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Rajat K. Baisya

2026-05-07T13:00:59Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{short description|Indian management professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Rajat K Baisya
|honorific_suffix =
|image = File:Prof Rajat Baisya as Chief Guest at India International Centre (IIC).png
|image_size =
|caption = Baisya at [[India International Centre|India International Centre (IIC)]]
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Sylhet]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|fields = [[Management science|Management Science]], [[Project management|Project Management]], [[Operations research|Operations Research]]
|workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students = [[Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]]
|known_for = Makers of Jadavpur: A Technological Perspective, [[Canada Gairdner International Award|Gairdner International Award]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = Best Professor Award from [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]
|signature = 
|footnotes =
}}
'''Rajat K Baisya''' is an Indian management professor, author, and researcher.<ref>{{cite web |title=PTMF |url=http://www.ptmfonline.com/doc/CV-RKB.pdf}}</ref> He was formerly [[Professor]] & [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of [[IIT Delhi|Dept of Management Education, IIT Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dean Academics, DIIS |url=http://www.diis.international/faculty/}}</ref> He was awarded Gardner International Award for the year 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=PTMF |url=http://www.ptmfonline.com/doc/CV-RKB.pdf}}</ref> He was also awarded Dr J.S.Pruthi Award for the year 2001 for significant contribution to the [[food industry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India Science and Technology Awards |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/nurturing-minds/s-and-t-awards/national/dr-j-s-pruthi-award}}</ref>

==Academic career==
Rajat Kanti Baisya obtained his B. Sc. (Honours in chemistry) degree from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] and thereafter got his B.Tech., M.Tech, and Ph.D degrees in Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering from [[Jadavpur University]]. He served in the same institute as CSIR, UGC and Ministry of Defence research scholar working on various projects in the areas of Biochemical and Food Engineering as well as Chemical Engineering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Rajat K Baisya |url=http://ptmfonline.com/doc/Prof_Basiya.pdf}}</ref>

Baisya served as [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of Dept of Management Education, [[IIT Delhi]]. He has written over 350 research articles and twelve books, besides supervising ten PhD thesis in the areas of supply chain management, marketing management, strategic management and international business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sage Author |date=5 February 2023 |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/rajat-k-baisya}}</ref> Prior to becoming Dean at IIT Delhi, Baisya was Professor at the Department of Food, Dairy and Agriculture Engineering at [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]].

==Corporate career==

He was President and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the [[Emami]] Group of Companies from 1988 to 1994. For many years prior to that, he was the Global Senior Vice President, Business Development at [[Reckitt Benckiser]] Ltd. In addition, he has held senior management positions at companies such as [[Escorts Limited|Escorts]] Ltd, [[United Breweries Group]], [[Unilever|Unilever Group]], and [[Parle Bisleri|Parle-Bisleri]] Group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajat K Baisya (Sage Publications USA) |date=5 February 2023 |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/rajat-k-baisya}}</ref>
[[File:Prof Baisya inaugurating an international conference.png|thumb|275px|Baisya inaugurating an international conference.]]

==Awards and honours==

* Awarded [[Canada Gairdner International Award|Gairdner International Award]] for the year 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=PTMF |url=http://www.ptmfonline.com/doc/CV-RKB.pdf}}</ref>
* Awarded Dr J.S.Pruthi Award for the year 2001 for significant contribution to the [[food industry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India Science and Technology Awards |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/nurturing-minds/s-and-t-awards/national/dr-j-s-pruthi-award}}</ref>
* Awarded National Institute of Management & Technology Commendation Award for the year 2002 for corporate Excellence & significant contribution in the areas of corporate turnaround strategies and change management.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Baisya IIT Delhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/job-windfall-for-iit-d-b-school-graduates-104020501001_1.html |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>
* Dr Baisya is a [[Fellow]] of [[Institution of Incorporated Engineers|Institute of Engineers]] and [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] and [[Institute of Management Consultants USA|Institute of Management Consultants]]. He also served as the Chairman of Institute of Management Consultants of India Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Baisya IIT Delhi |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/employability-of-management-graduates-on-a-decline-expert/1007737/}}</ref>
* Research Management Board of [[IPMA-HR|International Project Management Association]] (IPMA)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajat Baisya |date=5 February 2023 |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/rajat-k-baisya}}</ref>
* Best Professor of Marketing Management Award from [[Bloomberg UTV]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajat K Baisya |url=https://managementnext.com/magazine/investment-in-branding-always-pays/}}</ref>
[[File:Prof Baisya as visiting professor at University of South Denmark.png|thumb|275px|Prof Baisya as visiting professor at [[University of Southern Denmark]].]]
* Elected fellow, World Academy of Productivity Science (WAPS), Canda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellows of WAPS |url=https://www.waps.info/fellows-and-memberships/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.waps.info}}</ref>
* Elected academic fellow, of the [[International Council of Management Consulting Institutes]] (ICMCI)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baisya |first=Rajat K. |url=https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Strategic_Brand_Management.html?id=aKp00QEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Strategic Brand Management: Surviving the Competitive Environment |date=2026-01-05 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-94745-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* Vice President, Asia Pacific Federation of Project Management<ref>{{Cite web |title=apfpm |url=https://www.apfpm.net/exec_team |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.apfpm.net}}</ref>

==Books authored==

* Makers of Jadavpur: A Technological Perspective, [[Jadavpur University]] Press, 2021, {{ISBN|9789383660759}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baisya |first=Rajat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htE6EAAAQBAJ |title=Makers of Jadavpur: A Technological Perspective |date=2021-04-02 |publisher=Jadavpur University Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English publications Jadavpur University Press |url=https://jadunivpress.org/publications-english/}}</ref>
* Integrated Supply Chain and Logistics Management, Published by [[SAGE Publishing]], 2020, {{ISBN|9789353286651}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Book Dr Baisya |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/integrated-supply-chain-and-logistics-management/book271743}}</ref>
* Branding in a Competitive Marketplace, Published by [[SAGE Publishing]], 2013, {{ISBN|9788132110590}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Branding Book |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/branding-in-a-competitive-marketplace/book242268}}</ref>
* Winning Strategies for Business, Published by [[SAGE Publishing]], 2014, {{ISBN|9788132104421}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Winning Strategies for Business |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/book/winning-strategies-business}}</ref>
* Aesthetics in Marketing, Published by [[SAGE Publishing]], 2008, {{ISBN|9780761935957}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Aesthetics in Marketing |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/book/aesthetics-marketing}}</ref>
* Managing Start-Ups for Success: Entrepreneurship in Difficult Times, Published by [[Taylor & Francis]], 2021, {{ISBN|9781000396720}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Managing Start-Ups for Success: Entrepreneurship in Difficult Times | isbn=9781003002574 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gQ5zgEACAAJ| last1=Baisya | first1=Rajat K. | year=2021 | publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>
* Supply Chain and Logistics Management, Published by [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor and Francis]], 2024.
* Product Portfolio Management for Performance, Published by [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor and Francis]], 2025.

==Selected publications==

* Charan, Parikshit, Ravi Shankar, and Rajat K. Baisya. "Analysis of interactions among the variables of supply chain performance measurement system implementation." Business Process Management Journal (2008).
* Chakrabarti, Somnath, and Rajat K. Baisya. "The influences of consumer innovativeness and consumer evaluation attributes in the purchase of fashionable ethnic wear in India." International Journal of Consumer Studies 33.6 (2009): 706-714.
* Baisya, Rajat K., and R. Sarkar. "Customer satisfaction in the service sector: a case study of the airline industry." Journal of Advances in Management Research (2004).
* Baisya, Rajat K., and [[Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]]. "E-governance Challenges and Strategies for Better-managed Projects." Emerging Technologies in E-Government (2008): 203-208.
* Baisya, Rajat Kanti, and Brane Semolic. "Evolving corporate education: Relevance of management education." Evolving corporate education strategies for developing countries: The role of universities. IGI Global, 2013. 39-55.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baisya, R.K.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Academics from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:West Bengal academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scholars]]

