name="mr"/>
| most wickets = [[Digvesh Rathi]] (14)<ref name="mw"/>
| most catches = [[Rishabh Pant]] (6)<ref name="mc">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most catches|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526120926/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/fielding-most-catches-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| most dismissals = Digvesh Rathi (3)<ref name="md">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most dismissals|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815081448/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/keeping-most-dismissals-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2024 {{IPL Teams 1|lsg}} season|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 {{IPL Teams 1|lsg}} season|2026]]
}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League Teams}}

The 2025 season was the 4th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) [[cricket]] franchise [[Lucknow Super Giants]]. They were one of the ten teams that competed in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025 IPL]]. Ahead of the season, [[Rishabh Pant]] was appointed as the captain. The team was coached by [[Justin Langer]].

Lucknow Super Giants were the fifth team to be eliminated from the 2025 IPL and finished the season in seventh place with six wins from 14 matches. [[Mitchell Marsh]] scored the most runs (627) while [[Digvesh Rathi]] took the most wickets (14) for Lucknow in the 2025 season.

== Pre-season ==
{{further|List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] was the 18th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lucknow Super Giants]] were one of the four active franchises to not have won the IPL title prior to 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Teams Who Have Never Won IPL Trophy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/sports/rcb-to-dc-8-teams-who-have-never-won-ipl-trophy/photostory/105968841.cms |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907090123/https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/sports/rcb-to-dc-8-teams-who-have-never-won-ipl-trophy/photostory/105968841.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The team finished in seventh place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|previous season]].<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|title=2024 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526045213/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> The tournament featured ten teams competing in 74 matches from 22 March to 3 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Hemant |title=IPL 2025 FAQs: What's new this season? Any changes in format? |date=2023-03-20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322194040/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101|archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-03-22 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 to resume on May 17 with RCB vs KKR, final scheduled for June 3 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |access-date=14 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101323/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow played all their home matches at [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adil |first=Hafsa |title=All to know about the Indian Premier League’s 2025 season |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/3/20/all-to-know-about-the-ipl-2025-captains-schedule-prize-money-venues |access-date=2026-01-31 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Player retention ===
Franchises were allowed to retain a maximum of six players from their squad, including a maximum of five recent international players.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2024|title=IPL 2025 mega auction salary purse, retention rules, and RTM explained|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|access-date=29 September 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015913/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 31 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deadline For Submission Of Retention List For IPL 2025 Auction Revealed |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020104/https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow retained five players, but did not retain their prior captain [[KL Rahul]].<ref name="retain"/><ref name=lsg-retain/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Retained players<ref name="retain">{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL 2025 retentions: List of all the retained players ahead of the mega auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |access-date=30 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=10 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=lsg-retain>{{cite news|title=LSG set to retain Pooran, Mayank and Bishnoi for IPL 2025|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-lsg-set-to-retain-nicholas-pooran-mayank-yadav-and-ravi-bishnoi-1457344|date=31 October 2024|access-date=31 October 2024|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=28 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241028101238/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-lsg-set-to-retain-nicholas-pooran-mayank-yadav-and-ravi-bishnoi-1457344|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Nicholas Pooran]] || {{INRConvert|21|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Ravi Bishnoi]] || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Mayank Yadav]] || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Ayush Badoni]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Released players<ref name="retain"/><ref name="S2024">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/lucknow-super-giants-squad-1413571/series-squads|title=2024 Indian Premier League, {{IPL Teams 1|lsg}} squad|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241207021522/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/lucknow-super-giants-squad-1413571/series-squads|archive-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
! [[Batting (cricket)|Batters]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]s || [[All-rounder]]s || [[Fast bowling|Fast bowlers]] || [[Spin bowling|Spin bowlers]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
* [[Ashton Turner]]
| valign="top" |
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
* [[Arshin Kulkarni]]
* [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]
* [[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
* [[Marcus Stoinis]]
* [[Krunal Pandya]]
* [[Kyle Mayers]]
* [[Deepak Hooda]]
* [[Prerak Mankad]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
* [[Yudhvir Singh (cricketer)|Yudhvir Singh]]
* [[Shivam Mavi]]
* [[Yash Thakur]]
* [[Naveen-ul-Haq]]
* [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]
* [[Shamar Joseph]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Manimaran Siddharth]]
|}

=== Auction ===
The season's auction took place on 24 and 25 November 2024 in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2025 mega auction to be held on November 24, 25 in Jeddah|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|access-date=5 November 2024|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=16 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116185000/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|url-status=live}}</ref> The auction purse for each franchise was set at {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=on}}, with the franchises being deducted an amount from the purse for each retained player.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Report Says Franchise Purse To Increase From Rs 90 Crore to 120 Crore |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001020644/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IPL retention FAQs: What is the modified RTM rule? Has the auction purse increased?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|date=2024-09-30|access-date=2024-10-01|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429101841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow had a purse remaining of {{INR convert|69|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=IPL 2025 Auction: Purse Remaining For Each Team After Retentions |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103065133/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises that did not retain six players, were allowed [[Indian Premier League#Players|Right-to-Match]] (RTM) cards at the auction for each player not retained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Franchises can now retain record number of players ahead of IPL 2025 auction, purse size gets bigger too; check all details here |url=https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=SportsTak |date=28 September 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090833/https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow had one card available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198|title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Every IPL Team's Retentions, Auction Purse, Total Slots, RTM Available|work=[[NDTV]]|date=24 November 2024|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198|url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow bought nineteen players in the auction, including nine capped players and six overseas players.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|title=IPL 2025 teams and all squads - full players list|website=[[Olympics.com]]|date=25 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-date=24 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124172801/https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow used their RTM card to buy back [[Shamar Joseph]] for {{INRconvert|75|l}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=List of RTM Buys by all Franchises at the IPL Auction 2025 |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/csk-mi-rcb-to-kkr-list-of-rtm-buys-by-all-franchises-at-the-ipl-auction-2025-323371.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps as of start of 2025 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.
* Ages are as of {{start date|2025|3|22|df=y}}.
* Withdrawn players are indicated by a dagger symbol ({{dagger}}) and placed at the bottom of the table.
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+ [[Lucknow Super Giants]] squad for the [[2025 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="S2025">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/lucknow-super-giants-squad-1458636/series-squads|title=2025 Indian Premier League, Lucknow Super Giants squad|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250526055829/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/lucknow-super-giants-squad-1458636/series-squads|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="retain"/><ref name="List"/>
! S/N || Name || Nationality || Birth date || Batting style || Bowling style || Salary || Notes
|-
| 1 || [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|10|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 3 || [[Ayush Badoni]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|12|03|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 6 || '''[[Avesh Khan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|12|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|9.75|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 8 || '''[[Mitchell Marsh]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1991|10|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 10 || '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1989|06|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|7.5|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 17 || '''[[Rishabh Pant]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|10|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|27|c|lk=on}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=IPL 2025: Rishabh Pant named Lucknow Super Giants captain |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cy8xe70yr98o |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107103513/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cy8xe70yr98o |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 21 || '''[[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|12|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 25 || [[Prince Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|12|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 29 || '''[[Nicholas Pooran]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1995|10|02|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|21|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 30 || [[Manimaran Siddharth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|07|03|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 33 || [[Arshin Kulkarni]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2005|02|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 54 || '''[[Shardul Thakur]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1991|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Replacement{{Efn|name=Mohsin}}
|-
| 56 || '''[[Ravi Bishnoi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|09|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 63 || '''[[Shamar Joseph]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|08|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 74 || [[Digvesh Rathi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 94 || '''[[Aiden Markram]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|10|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Matthew Breetzke]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|11|03|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Yuvraj Chaudhary]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|10|06|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Akash Deep]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Aryan Juyal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Will O'Rourke (cricketer)|Will O'Rourke]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|08|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; temporary{{Efn|name=TempRep}} replacement{{Efn|name=Mayank}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|04|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Himmat Singh (cricketer)|Himmat Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|11|08|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 47 || [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|07|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} || Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Mohsin|[[Shardul Thakur]] replaced [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]], after the latter withdrew due to ACL tear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133819/shardul-thakur-to-replace-injured-mohsin-khan-at-lsg|title=Shardul Thakur to replace injured Mohsin Khan at LSG|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]|date=23 March 2025|language=en|access-date=7 January 2026|archive-date=23 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323100615/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133819/shardul-thakur-to-replace-injured-mohsin-khan-at-lsg|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Mayank Yadav]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|06|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}} || Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Mayank|[[Will O'Rourke (cricketer)|Will O'Rourke]] replaced [[Mayank Yadav]], after the latter withdrew due to back injury.<ref name="tr" >{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=PBKS, GT, and LSG announce replacements |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4212/pbks-gt-and-lsg-announce-replacements |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515145100/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4212/pbks-gt-and-lsg-announce-replacements |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|}
{{notelist|refs=
{{Efn|name=TempRep|[[Lucknow Super Giants]] signed [[Will O'Rourke (cricketer)|Will O'Rourke]] as temporary replacement, following the IPL's [[2025 Indian Premier League#Suspension and rescheduling|suspension and rescheduling]].<ref name=tr/><ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL to allow temporary replacements for last leg of 2025 season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-allow-franchises-sign-temporary-replacement-players-for-last-leg-of-2025-season-1485918 |access-date=23 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>}}
}}

== Support staff ==
In September 2024, it was announced that [[Zaheer Khan]] would join Lucknow in a mentorship role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2025: Zaheer Khan joins LSG as mentor|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-zaheer-khan-to-join-lucknow-super-giants-as-mentor-1448743|access-date=2024-08-28|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925052556/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-zaheer-khan-to-join-lucknow-super-giants-as-mentor-1448743|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Position || Name
|-
| Head coach || [[Justin Langer]]
|-
| Assistant coach || [[Lance Klusener]] [[Vijay Dahiya]]
|-
| Fielding coach || [[Jonty Rhodes]]
|-
| Mentor || [[Zaheer Khan]]
|}
* Source: ''Wisden''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=IPL 2025: Who Are The Captains And Coaching Staff Of Each Team? |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621155521/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |url-status=live}}</ref>

== League stage ==
=== Points table ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|pt}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke:IndianPremierLeagueProgression | create

| L4, W7, L13, W16, W21, W26, L30, W36, L40, L45, L54, L61, W64, L70 | E

| caption = League progression<ref name="pts"/>
| teams = {{IPL Teams 1|lsg}}
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = }}

=== Fixtures ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match4}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match7}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match13}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match16}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match21}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match26}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match30}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match36}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match40}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match45}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match54}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match61}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match64}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match70}}

== Statistics ==
[[File:Mitchell Marsh.jpg|thumb|alt=Mitchell Marsh in 2018|[[Mitchell Marsh]] scored the most runs (627) for [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League]].]]
At the [[2025 Indian Premier League#End of season awards|IPL end of season awards]], [[Nicholas Pooran]] was awarded for scoring most sixes in the season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=IPL 2025 Final Presentation: Full List Of Tournament Award Winners |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116154536/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most runs<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most runs|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053138/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 627
| [[Mitchell Marsh]]
|-
! scope=row | 524
| [[Nicholas Pooran]]
|-
! scope=row | 445
| [[Aiden Markram]]
|-
! scope=row | 329
| [[Ayush Badoni]]
|-
! scope=row | 269
| [[Rishabh Pant]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most wickets<ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most wickets|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wicket]]s
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 14
| [[Digvesh Rathi]]
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| [[Avesh Khan]]
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| [[Shardul Thakur]]
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
|-
! scope=row | 6
| [[Will O'Rourke (cricketer)|Will O'Rourke]]
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="sch-chng1">[[#sch1|Original 2025 IPL Schedule]] vs [[#sch3|Revised 2025 IPL Schedule]]</ref>
</references>
=== General references ===
* {{anchor|sch1}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-02-16 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/smart-images/1739621485265_IPL%20Season%20Schedule%202025-1.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=1}}
* {{anchor|sch3}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-05-12 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202025%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=3}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.lucknowsupergiants.in/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/lucknow-super-giants Lucknow Super Giants on IPLT20 website]
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2025-1449924|title=2025 Indian Premier League}}

{{Lucknow Super Giants}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2025 Indian Premier League|Lucknow Super Giants]]
[[Category:Lucknow Super Giants seasons]]

Geographical indications in India

2026-04-08T21:02:41Z

NewtonKelson9: creating new details!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|
date=June 2020}}
{{Update|date=April 2025}}
A [[geographical indication]] (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g., a town, region, or country). [[India]], as a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), enacted the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999]], which came into effect from 15 September 2003. GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights]] (TRIPS) as: "indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin."<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/geoind/en/wipo_geo_sfo_03/wipo_geo_sfo_03_3.doc|title=Geographical Indications: Point of View of Governments|work=WIPO|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

The GI tag ensures that none other than those registered as authorized users (or at least those residing inside the geographic territory) are allowed to use the popular product name. [[Darjeeling tea]] was the first GI recognized by [[Government of India]] in 2004–05.<ref>{{cite news|title=GI tag in india|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/geographical-indicators-307677-2016-02-22|work=[[India Today]]|access-date = 28 December 2013|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209025753/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/geographical-indicators/1/590450.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Registered geographical indications ==
As of 2024, there are 603 registered geographical indications in India:<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"
! Serial no.
! Application no.
! [[Geographical indication]]
! Type
! [[States and union territories of India|State/UT]] or Country
! Year
|-
| 1
| 1 & 2
| [[Darjeeling Tea]]
| Agricultural
| [[West Bengal]]
| 2004–05
|-
| 2
| 3
| [[Aranmula Kannadi]]
| Handicraft
| [[Kerala]]
| 2004–05
|-
| 3
| 4
| [[Pochampally sari]]
| Handicraft
| [[Telangana]]
| 2004–05
|-
| 4
| 5
| [[Textile industry in Salem|Salem fabric]]
| Handicraft
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 2004–05
|-
| 5
| 7
|[[Chanderi sari|Chanderi sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2004–05
|-
|6
|8
|[[Solapuri chaddar]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2004–05
|-
|7
|9
|[[Solapur Terry Towel]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2004–05
|-
|8
|10
|[[Kotpad Handloom fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2004–05
|-
|9
|11
|[[Mysore silk]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|10
|12
|[[Kota Doria]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2004–05
|-
|11
|13 & 18
|[[Mysore Agarbathi]]
|Manufactured
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|12
|15
|[[Kancheepuram Silk]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2004–05
|-
|13
|16
|[[Bhavani Jamakkalam]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2004–05
|-
|14
|19
|[[Kullu Shawl]]
|Handicraft
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2004–05
|-
|15
|20
|[[Bidriware]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|16
|21
|[[Madurai Sungudi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2004–05
|-
|17
|22
|[[Orissa Ikat]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2004–05
|-
|18
|23
|[[Channapatna toys|Channapatna toys and dolls]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|19
|24
|[[Mysore Rosewood Inlay]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|20
|25
|[[Kangra Tea]]
|Agricultural
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2004–05
|-
|21
|26
|[[Coimbatore Wet Grinder]]
|Manufactured
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2004–05
|-
|22
|28
|[[Srikalahasthi Kalamkari]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2004–05
|-
|23
|29
|[[Mysore Sandalwood Oil]]
|Manufactured
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|24
|30
|[[Mysore Sandal soap]]
|Manufactured
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|25
|31
|[[Kasuti embroidery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|26
|32
|[[Mysore Traditional Paintings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|27
|33
|[[Coorg orange]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2004–05
|-
|28
|34
|[[Mysore betel leaf]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2006–07
|-
|29
|35
|[[Nanjanagud Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2006–07
|-
|30
|37
|[[Madhubani art|Madhubani paintings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Bihar]]
|2006–07
|-
|31
|44
|[[Kondapalli toys|Kondapalli bommallu]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2007–08
|-
|32
|47
|[[Thanjavur Paintings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|33
|53
|[[Silver Filigree of Karimnagar]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2007–08
|-
|34
|54
|[[Alleppey Coir]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2007–08
|-
|35
|55
|[[Muga Silk|Muga silk of Assam]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2007–08
|-
|36
|65
|[[Temple Jewellery of Nagercoil]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|37
|69
|[[Mysore Mallige|Mysore Malligae]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|38
|70
|[[Jasmine in Karnataka|Udupi Malligae]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|39
|71
|[[Jasmine in Karnataka|Hadagali Malligae]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|40
|17
|[[Navara rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2007–08
|-
|41
|36
|[[Palakkadan Matta rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2007–08
|-
|42
|63
|[[Thanjavur Art Plate]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|43
|76
|[[Ilkal sari|Ilkal sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|44
|73
|[[Khatwa|Applique (khatwa) work of Bihar]]
|Handicraft
|[[Bihar]]
|2007–08
|-
|45
|74
|[[Sujini embroidery work of Bihar]]
|Handicraft
|[[Bihar]]
|2007–08
|-
|46
|75
|[[Sikki grass craft|Sikki Grass Products of Bihar]]
|Handicraft
|[[Bihar]]
|2007–08
|-
|47
|49 & 56
|[[Malabar pepper]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|48
|50
|[[Allahabadi Surkha|Allahabad Surkha guava]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2007–08
|-
|49
|52
|[[Nakshi Kantha]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2007–08
|-
|50
|60
|[[Ganjifa|Ganjifa Cards of Mysore]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|51
|61
|[[Navalgund Durries]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|52
|62
|[[Karnataka Bronzeware]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|53
|77
|[[Molakalmuru sari|Molakalmuru sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|54
|85
|[[Monsooned Malabar Arabica Coffee]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
|2007–08
|-
|55
|114
|[[Monsooned Malabar Robusta Coffee]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
|2007–08
|-
|56
|72
|[[Alleppey Green Cardamom]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]
|2007–08
|-
|57
|78
|[[Coorg Green Cardamom]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2007–08
|-
|58
|95
|[[East India Leather]]
|Manufactured
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|59
|94
|[[Salem silk|Salem Venpattu]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|60
|93
|[[Kovai Cora cotton|Kovai Kora cotton sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|61
|92
|[[Arani Silk]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2007–08
|-
|62
|83
|[[Bastar Dhokra]]
|Handicraft
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2008–09
|-
|63
|84
|[[Bastar Wooden Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2008–09
|-
|64
|91
|[[Nirmal toys|Nirmal toys and craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2008–09
|-
|65
|59
|[[Maddalam of Palakkad]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2008–09
|-
|66
|58
|[[Screw Pine Craft of Kerala]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2008–09
|-
|67
|64
|[[Swamimalai Bronze Icons]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2008–09
|-
|68
|82
|[[Bastar Iron Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2008–09
|-
|69
|87
|[[Konark stone carving]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2008–09
|-
|70
|88
|[[Pattachitra|Orissa Pattachitra]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2008–09
|-
|71
|90
|[[Machilipatnam Kalamkari]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|72
|110
|[[Eathomozhy Tall Coconut]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2008–09
|-
|73
|57
|[[Brass Broidered Coconut Shell Crafts of Kerala]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2008–09
|-
|74
|66
|[[Blue Pottery of Jaipur]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2008–09
|-
|75
|67
|Molela Clay Work
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2008–09
|-
|76
|68
|[[Kathputli (puppetry)|Kathputlis of Rajasthan]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2008–09
|-
|77
|97
|[[Leather Toys of Indore]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|78
|98
|[[Bagh Prints of Madhya Pradesh]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|79
|100
|[[Sankheda Furniture]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2008–09
|-
|80
|101
|[[Agates of Cambay]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2008–09
|-
|81
|102
|[[Bell Metal Ware of Datia and Tikamgarh]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|82
|103
|[[Kutch Embroidery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2008–09
|-
|83
|51
|[[Kani Shawl]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2008–09
|-
|84
|79
|[[Chamba Rumal]]
|Handicraft
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|85
|80
|[[Dharwad Pedha]]
|Food stuff
|[[Karnataka]]
|2008–09
|-
|86
|81
|[[Pokkali Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2008–09
|-
|87
|86 & 108
|[[Pipli Applique Work]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2008–09
|-
|88
|89
|[[Budithi Bell and Brass Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|89
|96
|[[Thanjavur Doll]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2008–09
|-
|90
|104
|[[Santiniketan Leather Goods]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2008–09
|-
|91
|105
|[[Nirmal furniture]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2008–09
|-
|92
|106
|[[Nirmal paintings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2008–09
|-
|93
|107
|[[Tholu bommalata|Andhra Pradesh leather puppetry]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|94
|111
|[[Lakshmanbhog|Malda Laxman Bhog mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[West Bengal]]
|2008–09
|-
|95
|112
|[[Himsagar|Malda Khirsapati (Himsagar) mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[West Bengal]]
|2008–09
|-
|96
|113
|[[Malda Fazli Mango|Malda Fazli mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[West Bengal]]
|2008–09
|-
|97
|46
|[[Kashmir Pashmina]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2008–09
|-
|98
|48
|[[Kashmir Sozani Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2008–09
|-
|99
|109
|[[Naga Mircha]]
|Agricultural
|[[Nagaland]]
|2008–09
|-
|100
|116 & 117
|[[Nilgiri tea|Nilgiri (orthodox)]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2008–09
|-
|101
|115 & 118
|[[Assam tea|Assam (orthodox)]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2008–09
|-
|102
|119
|[[Lucknow Chikan Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|103
|124
|[[Virupakshi Hill Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2008–09
|-
|104
|126
|[[Sirumalai Hill Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2008–09
|-
|105
|120
|[[Feni (liquor)|Feni]]
|Manufactured
|[[Goa]]
|2008–09
|-
|106
|122
|[[Uppada Jamdani sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2008–09
|-
|107
|121
|[[Tirupati Laddu|Tirupathi Laddu]]
|Food stuff
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2009–10
|-
|108
|125
|[[Malihabadi Dusseheri Mango|Mango Malihabadi Dusseheri]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2009–10
|-
|109
|128
|[[Puneri Pagadi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2009–10
|-
|110
|99
|[[Banaras brocades and sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2009–10
|-
|111
|127
|[[Tangaliya Shawl]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2009–10
|-
|112
|130 & 141
|[[Vazhakulam pineapple]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2009–10
|-
|113
|131
|[[Devanahalli Pomello]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2009–10
|-
|114
|132
|[[Appemidi Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2009–10
|-
|115
|133
|[[Kamalapur Red Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2009–10
|-
|116
|138
|[[Shantipuri sari|Santipore saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2009–10
|-
|117
|144
|[[Cannanore Home Furnishings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2009–10
|-
|119
|147
|[[Block printing in India|Sanganeri hand block printing]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2009–10
|-
|120
|152
|[[Balaramapuram sarees and fine cotton fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2009–10
|-
|121
|142
|[[Bikaneri Bhujia]]
|Food stuff
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2010–11
|-
|122
|143
|[[Guntur Sannam Chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2010–11
|-
|123
|123
|[[Nashik valley wine]]
|Manufactured
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2010–11
|-
|124
|137
|[[Gadwal sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2010–11
|-
|125
|149
|[[Kinnauri Shawl]]
|Handicraft
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2010–11
|-
|126
|170
|[[Kasaragod saree]]s
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2010–11
|-
|127
|179
|[[Kuthampully saree]]s
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2010–11
|-
|128
|134
|[[Sandur Lambani Embroidery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2010–11
|-
|129
|148
|[[Hand Made Carpet of Bhadohi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2010–11
|-
|130
|150 & 153
|[[Paithani|Paithani sarees and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2010–11
|-
|131
|154
|[[Mahabaleshwar Strawberry]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2010–11
|-
|132
|193
|[[Hyderabadi Haleem|Hyderabad Haleem]]
|Food stuff
|[[Telangana]]
|2010–11
|-
|134
|146
|[[Napa Valley]]
|Manufactured
|[[United States of America]]
|2010–11
|-
|135
|163
|[[Central Travancore jaggery|Central Travancore Jaggery]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2010–11
|-
|136
|172
|[[Champa silk saree and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2010–11
|-
|137
|186
|[[Jeerakasala|Wayanad Jeerakasala rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2010–11
|-
|138
|187
|[[Gandhakasala|Wayanad Gandhakasala rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2010–11
|-
|139
|191
|[[Kota Doria|Kota Doria (logo)]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2010–11
|-
|140
|165
|[[Nashik Grapes]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2010–11
|-
|141
|171
|[[Surat Zari Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2010–11
|-
|142
|190
|[[Cheriyal Paintings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2010–11
|-
|143
|194
|[[Pembarthi Metal Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2010–11
|-
|144
|6
|[[Payyannur Pavithra Ring]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2010–11
|-
|145
|27
|[[Phulkari]]
|Handicraft
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]]
|2010–11
|-
|146
|136
|[[Khandua|Khandua saree and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2010–11
|-
|147
|129
|[[Byadagi chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2010–11
|-
|150
|183
|[[Bagru print|Bagru Hand Block Print]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2011–12
|-
|151
|189
|[[Venkatagiri Sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2011–12
|-
|152
|185
|[[Gir Kesar Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Gujarat]]
|2011–12
|-
|153
|192
|[[Bhalia Wheat]]
|Agricultural
|[[Gujarat]]
|2011–12
|-
|154
|201
|[[Villianur Terracotta Works]]
|Handicraft
|[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|2011–12
|-
|155
|202
|[[Tirukanur Papier Mache Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|2011–12
|-
|156
|174
|[[Kachchh Shawls]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2011–12
|-
|157
|199
|[[Udupi Mattu Gulla Brinjal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2011–12
|-
|158
|173
|[[Baluchari Saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2011–12
|-
|159
|176
|[[Dhaniakhali Saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2011–12
|-
|160
|181
|[[Kashmir papier-mâché|Kashmir paper machie]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2011–12
|-
|161
|182
|[[Kashmir Walnut Wood Carving]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2011–12
|-
|162
|203
|[[Bobbili Veena]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2011–12
|-
|163
|204
|[[Khatamband]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2011–12
|-
|164
|213
|[[Kinnal Craft|Kinhal toys]]
|Handicraft
|[[Karnataka]]
|2011–12
|-
|165
|225
|[[Chendamangalam saree|Chendamangalam Dhoties and Set Mundu]]
|Handicraft
|[[Kerala]]
|2011–12
|-
|166
|226
|[[Porto]]
|Manufactured
|[[Portugal]]
|2011–12
|-
|167
|227
|[[Douro]]
|Manufactured
|[[Portugal]]
|2011–12
|-
|168
|167
|[[Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2011–12
|-
|169
|188
|[[Siddipet Gollabama]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2011–12
|-
|170
|228
|[[Ganjam Kewda Rooh]]
|Manufactured
|[[Odisha]]
|2011–12
|-
|171
|229
|[[Ganjam Kewda Flower]]
|Agricultural
|[[Odisha]]
|2011–12
|-
|172
|197
|[[Maheshwari Saree]] and fabrics
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2012–13
|-
|173
|207
|[[Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2012–13
|-
|174
|208
|[[Sambalpuri sari|Sambalpuri bandha saree and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2012–13
|-
|175
|217
|[[Bomkai sari|Bomkai saree and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2012–13
|-
|176
|219
|[[Habaspuri saree and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2012–13
|-
|177
|220
|[[Berhampur Patta|Berhampur Patta (phoda kumbha) saree and joda]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2012–13
|-
|178
|180
|[[Bhagalpur sari|Bhagalpur silk]]
|Handicraft
|[[Bihar]]
|2012–13
|-
|179
|198
|[[Mangalagiri sarees and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2012–13
|-
|180
|238
|[[Madurai Malli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2012–13
|-
|182
|195
|[[Pattamadai Mat]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2012–13
|-
|183
|196
|[[Nachiarkoil lamp|Nachiarkoil kuthuvilakku]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2012–13
|-
|184
|200
|[[Chettinad Kottan]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2012–13
|-
|185
|214
|[[Narayanpet handloom sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2012–13
|-
|186
|135
|[[Toda Embroidery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2012–13
|-
|187
|209
|[[Thanjavur Veenai]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2012–13
|-
|188
|211
|[[Bangalore Blue Grapes]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2012–13
|-
|189
|233
|[[Agra Durrie]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2012–13
|-
|190
|234
|[[Farrukhabad Prints]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2012–13
|-
|191
|236
|[[Lucknow Zardozi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2012–13
|-
|192
|237
|[[Banaras brocades and sarees|Banaras brocades and sarees (logo)]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2012–13
|-
|193
|205
|[[Kalanamak Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|194
|232
|[[Patola sari|Patan patola]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2013–14
|-
|195
|386
|[[Pattachitra|Orissa Pattachitra (Logo)]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2013–14
|-
|196
|387
|[[Bastar Dhokra|Bastar Dhokra (Logo)]]
|Handicraft
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2013–14
|-
|197
|388
|[[Bell Metal Ware of Datia and Tikamgarh]] (Logo)
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|198
|242
|[[Kaipad Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2013–14
|-
|199
|383
|[[Kullu Shawl|Kullu Shawl (Logo)]]
|Handicraft
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|200
|384
|[[Muga Silk|Muga Silk of Assam (Logo)]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2013–14
|-
|202
|155
|[[Firozabad Glass]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|203
|157
|[[Kannauj Perfume]]
|Manufactured
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|204
|159
|[[Kanpur Saddlery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|205
|161
|[[Moradabad Metal Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|206
|184
|[[Saharanpur Wood Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|207
|215
|[[Dharmavaram handloom pattu sarees and paavadas]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|208
|239
|[[Warli Painting]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]]
|2013–14
|-
|209
|240
|[[Kolhapur jaggery|Kolhapur Jaggery]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2013–14
|-
|210
|244
|[[Thewa|Thewa Art Work]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2013–14
|-
|211
|371
|[[Shaphee Lanphee]]
|Handicraft
|[[Manipur]]
|2013–14
|-
|212
|372
|[[Wangkhei Phee]]
|Handicraft
|[[Manipur]]
|2013–14
|-
|213
|373
|[[Moirang Phee]]
|Handicraft
|[[Manipur]]
|2013–14
|-
|214
|381 & 413
|[[Kangra painting|Kangra Paintings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|215
|385
|[[Nagpur Orange]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2013–14
|-
|216
|399
|[[Leather Toys of Indore]] (Logo)
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2014–15
|-
|217
|212
|[[Bangalore Rose Onion]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2014–15
|-
|218
|389
|[[Meerut Scissors]]
|Manufactured
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2014–15
|-
|219
|178
|[[Khurja Pottery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2014–15
|-
|220
|374
|[[Naga Tree Tomato]]
|Agricultural
|[[Nagaland]]
|2014–15
|-
|221
|375
|[[Arunachal Orange]]
|Agricultural
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2014–15
|-
|222
|376
|[[Sikkim Large Cardamom]]
|Agricultural
|[[Sikkim]]
|2014–15
|-
|223
|377
|[[Mizo chilli|Mizo Chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Mizoram]]
|2014–15
|-
|224
|382
|[[Jaynagarer Moa|Joynagar Moa]]
|Food stuff
|[[West Bengal]]
|2014–15
|-
|225
|397
|[[Banaras Gulabi Meenakari Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2014–15
|-
|226
|435
|[[Assam Karbi Anglong Ginger]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2014–15
|-
|227
|436
|[[Tripura Queen Pineapple]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tripura]]
|2014–15
|-
|228
|479
|[[Changalikodan|Chengalikodan Nendran Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2014–15
|-
|229
|434
|[[Ratlami Sev]]
|Food stuff
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2014–15
|-
|230
|438
|[[Tezpur Litchi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2014–15
|-
|231
|465
|[[Khasi Mandarin]]
|Agricultural
|[[Meghalaya]]
|2014–15
|-
|232
|466
|[[Kachai Lemon]]
|Agricultural
|[[Manipur]]
|2014–15
|-
|233
|405
|[[Makrana Marble]]
|Natural Goods
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2014–15
|-
|234
|457
|[[Varanasi Wooden Lacquerware and Toys]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2014–15
|-
|235
|458
|[https://varanasi.nic.in/district-produce/mirzapur-handmade-durries/ Mirzapur Handmade Dari]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2014–2015
|-
|236
|437
|[[Memong Narang]]
|Agricultural
|[[Meghalaya]]
|2015–16
|-
|237
|459
|[[Nizamabad Black Pottery]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2015–16
|-
|238
|145
|[[Basmati]]
|Agricultural
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttarkhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2015–16
|-
|239
|505
|[[Bagh Prints of Madhya Pradesh]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2015–16
|-
|240
|507
|[[Sankheda Furniture]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Gujarat]]
|2015–16
|-
|241
|509
|[[Kutch Embroidery]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Gujarat]]
|2015–16
|-
|242
|510
|[[Karnataka Bronzeware]] (Logo)
||Handicrafts
|[[Karnataka]]
|2015–16
|-
|243
|511
|[[Ganjifa Cards of Mysore]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Karnataka]]
|2015–16
|-
|244
|512
|[[Navalgund Durries]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Karnataka]]
|2015–16
|-
|245
|513
|[[Thanjavur Art Plate]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2015–16
|-
|246
|514
|[[Swamimalai Bronze Icons]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2015–16
|-
|247
|515
|[[Temple Jewellery of Nagercoil]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2015–16
|-
|248
|470
|[[Ajara Ghansal rice|Ajara Ghansal Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2015–16
|-
|249
|472
|[[Mangalwedha jowar|Mangalwedha Jowar]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2015–16
|-
|250
|474
|[[Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri Kokum]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2015–16
|-
|251
|508
|[[Agates of Cambay]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Gujarat]]
|2015–16
|-
|252
|210
|[[Guledgudd Khana]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Karnataka]]
|2015–16
|-
|253
|224
|[[Udupi sarees]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Karnataka]]
|2015–16
|-
|254
|402
|[[Kuthampally Dhoties and Set Mundu]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Kerala]]
|2015–16
|-
|255
|476
|[[Waghya Ghevada]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2015–16
|-
|256
|477
|[[Navapur Tur Dal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2015–16
|-
|257
|489
|[[Vengurla cashew|Vengurla Cashew]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2015–16
|-
|258
|491
|[[Lasalgaon onion|Lasalgaon Onion]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2015–16
|-
|259
|516
|[[Maddalam of Palakkad]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Kerala]]
|2015–16
|-
|260
|517
|[[Brass Broidered Coconut Shell Craft of Kerala]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Kerala]]
|2015–16
|-
|261
|518
|[[Screw Pine Craft of Kerala]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Kerala]]
|2015–16
|-
|262
|490
|[[Sangli raisins|Sangli Raisins]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|264
|398
|[[Banaras Metal Repouse Craft]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2016–17
|-
|265
|494
|[[Beed Custard Apple]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|266
|495
|[[Jalna Sweet Orange]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|267
|520
|[[Uttarakhand Tejpat]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2016–17
|-
|268
|471
|[[Waigaon Turmeric]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|269
|500
|[[Purandar Fig]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|270
|501
|[[Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|271
|502
|[[Solapur Pomegranate]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|272
|527
|[[Kashmiri Hand Knotted Carpet]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2016–17
|-
|273
|221
|[[Jamnagari Bandhani]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Gujarat]]
|2016–17
|-
|275
|532
|[[Mysore silk|Mysore Silk]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Karnataka]]
|2016–17
|-
|276
|177
|[[Varanasi Glass beads]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2016–17
|-
|278
|473
|[[Bhiwapur Chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|279
|478
|[[ambemohar|Ambemohar Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|280
|493
|[[Dahanu Gholvad Chikoo]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|281
|498
|[[Jalgaon banana|Jalgaon Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|282
|499
|[[Marathwada Kesar Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|283
|390
|[[Karvath Kati sarees and fabrics]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2016–17
|-
|284
|537
|[[Khatwa|Applique (Khatwa) Work of Bihar]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Bihar]]
|2016–17
|-
|285
|539
|[[Molela Clay Work of Rajasthan]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2016–17
|-
|286
|433
|[[Bandar laddu|Bandar Laddu]]
|Food stuff
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2016–17
|-
|287
|439
|[[Joha rice of Assam]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2016–17
|-
|288
|522
|[[Udayagiri Wooden Cutlery]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2016–17
|-
|289
|525
|[[Sitabhog|Bardhaman Sitabhog]]
|Food stuff
|[[West Bengal]]
|2016–17
|-
|290
|526
|[[Mihidana|Bardhaman Mihidana]]
|Food stuff
|[[West Bengal]]
|2016–17
|-
|291
|536
|[[Sikki Grass Products of Bihar]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Bihar]]
|2016–17
|-
|292
|538
|[[Sujini embroidery work of Bihar|Sujini Embroidery Work of Bihar]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Bihar]]
|2016–17
|-
|293
|540
|[[Blue Pottery of Jaipur]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2016–17
|-
|294
|541
|[[Kathputli (puppetry)|Kathputlis of Rajasthan]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2016–17
|-
|295
|241
|[[Banaganapalle Mangoes]]
|Agricultural
|[[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2017–18
|-
|296
|562
|[[Pochampally Ikat]] (Logo)
|Handicrafts
|[[Telangana]]
|2017–18
|-
|297
|531
|[[Gobindobhog|Gobindobhog Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|298
|481
|[[Durgi Stone Carvings]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2017–18
|-
|299
|482
|[[Etikoppaka Toys]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2017–18
|-
|300
|530
|[[Tulaipanji rice|Tulaipanji Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|301
|542
|[[Chakshesang Shawl]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Nagaland]]
|2017–18
|-
|302
|426
|[[Mahabalipuram sculptures|Mahabalipuram Stone Sculpture]]
|Handicrafts
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2017–18
|-
|303
|533
|[[Banglar Rasogolla]]
|Food stuff
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|305
|543
|[[Nilambur Teak]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2017–18
|-
|306
|453
|[[Bankura horse|Bankura Panchmura Terracotta Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|307
|519
|[[Pokaran Pottery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2017–18
|-
|308
|521
|[[Adilabad Dokra]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2017–18
|-
|309
|523
|[[Warangal Durries]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2017–18
|-
|310
|524
|[[Allagadda Stone Carving]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2017–18
|-
|311
|551
|[[Bhagalpuri Zardalu]]
|Agricultural
|[[Bihar]]
|2017–18
|-
|312
|553
|[[Katarni Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Bihar]]
|2017–18
|-
|313
|554
|[[Magahi Paan]]
|Agricultural
|[[Bihar]]
|2017–18
|-
|314
|555
|[[Ghazipur Wall-hanging]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2017–18
|-
|315
|556
|[[Varanasi Soft Stone Jali Work]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2017–18
|-
|316
|563
|[[Dhokra|Bengal Dokra]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|317
|564
|[[Patachitra|Bengal Patachitra]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|318
|565
|[[Chhau mask|Purulia Chau Mask]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|319
|566
|[[Wooden Mask of Kushmandi]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|320
|567
|[[Madurkathi|Madur kathi]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2017–18
|-
|321
|378
|[[Jhabua Kadaknath Black Chicken Meat]]
|Food stuff
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2018–19
|-
|322
|558
|[[Boka Chaul]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2018–19
|-
|324
|139
|[[Alphonso mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2018–19
|-
|325
|380
|[[RajKot Patola]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2018–19
|-
|326
|552
|[[Shahi Litchi of Bihar]]
|Agricultural
|[[Bihar]]
|2018–19
|-
|327
|496
|[[Sangli turmeric|Sangli Turmeric]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2018–19
|-
|328
|585
|[[Pethapur Printing Blocks]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2018–19
|-
|329
|169
|[[Kolhapuri Chappal]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]]
|2018–19
|-
|330
|584
|[[Silao Khaja]]
|Food stuff
|[[Bihar]]
|2018–19
|-
|331
|604
|[[Coorg Arabica Coffee]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2018–19
|-
|332
|605
|[[Wayanaad Robusta Coffee]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2018–19
|-
|333
|606
|[[Chikmagalur Arabica Coffee]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2018–19
|-
|334
|607
|[[Araku Valley Arabica Coffee]]
|Agricultural
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]]
|2018–19
|-
|335
|608
|[[Bababudangiri Arabica Coffee]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2018–19
|-
|336
|432
|[[Himachali Kala Zeera]]
|Agricultural
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2018–19
|-
|337
|464
|[[Sirsi Supari]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2018–19
|-
|338
|468
|[[Himachali Chulli Oil]]
|Manufactured
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2018–19
|-
|339
|557
|[[Chunar Balua Patthar]]
|Natural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2018–19
|-
|340
|231
|[[Erode Turmeric|Erode Manjal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2018–19
|-
|341
|613
|[[Marayoor jaggery|Marayoor Jaggery]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2018–19
|-
|342
|480
|[[Thirubuvanam silk sarees]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2018–19
|-
|343
|611
|[[Jeeraphool rice|Jeeraphool]]
|Agricultural
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2018–19
|-
|344
|610
|[[Kandhamal Haladi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Odisha]]
|2019–20
|-
|345
|612
|[[Odisha Rasagola]]
|Food stuff
|[[Odisha]]
|2019–20
|-
|346
|616
|[[Kodaikanal Malai Poondu]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019–20
|-
|347
|586
|[[Pawndum]]
|Handicraft
|[[Mizoram]]
|2019–20
|-
|348
|587
|[[Ngotekherh]]
|Handicraft
|[[Mizoram]]
|2019–20
|-
|349
|588
|[[Hmaram]]
|Handicraft
|[[Mizoram]]
|2019–20
|-
|350
|550
|[[Palani Panchamirtham]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019–20
|-
|351
|582
|[[Tawlhlohpuan]]
|Handicraft
|[[Mizoram]]
|2019–20
|-
|352
|583
|[[Mizo Puanchei]]
|Handicraft
|[[Mizoram]]
|2019–20
|-
|353
|593
|[[Gulbarga Tur Dal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2019–20
|-
|354
|641
|[[Tirur Betel Leaf]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2019–20
|-
|356
|618
|[[Khola Chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Goa]]
|2019–20
|-
|357
|625
|[[Idu Mishmi Textiles]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2019–20
|-
|358
|400
|[[Dindigul Locks]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019–20
|-
|359
|422
|[[Kandangi saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019–20
|-
|360
|403
|[[Srivilliputtur Palkova]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019–20
|-
|361
|609
|[[Kaji Nemu]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2019–20
|-
|362
|572
|[[Chokuwa rice of Assam]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2019–20
|-
|363
|486
|[[Kovilpatti Kadalai Mittai]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2019–20
|-
|364
|602
|[[Chak-Hao (Black rice)|Chak-Hao]]
|Agricultural
|[[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]]
|2019–20
|-
|365
|619
|[[Gorakhpur Terracotta]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2019–20
|-
|366
|635
|[[Kashmir Saffron]]
|Agricultural
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2020–21
|-
|367
|423
|[[Thanjavur Netti Works]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2020–21
|-
|368
|429
|[[Arumbavur Wood Carvings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2020–21
|-
|369
|599
|[[Telia Rumal]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2020–21
|-
|370
|658
|[[Sohrai – Khovar Painting]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jharkhand]]
|2020–21
|-
|371
|621
|[[Chunar Glaze Pottery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|372
|628
|[[Sojat Mehndi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2021–22
|-
|373
|424
|[[Karuppur Kalamkari Paintings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2021–22
|-
|374
|431
|[[Kallakurichi Wood Carving]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2021–22
|-
|375
|589
|[[Bhotia Dann of Uttarakhand]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2021–22
|-
|376
|424
|[[Judima]]
|Manufactured
|[[Assam]]
|2021–22
|-
|382
|663
|[[Balaghat Chinnor]]
|Agricultural
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|383
|660
|[[Kuttiattoor Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2021–22
|-
|385
|644
|[[Pithora (painting)|Pithora]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2021–22
|-
|386
|656
|[[Manjusha Art]]
|Handicraft
|[[Bihar]]
|2021–22
|-
|387
|642
|[[Harmal Chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Goa]]
|2021–22
|-
|388
|662
|[[Edayur chilli|Edayur Chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2021–22
|-
|389
|648
|[[Uttarakhand Aipan]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2021–22
|-
|390
|651
|[[Munsyari Razma]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2021–22
|-
|391
|652
|[[Uttarakhand Ringal Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2021–22
|-
|392
|653
|[[Uttarakhand Tamta Product]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2021–22
|-
|393
|654
|[[Uttarakhand Thulma]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2021–22
|-
|394
|680
|[[Myndoli Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Goa]]
|2021–22
|-
|395
|620
|[[Banaras Zardozi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|396
|622
|[[Mirzapur Pital Bartan]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|397
|623
|[[Banaras Wood Carving]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|398
|624
|[[Banaras Hand Block Print]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|399
|650
|[[Kumaon Chyura Oil]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2021–22
|-
|400
|655
|[[Goan Khaje]]
|Food stuff
|[[Goa]]
|2021–22
|-
|401
|206
|[[Rataul Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|402
|590
|[[Tamenglong Orange]]
|Agricultural
|[[Manipur]]
|2021–22
|-
|403
|614
|[[Chamba Chappal]]
|Handicraft
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|404
|645
|[[Mau saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|405
|647
|[[Lahauli Knitted Socks and Gloves]]
|Handicraft
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|406
|675
|[[Kanniyakumari Clove]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2021–22
|-
|407
|592
|[[Sirarakhong Hathei chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Manipur]]
|2021–22
|-
|408
|640
|[[Naga Cucumber]]
|Agricultural
|[[Nagaland]]
|2021–22
|-
|410
|253
|[[Münchener Bier]]
|Manufactured
|[[Germany]]
|2021–22
|-
|411
|401
|[[Mahoba Desawari Pan]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2021–22
|-
|413
|629 & 630
|[[Mizo Ginger]]
|Agricultural
|[[Mizoram]]
|2021–22
|-
|414
|636
|[[Dalle Khursani]]
|Agricultural
|[[Sikkim]], [[West Bengal]]
|2021–22
|-
|420
|467
|[[Narasinghapettai Nagaswaram]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2021–22
|-
|421
|696
|[[Mithila Makhana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Bihar]]
|2022–23
|-
|424
|685
|[[Alibag White onion|Alibag White Onion]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2022–23
|-
|425
|686
|[[Attappady Aattukombu Avara]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2022–23
|-
|426
|687
|[[Attappady Thuvara]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2022–23
|-
|427
|736
|[[Onattukara Ellu]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2022–23
|-
|428
|749
|[[Kanthalloor Vattavada Veluthulli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2022–23
|-
|429
|752
|[[Kodungallur Pottuvellari]]
|Agricultural
|[[Kerala]]
|2022–23
|-
|430
|706
|[[Tandur Redgram]]
|Agricultural
|[[Telangana]]
|2022–23
|-
|431
|729
|[[Ladakh Raktsey Karpo Apricot]]
|Agricultural
|[[Ladakh]]
|2022–23
|-
|432
|594
|[[Gamosa of Assam]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2022–23
|-
|435
|669
|[[Dubraj|Nagri Dubraj]]
|Agricultural
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2022–23
|-
|436
|681
|[[Morena Gajak]]
|Food stuff
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|437
|707
|[[Rewa Sunderja Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|438
|699
|[[Sharbati Gehu]]
|Agricultural
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|439
|701
|[[Gond Painting of Madhya Pradesh]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|440
|715
|[[Adamchini Chawal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|441
|720
|[[Ramnathapuram Mundu chilli|Ramnathapuram Mundu Chilli]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|442
|788
|[[Vellore Spiny brinjal|Vellore Spiny Brinjal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|443
|428
|[[Myladi Stone Carvings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|444
|488
|[[Manapparai Murukku]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|445
|529
|[[Ooty Varkey]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|446
|561
|[[Manamadurai Pottery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|447
|574
|[[Thaikkal Rattan Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|448
|664
|[[Aligarh Tala]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|449
|665
|[[Bakhira Brassware]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|450
|666
|[[Banda Shazar Patthar craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|451
|667
|[[Nagina Wood Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|452
|668
|[[Pratapgarh Aonla]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|453
|672
|[[Hathras Hing]]
|Food stuff
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|455
|694
|[[Mata ni Pachhedi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2022–23
|-
|456
|697
|[[Wrought Iron Crafts of Dindori]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|457
|700
|[[Ujjain Batik Print]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|458
|708
|[[Gwalior Handmade Carpet]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|459
|709
|[[Waraseoni handloom saree and fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|460
|710
|[[Jabalpur Stone Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|461
|711
|[[Salem Sago]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|462
|716
|[[Banaras Langda Aam]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|463
|717
|[[Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal)|Ramnagar Bhanta]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|464
|719
|[[Authoor Vetrilai]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|465
|723
|[[Muzaffarnagar jaggery|Muzaffarnagar Gur]]
|Food stuff
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|466
|726
|[[Pashmina Wool of Ladakh]]
|Handicraft
|[[Ladakh]]
|2022–23
|-
|467
|730
|[[Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf)]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2022–23
|-
|468
|734
|[[Cumbum Panneer Thratchai]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|469
|745
|[[Indi Limbe]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2022–23
|-
|470
|755
|[[Basohli Painting]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2022–23
|-
|471
|766
|[[Negamam cotton saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|472
|771
|[[Ladakh Shingskos]]
|Handicraft
|[[Ladakh]]
|2022–23
|-
|473
|789
|[[Sholavandan Vetrilai]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|474
|800
|[[Marthandam Honey]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2022–23
|-
|475
|843
|[[Kari Ishad|Kari Ishad Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Karnataka]]
|2022–23
|-
|476
|671
|[[Mahoba Gaura Patthar Hastashlip]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|477
|673
|[[Mainpuri Tarkashi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|478
|674
|[[Sambhal Horn Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|479
|670
|[[Amroha Dholak]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|480
|731
|[[Baghpat Home Furnishings]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|481
|732
|[[Barabanki Handloom Product]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|482
|733
|[[Kalpi Handmade Paper]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|483
|804
|[[Pootharekulu|Atreyapuram Pootharekulu]]
|Food stuff
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|484
|727
|[[Ladakh Seabuckthorn]]
|Agricultural
|[[Ladakh]]
|2023–24
|-
|485
|688
|[[Bhandara Chinoor rice|Bhandara Chinoor Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|486
|698
|[[Jaderi Namakatti]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2023–24
|-
|487
|721
|[[Agra Leather Footwear]]
|Manufactured
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|488
|748
|[[Nathdwara painting|Nathdwara Pichhwai Painting]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2023–24
|-
|489
|757
|[[Kanyakumari Matti Banana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2023–24
|-
|490
|758
|[[Mushqbudji rice|Mushqbudji Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2023–24
|-
|491
|762
|[[Chedibutta saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2023–24
|-
|492
|763
|[[Agsechi Vayingim (Agassaim Brinjal)]]
|Agricultural
|[[Goa]]
|2023–24
|-
|493
|765
|[[Rajouri Chikri Wood Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2023–24
|-
|494
|790
|[[Sat Shiro Bheno]]
|Agricultural
|[[Goa]]
|2023–24
|-
|495
|801
|[[Marcha rice|Marcha Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Bihar]]
|2023–24
|-
|496
|722
|[[Jalesar Dhatu Shilp]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|497
|728
|[[Goa Mankurad Mango]]
|Agricultural
|[[Goa]]
|2023–24
|-
|498
|746
|[[Bebinca|Goan Bebinca]]
|Food stuff
|[[Goa]]
|2023–24
|-
|499
|747
|[[Koftgiri|Udaipur Koftgari Metal Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2023–24
|-
|500
|750
|[[Bikaner Kashidakari Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2023–24
|-
|501
|751
|[[Jodhpur Bandhej Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2023–24
|-
|502
|753
|[[Usta art|Bikaner Usta Kala Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2023–24
|-
|503
|768
|[[Bhaderwah Rajmash]]
|Agricultural
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2023–24
|-
|504
|772
|[[Ramban Sulai Honey]]
|Food stuff
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2023–24
|-
|505
|691
|[[Udangudi Panangkarupatti]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2023–24
|-
|506
|714
|[[Goa Cashew (Kaju or Caju)]]
|Agricultural
|[[Goa]]
|2023–24
|-
|507
|775
|[[Basohli Pashmina Woolen Products]]
|Handicraft
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2023–24
|-
|508
|802
|[[Kendrapara Rasabali]]
|Food stuff
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|509
|803
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice)|Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai]]
|Agricultural
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|510
|807
|[[Udhampur Kaladi]]
|Food stuff
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2023–24
|-
|511
|809
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Yak Churpi]]
|Food stuff
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|512
|810
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Tangsa Textile Product]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|513
|829
|[[Uttarakhand Berinag Tea]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|514
|832
|[[Uttarakhand Bichhu Buti Fabrics]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|515
|835
|[[Uttarakhand Mandua]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|516
|841
|[[Uttarakhand Jhangora]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|517
|844
|[[Uttarakhand Gahat]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|518
|852
|[[Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice)|Uttarakhand Lal Chawal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|519
|856
|[[Uttarakhand Kala Bhat]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|520
|860
|[[Uttarakhand Malta Fruit]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|521
|863
|[[Uttarakhand Chaulai]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|522
|864
|[[Almora Lakhori Mirchi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|523
|866
|[[Uttarakhand Buransh]]
|Food stuff
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|524
|867
|[[Uttarakhand Pahari Toor Dal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|525
|873
|[[Nainital Mombatti]]
|Manufactured
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|526
|874
|[[Rangwali Pichhoda of Kumaon]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|527
|905
|[[Ramnagar Nainital Litchi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|528
|907
|[[Ramgarh Nainital Aadu]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|529
|918
|[[Chamoli Wooden Ramman Mask]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|530
|919
|[[Uttarakhand Likhai]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2023–24
|-
|531
|690
|[[Odisha Khajuri Guda]]
|Food stuff
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|532
|702
|[[Tangail saree (West Bengal)|Tangail saree of Bengal]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2023–24
|-
|533
|703
|[[Garad saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2023–24
|-
|534
|704
|[[Korial Saree|Korial saree]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2023–24
|-
|535
|724
|[[Dhenkanal Magji]]
|Food stuff
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|536
|725
|[[Similipal Kai Chutney of Odisha]]
|Food stuff
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|537
|739
|[[Nayagarh Kanteimundi brinjal|Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|538
|743
|[[Kalonunia rice|Kalonunia Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[West Bengal]]
|2023–24
|-
|539
|761
|[[Kachchhi Kharek]]
|Agricultural
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|540
|769
|[[Sundarban Honey]]
|Food stuff
|[[West Bengal]]
|2023–24
|-
|541
|773
|[[Kapadaganda: Dungaria Kondh Embroidery Shawl]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|542
|774
|[[Ramban Anardana]]
|Agricultural
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2023–24
|-
|543
|814
|[[Koraput Kalajeera rice|Koraput Kalajeera Rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|544
|848
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Handmade Carpet]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|545
|849
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Wancho Wooden Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|546
|855
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Adi Kekir]]
|Agricultural
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|547
|871
|[[Painting of Lanjia Saura, Odisha]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|548
|812
|[[Sawantwadi Ganjifa Cards]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|549
|808
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Apatani Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|550
|811
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Monpa Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|551
|854
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Nyishi Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|552
|861
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Monpa Handmade Paper]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|553
|934
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Adi Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|554
|935
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Singpho Phalap]]
|Agricultural
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|555
|938
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Galo Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|556
|1004
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Adi Apong]]
|Manufactured
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|557
|1056
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Dao]]
|Manufactured
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|558
|1068
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Angnyat Millet]]
|Agricultural
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|559
|1069
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Marua Apo]]
|Manufactured
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|560
|1070
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Tai Khamti Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|564
|676
|[[Muslin|Banglar Muslin]]
|Handicraft
|[[West Bengal]]
|2023–24
|-
|565
|713
|[[Narasapur Crochet Lace Products]]
|Handicraft
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|566
|718
|[[Kutch Rogan Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|567
|767
|[[Cuttack Rupa Tarakasi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Odisha]]
|2023–24
|-
|568
|813
|[[Ratlam Riyawan Lahsun]]
|Agricultural
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|569
|893
|[[Tripura Risa Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tripura]]
|2023–24
|-
|570
|917
|[[Hyderabad Lac Bangles]]
|Handicraft
|[[Telangana]]
|2023–24
|-
|571
|939
|[[Majuli Mask of Assam]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|572
|940
|[[Assam Majuli Manuscript Painting]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|573
|1114
|[[Ambaji White Marble]]
|Natural
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|574
|677
|[[Patchwork of Rampur]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|575
|741
|[[Lakadong turmeric|Lakadong Turmeric]]
|Agricultural
|[[Meghalaya]]
|2023–24
|-
|576
|756
|[[Kutch Bandhani]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|577
|785
|[[Vasmat Haldi|Vasmat Haldi (Turmeric)]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|578
|786
|[[Nandurbar Amchur]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|579
|787
|[[Nandurbar Mirchi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|580
|791
|[[Miraj Tanpura]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|581
|792
|[[Hupari Silver Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|582
|793
|[[Miraj Sitar]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|583
|806
|[[Sawantwadi Wooden Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|584
|818
|[[Mathura Sanjhi Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|585
|819
|[[Bundelkhand Kathiya Gehu]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|586
|822
|[[Banaras Tabla]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|587
|823
|[[Banaras Lal Bharwamirch (Red Pickle Chilli)]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|588
|824
|[[Pilibhit Bansuri]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|589
|825
|[[Panchincholi Tamarind]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|590
|826
|[[Borsuri Tur Dal]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|591
|827
|[[Kasti Coriander]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|592
|833
|[[Chiraigaon Karonda of Varanasi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|593
|838
|[[Gharchola Craft of Gujarat]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|594
|859
|[[Banaras Lal Peda]]
|Food stuff
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|595
|899
|[[Badlapur Jamun]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|596
|924
|[[Banaras Shehnai]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|597
|930
|[[Sambhal Bone Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|598
|933
|[[Moonj Craft of Uttar Pradesh]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|599
|936
|[[Chitrakoot Wooden Craft and Toys]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|600
|947
|[[Bahadoli Jamun]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|601
|949
|[[Pen Ganesh Idol]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|602
|950
|[[Kunthalgiri Khawa]]
|Food stuff
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|603
|952
|[[Kavdi Maal of Tuljapur]]
|Handicraft
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|604
|953
|[[Dagdi Jowar of Jalna]]
|Agricultural
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2023–24
|-
|605
|959
|[[Bodo Dokhona]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|606
|960
|[[Bodo Eri Silk]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|607
|961
|[[Bodo Jwmgra]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|608
|962
|[[Bodo Gamsa]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|609
|963
|[[Bodo Keradapini]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|610
|965
|[[Bodo Thorkha]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|611
|971
|[[Bodo Gongar Dunjia]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|612
|972
|[[Bodo Kham]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|613
|973
|[[Bodo Serja]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|614
|974
|[[Bodo Sifung]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|615
|975
|[[Bodo Khardwi]]
|Agricultural
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|616
|977
|[[Bodo Gongona]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|617
|978
|[[Bodo Jotha]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|618
|979
|[[Assam Jaapi]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|619
|980
|[[Assam Asharikandi Terracotta Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|620
|997
|[[Gujarat Suf Embroidery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|621
|999
|[[Jaunpur Imarti]]
|Food stuff
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|622
|1000
|[[Banaras Thandai]]
|Food stuff
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|623
|1001
|[[Assam Mishing Handloom Products]]
|Handicraft
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|624
|1002
|[[Assam Bihu Dhol]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|625
|1003
|[[Assam Pani Meteka Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|626
|1013
|[[Sarthebari Metal Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Assam]]
|2023–24
|-
|627
|1033
|[[Banaras Mural Painting]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|628
|1063
|[[Ahmedabad Sodagari Block Print]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|629
|1064
|[[Surat Sadeli Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|630
|1071
|[[Tripura Pachra-Rignai]]
|Handicraft
|[[Tripura]]
|2023–24
|-
|631
|1072
|[[Tripura Matabari Peda]]
|Food stuff
|[[Tripura]]
|2023–24
|-
|632
|1090
|[[Bharuch Sujani Weaving]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|633
|1094
|[[Meghalaya Garo Textile]]
|Handicraft
|[[Meghalaya]]
|2023–24
|-
|634
|1095
|[[Meghalaya Lyrnai Pottery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Meghalaya]]
|2023–24
|-
|635
|1096
|[[Meghalaya Chubitchi]]
|Manufactured
|[[Meghalaya]]
|2023–24
|-
|637
|820
|[[Pilkhuwa Hand Block Print]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|638
|923
|[[Banaras Metal Casting Craft]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|639
|926
|[[Bareilly Cane and Bamboo]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|640
|928
|[[Tharu Embroidery]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|641
|929
|[[Bareilly Zari Zardoji ]]
|Handicraft
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|642
|941
|[[Banaras Tirangi Barfi]]
|Food stuff
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2023–24
|-
|643
|1050
|[[Kutch Ajrakh]]
|Handicraft
|[[Gujarat]]
|2023–24
|-
|644
|1055
|[[Andaman Karen Musley rice]]
|Agricultural
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|2023–24
|-
|645
|1049
|[[Ponduru Khadi]]
|Textiles
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2024-25
|}