Bhagabangola Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T06:40:51Z

NereidaMccurdy5: creating new pg needs work.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhagabangola
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bhagabangola.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhagabangola Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Reyat Hossain Sarkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#West Bengal|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| constituency_no = 62
| established = 1957
| electors = 263,765
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Bhagabangola Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 62 Bhagwangola Assembly constituency covers [[Bhagawangola II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Bhagawangola, Habaspur, Hanumantanagar, Kuthirampur, Mahammadpur, Mahisasthali and Sundarpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bhagawangola I]] CD Block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Bhagwangola Assembly constituency is part of No. 11 [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Hafizur Rehman Kazi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sailendra Nath Adhicary
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. Bhattachrya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Sailendra Nath Adhicary
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Md. Samaun Biswas
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Mohammad Deedar Baksh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Kazi Hafizur Rahman
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Syed Nawabjani Meerza
|{{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Abu Sufian Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Mojibor Rahaman
|{{Full party name with color|West Bengal Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Chand Mohammad (West Bengal politician)|Chand Mohammad]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Mahasin Ali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2024^
|rowspan="2"|[[Reyat Hossain Sarkar]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagabangola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Reyat Hossain Sarkar]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:105997}}
|percentage = 48.57
|change = {{decrease}}19.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahamudal Hasan (Mithu)
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:49590}}
|percentage = 22.73
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anju Begum
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:29440}}
|percentage = 13.49
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhaskar Sarkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:23104}}
|percentage = 10.59
|change = {{increase}}3.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1085}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change = {{decrease}}1.0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:56407}}
|percentage = 25.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:218216}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#West_Bengal|West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Bhagabangola}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Reyat Hossain Sarkar]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 1,07,096
|percentage = 48.34
|change = {{decrease}}19.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anju Begum
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 91,479
|percentage = 41.29
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhaskar Sarkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 17,288
|percentage = 7.8
|change = {{increase}}0.41
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Md Murshidul Alam
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = 2,298
|percentage = 1.04
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,255
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{decrease}}0.93
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,617
|percentage = 7.05
|change = {{decrease}}39.85
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, Idris Ali of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Md. Kamal Hossain of CPI (M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Bhagabangola constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Idris Ali
|votes = 153,795
|percentage = 68.05
|change = {{increase}}31.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Md. Kamal Hossain
|votes = 47,787
|percentage = 21.15
|change = {{decrease}}33.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mehbub Alam
|votes = 16,707
|percentage = 7.39
|change = {{increase}}4.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,396
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Mosaraf Hossain
|votes = 827
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Seikh Rabiul Alam
|votes = 784
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Syed Imran Ali Meerza
|votes = 652
|percentage = 0.29
|change = {{decrease}}1.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Sk. Rejaul Karim
|votes = 617
|percentage = 0.27
|change = {{decrease}}0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Abdul Mabud Nayan
|votes = 449
|percentage = 0.20
|change = {{decrease}}0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Bahujan Maha Party
|candidate = Mst. Sikha Khatun
|votes = 421
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Nurul Islam
|votes = 290
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = United Socialist Party
|candidate = Ali Hossain
|votes = 265
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 106,008
|percentage = 46.90
|change = {{increase}}37.80
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 225,990
|percentage = 90.80
|change = {{increase}}4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Mahasin Ali of CPI (M) defeated his nearest rival, Abu Sufian Sarkar of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Bhagabangola constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mahasin Ali
|votes = 105,037
|percentage = 54.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Abu Sufian Sarkar
|votes = 68,732
|percentage = 35.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mehbub Alam
|votes = 5,278
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Syed Imran Ali Meerza
|votes = 3,457
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Hajikul Alam
|votes = 3,228
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,554
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Kamal Pasha
|votes = 1,855
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Rahul Amin
|votes = 1,039
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Asaduzzaman
|votes = 763
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Matin
|votes = 669
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anju Bagum
|votes = 510
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 36,305
|percentage = 18.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 193,122
|percentage = 85.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on LF+Congress vote percentages taken together in 2016. Chand Mohammad was the SP candidate in 2011.

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Chand Mohammad of Samajwadi Party defeated his nearest rival Sagir Hossain of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Bhagabangola constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=62| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327185714/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=62| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Bhagabangola| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chand Mohammad
|votes = 62,862
|percentage = 38.63
|change = -7.84#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sagir Hossen
|votes = 49,528
|percentage = 30.43
|change = -19.40#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Syed Alamgir
|votes = 40,376
|percentage = 24.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahebub Alam
|votes = 2,638
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee|MLKSC]]
|candidate = Kamal Pasha
|votes = 2,206
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Seikh Ajfar Ali
|votes = 1,752
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Najrul Islam
|votes = 1,745
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gazi Rahman
|votes = 1,641
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 162,748
|percentage = 90.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +11.56#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Syed Alamgir, a rebel Congress candidate contesting as an independent, was suspended from the party, but [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury|Adhir Chowdhury]], the Baharampur MP continued to extend support to him.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110421/jsp/bengal/story_13882506.jsp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120918064656/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110421/jsp/bengal/story_13882506.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 September 2012 |title = For Sonia and the dissidents: Dr Adhir and Mr Chowdhury | publisher = The Telegraph, 21 April 2011 |access-date = 21 April 2011}}</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006. Chand Mohammad was the WBSP candidate in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Chand Mohammad of [[West Bengal Socialist Party|WBSP]] won the 62 Bhagabangola assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Abu Sufian Sarkar of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Mojibor Rahaman of WBSP defeated Abu Sufian Sarkar of Congress in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Abu Sufian Sarkar of Congress defeated Syed Nawabjani Meerza of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Syed Nawabjani Meerza of CPI(M)/Independent defeated Islam Nazrul of Congress in 1991<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> and Mojibur Rahaman of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Kazi Hafizur Rahman of Congress/ Independent defeated Sailen Adhicary, Independent, in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Sheikh Kazimuddin of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp56.htm | title = 56 - Bhagabangola Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1957–1972===
Mohammad Dedar Baksh of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Md. Samaun Biswas, Independent, won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Sailendra Nath Adhicary of [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> S. Bhattacharyya of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Sailendra Nath Adhicary of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Hafizur Rehman Kazi of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Jagatdal Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T00:06:28Z

NereidaMccurdy5: new!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jagatdal
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jagatdal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jagatdal Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rajesh Kumar (police officer)]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| constituency_no = 106
| established = 1977
| electors = 172,294
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Jagatdal Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 106 Jagatdal Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 18 to 35 of [[Bhatpara]] Municipality, and Kogachi I, Kogachi II, Mamudpur, Panpur Keutia [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Barrackpore I (Community development block)|Barrackpore I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India }}</ref>

Jagatdal Assembly constituency is part of No. 15 [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|1977||Jagatdal||Nihar Basu||[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Nihar Basu||[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Nihar Basu||[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Nihar Basu||[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Anay Gopal Sinha||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||[[Haripada Biswas]]||[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||[[Haripada Biswas]]||[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||||[[Parash Dutta]]||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||||[[Parash Dutta]]||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||||[[Somenath Shyam Ichini]]||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Somenath Shyam Ichini - जगतदल विधानसभा चुनाव 2021 परिणाम|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|url= https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/west-bengal/candidates/somenath-shyam-ichini-aitc-2021-jagatdal-106-west-bengal |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jagatdal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar (police officer)]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 94351
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Somenath Shyam Ichini]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 73442
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parvej Ahmad Khan
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|votes = 9062
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mandira Chakraborty
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1240
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 972
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20909
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Jagatdal}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Somnath Shyam
|votes = 87,030
|percentage = 48.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arindam Bhattacharya
|votes = 68,666
|percentage = 38.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Nemai Saha
|votes = 16,748
|percentage = 9.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,568
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suvamay Pan
|votes = 1,522
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,364
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Parash Dutta of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Haripada Biswas of Forward Bloc.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Jagatdal constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=106|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Jagatdal|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 24 April 2011|archive-date = 27 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191953/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=106|url-status = usurped}}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Parash Dutta]]|votes=86,388|percentage=58.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=[[Haripada Biswas]]|votes=50,356|percentage=34.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dilip Mitra|votes=4,276|percentage=2.91|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bimal Krishna Ray|votes=2,657|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukul Sarkar
|votes = 1,342
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Debashis Das
|votes = 1,007
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pronab Kumar De
|votes = 884
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=146,910|percentage=85.27|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Trinamool Congress did not contest this seat in 2006
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, Hari Pada Biswas of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Jagatdal assembly seat, defeating his nearest rivals Rahul (Biswajit) Sinha of [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> and [[Mukul Roy]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Contests in most years were multi-cornered but only winners and runners are mentioned. Anay Gopal Sinha of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Nihar Basu of Forward Bloc in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Nihar Basu of Forward Bloc defeated Anay Gopal Sinha of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Nani Gopal Sarkar of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Mrigen Lahiry of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Sudhin Bhattacharjee of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp131.htm |title = 131 - Jagatdal Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref> Prior to that, the constituency did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]

Yerrakaluva

2026-05-04T01:28:28Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Created new details...

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Yerrakaluvaa''' is a river that forms boundary between [[Khammam district]] of [[Telangana]] and [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

The area is often affected by floods.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watershed map of east flowing rivers between Godavari and Krishna basins|url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/1.%20East%20Flowing%20Rivers%20between%20Godavari%20and%20Krishna.pdf |access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref> Many villages every year lose their crops to floods and many families lose everything.

This river and nearby [[Kolleru lake]] drain into the Upputeru river before joining the [[Bay of Bengal]] near Mogultur in the Eluru district. Yerrakalva passes near Konguvarigudem village in [[Jangareddygudem|Jangareddigudem]] mandal of Eluru district.

== Yerra Kaluva reservoir ==
Yerra Kaluva Reservoir was constructed in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Yerrakalva_Medium_Irrigation_Project_JI00171|title=Yerrakalva Medium Irrigation Project JI00171|access-date=July 9, 2015|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222212754/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Yerrakalva_Medium_Irrigation_Project_JI00171|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Yerrakalva Reservoir Project consisted of an earthen dam formed across the river.

The ''ayacut'' proposed to be irrigated by this project is 9,996 ha benefiting 22 villages in Jangareddigudem, Kamavarapukota, Dwaraka Tirumala, Nallajerla and Tadepalligudem mandals. Flood moderation is provided for safeguarding about 8,094 ha of fertile lands between Anantapalli and Nandamuru Aqueduct. The project components are:

* Earthen Dam for a length of 2.73 km.
* Spillway Regulator with Hoist Bridge with 4 Vents of size 12.00 m. x 5.00 m
* Left and Right Head Sluices at km.0.40 and km.2.20 of Earth Dam respectively.
* Excavation of Left Main Canal (LMC) for a length of 7.59 km. and Right Main Canal (RMC) for a length of 45.60 km. including their distributary network and CM&CD works.

The contemplated protected lands under this project included 9,996 ha. 2,023 ha on the left main canal and 1,012 ha on the right. Up to 2.18  km of the right main canal were provided as irrigation facilities prior to AIBP assistance. As of March 2010 the irrigation potential was 8095 ha from Kongulagudem project to Nandamuru Aqueduct

==See also==
* [[Budameru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|16|44|N|81|05|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Eluru district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Khammam district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Shama Deshpande

2026-05-01T08:21:40Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shama Deshpande
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|Kiran Deshpande|1978|2000|end=died}} {{marriage|Sai Ballal
|2001}}
| children = 2 daughter
| father = [[Raja Gosavi]]
| relatives =
}}

'''Shama Deshpande''' ([[née]] '''Gosavi''') is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Hindi]] films and television, with a career spanning over four decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shama Deshpande - Photos, Videos, Birthday, Latest News, Height In Feet - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/shama-deshpande.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Deshpande was born as Shama Gosavi to the legendary Marathi actor [[Raja Gosavi]] and Sunanda Gosavi, a homemaker.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-06-20 |title=राजा गोसावी यांच्या कन्या शमा देशपांडे भावूक झाल्या; मुलाखतीत सांगितले कठीण काळ |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/raja-gosavi-daughter-shama-deshpande-got-emotional-recounted-the-difficult-time-in-intreview-a-a991/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Lokmat}}</ref> The youngest among four siblings, she grew up in a theatre-rich environment and developed a fascination for the performing arts by observing actors backstage and watching them prepare for their roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Raja Gosavi : “पितळी भांडी विकून गुजराण, ब्रेड आणि आमटी…” राजा गोसावींच्या मुलीने उलगडली सुपरस्टारची हलाखी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/raja-gosavi-super-star-in-marathi-movies-black-and-white-era-his-daughter-shama-told-about-his-career-ups-and-downfall-scj-81-5251541/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Her mother died when she was 25, followed by her father's death a decade later when she was 35.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-07-23 |title=एन्ट्री घेणार इतक्यात विंगेतच... राजा गोसावींच्या लेकीने सांगितला वडिलांचा शेवटचा दिवस; म्हणाल्या- मी येईपर्यंत ते कोमात... |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/shama-deshpande-recall-father-raja-gosavi-last-day-he-went-for-bramacha-bhopla-play-having-acidity-and-never-returned-psn14 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

She began her acting journey by stepping in as a replacement in her father's stage plays, which gradually sparked her interest in the craft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजाचा रंक होणं म्हणजे काय? घरातले डब्बे विकले, ब्रेड आणि आमटी..., सुपरस्टारच्या वाट्याला आलेले असेही दिवस |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/raja-gosavi-daughter-shama-deshpande-share-downfall-and-struggle-of-family/articleshow/122853879.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Her first screen appearance came in the 1977 Marathi film ''Asla Navra Nako Ga Bai'', where she played the role of the heroine's friend, a part offered by her father. She went on to appear in Marathi films like ''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]'' and ''Zidd'', but found the struggle in the industry more challenging than expected, leading her to briefly step away from acting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Raja Gosavi: हिंदी मालिकांमध्ये काम करणारी 'ही' लोकप्रिय अभिनेत्री आहे राजा गोसावी यांची लेक |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raja-gosavi-daughter-shama-deshpande-serials-movies-and-personal-life-141733237729847.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>

Over the years, she made occasional appearances in films such as ''Madhuchandrachi Raatra'' (1989), ''[[Jodidar]]'' (1997), [[Betaabi]] (1997), ''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]'' (1998), ''[[Nidaan]]'' (2000), and ''[[Koi Aap Sa]]'' (2005).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-05-13 |title=ZEE5 premiering two web films on Mother's Day — Badnaam Gali and D.A.T.E |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/May/13/zee5-premiering-two-web-films-on-mothers-day--badnaam-gali-and-date-1976051.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Deshpande made her television debut with ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', directed by [[Sanjay Khan]] and aired on [[DD National]], where she portrayed [[Gopikabai]], the Peshwin of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Her television career gained momentum with [[Zee TV]]’s ''[[Aashirwad (TV series)|Aashirwad]]'', followed by prominent roles in successful [[Balaji Telefilms]] shows such as ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]'', ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'', ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'', and ''[[Kahani Terrii Merrii]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Exclusive: Udne Ki Aastha actress Shama Deshpande joins the banner's new show for Colors |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-udne-ki-aasha-actress-shama-deshpande-joins-the-banners-new-show-for-colors/2024/11/15 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=IWMBuzz}}</ref> These appearances established her as a well-recognized face on Indian television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shama Deshpande enters, Udann to focus on human trafficking! |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/shama-deshpande-enters-udann-to-focus-on-human-trafficking_76861 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

She has worked alongside noted television actors including [[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Gauri Pradhan]], [[Harshad Chopda]], and [[Vivian Dsena]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=With TAM ratings coming in every week, every actor today has a week-long life: Shama Deshpande |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/interviews/tam-ratings-coming-every-week-every-actor-today-has-week-long-life-shama-deshpande |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> Her performances in shows like ''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]'', ''[[Dheere Dheere Se (TV series)|Dheere Dheere Se]]'', and ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' further strengthened her television career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shama Deshpande opens up about her new show Udne Ki Aasha |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tv/shama-deshpande-opens-up-about-her-new-show-udne-ki-aasha-article-12514631.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425132553/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tv/shama-deshpande-opens-up-about-her-new-show-udne-ki-aasha-article-12514631.html |archive-date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> She received widespread acclaim for her roles in ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' and ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'', earning a nomination for the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] for the latter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2014 {{!}} Personality-jury |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106031229/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury |archive-date=2014-11-06 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Deshpande married Kiran Deshpande in 1978 at the age of 18, and the couple had two daughters. Kiran passed away around the year 2000 after a prolonged illness.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Savita Deshmukh in Udne Ki Aastha is a doting grandmother: Shama Deshpande |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/savita-deshmukh-in-udne-ki-aastha-is-a-doting-grandmother-shama-deshpande/2024/03/06 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=IWMBuzz}}</ref> She later married actor Sai Ballal, her co-star from ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhaji aka shamaji's real life love story narrated by her husband.. {{!}} Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/forum/madhubala-ek-ishq-ek-junoon/3929720/radhaji-aka-shamajis-real-life-love-story-narrated-by-her-husband |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1977
|''Asla Navra Nakoga Bai''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]''
|Nayana Chavan
|
|-
|1980
|''Zidd''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|''Eeshwar'']]
|Rani
|
|-
|''Madhuchandrachi Raatra''
|Alka Deshmukh
|
|-
|1990
|''Kuthe Kuthe Shodu Mi Tila''
|Mary
|
|-
|1991
|''Ek Full Chaar Half''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Hach Sunbaicha Bahu''
|Mukta
|
|-
|1994
|''Chikat Navra''
|Kavita Bhusavalkar
|
|-
|1995
|[[The Don (1995 film)|''The Don'']]
|Deepti
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
|''[[Jodidar]]''
|Landlord's wife
|
|-
|''[[Vishwavidhaata]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Betaabi]]''
|Mrs. Sumitra Ajmera
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]''
|Anita Jaitley
|
|-
|''[[Yamraaj]]''
|Shama
|
|-
|''Kalicharan''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1999
|''[[Lohpurush]]''
|
|
|-
|''Manchala''
|Mrs. Shanti
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]''
|Nisha's Mother
|
|-
|''[[Nyaydaata]]''
|
|
|-
|''Aaya Toofan''
|Gul's mom
|
|-
|''Aanganiya Sajavo Raaj''
|
|
|-
|''Karaycha Te Dankyat''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
|[[Baaghi (2000 film)|''Baaghi'']]
|Surya's Mother
|
|-
|''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Papa The Great]]''
|Radha Didi
|
|-
|''[[Nidaan]]''
|Veena S. Kamat
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Maseeha]]''
|Parvati Srivastav
|
|-
|''[[Hadh: Life on the Edge of Death]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''Aakheer''
|Prashant's mom
|
|-
|''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]''
|Geeta
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''Tada''
|Ajay's wife
|
|-
|''[[Indian Babu]]''
|Asha Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Raja Bhaiya (film)|Raja Bhaiya]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
|''Mein Bikaaoo: On Sale''
|
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Cottage]]''
|
|
|-
|''Prarambh''
|Shanta
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''Dhamkee''
|Mrs. Geeta J Dholakia
|
|-
|''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
|Kishore's wife
|
|-
|''[[Koi Aap Sa]]''
|Sumati
|
|-
|2010
|''Paalkhi''
|Aai
|
|-
|2015
|[[Love Exchange (film)|''Love Exchange'']]
|Mrs. Malti Sathe
|
|-
|2019
|''D.A.T.E''
|Mrs. Sharma
|Short film<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1994
|''[[The Great Maratha]]''
|[[Gopikabai]]
|
|-
|1998–1999
|''[[Aashirwad (TV series)|Aashirwad]]''
|Aparna Purushottam Choudhary
|
|-
|1999
|''Muskaan''
|Ratna
|
|-
|1999
|''[[X Zone]]''
|
|Episodic roles
|-
|1999–2000
|''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
|
|Episodic roles
|-
|2000–2002
|''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''
|Gayatri
|
|-
|2000–2001
|''Tanhaiyaan''
|
|
|-
|2000–2001
|''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
|Gayatri Umesh Mittal
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''
|Mother
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[Awaz – Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
|Tanya's Mother
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Kahani Terrii Merrii]]''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Prratima]]''
|Sumitra Tapendu Ghosh
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Sarkarr:Rishton Ki Ankahi Kahani]]''
|Vineeta
|
|-
|2005–2007
|''[[Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai]]''
|Mrs. Purohit
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]''
|Meenakshi Malik
|
|-
|2008–2010
|''[[Kabhi Saas Kabhi Bahu]]''
|Sujata Mallu Awasthi
|
|-
|2008–2010
|''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''
|Gayatri Lalit Juneja
|
|-
|2012–2014
|''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
|Radha Bhatia
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Dheere Dheere Se (TV series)|Aashaon Ka Savera... Dheere Dheere Se]]''
|Savita Brijmohan Srivastav
|
|-
|2024—present
|''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''
|Savitri Deshmukh
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-21 |title=Exclusive - Shama Deshpande On Udne Ki Aasha: After your show goes off air, you can vanish into oblivion within 15 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shama-deshpande-on-udne-ki-aasha-after-your-show-goes-off-air-you-can-vanish-into-oblivion-within-15-days/articleshow/111907874.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==