==See also==

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://ipindia.gov.in/IPIndiaAdmin/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Registered_GI_of_India_31-12-2024.pdf Registered GI]

{{Geographical indications}}

[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian folk art]]

Kavyanjali (Kannada TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:45Z

NewtonKelson9: new new bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language soap opera/drama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Soap opera]]
* [[Family drama]]
}}
| creator =
| writer = Vinod Kumar K R, Girish, Sushma
| story =
| theme_music_composer = Dharan, Prakash
| executive_producer = Sathisha M, Suraj Prakash Byrappa
| producer = Shankar Venkatraman
| editor = Girish Rai Kadaba
| director = Adarsh Hegde
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vidyashree Jayaram]]
* [[Akshata Deshpande]]
* Darshak Gowda
* Pavan Ravindra
* [[Deepa Jagadeesh]]
* [[Sushmitha Bhat]]

}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 465
| list_episodes =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = Shaak Studios
| network = [[Udaya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|08|03}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|02|26}}
}}

'''''Kavyanjali''''' is an Indian [[Kannada language]] [[soap opera]] aired on [[Udaya TV]] from 2020 to 2022. The show stars [[Vidyashree Jayaram]], [[Akshata Deshpande]], Darshak Gowda and Pavan Ravindra as the main leads. Kavyanjali was considered unique for not only the romantic chemistry between the leads but also their friendship and the story's main plot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-serial-kavyanjali-to-premiere-on-august-3/articleshow/77194258.cms|title=New serial Kavyanjali to premiere on August 3|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-show-kavyanjali-2-to-premiere-on-august-3/articleshow/77163237.cms|title=New show Kavyanjali 2 to premiere on August 3|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kavyanjali-completes-a-milestone-100-episodes/articleshow/79589621.cms|title=Kavyanjali completes a milestone 100 episodes|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/deepa-hiremath-replaces-sushmitha-bhat-in-kaavyanjali/articleshow/80892566.cms|title=Deepa Hiremath replaces Sushmitha Bhat in Kaavyanjali|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/akshatha-deshpande-replaces-deepa-jagadeesh-in-kavyanjali/articleshow/83136487.cms|title=Akshatha Deshpande replaces Deepa Jagadeesh in Kavyanjali|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-kavyanjali-successfully-completes-one-year/articleshow/85028731.cms|title=Daily soap Kavyanjali successfully completes one year|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-kavyanjali-completes-400-episodes/articleshow/87841693.cms|title=Daily soap Kavyanjali completes 400 episodes|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-kavyanjali-goes-off-air/articleshow/89741762.cms|title=Daily soap Kavyanjali goes off-air|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot revolves around between two cousins, Kavya and Anjali, who consider themselves sisters. Kavya is selfless, caring, immature, and angry, meanwhile, Anjali is caring and mature. Kavya is in a relationship with Sushanth, but she dominates and controls him. Sushanth slowly realises the difference between obsession and true love after becoming close to Anjali and falling in love with her. After Anjali's parents die, Sushanth likes her even more.

On Kavya and Sushanth's wedding day, Kavya learns of Sushanth's love for Anjali. She sacrifices her happiness for Sushanth and makes Sushanth and Anjali marry despite Anjali's displeasure. On the same day, Kavya is forced to marry Siddharth, Sushanth's brother, causing Kavya's mother to hate Anjali. Sushanth's mother, Vedha, hates Anjali because of past bitterness but likes her now and considers her as one of her daughters and supports her.

Anjali and Sushanth, and Kavya and Siddharth discover their love for each other with the help of Vasu and Rishi. Kavya learns of Akshata, Siddharth's ex-lover, and decides to reunite them. Without telling him her plan, she travels to [[Goa]] with Siddharth to meet Akshatha. Siddharth, who knows Kavya's intentions, becomes angry with her and leaves her. Kavya injures herself by falling down the stairs while running after him. He feels guilty about her condition and cares for her. She forces him to reunite with Akshatha but he tells Akshatha he is not ready to reconcile. He returns with Kavya to [[Bangalore]]. Siddharth pleads with her never to mention Akshatha again, and she accepts. Soon he realizes that he does have romantic feelings for Kavya. He tries to tell her multiple times but fails. Finally, he writes a letter explaining his feelings for her and gives her a gift.

Later, Anjali discovers that Sushanth is not Veda's son. She plans a surprise for Sushanth, and expresses her feelings for him. Siddharth proposes to Kavya in front of his family, and both accept each other, ready to start their life anew. Anjali is threatened by Kailash and cannot open up about her feelings for him. She says she will leave the house, despite this sentiment making Sushanth depressed. When Anjali leaves the house, Vedha realises something is happening and goes to meet her at the airport. Anjali is shot by someone Kailash had hired, although not fatally.

Kavya breaks ties with her mother as she had mistreated Anjali. Kailash conspires to kill Anjali, but Siddharth saves her from his hired thugs. A snake later bites Anjali. Siddharth is suspicious, and both brothers try to uncover the truth. Kailash tries to plot against Sushanth and reveal his true parentage.

Siddharth misunderstands that he was adopted and decides to leave with Kavya. Kavya already knows that Sushanth was adopted, but she hides the truth from Siddarth for Sushanth's sake. Anjali reveals to Siddharth that Sushanth is the adopted one. Later, a conspiracy is hatched by Prema and Ajji. Sushanth discovers that he was adopted and is devastated, but he understands Vedha's situation.

Meanwhile, Anjali becomes pregnant. Prema tries to kill her unborn baby, but Vasu protects Anjali. Kavya's father discloses all of Prema and Ajji's schemes to the family. Ajji confesses that Kailash is Sushanth's father, and he cheated on her with Triveni (Sushanth's biological mother). Kailash seeks forgiveness from Vedha for all his misdeeds. Prema and Ajji realise their mistake, and Prema accepts Anjali as her daughter.

A year later, Kavya and Anjali are with their babies, and all family members gather in celebratory a mood. Kavya announces her son's name as Kavyartha, and Anjali reveals her daughter's name as Sushanjali. Everyone is pleased and celebrates.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Vidyashree Jayaram]] as Kavya Siddarth Arus: Anjali's cousin and Siddharth's wife, Sushanth's former love interest and fiancée, Kavyartha's mother
* [[Sushmitha Bhat]] / Deepa Jagadeesh / [[Akshata Deshpande]] as Anjali Sushanth Arus: Kavya's cousin, Sushanth's wife, Sushanjali's mother
* Darshak Gowda as Siddharth Arus: Kavya's husband, Vedha's elder son, Rishi's elder and Sushanth's elder step-brother, Kavyartha's father
* Pavan Ravindra as Sushanth Arus: Kavya's former love interest and fiancée, Anjali's husband, Vedha's foster son and Triveni's biological son, Siddharth and Rishi's step-brother, Sushanjali's father

===Supporting===
* [[Abhinaya (Kannada actress)|Abhinaya]] as Vedha Arus: Siddharth and Rishi's mother, Sushanth's foster mother
* Sinchana Ponnava / Sahana Annappa as Punarvasu (Vasu): Kailash's sister. She supports Anjali.
* [[Mithun Tejasvi]] as Kailash Arus: Siddharth, Sushanth and Rishi's father
* Vinya as Rishi: Siddharth's sister and Sushanth's foster sister, Vedha's daughter
* Mareena Thara as Prema: Kavya's mother. She dislikes Anjali
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Govindanna, Vasu's friend whom Sushanjali and Sidka met in Goa
* Vishwas Bharadwaj<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ace-actor-vishwas-bharadwaj-joins-the-cast-of-kavyanjali/articleshow/85559148.cms|title=Ace actor Vishwas Bharadwaj joins the cast of Kavyanjali|website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Karthik
* Mahalakshmi Urs as Anjali's mother
* Ravi Bhat as Anjali's father

===Appearances===
* [[Mandya Ramesh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mandya-ramesh-plays-a-cameo-in-kavyanjali/articleshow/85029479.cms|title=Mandya Ramesh plays a cameo in Kavyanjali|website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Thatha, Triveni's relative
* [[Arthana Binu|Arthana]] as Triveni
* Pavithra Naik as Kadambari
* Malathi Saradeshpande as Gayathri

==Crossover and special episodes==
* From 7 September 2020 to 11 September 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/special-combined-episodes-of-tv-shows-kavyanjali-manasare-to-be-aired-from-monday/articleshow/77948229.cms|title=Special combined episodes of TV shows Kavyanjali, Manasare to be aired from Monday|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and from 6 May 2021 to 26 May 2021 it had a Mahasangama with ''[[Manasaare (TV series)|Manasaare]]''.
* From 9 November 2020 to 13 November 2020 it aired a one-hour special episode.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-special-episodes-of-yarivalu-kavyanjali-and-manasaare-from-tomorrow/articleshow/79232366.cms|title=Watch special episodes of Yarivalu, Kavyanjali and Manasaare from tomorrow|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Again from 14 April 2021 to 17 April 2021 it had a crossover with ''Manasaare'' for Yuva and Prathana marriage episodes.

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:5%;" | Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:5%;" | Ref.
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Kavyanjali'' ಕಾವ್ಯಾಂಜಲಿ
|3 August 2020
|[[Udaya TV]]
|26 February 2022
|Original
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kavyanjali-to-be-remade-in-four-languages/articleshow/83057293.cms|title=Kavyanjali to be remade in four languages|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Mom Palak'' মা পলক
|26 April 2021
||[[Sun Bangla]]
|27 March 2022
|rowspan="3"|Remake
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-kavyanjali-to-have-a-bengali-remake/articleshow/82078615.cms|title=Kannada daily soap Kavyanjali to have a Bengali remake|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Manassinakkare (TV series)|Manassinakkare]]'' മനസ്സിനക്കരെ
|23 August 2021
|[[Surya TV]]
|26 November 2022
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-kavyanjali-to-have-a-malayalam-remake/articleshow/84169813.cms|title=Kannada daily soap Kavyanjali to have a Malayalam remake|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Kavyanjali'' కావ్యాంజలి
|23 August 2021
|[[Gemini TV]]
|14 January 2023
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-kavyanjali-to-be-remade-in-telugu/articleshow/84818802.cms|title=Kannada daily soap 'Kavyanjali' to be remade in Telugu?|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Udaya original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]

Clara Swain

2026-04-01T17:08:40Z

NewtonKelson9: creating pg

{{Short description|American physician and missionary (1834–1910)}}{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]]
| name =
| image = Clara Swain.jpg
| caption = Swain in 1869
| birth_date = 18 July 1834
| birth_place = [[Elmira, New York]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1910|12|25|1834|07|18}}
| death_place = [[Castile, New York]]
| alma_mater = [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]]
| occupation = Physician and Christian missionary
| known_for =
}}

'''Clara A. Swain''' (18 July 1834 – 25 December 1910) was an American [[physician]] and [[Christian mission]]ary of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]]. She has been called the "pioneer woman physician in [[India]]," and as well as the "first fully accredited woman physician ever sent out by any missionary society into any part of the Non-Christian world".<ref name=Narlini>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijimt.org/papers/27-C322.pdf |title=Pioneer Woman Physician as Medical Missionary to the Women of the Orient Clara A. Swain, M. D (1834–1910) |publisher=International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology 1.2 |date= |accessdate=2011-12-16}}</ref> Her call to service in India fell from a need to have a female physician provide quality medical care to high-[[caste]] women, that were religiously secluded to [[zenana]]. Supported by the [[Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church|Woman's Foreign Missionary Society]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111117130508/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/history/photos.html Women's Foreign Missionary Society]</ref> of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]], Swain left the United States in 1869, for [[Bareilly]], India, where she spent the next twenty-seven years of her life treating women and children from illnesses, while simultaneously working to [[evangelize]] natives.<ref name="Narlini"/><ref name=Church>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianity.com/ChurchHistory/11630553/ |title=No Rest for a Weary Clara Swain |publisher=Christianity.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-17}}</ref>

By the end of her first year in Bareilly, Swain had acquired seventeen medical students, clinically trained under her supervision, and had treated at minimum, 1,300 patients. Within the next four years, she helped establish the first hospital in India for women and children.<ref name="Church"/>

== Early life and education ==
Swain was born in [[Elmira, New York]] and raised in [[Castile (town), New York|Castile, New York]]. Her father, John Swain, was of [[Irish people|Irish]] descent and her mother, Clarisa Seavey, carried [[New England]] ancestry. At age eight, Swain joined the Methodist Church, a decision that would influence her aspirations of assuming a "Christian profession". Following her religious studies, at age twenty-one, Swain began teaching private pupils in Castile and subsequently moved to [[Canandaigua, New York]] to formally teach at a school. There, she developed an interest in medicine by caring for the sick. Swain began her medical training at the Castile [[Sanatorium]], under the direction of Dr. [[Cordelia A. Greene]]. Three years later, she applied and was accepted to the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], graduating in the spring of 1869.<ref name="Narlini"/><ref name=Hoskins>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/claraaswainmdfi00socigoog#page/n6/mode/2up |title=Clara A. Swain, M.D., First Medical Missionary to the Women of the Orient |publisher=Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, Methodist Episcopal Church |date= |accessdate=2011-12-16}}</ref>

== Working in Bareilly ==
Mrs. Thomas, the director of the girls' orphanage of the Methodist Mission in Bairelly, India, sent out a letter to Mrs. J.T. Gracey (a former missionary), requesting for a female physician to aid the village. Mrs. J.T. Gracey in turn, sent for Dr. Swain. Swain accepted the appeal and on November 3, 1869, she sailed from New York and arrived in Bareilly on January 20, 1870.<ref name="Narlini"/>

=== Medical training for native women ===
[[File:Clara A. Swain, M.D. (ca. 1881).png|thumb|Swain in {{Circa|1881}}]]
Upon arriving in Bareilly, India, Swain made it an imperative to train local women to help assist her with patients. Swain began with the fourteen native Christian women that Mrs. Thomas had previously been educating. Beginning March 1, 1870, these women were given clinical experience by working with the orphaned sick and "Christian village", and were taught basic lessons in "[[anatomy]], [[physiology]], and [[materia medica]]," by Swain herself.<ref name="Hoskins" /> They soon became "proficient in compounding and dispensing machines." Swain had spent two to three hours a day with her students, preparing them for the "examination of fourth-grade doctors," supervised under two civil surgeons and an American physician. Thirteen of her students passed the exam, and on April 10, 1873, they were bestowed "certificates for practice in all ordinary diseases." Of these graduates, Swain chose three as "Bible women" to help promote the religious mission of the hospital. In the 1890s, the [[Christian Medical College Ludhiana]] was founded to provide formalized medical courses in lieu of the basic training that the assistants were previously offered.<ref name="Narlini" /><ref name="Hoskins" />

===Furloughs===
Accommodating the constant influx of patients, [[outpatient]] visits, and the rapidly increasing work eventually took a toll on Swain's physical and mental health, causing her to return to America in March 1876. On September 25, 1879, Swain left the states, and arrived at [[Bombay, India]] on November 6. She was then appointed to resume her work, in January 1880.

Her second return to America was triggered by a deterioration of health in both her sister and herself. She left [[Khetri]], India in March 1888, and returned a year and a half later.<ref name="Hoskins"/>

=== Clara Swain Hospital ===
[[File:Clara Swain 1906.jpg|thumb|Swain in 1906]]
Although there had been indigenous resistance to Western medicine and religion in India, the mission had successfully procured an [[estate (land)|estate]] from the [[Nawab]] of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], on which to expand medical facilities. Such was not an uncommon thread of families of [[princely states]], since many of them in this area were in favor of "mission-sponsored initiatives for female education or medical work." In allotting the gift, The Nawab of Rampur was quoted saying, "Take it! It is yours! I give it to you with great pleasure for such a purpose."

On January 1, 1872, Swain moved her team over to the Nawab's former property. By May 1873, a dispensary building was erected and by January 1, 1874, the first in-estatehouse patients were treated. The completed hospital, known as the [[Clara Swain Hospital]], was then the "first hospital for women in India." Soon after, Swain had accumulated many more visitors from neighboring states, including those traveling from as distant as [[Burma]].<ref name="Narlini"/><ref name="Hoskins"/>

=== Later life and death ===
In 1909, James Pott & Co. published a collection of Swain's latters titled ''A Glimpse of India,'' which includes letters from the period 1869–1908.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swain |first=Clara A. |url=https://archive.org/details/glimpseofindiabe1909swai/page/2/mode/2up |title=A Glimpse of India |publisher=James Pott & Co. |year=1909 |location=New York |language=en-US |ol=OL24400908M}}</ref> Dr. Swain spent the last year of her life in [[Castile, New York]] where she died on December 25, 1910. She is buried at Grace Cemetery.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LK3NAAAAMAAJ&q=clara+swain+%22grace+cemetery%22 ''Woman's Missionary Friend'']</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web|accessdate=2011-12-17
|url=https://archive.org/stream/claraaswainmdfi00socigoog#page/n6/mode/2up
|title=Clara A. Swain, M.D., First Medical Missionary to the Women of the Orient
|work=Medicine & Evangelism
|publisher=[[Woman's Foreign Missionary Society]], Methodist Episcopal Church
|year=1912}}
* [[Dorothy Clarke Wilson|Palace of Healing: The Story of Dr. Clara Swain, first woman missionary doctor, and the hospital she founded (1968)]]
* {{cite web |accessdate= |url=https://archive.org/stream/glimpseofindiabe00swai#page/n7/mode/2up |title=A glimpse of India : being a collection of extracts from the letters Dr. Clara A. Swain, first medical missionary to India of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America |work=Medical Missionary Letters |publisher=James Pott and Company |year=1909}}

== External links ==
* {{Librivox author |id=11220}}
* {{YouTube|7jFU5XttII4}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swain, Clara}}
[[Category:1834 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:American women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from Elmira, New York]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American Methodist missionaries]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:People from Castile, New York]]
[[Category:Zenana missions]]
[[Category:Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
[[Category:American medical missionaries]]

Monolithic Bull, Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-31T20:46:41Z

NewtonKelson9: added basic details first draft...

{{Short description|Sculpture of Nandi in Lepakshi, India}}
[[File:1 massive Nandi Bull sculpture in Lepakshi India 2017.jpg|200px|thumb]]

'''Monolithic Bull''' is a sculpture of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] in [[Lepakshi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Sri Veerabhadra Temple and Monolithic Bull (Nandi), Lepakshi (The Vijayanagara Sculpture and Painting Art Tradition) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6607/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2022-03-29 |title=Lepakshi Nandi, Veerabhadra temple on UNESCO World Heritage tentative list |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lepakshi-nandi-veerabhadra-temple-on-unesco-world-heritage-tentative-list/article65271080.ece |access-date=2022-12-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Umamaheswara |title=Andhra Pradesh: Lepakshi temple finds place in tentative Unesco heritage list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-lepakshi-temple-finds-place-in-tentative-unesco-heritage-list/articleshow/90530073.cms |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Times of India |date=30 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is also an [[archaeological site]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQluAAAAMAAJ&q=Monolithic+Bull+andhra+pradesh |title=Indian Archaeology |date=1994 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

It is one of the largest single stone Nandi figure in India<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punja |first=Shobita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZpYCwAAQBAJ&dq=Monolithic+Bull+andhra+pradesh&pg=PT119 |title=Khajuraho: The First Thousand Years |date=2010-10-14 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-40-6 |language=en}}</ref> and it is said to be that it is largest of its kind in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagadesan |first=T. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMwCAAAAMAAJ&q=Monolithic+Bull+andhra+pradesh |title=Andhra Pradesh |date=1969 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=N. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o27qAAAAMAAJ&q=monolithic+bull+lepakshi |title=Sculpture in India: Its History & Art |date=1972 |publisher=Caxton Press |language=en}}</ref> It is situated 1km far from east of [[Lepakshi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTcnDwAAQBAJ&dq=monolithic+bull+lepakshi+tourist+attraction&pg=PT328 |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India |date=2017-09-07 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-32624-4 |language=en}}</ref> in the entrance of the town.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jq5WAAAAYAAJ&q=monolithic+bull+lepakshi+tourist+attraction |title=India: A Travel Survival Kit |date=2005 |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=978-1-74059-694-7 |language=en}}</ref> It is carved out of red granite.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSNuAAAAMAAJ&q=monolithic+bull+lepakshi+tourist+attraction |title=Heritage Holidays: South, West & East India |date=2004 |publisher=Outlook Pub. (India) |isbn=978-81-901724-5-5 |language=en}}</ref> It is regarded as one of the finest specimens of the [[architecture of Vijayanagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites count increases to 49! |url=https://newsonair.com/2022/04/04/indias-tentative-list-of-unesco-world-heritage-sites-count-increases-to-49/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=All India Radio |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]
[[Category:Sculptures of cattle]]
[[Category:Animal sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Granite sculptures]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures in India]]

Mountain railways of India

2026-03-29T21:31:38Z

NewtonKelson9: Added New Article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Mountain Railways of India
| image = {{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| border = infobox
| header=[[Mountain Railways of India]]
| caption_align=center
| image1=DarjeelingTrainFruitshopCrop.JPG
| caption1=[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling ]]
| image2=KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg
| caption2=[[Kalka-Shimla Railway|Kalka-Shimla]]
| image3=NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg
| caption3=[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Nilgiri]]
}}
| caption =
| location = India
| includes = {{ubl|[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
|[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]
|[[Kalka–Shimla railway|Kalka–Shimla Railway]]}}
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv)}}(ii), (iv)
| ID = 944
| year = 1999
| extension = 2005, 2008
| area = {{cvt|88.99|ha}}
| buffer_zone = {{cvt|644.88|ha}}
|embedded =
{{Location map many
|border=infobox
|width=300px
| India
| caption = Mountain railways of India
| label1 = Darjeeling
| link1 = Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
| coordinates1= {{coord|26|40|48|N|88|27|36|E}}
| label2 = Nilgiri
| link2 = Nilgiri Mountain Railway
| coordinates2= {{coord|11|30|37|N|76|55|54|E}}
| label3 = Shimla
| link3 = Kalka–Shimla railway
| coordinates3= {{coord|30|51|8|N|76|56|15|E}}
}}
}}

The '''Mountain railways of India''' are the railway lines that operate in the mountainous regions of India. Though the term is primarily used to denote [[narrow-gauge]] railways operational in specific locations, it might also include some [[broad-gauge]] railways in mountainous terrain.

Three of the lines, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], and the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]], are collectively designated as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] under the name "Mountain Railways of India". Two more, the [[Matheran Hill Railway]] and the [[Kangra Valley Railway]], are on the tentative list of [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is the only [[rack and pinion railway]] in India. Other narrow-gauge railway lines include the [[Kangra Valley Railway]] and [[Matheran Hill Railway]].

The [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], completed in 2025, uses broad-gauge. Mountain railways, such as the [[Chota Char Dham Railway]], are currently under construction, and others are in the planning stage, such as the [[Bhanupli–Leh line]] and [[Sivok–Rangpo line]].

==World Heritage Site==
Three railways, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] and the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]] are collectively designated as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], under the name 'Mountain Railways of India'.<ref name="Centre">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944|title=Mountain Railways of India|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=3 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503143242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Matheran Hill Railway]] and [[Kangra Valley Railway]] are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.<ref name="Centre1">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5919/|title=Mountain Railways of India (Extension)|work=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> UNESCO describes the Mountain Railways of India as "outstanding examples of bold, ingenious engineering solutions for the problem of establishing an effective rail link through rugged, mountainous terrain."<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944|title=Mountain Railways of India|access-date=19 February 2010|work=[[UNESCO]]|archive-date=3 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503143242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway received the honor first in 1999 followed by the Nilgiri Mountain Railway in 2005, and the Kalka–Shimla Railway was added in 2008.<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="Srinivasan">{{cite book|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Rupa|first2=Manish|last2=Tiwari|first3=Sandeep|last3=Silas|title= Our Indian Railway: themes in India's Railway history|pages=xxxiv–xxxv|access-date=21 February 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2-eHnajWxIC|publisher= Foundation Books|year=2006|isbn=978-8-175-96330-6}}</ref> The three routes are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site criteria ii and iv, within the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia-Pacific]] region.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

==Railway lines==
===Darjeeling Himalayan Railway===
[[File:Darjeelinghimalayanrailway.jpg|thumb|A train on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a {{cvt|610|mm}} [[narrow-gauge railway]] that links the {{cvt|88.48|km}} route between [[New Jalpaiguri]] and [[Darjeeling]].<ref name="Centre"/> The latter is a major [[hill station]] and the centre of a tea-growing district in [[East India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |editor1-last= Fischer-Tiné |editor1-first=Harald |editor2-last=Framke |editor2-first=Maria |chapter=Imperial Sanctuaries: The hill stations of colonial South Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-138-36484-4 |doi=10.4324/9780429431012-26 |s2cid=238650973 |pages=319-320}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chettri |first=Mona |page=8 |year=2018 |title=Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments |editor1-last=Middleton |editor1-first=Townsend |editor2-last=Shneiderman |editor2-first=Sara |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-948355-6|doi=10.1093/oso/9780199483556.003.0007}}</ref> The town of [[Siliguri]], at the start of the railway route, was connected with [[Calcutta]] via railway in 1878, while the additional journey to Darjeeling required the use of [[tonga (carriage)|tongas]] (horse-driven carts) along a dust track. On the recommendations of a committee appointed by [[Ashley Eden]], work on the route began in 1879. The line opened in phases and was completed by July 1881. Initially, small four wheel carriages were used, which was replaced by [[bogie]] carriages later. The line underwent several improvements such as making its gradients more gradual over the years to increase its manoeuvrability.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingnews.net/darjeeling_himalayan_railway.html|title=DHR History|access-date=1 February 2010|work=Darjeeling.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031213231046/http://darjeelingnews.net/darjeeling_himalayan_railway.html|archive-date=13 December 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The route is operated by the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. The line starts at near [[sea level]] at Siliguri and raises to over {{cvt|7000|ft|order=flip}} at Darjeeling.<ref name="NFR">{{cite web|url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,655,656,991|title=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The highest elevation is at [[Ghoom]] station, {{cvt|2258|m}}.<ref name="Centre"/> The line has steep gradients and several sharp curves along the route. The line originally had bankings of gradient ranging from 1 in 19 to 1 in 36 with sharp curves of {{cvt|50|ft}} radius. However, over the years, the line was modified, with the steepest gradient now being 1 in 23, and the sharpest curve having a turning radius of {{cvt|69|ft}}. The track features four [[Zig zag (railway)|zigzags]] and four [[Spiral (railway)|loops]].<ref name="NFR"/> The train is pulled by [[steam locomotive]]s, and moves at speeds of between {{cvt|20-25|kph}}. Although the service was begun in the 19th century to move humans and freight efficiently, its primary clients today are tourists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Sujama |last2=Hannam |first2=Kevin |title=Embodying the Mobilities of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway |journal=Mobilities |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/17450101.2012.745695 |s2cid=144614737 |pages=584–588}}</ref> The railway is notable for its [[signage]] located at key vantage points, marking locations with titles such as Agony Point and Sensation Corner. The spirals on steep hills that provide scenic views of the valleys below.<ref name="Kholi">{{Cite book|last=Kohli|first=M.S.|author2=Ashwani Lohani|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage|chapter=The Indian Mountain Railway|pages=97–106|access-date=20 June 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-8-173-87135-1}}</ref>

===Nilgiri Mountain Railway===
[[File:Nilgiri Mountain Train.jpg|thumb|A train on the Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]

The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a {{cvt|45.88|km}} [[metre gauge]] single-line railway. It connects the town of [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] with the hill station of [[Udagamandalam]] (Ooty) in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It traverses through the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Southern India]] ascending from an elevation of {{cvt|326|m}} to {{cvt|2203|m}}.<ref name="Centre"/><ref name="Kholi"/><ref name="SR">{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the line was laid, travel was slow and arduous with [[bullock carts]], and horses used for travel.<ref name="SR"/> Plans for the railway line was first made in 1854, however, the line was completed only in June 1899. The line was initially laid till [[Coonoor]], and was extended to Ooty in October 1908.<ref name="Centre"/><ref name="SR"/> It was initially operated by the [[Madras Railway]], which later became part of the [[South Indian Railway Company]]. It is currently been operated by the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the Indian Railways.<ref name="SR"/>

It is the only [[rack railway]] in India, and it uses an [[Abt rack system]], which requires the use of [['X' Class locomotives (Nilgiri Mountain Railway)|special steam locomotives]].<ref name="Kholi"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|title=The Nilgiri Mountain Railway as old as the hills|date=27 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330055908/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The line runs for {{cvt|7.2|km}}, up to the station of Kallar, where the rack rail portion begins. The rack rail portion ends at [[Coonoor railway station]].<ref name="Kholi"/><ref name="SR"/> In addition to the traction by adhesion as in an ordinary loco, additional traction is generated by pinions acting on the track bars in the segment. There are four brakes including two [[hand brake]]s, and two [[Railway air brake|air brake]]s, and the former are used for shunting while the later for descending steep gradients. One of the handbrakes acts on the tyres of the wheels in the ordinary manner and the second acts on grooved surfaces of the pinion axle, but can be used in those places where the rack is laid.<ref name="Kholi"/> The line has an average gradient of 1 in 24.5, with the steepest at 1 in 23, and is one of the steepest mountain railway in Asia. The line includes 250 bridges, 15 road over bridges, and 16 tunnels.<ref name="SR"/> The longest tunnel of this section measures {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name="Kholi"/> The uphill journey along the route to take about 290{{nbsp}}min (4.8{{nbsp}}h), while the downhill journey takes 215{{nbsp}}min (3.6{{nbsp}}h).<ref name=Kholi/> The line is prone to disruptions, as the region experiences heavy rainfall during the [[monsoon]].<ref name="SR"/>

===Kalka–Shimla Railway===
[[File:KSR Steam special at Taradevi 05-02-13 56.jpeg|thumb|Shivalik Deluxe Express on the Kalka–Shimla Railway]]

The Kalka–Shimla Railway is a narrow {{track gauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} railway that runs {{cvt|96.6|km}} between [[Kalka]] and [[Shimla]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Centre"/><ref name="Kholi"/><ref name="KSR">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200708130322.htm |title=HP declares Kalka–Shimla railway as 'heritage' property |date=21 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927210127/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200708130322.htm |archive-date=27 September 2008 }}</ref> It ascends from an elevation of {{cvt|656|m}} to {{cvt|2076|m}} in the [[Siwalik Hills]] of the Himalayas. Until the railway's construction, the only access to Shimla was by village cartway. The railway line was constructed by the Delhi–Ambala–Kalka Railway Company, beginning in 1898 and was completed in 1903. It is administered by the [[Northern Railways]] of the Indian Railways.<ref name="Kholi"/><ref name="KSR"/>

The Kalka–Shimla Railway has 103 tunnels and 864 bridges. Many of the bridges are multi-arched, similar to [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]]s, and one bridge, which spans {{convert|18.29|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}}, is made with plate girders and [[Truss bridge|steel trusses]]. Its [[ruling gradient]] is 1 in 33, and it features 919 curves, with the [[Minimum railway curve radius|sharpest]] at 48 degrees (radius of {{cvt|37.47|m}}). The longest tunnel on the line is the Barog Tunnel (No.{{nbsp}}33), which is {{cvt|1144|m}} long, between [[Barog railway station|Barog]] and [[Solan railway station|Solan]]. There are loops at [[Taksal]], Gumman, and Dharampur which help to attain the require gradient.<ref name="Kholi"/>

=== Matheran Hill Railway ===
[[File:Train to Matheran.JPG|thumb|A train on the Matheran Hill Railway]]

The [[Matheran Hill Railway]] is a {{RailGauge|2ft|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railway that covers a distance of {{cvt|19.97|km}} between [[Neral, India|Neral]] and [[Matheran]], in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Centre1" /> Located in the [[Western Ghats]], its construction was led by Abdul Peerbhoy and financed by his father, [[Adamjee Peerbhoy]], of the [[Adamjee Group]].<ref name="Kholi"/> The project was designed in 1900, with construction beginning in 1904 and completed in March 1907.<ref name="Centre1"/><ref name="Kholi" /> The original tracks were built using 30 lb/yd [[Rail profile#Rail sizes|rails]] but were later updated to 42 lb/yd rails. Until the 1980s, the railway was closed during the monsoon season (because of the increased risk of landslides) but is now open all year. It is administered by the [[Central Railways]] of the Indian Railways.<ref name="Kholi"/>

The railway line ascends at an average gradient of 1 in 25, with a maximum gradient of 1 in 20. It has 221 curves with the sharpest having a radius of {{cvt|18.25|m}}. There are 121 bridges, and a single tunnel (One kiss tunnel) on the line. The maximum speed is {{cvt|20|kph}}, which is reduced to as low as {{cvt|8|kph}} at sharp curves.<ref name="Centre1"/><ref name="Kholi"/> Notable features of the line include its horseshoe embankments, the Herdal Hill section, the steep grade of Bhekra Khud, and the two zigzags at Mountain Berry.<ref name="Kholi"/>

=== Kangra Valley Railway ===
[[File:Kangra Valley train.jpg|right|thumb|A train on the Kangra Valley Railway]]

The [[Kangra Valley Railway]] is {{TrackGauge|2ft 6in}} [[narrow-gauge]] railway and covers a distance of {{cvt|163.72|km}} between [[Pathankot]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Joginder Nagar]] in Himachal Pradesh in the sub-Himalayan region.<ref name="Centre1"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=Rough guide to India|page=479|access-date=20 June 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&q=mountain+railways+of+india&pg=PA479|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-089-9}}</ref> The highest point on this line is at Ahju station at an elevation of {{cvt|1291|m}}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/ahju-ahju/6339|title=Trains to Ahju Statio|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419065330/https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/ahju-ahju/6339|url-status=live}}</ref> The construction of the line began in 1925, primarily to support a [[hydroelectric]] project. It opened for freight traffic on 1 December 1928, and later for passenger traffic from April 1929. The service faced disruptions during the [[Second World War]] and the construction of [[Pong Dam]] in the 1970s, but was restored later.<ref name="Centre1"/>

The line has a maximum gradient of 1 in 25, and features 993 bridges, two tunnels, and 484 curves, with the sharpest curve having a radius of {{cvt|58.33|m}}.<ref name="Centre1"/> Major bridge structures include the [[steel arch bridge]] over the Reond nalah and the [[girder bridge]] over the [[Banganga River (Himachal Pradesh)|Banganga River]].<ref name="Kholi"/> The train initially operated with steam locomotives, but now uses [[diesel locomotives]]. The train travels at a maximum speed of {{cvt|45|kph}} in the flatter sections, and {{cvt|20|km}} in the steep hill sections. The line is part of the Northern Railway.<ref name="Centre1"/>

=== Jammu–Baramulla line ===
[[File:Chenab Rail Bridge, Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|thumb|[[Chenab Rail Bridge]] on the Jammu-Baramulla line]]

The {{cvt|325|km}}-long [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] is an [[Indian gauge|broad gauge]] railway line that connects the [[Kashmir Valley]] with [[Jammu]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The railway starts from [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] and connects to [[Baramulla railway station|Baramulla]] via [[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar]].<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/report-udhampur-srinagar-baramulla-rail-link-update-final-track-work-completed-vande-bharat-to-begin-in-3122482|title=Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail link update|date=15 December 2024|access-date=1 January 2025|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref name="DE">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/history-of-railways-in-jk/|title=History of Railways in J&K|work=Daily Excelsior|date=6 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The line passes through the [[Pir Panjal range]] of the [[Himalayas]], which necessitated multiple tunnels and bridges.<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tracking-jammu-and-kashmir-s-rail-history/story-wDdzKH2WXmqf5uUSXDz9BL.html|title=Tracking Jammu and Kashmir rail history|date=28 October 2009|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The line includes the [[Chenab Rail Bridge]], the highest rail bridge in the world,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011757570500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120120958/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011757570500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2008|title=Chenab Rail bridge will be highest in the world|access-date=14 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Conceptual design of the Chenab Bridge in India|url=https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/278653/1-s2.0-S1877705812X00201/1-s2.0-S1877705812024642/main.pdf|author1=P. Pulkkinen|author2=S. Hopf b|author3=A. Jutila|journal=Procedia Engineering|volume=40|year=2012|pages=189–194| doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.078 }}</ref>

the [[Anji Khad Bridge]], India's first cable-stayed railway bridge,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/jk-will-be-given-the-status-of-a-state-by-pm-modi-says-cm-omar-abdullah/2649525/|title=J&K will be given the status of a state by PM Modi, says CM Omar Abdullah|work=[[ThePrint]]|date=6 June 2025|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> and the [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]], India's [[List of rail tunnels in India by length|longest railway tunnel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pir-panjal-railway-tunnel-decoding-indias-longest-train-tunnel-which-connects-kashmir-with-rest-of-the-country-details-inside-3349747/|title=Pir panjal railway tunnel: decoding India's longest railway tunnel|date=29 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref> The Jammu–[[Udhampur railway station|Udhampur]] section of the line was opened in April 2005.<ref name="DE"/><ref name="RT">{{cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/chenab-bridge-jammu-kashmir/?cf-view|title=Chenab Bridge|work=Railway technology|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Subsequently, the section between [[Banihal railway station|Banihal]] and Baramulla was opened in phases from 2008 to 2013.<ref name="HT"/><ref name="IT">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/baramulla-jammu-chenab-river-rail-bridge-to-cut-travel-time-india-today-154110-2013-02-15|title=India joins the superlative club, we now have the world's highest rail bridge|date=15 February 2013|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172000/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/baramulla-jammu-chenab-river-rail-bridge-to-cut-travel-time-india-today-154110-2013-02-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The section between Udhampur and [[Katra railway station|Katra]] was opened for traffic in July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-flags-off-inaugural-train-from-katra/article6176580.ece|title=Modi flags off inaugural train from Katra|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 July 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912055841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-flags-off-inaugural-train-from-katra/article6176580.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The entire line was completed in June 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/udhampur-srinagar-baramulla-rail-link-project-fully-operational-after-nearly-28-years/article69667750.ece|title=Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link project fully operational after nearly 28 years|date=7 June 2025|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Patalpani-Kalakund line ===
[[Patalpani–Kalakund Heritage Train|Patalpani–Kalakund line]] is a metre-gauge line in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The {{cvt|9.5|km}} section is maintained by the [[Western Railways]], and was part of the Mhow–Khandwa line. The line has a 1 to 40 gradient, and 42 bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/patalpani-kalakund-heritage-train-take-this-cool-indian-railways-ride-through-several-tunnels-42-bridges/1437116/|title=Patalpani-Kalakund heritage train: Take this cool Indian Railways ride through several tunnels, 42 bridges!|date=8 January 2019|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/special-patalpani-kalakund-heritage-train-introduced-get-spectacular-view-of-waterfalls-and-mountains/1425289/|title=Special Patalpani-Kalakund heritage train introduced!|date=26 December 2018|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Mhow">{{cite report |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Sandeep |title=Mhow Sanawad Gauge Conversion Project, Western Railways|url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_91127125512191MhowSWD-GCprojectdetail.pdf |website=Parivesh |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, [[Government of India]] |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> It was declared a heritage track by the Indian Railways on 25 December 2018, and a new alignment is being constructed to Mhow–Khandwa line to bypass the line for regular railway traffic.<ref name="Mhow"/>

=== Bilimora–Waghai Line ===
[[Bilimora–Waghai section|Bilimora–Waghai line]] is a {{cvt|63|km}} line in [[Gujarat]]. It was opened in 1914, and later became part of the Western Railway. It was slated for closure in 2020 but was reopened and designated as a heritage train service in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-to-resume-bilimora-waghai-narrow-gauge-train-in-gujarat-with-ac-tourist-coach/2323153/|title=Indian Railways to resume Bilimora-Waghai narrow gauge train in Gujarat with AC Tourist coach|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maharashtra-govt-to-set-up-climate-change-council-23190499?infinite-scroll=1|title=Western Railway to restart Bilimora-Waghai Narrow Gauge train services from September 4|work=Mid Day|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1596004846758-1327061188023-opening%20of%20sections%20(1).pdf|title=
Section opening dates from History of Western Railways, Ministry of Railways|work=[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]}}</ref>

== Proposed lines ==

[[Jammu railway division#SKLL|Srinagar-Kargil-Leh line]]<ref name="abn1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=New Rail Lines for Leh-Pathankot, Leh-Kargil-Srinagar Shelved Due to Low Traffic Projections |url=https://www.news18.com/india/new-rail-lines-for-leh-pathankot-leh-kargil-srinagar-shelved-due-to-low-traffic-projections-railways-8448973.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> is a proposed [[railway line]] to run from Srinagar in the Kashmir valley to [[Leh]] in the [[Ladakh]] region via [[Kargil]]. The line was designated a national project in February 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Feb/27/srinagar-part-of-railways-skill-dev-program-18.asp |title=Srinagar part of Railways skill program |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |access-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716034343/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Feb/27/srinagar-part-of-railways-skill-dev-program-18.asp |archive-date=16 July 2013 }}</ref> The [[Bhanupli–Leh line]] is a proposed railway line that is planned to connect Bhanupli in Punjab to Leh. If undertaken, the line would be the highest railway line in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.summitpost.org/when-men-defies-his-limits-living-in-the-altitude/783488 |title=When men defies his limits: Living in the altitude |work=Summit Post |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903054217/http://www.summitpost.org/when-men-defies-his-limits-living-in-the-altitude/783488 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Chota Char Dham Railway]] consists of two Y-shaped railways, comprising several individual rail lines: the [[Doiwala–Dehradun–Uttarkashi–Maneri Gangotri Railway]], a {{cvt|131|km|}} route joined by the [[Uttarkashi–Palar Yamunotri Railway]], a {{cvt|22|km}} route with the "Y" fork connection at [[Uttarkashi]]; the [[Karnaprayag–Saikot–Sonprayag Kedarnath Railway]], a {{cvt|99|km}} route joined by the [[Saikot–Joshimath Badrinath Railway]], a {{cvt|75|km}} route with the "Y" fork connection at [[Saikot]]. The [[Rishikesh–Karnaprayag Railway]], under construction, is an extension from the existing [[Rishikesh railway station]] to [[Karnaprayag]] of the above system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/coming-soon-india-s-longest-railway-tunnel-on-rishikesh-karnprayag-route/story-wS8XHEfypDEXqdmkby3aAN.html|title=Coming soon: India's longest railway tunnel on Rishikesh-Karnprayag route|date=19 September 2016|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710164803/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/coming-soon-india-s-longest-railway-tunnel-on-rishikesh-karnprayag-route/story-wS8XHEfypDEXqdmkby3aAN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Sivok–Rangpo line]] is a proposed railway line planned to connect the towns of [[Sevoke]] in West Bengal and [[Rangpo]] in [[Sikkim]]. The railway line will connect Sikkim with the Indian Railway network, and is planned to be extended to [[Gangtok]] and possibly the India-China border.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sivok-Rangpo railway: Soon, travel from Bengal to Sikkim in 2 hrs |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2019/09/21/sivok-rangpo-railway-soon-travel-from-bengal-to-sikkim-in-2-hrs |work=East Mojo |date=21 September 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819050831/https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2019/09/21/sivok-rangpo-railway-soon-travel-from-bengal-to-sikkim-in-2-hrs |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Future of rail transport in India]]
* [[Mountain railway]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Wallace-HRIS}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mountain railways of India}}
{{Mountain railways of India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Mountain railways in India| ]]

Petroleum

2026-03-28T02:36:02Z

NewtonKelson9: adjust information for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Naturally occurring combustible liquid}}
{{Redirect|Crude oil|the 2008 film|Crude Oil (film){{!}}''Crude Oil'' (film)|other uses|Petroleum (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align = left
| align =
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| width = 220
| image1 = Petroleum sample.jpg
| caption1 = A sample of petroleum
| image2 = Oil well.jpg
| caption2 = [[Pumpjack]] pumping an oil well near [[Lubbock, Texas]], U.S.
| image3 = Photo lg kuwait.jpg
| caption3 = An oil refinery in [[Ahmadi Governorate]] in Kuwait
}}

'''Petroleum''', also known as '''crude oil''' or simply '''oil''', is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid [[chemical mixture]] found in [[geological formation]]s, consisting mainly of [[hydrocarbon]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EIA Energy Kids – Oil (petroleum) |url=http://www.eia.gov/KIDS/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics-k.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707183134/https://www.eia.gov/KIDS/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics-k.cfm |archive-date=July 7, 2017 |access-date=March 18, 2018 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> The term ''petroleum'' refers both to naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil, as well as to [[petroleum product]]s that consist of [[refining|refined]] crude oil.

Petroleum is a [[fossil fuel]] formed over millions of years from [[anaerobic decay]] of [[organic material]]s from buried [[prehistoric life|prehistoric]] [[organism]]s, particularly [[plankton]]s and [[algae]]. It is estimated that 70% of the world's oil deposits were formed during the [[Mesozoic]], 20% were formed in the [[Cenozoic]], and only 10% were formed in the [[Paleozoic]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_formation|title=Oil formation|last=Donev|first=Jason|publisher=Energy Edication, [[University of Calgary]]|access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref> Conventional reserves of petroleum are primarily recovered by [[oil drilling|drilling]], which is done after a study of the relevant [[structural geology]], [[sedimentary basin analysis|analysis of the sedimentary basin]], and [[reservoir characterization|characterization of the petroleum reservoir]]. There are also [[unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir|unconventional]] reserves such as [[oil sands]] and [[oil shale]] which are recovered by other means such as [[fracking]].

Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by [[continuous distillation#Continuous distillation of crude oil|distillation]], into innumerable products for direct use or use in manufacturing. Petroleum products include fuels such as [[gasoline]] (petrol), [[diesel fuel|diesel]], [[kerosene]] and [[jet fuel]]; [[bitumen]], [[paraffin wax]] and lubricants; [[reagent]]s used to make [[plastic]]s; [[solvents]], textiles, [[refrigerants]], paint, [[synthetic rubber]], [[fertilizers]], [[pesticide]]s, pharmaceuticals, and thousands of other [[petrochemical]]s. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a vast variety of materials essential for modern life,<ref name="Dixie State College 2">{{Cite news |last1=Krauss |first1=Clifford |last2=Mouawad |first2=Jad |date=March 1, 2011 |title=Libyan tremors threaten to rattle the oil world |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/01/stories/2011030155921100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306154842/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/01/stories/2011030155921100.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> and it is estimated that the world consumes about {{convert|100|e6oilbbl|e6m3|lk=on|abbr=off}} each day. Petroleum production played a key role in industrialization and [[economic development]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Economic Benefits of Oil & Gas |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/economic-impact-oil-and-gas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331224819/https://www.energy.gov/articles/economic-impact-oil-and-gas |archive-date=March 31, 2024 |access-date=March 31, 2024 |website=Department of Energy}}</ref> especially after the [[Second Industrial Revolution]]. Some petroleum-rich countries, known as [[petrostate]]s, gained significant economic and international influence during the latter half of the 20th century due to their control of oil production and trade.

Petroleum is a [[non-renewable resource]], and its [[exploitation of natural resources|exploitation]] is damaging to the [[natural environment]], [[climate system]] and human health. [[Extraction of petroleum|Extraction]], [[Petroleum industry|refining]] and burning of petroleum fuels counteract [[carbon sink]]s by [[greenhouse gas emissions|releasing]] large quantities of [[greenhouse gas]]es back into the Earth's atmosphere, making petroleum a major contributor to [[anthropogenic climate change]]. Other [[Health and environmental impact of the petroleum industry|negative environmental effects]], at almost all stages of use, include direct release—such as [[oil spill]]s—and secondary pollution of air and water sources.

Proximity to petroleum deposits, and subsequent access to and pricing of oil have historically fueled both domestic and geopolitical conflicts, state-sanctioned [[oil war]]s, diplomatic and [[trade war|trade friction]]s, [[energy policy]] disputes and other [[environmental conflict|resource conflicts]]. While production is estimated to reach [[peak oil]] before 2035,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bullard |first=Nathaniel |date=December 9, 2021 |title=Peak Oil Demand Is Coming But Not So Soon |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/peak-oil-demand-is-coming-but-not-so-soon-1.1693325 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |website=BNN, [[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> global economic focus on [[climate change mitigation]] in the transition to [[renewable energy]] sources and increased electrification will greatly reduce dependency on petroleum.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=R |first1=Tom |last2=all |last3=Warren |first3=Hayley |title=Peak Oil Is Already Here |language=en |publisher=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-peak-oil-era-is-suddenly-upon-us/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218064958/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-peak-oil-era-is-suddenly-upon-us/ |archive-date=December 18, 2020}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[File:Treibs&Chlorophyll.png|thumb|350 px|right|The close structural similarity of vanadium [[porphyrin]] compound (left) extracted from petroleum and [[chlorophyll a]] (right) established the biological origin of petroleum.]]
The word ''petroleum'' comes from Medieval Latin {{wikt-lang|la|petroleum}} (literally 'rock oil'), which comes from Latin [[wikt:petra#Latin|petra]] 'rock' (from Greek {{transliteration|grc|pétra}} {{wikt-lang|grc|πέτρα}}) and [[wikt:oleum#Latin|oleum]] 'oil' (from Greek {{transliteration|grc|élaion}} {{wikt-lang|grc|ἔλαιον}}).<ref>[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=petroleum "petroleum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516164428/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=petroleum |date=May 16, 2020 }}, in the American Heritage Dictionary</ref><ref>''[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum Petroleum]'', Medieval Latin: literally, rock oil = Latin petr(a) rock (< Greek pétra) + oleum oil, The Free Dictionary.com. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110024856/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum|date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> The origin of the term stems from monasteries in southern Italy where it was in use by the end of the first millennium as an alternative for the older term "[[naphtha]]".<ref name="van Dijk_2022, n">van Dijk, J.P. (2022); Unravelling the Maze of Scientific Writing Through the Ages: On the Origins of the Terms Hydrocarbon, Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Methane. Amazon Publishers, 166 pp. PaperBack Edition B0BKRZRKHW. {{ISBN|979-8-3539-8917-2}}</ref> After that, the term was used in numerous manuscripts and books, such as in the treatise ''[[De Natura Fossilium]]'', published in 1546 by German mineralogist [[Georg Bauer]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Georg Bauer |author=Bauer, Georg |date=1955 |translator=Bandy, Mark Chance |translator2=Bandy, Jean A. |title=De Natura Fossilium |location=Mineola, NY |publisher=Dover |orig-date=1546}}</ref> After the advent of the oil industry during the second half of the 19th century, the term became commonly known for the liquid form of hydrocarbons.

== History ==
{{Main|History of the petroleum industry}}

=== Early ===
[[File:Gusher Okemah OK 1922.jpg|thumb|An oil derrick in [[Okemah, Oklahoma]] in 1922]]
Petroleum in one form or another has been used since ancient times. More than 4,300 years ago, [[bitumen]] was mentioned when the [[Sumer]]ians used it to make boats. A tablet of the legend of the birth of [[Sargon of Akkad]] mentions a basket which was closed by straw and bitumen. More than 4,000 years ago, according to [[Herodotus]] and [[Diodorus Siculus]], asphalt (bitumen) was used in the construction of the walls and towers of [[Babylon]]; there were oil pits near [[Ardericca in Susiana|Ardericca]] and Babylon and a pitch spring on [[Zakynthos]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Petroleum |volume=21 |page=316 |first=Boverton |last=Redwood |inline=1}}</ref> In [[Babylon]], petroleum was used for road construction, ship caulking, and medicine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reinicke |first1=Kurt M. |last2=Hueni |first2=Greg |last3=Liermann |first3=Norbert |last4=Oppelt |first4=Joachim |last5=Reichetseder |first5=Peter |last6=Unverhaun |first6=Wolfram |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |chapter=Oil and Gas, 1. Introduction |date=2014 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a23_117.pub2 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2 }}</ref>

The use of petroleum in ancient China dates back more than 2,000 years. The ''[[I Ching]]'', one of the earliest Chinese writings, cites that oil in its raw state, without refining, was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the 1st century BCE. In addition, the Chinese were the first to record the use of petroleum as fuel as early as the 4th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhiguo |first=Gao |title=Environmental regulation of oil and gas |date=1998 |publisher=Kluwer Law International |isbn=978-90-411-0726-8 |location=London |page=8 |oclc=39313498}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Deng |first=Yinke |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientchinesein0000deng |title=Ancient Chinese Inventions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-18692-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientchinesein0000deng/page/40 40] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Michael |title=Nanotechnology: The Business |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4200-5399-9 |page=3}}</ref> By 347 CE, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Totten |first=George E. |title=ASTM International – Standards Worldwide |url=http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706232229/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=March 18, 2018 |website=astm.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalvi |first=Samir |title=Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Industry for Beginners |publisher=Notion Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5206-419-9}}</ref>

In the 7th century, petroleum was among the essential ingredients for [[Greek fire]], an incendiary projectile weapon that was used by [[Byzantine Greeks]] against Arab ships attacking [[Constantinople]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Greek fire {{!}} Byzantine, Naval Warfare, Incendiary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/Greek-fire |access-date=October 1, 2023 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Crude oil was distilled by [[Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world|Persian chemists]], with clear descriptions given in Arabic handbooks such as those of [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forbes |first=Robert James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149 |title=Studies in Early Petroleum History |date=1958 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |page=149 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315165347/https://books.google.com/books?id=eckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149 |archive-date=March 15, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 9th century, [[Petroleum reservoir|oil fields]] were exploited in the area around modern [[Baku]], Azerbaijan. These fields were described by Abu Bakr al-Razi in the 10th century and by [[Marco Polo]] in the 13th century, who describes the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salim Al-Hassani |title=A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West |publisher=[[University of Barcelona|Edicions Universitat Barcelona]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-84-475-3285-8 |editor-last=Emilia Calvo Labarta |pages=57–82 [63] |chapter=1000 Years of Missing Industrial History |author-link=Salim Al-Hassani |editor-last2=Mercè Comes Maymo |editor-last3=Roser Puig Aguilar |editor-last4=Mònica Rius Pinies}}</ref> Arab and Persian chemists distilled crude oil to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through [[Islamic Spain]], distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=petroleum |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454269/petroleum |access-date=June 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429155229/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454269/petroleum |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |last2=Gordon I. Atwater |author1=Joseph P. Riva Jr. |url-status=live}}</ref> It was present in Romania since the 13th century, being recorded as păcură.<ref>Istoria Romaniei, Vol II, p. 300, 1960</ref>

Sophisticated oil pits, {{convert|15|to|20|ft|m|order=flip|round=0.5}} deep, were dug by the [[Seneca people]] and other [[Iroquois]] in [[Western Pennsylvania]] as early as 1415–1450. The French General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] encountered Seneca using petroleum for ceremonial fires and as a healing lotion during a visit to [[Fort Duquesne]] in 1750.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keoke |first1=Emory Dean |title=American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations |last2=Porterfield |first2=Kay Marie |publisher=Facts on File |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8160-5367-4 |page=199}}</ref> Early British explorers to [[Myanmar]] documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in [[Yenangyaung]] that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Longmuir |first=Marilyn V. |title=Oil in Burma: the extraction of "earth-oil" to 1914 |date=2001 |publisher=White Lotus Press |isbn=978-974-7534-60-3 |location=Bangkok |page=329 |oclc=48517638}}</ref> [[Merkwiller-Pechelbronn]] is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water, has been used since 1498, notably for medical purposes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Ignacy Lukasiewicz.jpg|thumb|[[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]], credited with the first commercial oil extraction in 1854 in [[Bóbrka, Krosno County|Bóbrka]], [[Poland]], and opening the world's first industrial oil refinery.]]
[[File:Edwindrake.jpg|thumb|In 1859, [[Edwin Drake]] drilled the world's first successful oil well at what is now known as [[Drake Well]] in [[Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania]]]]
[[File:West Lothian shale bing, Scotland.JPG|thumb|Shale [[spoil tip|bings]] near [[Broxburn]], three of a total of 19 in [[West Lothian]], Scotland]]

In the mid-19th century, oil wells developed quickly in various parts of the world, though the title of the "first oil well" depends on the criteria. In 1846, a group of [[Russian Empire|Russian Imperial]] engineers directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers accidentally struck oil while hand-drilling with a primitive percussion rig in [[Bibiheybət|Bibi-Heybat]], near [[Baku]] (now Azerbaijan), though they were not specifically searching for oil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matveichuk |first=Alexander A |date=2004 |title=Intersection of Oil Parallels: Historical Essays |journal=Russian Oil and Gas Institute}}</ref> In 1853, [[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]], who discovered how to distill [[kerosene]] from seep crude oil and invented the modern [[kerosene lamp]], hand-dug the first intentional well for commercial oil extraction in [[Bóbrka, Krosno County|Bóbrka]], Poland, to supply fuel for lighting (still operational {{As of|2025|lc=y}}).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2007 |title=Skansen Przemysłu Naftowego w Bóbrce / Museum of Oil Industry at Bobrka |url=http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/BOBRKA/DATY/daty.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519031720/http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/BOBRKA/DATY/daty.htm |archive-date=May 19, 2007 |access-date=March 18, 2018}}</ref> A hand-dug well and another refinery followed in 1857 near [[Ploiești]], Romania. Romania (then a vassal of the Ottoman Empire) was the first country in the world to have its annual crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics – 275 tonnes for 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History Of Romanian Oil Industry |url=http://www.rri.ro/arh-art.shtml?lang=1&sec=9&art=3596 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603102058/http://www.rri.ro/arh-art.shtml?lang=1&sec=9&art=3596 |archive-date=June 3, 2009 |website=rri.ro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas Eakins |title=Scenes from Modern Life: World Events: 1844–1856 |url=https://www.pbs.org/eakins/we_1844.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705142847/https://www.pbs.org/eakins/we_1844.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |website=pbs.org}}</ref>

In 1858, Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus found a significant amount of petroleum while drilling for [[lignite]] in [[Wietze]], Germany. Wietze later provided about 80% of German consumption in the Wilhelmine Era.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lucius |first=Robert von |date=June 23, 2009 |title=Deutsche Erdölförderung: Klein-Texas in der Lüneburger Heide |language=de |work=FAZ.NET |url=https://www.faz.net/1.812092 |url-status=live |access-date=March 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126111737/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/deutsche-erdoelfoerderung-klein-texas-in-der-lueneburger-heide-1812092.html |archive-date=January 26, 2017 }}</ref> The production stopped in 1963, but Wietze has hosted a petroleum museum since 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutsches Erdölmuseum Wietze |url=http://www.erdoelmuseum.de/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014171832/http://www.erdoelmuseum.de/ |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |access-date=March 18, 2018 |website=www.erdoelmuseum.de}}</ref> [[Oil sands]] have been mined since the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 23, 1880 |title=The oil wells of Alsace; a discovery made more than a century ago. What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad, primitive methods of obtaining oil, the process similar to that used in coal mining |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/02/23/98888884.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218003110/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/02/23/98888884.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> In Wietze, natural asphalt/bitumen has been explored since the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Erdöl in Wietze |date=1994 |publisher=Geiger |isbn=978-3-89264-910-6 |edition=1. Aufl |location=Horb am Neckar |oclc=75489983}}{{pn|date=March 2026}}</ref> Both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze, the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karlsch |first1=Rainer |title=Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859–1974 |last2=Stokes |first2=Raymond G. |date=2003 |publisher=C.H. Beck |others=Stokes, Raymond G. |isbn=978-3-406-50276-7 |location=Munich |oclc=52134361}}{{pn|date=March 2026}}</ref>

Chemist [[James Young (chemist)|James Young]] in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the coal mine at [[Riddings]], Derbyshire, from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a more viscous oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining crude oil.<ref name="russell" /> Young eventually succeeded (by distilling [[cannel coal]] at low heat) in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain several useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling [[paraffin wax]].<ref name="russell">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Loris S. |title=A Heritage of Light: Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8020-3765-7}}</ref> The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated October 17, 1850. In 1850, Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at [[Bathgate]] in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works in the world with the first modern oil refinery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=By |first=Undiscovered Scotland |title=James Young: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland |url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/y/jamesyoung.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629094925/https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/y/jamesyoung.html |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |access-date=March 18, 2018 |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk}}</ref>
{{Clarify|date=December 2023|reason=the preceding statement seems to say the first modern refinery was completed in 1851; the subsequent statement says the first refinery was built in 1856: the distinction between these two types could be detailed for better comprehension}}

The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America and around the world quickly grew.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maugeri |first=Leonardo |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofoilmytholog0000maug/page/3 |title=The age of oil: the mythology, history, and future of the world's most controversial resource |date=2005 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-59921-118-3 |edition=1st Lyons Press |location=Guilford, CN |page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofoilmytholog0000maug/page/3 3] |oclc=212226551 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The first oil well in the Americas was drilled in 1859 by [[Edwin Drake]] at what is now called the [[Drake Well]] in [[Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania]]. There also was a company associated with it, and it sparked an [[oil boom]] and rapid expansion of the global petroleum industry. The same year, engine-drilled wells appeared in West Virginia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McKain |first1=David L. |title=Where It All Began: The Story of the People and Places Where the Oil Industry Began – West Virginia and South-eastern Ohio |last2=Bernard |first2=L. Allen |publisher=D.L. McKain |year=1994 |location=Parkersburg, WV |asin=B0006P93DY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vassiliou |first=Marius S. |title=Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry, 2nd Edition |date=2018 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-1159-8 |location=Lanham, MD |page=621 |oclc=315479839}}</ref>

The [[History of the petroleum industry in Canada#Early origins|first commercial oil well]] in Canada became operational in 1858 at [[Oil Springs, Ontario]].<ref name="lclmg.org">[http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/BlackGold2/OilHeritage/OilSprings/tabid/208/Default.aspx Oil Museum of Canada, Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage, Oil Springs: Boom & Bust] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729191500/http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/BlackGold2/OilHeritage/OilSprings/tabid/208/Default.aspx |date=July 29, 2013 }}</ref> Businessman [[James Miller Williams]] dug several wells between 1855 and 1858 before discovering a rich reserve of oil four metres below ground.<ref>Turnbull Elford, Jean. "Canada West's Last Frontier". Lambton County Historical Society, 1982, p. 110</ref>{{Specify|reason=Unlear citation style.|date=December 2018}} Williams extracted 1.5 million litres of crude oil by 1860, refining much of it into kerosene lamp oil. Williams's well became commercially viable a year before Drake's Pennsylvania operation and could be argued to be the first commercial oil well in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil Museum of Canada, Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage |url=http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/BlackGold2/OilHeritage/OilSprings/tabid/208/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729191500/http://www.lclmg.org/lclmg/Museums/OilMuseumofCanada/BlackGold2/OilHeritage/OilSprings/tabid/208/Default.aspx |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |website=lclmg.org}}</ref> The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. Advances in drilling continued into 1862 when local driller Shaw reached a depth of 62 metres using the spring-pole drilling method.<ref>{{Cite book |last=May |first=Gary |title=Hard oiler!: the story of Canadiansʼ quest for oil at home and abroad |date=1998 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55002-316-9 |location=Toronto |page=43 |oclc=278980961}}</ref> On January 16, 1862, after an explosion of natural gas, Canada's first [[Blowout (well drilling)|oil gusher]] came into production, shooting into the air at a recorded rate of {{convert|3000|oilbbl|m3|order=flip}} per day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ford |first=R.W. A |title=History of the Chemical Industry in Lambton County |year=1988 |page=5}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire, particularly the [[Branobel]] company in Azerbaijan, had taken the lead in production.<ref name="Akiner">{{cite book |editor1=Akiner, Shirin |editor2=Aldis, Anne |title=The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7007-0501-6|page=5}}
</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Ride with hitler.jpg|thumb|A [[World War II]] poster promoting [[carpooling]] as a way to ration vital gasoline during the war]]
In the 1930s, [[Alfred Treibs]] determined the biological origin of petroleum, which was previously controversial.<ref name="Treibs 1936 Chlorophyll- und Häminderivate"/><ref name="Kvenvolden 2006 retrospective">{{cite journal |last1=Kvenvolden |first1=Keith A. |title=Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years |journal=Organic Geochemistry |date=January 2006 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001 |bibcode=2006OrGeo..37....1K }}</ref>

Access to oil was a major factor in several military conflicts of the 20th century, including [[World War II]], during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were [[Oil campaign chronology of World War II|extensively bombed]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baldwin |first=Hanson |title=Oil Strategy in World War II |url=http://www.oil150.com/essays/article?article_id=91 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815114446/http://www.oil150.com/essays/2007/08/oil-strategy-in-world-war-ii |archive-date=August 15, 2009 |website=oil150.com |publisher=American Petroleum Institute Quarterly – Centennial Issue |pages=10–11}}</ref> The [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] included the goal to capture the [[Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan|Baku oilfields]], as it would provide much-needed oil supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alakbarov |first=Farid |title=10.2 An Overview – Baku: City that Oil Built |url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_articles/102_overview_alakbarov.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213083150/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_articles/102_overview_alakbarov.html |archive-date=December 13, 2010 |access-date=March 18, 2018 |website=azer.com}}</ref>

[[Oil exploration]] in North America during the early 20th century led to the U.S. becoming the leading producer by mid-century. As petroleum production in the U.S. peaked during the 1960s, the United States was surpassed by Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union in total output.<ref>{{Cite news |id={{ProQuest|119918089}} |last=Times |first=Christopher S. Wren Special to The New York |date=November 13, 1974 |title=Soviet Moves Ahead of U.S. in oil output |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/13/archives/soviet-moves-ahead-of-us-in-oil-output-minister-sees-mondale.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531155823/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/13/archives/soviet-moves-ahead-of-us-in-oil-output-minister-sees-mondale.html |archive-date=May 31, 2020 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2018 |title=US expected to surpass Saudi Arabia, Russia as world's top oil producer |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2018/0712/US-expected-to-surpass-Saudi-Arabia-Russia-as-world-s-top-oil-producer |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516034628/https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2018/0712/US-expected-to-surpass-Saudi-Arabia-Russia-as-world-s-top-oil-producer |archive-date=May 16, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKEe6yC-IQcC&q=Annual+Energy+Review+1987&pg=PA252 |title=Annual Energy Review |date=1990 |publisher=The Administration |page=252 |language=en |access-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122221351/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKEe6yC-IQcC&q=Annual+Energy+Review+1987&pg=PA252 |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[1973 oil crisis]], Saudi Arabia and other [[Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries|Arab nations]] imposed an [[oil embargo]] against the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 23, 1973 |title=The Arab Oil Threat |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/23/archives/the-arab-oil-threat.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722073135/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/23/archives/the-arab-oil-threat.html |archive-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref> This was followed by the [[1979 oil crisis]], which was caused by a drop in oil production in the wake of the [[Iranian Revolution]] and caused oil prices to more than double. The two oil price shocks had many short and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 18, 2006 |title=The price of oil – in context |work=CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609145246/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/ |archive-date=June 9, 2007}}</ref> They led to sustained reductions in demand as a result of substitution to other fuels, especially coal and nuclear, and improvements in [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]], facilitated by government policies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |title=Commodity Markets Outlook: The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Commodity Markets, April 2022. |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/37223/CMO-April-2022.pdf}}</ref> High oil prices also induced investment in oil production by non-OPEC countries, including [[Prudhoe Bay, Alaska|Prudhoe Bay]] in Alaska, the [[North Sea]] offshore fields of the United Kingdom and Norway, the Cantarell offshore field of Mexico, and oil sands in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commodity Markets: Evolution, Challenges, and Policies |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/publication/commodity-markets |access-date=May 13, 2022 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>

===21st century===
About 90 percent of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil.{{cn|date=January 2026}} Petroleum makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only one percent of electricity generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EIA – Electricity Data |url=https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710095902/https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_1_1 |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |access-date=April 18, 2017 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important [[commodities]]. The top three oil-producing countries as of 2018 are the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration">{{Cite web |title=The United States is now the largest global crude oil producer |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003230307/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37053 |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 6, 2018 |website=www.eia.gov |publisher=Today in Energy – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)}}</ref> In 2018, due in part to developments in [[Fracking|hydraulic fracturing]] and [[Directional drilling|horizontal drilling]], the United States became the world's largest producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US soon to leapfrog Saudis, Russia as top oil producer |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1195285/us-soon-to-leapfrog-saudis-russia-as-top-oil-producer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075340/https://www.abqjournal.com/1195285/us-soon-to-leapfrog-saudis-russia-as-top-oil-producer.html |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |access-date=October 6, 2018 |website=www.abqjournal.com |publisher=The Associated Press}}</ref>

About 80 percent of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5 percent coming from the Arab five: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Qatar, and Kuwait. A large portion of the world's total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as bitumen in [[Athabasca oil sands]] and [[Heavy crude oil|extra heavy oil]] in the [[Orinoco Belt]]. While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particularly in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain, as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water, making its net energy content quite low relative to conventional crude oil. Thus, Canada's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 18, 2017 |title=Canada's oil sands survive, but can't thrive in a $50 oil world |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-oilsands-economics-analysis-idUSKBN1CN0FD |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518005508/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-oilsands-economics-analysis-idUSKBN1CN0FD |archive-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crude Oil Forecast {{!}} Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers |url=https://www.capp.ca/resources/crude-oil-forecast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515020045/https://www.capp.ca/resources/crude-oil-forecast/ |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |access-date=April 5, 2020 |website=CAPP |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IHS Markit: Canadian oil sands production to be ~1M barrels higher by 2030 but with lower annual growth; boosted by deterioration in Venezuela |url=https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/06/20190606-oilsands.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531155825/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/06/20190606-oilsands.html |archive-date=May 31, 2020 |access-date=April 5, 2020 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

Many modern geopolitical conflicts are to do with petroleum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Chris Isidore, Matt |date=2026-03-04 |title=If not for America’s oil boom, $4 gas likely would already be here. But the US can’t avoid that pain point by itself {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/04/business/american-oil-boom-iran-war-gas-price-spike |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==
Petroleum consists of a variety of liquid, gaseous, and solid components. Lighter [[hydrocarbon]]s are the gases [[methane]], [[ethane]], [[propane]] and [[butane]]. Otherwise the bulk of the liquid and solids are largely heavier [[organic compound]]s, often hydrocarbons (C and H only). The proportion of light hydrocarbons in a petroleum mixture varies among oil fields.<ref name="Norman-2001">{{Cite book |last=Norman |first=J. Hyne |title=Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling, and production |date=2001 |publisher=Penn Well Corp |isbn=978-0-87814-823-3 |edition=2nd |location=Tulsa, OK |pages=1–4 |oclc=49853640}}</ref>

An oil well produces predominantly crude oil. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]] and be recovered (or burned) as ''associated gas'' or ''solution gas''. A [[gas well]] produces predominantly [[natural gas]]. However, because the underground temperature is higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as [[pentane]], [[hexane]], and [[heptane]] ("[[natural-gas condensate]]", often shortened to ''condensate.'') Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[light crude oil]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Speight |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG-KDwAAQBAJ&q=Condensate+resembles+gasoline&pg=PA13 |title=Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading |publisher=Elsevier |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-12-813025-4 |page=13 |language=en |access-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122221156/https://books.google.com/books?id=uG-KDwAAQBAJ&q=Condensate+resembles+gasoline&pg=PA13 |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilyard |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F91w410iRLsC&q=Condensate+resembles+gasoline+in+appearance+and+is+similar+in+composition+to+some+volatile+light+crude+oils.&pg=PA31 |title=The Oil & Gas Industry: A Nontechnical Guide |date=2012 |publisher=PennWell Books |isbn=978-1-59370-254-0 |page=31 |language=en}}</ref>

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly [[alkane]]s, [[cycloalkane]]s and various [[Aromatic compound|aromatic hydrocarbons]], while the other organic compounds contain [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], and [[sulfur]], and traces of metals such as [[iron]], [[nickel]], [[copper]] and [[vanadium]]. Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ollivier |first1=Bernard |title=Petroleum Microbiology |last2=Magot |first2=Michel |date=2005 |publisher=American Society of Microbiology |isbn=978-1-55581-758-9 |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1128/9781555817589}}</ref> The molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation, but the proportion of [[chemical element]]s varies over fairly narrow limits as follows:<ref name="Speight-1999">{{Cite book |last=Speight |first=J. G. |title=The chemistry and technology of petroleum |date=1999 |publisher=Marcel Dekker |isbn=978-0-8247-0217-5 |edition=3rd ed., rev. and expanded |location=New York |pages=215–216, 543 |oclc=44958948}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Composition by weight
|-
! Element !! Percent range
|-
|[[Carbon]] || 83 to 85%
|-
|[[Hydrogen]] || 10 to 14%
|-
|[[Nitrogen]] || 0.1 to 2%
|-
|[[Oxygen]] || 0.05 to 1.5%
|-
|[[Sulfur]] || 0.05 to 6.0%
|-
|Metals || < 0.1%
|}

Four different types of hydrocarbon appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies, determining the properties of each oil.<ref name="Norman-2001" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Composition by weight
|-
! Hydrocarbon !! Average !! Range
|-
|[[Alkane]]s (paraffins)|| 30% || 15 to 60%
|-
|[[Naphthene]]s || 49% || 30 to 60%
|-
|[[Aromatic]]s || 15% || 3 to 30%
|-
|[[Asphaltene|Asphaltics]] || 6% || remainder
|}

[[File:Total World Oil Reserves Conventional Unconventional.png|thumb|Unconventional resources are much larger than conventional ones.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Alboudwarej, Hussein |display-authors=etal |date=Summer 2006 |title=Highlighting Heavy Oil |url=http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors06/sum06/heavy_oil.ashx |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411145144/http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors06/sum06/heavy_oil.ashx |archive-date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=July 4, 2012 |periodical=Oilfield Review}}</ref>]]
[[File:Isooctane-3D-balls.png|thumb|[[2,2,4-Trimethylpentane]], a [[hydrocarbon]] with the [[octane number]] of 100. Black spheres are [[carbon]] and white spheres are [[hydrogen]] atoms.]]

The alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline, the ones from [[nonane]] (C9H20) to [[hexadecane]] (C16H34) into [[diesel fuel]], kerosene and [[jet fuel]]. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into [[fuel oil]] and [[lubricating oil]]. At the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while asphalt has 35 and up, although these are usually [[Fluid catalytic cracking|cracked]] in modern refineries into more valuable products. The lightest fraction, the so-called petroleum gases, are subjected to diverse processing depending on cost. These gases are either [[Gas flare|flared off]], sold as [[liquefied petroleum gas]], or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (C4H10) is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates because its high [[Vapor pressure|vapour pressure]] assists with cold starts. The ''aromatic hydrocarbons'' are [[degree of unsaturation|unsaturated hydrocarbons]] that have one or more [[benzene ring]]s. They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are [[carcinogenic]].

These different components are separated by [[fractional distillation]] at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbon fractions. The components in an oil sample can be determined by [[gas chromatography]] and [[mass spectrometry]].<ref>[http://www.norden.org/pub/ebook/2003-516.pdf Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227052412/http://www.norden.org/pub/ebook/2003-516.pdf |date=February 27, 2008 }}. TemaNord 2003:516.</ref> Due to the large number of co-[[Elution|eluted]] hydrocarbons within oil, many cannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography. This [[unresolved complex mixture]] (UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil.

Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas (which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum) and [[saline water]] (which being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it). Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the [[Athabasca oil sands]] in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Oil Sands – Glossary |url=http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OilSands/1106.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101112113/http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OilSands/1106.asp |archive-date=November 1, 2007 |access-date=October 2, 2008 |website=Mines and Minerals Act |publisher=Government of Alberta}}</ref> Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the [[Orinoco oil sands]], although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are less viscous than in Canada and are usually called extra heavy oil. Oil sands resources are called [[unconventional oil]] to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated {{convert|3.6|Toilbbl}} of bitumen and extra heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Oil Sands in Canada and Venezuela |url=http://oilsands.infomine.com/countries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113841/http://oilsands.infomine.com/countries/ |archive-date=December 19, 2008 |access-date=October 2, 2008 |publisher=Infomine Inc.}}</ref>

== Formation ==
=== Fossil petroleum ===
[[File:Treibs&Chlorophyll.png|thumb|Structure of a vanadium [[porphyrin]] compound (left) extracted from petroleum by [[Alfred E. Treibs]], father of [[organic geochemistry]]. Treibs noted the close structural similarity of this molecule and [[chlorophyll a]] (right).<ref name="Treibs 1936 Chlorophyll- und Häminderivate">{{cite journal |last1=Treibs |first1=Alfred |title=Chlorophyll- und Häminderivate in organischen Mineralstoffen |trans-title=Chlorophyll and heme derivatives in organic minerals |language=de |journal=Angewandte Chemie |date=19 September 1936 |volume=49 |issue=38 |pages=682–686 |doi=10.1002/ange.19360493803 |bibcode=1936AngCh..49..682T }}</ref><ref name="Kvenvolden 2006 retrospective"/>]]
Petroleum is a [[fossil fuel]] derived from [[fossilized]] organic materials, such as [[zooplankton]] and [[algae]].<ref name="Kvenvolden 2006 retrospective"/><ref name="Schobert-2013">{{Cite book |last=Schobert |first=Harold H. |title=Chemistry of fossil fuels and biofuels |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-11400-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=103–130 |oclc=795763460}}</ref> Vast amounts of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms where they were covered in [[Water stagnation|stagnant water]] (water with no [[Oxygen saturation|dissolved oxygen]]) or [[sediment]]s (such as [[mud]] and [[silt]]) faster than they could [[Decomposition#Anaerobic vs aerobic|decompose aerobically]]. Approximately 1 m below this sediment, water oxygen concentration was low, below 0.1 mg/L, and [[Anoxic waters|anoxic conditions]] existed. Temperatures also remained constant.<ref name="Schobert-2013" />

As further layers settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as [[kerogen]] (found in various [[oil shale]]s around the world) and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as [[Catagenesis (geology)|catagenesis]]. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon [[pyrolysis]] in a variety of mainly [[endothermic]] reactions at high temperatures or pressures, or both.<ref name="Schobert-2013" /><ref name="Braun-1993" /> These phases are described in detail below.

==== Anaerobic decay ====
In the absence of plentiful oxygen, [[Aerobic organism|''aerobic'' bacteria]] were prevented from decaying the organic matter after it was buried under a layer of sediment or water. However, [[Anaerobic organism|''anaerobic'' bacteria]] were able to reduce [[sulfate]]s and [[nitrate]]s among the matter to [[Hydrogen sulfide|H2S]] and [[Nitrogen|N2]] respectively by using the matter as a source for other reactants. Due to such anaerobic bacteria, at first, this matter began to break apart mostly via [[hydrolysis]]: [[polysaccharide]]s and [[protein]]s were hydrolyzed to [[simple sugars]] and [[amino acid]]s respectively. These were further anaerobically [[oxidized]] at an accelerated rate by the [[enzyme]]s of the bacteria: e.g., proteins went through [[oxidative deamination]] to [[amino acid]]s, which in turn reacted further to [[ammonia]] and [[Keto acid|α-keto acids]]. [[Monosaccharide]]s in turn ultimately decayed to [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] and methane. The anaerobic decay products of amino acids, monosaccharides, [[phenols]] and [[aldehyde]]s combined into [[fulvic acid]]s. Fats and [[wax]]es were not extensively hydrolyzed under these mild conditions.<ref name="Schobert-2013" />

==== Kerogen formation ====
Some [[Phenols|phenolic compounds]] produced from previous reactions worked as [[bactericide]]s and the [[Actinomycetales]] order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., [[streptomycin]]). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, unreacted and partially reacted fats and waxes, slightly modified [[lignin]], resins and other hydrocarbons.<ref name="Schobert-2013" /> As more layers of organic matter settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions.<ref name="Braun-1993">{{Cite report |url=http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10169154-cT5xip/ |title=Chemical reaction model for oil and gas generation from type 1 and type 2 kerogen |last1=Braun |first1=R.L. |last2=Burnham |first2=A.K. |date=June 1993 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |doi=10.2172/10169154 |access-date=March 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517104249/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10169154-cT5xip/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |url-status=live|osti=10169154}}</ref> As a consequence, compounds of this mixture began to combine in poorly understood ways to kerogen. Combination happened in a similar fashion as [[phenol]] and [[formaldehyde]] molecules react to [[urea-formaldehyde]] resins, but kerogen formation occurred in a more complex manner due to a bigger variety of reactants. The total process of kerogen formation from the beginning of anaerobic decay is called '''diagenesis''', a word that means a transformation of materials by dissolution and recombination of their constituents.<ref name="Schobert-2013" />

==== Transformation of kerogen into fossil fuels ====
Kerogen formation continued to a depth of about 1 [[km]] from the Earth's surface where temperatures may reach around 50 [[°C]]. Kerogen formation represents a halfway point between organic matter and fossil fuels: kerogen can be exposed to oxygen, oxidize and thus be lost, or it could be buried deeper inside the [[Crust (geology)|Earth's crust]] and be subjected to conditions which allow it to slowly transform into fossil fuels like petroleum. The latter happened through '''catagenesis''' in which the reactions were mostly [[Radical (chemistry)|radical]] [[Rearrangement reaction|rearrangements]] of kerogen. These reactions took thousands to millions of years, and no external reactants were involved. Due to the radical nature of these reactions, kerogen reacted towards two classes of products: those with low H/C ratio ([[anthracene]] or products similar to it) and those with high H/C ratio (methane or products similar to it); i.e., carbon-rich or hydrogen-rich products. Because catagenesis was closed off from external reactants, the resulting composition of the fuel mixture was dependent on the composition of the kerogen via reaction [[stoichiometry]]. Three types of kerogen exist: type I (algal), II (liptinic) and III (humic), which were formed mainly from algae, plankton and [[woody plant]]s (this term includes trees, shrubs and [[liana]]s) respectively.<ref name="Schobert-2013" />

Catagenesis was pyrolytic despite the fact that it happened at relatively low temperatures (when compared to commercial pyrolysis plants) of 60 to several hundred °C. Pyrolysis was possible because of the long reaction times involved. Heat for catagenesis came from the decomposition of radioactive materials of the crust, especially [[Potassium-40|40K]], [[Thorium-232|232Th]], [[Uranium-235|235U]] and [[Uranium-238|238U]]. The heat varied with [[geothermal gradient]] and was typically 10–30 °C per km of depth from the Earth's surface. Unusual [[magma]] intrusions, however, could have created greater localized heating.<ref name="Schobert-2013" />

==== Oil window (temperature range) ====
Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an ''"oil window"''.<ref name="Stanford_Edu">{{Cite web |last=Malyshev |first=Dmitry |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Origin of oil |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph240/malyshev2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921125720/http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph240/malyshev2/ |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=September 21, 2021 |website=large.stanford.edu |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwLHnC9qMsgC&pg=PA104 |title=Polar Prospects:A minerals treaty for Antarctica |publisher=United States, Office of Technology Assessment |year=1989 |isbn=978-1-4289-2232-7 |page=104 |access-date=May 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203620/https://books.google.com/books?id=xwLHnC9qMsgC&pg=PA104 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schobert-2013" /> Below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen. Above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of [[thermal cracking]]. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The Athabasca oil sands are one example of this.<ref name="Schobert-2013" />

=== Abiogenic petroleum ===
An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of [[abiogenic petroleum origin]] (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence.<ref name="glasby2006">{{cite journal |last1=Glasby |first1=Geoffrey P. |title=Abiogenic Origin of Hydrocarbons: An Historical Overview |journal=Resource Geology |date=March 2006 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00271.x |bibcode=2006ReGeo..56...83G }}</ref> Abiogenic sources of oil have been found but never in commercially profitable amounts. "The controversy isn't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist," said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. "The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 11, 2005 |title=The Mysterious Origin and Supply of Oil |url=http://www.livescience.com/9404-mysterious-origin-supply-oil.html |url-status=live |journal=Live Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127095201/http://www.livescience.com/9404-mysterious-origin-supply-oil.html |archive-date=January 27, 2016}}</ref>

== Reservoirs ==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Structural Trap (Anticlinal).svg|thumb|A [[hydrocarbon]] trap consists of a reservoir rock (yellow) where oil (red) can accumulate, and a caprock (green) that prevents it from egressing.]]
Three conditions must be present for a [[petroleum reservoir]] to form:
* A [[source rock]] rich in hydrocarbon material buried deeply enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil,
* A porous and [[Permeability (porous media)|permeable]] reservoir rock where it can accumulate,
* A [[caprock]] (seal) or other mechanism to prevent the oil from escaping to the surface.

Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.

The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in [[petrochemical]] plants and [[oil refineries]].

Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of [[structural geology]] (at the reservoir scale), [[sedimentary basin analysis]], and [[Reservoir modeling|reservoir characterisation]] (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guerriero V, etal |year=2012 |title=A permeability model for naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs |journal=[[Marine and Petroleum Geology]] |volume=40 |pages=115–134 |doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.11.002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guerriero V, etal |year=2011 |title=Improved statistical multi-scale analysis of fractures in carbonate reservoir analogues |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |volume=504 |issue=1 |pages=14–24 |bibcode=2011Tectp.504...14G |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.003}}</ref> Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs, such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in most reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be extracted using "[[artificial lift]]" means. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is [[Water injection (oil production)|"waterflood"]] or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore." Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40 percent of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about 50 percent, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10 percent. Extracting oil (or "bitumen") from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or [[retort]], or using "in-situ" methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping the liquid back out saturated with oil.