* Nominated: [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] for ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Shama}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indian locomotive class WDG-4G

2026-04-30T16:11:53Z

NereidaMccurdy5: pg

{{short description|Indian Railways freight class diesel electric locomotive}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WDG-4G
| powertype = Diesel
| image = WDG4G TWINS.jpg
| caption = Gandhidham based WDG-4G twins at New Jalpaiguri Jn.
| designer = [[GE Transportation|GE Transportation India]], [[Bengaluru]]
| builder = [[GE Transportation|GE Transportation, Erie, Pennsylvania]], [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]]
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel = [[GE Evolution Series|ES43ACmi]]
| builddate = 3 August 2017 - present
| totalproduction = 582 as of March 2026
| Britishclass = [[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676 mm}}
| bogies = Co-Co Fabricated Bogie
| wheeldiameter = New: {{convert|1092|mm|in|abbr=on}}{{break}}Condemned: {{convert|1016|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| minimumcurve = {{convert|174|m|ft|abbr=on}} radius
| wheelbase = {{convert|1900|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} (adjacent)
| pivotcentres = {{convert|14478|mm|ft|abbr=on}}
| over couplers = {{convert|22567|mm|ft|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3200|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|4227|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|22|t|ST LT|abbr=on}}
| locoweight = {{convert|132000|kg|ST LT|abbr=on}}
| fueltype = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|6300|L|abbr=on}}
| lubecap = {{convert|1030|L|abbr=on}}
| coolantcap = {{convert|1249|L|abbr=on}}
| sandcap = {{convert|170|L|abbr=on}}
| primemover = [[GE GEVO-12]]
| rpmrange max = 1050 rpm
| enginetype = [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Diesel engine]], [[4-stroke engine]]
| aspiration = [[turbocharger|turbocharged]]
| displacement = 15.7L per cylinder
| alternator = 5GDY100C
| tractionmotors = 5GEB24 [[Alternating current|AC]] traction motors
| cylindercount = 12
| cylindersize = {{convert|250|x|320|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| transmission = [[Diesel–electric]]
| gear ratio = 85:18
| multipleworking = Yes, AAR Type
| coupling = CBC AAR Type-E
| maxspeed = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|4,500|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|552|kN|abbr=on}} (Maximum)
| t/e starting = {{convert|544|kN|abbr=on}}
| t/e continuous = {{convert|405|kN|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion =
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]], [[Dynamic braking|Dynamic Brake]]
| trainbrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]
| compressorcap = 178 CFM @ 145 psig
| safety =
| locobrakeforce = {{convert|220|kN|abbr=on}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = '''49001+'''
| nicknames =
| locale = All over India
| deliverydate = 12 October 2017
| firstrundate =
| disposition = Active
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class WDG-4G (GE ES43ACmi)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ES43ACmi Locomotive |url=https://www.wabteccorp.com/locomotive/medium-weight-locomotives/es43acmi-locomotive |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Wabtec Corporation |language=en}}</ref> is a class of dual-cabin freight-hauling [[Diesel locomotive|diesel–electric locomotive]] used by the [[Indian Railways]] (IR). The locomotive is designed by [[GE Transportation]] and is based on its [[GE Evolution Series|Evolution Series]], which are used in [[North America]]. The class is meant for freight hauling and replaces the older [[American Locomotive Company]] (ALCO)-designed locomotives, which have been the mainstay diesels of [[Indian Railways]] since 1962. Equipped with a [[V12 engine|12-cylinder]] [[Turbo-diesel|fully turbocharged]] GEVO engine, it is claimed to be 50% more environmentally friendly than its predecessors and is the first in the country to be compliant with level one of the emission norms set by the [[International Union of Railways]] (UIC-1). The locomotive has two cabs for easy reversal, both of which are air conditioned.

The locomotive is part of a 13-year contract between Indian Railways and GE Transportation under which 700 such locomotives will be produced indigenously. [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]] was set up by GE for the production and supply of these locomotives which is also seen as a boost to the [[Make in India]] initiative. The maintenance of the locomotive will be GE's responsibility which will also have to ensure that 95% of the fleet is ready at all times. For this, real time [[Positive train control|remote tracking]] and [[Fault detection and isolation|fault diagnostics]] has been implemented in the locomotive.

== Locomotive sheds ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Zone !! Name !! Shed code !! Quantity
|-
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] || [[Railway Settlement Roza|Roza]] || ROZD || 225
|-
|[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Gandhidham|Gandhidham]]
|GDLG
|213
|-
|[[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty|Gooty]]
|GYD
|118
|-
|[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri]]
|SGUD
|36
|-
|colspan="3" |'''Total active locomotives as of May 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=IR Loco Holding & Availability Targets |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/Dsl_Mar'2026.pdf |website=elocos.railnet.gov.in |access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref>
|| 592
|}

==Development==
The development of the locomotive can be traced back to a global tender floated by the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] for the establishment of two different locomotive factories in [[Bihar]]. The tender also required that over 1,800 freight locomotives be supplied to Indian Railways. By September 2013, bids were received from six global firms: [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]], [[Alstom]], [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], [[General Electric]], [[CSR Corporation Limited|CSR Corp]] and CNR Corp.<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Mamuni|date=6 October 2013|title=Chinese firms join race to supply locos to Railways|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/chinese-firms-join-race-to-supply-locos-to-railways/article5207350.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> However, [[Indian Railways]] rejected the bid of both Chinese firms (CSR and CNR) for the two giant manufacturing projects in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-denies-Chinese-firms-locomotive-manufacturing-projects-for-non-compliance/articleshow/24621682.cms |title=Railways denies Chinese firms' locomotive manufacturing projects for non-compliance |date=2013-10-24 |website=[[Times of india]] |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref>

[[File:WDG-4G locomotive at Meerut City Junction.jpg|thumb|WDG-4G locomotive at Meerut City Junction]]

In January 2014, [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet]] approval was received for setting up the Diesel Locomotive Factory (DLF) in [[Marhaura|Marhowra]] at an approximate cost of {{INRConvert|2052.58|c}} respectively.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 June 2019|title=Explained: How a GE factory at Marhowra became a 'Make in India' flagship|publisher=Business-Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-how-a-ge-factory-at-marhowra-became-a-make-in-india-flagship-119061400007_1.html|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126123822/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-how-a-ge-factory-at-marhowra-became-a-make-in-india-flagship-119061400007_1.html|archive-date=26 January 2020}}</ref>

On 9 November 2015, the Ministry of Railways awarded the contracts for [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]] and Marhowra projects to [[Alstom]] and General Electric Transportation respectively in a collective amount of US$6 billion. This multi-crore rupees deal was seen as the country's first [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in the railway sector.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 January 2014|title=Setting up of electric locomotive factory at Madhepura and Diesel locomotive factory at Marhowra, Bihar|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102635|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Railways}}</ref> The design for the locomotive was finalised by the Indian branch of GE Global Research in [[Bangalore]]. Under the contract, GE is stated to supply 700 of 4,500 HP locomotives and 300 of 6,000 HP locomotives. Both the locomotives are based on GE's Evolution-series locomotives, which are claimed to be one of the most fuel efficient and least polluting diesel locomotives in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GE Transportation and BHEL Team-up in Pursuit of 1,000 Locomotive Tender for Indian Railways {{!}} GE News|url=https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/ge-transportation-and-bhel-team-pursuit-1000-locomotive-tender-indian-railways|access-date=2020-07-07|website=www.ge.com}}</ref>