=== Unconventional oil reservoirs ===
{{See also|Unconventional oil|3=Oil shale reserves|4=Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir}}

Oil-eating bacteria [[biodegrade]] oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2020 |title=Tar sands |url=https://www.strausscenter.org/energy-and-security-project/tar-sands/ |access-date=June 26, 2022 |publisher=The Strauss Center.}}</ref>

On the other hand, oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits.<ref name="Lambertson">{{Cite news |last=Lambertson |first=Giles |date=February 16, 2008 |title=Oil Shale: Ready to Unlock the Rock |publisher=Construction Equipment Guide |url=http://www.cegltd.com/story.asp?story=10092 |url-status=live |access-date=May 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711112037/http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/redirect/10092?story=10092 |archive-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>

== Classification ==
{{globalize|date=January 2024}}
{{See also|Benchmark (crude oil)}}
[[File:Crudes.PNG|thumb|Some [[Benchmark (crude oil)|marker crudes]] with their [[sulfur]] content (horizontal) and [[API gravity]] (vertical) and relative production quantity.{{citation needed|date=March 2020|reason=Brent shown as sweeter than WTI, yet most sources claim the opposite. That and other claims in image probably need checking and sourcing. Example: http://www.petroleum.co.uk/benchmarks}}]]
The [[petroleum industry]] generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g., [[West Texas Intermediate]], [[Brent oilfield|Brent]], or [[DME Oman Crude Oil Futures Contract|Oman]]), its [[API gravity]] (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered ''[[Light crude oil|light]]'' if it has low density, ''[[Heavy crude oil|heavy]]'' if it has high density, or ''medium'' if it has a density between that of ''light'' and ''heavy''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Glossary |url=http://www.capp.ca/library/glossary/Pages/default.aspx#l |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827031218/http://www.capp.ca/library/glossary/Pages/default.aspx#l |archive-date=August 27, 2009 |access-date=November 29, 2020 |publisher=Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers}}</ref> Additionally, it may be referred to as ''[[sweet crude oil|sweet]]'' if it contains relatively little sulfur or ''[[sour crude oil|sour]]'' if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heavy Sour Crude Oil, A Challenge For Refiners |url=http://www.commodity-trading-today.com/sour-crude-oil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001856/http://www.commodity-trading-today.com/sour-crude-oil.html |archive-date=November 21, 2008 |access-date=November 29, 2020}}</ref>

The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. ''Light'' crude oil is more desirable than ''heavy'' oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while ''sweet'' oil commands a higher price than ''sour'' oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of [[crude oil assay]] analysis in petroleum laboratories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rhodes |first=Christopher J. |year=2008 |title=The Oil Question: Nature and Prognosis |journal=Science Progress |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=317–375 |doi=10.3184/003685008X395201 |pmc=10367496 |pmid=19192735 }}</ref>

[[barrel (unit)|Barrels]] from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing references throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are:<ref>{{cite web |language=en |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Fuel Logic |title=How US Gas Prices Affect the Overall Economy |date=September 12, 2024 |url=https://www.fuellogic.net/how-us-gas-prices-affect-the-overall-economy/}}</ref>
* [[West Texas Intermediate]] (WTI), a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at [[Cushing, Oklahoma]] for North American oil.
* [[Brent Blend]], consisting of 15 oils from fields in the [[Brent oilfield|Brent]] and [[Ninian Central Platform|Ninian]] systems in the [[East Shetland Basin]] of the [[North Sea]]. The oil landed at [[Sullom Voe]] terminal in [[Shetland]]. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a benchmark.
* [[Dubai Crude|Dubai-Oman]], used as a benchmark for the Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region.
* [[Tapis crude|Tapis]] (from Malaysia, used as a reference for light Far East oil).
* Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil).
* The [[OPEC Reference Basket]], a weighted average of oil blends from various [[OPEC]] (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries
* [[Midway-Sunset Oil Field|Midway Sunset]] Heavy, by which heavy oil in California is priced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2007 |title=Chevron Crude Oil Marketing – North America Posted Pricing – California |url=http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/posted_pricing_daily_california.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607035625/http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/posted_pricing_daily_california.asp |archive-date=June 7, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Crudemarketing.chevron.com}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2018}}
* [[Western Canadian Select]] the benchmark crude oil for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes.<ref name="NRCPetroleumProducts">{{Cite report |url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.energy/files/pdf/eneene/sources/crubru/revrev/pdf/revrev-09-eng.pdf |title=Canadian Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Petroleum Products: Review of 2009 & Outlook to 2030 |last=Natural Resources Canada |date=May 2011 |publisher=Government of Canada |location=Ottawa |page=9 |isbn=978-1-100-16436-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003093310/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.energy/files/pdf/eneene/sources/crubru/revrev/pdf/revrev-09-eng.pdf |archive-date=October 3, 2013}}</ref>

There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year, so other oils are more commonly what is actually delivered. While the reference price may be for WTI delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil – Western Canadian Select – delivered at [[Hardisty, Alberta|Hardisty]], Alberta, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a discounted Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of [[Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast|Primorsk]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Light Sweet Crude Oil |url=http://www.nymex.com/lsco_fut_descri.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314074204/http://www.nymex.com/lsco_fut_descri.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2008 |access-date=April 21, 2008 |website=About the Exchange |publisher=New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)}}</ref>

==Use==
Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by [[Continuous distillation#Continuous distillation of crude oil|distillation]], into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents ([[ethylene]], [[propylene]], [[butene]], [[acrylic acid]], [[para-xylene]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Guixian |last2=Wu |first2=Chao |last3=Ji |first3=Dong |last4=Dong |first4=Peng |last5=Zhang |first5=Yongfu |last6=Yang |first6=Yong |title=Acidity and catalyst performance of two shape-selective HZSM-5 catalysts for alkylation of toluene with methanol |journal=Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis |date=April 2020 |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=963–974 |doi=10.1007/s11144-020-01732-9 }}</ref>) used to make plastics, [[pesticide]]s and [[pharmaceuticals]].<ref name="Dixie State College">{{Cite web |title=Organic Hydrocarbons: Compounds made from carbon and hydrogen |url=http://cactus.dixie.edu/smblack/chem1010/lecture_notes/2B.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719184614/http://cactus.dixie.edu/smblack/chem1010/lecture_notes/2B.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> In terms of volume, most petroleum is converted into fuels for combustion engines. In terms of value, petroleum underpins the petrochemical industry, which includes many high value products such as pharmaceuticals and plastics. 84% by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into fuels

===Fuels and lubricants===
Due to its high [[energy density]], easy transportability and [[oil reserves|relative abundance]], oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into [[fuel oil]] and gasoline, both important ''[[primary energy]]'' sources. , including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and [[liquefied petroleum gas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crude oil is made into different fuels |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/oil.html#Howused |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823080443/http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/oil.html |archive-date=August 23, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Eia.doe.gov}}</ref> Closely related to fuels for combustion engines are [[Lubricant]]s, [[Grease (lubricant)|greases]], and [[viscosity]] stabilizers.

===Chemicals===
{{Further|Petroleum product| Petrochemical}}
[[File:Alkene General Formula V.1.svg|thumb|General structure of an [[alkene]]]]
Many pharmaceuticals are derived from petroleum, albeit via multi-step processes. Modern medicine depends on petroleum as a source of building blocks, reagents, and solvents.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21778473 |date=2011 |last1=Hess |first1=J. |last2=Bednarz |first2=D. |last3=Bae |first3=J. |last4=Pierce |first4=J. |title=Petroleum and health care: Evaluating and managing health care's vulnerability to petroleum supply shifts |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=1568–1579 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300233 |pmc=3154246 }}</ref> Similarly, virtually all pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides are derived from petroleum. Pesticides have profoundly affected life expectancies by controlling [[disease vector]]s and by increasing [[crop yield]]. Like pharmaceuticals, pesticides are in essence petrochemicals. Almost all plastics and synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum, which is the source of monomers. [[Alkenes]] (olefins) are one important class of these precursor molecules.

===Other derivatives===
[[File:Bitumen.jpg|thumb|Natural [[bitumen]], commonly referred to as Asphalt]]
*[[Wax]], used in the packaging of [[frozen food]]s, among others, [[paraffin wax]], derived from petroleum oil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferris |first1=S. W. |last2=Cowles |first2=H. C. |last3=Henderson |first3=L. M. |title=Composition of Paraffin Wax |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry |date=November 1929 |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1090–1092 |doi=10.1021/ie50239a029 }}</ref>
* [[Sulfur]] and its derivative [[sulfuric acid]]. Hydrogen sulfide is a product of [[Hydrodesulfurization|sulfur removal]] from petroleum fraction. It is oxidized to elemental sulfur and then to sulfuric acid.
* Bulk [[tar]] and [[Bitumen|asphalt]].
* [[Petroleum coke]], used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel.

== Industry ==
{{Excerpt|oil industry}}

=== Transport ===
{{excerpt|Petroleum transport}}
In the 1950s, shipping costs made up 33% of the price of oil transported from the [[Persian Gulf]] to the United States,<ref name="economist.com">{{Cite news |date=July 14, 2012 |title=A liquid market: Thanks to LNG, spare gas can now be sold the world over |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2012/07/12/a-liquid-market |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614054033/http://www.economist.com/node/21558456 |archive-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> but with the development of [[Oil tanker|supertankers]] in the 1970s, the cost of shipping dropped to 5% of the price of Persian oil in the US.<ref name="economist.com" /> The share of the shipping cost on the final cost of the delivered commodity was less than 3% in 2010.

=== Price ===
{{Excerpt|oil prices}}

=== Trade ===
[[File:Crude oil prices since 1861.png|thumb|Nominal and inflation-adjusted U.S. dollar price of crude oil between 1861 and 2015]]
Crude oil is traded as a future on both the [[NYMEX]] and [[Intercontinental Exchange|ICE]] exchanges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brent Crude Futures |url=https://www.ice.com/products/219/Brent-Crude-Futures |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=www.ice.com}}</ref> Futures contracts are agreements in which buyers and sellers agree to purchase and deliver specific amounts of physical crude oil on a given date in the future. A contract covers any multiple of 1,000 barrels and can be purchased up to nine years into the future.<ref name="PortaraCQG">{{Cite web |title=Historical Crude Oil Intraday Data (CLA) |url=https://portaracqg.com/futures/int/cla |access-date=August 30, 2022 |website=PortaraCQG |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Use by country ==


=== Consumption statistics ===
<gallery widths="160" heights="140">
File:Global Carbon Emissions.svg|Global fossil carbon emissions, an indicator of consumption, from 1800 to 2010. {{legend-line|black solid 3px|Total}}{{legend-line|blue solid 3px|Oil}}
File:World energy consumption.svg|The rate of world energy usage per year from 1970 to 2017.<ref name="BP-Report-2012">BP: [http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do?categoryId=9037130&contentId=7068669 Statistical Review of World Energy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516003736/http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do?categoryId=9037130&contentId=7068669 |date=May 16, 2013 }}, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2012</ref>
File:Oil consumption per day by region from 1980 to 2006.svg|Daily oil consumption from 1980 to 2006.
File:Oil consumption per day by region from 1980 to 2006 solid3.svg|Oil consumption by percentage of total per region from 1980 to 2006: {{legend|red|US}}{{legend|blue|Europe}}{{legend|#D1D117|Asia and Oceania}}.
File:World oil consumption 1980 to 2007 by region.svg|Oil consumption 1980 to 2007 by region.
</gallery>

=== Consumption ===
In the 2021 US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate, the world consumes 97.26 million barrels of oil each day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil and petroleum products explained |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/use-of-oil.php#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20U.S.%20petroleum%20consumption,million%20b%2Fd%20of%20biofuels.&text=The%20transportation%20sector%20accounts%20for%20the%20largest%20share%20of%20U.S.%20petroleum%20consumption. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225153357/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/use-of-oil.php |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref>
[[File:OilConsumptionpercapita.png|thumb|upright=3.4|Oil consumption per capita in 2007. Darker colors represent more consumption, gray represents no data. ''(source: see file description)''.
{| style="width: 100%; font-size: 1em;"
|-
| valign=top |
{{legend2|#5e0000| > 0.07}} 
{{legend2|#b10000|0.07–0.05}} 
{{legend2|#e00100|0.05–0.035}} 
{{legend2|#ff413c|0.035–0.025}} 
{{legend2|#fe7373|0.025–0.02}}
| valign=top |
{{legend2|#ffc3c2|0.02–0.015}} 
{{legend2|#ffebda|0.015–0.01}} 
{{legend2|#ffebcf|0.01–0.005}} 
{{legend2|#fff8dc|0.005–0.0015}} 
{{legend2|#e2d0fe| < 0.0015}}
|}
]]

This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand [[Barrel (unit)|barrels]] (1,000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1,000 m3) per day:<ref>U.S. Energy Information Administration. [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/RecentPetroleumConsumptionBarrelsperDay.xls Excel file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006235221/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/RecentPetroleumConsumptionBarrelsperDay.xls |date=October 6, 2008 }} from [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_wco_k_w.htm this] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110134954/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_wco_k_w.htm |date=November 10, 2008 }} web page. Table Posted: March 1, 2010</ref><ref>From DSW-Datareport 2008 ("[[Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung]]")</ref>
{| style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Consuming nation 2011
!(1,000 bbl/ day)
!(1,000 m3/ day)
!Population in millions
!bbl/year per capita
!m3/year per capita
!National production/ consumption
|-
|{{rh}}|United States 1 || {{convert|18835.5|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 314
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*18835.5/314658)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.51
|-
|{{rh}}|China || {{convert|9790.0|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 1345
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*9790.0/1345750)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.41
|-
|{{rh}}|Japan 2 || {{convert|4464.1|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 127
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*4464.1/127156)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.03
|-
|{{rh}}|India 2 || {{convert|3292.2|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 1198
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*3292.2/1198003)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.26
|-
|{{rh}}|Russia 1 || {{convert|3145.1|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 140
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*3145.1/140873)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 3.35
|-
|{{rh}}|Saudi Arabia ([[OPEC]]) || {{convert|2817.5|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 27
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*2817.5/25720)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 3.64
|-
|{{rh}}|Brazil || {{convert|2594.2|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 193
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*2594.2/193733)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.99
|-
|{{rh}}|Germany 2 || {{convert|2400.1|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 82
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*2400.1/82166)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.06
|-
|{{rh}}|Canada || {{convert|2259.1|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 33
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*2259.1/33573)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 1.54
|-
|{{rh}}|South Korea 2 || {{convert|2230.2|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 48
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*2230.2/48332)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.02
|-
|{{rh}}|Mexico 1 || {{convert|2132.7|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 109
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*2132.7/109610)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 1.39
|-
|{{rh}}|France 2|| {{convert|1791.5|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 62
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*1791.5/62342)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.03
|-
|{{rh}}|Iran ([[OPEC]])|| {{convert|1694.4|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 74
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*1694.4/74195)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 2.54
|-
|{{rh}}|United Kingdom 1 || {{convert|1607.9|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 61
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*1607.9/61565)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.93
|-
|{{rh}}|Italy 2|| {{convert|1453.6|oilbbl|m3|1|disp=table}} || 60
|{{convert|{{#expr:(365*1453.6/59870)round1}}|oilbbl|m3|disp=table}} || 0.10
|}
Source: US Energy Information Administration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=5&aid=2 |title=Data |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref>

Population Data:<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBGE |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/paisesat/main.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904063203/http://www.ibge.gov.br/paisesat/main.php |archive-date=September 4, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref>

1 [[Peak oil|peak production of oil]] already passed in this state

2 This country is not a major oil producer

=== Production ===
{{For|oil production by country|List of countries by oil extraction}}
{{For|oil reserves by country|List of countries by proven oil reserves}}

{{Chart|definition=Crude Oil Production.chart|data=Crude Oil Production.tab|width=600px|align=center|thumb|caption=Top oil-producing countries from 1973 to 2018.<ref name="EIA2">{{Cite web |title=Crude oil including lease condensate production (Mb/d) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=00000000000000000000000000000000002&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvvvs&s=63072000000&e=1514764800000&ev=false& |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514060445/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=00000000000000000000000000000000002&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvvvs&s=63072000000&e=1514764800000&ev=false& |archive-date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=April 14, 2020 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref>}}

[[File:Oil producing countries map.png|thumb|center|upright=3.4|{{center|World map with [[List of countries by oil production|countries by oil production]] from 2006 to 2012}}]]

In petroleum industry parlance, ''production'' refers to the quantity of crude extracted from reserves, not the literal creation of the product.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
!
! Country
! Oil Production ([[Barrel (unit)|bbl]]/day, 2016)<ref name="EIA">{{Cite web |title=Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 |url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522001611/http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 |archive-date=May 22, 2015 |access-date=May 30, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |format=CVS download}}</ref>
|-
| 1|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Russia}}|| 10,551,497
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 2|| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagu|Saudi Arabia}} ([[OPEC]])|| 10,460,710
|-
| 3|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|United States}}|| 8,875,817
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 4|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Iraq}} ([[OPEC]])|| 4,451,516
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 5|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Iran}} ([[OPEC]])|| 3,990,956
|-
| 6|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|China||name=China, People's Republic of}}|| 3,980,650
|-
| 7|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Canada}}|| 3,662,694
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 8|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}} ([[OPEC]])|| 3,106,077
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 9|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Kuwait}} ([[OPEC]])|| 2,923,825
|-
| 10|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Brazil}}|| 2,515,459
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 11|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Venezuela}} ([[OPEC]])|| 2,276,967
|-
| 12|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Mexico}}|| 2,186,877
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 13|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Nigeria}} ([[OPEC]])|| 1,999,885
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 14|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Angola}} ([[OPEC]])|| 1,769,615
|-
| 15|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Norway}}|| 1,647,975
|-
| 16|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Kazakhstan}}|| 1,595,199
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 17|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Qatar}} ([[OPEC]])|| 1,522,902
|- style="background:#c0d9d9;"
| 18|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Algeria}} ([[OPEC]])|| 1,348,361
|-
| 19|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|Oman}}|| 1,006,841
|-
| 20|| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagu|United Kingdom}}|| 939,760
|}

=== Exportation ===
{{See also|Fossil fuel exporters|OPEC}}
[[File:2014 Petroleum Countries Export Treemap.png|thumb|center|upright=3.4|{{center|Petroleum Exports by Country (2014) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity}}]]
In order of net exports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand [[Barrel (unit)|bbl]]/[[Day|d]] and thousand m3/d:
{| style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
!Exporting nation
!103bbl/d (2011)
!103m3/d (2011)
!103bbl/d (2009)
!103m3/d (2009)
!103bbl/d (2006)
!103m3/d (2006)
|-
|1
|{{rh}}|Saudi Arabia (OPEC)
|8,336
|1,325
|7,322
|1,164
|8,651
|1,376
|-
|2
|{{rh}}|Russia 1
|7,083
|1,126
|7,194
|1,144
|6,565
|1,044
|-
|3
|{{rh}}|Iran (OPEC)
|2,540
|403
|2,486
|395
|2,519
|401
|-
|4
|{{rh}}|United Arab Emirates (OPEC)
|2,524
|401
|2,303
|366
|2,515
|400
|-
|5
|{{rh}}|Kuwait (OPEC)
|2,343
|373
|2,124
|338
|2,150
|342
|-
|6
|{{rh}}|Nigeria (OPEC)
|2,257
|359
|1,939
|308
|2,146
|341
|-
|7
|{{rh}}|Iraq (OPEC)
|1,915
|304
|1,764
|280
|1,438
|229
|-
|8
|{{rh}}|Angola (OPEC)
|1,760
|280
|1,878
|299
|1,363
|217
|-
|9
|{{rh}}|Norway 1
|1,752
|279
|2,132
|339
|2,542
|404
|-
|10
|{{rh}}|Venezuela (OPEC) 1
|1,715
|273
|1,748
|278
|2,203
|350
|-
|11
|{{rh}}|Algeria (OPEC) 1
|1,568
|249
|1,767
|281
|1,847
|297
|-
|12
|{{rh}}|Qatar (OPEC)
|1,468
|233
|1,066
|169
| –
| –
|-
|13
|{{rh}}|Canada 2
|1,405
|223
|1,168
|187
|1,071
|170
|-
|14
|{{rh}}|Kazakhstan
|1,396
|222
|1,299
|207
|1,114
|177
|-
|15
|{{rh}}|Azerbaijan 1
|836
|133
|912
|145
|532
|85
|-
|16
|{{rh}}|Trinidad and Tobago 1
|177
|112
|167
|160
|155
|199
|}
Source: US Energy Information Administration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?topL=exp |title=International |publisher=US Energy Information Administration |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

1 [[Peak oil|peak production]] already passed in this state

2 Canadian statistics are complicated by the fact it is both an importer and exporter of crude oil, and refines large amounts of oil for the U.S. market. It is the leading source of U.S. imports of oil and products, averaging {{convert|2500000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} in August 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Imports by Country of Origin |url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_m.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103234600/https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_m.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2018 |access-date=February 21, 2018 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref>

Total world production/consumption (as of 2005) is approximately {{convert|84|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}}.

=== Importation ===
In order of net imports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand [[Barrel (unit)|bbl]]/[[Day|d]] and thousand m3/d:
{| style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
!Importing nation
!103bbl/day (2011)
!103m3/day (2011)
!103bbl/day (2009)
!103m3/day (2009)
!103bbl/day (2006)
!103m3/day (2006)
|-
|1
|{{rh}}|United States 1
|8,728
|1,388
|9,631
|1,531
|12,220
|1,943
|-
|2
|{{rh}}|China
|5,487
|872
|4,328
|688
|3,438
|547
|-
|3
|{{rh}}|Japan
|4,329
|688
|4,235
|673
|5,097
|810
|-
|4
|{{rh}}|India
|2,349
|373
|2,233
|355
|1,687
|268
|-
|5
|{{rh}}|Germany
|2,235
|355
|2,323
|369
|2,483
|395
|-
|6
|{{rh}}|South Korea
|2,170
|345
|2,139
|340
|2,150
|342
|-
|7
|{{rh}}|France
|1,697
|270
|1,749
|278
|1,893
|301
|-
|8
|{{rh}}|Spain
|1,346
|214
|1,439
|229
|1,555
|247
|-
|9
|{{rh}}|Italy
|1,292
|205
|1,381
|220
|1,558
|248
|-
|10
|{{rh}}|Singapore
|1,172
|186
|916
|146
|787
|125
|-
|11
|{{rh}}|Republic of China (Taiwan)
|1,009
|160
|944
|150
|942
|150
|-
|12
|{{rh}}|Netherlands
|948
|151
|973
|155
|936
|149
|-
|13
|{{rh}}|Turkey
|650
|103
|650
|103
|576
|92
|-
|14
|{{rh}}|Belgium
|634
|101
|597
|95
|546
|87
|-
|15
|{{rh}}|Thailand
|592
|94
|538
|86
|606
|96
|}
Source: US Energy Information Administration<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?topL=imp |title=International |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

{{smalldiv|1=
1 [[Peak oil|peak production of oil]] expected in 2020<ref name="eia2014er">"[http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/early_production.cfm AEO2014 Early Release Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220215802/http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/early_production.cfm |date=December 20, 2013 }}" [http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/pdf/0383er(2014).pdf Early report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211420/http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/pdf/0383er(2014).pdf |date=December 20, 2013 }} ''[[US Energy Information Administration]]'', December 2013. Accessed: December 2013. Quote:"Domestic production of crude oil .. increases sharply .. is expected to level off and then slowly decline after 2020"</ref>
}}

=== Non-producing consumers ===
Countries whose oil production is 10% or less of their consumption.

{| style="text-align:right;" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
!Consuming nation
!(bbl/day)
!(m3/day)
|-
|1
|{{rh}}|Japan
|5,578,000
|886,831
|-
|2
|{{rh}}|Germany
|2,677,000
|425,609
|-
|3
|{{rh}}|South Korea
|2,061,000
|327,673
|-
|4
|{{rh}}|France
|2,060,000
|327,514
|-
|5
|{{rh}}|Italy
|1,874,000
|297,942
|-
|6
|{{rh}}|Spain
|1,537,000
|244,363
|-
|7
|{{rh}}|Netherlands
|946,700
|150,513
|-
|8
|{{rh}}|Turkey
|575,011
|91,663
|}
Source: CIA World Factbook{{Failed verification|date=July 2010|reason=maybe factbook changed? suggest clarify this table by using a factbook snapshot of a specific year}}

== Environmental effects ==
{{Main|Environmental impact of the petroleum industry}}

===Climate===
[[File:Dieselrainbow.jpg|thumb|A diesel fuel spill on a road, with visible [[iridescence]]]]
[[File:Carbonate system of seawater.svg|thumb|Seawater acidification]]
{{As of|2018}}, about a quarter of annual global [[greenhouse gas emissions]] is the carbon dioxide from burning petroleum (plus [[methane leaks]] from the industry).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=May 11, 2020 |title={{CO2}} emissions by fuel |url=https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel |url-status=live |journal=Our World in Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103122924/https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methane Tracker 2020 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119102518/https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020 |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=January 22, 2021 |website=IEA |date=March 30, 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{efn|12.4 gigatonnes petroleum (and about 1 Gt CO2 eq from methane)/50 gigatonnes total.}} Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion is the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO2.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canadell |first1=Josep G. |last2=Le Quéré |first2=Corinne |last3=Raupach |first3=Michael R. |last4=Field |first4=Christopher B. |last5=Buitenhuis |first5=Erik T. |last6=Ciais |first6=Philippe |last7=Conway |first7=Thomas J. |last8=Gillett |first8=Nathan P. |last9=Houghton |first9=R. A. |last10=Marland |first10=Gregg |title=Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO 2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=20 November 2007 |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18866–18870 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702737104 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418866C |pmc=2141868 |pmid=17962418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Le Quéré |first1=Corinne |last2=Andrew |first2=Robbie M. |last3=Friedlingstein |first3=Pierre |last4=Sitch |first4=Stephen |last5=Hauck |first5=Judith |last6=Pongratz |first6=Julia |last7=Pickers |first7=Penelope A. |last8=Korsbakken |first8=Jan Ivar |last9=Peters |first9=Glen P. |last10=Canadell |first10=Josep G. |last11=Arneth |first11=Almut |last12=Arora |first12=Vivek K. |last13=Barbero |first13=Leticia |last14=Bastos |first14=Ana |last15=Bopp |first15=Laurent |last16=Chevallier |first16=Frédéric |last17=Chini |first17=Louise P. |last18=Ciais |first18=Philippe |last19=Doney |first19=Scott C. |last20=Gkritzalis |first20=Thanos |last21=Goll |first21=Daniel S. |last22=Harris |first22=Ian |last23=Haverd |first23=Vanessa |last24=Hoffman |first24=Forrest M. |last25=Hoppema |first25=Mario |last26=Houghton |first26=Richard A. |last27=Hurtt |first27=George |last28=Ilyina |first28=Tatiana |last29=Jain |first29=Atul K. |last30=Johannessen |first30=Truls |last31=Jones |first31=Chris D. |last32=Kato |first32=Etsushi |last33=Keeling |first33=Ralph F. |last34=Goldewijk |first34=Kees Klein |last35=Landschützer |first35=Peter |last36=Lefèvre |first36=Nathalie |last37=Lienert |first37=Sebastian |last38=Liu |first38=Zhu |last39=Lombardozzi |first39=Danica |last40=Metzl |first40=Nicolas |last41=Munro |first41=David R. |last42=Nabel |first42=Julia E. M. S. |last43=Nakaoka |first43=Shin-ichiro |last44=Neill |first44=Craig |last45=Olsen |first45=Are |last46=Ono |first46=Tsueno |last47=Patra |first47=Prabir |last48=Peregon |first48=Anna |last49=Peters |first49=Wouter |last50=Peylin |first50=Philippe |last51=Pfeil |first51=Benjamin |last52=Pierrot |first52=Denis |last53=Poulter |first53=Benjamin |last54=Rehder |first54=Gregor |last55=Resplandy |first55=Laure |last56=Robertson |first56=Eddy |last57=Rocher |first57=Matthias |last58=Rödenbeck |first58=Christian |last59=Schuster |first59=Ute |last60=Schwinger |first60=Jörg |last61=Séférian |first61=Roland |last62=Skjelvan |first62=Ingunn |last63=Steinhoff |first63=Tobias |last64=Sutton |first64=Adrienne |last65=Tans |first65=Pieter P. |last66=Tian |first66=Hanqin |last67=Tilbrook |first67=Bronte |last68=Tubiello |first68=Francesco N. |last69=van der Laan-Luijkx |first69=Ingrid T. |last70=van der Werf |first70=Guido R. |last71=Viovy |first71=Nicolas |last72=Walker |first72=Anthony P. |last73=Wiltshire |first73=Andrew J. |last74=Wright |first74=Rebecca |last75=Zaehle |first75=Sönke |last76=Zheng |first76=Bo |title=Global Carbon Budget 2018 |journal=Earth System Science Data |date=5 December 2018 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=2141–2194 |doi=10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018 |bibcode=2018ESSD...10.2141L |doi-access=free |hdl=21.11116/0000-0002-518C-5 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 415 [[ppmv]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Global Monitoring Laboratory – Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316011636/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |archive-date=March 16, 2007 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=www.esrl.noaa.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> from the [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere#Concentrations in the geologic past|180–300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years]].<ref>[http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time-scale Historical trends in carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature, on a geological and recent time scale] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724175732/http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time-scale |date=July 24, 2011 }}. (June 2007). In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved 19:14, February 19, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm Deep ice tells long climate story] . Retrieved 19:14, February 19, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell, John F.B. |year=1989 |title=The "Greenhouse" Effect and Climate Change |url=http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/envs501/downloads/Mitchell |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=115–139 |bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M |citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471 |doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080904222649/http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/envs501/downloads/Mitchell |archive-date=September 4, 2008}}</ref> The rise in Arctic temperature has reduced the minimum [[Arctic ice pack]] to {{convert|4320000|km2|abbr=on|}}, a loss of almost half since satellite measurements started in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Change |first=NASA Global Climate |title=Arctic Sea Ice Minimum |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524202942/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/ |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet}}</ref>

[[Ocean acidification]] is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of {{CO2}} from the atmosphere.The saturation state of [[calcium carbonate]] decreases with the uptake of carbon dioxide in the ocean.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Ulrich |last2=Paul |first2=Carolin |last3=Moustaka-Gouni |first3=Maria |title=Warming and Ocean Acidification Effects on Phytoplankton—From Species Shifts to Size Shifts within Species in a Mesocosm Experiment |journal=PLOS ONE |date=20 May 2015 |volume=10 |issue=5 |article-number=e0125239 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125239 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025239S |pmc=4439082 |pmid=25993440 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life—having a greater effect on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms such as [[Pectinoidea]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 26, 2014 |title=Acidic ocean deadly for Vancouver Island scallop industry |work=cbc.ca |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/acidic-ocean-deadly-for-vancouver-island-scallop-industry-1.2551662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427195837/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/acidic-ocean-deadly-for-vancouver-island-scallop-industry-1.2551662 |archive-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref>

=== Extraction ===
Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir (oil pool). There are many methods on extracting the oil from the reservoirs for example; mechanical shaking,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwab |first1=A. P. |last2=Su |first2=J. |last3=Wetzel |first3=S. |last4=Pekarek |first4=S. |last5=Banks |first5=M. K. |title=Extraction of Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Soil by Mechanical Shaking |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=June 1999 |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1940–1945 |doi=10.1021/es9809758 |bibcode=1999EnST...33.1940S }}</ref> water-in-oil emulsion, and [[specialty chemicals]] called [[demulsifiers]] that separate the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and often environmentally damaging. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturb the surrounding marine environment.<ref>[http://www.offshore-environment.com/discharges.html Waste discharges during the offshore oil and gas activity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926140659/http://www.offshore-environment.com/discharges.html |date=September 26, 2009 }} by Stanislave Patin, tr. Elena Cascio</ref>

=== Oil spills ===
{{Further|List of oil spills}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 230
| image1 = Oil-spill.jpg
| caption1 = Kelp after an oil spill.
| image2 = Oil Slick in the Timor Sea September-2009.jpg
| caption2 = Oil slick from the [[Montara oil spill]] in the Timor Sea, September 2009.
| image3 = PrestigeVolunteersInGaliciaCoast.jpg
| caption3 = Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the [[Prestige oil spill]].
}}

Crude oil and refined fuel [[Oil spill|spills]] from tanker ship accidents have damaged natural ecosystems and human livelihoods in Alaska, the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Galápagos Islands]], France and many other places. The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]], [[SS Atlantic Empress]], [[Amoco Cadiz]]). Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|''Exxon Valdez'' oil spill]].

Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of square miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish, and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.

Control of oil spills is difficult, requiring ad hoc methods and often a large amount of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from aircraft on the {{SS|Torrey Canyon}} wreck produced poor results;<ref>[[Torrey Canyon oil spill|Torrey Canyon bombing by the Navy and RAF]]</ref> modern techniques would include pumping the oil from the wreck, like in the [[Prestige oil spill|''Prestige'' oil spill]] or the [[MV Erika|''Erika'']] oil spill.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pumping of the Erika cargo |url=http://www.total.com/en/group/news/special_report_erika/erika_measures_total/erika_pumping_cargo_11379.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119225756/http://www.total.com/en/group/news/special_report_erika/erika_measures_total/erika_pumping_cargo_11379.htm |archive-date=November 19, 2008 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Total.com}}</ref>

Though crude oil is predominantly composed of various hydrocarbons, certain nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, such as [[pyridine]], [[picoline]], and [[quinoline]] are reported as contaminants associated with crude oil, as well as facilities processing oil shale or coal and have also been found at legacy [[creosote|wood treatment]] sites. These compounds have a very high water solubility and thus tend to dissolve and move with water. Certain naturally occurring bacteria such as ''[[Micrococcus]]'', ''[[Arthrobacter]]'', and ''[[Rhodococcus]]'' have been shown to degrade these contaminants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sims |first1=Gerald K. |last2=O'Loughlin |first2=Edward J. |last3=Crawford |first3=Ronald L. |year=1989 |title=Degradation of pyridines in the environment |journal=Critical Reviews in Environmental Control |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=309–340 |doi=10.1080/10643388909388372|bibcode=1989CRvEC..19..309S }}</ref>

Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment is not necessarily the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities ([[seismic]] exploration, [[Boring (earth)|drilling]], extraction, refining and combustion). Phenomena such as [[seeps]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seeps Home Page |url=https://seeps.wr.usgs.gov/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820012319/http://seeps.wr.usgs.gov/ |archive-date=August 20, 2008 |access-date=May 17, 2010}} Natural Oil and Gas Seeps in California</ref> and [[tar pit]]s are examples of areas that petroleum affects without human involvement.

=== Tarballs ===
{{Main|Tarball (oil)}}

A tarball is a blob of crude oil (not to be confused with [[tar]], which is a human-made product derived from pine trees or refined from petroleum) which has been weathered after floating in the ocean. Tarballs are an aquatic pollutant in most environments, although they can occur naturally, for example in the [[Santa Barbara Channel]] of California<ref name="itah">{{cite journal |last1=Itah |first1=A. Y. |last2=Essien |first2=J. P. |title=Growth Profile and Hydrocarbonoclastic Potential of Microorganisms Isolated from Tarballs in the Bight of Bonny, Nigeria |journal=World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=October 2005 |volume=21 |issue=6–7 |pages=1317–1322 |doi=10.1007/s11274-004-6694-z |bibcode=2005WJMB...21.1317I }}</ref><ref name="hostettler">{{Cite journal |last1=Hostettler |first1=Frances D. |last2=Rosenbauer |first2=Robert J. |last3=Lorenson |first3=Thomas D. |last4=Dougherty |first4=Jennifer |year=2004 |title=Geochemical characterization of tarballs on beaches along the California coast. Part I – Shallow seepage impacting the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel |journal=Organic Geochemistry |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=725–746 |bibcode=2004OrGeo..35..725H |doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.01.022}}</ref> or in the Gulf of Mexico off Texas.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Drew Jubera |date=August 1987 |title=Texas Primer: The Tar Ball |url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/texas-primer-tar-ball |url-status=live |magazine=Texas Monthly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707102758/http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/texas-primer-tar-ball |archive-date=July 7, 2015 |access-date=October 20, 2014}}</ref> Their concentration and features have been used to assess the extent of oil spills. Their composition can be used to identify their sources of origin,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knap Anthony H |last2=Burns Kathryn A |last3=Dawson Rodger |last4=Ehrhardt Manfred |last5=Palmork Karsten H |date=December 1984 |title=Dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbons, tarballs and the surface microlayer: Experiences from an IOC/UNEP Workshop in Bermuda |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=313–319 |doi=10.1016/0025-326X(86)90217-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhendi |last2=Fingas |first2=Merv |last3=Landriault |first3=Michael |last4=Sigouin |first4=Lise |last5=Castle |first5=Bill |last6=Hostetter |first6=David |last7=Zhang |first7=Dachung |last8=Spencer |first8=Brad |date=July 1998 |title=Identification and Linkage of Tarballs from the Coasts of Vancouver Island and Northern California Using GC/MS and Isotopic Techniques |journal=Journal of High Resolution Chromatography |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=383–395 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(19980701)21:7<383::AID-JHRC383>3.0.CO;2-3}}</ref> and tarballs may be dispersed over long distances by deep sea currents.<ref name="hostettler" /> They are slowly decomposed by bacteria, including ''[[Chromobacterium violaceum]]'', ''[[Cladosporium resinae]]'', ''[[Bacillus submarinus]]'', ''[[Micrococcus varians]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Candida marina]]'' and ''[[Saccharomyces estuari]]''.<ref name="itah" />

=== Whales ===
[[File:Natural whale oil bottle.jpg|thumb|A bottle of unrefined [[whale oil]]]]
James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for [[whale oil]], thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat [[whaling]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315153109/http://newscotland1398.ca/99/gesner-whales.html How Capitalism Saved the Whales]}} by James S. Robbins, ''The Freeman'', August 1992.</ref> but others say that fossil fuels increased whaling with most whales being killed in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=York |first1=Richard |title=Why Petroleum Did Not Save the Whales |journal=Socius |date=2017 |volume=3 |article-number=2378023117739217 |doi=10.1177/2378023117739217 |doi-access=free |quote=Ironically, even though fossil fuels provided substitutes for the main uses of whale oil, the rise of fossil fuel use in the nineteenth century served to increase the intensity of whaling. }}</ref>

== Alternatives ==
In 2018 road transport used 49% of petroleum, aviation 8%, and uses other than energy 17%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World oil final consumption by sector, 2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/world-oil-final-consumption-by-sector-2018 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Electric vehicle]]s are the main alternative for road transport and [[biojet]] for aviation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reaching Zero with Renewables: Biojet Fuels |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jul/Reaching-Zero-with-Renewables-Biojet-Fuels |access-date=April 3, 2022 |website=/publications/2021/Jul/Reaching-Zero-with-Renewables-Biojet-Fuels |date=July 22, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ReFuelEU Aviation initiative: Sustainable aviation fuels and the fit for 55 package {{!}} Think Tank {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2022)698900 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2021 |title=Aviation emissions: 'We can't wait for hydrogen or electric' |url=https://www.energymonitor.ai/sectors/transport/aviation-emissions-we-cant-wait-for-hydrogen-or-electric |access-date=April 3, 2022 |website=Energy Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Disposable product|Single-use plastics]] have a high carbon footprint and may pollute the sea, but as of 2022 the best alternatives are unclear.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This is how to ensure sustainable alternatives to plastic |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/are-we-replacing-plastic-with-more-energy-intensive-alternatives/ |access-date=April 3, 2022 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref>

== International relations ==
{{See also|2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus}}
Control of petroleum production has been a significant driver of international relations during much of the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref name="The Economist-2020">{{Cite news |date=September 17, 2020 |title=Is it the end of the oil age? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/09/17/is-it-the-end-of-the-oil-age |url-status=live |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231201354/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/09/17/is-it-the-end-of-the-oil-age |archive-date=December 31, 2020 }}</ref> Organizations like [[OPEC]] have played an outsized role in international politics. Some historians and commentators have called this the "[[Age of Oil]]"<ref name="The Economist-2020" /> With the rise of [[renewable energy]] and addressing climate change some commentators expect a realignment of international power away from petrostates.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Corruption ===
"Oil rents" have been described as connected with corruption in political literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil, gas, and mining |url=https://www.u4.no/topics/oil-gas-and-mining/basics |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre}}</ref> A 2011 study suggests that increases in oil rents increased corruption in countries with heavy government involvement in the production of oil. The study found that increases in oil rents "significantly deteriorates political rights". The investigators say that oil exploitation gave politicians "an incentive to extend civil liberties but reduce political rights in the presence of oil windfalls to evade redistribution and conflict".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arezki |first1=Rabah |last2=Brückner |first2=Markus |title=Oil rents, corruption, and state stability: Evidence from panel data regressions |journal=European Economic Review |date=October 2011 |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=955–963 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.03.004 }}</ref>

=== Conflict ===
{{Main|oil war|Petro-aggression}}

Petroleum production has been linked with conflict for many years, leading to thousands of deaths.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lujala |first=Päivi |date=2009 |title=Deadly Combat over Natural Resources: Gems, Petroleum, Drugs, and the Severity of Armed Civil Conflict |journal=The Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=50–71 |doi=10.1177/0022002708327644 }}</ref> Petroleum deposits are in very few countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alnasrawi |first=Abbas |title=The economy of Iraq: oil, wars, destruction of development and prospects, 1950–2010 |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-29186-1 |location=Westport, Conn. |oclc=28965749}}</ref> Conflicts may start when countries refuse to cut oil production in which other countries respond to such actions by increasing their production causing a trade war as experienced during the [[2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Richie Ruchuan |last2=Xiong |first2=Tao |last3=Bao |first3=Yukun |title=The Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Energy Economics |date=October 2021 |volume=102 |article-number=105517 |doi=10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105517 |pmc=8652835 |pmid=34898736 |bibcode=2021EneEc.10205517M }}</ref> Other conflicts start with countries wanting petroleum resources or other reasons on oil resource territory experienced in the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran-Iraq War {{!}} Causes, Summary, Casualties, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Iraq-War |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== OPEC ===
{{Excerpt|OPEC}}

== Future production ==
{{Update section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:World oil production.webp|thumb|World oil production by average barrels per day between 2011 and 2022]]
[[Consumption function|Consumption]] in the 20th and 21st centuries has been abundantly pushed by automobile sector growth. The [[1980s oil glut|1985–2003 oil glut]] even fueled the sales of low fuel economy vehicles in [[OECD]] countries. The 2008 economic crisis seems to have had some impact on the sales of such vehicles; still, in 2008 oil consumption showed a small increase.

In 2016 Goldman Sachs predicted lower demand for oil due to emerging economies concerns, especially China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hume |first=Neil |date=March 8, 2016 |title=Goldman Sachs says commodity rally is unlikely to last |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e178653e-e517-11e5-bc31-138df2ae9ee6 |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093259/https://www.ft.com/content/e178653e-e517-11e5-bc31-138df2ae9ee6 |archive-date=April 29, 2018 }}</ref> The [[BRICS]] (Brasil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) countries might also kick in, as China briefly had the largest automobile market in December 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chris Hogg |date=February 10, 2009 |title=China's car industry overtakes US |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7879372.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019234900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7879372.stm |archive-date=October 19, 2011}}</ref> In the long term, uncertainties linger; the OPEC believes that the OECD countries will push low consumption policies at some point in the future; when that happens, it will definitely curb oil sales, and both OPEC and the [[Energy Information Administration]] kept lowering their 2020 consumption estimates during the past five years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OPEC Secretariat |year=2008 |title=World Oil Outlook 2008 |url=http://www.opec.org/library/World%20Oil%20Outlook/pdf/WOO2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407091227/http://www.opec.org/library/World%20Oil%20Outlook/pdf/WOO2008.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2009}}</ref> A detailed review of [[International Energy Agency]] oil projections have revealed that revisions of world oil production, price and investments have been motivated by a combination of demand and supply factors.<ref name="Wachtmeister2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Wachtmeister |first1=Henrik |last2=Henke |first2=Petter |last3=Höök |first3=Mikael |date=2018 |title=Oil projections in retrospect: Revisions, accuracy and current uncertainty |journal=Applied Energy |volume=220 |pages=138–153 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.013 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018ApEn..220..138W }}</ref> All together, non-OPEC conventional projections have been fairly stable the last 15 years, while downward revisions were mainly allocated to OPEC. Upward revisions are primarily a result of US [[tight oil]].

Production will also face an increasingly complex situation; while OPEC countries still have large reserves at low production prices, newly found reservoirs often lead to higher prices; offshore giants such as [[Tupi oil field|Tupi]], Guara and [[Tiber oilfield|Tiber]] demand high investments and ever-increasing technological abilities. Subsalt reservoirs such as Tupi were unknown in the 20th century, mainly because the industry was unable to probe them. [[Enhanced Oil Recovery|Enhanced oil recovery]] techniques such as those used at the [[Daqing Oil Field]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ni Weiling |date=October 16, 2006 |title=Daqing Oilfield rejuvenated by virtue of technology |url=http://en.ce.cn/Insight/200610/16/t20061016_8980162.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212081616/http://en.ce.cn/Insight/200610/16/t20061016_8980162.shtml |archive-date=December 12, 2011 |website=[[Economic Daily]]}}</ref> will continue to play a major role in increasing the world's recoverable oil.

The expected availability of petroleum resources has always been around 35 years or even less since the start of the modern exploration. The [[oil constant]], an insider pun in the German industry, refers to that effect.<ref>Samuel Schubert, Peter Slominski UTB, 2010: Die Energiepolitik der EU Johannes Pollak, 235 Seiten, p. 20</ref> A growing number of divestment campaigns from major funds pushed by newer generations who question the sustainability of petroleum may hinder the financing of future oil prospection and production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Rating agency S&P warns 13 oil and gas companies they risk downgrades as renewables pick up steam |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/27/rating-agency-sp-warns-13-oil-and-gas-companies-they-risk-downgrades-as-renewables-pick-up-steam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127175822/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/27/rating-agency-sp-warns-13-oil-and-gas-companies-they-risk-downgrades-as-renewables-pick-up-steam |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=January 27, 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

=== Peak oil ===
[[Peak oil]] is a term applied to the projection that future petroleum production, whether for individual oil wells, entire oil fields, whole countries, or worldwide production, will eventually peak and then decline at a similar rate to the rate of increase before the peak as these reserves are exhausted.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=M. R. |chapter=New Methods of Petroleum Sludge Disposal and Use |date=1995 |title=Asphaltenes |pages=219–235 |location=Boston |publisher=Springer US |doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-9293-5_8 |isbn=978-1-4757-9295-9}}</ref> The peak of oil discoveries was in 1965, and oil production per year has surpassed oil discoveries every year since 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell CJ |date=December 2000 |title=Peak Oil Presentation at the Technical University of Clausthal |url=http://energycrisis.org/de/lecture.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705152332/http://energycrisis.org/de/lecture.html |archive-date=July 5, 2007}}</ref>

Lack of knowledge and/or transparency in the accounting of global oil reserves makes it difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2004 |title=New study raises doubts about Saudi oil reserves |url=http://www.iags.org/n0331043.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529211546/http://www.iags.org/n0331043.htm |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Iags.org}}</ref> Based on available production data, proponents have previously predicted the peak for the world in 1989, 1995, or 1995–2000. Some of these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s and the consequent lowering in global consumption, the effect of which was to delay the date of any peak by several years. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly recognized after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until production clearly drops off.<ref>[http://www.oildecline.com/ Peak Oil Info and Strategies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617184210/http://www.oildecline.com/ |date=June 17, 2012 }} "The only uncertainty about peak oil is the time scale, which is difficult to predict accurately."</ref> In 2020, according to [[BP#Climate policy|BP's Energy Outlook 2020]], peak oil had been reached, due to the changing energy landscape coupled with the [[Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic#Oil prices|economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic]].

While there has been much focus historically on peak oil supply, the focus is increasingly shifting to peak demand as more countries seek to transition to renewable energy. The GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses assesses how the geopolitical position of 156 countries may change if the world fully transitions to renewable energy resources. Former oil exporters are expected to lose power, while the positions of former oil importers and countries rich in renewable energy resources is expected to strengthen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Overland|first1=Indra|last2=Bazilian|first2=Morgan|last3=Ilimbek Uulu|first3=Talgat|last4=Vakulchuk|first4=Roman|last5=Westphal|first5=Kirsten|date=2019|title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition|journal=Energy Strategy Reviews|language=en|volume=26|article-number=100406|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019EneSR..2600406O |hdl=11250/2634876|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Unconventional oil ===
{{Update section|date=May 2022}}
The calculus for peak oil has changed with the introduction of unconventional production methods. In particular, the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has resulted in a significant increase in production from previously uneconomic plays.<ref>{{Citation | date = May 28, 2015 | title = U.S. Crude Oil Production Forecast – Analysis of Crude Types | publisher = U.S. Energy Information Administration | place = Washington, DC | url = http://www.eia.gov/analysis/petroleum/crudetypes/pdf/crudetypes.pdf | access-date = September 13, 2018 | quote = U.S. oil production has grown rapidly in recent years. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data, which reflect combined production of crude oil and lease condensate, show a rise from 5.6 million barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2011 to 7.5 million bbl/d in 2013, and a record 1.2 million bbl/d increase to 8.7 million bbl/d in 2014. Increasing production of light crude oil in low-permeability or tight resource formations in regions like the Bakken, Permian Basin, and Eagle Ford (often referred to as light tight oil) account for nearly all the net growth in U.S. crude oil production. EIA's latest Short-Term Energy Outlook, issued in May 2015, reflects continued production growth in 2015 and 2016, albeit at a slower pace than in 2013 and 2014, with U.S. crude oil production in 2016 forecast to reach 9.2 million bbl/d. Beyond 2016, the Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) projects further production growth, although its pace and duration remains highly uncertain. | archive-date = November 22, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191122192224/https://www.eia.gov/analysis/petroleum/crudetypes/pdf/crudetypes.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Certain rock strata contain hydrocarbons but have low permeability and are not thick from a vertical perspective. Conventional vertical wells would be unable to economically retrieve these hydrocarbons. Horizontal drilling, extending horizontally through the strata, permits the well to access a much greater volume of the strata. Hydraulic fracturing creates greater permeability and increases hydrocarbon flow to the wellbore.

== Hydrocarbons on other worlds ==
On [[Saturn's]] largest moon, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], lakes of liquid hydrocarbons comprising methane, ethane, propane and other constituents occur naturally. Data collected by the space probe ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' yield an estimate that the visible lakes and seas of Titan contain about 300 times the volume of Earth's proven oil reserves.<ref name=oil>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080213-titan-oil.html |title=Titan Has More Oil Than Earth |date=February 13, 2008 |website=Space.com |access-date=February 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24754-astrophile-titan-lake-has-more-liquid-fuel-than-earth/ |title=Astrophile: Titan lake has more liquid fuel than Earth |date=December 13, 2013 |work=New Scientist |first=Katia |last=Moskvitch |access-date=December 14, 2013}}</ref> Drilled samples from the surface of [[Mars]] taken in 2015 by the [[Curiosity Rover|''Curiosity'' rover's]] [[Mars Science Laboratory]] have found organic molecules of benzene and propane in 3-billion-year-old rock samples in [[Gale (crater)|Gale Crater]].<ref name=nyt20180607>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/science/mars-nasa-life.html |title=Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |date= June 7, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present. }}</ref>

== In fiction ==
{{Excerpt|Petrofiction}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Energy}}
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}

* {{Annotated link |Barrel of oil equivalent}}
* {{Annotated link |Filling station}}
* {{Annotated link |Gas/oil ratio}}
* {{Annotated link |Heavy metals}}
* {{Annotated link |International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals}}
* {{Annotated link |Lead poisoning}}
* {{Annotated link |List of oil exploration and production companies}}
* {{Annotated link |List of oil fields}}
* {{Annotated link |Manure-derived synthetic crude oil}}
* {{Annotated link |Oil burden}}
* {{Annotated link |Oil reserves in France}}
* {{Annotated link |Petroleum geology}}
* {{Annotated link |Petroleum politics}}
* {{Annotated link |Petrocurrency}}
* {{Annotated link |Thermal depolymerization}}
* {{Annotated link |Total petroleum hydrocarbon}}
* {{Annotated link |Waste oil}}
* {{Annotated link |Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir}}
{{div col end}}

== Explanatory footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFColgan2021}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Petroleum}}
{{NIE Poster|Petroleum}}
* [http://ggon.org/fossil-tracker/ Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker]
* [http://www.api.org/ API – the trade association of the US oil industry.] ([[American Petroleum Institute]])
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html U.S. Energy Information Administration]
** [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html U.S. Department of Energy EIA – World supply and consumption]
* [https://www.jodidata.org/ Joint Organisations Data Initiative | Oil and Gas Data Transparency]
* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html U.S. National Library of Medicine: Hazardous Substances Databank – Crude Oil]
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Petroleum|short=x}}
* "[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ A Short History of Petroleum]", [[Scientific American]], August 10, 1878, p. 85
{{Electricity delivery}}
{{Commodity}}
{{Energy footer}}
{{Petroleum refining}}
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[[Category:Petroleum| ]]
[[Category:Causes of war]]
[[Category:Chemical mixtures]]
[[Category:Fossil fuels]]
[[Category:Glassforming liquids and melts]]

ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn

2026-03-26T07:13:36Z

NewtonKelson9: Made the pg w/ refs...

{{Short description|Political Science Book}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn
| image = ULFA The Mirage of Dawn.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
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| author = [[Rajeev Bhattacharyya]]
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| subject = [[ULFA]] & [[Assam]]
| genre = Political Science
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| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2023
| english_pub_date =
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| pages = 400
| awards =
| isbn = 978-93-5699-308-2
| isbn_note = Hardcover
| oclc = 1391328707
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'''''ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn''''' is a [[non-fiction]] political science book about [[Assam]]'s banned militant organization [[ULFA]]. It is written by journalist [[Rajeev Bhattacharyya]] and published by [[HarperCollins]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narzary |first=Derhasat |last2=Basumatary |first2=Jenthoka |date=2025-04-03 |title=ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn: by Rajeev Bhattacharyya, India, HarperCollins, 2023, 409 pp., Rs. 599 (Paperback), P-ISBN: 978-93-5699-308-2; E-ISBN: 978-93-5699-304-4 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2025.2459151 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=611–613 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2025.2459151 |issn=0959-2318|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Overview ==
[[Rajeev Bhattacharyya]], a journalist and author of multiple books from Assam, renders exclusive research on [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]] from starting to its separation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr Rajeev Bhattacharyya {{!}} Asian Institute of Diplomacy and International Affairs |url=https://www.aidiaasia.org/speaker/298/bio |website=Asian Institute of Diplomacy and International Affairs |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unveiling ULFA: Rajeev Bhattacharyya's new book uncovers history of the outlawed separatist outfit |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/unveiling-ulfa-rajeev-bhattacharyas-new-book-uncovers-history-of-the-outlawed-separatist-outfit/1890703/ |website=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=28 September 2025 |date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219080212/https://theprint.in/softcover/unveiling-ulfa-rajeev-bhattacharyas-new-book-uncovers-history-of-the-outlawed-separatist-outfit/1890703/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Samudra Gupta |title=Guwahati-based journalist detained in Myanmar freed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/guwahatibased-journalist-detained-in-myanmar-freed/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 December 2011 |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171718/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/guwahatibased-journalist-detained-in-myanmar-freed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pradip Phanjoubam writing for ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' emphasized that the book covered wide range of interviews, and, it included testimonies of rooted ULFA cadres to its heavyweight leaders giving an inner view of all plausible development of relevance."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phanjoubam |first1=Pradip |title='The Mirage of Dawn' by Rajeev Bhattacharyya charts the dynamics and motivations of ULFA |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/the-mirage-of-dawn-by-rajeev-bhattacharyya-charts-the-dynamics-and-motivations-of-ulfa-585057/ |access-date=5 October 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=28 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209233242/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/the-mirage-of-dawn-by-rajeev-bhattacharyya-charts-the-dynamics-and-motivations-of-ulfa-585057 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sudipta Datta from ''[[The Hindu]]'' writes "For his new book, ''The Mirage of Dawn'', Rajeev Bhattacharyya travelled the ULFA trail which took him to remote places in Assam — to rebel camps in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan and New Delhi. He writes about the outfit’s “conflicting accounts of its history, the internecine squabbles within and the wide range of clandestine activities in neighbouring countries, not all of which were known to all of its own leadership.”<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Sudipta |title=The portrait of an insurgent movement: the rise and decline of ULFA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-portrait-of-an-insurgent-movement-the-rise-and-decline-of-ulfa/article67701783.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 January 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226112356/https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-portrait-of-an-insurgent-movement-the-rise-and-decline-of-ulfa/article67701783.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jayanta Kalita for ''[[The Times of India]]'' digging into deep of the book and zeroed that the ULFA chief Paresh Baruah was able to obtain 600 weapons from a deal with [[Mossad]] from [[Romania]]-[[Ukraine]] to [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Jayanta |title=How a 'Mossad agent' helped Ulfa seal its first weapons' deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-a-mossad-agent-helped-ulfa-seal-its-first-weapons-deal/articleshow/105435705.cms |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908043801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-a-mossad-agent-helped-ulfa-seal-its-first-weapons-deal/articleshow/105435705.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]]'' commented that the book unearthed about four killing attacks against [[Paresh Baruah]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ৰোমানিয়াৰ জাহাজত আলফাৰ অস্ত্ৰ অহাৰ পিচত কেনেকৈ বন্দী হৈছিল পৰেশ বৰুৱা ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!state/who-trapped-ulfa-i-chief-paresh-baruah-for-two-months-ass24021205246 |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]] |date=12 February 2024 |language=as}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Reviewing the book [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[journalist]] [[Bertil Lintner]] opined "The book was also written recently enough to include a section about events after the February 2021 coup in Myanmar—and how the Myanmar military has, reportedly, been using Manipuri groups to fight pro-democracy forces in Chin State and Sagaing Region."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lintner |first1=Bertil |author1-link=Bertil Lintner |title=Assamese Journalist Shines Light on One of Asia's Murkiest Conflicts |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/culture/books/assamese-journalist-shines-light-on-one-of-asias-murkiest-conflicts.html |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=8 January 2024}}</ref>

Atul K Thakur wrote for ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated that the book covered extensive issues like ''[[Operation Golden Bird]]'', ''[[Sanjoy Ghose|Sanjoy Ghose Killing]]'' to ''[[2004 arms and ammunition haul in Chittagong|Chittagong Arms Haul of 2004]]''."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Atul K |title=Book review {{!}} 'ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn' is a gripping narrative on unknown stories of insurgent outfits in North East |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/book-review-ulfa-the-mirage-of-dawn-is-a-gripping-narrative-on-unknown-stories-of-insurgent-outfits-in-north-east-13562622.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=31 December 2023 |language=en-us |archive-date=29 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429101809/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/book-review-ulfa-the-mirage-of-dawn-is-a-gripping-narrative-on-unknown-stories-of-insurgent-outfits-in-north-east-13562622.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ashutosh Kumar Thakur of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote that the book’s detailed narrative and new information make it engaging, comparing it to Nirmal Nibedon’s ''The Night of the Guerrillas''. He noted that its ten chapters provide a comprehensive account of the banned group, particularly its overseas links and camps in Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Ashutosh Kumar |title=ULFA: The Mirage Of Dawn—Intriguing And Indispensable |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/books/ulfa-the-mirage-of-dawnintriguing-and-indispensable |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=7 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712105240/https://www.outlookindia.com/books/ulfa-the-mirage-of-dawnintriguing-and-indispensable |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rajesh Singh for ''[[Republica (newspaper)|Republica]]'' states that the book offers a remarkable history of ''ULFA'', its formation and rise to prominence, the interplay of its principal characters, the role of foreign elements and wane in its influence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rajesh |title='ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn' offers a remarkably balanced narration on history of ULFA |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/index.php/news/ulfa-the-mirage-of-dawn-offers-a-remarkably-balanced-narration-on-history-of-ulfa |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=[[Republica (newspaper)|Republica]] |date=8 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

A reviewer from ''[[NDTV]]'' noted that the first batch of ULFA militants was trained in Pakistan in 1991 to 1992 in three groups comprising a total of about 40 members. The reviewer also stated that out of those three groups, one group was trained near Peshawar and other members were taken for short visits to Kandahar in Afghanistan and the arms bazaar at Darra Adam Khel near the Safed Koh mountains in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Pak Armed, Trained Assam Insurgents And Sent Them Back To India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ulfa-mirage-of-dawn-when-pakistan-armed-trained-assam-insurgents-ulfa-and-sent-them-back-to-india-5037838 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=12 October 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616162758/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ulfa-mirage-of-dawn-when-pakistan-armed-trained-assam-insurgents-ulfa-and-sent-them-back-to-india-5037838 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Colonel]] Vivek Chadha (Retd) from ''[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|IDSA]]'' wrote "Bhattacharyya notes the limited success of Operation Bajrang with the initial forays of the army hitting vacated ULFA camps. He further highlights issues of human rights violations that lead to the alienation of the local population (p. 99)."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chadha |first1=Vivek |title=ULFA: The Mirage of Dawn |journal=Journal of Defence Studies |date=April–June 2024 |volume=18 |page=178 |url=https://idsa.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/18-2_Vivek-Chadha-13-1.pdf |access-date=26 October 2025 |publisher=[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|IDSA]] |issn=0976-1004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political books]]
[[Category:Political science books]]
[[Category:21st-century books]]
[[Category:Assamese people]]

St. Teresa's High School, Charni Road

2026-03-25T11:14:54Z

NewtonKelson9: Made new article needs work...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = {{Big|संत टैरेसा विद्यामंदिर}}<hr/>{{small| St.Teresa's High School}}
| image = ST. TERESA'S SCHOOL MAIN BUILDING.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = School Hall
| address = 315 New Charni Road, Girgaum 04
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postal_code = 400004
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9528|72.8192|type:edu_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| school_board = [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
| authority = Archdiocesan Board of Education
| religious_affiliation = Christianity
| denomination =
| oversight =
| affiliation = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay#Archdiocesan Board of Education|Archdiocesan Board of Education]]
| trustee =
| principal = Mrs. Mary Roy
| administrator = [[Manager]] — Rev.Fr. Anthony J Fernandes
| custodian =
| staff =
| USNWR_ranking =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| national_ranking =
| classes =
| classes_offered = Jr KG to 10th
| avg_class_size = 58
| ratio =
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]]
| houses = {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Nehru {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Gandhi {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Tilak {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Tagore
| schooltype = Co-educational, government aided
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| system = [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
| fees =
| tuition =
| revenue =
| budget =
| enrolment =
| products =
| grades = Kindergarten – 10th
| age_range = 3 - 15
| language = English (Indian)
| classrooms = 32
| campus = 3 Ground
| campus_size = Huge
| campus_type = Urban
| hours_in_day = 5
| athletics = Cricket, football, baseball, badminton
| song = Wonderful words beautiful words
| accreditation =
| sports =
| nickname = STHS
| colours = Red, green, yellow, blue
| yearbook =
| publication =
| established = 1924
| status = Working
| alumni =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| Parent School =
| free_text =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| website =
}}
'''St. Teresa's High School (STHS)''' is a government aided, private [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] [[day school]], located at [[Charni Road]] in [[Mumbai]], India. The institution was founded in 1843, and present day school building was established in 1924.

The school caters to pupils from [[kindergarten]] up to grade 10 and the medium of instruction is [[English language|English]]. The school is affiliated to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay#Archdiocesan Board of Education|Archdiocesan Board of Education]], Mumbai, which conducts the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] examinations at the close of class 10.

==Campus site and layout==
The school campus comprises three separate buildings and features three lines

==Admissions and curriculum==

===Admissions===
The admission notice for [[Kindergarten|Junior kindergarten]] is put up in January. During the admission procedure, preference is given to [[Catholics]] and siblings of former students.

===Curriculum===
The school follows the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] syllabus. English is the medium of instruction; [[Hindi]] is taught as a second language, and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is taught as a third language.

The academic year, which commences in June and concludes in April, is segregated into first unit test, first term, second unit test, and second term. The first term is from June until November and the second term is from November until April. The results of these terms are first shown to the students, and after that to the parents on the [[Open house (school)|open house days]]; the report of the pupil's performance is presented to the parents after the completion of a term. Tests are conducted periodically and examinations are held at the end of every term. The courses of studies extend from kindergarten to grade 10, at the end of which students appear for the SSC Examinations. The school's students have consistently performed well at the SSC examinations and the school has maintained a 100% passing-rate.

====Extracurricular activities====
Emphasis is placed on extracurricular activities. Inter-house [[debate]]s, [[elocution]], [[dramatics]] and [[sport]]ing competitions are also a part of the cultural lives of the students. The school also takes part in science [[exhibition]]s and quizzes conducted.

==House system==
The house system aims to cultivate a sense of collective responsibility and unity among students while also serving as the focal point of school life. Students from different houses engage in friendly competition through sports and various co-curricular activities. Each house is overseen by a Students' Council member who is responsible for fulfilling their duties as directed by the management or school staff. The school houses and their respective colours are as follows:

{{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Nehru {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Gandhi {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Tilak {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Tagore.

==Uniform==
Students from grades 1 to 8 are required to wear blue short-sleeved shirts with white stripes, paired with blue short pants. Boys in grades 8 to 10 transition to blue long pants, while girls wear a blue six-piece skirt with a white blouse. Regular black leather shoes are part of the standard school attire, with ties and t-shirts provided by the school.

On days designated for Physical Education (P.E.), primary section boys wear black short pants and t-shirts in their respective house colours, while girls wear black skirts and house-coloured t-shirts. Older students also wear black long pants and house-coloured t-shirts for P.E. sessions.

==The St Teresa's Parent Teacher Association (P.T.A)==
The [[Parent–teacher association|P.T.A.]] aims towards at fostering cordial and friendly relations between the members of the staff and the parents of the students so that there is better understanding and co-operation between the home and the school. From each class, one parent is elected as the P.T.A. representative of that specific class.

==Students' Council==
The Head Boy and Head Girl are chosen by the teachers from among the students in the grade 10; the Assistant Head Boy and Assistant Head Girl are selected from the grade 9. Additionally, four House Captains are appointed for each house. The Captains of the house are selected from the grade 9, while the Assistant Captains are chosen from the grade 8. The election of the members is done by the teachers' staff.

==List of scholarships==

* '''Miss Elizabeth Rowe Scholarship''' for a catholic student securing a first class and highest among the catholic students in the S.S.C. board.
* '''Mr Mathew and Teresa D'souza Scholarship''' for the most outstanding student of standard 10.
* '''Late Mr Owen Pereira Scholarship''' for a catholic student who gets highest among catholic students in standard 9.
* '''Late Mr Owen Pereira Scholarship''' for the best all-round student in athletics and games girl.
* '''Late Mr Owen Pereira Scholarship''' for the best all-round student in athletics and games boy.
* '''Late Antonette Totsie Sitlani (''née'' Misquitta) Scholarship''' for the student who gets highest in the S.S.C. Board exam.
* '''Late Antonette Totsie Sitlani (''née'' Misquitta) Scholarship''' for the catholic student who gets highest in the S.S.C. Board exam (minimum 70%).
* '''Combine scholarship given for General Proficiency''' by Cynthia Fernandes, Rita Misquita, Yvette D'sylva, ex-student Cherylann, Motiram Jayakar, Eugeno Pereira, Dr Shankar Shesh, Zita Fernandes, Pramila M. Jayakar, Tommy Crasto, Kershap V. Nawathe, Fr. Gerald Fernandes. Fr. Roque Peretra, Isabel Fernandes, Shirdhar V. Setlur, Effie Rodrigues, Peter Chaves and Katherine Remedios, Evelyn Colaco, Laxmibai Kantak, Fr. Paul Fernandes, Msgr. Eustace D'Lima for standard 5 to standard 10.
* '''Mr and Mrs C. G. Pratap scholarship''' to the best all-round student of the secondary school: standard 5 to standard 10.<ref>{{Cite book |title=St. Teresa's High School secondary section calendar |publisher=Roozari Printers |year=2023 |location=Mumbai |page=20 |language=en}}</ref>

==Culture==
St Teresa's is a [[Multicultural|cosmopolitan]] school. The school imparts Christian values to the children. The Christmas concert is celebrated every December. A sports meet and a farewell party for students who are passing out of the institution are also held annually.

The school also holds some traditions to be maintained by all the students of the school; they are mentioned in the school diary. They are:<ref>{{Cite book |title=St. Teresa's High School secondary section calendar |publisher=Roozari Printers |year=2023 |location=Mumbai |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

* To always be friends with one another and respectful towards elders—in and out of the school.
* To avoid vulgarity in talk and behaviour.
* To accept whatever work is assigned with joy and pride.
* To be courteous, and develop [[sportsmanship]]—like with officials and with opposing teams of different Houses.
* To respect the liberty and rights of other pupils.
* To learn and observe good manners everywhere.
* To only converse in English.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:ST TERESA'S CHURCH.PNG|St Teresa's Church
File:ST. TERESA'S SCHOOL EMBLEM.jpg|Emblem
File:CORNER STONE-ST. TERESA'S.jpg|Corner Stone

File:ST TERESA'S HIGH SCHOOL.PNG|Main Gate
File:SCHOOL MONUMENT.jpg|School Monument
File:QUADRANGLE.jpg|Quadrangle
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://eduraft.com/school/Mumbai/Charni+Road/St+Theresa+School/20028/about_the_school ''About St. Theresa School'']; Education Raft
*[http://www.thinkvidya.com/st-teresa-high-school-mumbai/12226 ''St. Teresa High School, Mumbai'']; TVY.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Teresa's High School, Charni Road}}
[[Category:Government schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1924]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]

Aswekeepsearching

2026-03-24T13:39:48Z

NewtonKelson9: adding a pg w/ refs.

{{short description|Indian post-rock band}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Aswekeepsearching
| image = Aswekeepsearching_playing_in_New_Delhi,_India_in_2021.jpg
| caption = Aswekeepsearching performing in 2021
| image_size =
| landscape =
|alias = {{hlist|AWKS}}
| origin = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Rock music|Rock]]
* [[post-rock]]
* [[Ambient music|ambient]]
}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
* Ajay Jayanthi
}}
| website = {{URL|aswekeepsearching.in}}
| current_members = Uddipan Sarmah Robert Alex Sambit Chatterjee
| past_members = Shubham Gurung Gautam Deb Ashwin Naidu Tushar Verma
}}

'''Aswekeepsearching''' (stylized '''aswekeepsearching'''; often abbreviated as '''AWKS'''; pronounced "'''As We Keep Searching'''") is an Indian [[post-rock]] band formed in [[Ahmedabad]] in September 2013 as a home studio project by vocalist and guitarist Uddipan Sarmah and ex-guitarist and keyboardist Shubham Gurung. They have released four studio albums and two [[Extended play|EP]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/still-lot-of-scope-and-hope-for-upcoming-indie-music-artistes-post-rock-band-aswekeepsearching-2379127.html |title=Still Lot of Scope and Hope for Upcoming Indie Music Artistes: Post-rock Band aswekeepsearching |publisher=News 18 |date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2019/jul/06/of-happily-evolving-in-post-rock-sounds-2000112.html |title=Of happily evolving in post rock sounds |publisher=The New Indian Express }}</ref>

The band has shared the stage with notable acts such as [[Incubus (band)|Incubus]], [[Fever 333]], [[Textures (band)|Textures]], [[Caspian (band)|Caspian]], [[God Is an Astronaut]], [[Steven Wilson]], [[65daysofstatic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/65daysofstatic-colour-haze-to-play-at-bengalurus-indie-march-festival-next-month/ |title=65daysofstatic, Colour Haze to Play at Bengaluru's Indie March Festival Next Month |date=5 February 2016 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> pg.lost, [[Tides of Man]], [[Sleepmakeswaves]], [[the Contortionist]], [[Plini]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Dua Lipa]] and many more. Their fresh and emotive approach to the post-rock genre followed by their live performances have achieved notable success in India and internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/indian-post-rockers-aswekeepsearching-go-deep-on-their-powerful-new-track/ |title=Indian Post-Rockers aswekeepsearching Go Deep On Their Powerful New Track |date=20 September 2019 |publisher=Kerrang }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/soul-sound-aswekeepsearching-the-hindi-post-rock-band/cid/1696173 |title=Soul sound: Aswekeepsearching, the Hindi post-rock band |newspaper=The Telegraph }}</ref>

==Career==
===2013–2014: Formation, early years and ''Growing Suspicions''===
In September 2013, the band began as a home studio project by vocalist and guitarist Uddipan Sarmah and keyboardist and guitarist Shubham Gurung in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The band released their debut EP ''Growing Suspicions'' in February 2014 featuring six tracks and two bonus tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/listen-ahmedabad-post-rock-band-keep-searching-release-debut-ep/ |title=Listen: Ahmedabad Post Rock Band As We Keep Searching Release Debut EP |work=Rolling Stone India |date=12 February 2014}}</ref> Uddipan and Shubham were joined by their friends Ashwin Naidu on the drums and Tushar Verma on the bass to play a couple of live shows in their home city.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

===2015–2016: ''Khwaab'' and Russia Tour===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| footer = Robert Alex (top) and Uddipan Sarmah (bottom)
| image1 = Robert Alex.jpg
| width1 = 210
| image2 = Uddipan Sarmah.jpg
| width2 = 210
}}
2015 saw the band come together as a live act with Robert Alex and Gautam Deb (from prominent [[Pune]]-based experimental metal band Noiseware) joining as members, ultimately leading to the launch of Aswekeepsearching's first full-length release titled ''Khwaab''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsjonline.com/reviews/aswekeepsearching--khwaab.html |title=Aswekeepsearching - Khwaab |publisher=Rock Street Journal}}</ref> (meaning "Dream"). Noiseware's guitarist/producer Adhiraj Singh tracked the album at Refractor Studio in Pune and joined the band as their live sound engineer.{{cn|date=January 2025}} The release of ''Khwaab'' was the moment that led to the start of a change in the Indian independent music circuit. With the music spreading like wildfire owing to its fresh and emotive approach, the band redefined the touring culture in India;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/interview-with-aswekeepsearching |title=aswekeepsearching: The uncovered interview |publisher=Red Bull |date=16 September 2016}}</ref> taking their music to a multitude of cities locally and also embarking on their first-ever overseas 5-city Russian Tour<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/aswekeepsearching-announce-russia-tour-new-single/ |title=Aswekeepsearching Announce Russia Tour, New Single |date=7 October 2015 |work=Rolling Stone India }}</ref> where the band performed in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Moscow]], [[Kazan]], [[Ekaterinburg]] and again in Moscow for their last show.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

===2017–2018: ''Zia'' and Europe Tour===
[[File: Aswekeepsearching live in Fandom Gilly's Redefined, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Aswekeepsearching playing in Bangalore, India in 2019.]]
The extensive touring schedule of ''Khwaab'' brought them their sophomore record ''Zia'' (meaning "Light") – an eleven-track album birthed from the shared experiences of the band.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/aswekeepsearching-zia/ |title=Aswekeepsearching Switch Gears |date=21 March 2017 |publisher=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> ''Zia'' was released in April 2017 and gained appreciation from critics and fans alike. Expanding the sonic landscape, the band collaborated with like-minded artists on select songs, introducing Indian instrumentation such as the [[tabla]] and [[sitar]] into their already diverse soundscape. This made for a unique and enthralling listening experience for a global audience, setting a standard for modern post-rock.{{cn|date=January 2025}} Prior to the release of the album, Uddipan hosted a "Zia // Storytelling & Listening Session Tour" where he visited 13 cities and hosted a listening session to a select number of fans. The sessions were held in living rooms and jam pads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/aswekeepsearching-to-host-listening-sessions-across-india-for-new-album-zia/ |title=Aswekeepsearching to Host Listening Sessions Across India for New Album 'Zia' |date=6 March 2017 |website=rollingstoneindia.com |publisher=Rolling Stone India |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> Post-release, the band went on to extensively tour,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/gigreview-aswekeepsearching-zia-album-launch/ |title=Gig Review: AsWeKeepSearching 'Zia' Album Launch, Mumbai |date=9 June 2017 |publisher=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> from selling out venues on their album launch tour to performing at premiere music festivals in India such as [[NH7 Weekender]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bacardi-nh7-weekender-mix-of-desi-videshi-acts-dominates-day-1-4974811/ |title=Bacardi NH7 Weekender: Mix of desi-videshi acts dominates Day 1 |date=9 December 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express }}</ref> and VH1 Supersonic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Riddhi |last2=Tagat |first2=Anurag |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/vh1-supersonic-2018/ |title=Festival Review: Vh1 Supersonic 2018, Pune |date=20 February 2018 |website=rollingstoneindia.com |publisher=Rolling Stone India |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>

In May 2018, the band embarked on their second overseas 15 City tour across Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewildcity.com/news/6959-aswekeepsearching-announce-eu-tour |title=Aswekeepsearching Announce EU Tour |publisher=The Wild City |date=17 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mumbaipune-based-rock-band-aswekeepsearching-captures-the-giddy-and-gruelling-moments-of-their-first-ever-europe-tour/ |title=Mumbai/Pune-Based Rock Band Aswekeepsearching Captures the Giddy and Gruelling Moments of Their First Ever Europe Tour |publisher=VICE |date=26 October 2018 }}</ref> with shows at notable post-rock outings like Dunk! Festival ([[Belgium]]) and Pelagic Fest ([[Germany]]); the band made a lasting impression on Europe. After returning from Europe, the band did the seven-city Homecoming Tour where they covered cities like [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/aswekeepesearching-prep-new-ep-announce-tour/ |title=Aswekeepesearching Prep New EP, Announce Tour |website=rollingstoneindia.com |date=27 August 2018 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>

===2019: ''Rooh'', Sambit’s entry in the band and the Rooh India Tour===
[[File:Sambit Chatterjee.jpg|thumb|Sambit Chatterjee]]
In May 2019, the band embarked on a five-city tour covering [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]]. Later in July, after four years of being together, Gautam Deb left the band after finishing the drum tracking for their third album. The band's longtime friend and collaborator Sambit Chatterjee joined the band as the drummer.{{cn|date=January 2025}} Prior to the release of the album, Uddipan once again hosted an album listening session<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/culture/music/55701-i-experienced-half-an-hour-of-pure-music-at-aswekeepsearching-s-beautiful-intimate-listening-session.html |title=I Experienced Half An Hour Of Pure Music At Aswekeepsearching's Beautiful, Intimate Listening Session |publisher=MensXP |date=12 August 2019 }}</ref> and this time covered 20 cities. Finally, ''Rooh'' (meaning "Soul"), an eight-song album, was released in September 2019. The band then went on to tour nine cities across India – [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Kohima]] and [[Pune]] – promoting ''Rooh'', headlined numerous college festivals at prestigious institutions like the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]]s,{{cn|date=January 2025}} and also performed at the debut edition of the OnePlus Music Festival held at [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] in November, where they got to share the stage with the likes of [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Dua Lipa]] and [[Katy Perry]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/oneplus-music-festival-the-six-who-will-rock-mumbai/ |title=OnePlus Music Festival: The six who will rock Mumbai! |date=8 November 2019 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===2020-present: ''Sleep''===
While travelling to different cities for their performances, work on new music had already begun. In December 2019, the band laid the foundations for their next full-length release, in which they wanted to touch on the topic of mental health and its importance. In January 2020 they began the recording and pre-production process for the album ''Sleep'', which released on 17 April 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://echoesanddust.com/2020/04/aswekeepsearching-sleep/ |title=REVIEW: ASWEKEEPSEARCHING – SLEEP |date=20 April 2020 |publisher=Echoes and Dust }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/aswekeepsearchings-upcoming-album-sleep-may-help-people-with-sleep-disorders/ |title=Aswekeepsearching's upcoming album 'Sleep' may help people with sleep disorders |date=3 April 2020 |publisher=The Indian Music Diaries }}</ref> The release of ''Sleep'' also saw the parting of ways with guitarist Shubham Gurung, as he wanted to focus his energies on his spiritual path.{{cn|date=January 2025}} In July 2020, the band spearheaded the campaign #foryourmind where they collaborated with independent artists like Hanita Bhambri, Raghav Meattle, Polar Lights, [[Mali (singer)|Mali]], [[Aditi Ramesh]], [[Bloodywood]], FOI, Street Stories, Gaurav Tophakhane, [[Swarathma]] and others across the country in an effort to raise awareness on mental health and wellness.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewildcity.com/news/17759-raghav-meattle-hanita-bhambri-more-join-aswekeepsearching-s-mental-health-awareness-campaign-foryourmind |title=Raghav Meattle, Hanita Bhambri & More Join Aswekeepsearching's Mental Health Awareness Campaign '#foryourmind' |website=thewildcity.com |date=23 July 2020 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/foryourmind-music-and-art-in-aid-of-mental-health/article32212956.ece |url-access=subscription |title=#ForYourMind: music and art in aid of mental health |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2020 |last1=Majumdar |first1=Meghna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006213703/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/foryourmind-music-and-art-in-aid-of-mental-health/article32212956.ece |archive-date=6 October 2023 |url-status=deviated}}</ref>

==Members==
===Current members===
*Uddipan Sarmah – vocals, guitars (2013–present)
*Robert Alex – bass (2015–present)
*Sambit Chatterjee – drums, percussions (2017–present)

===Former members===
*Gautam Deb – drums (2015–2019)
*Shubham Gurung – guitars, keyboards (2013–2020)
*Ashwin Naidu – drums (2013–2015)
*Tushar Verma – bass (2013–2015)

===Timeline===
<div class="center" >
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1000 height:350
PlotArea = left:110 bottom:120 top:0 right:30
Alignbars = justify
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/2013 till:01/01/2021
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy

Colors =
id:vocals;guitars value:red legend:Vocals, guitars
id:guitar;keyboard value:green legend:Guitars, keyboards
id:bass value:blue legend:Bass
id:drums value:orange legend:Drums

Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:2

ScaleMajor = increment:1 start:2013

LineData =
at:01/01/2015 color:black layer:back
at:01/01/2017 color:black layer:back
at:01/01/2019 color:black layer:back
at:01/01/2020 color:black layer:back

BarData =
bar:Sarmah text:"Uddipan Sarmah"

bar:Gurung text:"Shubham Gurung"
bar:Verma text:"Tushar Verma"
bar:Alex text:"Robert Alex"
bar:Naidu text:"Ashwin Naidu"
bar:Deb text:"Gautam Deb"
bar:Chatterjee text:"Sambit Chatterjee"

PlotData=
width:13 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:Sarmah from:01/01/2013 till:end color:vocals;guitars
bar:Gurung from:01/01/2013 till:01/01/2020 color:guitar;keyboard
bar:Alex from:01/01/2015 till:end color:Bass
bar:Deb from:01/01/2015 till:01/01/2019 color:Drums
bar:Chatterjee from:01/01/2017 till:end color:Drums
bar:Naidu from:01/01/2013 till:01/01/2015 color:Drums
bar:Verma from:01/01/2013 till:01/01/2015 color:Bass
</timeline>
</div>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
'''''Khwaab'' (2015)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsjonline.com/reviews/aswekeepsearching--khwaab.html |title=Aswekeepsearching - Khwaab |publisher=Rock Street Journal}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = Ativa
| length1 = 7:17
| title2 = In Circles
| length2 = 5:33
| title3 = We Sound Like Strangers
| length3 = 5:57
| title4 = Other Side
| length4 = 4:52
| title5 = When Will They Talk?
| length5 = 4:35
| title6 = Catalogues
| length6 = 5:33
| title7 = Banshee
| length7 = 6:35
| title8 = What If_?
| length8 = 4:46
| title9 = Life = Parallels
| length9 = 3:00
| title10 = The Moment
| length10 = 1:50
| title11 = B-303
| length11 = 5:29
| total_length = 55:27
}}

'''''Zia'' (2017)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/aswekeepsearching-zia/ |title=Aswekeepsearching Switch Gears |date=21 March 2017 |publisher=The Rolling Stone India }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = And Then Came Spring
| length1 = 5:48
| title2 = Sleep / / Awake
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Uns
| length3 = 4:41
| title4 = There You Are
| length4 = 3:27
| title5 = Reminiscence
| length5 = 4:38
| title6 = Kalga
| length6 = 7:11
| title7 = A New Solace
| length7 = 4:17
| title8 = Hope Unfolds
| length8 = 5:05
| title9 = Lights & Colors
| length9 = 4:00
| title10 = Sometime Somewhere
| length10 = 4:51
| title11 = Ascend
| length11 = 4:06
| total_length = 52:33
}}

'''''Rooh'' (2019)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/culture/music/55701-i-experienced-half-an-hour-of-pure-music-at-aswekeepsearching-s-beautiful-intimate-listening-session.html |title=I Experienced Half An Hour Of Pure Music At Aswekeepsearching's Beautiful, Intimate Listening Session |publisher=MensXP |date=12 August 2019 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = Chasing Light
| length1 = 5:31
| title2 = Green and Blue
| length2 = 4:04
| title3 = Aas Paas
| length3 = 5:59
| title4 = Eneke Najaaba
| length4 = 2:26
| title5 = Rooh
| length5 = 4:10
| title6 = A Night in Zottegem
| length6 = 4:08
| title7 = Aitbaar
| length7 = 5:10
| title8 = Gangtey
| length8 = 2:17
| total_length = 33:45
}}

'''''Sleep'' (2020)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://echoesanddust.com/2020/04/aswekeepsearching-sleep/ |title=REVIEW: ASWEKEEPSEARCHING – SLEEP |date=20 April 2020 |publisher=Echoes and Dust }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/aswekeepsearchings-upcoming-album-sleep-may-help-people-with-sleep-disorders/ |title=Aswekeepsearching's upcoming album 'Sleep' may help people with sleep disorders |date=3 April 2020 |publisher=The Indian Music Diaries }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = Glued
| length1 = 4:17
| title2 = 11 Degrees
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Dreams Are Real
| length3 = 3:33
| title4 = Sleep Now
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = How Am I Supposed to Know
| note5 = featuring Ajay Jayanthi
| length5 = 4:47
| title6 = Let Us Try
| note6 = featuring Ajay Jayanthi
| length6 = 3:49
| title7 = Maybe There
| length7 = 3:46
| title8 = Sleep Again
| note8 = featuring Ajay Jayanthi
| length8 = 5:01
| total_length = 33:42
}}

'''''kyun?'' (2025)'''
{{Track listing
| title1 = why?
| length1 = 2:35
| title2 = you left something
| length2 = 6:23
| title3 = into the mind
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = enter the heart
| length4 = 5:52
| title5 = nature of life
| length5 = 5:49
| title6 = happiness > god
| length6 = 5:02
| title7 = the search
| length7 = 4:36
| title8 = i'm here, with you!
| length8 = 5:28
| title9 = shayad bhool gaye
| length9 = 5:18
| title10 = of unsaid farewells
| length10 = 3:36
| total_length = 48:46
}}

===EPs===
'''''Growing Suspicions'' (2014)'''
{{Track listing
| title1 = The Tattva
| length1 = 6:36
| title2 = In Circles
| length2 = 6:09
| title3 = Shimmer of Light
| length3 = 3:26
| title4 = When Will They Talk?
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Banshee
| length5 = 6:37
| title6 = Aakorxon
| length6 = 5:36
| title7 = The Tattva (Leroi Mix)
| length7 = 4:03
| title8 = Aakorxon (Leroi Mix)
| length8 = 4:40
| total_length = 41:32
}}

'''''IIII'' (2020)'''
{{Track listing
| title1 = Ativa - Reprised Version
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Reminiscence - Reprised Version
| length2 = 5:33
| title3 = Rooh - Reprised Version
| length3 = 3:17
| total_length = 14:00
}}

===Singles===
'''"At Long Last" (2016)'''
{{Track listing
| title1 = At Long Last
| length1 = 3:15
| total_length = 3:15
}}

'''"The Tattva (Remastered)" (2019)'''
{{Track listing
| title1 = The Tattva (Remastered)
| length1 = 5:58
| total_length = 5:58
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.aswekeepsearching.in/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian indie rock groups]]
[[Category:Post-rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Gujarat]]

Prasad Jawade

2026-03-22T14:48:49Z

NewtonKelson9: Starting Data...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Kalyan]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2009 –present
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Amruta Deshmukh]]|2023}}
| known_for = ''[[Ase He Kanyadan]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
}}

'''Prasad Jawade''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in Marathi film and television. Currently, he participated in [[Colors Marathi]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Apurva Nemlekar and Prasad Javade engage in a fight on day one after the former calls him 'useless' and 'arrogant' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-apurva-nemlekar-and-prasad-javade-engage-in-a-fight-on-day-one-after-the-former-calls-him-useless-and-arrogant/articleshow/94628361.cms |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Times of India|date=4 October 2022 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jawade has been in a relationship with [[Amruta Deshmukh]], a fellow contestant of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi]]''. They got married on 18 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिग बॉसने बना दी जोडी! अमृता देशमुख-प्रसाद जवादे यांचा झाला साखरपुडा; लग्नाची तारीखही ठरली |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/bigg-boss-marathi-fame-amruta-deshmukh-prasad-jawade-got-engaged-wedding-date-is-18th-november/articleshow/102035718.cms |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jawade was born in [[Kalyan]], [[Maharashtra]]. Before starting a career, he joined a theatre group in [[Pune]]. In 2010, he appeared in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]''. In 2011, he got first lead role in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Arundhati (2011 TV series)|Arundhati]]''. In 2013, he again bagged the lead role in [[Star Pravah]]'s ''Laxmi v/s Saraswati''.

In 2015, he appeared in ''[[Ase He Kanyadan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-26 |title=Ase He Kanyadan - One more family marriage drama on Zee Marathi |url=https://marathistars.com/news/one-family-marriage-drama-zee-marathi/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Marathi Stars}}</ref> In 2019, he came into limelight after he played a role of [[B.R. Ambedkar]] in ''[[Ek Mahanayak – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BR Ambedkar's Life to be Brought Alive in TV Series Ek Mahanayak |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/br-ambedkars-life-to-be-brought-alive-in-tv-series-ek-mahanayak-2419665.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=News18}}</ref> Since October 2022, he participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Meet Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestants: From Yashashri Masurkar, Kiran Mane to Tejaswini Lonari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestants-list-yashashri-masurkar-kiran-mane-tejaswini-lonari-mahesh-manjrekar-8187343/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Guru (2016 film)|Guru]]''
|Cameo appearance
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Sadachari]]''
|Dattu
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Chhichhore]]''
|Father in the train
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=बॉलिवूडमध्ये झळकला हा मराठी स्टार |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-gossips/prasad-jawade-work-in-chhichhore-film/articleshow/71147279.cms |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
|Deven Jadhav
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=Did You Know That This Actor From Ek Mahanayak Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Was Part Of Malang? - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/did-you-know-that-this-actor-from-ek-mahanayak-dr-b-r-ambedkar-was-part-of-malang |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=ZEE5}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''
|Ashu Bhoir
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasad Jawade {{!}} undefined Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2020/pune-times/most-desirable-men/prasad-jawade/articleshow/79958243.cms |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2021 }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2009-2010
|''[[Maharashtracha Superstar]]''
|Contestant
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2010-2011
|''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]''
|Jay Prabhu
|
|-
|2011-2012
|''[[Arundhati (2011 TV series)|Arundhati]]''
|Digvijay
|
|-
|2012-2013
|''Laxmi v/s Saraswati''
|Raghuram Nakhwa
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Big Productions' Lakshmi V/s Saraswathi is the most expensive show made in Marathi |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/reliance-big-productions |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Ase He Kanyadan]]''
|Kartik
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-03 |title="Every actor has a wish to become a director"- Prasad Jawade |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/interviews/every-actor-has-a-wish-to-become-a-director-prasad-jawade.php |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref>
|-
|2016-2017
|''Kulswamini''
|Abhay
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|2017
|''Awaaz - Punyashlok Ahilyabai Holkar''
|Cameo appearance
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|-
|2019-2021
|''[[Ek Mahanayak – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]''
|[[B. R. Ambedkar]]
|[[And TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasad Jawade shares his views on doing justice to Dr B.R. Ambedkar's story |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prasad-jawade-shares-his-views-doing-justice-dr-br-ambedkars-story-191219 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
|-
|2022-2023
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Contestant
| rowspan="2" |[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Apurva Nemlekar, Prasad Jawade Involved in Heated Argument |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-apurva-nemlekar-prasad-jawade-involved-in-heated-argument-6100279.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Kavyanjali - Sakhi Savali]]''
|Pritam
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prasad Jawade to play Pritam's role in KavyaAnjali, says, "It's my return gift to fans who loved me since Bigg Boss Marathi" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/prasad-jawade-to-play-pritams-role-in-kavyaanjali-says-its-my-return-gift-to-fans-who-loved-me-since-bigg-boss-marathi/articleshow/100648213.cms |access-date=2023-06-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024-2026
|''[[Paaru (Marathi TV series)|Paaru]]''
|Aditya Kirloskar
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2026
|''Deep Jyoti''
|Deep
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8079063}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawade, Prasad}}
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Pune]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Great Famine of 1876–1878

2026-03-20T16:20:17Z

NewtonKelson9: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Famine in India under Crown rule}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox famine
| name = Great Indian famine of 1876–1878
| image = FaminesMapOfIndia1800-1885.jpg
| caption = Map of the [[British Indian Empire]] (1885), showing the regions affected by various famines of the 19th century, including the Great Famine of 1876–1878.
| country = [[British Raj|British India]]
| location = [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]
| period = 1876–1878
| total_deaths = 5.6–9.6 million
| death_rate =
| theory = [[Commodification|Grain commodification]], [[Cash crop|Cash Crops]]
| preceded = [[Bihar famine of 1873–1874]]
| succeeded = [[Indian famine of 1896–1897]]
|causes= [[Colonialism]], [[Genocide]], [[Drought]], [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation]]}}
The '''Great Famine of 1876–1878''' was a [[famine]] in [[British Raj|India under British Crown rule]]. It began in 1876 after an intense drought resulted in crop failure in the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="Roy 2006 361">{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=361}}</ref> Although the region still produced foodstuffs sufficient to avoid famine, colonial grain exports swelled to record numbers, ensuring widespread devastation. It affected [[South India|south]] and [[West India|Southwestern India]]—the British-administered presidencies of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], and the [[princely state]]s of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]—for a period of two years. In 1877, famine came to affect regions northward, including parts of the [[Central Provinces]] and the [[North-Western Provinces]], and a small area in [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name=igi-III-488>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=488}}</ref> The famine ultimately affected an area of {{convert|257000|sqmi|km2|order=flip}} and caused distress to a population totalling 58,500,000.<ref name=igi-III-488/> The [[excess mortality]] in the famine has been estimated in a range whose low end is 5.6 million human fatalities, high end 9.6 million fatalities, and a careful modern demographic estimate 8.2 million fatalities.<ref name=fieldhouse1996/><ref name="Dyson2018"/> The famine is also known as the '''Southern India famine of 1876–1878''' and the '''Madras famine of 1877'''.

==Preceding events==
[[File:GrainFamineMadras.jpg|thumb|right|Grain destined for export stacked on [[Madras]] beaches (February 1877).]]
The ''Great Famine'' was precipitated by an intense drought resulting in crop failure in the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="Roy 2006 361"/> This was part of a larger pattern of drought and crop failure across India, China, South America and parts of Africa caused by an interplay between a strong [[El Niño]] and an active [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] that led to between 19 and 50 million deaths.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=Michael |title=A freak 1870s climate event caused drought across three continents |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2183901-a-freak-1870s-climate-event-caused-drought-across-three-continents/ |website=New Scientist}}</ref>

The regular export of grain by the colonial government continued; during the famine, the viceroy, [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], oversaw the export to England of a record 6.4 million hundredweight (320,000 tons) of wheat, which made the region more vulnerable. The cultivation of alternate [[cash crop]]s, in addition to the [[commodification]] of grain, played a significant role in the events.<ref>S. Guha, Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991
2006. p.116</ref><ref>Mike Davis, 2001. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso, London.</ref>

The famine occurred at a time when the colonial government was attempting to reduce expenses on welfare. Earlier, in the [[Bihar famine of 1873–74]], severe mortality had been avoided by importing rice from Burma. The Government of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and its Lieutenant-Governor, [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], were criticised for excessive expenditure on charitable relief.<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=488}}, {{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|1996|pp=217–219}}</ref> Sensitive to any renewed accusations of excess in 1876, Temple, who was now Famine Commissioner for the Government of India,<ref name=igi-III-488/> insisted not only on a policy of ''[[laissez faire]]'' with respect to the trade in grain,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|1996|p=217}}</ref> but also on stricter standards of qualification for relief and on more meagre relief rations.<ref name=igi-III-488/> Two kinds of relief were offered: "relief works" for able-bodied men, women, and working children, and gratuitous (or charitable) relief for small children, the [[elderly]], and the [[indigent]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|pp=477–483}}</ref>

===Relief===
[[File:Graphic1-1877.JPG|thumb|right|Engraving from ''[[The Graphic]]'', October 1877, showing two forsaken children in the [[Bellary district]] of the [[Madras Presidency]].]]
[[File:Bellary Zilla,Great Famine of 1876–78..jpg|thumb|right|Engraving from ''The Graphic'', October 1877, showing the plight of animals as well as humans in Bellary district.]]
[[File:Famine in India Natives Waiting for Relief in Bangalore.jpg|thumb|right|People waiting for famine relief in [[Bangalore]]. From the'' [[Illustrated London News]]'' (20 October 1877).]]
[[File:Madras famine 1877.jpg|thumb|right|A contemporary print showing the distribution of relief in [[Bellary]], [[Madras Presidency]]. From the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' (1877).]]
[[File:WWHooperFamine1876-78GroupOfEmaciaedMenandOneWoman.jpg|thumb|right|Famine stricken people during the famine of 1876–78 in Bangalore.]]
The insistence on more rigorous tests for qualification, however, led to strikes by "relief workers" in the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay presidency]].<ref name=igi-III-488/>
In January 1877, Temple reduced the wage for a day's hard work in the relief camps in [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] and Bombay<ref name=hall-mathews2008-5>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|2008|p=5}}</ref>—this 'Temple wage' consisted of {{convert|1|lb|g|sigfig=2|order=flip}} of grain plus one [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]] for a man, and a slightly reduced amount for a woman or working child,<ref>{{Harvnb|Washbrook|1994|p=145}}, {{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=489}}</ref> for a "long day of hard labour without shade or rest."<ref name = hall-matthews-1996-219>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|1996|p=219}}</ref> The rationale behind the reduced wage, which was in keeping with a prevailing belief of the time, was that any excessive payment might create '[[Dependent personality disorder|dependency]]' (or "demoralisation" in contemporaneous usage) among the famine-afflicted population.<ref name=hall-mathews2008-5/>

Temple's recommendations were opposed by some officials, including [[William Digby (writer)|William Digby]] and the physician [[W. R. Cornish]], Sanitary Commissioner for the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name=arnold-1994-7-8>{{Harvnb|Arnold|1994|pp=7–8}}</ref> Cornish argued for a minimum of {{convert|1.5|lb|g|sigfig=2|order=flip}} of grain and, in addition, supplements of vegetables and protein, especially if the individuals were performing strenuous labour in the relief works.<ref name=arnold-1994-7-8/> However, Lytton supported Temple, who argued that "everything must be subordinated to the financial consideration of disbursing the smallest sum of money."<ref name=davis>Mike Davis, ''Late Victorian Holocausts, El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World'', Verso, 2001; calories for Buchenwald diet: 1750; Temple wage: 1627. Both involved hard labour (p.39); Temple's remark on financial considerations p.40</ref>

In March 1877, the provincial government of Madras increased the ration halfway towards Cornish's recommendations, to {{convert|1.25|lb|g|sigfig=2|order=flip}} of grain and {{convert|1.5|oz|g|0|order=flip}} of protein in the form of ''[[dal|daal]]'' ([[pulse (legume)|pulse]]s).<ref name=arnold-1994-7-8/> Meanwhile, many more people had succumbed to the famine.<ref name=igi-III-489/> In other parts of India, such as the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], where relief was meagre, the resulting mortality was high.<ref name=igi-III-489>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=489}}</ref> In the second half of 1878, an epidemic of [[malaria]] killed many more who were already weakened by malnutrition.<ref name=igi-III-489/>

By early 1877, Temple proclaimed that he had put "the famine under control". Digby noted that "a famine can scarcely be said to be adequately controlled which leaves one-fourth of the people dead."<ref name=davis/>

All in all, the Government of India spent Rs. 30 million in relieving 700 million units (1 unit = relief for 1 person for 1 day) in British India and, in addition, another Rs. 7.2 million in relieving 72 million units in the [[princely states]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].<ref name=igi-III-489/> Revenue (tax) payments to the amount of Rs. 6 million were either not enforced or postponed until the following year, and charitable donations from Great Britain and the [[British Empire|colonies]] totaled Rs. 8.4 million.<ref name=igi-III-489/> However, this cost was minuscule ''per capita''; for example, the expenditure incurred in the [[Bombay Presidency]] was less than one-fifth of that in the [[Bihar famine of 1873–74]], which affected a smaller area and did not last as long.<ref name = hall-matthews-1996-219/>

===Famine in Mysore State===
Two years before the famine of 1876, heavy rain destroyed [[Eleusine coracana|ragi]] crops (a type of [[millet]]) in [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] and [[Bangalore]]. Scant rainfall the following year resulted in drying up of lakes, affecting food stock. As a result of the famine, the population of the state decreased by 874,000 (in comparison with the 1871 census).