==Production==
The first 50 locomotives of the class were built at GE Transportation's manufacturing plant in [[Erie]], [[Pennsylvania]] and were shipped to India while the remaining 950 (including 300 [[Indian locomotive class WDG-6G|WDG-6G]] class) are being locally manufactured with 70% local parts under the [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Adani Ports delivers 50 US made GE locomotives to Indian Railways|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2018/12/26/Adani-Ports-delivers-50-US-made-GE-locomotives-to-Indian-Railways.html|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Railways to get high-speed locomotives|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/jan/22/railways-to-get-high-speed-locomotives-1928455.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=[[New Indian Express]]|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707142501/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/jan/22/railways-to-get-high-speed-locomotives-1928455.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The locomotives will be built and assembled at the [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]] in [[Bihar]] which is a [[joint venture]] between [[Indian Railways]] and [[General Electric]] with the former owning a 26% stake and the latter owning the remaining 74%.<ref name="India receives first GE locomotive">{{cite web|last=Saluja|first=Nishtha|date=11 October 2017|title=India receives first GE locomotive under $2.5 billion deal|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/india-receives-first-ge-locomotive-under-2-5-billion-deal/articleshow/61035592.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

{{anchor|DYK}}The first locomotive rolled out of GE's Erie plant on 3 August 2017 with an orange and yellow livery that required {{Convert|190|l|USgal impgal|abbr=}} of paint.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 August 2017|title=GE reveals Indian Railways Evolution locomotive livery|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/ge-reveals-indian-railways-evolution-locomotive-livery.html|publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]]|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712111211/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/ge-reveals-indian-railways-evolution-locomotive-livery.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first shipment arrived in India on 11 October 2017 and the import order was completed on 23 November 2018 with the 50th locomotive's arrival at [[Mundra Port]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 October 2017|title=Marhowra deal: General Electric's first diesel loco arrives in India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/marhowra-deal-general-electrics-first-diesel-loco-arrives-in-india-4885938/|website=The Indian Express|publisher=Express News Service}}</ref>

An average of 100 locomotives will be produced per year for 10 years starting from 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-11|title=Indian Railways to get new GE diesel locomotives by February-end under $2.5 billion 'Make in India' project|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-ge-locomotives-diesel-make-in-india-speed-features/1061915/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref> GE would be responsible for the fleet's maintenance during the first thirteen years of the contract, after which Indian Railways would be handed over the responsibility.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=9 November 2015|title=GE wins 1000 locomotive contract|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/ge-wins-1000-locomotive-indian-railways-deal.html|website=Railway Gazette International|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425120948/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/ge-wins-1000-locomotive-indian-railways-deal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Specifications ==

=== Traction ===
The [[Prime mover (locomotive)|prime-mover]] is a GE Evolution Series [[V12 engine|12 cylinder]] [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[Internal combustion engine|internal combustion]] [[diesel engine]] which produces 4,500 horsepower and transmits 4,261 HP to the wheels through six [[traction motor]]s, one on each [[axle]] ([[Co-Co locomotives|Co'Co']] configuration). Each axle's traction motor can be individually controlled to maintain maximum [[torque]] and [[tractive effort]], up to 554 kN, even during conditions that induce [[Slippery rail|wheel-slip]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Indian Railways receive first two locomotives from GE Transportation|url=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/66656/indian-railways-receive-first-two-locomotives-ge-transportation/|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Global Railway Review|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-23|title=Railways inducts high power locomotives under PPP accord with GE|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-railways-inducts-high-power-locomotives-under-ppp-accord-with-ge-37721|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/WDG4G%20%20Provisional%20speed%20Certificate%20for%20operation%20at%20maximum%20speed%20of%2065%20kmph(1).pdf|title=WDG4G provisional speed certificate|publisher=[[Research Design and Standards Organisation]]}}</ref> The tier-1 GEVO (evolution series) engine is claimed to have 50% lower emission than previous locomotives in IR and is the first in its fleet to comply with UIC-1 [[Vehicle emission standard|emission standards]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sudheer|date=11 October 2017|title=India receives first GE locomotive under $2.5 billion deal - ET EnergyWorld|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-receives-first-ge-locomotive-under-2-5-billion-deal/61035106|access-date=7 June 2020|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-12|title=First GE Evolution Series diesel locomotive from the US arrives in India|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2017/10/12/first-ge-evolution-series-diesel-locomotive-from-the-us-arrives-in-india-429634/|access-date=2020-07-07|website=The American Bazaar|language=en-US}}</ref> The motors are driven by [[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|IGBT]] (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) technology which allows for higher power gain and efficiency than the previous generation [[Gate turn-off thyristor]]s.<ref name=":3" /> The locomotive has a reduced fuel consumption than its predecessors due to an electronic fuel-injection system installed on it.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-19|title=Railways approves GE locomotives for operation|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-approves-ge-locomotives-for-operation/articleshow/65871230.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Energy efficiency technologies for railways |url=https://www.railway-energy.org/static/IGBT_28.php |website=Railway-energy}}</ref>

The locomotive has a top speed of {{Convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=}} and weighs {{Convert|127.89|t|LT ST|abbr=}}. The [[fuel tank]] has a capacity of {{Convert|6300|l|USgal|abbr=}} out of which {{Convert|6000|l|USgal|abbr=}} is usable during normal operations. The locomotive is capable of [[Multiple-unit train control|multiple unit]] operations which allows more load to be transported by attaching two or more locomotives controlled by the same crew.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GE Transportation Locomotive Product Catalog|url=https://issuu.com/getransportation/docs/ge-locomotive-product-catalog-2016|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Issuu|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906080357/https://issuu.com/getransportation/docs/ge-locomotive-product-catalog-2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Safety ===
A crash hardened [[Data logger|event recorder/data logger]] has been provided on every such locomotive along with a [[Dead man's switch|vigilance control unit]]. The brakes are microprocessor controlled [[railway air brake]]s along with [[Dynamic braking|dynamic brakes]] which can produce a combined maximum braking effort of 270 kN.<ref name=":4" /> A self load feature allows the locomotive to gauge its performance while the cell modem would enable real time remote monitoring of the locomotive's performance and health.<ref name=":3" />

The cab is strengthened to comply with cab frontal collision as per [[Research Design and Standards Organisation|RDSO]] specifications (EN12663) and equipped with fire-fighting equipment for crew safety. Additionally, the cabs, control units and their compartments are made using fire retardant material.<ref name=":4" />

=== Crew amenities ===
Unlike older locomotives of Indian Railways, the WDG-4G has various facilities for crew comfort and utilities, including [[temperature control]] and heated [[windshield]]s. Each locomotive comes fitted with a [[Flush toilet|water closet]] for crew comfort, a feature which has been largely missing on most Indian locomotives. A [[hot plate]] is also provided for heating meals while on the run. Additional features such as soundproofing of the driver cabs and charging sockets for cellphones have reportedly made the locomotive popular among loco-pilots.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narayanan|first=Vivek|date=2019-12-23|title=Loco pilots of long-distance trains demand toilets be set up in engine cabins|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/loco-pilots-of-long-distance-trains-demand-toilets-be-set-up-in-engine-cabins/article30378104.ece|access-date=2020-07-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Mamuni|title=With hotplate, toilet, less noise, phone-chargers & AC, Wabtec makes locos easier to work in|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/with-hotplate-toilet-less-noise-phone-chargers-ac-wabtec-makes-locos-easier-to-work-in/article30289173.ece|access-date=2020-07-07|website=@businessline|date=13 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Operation ==
The locomotive class operates out of two sheds (maintenance depots), each controlled by [[Wabtec]] (which acquired GE Transportation in 2018). One of the sheds is under the [[Western Railway zone]] in [[Gandhidham Junction railway station|Gandhidham]], [[Gujarat]], while the other one is under the [[Northern Railway zone]] in [[Railway Settlement Roza|Roza]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], where a total of 438 locomotives have entered service (as of January 2026).<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 2020|title=Diesel locomotives availability target|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717|access-date=3 July 2020|website=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|publisher=Mechanical Engineering (traction)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last= |date=2017-06-01 |title=GE Transportation unveils Indian Railways Evolution locomotive|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/ge-transportation-unveils-indian-railways-evolution-locomotive/44596.article|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> The remaining 200 locos will be distributed between the [[Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty|Gooty Diesel Shed]] and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Diesel Shed]]. GE has said that real time tracking will be undertaken during the locomotives' operations to "increase productivity and minimize time duration".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Indian Railways gets two new diesel–electric locomotives from GE; project to boost Rail infrastructure|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-gets-two-new-diesel-electric-locomotives-from-ge-project-to-boost-rail-infrastructure/1075605/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> As part of its contract on the maintenance and upkeep of the locomotives, Wabtec has to keep 95% of the fleet in operational condition, failure of which would result in a penalty from Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Mamuni|title=What keeps Wabtec's locomotives running 95% of the time|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/what-keeps-wabtecs-locomotives-running-95-of-the-time/article30469925.ece|access-date=2020-07-06|website=@businessline|date=3 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The locomotives are to take over the freight hauling duties from older locomotives in Indian Railways' fleet, mainly ALCO and [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] locos. The former was the last major import shipment for IR which was in 1962 when IR acquired the [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] series of locomotives.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-02|title=New Indian GE locos enter service|language=en-GB|work=[[The Railway Magazine]]|url=https://www.railwaymagazine.co.uk/7961/new-indian-ge-locos-enter-service/|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2018-12-26|title=Adani Ports delivers 50 US-made GE locomotives to railways|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/tjykXQ1P1jYyr3NfGjf1NK/Adani-Ports-delivers-50-USmade-GE-locomotives-to-railways.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> The axle load of the locomotive has been kept at a minimal 22 tonnes per axle to allow operations all over the Indian Railway network which has a lower axle load limit.<ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WDG-4G}}
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|G-4G]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:General Electric locomotives|Evolution Series WDG-4G]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 2017]]