Sir Richard Temple was sent by the [[British Raj|British India Government]] as Special Famine Commissioner to oversee the relief works of the Mysore government. To deal with the famine, the [[Kingdom of Mysore|government of Mysore]] started relief kitchens. A large number of people journeyed to Bangalore when relief was available. These people had to work on the Bangalore–Mysore railway line in exchange for food and grains. The Mysore government imported large quantities of grain from the neighbouring British ruled [[Madras Presidency]]. Grazing in forests was allowed temporarily, and new tanks were constructed and old tanks repaired. The [[Dewan]] of Mysore State, [[C. V. Rungacharlu]], in his [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] speech estimated the cost to the state at 160 [[lakh]]s, with the state incurring a debt of 80 lakhs.<ref name=Prasad>{{cite news|last1=Prasad|first1=S Narendra|title=A devastating famine |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/423536/a-devastating-famine.html|access-date=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=5 August 2014}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The [[Mortality displacement|excess mortality]] in the famine has been estimated to lie in a range whose low end is approximately 5.6 million human deaths, the high end approximately is 9.6 million deaths and a careful modern demographic estimate of which is 8.2 million deaths.<ref name=fieldhouse1996>{{Harvnb|Fieldhouse|1996|p=132}} Quote: "In the later nineteenth century, there was a series of disastrous crop failures in India leading not only to starvation but to epidemics. Most were regional, but the death toll could be huge. Thus, to take only some of the worst famines for which the death rate is known, some 800,000 died in the North West Provinces, Punjab, and Rajasthan in 1837–38; perhaps 2 million in the same region in 1860–61; nearly a million in different areas in 1866–67; 4.3 million in widely spread areas in 1876–78, an additional 1.2 million in the North West Provinces and Kashmir in 1877–78; and, worst of all, over 5 million in a famine that affected a large population of India in 1896–97. In 1899–1900 more than a million were thought to have died, conditions being worse because of the shortage of food following the famines only two years earlier. Thereafter the only major loss of life through famine was in 1943 under exceptional wartime conditions.(p. 132)"</ref><ref name="Dyson2018">{{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8|pages=137–}} Quote: "Estimating the number of people who died as a result of a famine is not straightforward. Assumptions are required, and often they are not specified in detail and can be influenced by political considerations. However, for the 1876‒78 famine, towards the low end of the range Visaria and Visaria mention official estimates for British administered provinces which suggest that there were about 5.6 million ‘excess’ deaths. Towards the high end of the range, the campaigner William Digby—who witnessed the crisis in Madras Presidency—put the figure at 9.4 million for India. Between these numbers, a careful estimate by Arup Maharatna is that there were around 8.2 million deaths. (p. 137)"</ref>

The excessive mortality and the renewed questions of "relief and protection" asked in its wake led directly to the formation of the Famine Commission of 1880, and to the eventual adoption of the [[Indian Famine Codes]].<ref name=igi-III-489/> After the famine, a large number of agricultural labourers and [[handloom weaver]]s in [[South India]] emigrated to British tropical colonies to work as [[Indentured servant|indentured labourers]] in plantations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=362}}</ref> The excessive mortality in the famine also neutralized the natural population growth in the Bombay and Madras presidencies during the decade between the first and second censuses of British India in 1871 and 1881 respectively.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=363}}</ref> The famine lives on in the Tamil and other literary traditions.<ref name="Zvelebil1974">.....panchalakshna tirumugavilasam, a satire published in 1899, composed by Villiappa Pillai, one of the court poets of Sivagangai. This narrative piece full of humour and biting irony deals in ca.4500 lines with the conditions of the people suffering in the great famine of 1876... God Sunderesvara of [[Madurai]] pleads his helplessness in solving the problems of inhabitants hit by the famine..{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&pg=PA218|access-date=1 January 2013|year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|pages=218–}}</ref> A large number of ''[[Kummi]]'' folk songs describing this famine have been documented.<ref>{{cite news|title= இந்தவாரம் கலாரசிகன் |url=http://www.dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?SectionName=Tamil%20Mani&artid=259447&SectionID=179&MainSectionID=179&SEO=&Title=%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D|access-date=17 August 2010|newspaper=[[Dina Mani]]|date=20 June 2010|language=ta}}</ref>

The Great Famine had a lasting political impact on events in India. Among the British administrators in India who were unsettled by the official reactions to the famine and, in particular by the stifling of the official debate about the best form of famine relief, were [[William Wedderburn]] and [[A. O. Hume]].<ref name=hall-matthews-2008-24>{{Harvnb|Hall-Matthews|2008|p=24}}</ref> Less than a decade later, they would found the [[Indian National Congress]] and, in turn, influence a generation of [[Indian nationalist]]s. Among the latter were [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] for whom the ''Great Famine'' would become a cornerstone of the economic critique of the [[British Raj]].<ref name=hall-matthews-2008-24/>

==See also==
*[[Tamil Nadu famine (1891)]]
*[[Indian famine of 1896–1897]]
*[[Indian famine of 1899–1900]]
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule]]
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[Drought in India]]
*[[Great Famine (Ireland)]]
*[[Bengal famine of 1943]]
*[[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]]
*[[Late Victorian Holocausts]]
*[[Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879]]
*[[Grande Seca]]
*[[Great Eastern Crisis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{Citation | last = Arnold | first = David | title = The 'discovery' of malnutrition and diet in colonial India | year = 1994 | journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–26 | doi=10.1177/001946469403100101| s2cid = 145445984 }}
*{{Citation | last = Davis| first = Mike | title = Late Victorian Holocausts|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar) | year = 2001|publisher=Verso Books. Pp. 400| isbn = 978-1-85984-739-8|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3IrKEzgkQkMC&pg=PA7}}
*{{Citation| last = Fieldhouse | first = David | chapter = For Richer, for Poorer? |editor-last = Marshall |editor-first = P. J. | title = The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|pages = 108–146|publisher=Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400| year = 1996| isbn = 0-521-00254-0|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&q=famine+british+empire+india&pg=PA132}}
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s | journal = Disasters | year = 1996 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 216–230 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb01035.x| pmid = 8854458 | bibcode = 1996Disas..20..216H }}
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | year = 2008 | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–24 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X07002892}}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III | title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. | year = 1907}}
*{{Citation | last = Roy | first = Tirthankar | title = The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition | year = 2006 | publisher = New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi, 385 | isbn = 0-19-568430-3}}
*{{Citation | last = Washbrook | first = David | title = The Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonial India: Production, Subsistence and Reproduction in the 'Dry South', c. 1870–1930 | year = 1994 | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 129–164 | jstor = 312924 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00011720}}
{{Refend}}

===Further reading===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{Citation | last = FAHEEM | first = S. | title = Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century | year = 1976 | journal = Population Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–14 | doi=10.2307/2173660 | jstor = 2173660 | pmid = 11630514}}
*{{Citation | last = Bhatia | first = B. M. | title = Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990 | year = 1991 | publisher = Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. Pp. 383 | isbn = 81-220-0211-0}}
*{{Citation | last = Davis| first = Mike|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar)| title = [[Late Victorian Holocausts]]: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World | year = 2001 | publisher = Verso. Pp. 464 | isbn = 1-85984-739-0}}
*{{Citation | last = Digby| first = William | author-link = William Digby (writer)| year = 1878 | title = The Famine Campaign in Southern India: Madras and Bombay Presidencies and province of Mysore, 1876–1878, Volume 1 | publisher = London: Longmans, Green and Co | url = https://archive.org/details/faminecampaignin01digbuoft}}
*{{Citation | last = Digby| first = William | author-link = William Digby (writer)| year = 1878 | title = The Famine Campaign in Southern India: Madras and Bombay Presidencies and province of Mysore, 1876–1878, Volume 2 | publisher = London: Longmans, Green and Co | url = https://archive.org/details/faminecampaigni00digbgoog}}
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year = 1900| year = 2005 | publisher = London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) | isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | jstor = 2174991 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145056
}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–297 | jstor = 2174784 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145446 | pmid = 11622922
}}
*{{Citation | last = Famine Commission | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389| doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 | pmid = 11620403 }}
*{{Citation | last = Government of India | year = 1867 | title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Hardiman | first = David | title = Usuary, Dearth and Famine in Western India | year = 1996 | journal = Past and Present | issue = 152 | pages = 113–156 | doi=10.1093/past/152.1.113}}
*{{Citation | last = Hill | first = Christopher V. | title = Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | year = 1991 | pages = 263–279 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00010672}}
*{{Citation | last = Klein | first = Ira | title = Death in India, 1871-1921 | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | year = 1973 | pages = 639–659 | doi=10.2307/2052814| jstor = 2052814 | pmid = 11614702 }}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India | year = 1983 | journal = Journal of Interdisciplinary History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–366 | doi=10.2307/203709| jstor = 203709 }}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Dearth, Famine, and Risk: The Changing Impact of Crop Failures in Western India, 1870–1920 | year = 1979 | journal = The Journal of Economic History | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–157 | doi=10.1017/S0022050700096352}}
*{{Citation | last = Singh | first = Deepti | title = Climate and the Global Famine of 1876–78 | year = 2018 | journal = Journal of Climate | volume = 31 | number = 23 | pages = 9445–9467 | doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0159.1| bibcode = 2018JCli...31.9445S | doi-access = free }}
*{{Citation | last = Temple | first = Sir Richard | author-link = Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet| year = 1882 | title = Men and events of my time in India | publisher = London: John Murray. Pp. xvii, 526 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cHsBAAAAQAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

{{Famine in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Famine of 1876-1878}}
[[Category:1876 in British India]]
[[Category:1877 in British India]]
[[Category:1878 in British India]]
[[Category:1876 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1877 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1878 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1870s famines]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]
[[Category:19th-century droughts]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Economic history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Disasters in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:El Niño–Southern Oscillation events]]
[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Karnataka]]

Balkrishna Industries

2026-03-20T14:47:25Z

NewtonKelson9: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian manufacturing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Balkrishna Industries Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|502355}} {{NSE|BALKRISIND}}
| logo = Balkrishna Tyres Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| foundation = 1987<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bkt-tires.com/en/about-us/corporate-profile|title=About Us | BKT Tires}}</ref>
| founder =
| industry = [[Automobile|Auto]] and [[Truck]] parts
| location = Mumbai, India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| products = [[Tyres]]
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|9810|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|1078|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Balkrishna Inds Slides After Q4 Pat Drops 32Percent Yoy To Rs 255 Cr |url=https://www.capitalmarket.com/news/hot-pursuit/balkrishna-inds-slides-after-q4-pat-drops-32percent-yoy-to-rs-255-cr-/1426022 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=Capital Market}}</ref>
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 7000+
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Balkrishna Industries Limited''' ('''BKT''') is an [[India|Indian multinational]] [[tire|tyre]] manufacturing company based in [[Mumbai]], India. Balkrishna Industries manufactures off-highway tyres used in specialist segmentations like [[mining]], [[earthmoving]], [[agriculture]], and [[gardening]] in five factories located in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Bhiwadi]], Chopanki, [[Dombivali]], and [[Bhuj]]. In 2013, it was ranked 41st among the world’s tyre makers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tirebusiness.com/article/20141030/NEWS/141039992/bkt-opens-1st-u-s-warehouse|title=BKT opens 1st U.S. warehouse – Tire Business|work=Tire Business|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> BKT sponsors various [[Sport|sports]] competitions in several countries, most notably [[Monster Jam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editors |first=Tyrepress |date=2014-03-04 |title=BKT the official tyre of Monster Jam |url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2014/03/bkt-the-official-tyre-of-monster-jam/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Tyrepress |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (492).jpg|thumb|right|BKT at [[EXCON]] 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]] ]]
[[File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (495).jpg|thumb|right|A BKT tyre at display in EXCON 2025, BIEC]]

==History==
Balkrishna Industries began operations in the year 1987 with the inauguration of its first off-highway tyre manufacturing facility in [[Aurangabad]]. Subsequent growth in business allowed the company to open new facilities in Dubai (2002) and Chopanaki (2006). It also diversified its product line by introducing tyres for ATV, earthmoving and gardening vehicles.

==Operations==

Balkrishna Industries is currently an [[OEM]] vendor for [[heavy equipment]] manufacturers like [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]], [[John Deere]], and [[CNH Industrial]]. In 2014, BKT held a 8% [[market share]] of the global off-the-road tyre segment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/33526268.cms?intenttarget=no|title=What makes Balkrishna Industries confident of achieving higher market share amid competition from Michelin, Bridgestone, and Continental?|last=Shyam|first=Ashutosh R.|date=10 April 2014|work=The Economic Times|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

Balkrishna Industries predominantly caters to the replacement market in North America and Europe. Its North American office is located in [[Akron, Ohio]], with one warehouse in [[Wando, South Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2014/12/bkt-investing-in-infrastructure-staff-in-north-america/|title=BKT investing in infrastructure, staff in North America|date=17 December 2014|work=Tyrepress|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> About 80 percent of Balkrishna Industries' business in the United States is in the farm market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rubbernews.com/article/20130729/ISSUE/307299985/tire-veteran-casalbore-ready-for-challenge-at-bkt-usa|title=Tire veteran Casalbore ready for challenge at BKT USA - Rubber & Plastics News|last=McCarron|first=Kathy|work=Rubber & Plastics News|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2025, it incorporated a subsidiary in the [[Netherlands]]. It also announced a five year roadmap involving 400 million dollars in investment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen |date=2025-06-23 |title=BKT establishes Netherlands-based subsidiary |url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2025/06/bkt-establishes-netherlands-based-subsidiary/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Tyrepress |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Awan |first=Zahra |date=2025-05-30 |title=BKT announces 2030 roadmap with US$400m in investments |url=https://www.tiretechnologyinternational.com/news/investments/bkt-announces-2030-roadmap-with-us400m-in-investments.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Tire Technology International |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Sponsorships===
[[File:BKT Tires Display Monster Truck 2024.jpg|thumb|right|A monster truck promoting BKT, the official tire of Monster Jam (2024)]]
BKT Tires has been the official and exclusive tyre [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsor]] for [[Monster Jam]] (a competition involving [[monster truck]]s) since 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2014/03/bkt-the-official-tyre-of-monster-jam/|title=BKT the official tyre of Monster Jam|date=4 March 2014|work=Tyrepress|access-date=24 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2018, BKT purchased naming rights for Italian football's second division, [[Serie B]] for three years, with the league being known as Serie BKT under the agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.calcioefinanza.it/2018/06/22/nuovo-title-sponsor-serie-b-bkt/|title=La B cambia nome: Si chiamerà Serie BKT fino al 2021|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>

On 15 January 2020, BKT signed an agreement with [[Ligue de Football Professionnel|LFP]] to rename the French football second division as [[Ligue 2|Ligue 2 BKT]] for four years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Accord majeur de naming entre la Ligue 2 et BKT|url=https://www.lfp.fr/Articles/COMMUNIQUÉS/2020/01/15/signature-d-un-accord-majeur-de-naming-entre-la-ligue-2-et-bkt|access-date=8 February 2021|website=LFP|date=15 January 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> The sponsorship deal was extended until 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=BKT retains Ligue 2 naming rights |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/bkt-retains-ligue-2-naming-rights/ |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=SportBusiness |language=en-US|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On 2 September 2022, BKT were announced as northern hemisphere title sponsorship for the [[United Rugby Championship]] for three years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=BKT Becomes United Rugby Championship Northern-Hemisphere Title Sponsor|url=https://www.unitedrugby.com/latest/news/bkt-becomes-united-rugby-championship-northern-hemisphere-title-sponsor |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=United Rugby Championship}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=United Rugby Championship lands BKT as northern-hemisphere title sponsor |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/united-rugby-championship-lands-bkt-as-northern-hemisphere-title-sponsor/ |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=SportBusiness |language=en-US|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In cricket, BKT sponsored [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[2023 Indian Premier League]].

BKT has become the official title sponsor of [[EuroCup Basketball]] for 3 years.

BKT sponsored the 2025 Mens Curling World Championship in Moosejaw, Canada.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://opt.tires/ Официальный сайт шин BKT в Украине]

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Tyre manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Guddemane Appaiah Gowda

2026-03-17T01:22:35Z

NewtonKelson9:

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter (c. 1792–1837)}}
{{family name hatnote|Guddemane|lang=Arebashe}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Guddemane Appaiah Gowda
| title = Subedar
| image =Subedar Guddemane Appaiah Gowda.jpg
| caption = Statue of Subedar Guddemane Appaiah Gowda in [[Madikeri]]
| known_for = [[Amara Sullia Rebellion]]
| birth_date = c. 1792
| birth_place = Balamuri Village, [[Kingdom of Coorg]] (present day [[Kodagu]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1837|10|31|1792|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Madikeri Fort]], [[Kingdom of Coorg]] (present day [[Kodagu]])
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| resting_place =
| father = Guddemane Subbaiah
| nickname = ''Guddera Appu''
}}

'''Guddemane Appaiah Gowda''' ({{circa|1792}} – 31 October 1837) was an Indian rebel, he instated a peasant army from [[Kodagu]] and became its commander in-chief to lead the [[Amara Sullia Rebellion]] in 1837.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} His great grandson Sujith Guddemane is prominent lawyer from Sullia, practising before the High Court of Karnataka.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} They were successful in hoisting the native flag after lowering the [[Union Jack]], which is known to be the first-ever freedom movement against the [[East India Company]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} They established a civil government in [[Mangalore]] for 13 days under his leadership.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಹೋರಾಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಮರರಾದ ಗೌಡರು |url=https://m.varthabharati.in/article/2018_08_15/148177 |work=Varthabharati}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Subedar Guddemane Appaiah Gowda Memorial Day observed in city |url=https://starofmysore.com/subedar-guddemane-appaiah-gowda-memorial-day-observed-in-city/ |work=Star of Mysore |date=3 November 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==

Guddemane Appaiah Gowda was born in 1792, the eldest son of Guddemane Subbaiah at Balamuri village in [[Kodagu]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} He belonged to the [[Arebhashe]] Gowda community.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಹೋರಾಟಗಾರ ಹುತಾತ್ಮ ಸುಬೇದಾರ್ ಗುಡ್ಡೆಮನೆ ಅಪ್ಪಯ್ಯ ಗೌಡ |url=https://www.searchcoorg.com/guddemane-appayya-gowda/ |work=Search Coorg |date=28 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Appaiah initially served as a [[Jemadar]] under King [[Linga Rajendra II]] of Kodagu.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} He was later promoted as [[Subedar]] during the rule of [[Chikka Virarajendra]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}}

==Contributions==

The people of Kodagu were ordered to pay the heavy tax to the [[East India Company]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} In opposition to this, Appaiah Gowda built his own army and became its commander-in-chief.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} He led the [[Amara Sullia Rebellion]] along with leaders like [[Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} They ruled for 13 days in Mangalore's Bautagudde.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Under his leadership, the Native ''Jangama'' flag was hoisted in Mangalore's Bautagudde.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Amara Sullia uprising, 20 years before 1857 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/the-amara-sullia-uprising-20-years-before-1857-873485.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Appaiah and his associates established a civil government and ruled for 13 days.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Until they were defeated by the British troops.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}}

==Death==

Guddemane Appaiah Gowda was captured by the British and their accomplices.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Guddemane Appaiah Gowda was hanged in front of [[Madikeri Fort]] on 31 October 1837 at 10-45 AM, sentenced as an open traitor by the [[Company rule in India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Freedom Fighter Guddemane Appaiah Gowda {{!}} Kodagu First |url=https://www.kodagufirst.in/?tag=freedom-fighter-guddemane-appaiah-gowda}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Statue of Subedar Guddemane Appaiah Gowda in Madikeri.jpg|250px|thumb|Statue of Subedar Guddemane Appaiah Gowda in Madikeri]]

A bronze statue of Guddemane Appaiah Gowda was unveiled by [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] at Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa Circle in [[Madikeri]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Freedom fighter Guddemane Appaiah remembered |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/freedom-fighter-guddemane-appaiah-remembered-1046077.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=31 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Demands have been made to include the contribution of Guddemane Appaiah Gowda in school textbooks.<ref>{{cite news |title='Include a lesson on Appaiah Gowda in syllabus' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/include-a-lesson-on-appaiah-gowda-in-syllabus-772714.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1790s births]]
[[Category:1837 deaths]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]

[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Coorg]]

List of Tamil monarchs

2026-03-13T07:48:49Z

NewtonKelson9: quick update section for consistency also and updated info

{{short description|List of Tamil speaking monarchs around the world}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Too many vague unreferenced names|date=December 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2021}}
}}
{{TNhistory}}

This is a list of [[Tamils|ethnically Tamil]] and predominantly [[Tamil language|Tamil speaking]] monarchs, who ruled in [[Southern India]] and parts of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[South East Asia]]. The ancient Tamil monarchy was largely hereditary and supported by numerous chieftains.<ref>Splendours of Tamil Nadu. p.146</ref>
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==Tamil royal titles==

* '' Tribhuvana Chakravarti/Chakravarti(Emperor)''
* ''Perarasi/Mahadevi'' (Empress)
* Devar (King)
* Devi/kundhi (Queen)
* ''Ko, Arasan, Mannan, Aliyan'' or ''Araiyan'' (head of stamping)
* ''Arasi'' (Queen)
* ''Ilavarasi'' or ''Piratti'' (Princess)
* ''Ilam-Ko'' or ''Ilavarasan'' (Prince)
* ''Kuru-nila Mannan'' or ''Chittrarasan'' (Regional King)
* ''Chittrarasi'' (Regional Queen)

==Three Crowned Kings==
{{Main|Three Crowned Kings}}

[[File:South India in Sangam Period Tamilakam.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Tamilakam]] in the ''''[[Sangam Period]]'''.]]

The three crowned kings known as Muvendar were the traditional three Tamil dynasties that ruled the Tamilakam since the Sangam era.

* [[Chera]]
* [[Chola]]
* [[Pandyan]]

==Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1620 CE)==
{{main|Pandyan dynasty}}
[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|thumb|Pandyan Empire at greatest extent]]

===Early Pandyans (c. 6th century BCE – 3rd century CE)===
{{main|Early Pandyan Kingdom}}

* [[Koon Pandiyan]] ([[:ta:அரிகேசரி]])
* [[Nedunjeliyan I]] (he was mentioned in legend of [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]])
* Pudappandiyan
* Mudukudumi Peruvazhudhi
* [[Nedunjeliyan II]]
* Nanmaran
* Nedunjeliyan III
* Maran Vazhudhi
* Kadalan Vazhudhi
* Mutriya Chezhiyan
* Ukkirap Peruvazhudhi

===Imperial Pandyans (590–920 CE)===
* [[Kadungon]] (590–620 CE)
* [[Maravarman Avani Culamani]] (620-645 CE)
* [[Jayantavarman]] (645-670 CE)
* [[Arikesari Maravarman|Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran]] (670–710 CE)
* [[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran]] (710–735 CE)
* [[Maravarman Rajasimha I|Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasimha I]] (735–765 CE)
* Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–815 CE)
* Rasasingan II (790–800) CE
* Varagunan I (800–830 CE)
* [[Srimara Srivallabha]] (815–862 CE)
* [[Varagunavarman II]] (862–880 CE)
* Parantaka Viranarayana (880–900 CE)
* [[Maravarman Rajasimha II]] (900–920 CE)

===Pandyans under Chola empire (920–1216 CE)===
{{main|Chola dynasty}}

*Sundara Pandyan I (920 CE)
*Veera Pandyan I
*Veera Pandyan II
*Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
*Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan
*Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan
*Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan
*Jatavarman Chola Pandya
*Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124)
*Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161)
*[[Parakrama Pandyan I]] (1161–1162 CE)
*Kulasekara Pandyan III
*Vira Pandyan III
*Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180 CE)
*[[Jatavarman Kulasekaran I]] (1190–1216 CE)

===Later Pandyans (1212–1345 CE)===
*[[Parakrama Pandyan II]] (1212–1215 CE)
*[[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan]] (1216–1238 CE)
*[[Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II]] (1238–1240 CE)
*[[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II]] (1238–1251 CE)
*[[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] (1251–1268 CE)
*[[Maaravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] (1268–1308 CE)
*Sundara Pandyan IV (1309–1327 CE)
*Vira Pandyan IV (1309–1345 CE)

===Tenkasi Pandyans (1422–1620 CE)===
{{Main|Tenkasi Pandyas}}

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city [[Madurai]] to [[Delhi Sultanate]], and were forced to move their capital to [[Tirunelveli]] in southern [[Tamilakam]] and existed there as vassals.

* Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan (1422–1463 CE)
* Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan (1429–1473 CE)
* [[Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan]] (1473–1506 CE)
* Kulasekara Pandyan (1479–1499 CE)
* Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan (1534–1543 CE)
* Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan (1543–1552 CE)
* Nelveli Maran (1552–1564 CE)
* Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan (1564–1604 CE)
* Varathunga Pandyan (1588–1612 CE)
* Varakunarama Pandyan (1613–1618 CE)
* Kollankondan ( Approx 1620 CE)

'''Mutharaiyar (raiyar)(600 and 850 CE)'''

Mutharaiyar dynasty is one of the royal dynasty in Tamil Nadu state of India. Mutharaiyars ruled Tanjore, Trichy and Pudukottai regions from 600 CE to 850 CE.

Admirable accounts of Mutharaiyar kings are found in the Tamil epics [[Nālaṭiyār]] and Muthollaayiram

Kuvavan Maaran alias Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar I (650-680 CE)

Maaran Parameswaran alias Ilangovadiaraiyan (680 -705 CE)

Suvaran Maran alias [[Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II]] (705-745 CE)

Videlviduku Satan Maran(745 -770 CE)

Peradiarayan alias Marbiduku(770-791 CE)

Kuvavan Satan alias Videlviduku Mutharaiyar(791 -826 CE)

sandhan Pailiili(826 -851 CE)

==Chola dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1280 CE)==
{{main|Chola dynasty}}

[[File:Rajendra map new.png|thumb|Chola Empire at greatest extent]]

=== Legendary Chola rulers ===
{{main|Legendary early Chola kings}}

===Early Chola rulers (c. 300 BCE – 850 CE)===
{{main|Early Cholas}}

[[File:Karikaala Chozan Memorial Building (2).jpg|thumb|A bronze statue of [[Karikala Chola|Karikalan]].]]

*[[Ellalan (monarch)|Ellalan]]
*[[Kulakkottan]]
*[[Ilamcetcenni]]
*[[Karikala Chola|Karikalan]]
*[[Nedunkilli]]
*[[Nalankilli]]
*[[Killivalavan]]
*[[Kopperuncholan]]
*[[Kocengannan]]
*[[Perunarkilli]]

===Imperial Chola Empire (850–1279 CE)===
{{main|Medieval Cholas|Later Cholas}}

[[File:Raraja detail.png|thumb|A sculpture of [[Rajaraja Chola I]].]]

* [[Vijayalaya Chola]] (848–881)
* [[Aditya I|Aditya]] (871–907)
* [[Parantaka I]] (907–955)
* [[Gandaraditya]] (950–957)
* [[Arinjaya]] (956–957)
* [[Parantaka Chola II]] (957–970)
* [[Uttama Chola]] (973–985)
* [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (985–1014)
* [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014–1044)
* [[Rajadhiraja Chola I]] (1018–1054)
* [[Rajendra Chola II]] (1054–1063)
* [[Virarajendra Chola]] (1063–1070)
* [[Athirajendra Chola]] (1067–1070)
*[[Kulottunga Chola I]] (1071–1122)
* [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118–1135)
* [[Kulothunga Chola II]] (1133–1150)
* [[Rajaraja Chola II]] (1146–1163)
* [[Rajadiraja Chola II]] (1163–1178)
* [[Kulottunga Chola III]] (1178–1218)
* [[Rajaraja Chola III]] (1216–1246)
* [[Rajendra Chola III]] (1246–1279), last of the imperial Cholas

== Chera dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1528 CE) ==
{{main|Chera dynasty}}

[[File:South India in early 11th century AD.jpg|thumb|South India & location of Cheras in west]]

===Early Chera kingdom (c. 3rd century BCE – 4th century CE)===

[[File:Chera coin (ancient south India) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Chera coin with legend "Makkotai"|147x147px]]
[[File:Kuttuvankotai-cash.jpg|thumb|A Chera coin with legend "Kuttuvan Kotai"]]

*[[Uthiyan Cheralathan|Uthiyan Cheral Athan]]
*[[Imayavaramban Nedun-Cheralatan|Nedum Cheral Athan]]
*Palyani Sel Kelu Kuttuvan
*Narmudi Cheral
*[[Senguttuvan|Vel Kelu Kuttuvan (Senguttuvan Chera)]]
*Adu Kottu Pattu Cheral Athan
*Selva Kadumko Valia Athan
*Anthuvan Cheral
*[[Tagadur Erinda Perumcheral|Perum Cheral Irumporai]]
*Illam Cheral Irumporai
*[[Yanaikat-sey Mantaran Cheral|Mantharan Cheral Irumporai]]
*Kanaikkal Irumporai

==== From inscriptions ====

*Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai
*Perum Kadungo Irumporai
*Ilam Kadungo Irumporai
*Kadummi Pudha Chera

==== From inscribed coins ====
*Mak-kothai
*Kuttuvan Kothai
*Kollippurai/Kollippurai
*Kol Irumporai
*Sa Irumporai

===Kongu Chera dynasty (c. 400–844 CE)===
{{Main|Kongu Chera dynasty}}

* Ravi Kotha
* Kantan Ravi
* Vira Kotha
* Vira Narayana
* Vira Chola
* Vira Kerala
* Amara Bhujanga Deva
* Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva

=== Chera Perumal dynasty of Makotai (c. 844–1124 CE) ===
{{main|Chera Perumals of Makotai}}

* [[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]] (844–870 CE)
** [[Kulasekhara Alvar]]/Kulasekhara Varma
*[[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]] (870–883 CE)
** [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]]
*Vijayaraga (883–895 CE)
* Kotha Kotha Kerala Kesari (895–905 CE)
*[[Goda Ravi|Kotha Ravi]] (905–943 CE)
* Indu Kotha (943–962 CE)
* Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya (962–1021 CE)
* Ravi Kotha Rajasimha (1021–1036 CE)
* Raja Raja (1036–1089 CE)
* Ravi Rama Rajadithya (1036–1089 CE)
* Adithyan Kotha Ranadithya (1036–1089 CE)
* [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara|Rama Kulasekhara]] (1089–1122 CE)
* Kotha Varma Marthandam (1122–1124 CE)

===Venadu Chera/Kulasekhara dynasty (c. 1124–1528 CE)===
{{Main|Venad (kingdom)}}

* Vira Kerala Varma I (1124–1145 CE)
* Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150 CE)
* Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150 CE)
* Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167 CE)
* Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173 CE)
* Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192 CE)
* Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195 CE)
* Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195– ?)
* Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214 CE)
* Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240 CE)
* Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252 CE)
* Ravi Varma (1299–1313 CE)
* Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333 CE)
* Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335 CE)
* Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342 CE)
* Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363 CE)
* Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366 CE)
* Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382 CE)
* Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416 CE)
* Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417 CE)
* Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383 CE)
* Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444 CE)
* Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458 CE)
* Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468 CE)
* Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484 CE)
* [[Vira Ravi Ravi Varma]] (1484–1503 CE)
* Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504 CE)
* Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1528 CE)

==Pallava Feudatories (c. 275–897 CE)==
{{main|Pallava dynasty}}
[[File:Greater Pallavas.png|thumb|left|Greatest extent of Pallava Empire, during the reign of Narasimhavarman I (630-668 CE)]]

[[File:I37 Pallavas Narasimhavarman 1 (8097362987).jpg|thumb|A Pallava coin with lion insigne of [[Narasimhavarman I]].]]

===Early Pallavas===
* Virakurcha (275–300), founder of dynasty
* Simha Varman I, Provincial governor of Palnadu region of Andhra
* Siva Skanda Varman I (300–325)
* Buddhavarman (325–340)
* Vishnugopavarman (340–350)

===Middle Pallavas===
* Kumaravisnu I (c. 345–360)
* Skanda Varman II (c. 360–380)
* Vira Varman (c. 380–400)
* Skanda Varman III (c. 400–436)
* Simha Varman I (c. 436–477)
* Yuvamaharaja Vishnugopa, Brother of Simhavarman I, Provincial governor of Andhra
* Skanda Varman IV (c. 477–490)
* Nandi Varman I (c. 490–500)
* Kumaravisnu II (c. 500–510)
* Buddha Varman (c. 510–525)
* Kumaravisnu III (c. 525–545)

===Later Pallavas===
* Simha Varman III (c. 545–554)
*[[Simhavishnu]] (554–590)
*[[Mahendravarman I]] (590–630)
*[[Narasimhavarman I]] (Mamalla) (630–668)
*[[Mahendravarman II]] (668–669)
*[[Paramesvaravarman I]] (669–691)
*[[Narasimhavarman II]] (Raja Simha) (691–728)
*[[Paramesvaravarman II]] (728–731)
*[[Nandivarman II]] (Pallavamalla) (731–796)
*[[Dantivarman]] (775–825)
*[[Nandivarman III]] (825–869)
*[[Nriputungavarman|Nirupathungan]] (869–882)
*[[Aparajitavarman]] (882–897), last Pallava ruler

==Ay chieftains==
{{main|Ay Kingdom}}

===Ay chieftains (early historic)===
* Ay Andiran
* Ay Titiyan (the Podiyil Chelvan)
* Ay Atiyan

===Medieval Ay kings===
* Chadayan Karunanthan
* Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. 856–884 CE)
* [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] (r. 884–911 CE)

==Mushika Rulers ==
{{main|Mushika Kingdom}}

===Early rulers===
* Ezhimala Nannan

===Medieval rulers===
* Validhara Vikkirama Rama (c. 929 CE)
* Kantan Karivarman alias Iramakuta Muvar (c. 1020 CE)
* Mushikesvara Chemani/Jayamani (c. 1020 CE)
* Utaiya-varma alias Ramakuta Muvar (early 12th century CE)
==Kadava Chieftains (c.1216-1279 CE)==
{{main|Kadava dynasty}}
* [[Kopperunchinga I]] (1216 - 1246 CE)
* [[Kopperunchinga II]] (1243 - 1279 CE)

==Jaffna Chieftains (c. 1277–1619 CE)==
{{main|Jaffna Kingdom}}

[[File:Jaffna Royal family.jpeg|thumb|Image of [[Singai Parasasekaran]], his sons Pandaram, Paranirupsingan and [[Cankili I]]]]

* [[Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan]] (1277–1284)
* [[Kulotunga Cinkaiariyan]] (1284–1292)
* [[Vickrama Cinkaiariyan]] (1292–1302)
* [[Varodaya Cinkaiariyan]] (1302–1325)
* [[Martanda Cinkaiariyan]] (1325–1348)
* [[Gunabhooshana Cinkaiariyan]] (1348–1371)
* [[Virodaya Cinkaiariyan]] (1371–1380)
* [[Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan]] (1380–1410)
* [[Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan]] (1410–1440)
* [[Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan]] (1440–1450 & 1467–1478)
* [[Singai Pararasasegaram]] (1478–1519)
* [[Cankili I]] (1519–1561)
* [[Puviraja Pandaram]] (1561–1565 & 1582–1591)
* [[Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran]] (1565–1570)
* [[Periyapillai]] (1565–1582)
* [[Ethirimana Cinkam]] (1591–1617)
* [[Cankili II]] Cekaracacekaran (1617–1619)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaffnaroyalfamily.org/family_tree1.php|title= genealogy of the royal house of jaffna}}</ref>

== Rajahs of Ramnad (c. 1601–1949 CE)==
{{main|Ramnad estate}}

'''''List of Sethupathi rulers'''''

===Chieftains With the Madurai Nayaks (c. 1601–1677)===
* Udaiyan Sethupathi ('''Sadaikkan''') (1601–1623)
* Koottan Sethupathi (1623–1635)
* Dalavai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1635–1645)
* Thirumalai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1646–1676)
* Raja Suriya Sethupathi (1676)
* Aathana Raghunatha Sethupathi (1677)

=== Imperial rulers (c. 1678–1795 CE) ===
* [[Raghunatha Kilavan|Raghunatha Kilavan Sethupathi]] (1678–1710)
* Muthu Vairavanatha Sethupathi I (1710–1712)
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I| Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi]] (1713–1725)
* Sundaresvara Raghunatha Sethupathi (1725)
* Bavani Sangara Sethupathi (1725–1727)
* Kumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1728–1735)
* Sivakumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1735–1747)
* Rakka Thevar Sethupathi (1748)
* Sella Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1749–1762)
* [[Muthuramalinga Sethupathi|Muthuramalinga Vijaya Ragunatha Sethupathi]] I (1762–1772 or 1781–1795)

===Rulers of princely state under British Raj (c. 1795–1949 CE)===
====As King====
* Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1795–1803)

==== As Zamindars====
* Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1803–1807)
* Annaswami Sethupathi (1807–1820)
* Ramaswami Sethupathi (1820–1830)
* Muthu Chella Thevar Sethupathi (1830–1846)
* Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar (1846–1862)
* [[Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II]] (1862–1873)
* [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] (1873–1889)
* [[Bhaskara Sethupathy]] (1889–1903)
* Dinakara Sethupathy
* [[Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi]] (1903–1929)
* [[Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi]] (1929–1949)

==Rajahs of Pudukkottai (c. 1686–1948 CE)==
{{main|Pudukkottai state}}

* [[Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman]] (1686–1730), first ruler
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I]] (1730–1769)
* [[Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman]] (1769–December 1789)
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman]] (December 1789–February 1, 1807)
* [[Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II]] (February 1, 1807–June 1825)
* [[Raghunatha Tondaiman]] (June 1825–July 13, 1839)
* [[Ramachandra Tondaiman]] (July 13, 1839 – April 15, 1886)
* [[Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman]] (April 15, 1886 – May 28, 1928)
* [[Rajagopala Tondaiman]] (October 28, 1928 – August 15, 1947), last ruler

==Rajahs of Sivaganga (CE 1725–1947 CE)==
{{main|Sivaganga estate}}

* Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1725–1750), first ruler
* Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1750–1780)
* [[Velu Nachiyar]] (1780–1790)
* [[Vellacci]] (1790–1793)<ref>K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, ''A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State'', p.720</ref>
* Vangam Periya Udaya Thevar (1793–1801), last ruler

==Velir Rulers==
{{main|Velirs}}

* [[Athiyamān]]
* [[Athiyamān Nedumān Añci]]
* [[Irunkōvēl]]
* [[Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri]]
* [[Malayamān]]
* [[Vaiyāvik Kōpperum Pēkan]]
* [[Vēl Pāri]]
* [[Ilanji Vel]]

==Later chieftains ==
{{main|Palaiyakkarar}}

* [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]]
* [[Puli Thevar]]
* [[Maruthu Pandiyar]]
* [[Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone]]

==Vijaya Nagar Nayaka paalayakars==
{{main|Nayaka dynasties|Nayak (title)}}

Nayaks, Nayakas or Nayakars were a Telugu-origin dynasty that established themselves after the fall of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] as sovereign rulers of Tamil territories and replaced the indigenous Tamil dynasties like Cholas and Pandyans.

===Gingee palyam (1509–1649 CE)===
{{main|Nayaks of Gingee}}

*Krishnappa Nayaka (1509–1521), first ruler
*Chennappa Nayaka
*Gangama Nayaka
*Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka
*Venkata Rama Bhupaala Nayaka
*Thriyambamka Krishnappa Nayaka
*Varadappa Nayaka
*Ramalinga Nayani vaaru
*Venkata Perumal Naidu
*Periya Ramabhadra Naidu
*Ramakrishnappa Naidu (d. 1649), last ruler

===Madurai palayam (1529–1736 CE)===
{{main|Madurai Nayak dynasty}}

*Nagama Nayaka, first ruler
*Viswanatha Nayaka
*Vitthala Raja Nayaka (1546–1558)
*Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka (1563–1573)
*Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka (1602–1609)
*Muttu Virappa Nayaka (1609–1623)
*Tirumalai Nayaka (1623–1659)
*Muttu Alakadri Nayaka (1659–1662)
*Chokkanatha Nayaka (1662–1682)
*Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka (1682–1689)
*[[Mangammal]] (1689–1704)
*Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayaka (1704–1731)
*Queen Meenakshi, and the End of the Nayakas (1731–1736), last ruler

===Thanjavur palayam (1532–1673 CE)===
{{main|Thanjavur Nayak kingdom}}

*[[Sevappa Nayak]] (1532–1580), first ruler
*[[Achuthappa Nayak]] (1560–1614)
*[[Raghunatha Nayak]] (1600–1634)
*[[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]] (1634–1673), last ruler

===Rajahs of Kandy (1739–1815 CE)===
{{main|Nayaks of Kandy}}

*[[Sri Vijaya Rajasinha]] (reigned 1739–1747), first ruler
*[[Kirti Sri Rajasinha]]
*[[Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha]]
*[[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]], last ruler

==Tamil Raiyars==
* [[Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte]] (aka Chempaha Perumal)
* [[Kadava dynasty]]
* [[Alagakkonara]]
* [[Sambuvaraya]]
* [[Akkarayan]]
* [[Pandara Vanniyan]]
* [[Magadai|Magadai Mandalam]]
* [[Valvil Ori]]
* [[Sena and Guttika]]
* [[The Five Dravidians]]
* [[The Six Dravidians]]
* Valai Vannan (A [[Naga people (Lanka)|Nakar]] king, who was mentioned in [[Manimekalai]]).
* [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]] was a vassal and brother-in-law of [[Rajaraja Chola I]].

==See also==
*[[History of South India]]
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[History of Kerala]]
*[[History of Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs| ]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Asia|T]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|T]]

Ring Road, Raebareli

2026-03-10T21:53:06Z

NewtonKelson9: Starting A Entry...

{{Short description|Road in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Ring Road
| Image =
| map =
| map_notes = Expressway Map
| length_km = 39.96
| length_round = 2
| direction_a = east
| direction_b = west
| terminus_a = Kuchariya
| junction =
| terminus_b = Didauli
| formed =
| history =
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| cities = [[Raebareli]]
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
}}

The '''Ring Road''' is an elevated section of road at '''[[Raebareli]]''' in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is an outer bypass road and crosses the [[Sharda River]]. It has been constructed to divert the traffic coming from [[Lucknow]] Road or [[Allahabad]] Road and vice versa, allowing vehicles to get to their destinations without entering the city of Raebareli.<ref name="jagran">[https://www.m.jagran.com/lite/uttar-pradesh/raebareli-ring-road-completed-17885369.html]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> The Second phase is 22 km long with four lane road.

== History ==
It was a dream project of UPA Chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]], who represented the [[Raebareli]] constituency in the [[Lok Sabha]]. It was started in 2014 and was scheduled for completion in 2017, but was delayed and is not completed yet.<ref name="amarujala">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/amp/uttar-pradesh/raebareli/sonia-s-dream-project-on-eclipse-stalled-construction-of-the-ring-road-hindi-news|title=Sonia's Dream Project On Eclipse, Stalled Construction Of The Ring Road - सोनिया के ड्रीम प्रोजेक्ट पर ग्रहण, रिंगरोड का निर्माण ठप|website=Amar Ujala Hindi News|accessdate=2018-08-11}}</ref>

== Stretch ==
The Ring Road is a 17.96 km long and is a part of the east-west corridor. It will connect Raebareli-Lucknow Road (NH-30) with Raebareli-Allahabad (NH-30) via Raebareli-Ayodhya Road (NH-330A), Raebareli-Sultanpur Road (NH128) and Raebareli-Jaunpur Road (NH31). The total stretch of the flyover is 17 kilometres. The two-lane flyover has a uniform width and one side of the Sharda River. starts from Harchandpur at [[Lucknow]] Road and meets at Kuchariya at Allahabad Road.<ref name="jagran2">[https://www.m.jagran.com/lite/uttar-pradesh/raebareli-11118949.html]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Raebareli]]
[[Category:Roads in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]

{{India-road-stub}}
{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Kurnool Urban mandal

2026-03-07T03:04:26Z

NewtonKelson9: new basic pg initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurnool Urban mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.83|N|78.05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kurnool]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 406797
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=635774|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Kurnool Urban mandal''' is one of the 27 [[mandal]]s in [[Kurnool district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under [[Kurnool revenue division]] and its headquarters are located at [[Kurnool]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Kurnool|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2821_PART_B_DCHB_Kurnool.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=12,198}}</ref> The mandal is situated on the banks of [[Krishna River]] and is bounded by Kurnool rural mandal,[[C.Belagal]], [[Gudur]], [[Kallur, Kurnool district|Kallur]], [[Orvakal]], [[Midthur]] and [[Nandikotkur]] mandals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Prakasam district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/kurnool.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=10 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728174241/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/kurnool.html|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> As of the 2011 census, it has 406,797 residents.

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 16 settlements, that includes:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Prakasam District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=18|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="census" />

{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# Chejerla
# Cheruvu Kommupalem
# Devarampadu
# Gudimellapadu
# [[Karavadi]]
# Koppolu (Rural)
# Kothamamidipalem (Rural)
# Mangaladripuram
# Mukthinutalapadu (Rural)
# Narasapuram
# Pelluru (Rural)
# Sarvereddypalem
# Throvagunta
# Ulichi
# Vengamukkapalem
# Yerajerla
}}

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kurnool district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Kurnool district]]

Chandel Empire of Jejakabhukti

2026-03-06T19:08:35Z

NewtonKelson9: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Late medieval Hindu dynasty of India (831–1315)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|common_name = Chandela
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = {{Circa|831}}
|year_end = 1315
|p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
| s2 = Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
|image_map = Map of the Candellas.png
|image_map_caption = Territory of the Chandelas during the reign of [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] circa 1025 CE.<ref name="JS">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library|author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0|page=146, Map "j"}}</ref>
|map_width = 300px
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]]|[[Kalanjara]]|[[Mahoba]]}}
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|today = [[India]]
| image_coat = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size = 280px
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshana-Varman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''' was an Indian dynasty in [[Central India]]. The Chandelas ruled much of the [[Bundelkhand]] region (then called ''Jejakabhukti'') between the 9th and the 13th centuries. They belonged to the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] clan of the [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>
*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref>

The Chandelas initially ruled as feudatories of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj). The 10th century Chandela ruler [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] became practically independent, although he continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty. By the time of his successor [[Dhanga]], the Chandelas had become a sovereign power. Their power rose and declined as they fought battles with the neighbouring dynasties, especially the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of [[Malwa]] and the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]. From the 11th century onwards, the Chandelas faced raids by the northern Muslim dynasties, including the [[Ghaznavid]]s and the [[Ghurid]]s. The Chandela power effectively ended around the beginning of the 13th century, following [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] and Ghurid invasions.

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture, most notably for the temples at their original capital [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]]. They also commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at other places, including their strongholds of [[Ajaigarh]], [[Kalinjar]] and their later capital [[Mahoba]].