Pritika Chowdhry

2026-04-30T05:35:03Z

NereidaMccurdy5: added a data

{{Short description|Indian-born American artist, curator, and writer}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Pritika Chowdhry
| birth_name = Pritika Chowdhry
| birth_place = India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2022/9/9/23345428/queen-elizabeth-death-king-charles-great-britain-colonial-rule-india-partition-pritika-chowdhry|title=Chicago artist hopes King Charles can do what his mother did not|date=September 10, 2022|website=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref>
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = Partition Anti-Memorial Project and Counter-Memory Project
| style =
| movement =
| elected =
| patrons =
| website = {{URL|https://pritikachowdhry.com}}
}}
'''Pritika Chowdhry''' is an Indian-born American artist, curator, and writer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/artist-pritika-chowdhry-is-bringing-stories-of-india-s-partition-to-the-global-stage-101648817164083.html|title=Artist Pritika Chowdhry is bringing stories of India's partition to the global stage|date=April 1, 2022|first=Abigail |last=Banerji|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/pritika-chowdry-india-partition-anti-memorials/index.html|title='Anti-memorials' honor Indian Partition's unseen victims, 75 years on|author=Jacqui Palumbo|website=CNN}}</ref> She is known for her work in the socio-political domain.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbc26.com/news/national/artist-hopes-to-spark-conversations-about-traumatic-world-events | title=Artist hopes to spark conversations about traumatic world events | date=5 October 2021 |first=Ash-har |last=Quraishi |website=[[WGBA-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/a-pop-icon-how-andy-warhol-continues-to-remain-in-the-news/2493516/ |title=A pop icon: How Andy Warhol continues to remain in the news |first=Vaishali |last=Dar | date=17 April 2022|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] }}</ref>

Pritika is the founder of Partition Anti-Memorial Project and Counter-Memory Project.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/2373566X.2015.1103196?journalCode=rgeo20 | doi=10.1080/2373566X.2015.1103196 | title=What the Nation Re-members: Resisting Victim Nationalism in ''Partition'' Memorial Project | year=2015 | last1=Micieli-Voutsinas | first1=Jacque | journal=GeoHumanities | volume=1 | issue=2 | pages=398–413 | s2cid=147050563 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://artdaily.com/news/143815/Memory-Leaks-Interview-with-Pritika-Chowdhry-and-Francesca-Ramsay | title=Memory Leaks Interview with Pritika Chowdhry and Francesca Ramsay |first=Francesca |last=Ramsay | date=5 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in India, Pritika grew up in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/reimagining-nirbhaya-an-artist-s-ode-to-december-16-victim-101639635292805.html | title=Reimagining Nirbhaya: An artist's ode to December 16 victim | date=16 December 2021 |last=Jain |first=Siddhi |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="nos">{{cite web | url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jan2012-weekly/nos-08-01-2012/enc.htm#2 | title=Of kites, kurties and cartography|first=Quddus |last=Mirza| date=8 January 2012 |website=[[The News International]]}}</ref> In 1999, she moved to the United States.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.hometownsource.com/abc_newspapers/news/artsentertainment/karmic-dis-continuities-on-display-at-banfill/article_7c5c926a-cb73-5373-a270-b467d8699cd0.html | title='Karmic (Dis)Continuities' on display at Banfill | date=23 April 2013}}</ref>

Pritika attended the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Art.<ref name="dawn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/685228/artworks-remember-the-crooked-line|title=Artworks remember the crooked line|date=January 3, 2012|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]}}</ref> She continued her study at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and earned a [[Master of Fine Arts]] (MFA) in [[Studio art]]s and a Master of Arts (MA) in Visual Culture and [[Gender studies]].<ref name="indianexp">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/artist-pritika-chowdhry-homage-women-narratives-traumatic-jallianwala-bagh-india-partition-7829600/ | title=Artist Pritika Chowdhry's 'anti-memorials' illustrate what is excluded from collective memories of Partition | date=18 April 2022 |first=Jayashree |last=Narayanan|website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Between 2009 and 2011, she was a visiting professor and taught at [[Macalester College]] and [[College of Visual Arts]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="indianexp"/>

In 2007, she founded the Partition Anti-Memorial Project.<ref name="indianexp"/> The project consists of nine sub-projects focusing on historical events, including the 1947 Partition of India, 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence, and the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/memorial-project-by-pritika-chowdhry/5354 | title=The Partition Memorial Project by Pritika Chowdhry|first=Vittoria |last=Benzine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/she-confronts-history-23220128|title=She confronts history|first=Nidhi |last=Lodaya | date=27 March 2022 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Her work has been exhibited at notable museums and arts galleries such as [[Queens Museum]], [[Weisman Art Museum]], [[Hunterdon Art Museum]], [[Minnesota Museum of American Art]], [[Sanskriti Museum & Art Gallery]], and Islip Art Museum.<ref name="indianexp"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sanskritifoundation.org/installations.htm | title=Installations |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

Pritika is the current senior curator at the South Asia Institute and is a member of the board of the [[Woman Made Gallery]], Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depauliaonline.com/59813/artslife/chicago-based-artist-anti-memorializes-the-partition-of-india/|title=Chicago-Based artist "anti-memorializes" the partition of India|date=September 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://womanmade.org/about/ | title=About |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* 2007: David and Edith Sinaiko Frank Graduate Fellowship<ref>{{cite web |url=https://artsdivision.wisc.edu/programs/arts-awards/ |title=Awards in the Creative Arts – Division of the Arts – UW–Madison |website=artsdivision.wisc.edu |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418022442/https://artsdivision.wisc.edu/programs/arts-awards/ |archive-date=18 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2011: Performing and creative arts fellowship by [[American Institute of Indian Studies|American Institute of Indian Studies Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiastudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/fellows2011-2012.pdf |title=2011 American Institute of Indian Studies Fellows|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Selected exhibitions==
* ''Local Time'', [[Weisman Art Museum]], 2015<ref name="indianexp"/>
* ''Empty Time'', [[Minnesota Museum of American Art]], 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/week-saint-paul-monday-march-10-sunday-march-16-2014/|title=This week in Saint Paul|first=Clarence|last=White|date=10 March 2014}}</ref>
* ''Remembering the Crooked Line'', Rohtas 2 Art Gallery, 2012<ref name="nos"/><ref name="dawn"/>
* ''Story Time'', Islip Art Museum, 2010<ref name="indianexp"/>
* ''Retellings'', Seven Art Gallery, 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/border-line/|title=Border Line|date=September 21, 2010|first=Vandana |last=Kalra |website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101010/spectrum/main9.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum|first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |date=October 10, 2010|website=[[Tribune India]]}}</ref>
* ''Erasing Borders'', [[Queens Museum of Art]], 2009<ref name="indianexp"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaac.us/erasing_borders2009/index_QM.htm|title=Erasing Borders: Passport to Contemporary Indian Art of the diaspora 2009|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''The Master's Tongues'', [[Woman Made Gallery]], 2009<ref>{{cite web | url=https://womanmade.org/artwork/pritika-chowdhry/ | title=Pritika Chowdhry | Woman Made Gallery |access-date=22 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Permanent collections==
* [[American Swedish Institute]]<ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pritikachowdhry.com/exhibition-history | title=About Pritika Chowdhry |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Weisman Art Museum]]<ref name="auto1"/>

==Bibliography==
* Chowdhry, Pritika (2007). ''Visceral Mappings: Transdiasporic Art Practices''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhry, Pritika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American women artists]]
[[Category:American women curators]]
[[Category:Macalester College faculty]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]
[[Category:American artists of Indian descent]]

Ramaswamy Laxman Narasimham

2026-04-27T05:45:00Z

NereidaMccurdy5: added new details - done

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Orissa and Patna High Courts}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramaswamy Laxman Narasimham
| image = Justice RL Narasimham.jpg
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|13th Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start = 4 January 1965
| term_end = 2 August 1968
| nominator = [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]]
| appointer = [[S. Radhakrishnan]]
| predecessor = Vaidyanathier Ramaswami
| successor = Satish Chandra Mishra
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start1 = 21 March 1956
| term_end1 = 3 January 1965
| nominator1 = [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Lingaraj Panigrahi]]
| successor1 = [[Khaleel Ahmed (judge)|Khaleel Ahmed]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start2 = 26 July 1948
| term_end2 = 20 March 1956
| appointer2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|08|3|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[M. A.]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras University]]
}}
'''Ramaswamy Laxman Narasimham''' (R.L. Narasimham) was an Indian judge and former chief justice of the [[Orissa High Court]]<ref name="aironline">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Chief Justice R. L.Narasimham |url=https://www.aironline.in/legal-articles/Hon%E2%80%99ble+Chief+Justice+R.+L.Narasimham |accessdate=19 December 2024 |website=www.aironline.in}}</ref> and [[Patna High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF RETIRED CHIEF JUSICE |url=https://patnahighcourt.gov.in/retired_cj |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=patnahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
R.L. Narasimham was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]]. Initially he was a Secretary to the [[Government of Orissa]] in the Law, Commerce and Labour Departments and Superintendent and Remembrancer of legal affairs. He passed M.A. from [[University of Madras|Madras University]] and possessed a diploma in economics. He joined [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] and came out successful in the examination. He successfully completed in the I.C.S. examination and joined that service in 1931. He was a District and Sessions Judge at [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]-[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] before he became Secretary to the Government of Orissa.<ref name="orissahighcourt">{{cite web |title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack |url=https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-ramaswamy-laxman-narasimham/ |accessdate=19 December 2024 |website=www.orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> He was elevated to the Bench of [[Orissa High Court]] on 26 July 1948 and served as the [[Chief Justice]] of Orissa High Court from 22 March 1956 to 3 January 1965 and then transferred to [[Patna High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=R. L. Narasimham vs Union Of India |url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/662385/?big=0&formInput=written%20arguments}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Nurul Ain Lari

2026-04-26T18:52:38Z

NereidaMccurdy5: added new post

{{Short description|Urdu poet, writer, critic and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix = [[Professor]]
| name = Nurul Ain Lari
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym = Ahmar Lari
| birth_name = Nurul Ain Lari
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lar, Deoria [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|03|17|1932|07|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gorakhpur]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet, writer, educationist
| language = [[Urdu]]
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
}}
'''Nurul Ain Lari''' (1 July 1932 – 13 March 2011), also known by his pen name '''Ahmar Lari''', was a writer, poet and educationist of Urdu literature. He was a former head of the Department of Urdu, [[Gorakhpur University]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmar Lari - Profile Biography|url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/ahmar-lari/profile}} retrieved 15 November 2024</ref><ref>Department of Urdu{{cite web|title=Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University|url=https://ddugu.ac.in/newweb/about-department.php?DCode=DOU#gsc.tab=0 }} retrieved 05 March 2025</ref><ref>Prof Ahmar Lari presented paper in seminar{{cite news|title=Premchand?s works more relevant now |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/premchand-s-works-more-relevant-now/story-qKIC6ET1PY2gn2UL7Z4s3H.html}} Retrieved 28 Feb 2006</ref><ref name="our pub1">Ahmar Lari{{cite news|title=Award by UP Urdu Academy|date=April 2002|url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15042002/1504200260.htm}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on 1 July 1932 in [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh]]. He wrote numerous books, articles and poetry in Urdu. He had written his thesis on Maulana Hasrat Mohani and was conferred Ph D Degree by Gorakhpur University. His scholarly work on [[Hasrat Mohani]] related to Urdu poetry and criticism yielded a book: ''Hasrat Mohani: Hayat Aur Karname'' in 1973.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ahmar Lari|title=Hasrat Mauhani:Hayat aur Karname|year=1973|edition=01|publisher=Adabistan Nizampur, Gorakhpur|pages=1–450|url= https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hasrat-mohani-hayat-aur-karname-ahmar-lari-ebooks}}</ref> This piece of work on Mohani seemed important because it has found a place in others' work as reported elsewhere.<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Hasrat Mohani: A Critical Appraisal of His Political Career and Ideology|author=MOHAMMAD ARSHAD|year=2009|url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/144525330}}Department of History AMU</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chapter, 2 Rise of Socialist Consciousness: From 1900 till 1930s, In Book Liking Progress, Loving Change: A Literary History of the ProgressiveWriters' Movement in Urdu|author=Rakhshanda Jalil|year=2014|pages=52–107|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198096733.003.0002}}</ref> Among others he won an award by the [[Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy]] in 2002.<ref name="our pub1"/>

==Death==
Ahmar Lari died on 17 March 2011 in his hometown Gorakhpur.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Milli Gazette|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/718-obituaries-indian-muslims/}}retrieved 15 November 2024</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of people from Gorakhpur]]
*[[List of Urdu poets]]
*[[List of Urdu authors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/ahmar-lari/all Ahmar Lari] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
{{Urdu Academy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lari, Nurul Ain}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]

Sikkim Football League

2026-04-25T00:01:10Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Created pg

{{Short description|Indian regional association football league in Sikkim}}
{{Distinguish|Sikkim Premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = SFA "A" Division S-League
| logo = SFA A-Division S-League logo.png
| pixels = 250
| organiser = [[Sikkim Football Association]]
| country = India
| founded = {{start date and age|2012}} (as ''Sikkim Premier Division League'')
| teams = 8
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation = SFA "B" Division
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]
| domest_cup = [[Sikkim Gold Cup]] Independence Cup All India Chief Minister Gold Cup
| confed_cup =
| champions = Sikkim Police (1st title)
| most_champs = [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]] (3 titles)
| tv = SFA ([[YouTube]]) Styxsports
| season =
| current =
| website =
}}

The '''Sikkim Football League''' is a group of [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] leagues in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]], organised by the [[Sikkim Football Association]]. It was founded in 2012 as the '''Sikkim Premier Division League'''. The '''SFA "A" Division S-League''' is the premier state-level football league in Sikkim.<ref name="sikkim" >{{cite web|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Sikkim |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sikkim-football-league-structure-india/6njz9an3wn6g1kage4csg1mee |website=Goal.com |last1=Parasar |first1=Swapnaneel |date=24 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ine">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16|title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2023 to kick off on June 21st|first=Sujal|last=Pradhan|location=Gangtok|website=indiatodayne.in|publisher=India Today North East|date=16 June 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616181450/http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16}}</ref> [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]] is the most successful team with three league titles.

== History ==
The current top-tier league in Sikkim was started in 2011 with 8 teams.<ref name="sikkim" /> The league was suspended in 2019, following a dispute between the Football Players Association of Sikkim (FCAS) and the SFA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2019: Update |url=https://theawayend.co/2019/09/17/sikkim-premier-division-league-2019-update/ |website=The Away End |date=17 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512234746/https://theawayend.co/2019/09/17/sikkim-premier-division-league-2019-update/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The state league eventually resumed in 2023.<ref name="ine"/> Matches for the 2023 season were broadcast on Pavilion TV.

== Venues ==
The most matches for the Sikkim Premier Division League are held at [[Paljor Stadium]]. Matches for the Sikkim B Division League are mostly held at [[Bhaichung Stadium]], [[Namchi]], for Namchi Zone, and Paljor Stadium for Gangtok Zone.

== 2024 teams ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Team !! Location
|-
|Sikkim Police|| [[Gangtok]]
|-
|Sikkim Brotherhood FC || [[Ranipool]]
|-
|[[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]] || [[Gangtok]]
|-
|[[Sikkim Aakraman SC|Sikkim Aakraman]] || [[Gangtok]]
|-
|Kumar Sporting FC || Rongneck
|-
|Sikkim Boys FC || [[Gangtok]]
|-
|Howlers SC || [[Singtam]]
|-
|Sang Mustang FC || Sang
|}

== Champions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!style="background:#d00;color: white"|Season
!style="background:#d00;color: white"|Champions
!style="background:#d00;color: white"|Runners-up
!style="background:#d00;color: white"|Ref
|-
|align=center|2012
|Sinolchu FC
|
|
|-
|align=center|2013
|[[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|
|
|-
|align=center|2014
|[[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Gangtok Himalayan]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim Himalayan SC has technically won the Sikkim Premier League title with one more game to go.|url=http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=89%2FSikkim%20Himalayan%20SC%20%20wins%20%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League.|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016140317/http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=89%2FSikkim%20Himalayan%20SC%20%20wins%20%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League.|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2015
|State Sports Academy
|
|
|-
|align=center|2016
|[[Sikkim Aakraman FC|Sikkim Aakraman]]
|[[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Gangtok Himalayan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim Aakraman F.C. Sikkim Premier Division League Champions|url=http://sikkimexpress.com/NewsDetails?ContentID=6530&SectionID=2|website=sikkimexpress.com|publisher=The Sikkim Express|date=26 September 2017|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927145752/http://sikkimexpress.com/NewsDetails?ContentID=6530&SectionID=2|archive-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2017
|[[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|[[Sikkim Aakraman FC|Sikkim Aakraman]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=1447|title=Archived copy|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011438/http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=1447|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|[[2018 Sikkim Premier Division League|2018]]
|[[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|[[Sikkim Aakraman FC|Sikkim Aakraman]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=United Sikkim FC thrashed State Sports Academy to win Sikkim Premier League title.|url=http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2446%2FUnited%20Sikkim%20FC%20thrashed%20State%20Sports%20Academy%20to%20win%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League%20title|work=Goalie365.com|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824183629/http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=2446%2FUnited%20Sikkim%20FC%20thrashed%20State%20Sports%20Academy%20to%20win%20Sikkim%20Premier%20League%20title|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|[[2019 Sikkim Premier Division League|2019]]
|colspan=2|''League suspended due to FCAS and SFA dispute''
|
|-
|align=center|[[2023 Sikkim Premier Division League|2023]]
|Sikkim Police
|[[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=SIKKIM POLICE LIFTS SIKKIM PREMIER DIVISION LEAGUE 2023|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-police-lifts-sikkim-premier-division-league-2023|website=Sikkim Express|date=24 July 2023|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|[[2024 SFA "A" Division S-League|2024]]
|Sikkim Police
|Sikkim Brotherhood FC
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Police are champions of SFA 'A' Division S-League 2024 |url=https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-police-are-champions-of-sfa-a-division-s-league-2024#google_vignette |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|[[2025 SFA "A" Division S-League|2025]]
|colspan=3|
|}

== SFA "B" Division League ==
The current second-tier league has teams from Gangtok and [[Namchi]]. The league operates on a [[round-robin tournament|round robin]] basis, with top 2 teams from each zone progressing to the playoff. Both of the finalists are promoted.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Gangtok Zone
!Team
|-
|Sikkim Brotherhood FC
|-
|Sang Mustang FC
|-
|Sikkim Boys FC
|-
|Northerners FC, [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
|-
|Dzongri FC
|-
|[[Pakyong]] United SC
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Namchi Zone
!Team
|-
|Howlers FC, [[Singtam]]
|-
|Red Panda FC
|-
|[[Gyalsing]] Sporting Club
|-
|Sanju Football Academy
|-
|Sinolchu FC
|-
|Kaluk Sporting Club
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sikkim Women's Football League]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Sikkim Premier Division League}}
{{Football in Sikkim}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Sikkim Football League]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Football in Sikkim]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2012]]

Bhagyalakshmi (2015 TV series)

2026-04-21T05:51:51Z

NereidaMccurdy5: creating some pg added tags.