== Origin ==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}

[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg |thumb|left|upright|Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, [[Khajuraho]].]]
The ''Mahoba-Khanda'' legend of the dynasty's origin goes like this: Hemaraja, a priest of the [[Gahadavala|Gaharwar]] king of [[Varanasi|Benares]], had a beautiful daughter named Hemavati. Once, while Hemavati was bathing in a pond, the moon god [[Chandra]] saw her and made love to her. Hemavati was worried about the dishonour of being an unwed mother, but Chandra assured her that their son would become a great king. This child was the dynasty's progenitor Chandravarma. Chandra presented him with a [[philosopher's stone]] and taught him politics.<ref name="Asopa1976">{{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KznQEACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |page=208}}</ref>{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} The dynasty's own records do not mention Hemavati, Hemaraja or Indrajit. Such legends appear to be later bardic inventions. In general, the ''Mahoba-Khanda'' is a historically unreliable text.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} ''Prithviraj Raso'' is also considered an historically unreliable text.<ref>{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 |page= 30}}</ref>

[[File:Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Celestial dancer (Devata) mid-11th century, Chandela period, Madhya Pradesh. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
British indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] theorized that the Chandelas were of either [[Bhar]] or [[Gondi people|Gond]] origin. Some other scholars including [[R. C. Majumdar]] also supported this theory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=6}} The Chandelas worshipped Maniya, a tribal goddess, whose temples are located at Mahoba and Maniyagadh.<ref name="Ali_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |volume=1 |author=Ali Javid and Tabassum Javeed |publisher=Algora |year=2008 |isbn=9780875864822 |page=44 }}</ref> Besides, they have been associated with places that are also associated with Bhars and Gonds. Also, [[Rani Durgavati]], whose family claimed Chandela descent married a Gond chief of [[Mandla|Garha-Mandla]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Historian R. K. Dikshit does not find these arguments convincing: he argues that Maniya was not a tribal deity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}} Also, the dynasty's association with Gond territory is not necessarily indicative of a common descent: the dynasty's progenitor may have been posted as a governor in these territories.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=7}} Finally, Durgavati's marriage to a Gond chief can be dismissed as a one-off case.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=8}}

==History==

=== Early rulers ===

The Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. {{Circa|831}}–845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30–31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32–35}}

=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925–950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36–37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953–954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}

Unlike the earlier Chandela inscriptions, the records of Yashovarman's successor [[Dhanga]] (r. c. 950–999 CE) do not mention any Pratihara overlord. This indicates that Dhanga formally established the Chandela sovereignty.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=57}} A Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to the commands of Dhanga's officers. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=61–65}} Like his predecessor, Dhanga also commissioned a magnificent temple at Khajuraho, which is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=69}}

Dhanga's successor [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]] appears to have retained the territory he inherited.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72}} His son [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] killed theking of [[Kannauj]] (possibly Rajyapala) for fleeing his capital instead of fighting the [[Ghaznavid]] invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=72}} Mahmud later invaded Vidyadhara's kingdom; according to the Muslim invaders, this conflict ended with Vidyadhara paying tribute to Mahmud.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=81–82}} Vidyadhara is noted for having commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=26}}

The Chandela art and architecture reached its zenith during this period. The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] (c. 930–950 CE), the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]] (c. 999–1002 CE) and the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Yashovarman, Dhanga and Vidyadhara respectively. These [[Nagara architecture|Nagara-style]] temples are representative of the most fully developed style at Khajuraho.<ref name="James_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA234 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |author=James C. Harle |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=234 |isbn=0300062176 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Nagara-style temples of Khajuraho">
India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha Temple]]
Vishwanath N-MP-23.jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]]
A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg | [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Decline ===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
By the end of Vidyadhara's reign, the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions had weakened the Chandela kingdom. Taking advantage of this, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] conquered eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=89–90}} Chandela inscriptions suggest that Vidyadhara's successor [[Vijayapala]] (r. c. 1035–1050 CE) defeated Gangeya in a battle.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=88}} However, the Chandela power started declining during the Vijayapala's reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=101}} The [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of [[Gwalior]] probably gave up their allegiance to the Chandelas during this period.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=90}}

Vijayapala's elder son [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavavarman]] was subjugated by Gangeya's son [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=91}} His younger brother [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] resurrected the Chandela power by defeating Lakshmi-Karna.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=94}} Kirtivarman's son [[Sallakshanavarman]] achieved military successes against the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, possibly by raiding their territories. A [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription suggests that he also conducted successful campaigns in the Antarvedi region (the Ganga-Yamuna [[doab]]).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=120-121}} His son [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]] was of religious temperament and abdicated the throne after being tired of governance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=126}}

Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110–111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}

=== Revival ===

By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and possibly annexed the northern part of the [[Baghelkhand]] region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandelas lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha). This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130–132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}} Once again, the Chandelas could not retain the newly annexed territory for long, and the region was recaptured by Yashovarman's son Lakshmivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}

[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman. The result of this conflict appears to have been inconclusive, as records of both the kingdoms claim victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. On the other hand, the various chronicles of Gujarat claim that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133–134}} Madanavarman maintained friendly relations with his northern neighbours, the [[Gahadavala]]s.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}

Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Madanavarman's grandson [[Paramardi|Paramardi-deva]] was the last powerful Chandela king.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}

=== Final decline ===
{{South Asia in 1175||Location of the Chandelas and neighbouring South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref>|{{Annotation|152|90|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|35px]]}}}}
[[Paramardi]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age. While the early years of his reign were peaceful, around 1182–1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom. According to the medieval legendary ballads, Prithviraj's army lost its way after a surprise attack by ([[Ghurid]]) [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] forces, and unknowingly camped at the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. This led to a brief conflict between the Chandelas and the Chauhans, before Prithviraj left for Delhi. Sometime later, Prithviraj invaded the Chandela kingdom and sacked Mahoba. Paramardi cowardly took shelter in the [[Kalanjara]] fort. The Chandela force, led by [[Alha]], Udal [[banaphar]], rajputs, of Mahoba|Udal]] and other generals, was defeated in this battle. Nowadays [[ahir]], caste claims alha udal but according to historians and alha khand and mahoba khand they belongs to [[banaphar]], clan of [[rajput]], caste and their mother was of [[ahir]], which is why they are called of mixed origin.According to the various ballads, Paramardi either committed suicide out of shame or retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=120–123}}

Prithviraj Chauhan's raid of Mahoba is corroborated by his [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]] stone inscriptions. However, there are several instances of historical inaccuracies in the bardic legends. For example, it is known that Paramardi did not retire or die immediately after the Chauhan victory. He restored the Chandela power, and ruled as a sovereign until around 1202–1203 CE, when [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], the [[Ghurid Empire]] governor of [[Delhi]], invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=123–126}} According to ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', a chronicle of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], Paramardi surrendered to the Delhi forces. He promised to pay tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could keep this promise. His [[dewan]] offered some resistance to the invading forces, but was ultimately subdued. The 16th century historian [[Firishta]] states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288–1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}

Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE. Another minor branch ruled at [[Mahoba]]: [[Rani Durgavati|Durgavati]], one of its princesses married into the [[Garha Kingdom|Gond]] royal family of [[Mandla]]. Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}

== Art and architecture ==

The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela architecture">
Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg | Dulhadeo temple, Khajuraho
0B Ajaigarh 4 sides temple.jpg | Ajaigarh temple
Yajna mandap in kulpahar.jpg | A [[yajna]] [[mandapa]] at [[Kulpahar]]
</gallery>

Other smaller Chandela sites include Chandpur, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Dudahi, [[Kakadeo]], Madanpur and [[Aharji Jain Teerth|Aharji]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn|first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=123|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 | page=128 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Reddy |first=P. Chenny | author-link=P. Chenna Reddy |title=Kalyana Mitra: A treasure house of history, culture and archaeological studies | volume=5 |url={{Google books|prCqEAAAQBAJ|page=197|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-5741-111-0 | page=197 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Chandela sculptures">
Brahma and his consort.jpg | Brahma and his consort, Khajuraho
Ajaygarh Alians ship.jpg | Stone carving, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Neel Swarshwati.jpg | Jain [[tirthankara]]s and [[Sarasvati]], Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh seven heavens of Jain.jpg | Jain heavens, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh Shramanas Egyptian style rock cut.jpg | Jain [[shramana]]s, Ajaigarh
Ajaygarh treasure sign.jpg | Cattle with treasure sign, Ajaigarh
35. Khajuraho Visvanath apsara.jpg | [[Surasundari]] [[Apsara]], Khajuraho
Khajuraho 126.jpg | Dancing Ganesha, Khajuraho

Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] carvings
Le Temple de Lakshmana (Khajurâho) (8498182643).jpg | [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple]] carvings
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

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}
</mapframe>

Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti
! S.N.
! Ruler's regional name ([[IAST]] name in bracket)
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Nannuka]]
|831–845
|-
|2
|[[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] (Vākpati)
|845–865
|-
|3
|[[Jayashakti]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vijayaśakti)
|865–885
|-
|4
|[[Rahila]] (Rāhila)
|885–905
|-
|5
|[[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harsha]] (Śri Harśa)
|905–925
|-
|6
|[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yasho-Varman]] (Yaśovarman)
|925–950
|-
|7
|[[Dhanga|Dhanga-Deva]] (Dhaṅgadeva)
|950–999
|-
|8
|[[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda-Deva]] (Gaṇḍadeva)
|999–1002
|-
|9
|[[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] (Vidyādhara)
|1003–1035
|-
|10
|[[Vijayapala|Vijaya-Pala]] (Vijayapāla)
|1035–1050
|-
|11
|[[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Deva-Varman]]
|1050–1060
|-
|12
|[[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirtti-Varman]] (Kīrtivarman)
|1060–1100
|-
|13
|[[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshana-Varman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman)
|1100–1110
|-
|14
|[[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jaya-Varman]]
|1110–1120
|-
|15
|[[Prithvivarman|Prithvi-Varman]] (Pṛthvīvarman)
|1120–1128
|-
|16
|[[Madanavarman|Madana-Varman]]
|1128–1164
|-
|17
|[[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yasho-Varman II]]
|1164–1165
|-
|18
|[[Paramardideva|Paramardi-Deva]]
|1165–1203
|-
|19
|[[Trailokyavarman|Trailokya-Varman]]
|1203–1245
|-
|20
|[[Viravarman|Vira-Varman]] (Vīravarman)
|1245–1285
|-
|21
|[[Bhojavarman|Bhoja-Varman]]
|1285–1288
|-
|22
|[[Hammiravarman|Hammira-Varman]] (Hammīravarman)
|1288–1311
|-
|23
|Vira-Varman II
|1311–1315
|}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Chandela dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Nannuka]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 831-845|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 845-865|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Jayashakti]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 865-885|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Vijayashakti]]''' (4) r. {{circa}} 865-885|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Rahila]]''' (5) r. {{circa}} 885-905|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]]''' (6) r. {{circa}} 905-925|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman I]]''' (7) r. {{circa}} 925-950|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Dhanga]]deva''' (8) r. {{circa}} 950-999|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandadeva]]''' (9) r. {{circa}} 999-1002|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]]''' (10) r. {{circa}} 1003-1035|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vijayapala]]''' (11) r. {{circa}} 1035-1050|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]]''' (12) r. {{circa}} 1050-1060|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]]''' (13) r. {{circa}} 1060-1100|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Sallakshanavarman]]''' (14) r. {{circa}} 1100-1110|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Prithvivarman]]''' (16) r. {{circa}} 1120-1128|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]]''' (15) r. {{circa}} 1110-1120|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Madanavarman]]''' (17) r. {{circa}} 1128-1165|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]''' (18) r. {{circa}} 1165|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Paramardi]]''' (19) r. {{circa}} 1165-1203|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Viravarman]]''' (21) r. {{circa}} 1245-1285|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03=Child of Yashovarman}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Trailokyavarman]]''' (20) r. {{circa}} 1203–1245|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Hammiravarman]]''' (23) r. {{circa}} 1288-1311|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Bhojavarman]]''' (22) r. {{circa}} 1285-1288|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[History of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Chandel (Rajput clan)]]
* [[Chandelas of Kalanjara]]
* [[Chandelas of Kumaun]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]

Mahadevi (film)

2026-03-04T04:59:06Z

NewtonKelson9: corrected details to improve readability

{{short description|1957 film by Sundar Rao Nadkarni}}
{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mahadevi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]]
| screenplay = [[Kannadasan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Punya Prabhav''|R. G. Katkari}}
| producer = Sundar Rao Nadkarni B. Radhakrishna
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu
| editing = P. Venkatachalam
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Sri Ganesh Movietone
| distributor = Sri Krishna Films<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 1957 |title=Mahadevi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19571115&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 December 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1957|11|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mahadevi''''' is a 1957 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] and written by [[Kannadasan]]. Starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]], it is based on the novel ''Punya Prabhav'' by R. G. Katkari.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 December 2012 |title=Mahadevi {{sic|nolink=y|1955}} |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/Mahadevi-1955/article12190443.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909122704/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/Mahadevi-1955/article12190443.ece |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=11 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was released on 22 November 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 1957 |title=Mahadevi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19571122&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mahadevi is a princess, whose father, the king, is defeated in battle. Despite this, he is invited by the rival king to stay with him as his honoured guest. The victorious king has an adopted daughter Mangamma and a son. His senior commander, Karunakaran is attracted to Mahadevi, but she rejects him. Thereby she earns his wrath. Karunakaran hatches various evil plans to get her, but in the meantime, Mahadevi falls in love with the other commander, Vallavan. Karunakaran tries to kidnap Mahadevi with the help of his sidekick Mariappan, but by mistake ends up kidnapping Mangamma. To cover up his folly, Karunakaran ends up marrying her. Mahadevi and Vallavan marry in due course. After a while, Mahadevi delivers a son, even as Karunakaran continues to lust for Mahadevi. Mangamma supports Mahadevi, and protects her from Karunakaran. When Mangamma learns of her husband's plans to kill Mahadevi's baby, she replaces her baby with Mahadevi's, causing Karunakaran to kill his own child. When Karunakaran realises the truth, he kills himself and so does his wife.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as General Vallavan
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]] as Mahadhevi
* [[P. S. Veerappa]] as General Karunakaran
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Princess Mangamma
* [[J. P. Chandrababu]] as Mariappan
* [[Master Murali]] as Young Prince
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Vasantha
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Thalapathi
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Muthupulavan
* Sattampillai Venkatraman
* Susheela
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahadevi (1957) |url=https://mio.to/album/Mahadevi+%281957%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193949/http://mio.to/album/Mahadevi+(1957) |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=131 |language=Tamil}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Kaka Kaka Maikondaa" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || rowspan="2" | [[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:20
|-
|"Kaamugar Nenjil"
|[[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|03:29
|-
| "Thaayatthu Thaayatthu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]|| 03:01
|-
| "Kurukku Vazhiyil" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:03
|-
|"Un Thirumugatthai"
|[[J. P. Chandrababu]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
|03:20
|-
| "Thanthana Paattu" || J. P. Chandrababu & A. G. Rathnamala || 03:21
|-
| "Eru Poottuvom" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:17
|-
|"Kanmoodum Velaiyilum"
|[[A. M. Rajah]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kannadasan]]
|03:14
|-
|"Singara Punnagai"
|M. S. Rajeswari & [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|03:33
|-
| "Maanam Ondre Perithena" || T. S. Bagavathi || 03:29
|-
| "Sevai Seivadhe Aanandham" || M. S. Rajeswari & T. M. Soundararajan || 04:08
|}

== Reception ==
{{empty section|date=February 2025}}
<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=1957-12-15 |title=மஹாதேவி |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1957-12-15/kalki1957-12-15.pdf |access-date=2025-02-12 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=41–42 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>It is a very successful movie. Ran for 100 days in many centres mainly due to fine acting of Savitri and music of Viswanathan Ramamurthy.

== Legacy ==
The dialogue "Mananthal Mahadevi Illaiyel Maranadevi" uttered by Veerappa became hugely popular. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2 August 2014 |title=The superstar villain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/p-s-veerappa-was-tamil-cinemas-bad-guy-personified-says-randor-guy/article6275472.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130210439/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/p-s-veerappa-was-tamil-cinemas-bad-guy-personified-says-randor-guy/article6275472.ece |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In all likelihood Kannadasan is the first to introduce punch dialogues to Tamil cinema.

The song " Nanandri yaar varvar " was first written for this movie. But MGR did not like it. So Kanbadasan wrote " kann moodum velaiyile" .

Later kannadsan used the song "Nanandri yaar varuvaar" in his own film Malaiyitta mangai

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar Rao Nadkarni]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Mizo literature

2026-03-03T22:22:13Z

NewtonKelson9: cleanup page for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Culture of Mizo literature and authorship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Indian literature}}
'''Mizo literature''' is the [[literature]] written in [[Mizo language|Mizo ṭawng]], the principal language of the [[Mizo peoples]], which has both [[Written language|written]] and [[oral tradition]]s. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the [[Lushai language]], with significant influence from [[Lai languages|Pawi language]], [[Paite language]] and [[Hmar language]], especially at the literary level.<ref>[http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12917:mizo-tihin-tawng-a-nei-lo-tih-kha&catid=105:articles&Itemid=466/ Lalthangliana, B., ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo<nowiki>'</nowiki> tih kha'']</ref>

==Pre-Christianisation period==
This period of Mizo (written) literature usually refers to the period between 1860 and 1894.<ref>[http://www.misual.com/2011/09/17/mizo-thuhlaril-hmasawn-dan-part-i/ Chawngthu, Tluanga, ''Mizo thuhlaril hmasawn dan part -I'']</ref> Although the Mizo alphabet proper was created around May 1894, written Mizo literature can be said to start from the publication of ''Progressive Colloquial Exercises in the Lushai Dialect'' by Thangliana (which is the [[Mizo name]] of Thomas Herbert Lewin) in 1874. In this book he wrote down two Mizo folktales ''Chemtatrawta'' and ''Lalruanga leh Kungawrhi'' with their English translations, and included some Mizo words with their English meaning.<ref name="Thuhlaril">Khiangte, Laltluangliana, ''Thuhlaril'', 2nd Edition, 1997.</ref>

==Early period==
This is the period between 1894 and 1920, when most of the literary work was produced by the missionaries. Mizo alphabet was created in 1894, and schools were established soon after the creation of Mizo alphabet. On 22 October 1896 the first Mizo language book was published under the title ''Mizo Zir Tir Bu'' (lit. Mizo primer). This was a book on Christian religion and [[morality]] based on [[Christianity]].

The two Christian missionaries [[James Herbert Lorrain|J.H. Lorrain]] (Pu Buanga) and [[F.W. Savidge]] (Sap Upa) started translating the book of gospel according to Luke on 21 August 1895. They went on to translate the gospel according to John, and the two books were printed and published in 1898. Other books were also translated soon after. Some of the most well-known books published during this period were:
# Isua chanchin (1905)
# Isua hnenah lo kal rawh (1905–6)
# Thu inchhang (1908)
# The Lushai Grammar and Dictionary (1898, by J.H. Lorrain)
# Dictionary of Lushai (J.H. Lorrain)
A number of devotional songs were translated by other missionaries who replaced J.H. Lorrain and F.W. Savidge, such as [[Edwin Rowlands]] etc.<ref name="Thuhlaril" />

==Middle period==
The middle period of Mizo literature (1920–1970) saw the rise of prominent writers such as Liangkhaia, who published hundreds of articles in the monthly Kristian Tlangau and authored ''Mizo chanchin'' (in two volumes) which contained, besides a coherent treatment of Mizo history, a number of ancient chants and festive songs which he collected from various sources. Besides this, he and his close friends collected various other ancient Mizo poems, publishing it under a single volume ''Zoram kan lo luh hma Pawi rama kan la awm lai leh Zoram luh tirh vela chhuak ṭante''. It contains various ''Chai hla'', ''Hlado'', ''Zai'' and a number of ''Hla''. This collection is one of the most reliable sources of knowledge for ancient Mizo poetry.<ref>Lalthangliana, B., ''Mizo literature''. Second edition, copyright 2004, MC Lalrinthanga.</ref>

Authors during this period are usually referred to as ''Hranghluite'' in Mizo culture.

===Poetry===

====Awithangpa====
One of the best known Mizo language [[poet]]s, Awithangpa (1885–1965) (whose real name is ''Hmarlûtvunga'') was active during this period. The beautiful, innovative expressions he used in his poems are now generally thought by most to be part of Mizo poetic language since time immemorial, although he was the first to use them and were in fact mostly his own coinage. Examples include expressions such as ''ram loh'', ''chohar di'' etc. The great reputation of his ''zai'' (poems) among Mizo people can be judged from the fact that, although his poems were not initially recorded in writing, when Mizo littérateurs later tried to collect and record his poems, people still remembered most of his poems and could still recite them in full.<ref>[http://www.misual.com/2011/09/26/mizo-thuhlaril-hmasawn-dan-part-2/ Chawngthu, Tluanga, ''Mizo thuhlaril hmasawn dan – Part 2'']</ref>

===Prose===
Well-known writers during this period include [[Nuchhungi Renthlei]] (1914–2002), and [[Lalthangfala Sailo]], who got [[Padma Shri]] award in Literature in 1986 and 2009 respectively. L. Biakliana (1918–1941), who wrote the first Mizo novel ''Hawilopari'', Kaphleia (1910–1940), C. Ṭhuamluaia (1922–1959), K.C. Lalvunga, [[J. F. Laldailova]], Siamkima Khawlhring etc.<ref>[http://www.misual.com/2011/09/27/mizo-thuhlaril-hmasawn-dan-part-4/ Chawngthu, Tluanga, ''Mizo thuhlaril hmasawn dan – Part 4'']</ref>

==Modern period==

===Books===
This period of Mizo literature starts in 1970 and continues to the present. The Mizo Academy of Letters started awarding its ''Book of the Year'' in 1989. The academy also awards lifetime achievement in Mizo literature. Some of the most prominent writers during this period are James Dokhuma (1932–2008), Khawlkungi (1927–2015), B. Lalthangliana (1945– ), Siamkima Khawlhring (1938–1992), [[Ralte L. Thanmawia]] (1954– ), C. Laizawna (1959– ), [[Laltluangliana Khiangte]] (1961– ), Lalzuahliana (1962– ), Vanneihtluanga (1959– ), [[Mafaa Hauhnar]] (1975–2018), [[Lalzuia Colney]] ([[Padma Shri]] awardee) etc.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mizo Book of the Year award recipients<ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BOOK_of_the_year_chuanna.pdf Vanglaini, 24 April 2012]</ref><ref>[http://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/18015, Vanglaini, 22 April 2014.]</ref>
|-
!Year!!Book!!Author!!Comments on the book
|-
|1989||Ka Lungkham||B. Lalthangliana||Literature
|-
|1990||Hmangaihzuali||C. Laizawna||Novel
|-
|1991||Zoram Khawvel-I||[[Lalthlamuong Keivom]]||Contemporary Mizo history
|-
|1992||Ṭhangthar Taitesena||Romawia||Novel
|-
|1993||Mizo Literature||B. Lalthangliana||Literature
|-
|1994||Kum za Kristian Zofate hmabâk||Bangalore Mizo Christian Fellowship||Collection
|-
|1995||Ram leh i tan chauh||H. Lallungmuana||Novel
|-
|1996||Bible leh Science||P.C. Biaksiama||[[Creationism]]
|-
|1997||Pasalṭha Khuangchera||[[Laltluangliana Khiangte]]||Drama
|-
|1998||Anita||C. Laizawna||Novel
|-
|1999||Tlawm ve lo Lalnu Ropuiliani||[[Lalsangzuali Sailo]]||Mizo history
|-
|2000||Chawngmawii leh Hrangchhuana||R. Rozika||Novel
|-
|2001||Ka khualzin kawng||Robuanga||
|-
|2002||Runlum Nuthai||[[L. Z. Sailo]]||Eulogy
|-
|2003||Kan Bible hi||[[Zairema]]||Theology
|-
|2004||Zorinpari||H. Lalngurliani||Novel
|-
|2005||Damlai thlipui||Lalhriata||Novel
|-
|2006||Pasalṭhate ni hnuhnung||C. Lalnunchanga||Historical adventure novel
|-
|2007||Zofate zinkawngah||R. Zamawia||Factual description and idealisation of [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|Mizo uprising]]
|-
|2008||Chun chawi loh||Lalhriata||Novel
|-
|2009||Rintei zùnléng||Lalrammawia Ngente||Novel
|-
|2010||Beiseina Mittui||Samson Thanruma||Novel
|-
|2011||Zodinpuii (posthumously awarded)||Lalchhantluanga||Novel
|-
|2012||Sihlipui||Romuanpuii Zadeng||Novel
|-
|2013||Thinglubul||Lalpekkima||Novel
|-
|2014||Ka Zalenna||B. Lalhriattira||Essay Collection
|-
|2015||Kawlkil piah Lamtluang||C. Lalnunchanga||Fantasy Novel
|-
|2016||Aizawlah Aizawler||Lalhruaitluanga Chawngte||Contemporary Social Essays
|-
|2017||Savun Kawrfual||Lalhmingchhuanga Zongte||Novel
|-
|2018||Hringnun Hrualhrui||Mafaa Hauhnar||Articles
|-
|2019||Falung||Lalengzauva||Novel
|-
|2020||Eng nge i zawn?||Rema Chhakchhuak||Novel
|-
|2021||Hnam Ropuite Tho R'u Le||Lalhruaitluanga Chawngte||Novel
|-
|2022||Daidanna Bang Phêna Thuruk||Dr. Zohmangaihi||Novel
|-
|2023||Pangparhnima||Amangaihi Khiangte||Novel
|-
|2024||Hun Inher Kara Zofate||F. Vanlalrochana||Novel
|}

===Newspapers===
The Mizoram Press Information Bureau lists some twenty Mizo daily newspapers just in Aizawl city, as of March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pibaizawl.nic.in/dailynews.htm|title=See the website|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> The following list gives some of the most well-known newspapers published in the Mizo language.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name of newspaper!!Publication frequency!!Editor!!Place
|-
|Chhawkhlei ||Daily||Lalhmingliana||[[Champhai]]
|-
|Chhawrpial ||Daily||C.Lalzamlova||Aizawl
|-
|Chhim Aw ||Daily||Baitha||Saiha
|-
|Chhinlung ||Daily||Vanhnuna ||[[Lunglei]]
|-
|Dumde ||Daily||F. Lalbiakmawia (Fam)||[[Champhai]]
|-
|Harhna ||Daily||C.Vulluaia||Aizawl
|-
|Hnamdamna||Daily|| Chawngchhuma||Lunglei
|-
|Hruaitu Arsi ||Daily||Zosangliana||Aizawl
|-
|Khawpui Aw ||Daily|| Zaithankhuma||Aizawl
|-
|Laisuih ||Daily|| C.Lalhminghlua||[[Serchhip]]
|-
|Lengzem chanchinbu||Monthly||Vanneihtluanga||Aizawl
|-
|Lenkawl ||Daily||Remmawia Kawlni ||Serchhip
|-
|Lenrual ||Daily||Lalhlupuia||Champhai
|-
|Pasaltha ||Daily||Lalhmingmawia Pachuau||[[Champhai]]
|-
|Ramlai Arsi||Daily||Lalremruata Ralte ||[[Serchhip]]
|-
|Rihlipui ||Daily||DK Lalhruaitluanga||[[Champhai]]
|-
|Romei||Daily||Robert Lalchhuana||Aizawl
|-
|Thu Thar ||Daily||A.Rodingliana||Aizawl
|-
|Turnipui ||Daily||S.Lalhmachhuana||Kolasib
|-
|The Zozam Times|| Daily|| H.Laldinmawia|| Aizawl
|-
|[[Vanglaini|Vanglaini chanchinbu]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://vanglaini.org/|title=Vanglaini – Mizo Daily Since 1978|work=vanglaini.org|access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref>||Daily||K. Sapdanga||[[Aizawl]]
|-
|Zalen ||Daily|| Vanlalrema Vantawl||Aizawl
|-
|Zawlbuk Aw||Daily||Hranghmingthanga||[[Thenzawl]]
|-
|Zoram Thlirtu ||Daily||Lalrinmawia Sailo ||Aizawl
|-
|Zoram Tlangau ||Daily||L.Pachuau||Aizawl
|-
|Zorin ||Daily||Lalkunga||Aizawl
|}

==See also==
*[[Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Khiangte, Laltluangliana, ''Lehkhabu Ramtiam'', L.T.L. Publications, Aizawl, 1993.
*Khiangte, Laltluangliana, ''Mizo drama: origin, development, and themes''. Cosmo Publications, 1993.
*Khiangte, Laltluangliana, ''Mizo lehkhabu zempui'' (A compendium of Mizo bibliography), published by Mizo department of Mizoram University, 2005.
*Lalthangliana, B. (Editor), ''Mizo hla leh a phuahtute'', Hrangbana College, Aizawl. First edition 1999.
*Mizo Academy of Letters, ''Zo kalsiam'', Aizawl, 1997.
*Vanlawma, R., ''Awithangpa'', Aizawl, 1989.
*Zoramdinthara, Dr., ''Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140415093344/http://www.rubypressco.in/ Ruby Press & Co]. 2013. {{ISBN|978-93-82395-16-4}}

{{Mizoram}}

[[Category:Culture of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]
[[Category:Mizo language]]

Kanave Kalayadhe

2026-03-03T04:43:57Z

NewtonKelson9: new basic entry nd citations

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanave Kalayadhe
| image = Kanave Kalayadhe.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[V. Gowthaman]]
| writer = V. Gowthaman
| producer = Sivasakthi Pandian
| starring = [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
| cinematography = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Sivasakthi Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|1999|08|06|df=yes}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kanave Kalayadhe''''' ({{translation|''Oh Dream, Do Not Fade''}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[V. Gowthaman]] in his debut. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in the lead roles, with the latter playing a dual role. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. It was produced by [[Sivasakthi Movie Makers]]. The film was released on 6 August 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கனவே கலையாதே / Kanave Kalaiyadhe (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanave-kalaiyadhe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209083436/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanave-kalaiyadhe |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2023}}
Anand and Amritha are lovers living in [[Chandigarh]]. While Amritha is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]], Anand is a [[Tamils|Tamilan]]. To seek the approval of Amritha's parents for their marriage, Anand goes to Amritha's home in [[Punjab]]. However, before they can unite, Amritha and her family die in a bomb blast. Unable to bear the separation, Anand goes into depression. His friends take him to [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] with the hope that he will start life afresh. There, life throws a googly at him when he sees Saradha, Amritha's lookalike. After the initial hiccups, Anand and Saradha decide to get married. But at this point, Anand learns that Shekhar, Sharada's old lover, is still waiting for her. The film ends with Anand uniting Shekar and Saradha.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Anand
*[[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Amritha ([[Punjabis|Punjabi]]) and Saradha ([[Tamilian]]), dual roles
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Saradha's father
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Pavadarayan
*[[Charle]] as Paneer
*[[Dhamu]] as Selvam
*Shakti Kumar as Shekhar
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Manager
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Kayal Vizhi
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Fighter
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Manager's wife
*[[Yograj Singh]] as Sardhaji
*[[Ram G|Ramji]] as Anand's friend
}}

== Production ==
''Kanave Kalayadhe'' is the directorial debut of Gowthaman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=A literary milestone on 70mm |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/May/11/a-literary-milestone-on-70mm-252260.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619041018/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/May/11/a-literary-milestone-on-70mm-252260.html |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot in locations including the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], [[Jallianwala Bagh]], the [[Rock Garden of Chandigarh]], the [[Wagah border]] and Ananthpur Sahib. Shooting coincided with the celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the [[Khalsa Panth]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=26 July 1999 |title=Made in India |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512152621/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs in ''Kanave Kalayadhe'' are composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanavae Kalayathae (1999) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kanavae-kalayathae-songs-T0000079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913071239/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kanavae-kalayathae-songs-T0000079 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Kannil Unnai" || [[K. S. Chitra]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 05:58
|-
| "Dilli Thaandi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || rowspan=4|[[Vairamuthu]] || 05:17
|-
| "Kannodu Kannodu" || [[P. Unni Krishnan]], Mahanadi Shobana || 05:28
|-
| "Poosu Manjal" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 05:38
|-
| "Poosu Manjal" || [[Anuradha Paudwal]] || 05:41
|-
| "Vaanguda 420 Beeda" || Sabesh, Deva || Ponniyin Selvan || 05:27
|}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "[''Kanave Kalayadhe''] is replete with emotional twists handled with taste and refinement by debutant director V. Gouthaman. The lead pair, Murali and Simran lend enough depth in their portrayals. The good pace the director works out in the first half through his screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=13 August 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Poovellam Kaettupaar/Kanavae Kalayathae/Malabar Police |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413132359/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130225.htm |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it an old fashioned love story but praised the acting of Murali and Simran, Deva's music and Thangar Bachan's cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=19 September 1999 |title=கனவே கலையதே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-09-19/page/40/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230518134723/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-09-19/page/40/mode/2up |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=41 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Jhalawad (region)

2026-02-19T20:04:51Z

NewtonKelson9: new the details basic info

{{Short description|Region in Gujarat, India}}
{{Distinguish|Jhalawar}}
{{About|the historical region|the historic kingdom known as Jhalawad|Kingdom of Jhalavad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhalawad
| native_name = ઝાલાવાડ
| type = Historical and cultural region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 = Districts
| subdivision_name3 = [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]], [[Morbi district|Morbi]],
Parts of [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]], [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] & [[Botad district|Botad]]
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Regional Language or dialect
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Gujarati language|Jhalawadi]] ([[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]])
| anthem =
| image_map = {{Photo montage
| photo1a = Kathiawar map.jpg
| photo2a =
| size = 250
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 3
| color_border = #808080
| text =
| text_background = #F5F5F5
}}
| map_caption = '''Top''': Jhalavad within [[Kathiawar]] 
'''Bottom''': Jhalawad prant in [[Kathiawar Agency]], [[India]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2
| image1 = Temple near Shakti Mata temple at the bank of Patdi Talao DSCN3867 1.jpg
| caption1 = Shakti Mata temple, [[Patdi]]
| image2 =
| caption2 = Man Mehlat Palace, [[Dhrangadhra]]
| image3 =
| caption3 = Halvad Castle, [[Halvad]]
| image4 =Wankaner-palace.png
| caption4 = [[Ranjit Vilas Palace (Wankaner)|Ranjit Vilas Palace]], [[Wankaner]]
}}
| founder =
| named_for = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] clan of [[Rajputs]]
}}
'''Jhalawad''', also spelled as '''Zalawad''', is a historical region located in the middle of the [[Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and one of the 4 prants of Saurashtra. It includes the present-day districts of [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]], [[Morbi district|Morbi]] and parts of [[Botad district|Botad]], [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] and [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]. It is named after the [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] clan of [[Rajput]]s who ruled over this region for more than 1000 years.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUNBAQAAMAAJ&dq=jhalawad+kathiawad&pg=PA168 |title=The Indian Magazine and Review |date=1896 |publisher=National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress and Education in India. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=H. Wilberforce |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70165 |title=History Of Kathiawad From The Earliest Times |date=1916}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPkFP-PbniEC&dq=jhalawar+prant&pg=PA168 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=William |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}</ref>

==Princely states of Jhalawar Prant==
Its [[salute state]]s were :
* First Class :
** [[Dhrangadhra]] state, title of Maharajadhiraj Maharana Sahib, hereditary salute of 13 guns (15 guns personal).
** [[Wankaner]] state, title of Maharana Sahib, hereditary salute of 11 guns.
* Second Class :
** [[Limbdi State]], title Thakore Sahib, Hereditary salute of 9-guns.
** [[Wadhwan State]], title Maharana, Hereditary salute of 9-guns

Non-salute states :
* Third Class : [[Chuda State]], [[Lakhtar State]], [[Sayla taluka|Sayla State]]
* Fourth Class : [[Bajana State]], [[Muli State]], [[Patdi State]]
* Fifth Class : [[Vanod|Vanod State]]
* Sixth Class : Anandpur, [[Bhoika]], [[Chotila]], [[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]], [[Rai-Sankli]], Rakpur, [[Sanosra]], [[Vadod State]]

Other petty states, often a single village: [[Ankevalia]], [[Bamanbore]], [[Bhadvana]], [[Bhalala]], [[Bhalgamda]], [[Bharejda]], [[Bhathan]], [[Bhimora]], [[Chachana]], [[Chhalala]], [[Chobari]], [[Darod State]], [[Devlia]], [[Dudhrej]], [[Gedi State]], [[Gundiali]], [[Jakhan State]], [[Jamar State]], [[Jhampodad]], [[Jhinjhuvada]], [[Kamalpur, Gujarat|Kamalpur]], [[Kantharia]], [[Karmad]], [[Karol State]], [[Kesria]], [[Khambhlav]], [[Khandia]], [[Kherali]], [[Laliyad]], [[Matra Timba]], [[Mevasa]], [[Munjpur]], [[Palali State]], [[Rajpur (Kathiawar)|Rajpur]], [[Ramparda]], [[Sahuka]], [[Samla]], [[Sejakpur, Jhalawar|Sejakpur]], [[Sudamda-Dhandalpur]], [[Talsana]], [[Tavi State]], [[Untdi]], [[Vana State]], [[Vanala]], Vithalgadh, and Vadekhan Suryavash

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on dsal.uchicago.edu - Kathiawar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917063256/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif |date=17 September 2021 }}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

List of Women's Premier League (cricket) seasons and results

2026-02-06T07:37:20Z

NewtonKelson9:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Women's Premier League (WPL)
| image = WPL.png
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Official WPL Logo
| country = India
| administrator = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)#Organisation|WPL Governing Council]], [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20]]
| first = [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
| last = [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
| tournament format = [[Double round robin]] and [[Playoffs]]
| participants = 5
| champions = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (RCB) (2nd title)
| most successful = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] (2 titles) [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (2 titles)
| most runs = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (1,348)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League Trophy batting most runs career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-premier-league-988 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Amelia Kerr]] (54)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League Trophy bowling most wickets career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-premier-league-988 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
| TV = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)#Broadcasting|List of broadcasters]]
| website = [http://www.wplt20.com/ wplt20.com]
| current =
}}
The [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL) is a domestic, annual [[Women's Twenty20]] [[cricket]] tournament in India, organized by the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)#Organisation|WPL Governing Council]], under the aegis of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's IPL: BCCI earns Rs 4669.99 crore windfall for 5 teams - Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/womens-ipl-adani-bags-ahmedabad-team-mumbai-rcb-delhi-lucknow-cricket/20230125.htm |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=618178527496634369 |user=JayShah |title=The @BCCI has named the league - Women's Premier League (WPL). Let the journey begin.... |first= |author=JayShah |author-link=Jay Shah |date= |access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref>

WPL was established in 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-26 |title='Let the journey begin': BCCI garners Rs 4669.99 crore for sale of 5 Women's Premier League teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/let-the-journey-begin-bcci-garners-rs-4669-99-crore-for-sale-of-5-womens-premier-league-teams/articleshow/97310824.cms |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=CCI, DY Patil to host WPL from March 4-26; Mumbai-Ahmedabad to play opening game |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/125390/cci-dy-patil-to-host-wpl-from-march-4-26-mumbai-ahmedabad-to-play-opening-game |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> and currently consists of five teams in five cities across [[India]]. The [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural WPL season]] was won by [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC-W vs MI-W Cricket Scorecard, Final at Mumbai, March 26, 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/delhi-capitals-women-vs-mumbai-indians-women-final-1358950/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> As of 2025, there have been three seasons of the WPL tournament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League Trophy team series results |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-series-results/women-s-premier-league-988 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League Trophy team match results |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-match-results/women-s-premier-league-988 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Season wise undefined Match Result in Women's Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-match-results-season/women-s-premier-league-988 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

In the WPL tournament, each team plays every other team twice in a double [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. At the conclusion of the double round-robin league, on the basis of aggregate points, the top three teams qualify for the [[playoffs]]. In this stage, the second and third placed teams compete with each other (in a match titled "Eliminator"), while the top placed team directly qualifies for the final match. The winner of the Eliminator match moves onto the final match. The team that wins the final match is crowned the Women's Premier League champion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Annesha |date=2023-02-03 |title='Game changer': why the Women's Premier League is a revolution for players and fans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/feb/03/game-changer-why-the-womens-premier-league-is-a-revolution-for-players-and-fans |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=WPL 2024 Format, Rules - Detailed Explanation |url=https://www.timesofsports.com/cricket/wpl/format-rules/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.timesofsports.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Altogether, five teams have played in the past three seasons of the WPL tournament: [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]], [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]], [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]], [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] and [[UP Warriorz]]. Mumbai Indians and Royal Challengers Bengaluru are the most successful teams, having won 2 titles each.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Tournament seasons and results ==

=== Overall season results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;"
! rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan="4" | Final
! rowspan="2" | No. of teams
! rowspan="2" |No. of matches
! rowspan="2" |Player of the tournament
|-
! Winner
!Margin
!Runner-up
!Venue
|-
![[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
|[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] 134/3 (19.3 overs)
|'''[[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|Indians won by 7 wickets]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1358950.html Scorecard]
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] 131/9 (20 overs)
|[[Brabourne Stadium]]
| rowspan="4" |5
| rowspan="4" |22
|[[Hayley Matthews]]
|-
![[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] 115/2 (19.3 overs)
|'''[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|Royal Challengers won by 8 wickets]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1417737.html Scorecard]
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] 113 (18.3 overs)
|[[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]]
|[[Deepti Sharma]]
|-
![[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
|[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] 149/7 (20 Overs)
|'''[[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|Indians won by 8 runs]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1469319.html Scorecard]
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] 141/9 (20 Overs)
|[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|[[Nat Sciver-Brunt]]
|-
![[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] 204/4 (19.4 overs)
|'''[[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|Royal Challengers won by 6 wickets]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513703.html Scorecard]
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] 203/4 (20 overs)
|[[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]]
|[[Sophie Devine]]
|}

=== Overall team results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:95%;"
|-
!Season & No. of teams
![[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]] (5)
![[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]] (5)
![[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]] (5)
![[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]] (5)
|-
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|style="background: silver"|2nd
|style="background: silver"|2nd
|style="background: silver"|2nd
|style="background: silver"|2nd
|-
|[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|5th
|5th
|style="background:#cc9966 | 3rd
|style="background:#cc9966 | 3rd
|-
|[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
! style="background: gold" | C
| style="background:#cc9966 | 3rd
! style="background: gold" | C
| 4th
|-
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 4th
! style="background: gold" | C
| 4th
! style="background: gold" | C
|-
|[[UP Warriorz]]
| style="background:#cc9966 | 3rd
| 4th
| 5th
| 5th
|-
!References
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL Points Table {{!}} WPL Standings {{!}} WPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/points-table-standings |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL Points Table {{!}} WPL Standings {{!}} WPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/points-table-standings |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL Points Table {{!}} WPL Standings {{!}} WPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wpl-2024-25-1463356/points-table-standings |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL Points Table {{!}} WPL Standings {{!}} WPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wpl-2025-26-1510059/points-table-standings |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Additional team statistics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:95%;"
! rowspan="2" |Team
! rowspan="2" |Best result
! rowspan="2" |Number of Titles
!colspan=4 |Appearances
|-
!Seasons
!First
!Latest
!Playoff qualifications
|-
![[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|'''1st''' ([[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]], [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]])
|2
| rowspan=5 |4
| rowspan=5 |[[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
| rowspan=5 |[[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|3
|-
![[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|'''1st''' ([[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]], [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]])
|2
|2
|-
![[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|'''2nd''' ([[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]], [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]], [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]], [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]])
|0
|4
|-
![[UP Warriorz]]
|'''3rd''' ([[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]])
|0
|1
|-
![[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|'''3rd''' ([[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]], [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]])
|0
|2
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) five-wicket hauls]]
* [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) records and statistics]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.wplt20.com}}

{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) lists|seasons]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) seasons|*]]

Nizamabad Airport

2026-01-31T17:04:00Z

NewtonKelson9: cleanup information after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Nizamabad Airport
| nativename-a = {{nobold|{{lang|te|నిజామాబాద్ విమానాశ్రయము}}}} {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|نظام آباد ہوائی اڈا}}}}}}
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| type = Public
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Nizamabad, Telangana]]
| location =
| elevation-m =
| elevation-f =
| coordinates =
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number =
| r1-length-f =
| r1-surface =
}}

'''Nizamabad Airport''' is a proposed [[Greenfield airport|greenfield]] airport in [[Jakranpally|Jakranpalli]] Mandal borders covering the lands of Manoharabad, Thorlikonda, Kolipak in [[Nizamabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. The project site is located on [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], about {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}} east of the city of [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]. The state government of Telangana has proposed the construction of the airport in {{Convert|1161|acre|km2}}. A new committee verified the lands and proposed upto 1600 acres on 23rd April 2025.

==History==
In 2008, the government of undivided Andhra Pradesh invited for expressions of interest to develop eight minor airports in the state, including an airport at Nizamabad. Each airport was expected to cost {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2008}}. The airports were to be built in {{Convert|500|-|600|acre|km2|abbr=on}} with a runway length of {{Convert|6000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Anirban|date=19 January 2008|title=Andhra plans 8 small airports|work=Rediff India Abroad|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/19ap.htm|url-status=live|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503025310/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/19ap.htm|archive-date=3 May 2008}}</ref>

In July 2009, the government has scrapped the plans as no companies posted bids for the construction of the airport. The companies sought the construction to be infeasible due to low expectation of revenues. In October 2009, the government has planned to invite fresh bids for 4 airports including Nizamabad airport, to be constructed in {{Convert|500|acre|km2|abbr=on}}. The government has offered additional incentives including exemption from value added taxes and waiver of lease rentals for the first seven years once the airport is operational.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 October 2009|title=Andhra to invite bids for 4 airports with new incentives|work=Mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/hLC4Cp6ZwP7ahEUnNrAolM/Andhra-to-invite-bids-for-4-airports-with-new-incentives.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404115855/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/hLC4Cp6ZwP7ahEUnNrAolM/Andhra-to-invite-bids-for-4-airports-with-new-incentives.html|archive-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> The [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) had also objected to the proposal citing disruption of military aircraft movements due to commercial air activity.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 November 2009|title=Airports at Nizamabad, Ramagundam unlikely|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Airports-at-Nizamabad-Ramagundam-unlikely/articleshow/5263081.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909130405/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Airports-at-Nizamabad-Ramagundam-unlikely/articleshow/5263081.cms|archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>

The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) inspected the {{Convert|1200|acre|km2|adj=on}} site and gave its approval for the site in June 2013. However, AAI asked for a total of {{Convert|1500|acre|km2}} to accommodate all necessary airport infrastructure. The cost of construction of the airport would be borne by the state government.<ref>{{Cite news|last=P|first=Ram Mohan|date=7 June 2013|title=More land required for airport at Jakranpally|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/more-land-required-for-airport-at-jakranpally/article4788933.ece|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226070214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/more-land-required-for-airport-at-jakranpally/article4788933.ece|archive-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

However, in March 2015, the government of Telangana asked its infrastructure and investment department to put the development of Nizamabad airport on hold due to lack of funds and restrictions imposed on developing new airports within {{Convert|150|km|abbr=on}} radius of [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] at Hyderabad. Development of the airport would be considered at a later date.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Konde|first=Mahesh|date=26 March 2015|title=Telangana govt to take up only three airports for now|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telangana-govt-to-take-up-only-three-airports-for-now/articleshow/46695296.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226090038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telangana-govt-to-take-up-only-three-airports-for-now/articleshow/46695296.cms|archive-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

Later in 2016, the government has finalised proposals for new airports in the state. Chief Minister [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]] has given his nod for land acquisition for setting up airport in Nizamabad. Doubts were raised over securing approval for the airport since it cannot meet the norms of having a minimum aerial distance of {{Convert|125|km|abbr=on}} another airport which is already [[Warangal Airport|proposed in Warangal]].<ref>{{cite news|last=L|first=Venkat Ram Reddy|date=26 February 2016|title=Telangana govt finalise proposals for setting up new airports plan|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260216/telangana-govt-finalise-proposals-for-setting-up-new-airports-plan.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303202451/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260216/telangana-govt-finalise-proposals-for-setting-up-new-airports-plan.html|archive-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> In 2017, the government has proposed the construction of the airport in {{Convert|1161|acre|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 October 2017|title=Telangana government to establish airport in Nizamabad district|work=Telangana Today|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-government-establish-airport-nizamabad-district|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220071348/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-government-establish-airport-nizamabad-district|archive-date=20 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Nizamabad, Telangana]]
[[Category:Airports in Telangana]]
[[Category:Proposed airports in Telangana]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College, Fatehpur

2026-01-07T14:30:55Z

NewtonKelson9: adding the bio basic info

{{Infobox university
| name = Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College, Fatehpur
| other_name = Government Medical College, Fatehpur
| image =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| principal = Dr. R. P. Singh
| address =
| city = [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.9843|80.7589|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| campus_type = Rural
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
| website = {{URL|https://asmcfatehpur.com/}}
}}

'''Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College, Fatehpur''', also known as '''Autonomous State Medical College, Fatehpur''', is a full-fledged tertiary government Medical college and hospital. It is located at [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>https://www.yugantarpravah.com/news/uttar-pradesh-fatehpur-medical-college-pm-modi-inaugurated-medical-colleges-of-9-districts-including-fatehpur-566061-25-10-2021</ref> The college imparts the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). The yearly undergraduate student intake is 100. It is Spread over approximately 19 acres area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College, Fatehpur, U.P. |url=https://asmcfatehpur.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Courses==
This medical college undertakes the education and training of 100 students in MBBS courses along with paramedical batches

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bawani Imli massacre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University

2025-12-31T12:37:05Z

NewtonKelson9:

{{Short description|India's first sports university}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Tamil Nadu Physical Education & Sports University
|native_name =
|image = Tamil Nadu Physical Education & Sports University logo.jpg
|motto = Excellence in Physical Education and Sports
|established = {{start date and age|15 September 2005}}
|chancellor = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
|vice_chancellor = ''Vacant''
|city = [[Chennai]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country = India
|coor = {{Coord|13.067956|N|80.252045|E|display=title}}
|students =
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
|image_name =
|website = {{URL|http://www.tnpesu.org|tnpesu.org}}
}}

'''Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University''' ('''TNPESU''') is a [[State university (India)|state-run university]] in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India, established in 2005.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=It's Game on for Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/17/its-game-on-for-tamil-nadu-physical-education-and-sports-university-1952087.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 March 2019}}</ref> It is first [[Public university|public]] sports university established in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamilnadu Physical Education and Sports University |url=https://fitindia.gov.in/events/tamilnadu-physical-education-and-sports-university/ |publisher=fitindia.gov.in |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref> It is a residential university. [[YMCA College of Physical Education] and [Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Maruthi College of Physical Education (Autonomous)]] are an affiliated colleges of this university.

==Departments==
* Department of Physical Education
* Department of Yoga
* Department of Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics
* Department of Sports Psychology and Sports Management
* Department of Advanced Sports Coaching and Sports Technology

The university offers courses such as [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Science|MSc]], [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]],<ref name="TNIE"/> MTech, MBA, MA, BPED, MPED, BPES.<ref>{{cite news |title=Admissions at Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/admissions/admissions-at-tamil-nadu-physical-education-and-sports-university-1.5032032 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government's Educational Institutions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.tnpesu.org/}}

{{Physical Education and Sports universities in India}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sport schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Chennai]]
[[Category:Physical education in India]]
[[Category:Physical Education and Sports universities in India]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]

{{TamilNadu-university-stub}}

List of villages in Bagalkot district

2025-11-19T07:41:34Z

NewtonKelson9: added a place initial version...

{{Short description|none}}
{{moresources|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
This is an alphabetical list of villages in [[Bagalkot district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

{{horizontalTOC|nonum=yes}}

== A ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Achanur]]
* [[Adagal]]
* [[Adihal]]
* [[Adihudi]]
* [[Agasarakoppa]]
* [[Aiahole]]
* [[Aihole]]
* [[Akkimaradi]]
* [[Alagur]]
* [[Alur, Bagalkot|Alur]]
* [[Amalazari]]
* [[Amarawati]]
* [[Aminagad]]
* [[Anadinni]]
* [[Anawal]]
* [[Andamuranal]]
* [[Ankalagi, Bagalkot|Ankalagi]]
* [[Arakeri, Bagalkot|Arakeri]]
* [[Asangi]]
{{div col end}}

== B ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Badagandi]]
* [[Baragi, Bagalkot|Baragi]]
* [[Basavanagar]]
* [[Belagali]]
* [[Belura, Bagalakote|Belura]]
* [[Bennur, Bagalkot|Bennur]]
* [[Bevinamatti-S.Haveli]]
* [[Bevoor]]
* [[Bhairamatti]]
* [[Bidari]]
* [[Bilkerur]]
{{div col end}}

== C-G ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Chimmad]]
* [[Cholachagudda]]
* [[Dammooru, Hunagunda|Dammooru]]
* [[Dhannur]]
* [[Dhavaleshwar]]
* [[Fakirbhudihal]]
* [[Galagali]]
* [[Girisagar]]
* [[Gonal, Badami|Gonal]]
* [[Gothe]]
* [[Gudura]]
{{div col end}}

== H-J ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Halagali]]
* [[Haldur]]
* [[Halingali]]
* [[Hebballi, Bagalakot|Hebballi]]
* [[Hipparagi]]
* [[Hirepadasalgi]]
* [[Hosakoti]]
* [[Hullikere]]
* [[Hunnur]]
* [[Jagadal]]
* [[Jaliberi]]
* [[Jalihal]]
* [[Jalihala]]
* [[Jeeragal]]
{{div col end}}

== K ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kaladgi]]
* [[Kamatagi]]
* [[Kandgal]]
* [[Karadi]]
* [[Kataraki, Bagalkot|Kataraki]]
* [[Kendura]]
* [[Killa Hosakoti]]
* [[Kishori]]
* [[Kittali]]
* [[Kulageri]]
* [[Kulhalli]]
* [[Kundargi]]
{{div col end}}

== L-R ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Lakhamapura]]
* [[Lokapur]]
* [[Mantur]]
* [[Mirji]]
* [[Mugalkhod]]
* [[Muttalageri]]
* [[Nagaral]]
* [[Navalgi]]
* [[Nilagunda]]
* [[Old Channal]]
* [[Rugi, Bagalkot|Rugi]]
{{div col end}}

== S-Z ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sasalatti]]
* [[Savalagi]]
* [[Shri Parvatesh]]
* [[Shurpali]]
* [[Sirur]]
* [[Sulibhavi]]
* [[Tappasakatti]]
* [[Teggi]]
* [[Todalbagi]]
* [[Tungal]]
* [[Uttur]]
* [[Vajjaramatti]]
* [[Yadahalli, Bilagi|Yadahalli]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Bagalkot district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bagalkot district|*]]
[[Category:Districts of India-related lists|Bagalkot district]]

2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships

2025-11-09T11:42:59Z

NewtonKelson9: adding basic post w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = 2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships
|image =
|size =
|caption =
|dates = 2-9 July 2011
|number_edition = 14
|level =
|prize_money =
|other =
|venue = Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium
|location = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|previous = [[2010 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2010]]
|next = [[2012 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2012]]
}}

The '''2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships''' is an Asia continental junior championships to crown the best U-19 badminton players across Asia. It was the 14th tournament of the [[Asian Junior Badminton Championships]], and held in [[Lucknow]], [[India]] from 2 – 9 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=BAC junior meet shifted to Lucknow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/bac-junior-meet-shifted-to-lucknow/article1982493.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>

== Tournament ==
The 2011 Asian Junior Badminton Championships organized by [[Badminton Asia Confederation]]. This tournament consists of mixed team competition, which was held from 2–5 July, as well as five individual events started from 5–9 July.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nasser |last=Lalljee |title=Two Thaneites to represent country at Junior Asian Badminton Championship |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/two-thaneites-to-represent-country-at-junior-asian-badminton-championship/articleshow/16135695.cms |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=12 June 2011 |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="ie">{{cite news |first=Wajiha |last=Shah |title=Shuttlers from 19 countries for Badminton Asia Youth C'ships |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shuttlers-from-19-countries-for-badminton-asia-youth-c-ships/805023/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 June 2011 |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> Players from 19 countries participated in this competition.<ref name="ie"/>

=== Venue ===
*Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium, at U.P. Badminton Academy, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]], India.<ref name="ie"/>

==Medalists==
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Men's singles
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Zulfadli Zulkiffli]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Verma]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kento Momota]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Kai (badminton)|Liu Kai]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Women's singles
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Yu (badminton)|Sun Yu]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shen Yaying]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hui Xirui]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Men's doubles
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chia-yu]] and [[Huang Po-jui]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Ching-yao]] and [[Huang Chu-en]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nelson Heg Wei Keat]] and [[Teo Ee Yi]]
|-
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Ronald Alexander (badminton)|Ronald Alexander]] and [[Selvanus Geh]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Women's doubles
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Suci Rizki Andini]] and [[Tiara Rosalia Nuraidah]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Meng Yean]] and [[Chow Mei Kuan]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayako Sakuramoto]] and [[Ayano Torii]]
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ou Dongni]] and Xiong Rui
|-
|rowspan=2|Mixed doubles
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Lukhi Apri Nugroho]] and [[Ririn Amelia]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Pei Tianyi]] and [[Ou Dongni]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Zhuofu]] and Xiong Rui
|-
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Praveen Jordan]] and [[Tiara Rosalia Nuraidah]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Mixed team
|rowspan=2|{{bd|CHN}} [[Chen Zhuofu]] [[Guo Kai]] [[Huang Yuxiang]] [[Li Junhui]] [[Liu Yuchen]] [[Pei Tianyi]] [[Xue Song (badminton)|Xue Song]] [[Zhuge Lukai]] [[Huang Yaqiong]] [[Hui Xirui]] [[Ou Dongni]] [[Sun Yu (badminton)|Sun Yu]] [[Xiao Jia (badminton)|Xiao Jia]] Xiong Rui [[Yu Xiaohan]] [[Zheng Yu]]
|rowspan=2|{{bd|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub]] [[Goh Giap Chin]] [[Nelson Heg]] [[Low Juan Shen]] [[Jagdish Singh (badminton)|Jagdish Singh]] [[Soong Joo Ven]] [[Teo Ee Yi]] [[Zulfadli Zulkiffli]] [[Soniia Cheah Su Ya]] [[Cheah Yee See]] [[Joyce Choong Wai Chi]] [[Chow Mei Kuan]] [[Shevon Jemie Lai]] [[Lee Meng Yean]] [[Lim Yin Fun]] [[Yang Li Lian]]
|{{bd|IND}} [[B. Venkatesh]] C. Rohit Yadav [[T. Hema Nagendra Babu]] [[Pratul Joshi]] [[N. V. S. Vijetha]] [[Shivam Sharma (badminton)|Shivam Sharma]] [[Srikanth Kidambi]] [[Sameer Verma]] [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani]] [[Gauri Ghate]] [[Daya Elsa Jacob]] [[Tanvi Lad]] [[K. Maneesha]] [[P. V. Sindhu]] [[Poorvisha S. Ram]] [[Arathi Sara Sunil]]
|-
|{{bd|INA}} [[Ronald Alexander (badminton)|Ronald Alexander]] [[Selvanus Geh]] [[Praveen Jordan]] [[Lukhi Apri Nugroho]] [[Shesar Hiren Rhustavito]] [[Rangga Yave Rianto]] [[Panji Akbar Sudrajat]] [[Rizky Susanto]] [[Ririn Amelia]] [[Suci Rizky Andini]] [[Tiara Rosalia Nuraidah]] [[Melati Daeva Oktavianti]] Elyzabeth Purwaningtyas [[Khaeriah Rosmini]] [[Yulia Yosephine Susanto]] [[Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja]]
|}

==Medal count==
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:95%; text-align: center"
!Pos
!Country
![[File:Med 1.png|Gold]]
![[File:Med 2.png|Silver]]
![[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]]
!Total
|-
|1||style="text-align:left"| {{CHN}} ||2||2||4||8
|-
|2||style="text-align:left"| {{INA}} ||2||0||3||5
|-
|3||style="text-align:left"| {{MAS}} ||1||2||1||4
|-
|4||style="text-align:left"| {{TPE}} ||1||1||0||2
|-
|5||style="text-align:left"| {{IND}} ||0||1||2||3
|-
|6||style="text-align:left"| {{JPN}} ||0||0||2||2
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=9CD53F34-D016-4D5F-B0BA-826083B14882 Badminton Asia Youth Under 19 Championships 2011] at ''tournamentsoftware.com''
*[http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=7E11B2BB-8CC0-4429-BF79-960C40CF87E7 Badminton Asia Youth Under 19 Team Championships 2011] at ''tournamentsoftware.com''

{{Badminton Asia Junior Championship}}

[[Category:Badminton Asia Junior Championships]]
[[Category:Badminton tournaments in India|Asia Junior Championships]]
[[Category:2011 in badminton|Asian Junior Badminton Championships]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian sport|Asian Junior Badminton Championships]]
[[Category:Youth sport in India]]
[[Category:2011 in youth sport]]
[[Category:July 2011 sports events in India]]

National Highway 207 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T16:48:21Z

NewtonKelson9: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 648 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line

2025-07-27T04:20:39Z

NewtonKelson9: Added New Data

{{short description|Railway route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type =
| system =
| status = Under construction (Completed till Tadoki)
| locale =
| start = {{stnlnk|Dalli-Rajhara}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Jagdalpur}}
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = 
| open = 
| yearcommenced = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 235
| linelength_mi =
| linelength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength_mi =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = 
| old_gauge =
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = Ongoing
| speed_km/h = 130
| speed_mph = 80.77
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line}}
| map_name = Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line''', is an under-construction {{convert|228.51|km|mi}} long broad-gauge railway track in [[Chhattisgarh]] state of India connecting existing railways stations at [[Dalli Rajhara]] (on Dalli Rajhara-[[Durg]]-[[Raipur]] line) in north to [[Jagdalpur]] ([[Kothavalasa–Kirandul line|Kothavalasa–Jagdalpur-Kirandul line]]) in South.<ref name=railstat1/>

==History==

The catalyst for the construction of this rail track were the [[Rowghat Mines]], aimed to provide iron ore supply to [[National Mineral Development Corporation|NMDC]]'s [[Nagarnar Steel Plant]] near [[Raipur]]. Since the development of Rowghat Mines saw various delays, resulting in corresponding delays in the construction of this rail line.

===Rowaghat mines===

In 1983, the [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL) made the application for development Rowghat mines, and the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] (MoEF) granted in principle environmental clearance only in 1996 after a delay of 13 years.<ref name="financialexpress">{{cite web| url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/sc-flags-green-signal-for-forestry-clearance-to-rowghat/372170/3| title=SC flags green signal for forestry clearance to Rowghat| website=The Financial Express| first=Indronil| last=Roychowdhury| date=13 October 2008}}</ref> In 1998, an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) among Railway, [[Madhya Pradesh]] State Government (from which Chhattisgarh state was later formed on 1 November 2000), [[National Mineral Development Corporation]] (NMDC) and SAIL was signed for the construction.<ref name="bare_url">{{cite web| url=http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/quest.asp?qref=170158| title=(unknown)| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121128175731/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/quest.asp?qref=170158| archivedate=28 November 2012| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Following a 2004 request by MoEF to the submit fresh application for forestry and environment clearance for the Rowaghat Mines, SAIL submitted the revised application to MoeF in 2007, which referred it to the Supreme Court in 2007,<ref name="financialexpress" /><ref name="thehindubusinessline">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1677158.ece| title=Chhattisgarh, Rlys, SAIL, NMDC tie up for new rail link| website=The Hindu BusinessLine| date=12 December 2007}}</ref> and in 2008 the Supreme Court granted the final consent for forestry clearance of Rowghat Mines.<ref name="financialexpress" /> In October 2009, mining lease for F Block of Rowghat Mines was granted to SAIL for a period of 20 years,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bhilai-steel-gets-rowghat-mining-lease/374442/| title=Bhilai Steel gets Rowghat mining lease| website=Business Standard| first=R. Krishna| last=Das| date=28 October 2009}}</ref> this provided the impetus for the Dalli Rajhara-Jagdalpur line also.

===Naxal insurgency===

Project, after facing many years of procedural and clearance related hurdles, also faced stiff resistance and opposition from [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite–Maoist insurgents]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/chhattisgarh-govt-to-setcommittee-to-expidate-workrowghat-iron-ore-mines-/445846/| title=Chhattisgarh govt to set up committee to expidate [sic] work on Rowghat iron ore mines| website=Business Standard| first=R. Krishna| last=Das| date=15 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article/indias-rowghat-iron-ore-project-delayed-on-security-concerns-2011-09-09| title=India's Rowghat iron-ore project delayed on security concerns| website=Mining Weekly| first=Ajoy K.| last=Das| date=9 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rowghat-iron-ore-project-gets-home-ministry-s-push-115021001610_1.html| title=Rowghat iron ore project gets home ministry's push| website=Business Standard| date=10 February 2015}}</ref> who fear that the construction of the rail track will speed up the economic development thereby eradicating the insurgency from the region.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/contractors-son-kidnapped-shot-dead-by-naxals-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/61813301.cms| title=Contractor's son kidnapped, shot dead by Naxals in Chhattisgarh| website=TOI| date=27 November 2017}}</ref> Since 2014, 2 Battalions (28th & 33rd) of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) have been deployed in the Balod and Kanker district of Chhattisgarh to provide protection for the construction of Dalli Rajhara to Rowghat railway lines of 95 km.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ssb.nic.in/WriteReadData/LINKS/8e401bb732-ced2-4081-82fa-f246dfc657c2.pdf| title=SSB EXCELLING IN MAOIST DEN| website=SSB| date=8 May 2017| access-date=11 March 2018| archive-date=11 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311201650/http://www.ssb.nic.in/WriteReadData/LINKS/8e401bb732-ced2-4081-82fa-f246dfc657c2.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2016 and May 2017, two troopers of Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) were injured after an [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) planted by Maoists went off in the project area.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/two-ssb-troopers-injured-in-ied-blast.html| title=TWO SSB TROOPERS INJURED IN IED BLAST| website=Daily Pioneer| date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-ssb-soldier-injured-in-ied-blast-by-suspected-maoists/story-2GR4jJkhxElQj84yzO4FYK.html| title=Chhattisgarh: SSB soldier injured in IED blast by suspected Maoists| website=HT| date=8 May 2017}}</ref>

==Details==

===Significance===

Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line, in addition to catering to the passenger and goods transport, will also supply iron ore from the Rowghat Mines to SAIL's [[Bhilai Steel Plant]] and also to [[Nagarnar Steel Plant]] near Jagdalpur.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/rowghat-jagdalpur-rail-line-to-cut-iron-ore-supply-cost-in-raipur.html| title=ROWGHAT-JAGDALPUR RAIL LINE TO CUT IRON ORE SUPPLY COST IN RAIPUR| website=Daily Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sail.co.in/BSP_list_of_packages_in_CPFR.pdf| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503143642/https://www.sail.co.in/BSP_list_of_packages_in_CPFR.pdf| archivedate=3 May 2012| title=Bhilai Steel Plant's Modernisation & Expansion Programme Gains Momentum| website=SAIL}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/bhilai-steel-plant-appoints-mdo-to-develop-rowghat-mines/articleshow/60853001.cms| title=Bhilai Steel Plant appoints MDO to develop Rowghat mines| newspaper=The Economic Times| date=27 September 2017}}</ref> Jagdalpur, about 300 km by road from Raipur, has no direct rail connectivity,<ref name=railstat1>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/article2868517.ece| title=Extra coach on Vizag-Korba| website=The Hindu| date=7 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-map.html| title=Route Maps| website=IRFCA| date=2010}}</ref> and a 622 km circuitous rail route from Jagdalpur to Raipur is via [[Koraput]] and [[Rayagada]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] which takes about 16 hours. Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line will shorten the distance between Raipur to Jagdalpur to {{convert|346.80|km|mi}} which will take just 6 hrs 30 mins to travel.

===Construction ===

Construction is being undertaken in the following two phases:<ref name="bare_url" />

* Phase-1 Dalli Rajhara-[[Rowghat Mines]], {{convert|94.66|km|mi}},<ref name="bare_url" /> constructed by RVNL (Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd).<ref name=FinancialExpress>{{cite web| url=http://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/railway-trains-from-bhilai-steel-plant-can-make-maoists-naxals-infested-bastar-bloom/761135/| title=Railway trains from Bhilai steel plant can make Maoists, Naxals infested Bastar bloom| website=Financial Express| date=13 July 2017}}</ref> Dalli Rajhara-Gudum-Bhanupratapur was completed in 2018,<ref name=telegraphIndia>{{cite web| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/pm-drops-by-at-maoist-belt-to-open-modicare-centre-a-railway-line-and-dgtl-223400?ref=hm-ft-stry-2| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414233829/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/pm-drops-by-at-maoist-belt-to-open-modicare-centre-a-railway-line-and-dgtl-223400?ref=hm-ft-stry-2| url-status=dead| archive-date=14 April 2018| title=PM drops by at Maoist belt to open Modicare centre, a railway line and fibre-optic network| website=Telegraph India| date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Bhanupratappur-Keoti in 27 Mar 2019, Keoti-Antagarh in August 2020,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/railway-finally-reaches-town-of-antagarh-in-chhattisgarhs-kanker-district/1081755/ | title=Railway finally reaches town of Antagarh in Chhattisgarh's Kanker district | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=13 August 2022 }}</ref> Antagarh-Tadoki in Aug 2023.<ref name=anta1>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/chhattisgarh/state/kanker/kanker-news-successful-train-trial-to-tadoki-in-moist-affected-chhattisgarh/ct20230824190401409409775 | title=Successful Train Trial to Tadoki :नक्सली गढ़ में दौड़ेगी छुक छुक गाड़ी, अंतागढ़ से ताड़ोकी तक ट्रेन का ट्रायल | date=24 August 2023 }}</ref>

* Phase-2 Rowaghat-Jagdalpur, {{convert|133.85|km|mi}},<ref name="bare_url" /> constructed by IRCON (Indian Railway Construction Organisation).<ref name=FinancialExpress/>

==Route==

=== Dalli-Rajhara-Rowaghat section ===

* [[Durg district]]
** [[Dalli-Rajhara railway station]] {{convert|0.0|km|mi}}, existing railway station.

* [[Kanker district]]
** Salhaitola {{convert|11.68|km|mi}}
** [[Gudum]] {{convert|17.08|km|mi}} (near Dondi)
** [[Bhanupratappur]] {{convert|33.76|km|mi}}
** Keoti {{convert|42.14|km|mi}}
** [[Antagarh]] {{convert|59.24|km|mi}}
** Taroki/Tadoki/Tadokee {{convert|76.66|km|mi}}
** Rowghat {{convert|94.66|km|mi}}

===Rowaghat-Jagdalpur section ===

This section has the following 13 stations:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.railnews.in/bastar-railway-private-ltd-ircon-ink-mou-for-laying-jagdalpur-rawghat-rail-line-in-chattisgarh-nmdc/| title=NMDC JV to construct Rs 2,538 Crore rail corridor project with IRCON| website=Railnews.in| date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

* Kanker district
** Rowghat

* [[Narayanpur district]]
** [[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|Narayanpur]]

* [[Kondagaon district]]
** Chandganv
** Barnda / Baranda
** Jugani
** [[Kondagaon]]
** Baniyagaon
** Dhikonga / Dahikonga
** Bhanpuri

* [[Bastar district]]
** Sonarpal
** [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
** Kudkanar
** [[Jagdalpur railway station]], existing station at Jagdalpur, the administrative head office of Bastar district.

==Current status==

* 2023 Aug: Phase-1 Dalli Rajhara-Tadoki section completed and trains became operational, Tadoki-Rowghat section was under-construction.<ref name=anta1/>

* 2025 May: Phase-2 Rowghat-Jagdalpur section, costing INR3,513 was approved by the railway minister.<ref name=approvr1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/3-5cr-rail-project-moves-forward-bastar-to-get-on-140-km-long-track/articleshow/121039432.cms 3.5 cr project moves forward: Bastar to get rail connectivity], Times of India, 10 May 2025.</ref> Survey was already complete in 2018, and Detailed Project Report (DPR) was commissioned.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/4/26/Centre-gives-nod-to-3-new-trains-for-C-garh.aspx| title=Centre gives nod to 3 new trains for C'garh| website=Hitavada| date=26 April 2018| access-date=28 April 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024123/http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/4/26/Centre-gives-nod-to-3-new-trains-for-C-garh.aspx| archive-date=29 April 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalli Rajhara-Jagdalpur rail line}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Steel Authority of India]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Ennore

2025-07-11T07:05:04Z

NewtonKelson9: creating info!

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ennore
| native_name =
| other_name = Kathivakkam
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Ennore Thermal Power Plant.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chennai, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2175|N|80.32155|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district|Chennai]] & [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] districts
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruvottiyur taluk|Tiruvottiyur]] & [[Ponneri taluk|Ponneri]] taluks
| subdivision_type4 = Local body
| subdivision_name4 = Ward 1 of [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] & Athipattu village panchayat
| subdivision_type5 = Metro
| subdivision_name5 = Chennai
| subdivision_type6 = Other neighbourhoods
| subdivision_name6 = [[Periya Kuppam, Ennore|Periya Kuppam]], [[Kathivakkam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600057 & 600120
| registration_plate = TN-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = north Chennai
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ennore''', also spelt {{IAST|Eṇṇūr}}, is a neighbourhood in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Ennore is situated on a peninsula and is bounded by the [[Kosasthalaiyar River|Korttalaiyar River]], [[Ennore Creek]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The creek separates south Ennore from the north Ennore which covers major portions of [[North Chennai Thermal Power Station]] and [[Ennore Port]]. The neighbourhood is served by [[Ennore (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Ennore railway station]]. Over the years Ennore has become the hub of a range of industrial projects, mainly [[thermal power station]]s, fertilizer factories, industrial ports and coal yards.

==History==
The neighbourhood is part of the [[Avadi]]–[[Ambattur]]–[[Sembium]]–[[Tiruvottriyur]]–Ennore "auto belt" in the city's industrial north and west regions that developed when the automobile industry developed in Madras, in the early post-[[World War II]] years.<ref name="Muthiah_2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 144 | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref> Ennore was one of the "five 'new villages' " that were annexed with the then new British town of Madras in 1708.<ref name="Muthiah_2014"/>

==Administration==
Administratively Ennore is divided into South and North regions. The mostly residential south region is governed by Greater Chennai Corporation as ward 1 in zone 1. The south region is a part of [[Kathivakkam]] revenue village in [[Tiruvottiyur taluk|Tiruvottiyur]] taluk of [[Chennai district|Chennai]] district. The completely industrialized north region is governed by Athipattu village panchayat in [[Minjur block|Minjur]] revenue block. The north region is administered by Ennore revenue village in [[Athipattu]] Town Panchayat of [[Ponneri taluk|Ponneri]] taluk of [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] district. The north region is completely occupied by [[North Chennai Thermal Power Station]] and [[Ennore Port]].

==Ennore Creek==
[[Ennore Creek]] is a backwater located in [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Ennore Creek is bound on the north by the [[Pulicat Lake]] and to the south by the Manali marshlands. The [[Arani River]] enters the creek's northern edge below Lake Pulicat. To the south, [[Kosasthalaiyar River]] and the surplus course of the [[Puzhal Lake]] enter the creek. The estuary at Mugatwarakuppam drains all of these waters into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Six revenue villages, namely [[Kathivakkam]], Ennore, [[Puzhudhivakkam]], [[Athipattu Pudunagar]], [[Kattupalli]] and [[Kalanji]] are located around the Creek.

=== Environmental and economic significance ===
[[File:Ennore Creek sunset.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over the Ennore creek]]
Ennore Creek, along with the [[Buckingham Canal]] and the rest of the Pulicat water system has vast importance for the environment and for the local fisher folk. Ennore Creek nurtures a healthy aquatic ecosystem which was once famous for its rich biodiversity. This creek is part of a lagoon ecosystem that plays a vital role in balancing the coastal ecosystem in the area. The ecologically sensitive ecosystem was home to large swamps of mangroves that not only ensured a sustainable regeneration of fish resources, but also help mitigate flooding in times of strong rainfall, high tides and cyclones. Kuppam and Sivanpadaiveethi Kuppam rely wholly and perennially on the river and creek.<ref name=" Ennore Creek – Ecology and Violations ">{{cite web
| url = https://storyofennore.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/ennore-ecology-and-violations.pdf
| title = Ennore Creek – Ecology and Violations
| publisher = The Coastal Resource Centre
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}</ref>

For decades, this creek sustained the livelihoods of the residents in the surrounding villages and has been demarcated as CRZ I (ecologically sensitive area in the coastal zone management plan by the Tamil Nadu State Coastal Zone Management Authority). Undertaking any reclamation, bunding, construction or altering the natural courses of such water bodies is illegal under the CRZ Notification 2011, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

==Threats and issues==
Despite being protected under such regulations, the unplanned industrial development of this area over the last few decades have had devastating effects on the whole ecosystem, resulting in loss of ecology and livelihoods of the fishing communities. The creek is encroached by industries in several locations, which led to a reduction of the water covered area. Already 1090 acres of the total 8000 acres of the Creek are encroached.<ref name=" An Open Letter to Declare Ennore Creek as a Climate Sanctuary ">{{cite web
| url = https://storyofennore.wordpress.com/2017/06/16/an-open-letter-to-declare-ennore-creek-as-a-climate-sanctuary-save-chennai-save-ennore-creek/
| title = An Open Letter to Declare Ennore Creek as a Climate Sanctuary Save Chennai; Save Ennore Creek
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}</ref>
Of the area that is still water covered the depth of the water is reduced by fly ash from the North Chennai Thermal Power Station. In some areas the ash has reduced the depth of the creek from 14 feet below sea level to 2 to 4 feet. This reduces the creek's ability to carry water, which is crucial, especially in times of flooding.

=== Flooding ===

In December 2015, areas like Kuruvimedu, Athipattu, Athipattu Pudunagar, Ernavur, Manali New Town etc. were badly affected by floodwaters that did not recede as expected. The drastic reduction in the wetland area, and the depth of what remained has reduced the Creek's ability to evacuate floodwaters from Kosasthalaiyar, Puzhal surplus, Buckingham Canal and the Araniyar.

=== Storm surges ===

In December 2016, Cyclone Vardah made landfall in Pulicat, in the Ennore region. The resultant storm surge of more than 1 metre above the astronomic tide had reportedly inundated low-lying areas in the region. Normally, the Creek is the first shock absorber to deter the storm surge. But with its water carrying capacity vastly reduced, the Creek's ability to absorb storm shocks has also declined. As the encroachment continues, storm surges will send seawater deep into the hinterland through the rivers, streams and channels and inundate areas that have never before experienced flooding due to tidal surges.

=== Salinity intrusion ===

The AK-basin, or the area between Araniyar and Kosasthalaiyar, has an important place in Chennai's [[water security]] map. The groundwater rich basin has six well-fields – Minjur, Panjeti, Thamaraipakkam, Poondi, Kannagiper and Floodplains—that yields up to 100 mld water for Chennai during stressed times. The AK-basin is also witnessing aggressive salinity intrusion due to a number of factors. To combat it, the state has invested money and fresh water in constructing injection wells and tidal regulators. The Creek maintains a salinity gradient, and prevents seawater from entering too deep into the hinterland through the rivers, streams and channels. However, as the waterspread and Creek depth decline, tidal influence will begin to be felt further inland.

The Ennore Creek's western edges – which are the areas that have been and are currently being encroached – are salt marshes and abandoned salt pans. Both are wetlands as defined under the National Wetland Rules, and have been demarcated as such by the Government of Tamil Nadu under the Rules. By storing rainwater or lower salinity water, especially in the weeks and months after monsoons, the Ennore Creek's western edges already help offer some defence against salinity intrusion. Currently the salt pans and salt marshes are being converted to industrial establishments by altering the contours.

=== Economically impact on the residents ===
The fishing villages located in and around Ennore have for many years depended on the Creek as a source of livelihood and sustenance. Owing to the excessive industrial takeover in the region for many years now the number of fish in the creek declined significantly due to the leakage of toxic waste water from factories and the dumping of toxic fly ash. A study by the Aquaculture Foundation of India and three institutions including Anna University, found high concentrations of heavy metals in the water and marine organisms in and around Ennore creek due to pollution from industries and domestic sources. This study found high levels of heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and chromium. Species such as flathead grey mullet, a widely eaten fish had levels that hovered close to dangerous limits. Over the years, several commercially valuable fish – including tiger prawn, mud crab, striped crab, sand whiting, silver biddy, cat fish, mackerel, grey eel catfish, croaker and white prawn – have disappeared from the creek.<ref name=" Death by a Thousand Cuts ">{{cite web
| url = https://storyofennore.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/ph_report.pdf
| title = Death by a Thousand Cuts: Report of Public Hearing Held On Loss of Ecology and Fisher Livelihood in Ennore Creek
| publisher = Ennore Anaithu Meenava Grama Kootamaipu
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}</ref> In some areas the depth of the river has become so low, that is it impossible for a small fishing boat to move on it. Fishermen have lost their primary source of income and their lives been reduced to poverty.<ref name="At the City’s Margins: Coal, Land and Livelihoods in Chennai ">{{cite web
| url = http://www.thehinducentre.com/multimedia/archive/03145/Policy_Report_No_2_3145518a.pdf
| title = At the City’s Margins: Coal, Land and Livelihoods in Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}</ref>
[[File:Industrialisation in Ennore.jpg|thumb|Due to siltation the creek has become very shallow, which makes fishing more difficult.]]

=== Air pollution and health problems of residents ===
Many of the industries in Ennore pollute the air, especially the Thermal Power Plants. Data from the Central Pollution Control Board and from independent bodies show that the air quality is clearly worse than the limits and can only be prescribed as "unhealthy" or "very unhealthy". For PM 2.5 (Particulate Matter or dust less than 2.5 micrometers in size) the [[air pollution]] is up to 3.7 times higher than standards prescribed by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC).<ref name="Unfit to breathe II">{{cite web
| url = https://storyofennore.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/final_unfittobreathe2.pdf
| title = Unfit to breathe II Air Quality and Pollution Levels in Chennai City
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}</ref>
Data from the CPCB for the region shows that from 01.06.2017 to 22.06.2017 the level of PM 2.5 was 88 μg/m3, which is clearly higher than the prescribed standard (60 μg/m3).<ref name=" CPCB: Continuous Ambient Air quality ">{{cite web
| url = http://www.cpcb.gov.in/CAAQM/frmReportdisplay.aspx
| title = CPCB: Continuous Ambient Air quality
| publisher = Central Pollution Control Board
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
PM 2.5 can lead to asthma, lung cancer and even heart attacks.<ref name=" Did TN govt falsify air pollution data in Ennore to set up a coal plant? ">{{cite web
| url = http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/did-tn-govt-falsify-air-pollution-data-ennore-set-coal-plant-activists-point-fingers-62793
| title = Did TN govt falsify air pollution data in Ennore to set up a coal plant? Activists point fingers
| publisher = The News Minute
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}</ref> Many residents in Ennore suffer from health problems. Old residents tell that those problems were absent decades ago and started with the industrialisation of the area. Public health specialists confirm that air pollution in Ennore can affect the health of the residents negatively.<ref name="Unfit to breathe II"/>

==Industries and developmental projects==
Over the years Ennore has become the hub of a range of industrial projects, mainly thermal power stations, fertilizer factories, industrial ports and coal yards. Many of them let their untreated wastewater flow into the Ennore Creek; others amount to the air pollution in Ennore.
The Ennore Creek is surrounded by multiple industrial projects namely-
* North
#[[North Chennai Thermal Power Station]] (NCTPS) 3×210 MW; 2x 600 MW
#[[Kamarajar Port Limited|Kamaraj Port Limited]] (KPL; formerly known as Ennore Port)
# L&T Ship Building Yard
* West
# Chettinad International Coal Terminal
# NTECL's [[Vallur Thermal Power Station]] 3×500 MW
# HPCL – [[Hindustan Petroleum|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]]

* South
#[[Ennore Thermal Power Station|Ennore Thermal Power Plant]] (Oldest operational power plant in the region) 2 x 60 MW ; 3 x 110 MW
# [[Coromandel Fertilizer]]
# [[Kothari Fertilizer]]
# [[Ashok Leyland]]
# [[Hinduja Foundries]]
# [[EID Parry]]

* Within a 5 km radius:
# [[Manali Industrial Area]]
# [[Madras Fertilizers Limited]]

* New proposals for thermal power projects in the region include:
# 800 MW NCTPS Stage III, on the green belt of the current NCTPS, Ennore
# 1600 MW Ennore SEZ, on the ash pond of NCTPS
# 1200 MW North Chennai Power Company, at Katupalli
# 1030 MW Chennai Power Generation Ltd, Katupalli and Kalanji village

==Oil spill==
The [[2017 Ennore oil spill]] was an oil spill that occurred outside the Kamarajar Port in Ernavoor, Tamil Nadu, India, on 28 January 2017. The spill occurred when the outbound empty LPG tanker M. T. BW Maple collided with the inbound fully loaded oil tanker M.T. Dawn Kanchipuram around 04:00 local time. In total around 196 tonnes of bunker fuel oil spilled into the sea.<ref name=" Ennore Oil Spill-Chennai Coast The Ecological Footprint ">{{cite web
| url = http://www.icmam.gov.in/ospilMar2017.pdf
| title = Ennore Oil Spill-Chennai Coast The Ecological Footprint - An Assessment
| publisher = Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) Project Directorate Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
| date = March 2017
| access-date = 23 June 2017
| archive-date = 30 June 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170630160334/http://www.icmam.gov.in/ospilMar2017.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
The coastline from Ennore southwards until Pondicherry (a stretch of 180 km) was in different severity affected by the spill, with the shore of Ennore most severely hit. There were reports of dead fish and dead olive ridley turtle along the coast on different beaches in Chennai and around. The impact of the spill has directly affected the local fishing community as there was a sharp fall in fish sale due to the existing notion amongst public that fishes are contaminated with oil and not fit to consume. Workers had to clean the oil on the shore without adequate protection which lead to skin irritation, throat irritation and breathing problems.<ref name="Oil spill in Chennai">{{cite web
| url = https://storyofennore.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/oil-spill-health-fact-finding-report-feb-2017.pdf
| title = Oil Spill in Chennai: Fact Finding Report on Health Impacts of Oil Spill on Clean-Up Workers, Fisherfolk and Residents in Ennore
| access-date = 23 June 2017
}}</ref>

==Schools==
Ennore has got good number of Government schools. Government High School, Kathivakkam Elementary School. The Leading Private schools are Sri SSM Group of Schools, Parthasarathy Matriculation School, St. Joseph Matriculation School, V.O.C. Matriculation School, Child park school and Annamalai Matriculation Schools.

==Transportation==
Metropolitan Transport Corporation runs passenger buses to Ennore from other major parts of Chennai city.

Route number 4, 4M (Minjur-Ennore- Broadway),56F is available frequently from Broadway Bus Terminus (Parrys), 56, 56A from Vallalar Nagar (Mint), 159E, 121C from CMBT, 1C, 1D from Thiruvanmiyur, 28B from Egmore Railway Station. 4C from Chennai central, 157E from redhills.

==Films and music==

Ennore has been featured in many of the Tamil and other language movies. The climax fight in the popular Tamil movie "Kaaka Kaaka" was filmed in a place called Sandbar in Ennore. Some scenes from the 2023 film ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' were also canned here. Environmental activist Nityanand Jayaraman produced the ‘Chennai Poromboke Paadal’, featuring [[T.M. Krishna]], as part of a campaign to raise awareness about the encroachment on Chennai's Ennore Creek.

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Chennai'''
|Northwest = [[Athipattu]] / [[Minjur]]
|North = [[Ennore Creek]] / [[Ennore Port]]
|Northeast = [[Ennore Port]]
|West = [[Korttalaiyar River]]
|Centre = Ennore
|East = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southwest = [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] / [[Manali Industrial Estate]]
|South = [[Kathivakkam]] / [[Wimco Nagar]]
|Southeast = [[Bay of Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{commons category|Ennore}}
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Coastal neighbourhoods of Chennai]]

Fazilpur, Uttar Pradesh

2025-06-19T19:04:37Z

NewtonKelson9: creating a pg

{{one source|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fazilpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|30|33|N|79|35|42|E|display=inline,title|region_IN:type_village}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Mohd Faazil
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2194
| population_as_of = census 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]], [[Bareilly]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 56%<ref>census 2011 {{fcn|date=December 2018}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Cold]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Fazilpur''' is a large village located in [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]] of [[Bareilly district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Villages in Bareilly district}}
[[Category:Villages in Bareilly district]]

{{Bareilly-geo-stub}}

Muhammad Mansha Ullah Butt

2025-04-30T22:27:38Z

NewtonKelson9: improved article

{{short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Mansha Ullah Butt
| image =
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start = 15 August 2018
| term_end = 14 January 2023
| constituency = [[PP-37 Sialkot-III]]
| term_start1 = August 2013
| term_end1 = 31 May 2018
| constituency1 = PP-123 (Sialkot-III)
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 1999
| constituency2 = PP-103 (Sialkot)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| nationality = Pakistani
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (1993-present)
| term_start3 = 24 February 2024
}}

'''Muhammad Mansha Ullah Butt''' is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] from August 2018 till January 2023. Previously, he was a member of the Punjab Assembly from 1990 to 1999 and again from August 2013 to May 2018.

==Early life and education==
He was born on 30 June 1939 in [[Sialkot]].<ref name="pap">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1218|website=www.pap.gov.pk|access-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614190016/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1218|archive-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

He has the degree of Bachelor of Arts.<ref name="pap" />

==Political career==

He was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] from Constituency PP-103 (Sialkot) in [[1990 Pakistani general election]]. During his tenure as Member of the Punjab Assembly, he served as Parliamentary Secretary of Punjab for Labour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Assemblies|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1990-1993.shtml|website=www.pap.gov.pk|access-date=23 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614213749/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1990-1993.shtml|archive-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-103 (Sialkot) as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) in the [[1993 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Assemblies|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1993-1996.shtml|website=www.pap.gov.pk|access-date=23 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615012146/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1993-1996.shtml|archive-date=15 June 2017}}</ref> He received 34,941 votes and defeated a candidate of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP).<ref name="ecp/88-97">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly election result 1988-97|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|publisher=ECP|access-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-103 (Sialkot) as a candidate of PML-N in the [[1997 Pakistani general election]]. He received 36,487 votes and defeated a candidate of PPP.<ref name="ecp/88-97" /> He served as political secretary to the then Chief Minister of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Assemblies|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1997-1999.shtml|website=www.pap.gov.pk|access-date=23 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615005144/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1997-1999.shtml|archive-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-123 (Sialkot-III) in by-polls held in August 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=ECP announces by-election results|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/88805-ecp-announces-byelection-results-|access-date=19 January 2018|work=www.geo.tv|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120115643/https://www.geo.tv/latest/88805-ecp-announces-byelection-results-|archive-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=By-elections 2013: PML-N leads the pack - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/593645/by-elections-2013-live-updates/|access-date=19 January 2018|work=The Express Tribune|date=22 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307052642/https://tribune.com.pk/story/593645/by-elections-2013-live-updates/|archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> In November 2016, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Local Government and Community Development.<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjab govt hands over portfolios to newly appointed cabinet ministers|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/29/punjab-govt-hands-over-portfolios-to-newly-appointed-cabinet-ministers/|access-date=23 January 2018|work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181221/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/29/punjab-govt-hands-over-portfolios-to-newly-appointed-cabinet-ministers/|archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-37 (Sialkot-III) in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan election 2018 results: National and provincial assemblies |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/07/live-pakistan-election-2018-results/ |access-date=3 September 2018 |work=Samaa TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729083521/https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/07/live-pakistan-election-2018-results/ |archive-date=2018-07-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butt, Muhammad Mansha Ullah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1990–1993]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1997–1999]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2024–2029]]

{{PunjabPK-MuslimN-MPA-stub}}

Ammapet

2024-12-02T19:46:01Z

NewtonKelson9: adding new stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Ammapet
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name = Ammapettai
|settlement_type = [[Town]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Salem
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Ammapet, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|11.6548|N|78.1877|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Salem district|Salem]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 313.28
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language|Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Office|Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = [[Speech]]
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 636003
|area_code_type = [[Telephone|Telephone code]]
|area_code = +91427xxxxxxx
|registration_plate = TN 54 ** xxxx
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood|Other Neighbourhoods]]
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], Suramangalam, Gugai, [[Kondalampatti]], Kandhampatti, Gorimedu, [[Hastampatti|Hasthampatti]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Salem City Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem South]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ammapet''' also called as "Ammapettai" is a town in [[Salem district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].
== Location ==
Ammapet is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|11.6548|N|78.1877|E}}) in Salem.

{{Location map many | India Salem
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Ammapet
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = yellow
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|11.6548|N|78.1877|E}}
}}
== Medical facilities ==
There is a secondary (government) hospital, constructed at a cost of about ₹42 crore, funded by Japan International Cooperation Agency, by which people of rural areas of Salem are benefited, is located in Ammapet.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=10 March 2024 |title=Secondary care hospital at Ammapet in Salem to open on Monday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/secondary-care-hospital-at-ammapet-in-salem-to-open-on-monday/article67935635.ece |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Religion ==
=== Hindu temples ===
Two Hindu temples viz., Madheswaran Temple and [[Madurai Veeran]] Temple which are maintained under the control of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] are situated in Ammapet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madheswaran temple, Periakinaru Street, Ammapet, Salem - 636003, Salem District [TM045225].,Madheshwaran |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=45225 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Maduraiveeran Temple, Ammapet, Salem - 636003, Salem District [TM008821]. |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=8821 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Salem district]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

Pusane

2023-10-24T00:38:51Z

NewtonKelson9: Starting A Details...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Pusane
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6319514|N|73.6103296|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mawal taluka|Mawal]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| area_total_ha = 786
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1255
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 651 / 604 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 02114
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-14
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati Raj]]
| website = {{URL|pune.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pusane''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in India, situated in the [[Mawal taluka]] of [[Pune district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It encompasses an area of {{cvt|786|ha|acre|0}}.<ref name="census2011"/>

==Administration==
The village is administrated by a [[sarpanch]], an elected representative who leads a gram panchayat. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the village was a self-contained gram panchayat, meaning that there were no other constituent villages governed by the body.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411165725/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archivedate=2019-04-11 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=1200 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part A: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2019-05-23}}</ref>

==Demographics==
At the 2011 census, the village comprised 216 households. The population of 1255 was split between 651 males and 604 females.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311054952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-11 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |pages=420-424 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part B: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2019-05-19}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in Mawal taluka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mawal taluka]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats in Pune district]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}

Peperomia vellarimalica

2023-10-02T21:46:21Z

NewtonKelson9: Starting New Bio...

{{Short description|Species of epiphyte}}
{{Speciesbox
|genus = Peperomia
|species = vellarimalica
|authority = [[Jose Mathew|J.Mathew]] & [[Pichan Salim|P.M.Salim]]
|synonyms =
}}

'''''Peperomia vellarimalica''''' is a species of [[plant]] from the genus '[[Peperomia]]'. It grows in [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|wet tropical biomes]]. It was discovered by [[Jose Mathew]] and [[Pichan Salim]] in 2018. They named it after a nearby Mountain Range in Kerala, India.<ref name="kew01">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60477681-2|website=powo.science.kew.org/|title=Species (India) 19: 164 (2018)|publisher=J.Mathew & P.M.Salim|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="researchgate">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328232354|website=www.researchgate.net/|title=Two new species of Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Piperaceae) from South Western Ghats, India|publisher=J.Mathew & P.M.Salim|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>

==Etymology==
'''vellarimalica''' came from the [[location|locality]] "''Vellarimala''". This refers to [[Vellarimala]] being found in [[Kerala]], [[India]].

==Distribution==
Peperomia vellarimalica is [[Endemism|native]] to [[India]].<ref name="kew01">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60477681-2|website=powo.science.kew.org/|title=Species (India) 19: 164 (2018)|publisher=J.Mathew & P.M.Salim|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="researchgate">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328232354|website=www.researchgate.net/|title=Two new species of Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Piperaceae) from South Western Ghats, India|publisher=J.Mathew & P.M.Salim|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>

*[[India]]
**[[Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q89188243}}

[[Category:Peperomia|vellarimalica]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of India]]
[[Category:Plants described in 2018]]

{{Piperales-stub}}

Muttikulangara

2023-09-28T06:40:36Z

NewtonKelson9: added a article w/ sources...

{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Muttikulangara

|settlement_type = Suburb
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
|coordinates = {{coord|10.803631|N|76.622086|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad]]

| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Puthuppariyaram Panchayat
|unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 678594
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-9
| blank3_name_sec1 =
Parliament constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Assembly constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Malampuzha Assembly constituency|Malampuzha]]
}}
'''Muttikulangara''' is a suburb of [[Palakkad]] city, [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarath Babu |date=2020-02-02 |title=District forest nurseries across Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/district-forest-nurseries-across-kerala/article30721784.ece |access-date=2022-10-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: MUTTIKULANGARA, PALAKKAD, KERALA, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/PALAKKAD/M/MUTTIKULANGARA |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref> It is located about 9 km from the city centre along [[National Highway 966]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three booked for assaulting KSRTC driver in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/mar/30/three-booked-for-assaulting-ksrtc-driver-in-kerala-1794500.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Muttikulangara is famous for its ayurvedic oil, which is used to get relief from cuts, wounds, sprains, and fractures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaji |first=K. a |date=2015-10-10 |title=A village with its unique solution to heal wounds |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-village-with-its-unique-solution-to-heal-wounds/article7749092.ece |access-date=2022-10-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Kerala Armed Police Second Battalion was founded in Muttikulangara in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Kerala Police - Kerala Armed Police - II |url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/page/kerala-armed-police-ii |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Palakkad]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

List of Governors of Goa

2015-12-20T08:23:12Z

NewtonKelson9: Added New Info

#REDIRECT [[List of governors of Goa]]
{{R from move}}