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Distinguish|Bhagya Lakshmi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhagyalaxmi.jpeg
| caption = Title screen
| genre = [[Indian soap opera]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director = Raaga Arif
| presenter =
| starring = [[Anupriya Kapoor]] [[Simran Pareenja]] [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] [[Varun Sharma (actor)|Varun Sharma]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = Season 1: ''Bhagyalaxmi'': 220 
Season 2: ''[[Saubhagyalakshmi]]'': 46
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma Pawan Kumar Marut
| editor =
| location = [[Indore]] [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 22 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited
| channel = [[&TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2015|03|02}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2016|01|01}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Saubhagyalakshmi]]
}}
}}
'''''Bhagyalakshmi''''' (International Title: Lady Luck) is a daily [[soap opera]] that airs on [[Zee Network]]'s [[Hindi]] entertainment channel [[&TV]]. It premiered on 2 March 2015 and ran till 1 January 2016.

A second season of the show, post a generation leap, was aired on the same channel and time slot of 8pm from 4 January 2016 and was titled ''[[Saubhagyalakshmi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/new-hindi-tv-shows-to-look-forward-to-in-2016/Saubhagyalaxmi/articleshow/50468207.cms|title=Saubhagyalaxmi |newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-03|date=6 January 2016}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhoomi Agrawal is a bubbly young woman, who wants to be independent in life. She is forced to choose between her personal or professional life after marrying Anshuman Prajapati, the son of a rich traditional family. Through a twist of events, Bhoomi is assumed dead, but in fact alive, she hires a woman, Divya Nair, to take her responsibilities in Prajapati household, as she doesn't want them to know about her death. Divya and Maan pretend to the family that Divya is in fact Bhoomi as Bhoomi's death was likely to destroy the entire family. However, as Maan and Divya start falling in love though unable to forget Bhoomi, Maan accepts his feelings for Divya later they consummate their relationship. Divya's former husband Yuvraj used to abuse her, and threatens to destroy their happy family to get Divya back who has now built a relationship with Maan. Meanwhile, the real Bhoomi who is shown to be in a coma in a critical condition, and gives birth to her and Maan's daughter Muskaan but Yuvraj kills Bhoomi.

Maan and Divya continue keeping her secret from the Prajapati family. Divya becomes pregnant with Maan's child but Yuvraj returns and vows to destroy the Prajapati Family. The show ends with Yuvraj murdering all the members of the Prajapati family except Badi Maa who survived at the shootout. Badi Maa is shocked when Yuvraj exposes Divya's true identity of not being the real Bhoomi. After Yuvraj shoots Maan and Divya, Badi Maa manages to kill him. A dying Divya gives birth to a daughter. Badi Maa, despite her hate for Divya and that her past life brought a disaster for her family, decides to leave with Muskaan and her other granddaughter (Divya's daughter) who she sees as Maan's blood.

==Cast==

===Main===
*[[Varun Sharma (TV actor)|Varun Sharma]] as Anshumaan "Maan" Prajapati: Lata and Agreem's son; Vasundhara and Manav's nephew; Surbhi and Pavitra's brother; Bhoomi and Divya's husband; Muskaan and Kavya's father; Kuhu's uncle (2015–2016)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Varun-Sharma-Television-industry-iswomen-centric/articleshow/48896706.cms|title=Varun Sharma: Television industry is women-centric - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 September 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>
* [[Simran Pareenja]] as Bhoomi Shukla Prajapati: Vijendra and Dhara's daughter; Murlimanohar and Shanti's granddaughter; Rajendra and Janaki's niece; Varun's cousin; Anshumaan's first wife; Lata and Agreem's daughter-in-law; Surbhi and Pavitra's sister-in-law; Muskaan's mother; Kuhu's aunt (2015–2016)
* [[Anupriya Kapoor]] as Divya Nair Malhotra / Prajapati: Yuvraj's ex-wife; Anshuman's second wife; Lata and Agreem's daughter-in-law; Surbhi and Pavitra's sister-in-law; Kavya's mother; Kuhu's aunt (2015–2016)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/What-led-to-Anupriyas-sudden-exit-from-Bhagyalakshmi/articleshow/50295954.cms|title=What led to Anupriya's sudden exit from Bhagyalakshmi? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 December 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Badi Maa/Vasundhara Prajapati: Matriarch of the Prajapati family; Agreem's sister-in-law; Anshumaan, Surbhi and Pavitra's aunt (2015–2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/48857397.cms|title='Bhagyalakshmi': On the sets|date=2015-09-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>
*[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] as Pavitra Prajapati Shukla: Vasundhara's daughter; Surbhi and Anshuman's sister; Divya, Bhoomi and Suman's sister-in-law; Aryamaan's cousin; Varun's second wife; Kuhu's mother; Muskaan and Kavya's aunt (2015–2016)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sara-to-play-a-wannabe-Bhojpuri-star/articleshow/47936927.cms|title=Sara to play a wannabe Bhojpuri star - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|date=5 July 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] / [[Manish Goel]] as Yuvraj Malhotra: Divya's first husband (2015) / (2015–2016)
* [[Barkha Singh]] as Surbhi Prajapati Shukla: Suman and Inder's daughter; Pavitra and Anshuman's sister; Divya, Bhoomi and Suman's sister-in-law; Vasundhara and Manav's niece; Varun's first wife; Muskaan, Kavya and Kuhu's aunt (2015–2016)
* [[Abhishek Malik]] as Dr. Varun Shukla: Murlimanohar and Shanti's grandson; Bhoomi's cousin; Surbhi and Pavitra's husband; Kuhu's father (2015–2016)
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Suman Prajapati: Inder's wife; Surbhi's mother (2015–2016)
* Aliraza Namdar as Agreem Prajapati: Inder's elder brother; Lata's husband; Vasundhara's brother-in-law; Anshumaan's father; Muskaan, Kavya and Kuhu's grandfather (2015–2016)
* [[Shweta Gautam]] as Lata Prajapati: Agreem's wife; Manav's sister-in-law; Anshumaan, Surbhi and Pavitra's mother; Aryamaan's aunt; Muskaan, Kavya and Kuhu's grandmother (2015–2016)
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as Murlimanohar Shukla: Shanti's husband; Bhoomi, Avni and Varun's grandfather (2015)
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Shanti Shukla: Murlimanohar's wife; Rajendra and Vijendra's mother; Bhoomi, Avni and Varun's grandmother
* [[Chetanya Adib]] as Vijendra Shukla: Rajendra's younger brother; Dhara's husband; Bhoomi's father
* Sanjeev Jotangia as Rajendra Shukla: Murlimanohar and Shanti's elder son; Janaki's husband; Avni and Varun's father
* [[Shalini Arora]] as Janaki Shukla: Dhara's elder sister; Avni and Varun's mother
* as Dhara Shukla: Janaki's younger sister; Bhoomi's mother
* [[Akanksha Chamola]] as Avni Shukla: Varun's elder sister; Bhoomi's elder cousin
* Sumit Verma as Vikram: Sharad's son; Avni's husband
* [[Gulfam Khan]] as Kaveri
* Saurabh Agarwal as Inder Prajapati: Agreem's younger brother; Suman's husband; Surbhi's father
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Sharad: Vikram's father

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/bhaghyalakshmi/0-6-200 ''Bhagyalakshmi'' on Zee5]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B-TwMwrZAs ''Bhagyalakshmi'' on Youtube]

{{&TV Programmes}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Jaswant Singh (judge)

2026-04-20T17:09:18Z

NereidaMccurdy5: bio!

{{Short description|7th Chief Justice of Tripura High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Jaswant Singh
|office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Tripura High Court|7th Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]]
|term_start = 15 February 2023
|term_end = 22 February 2023
|appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|nominator = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
|predecessor = {{ubl|[[Indrajit Mahanty]]|[[T. Amarnath Goud|T. A. Goud]] ''(acting)''}}
|successor = {{ubl|[[Aparesh Kumar Singh]]|[[T. Amarnath Goud|T. A. Goud]] ''(acting)''}}
|office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
|term_start1 = 8 October 2021
|term_end1 = 14 February 2023
|appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|nominator1 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
|office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
|term_start2 = 5 December 2007
|term_end2 = 7 October 2021
|appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
|nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
|honorific_prefix=Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|2|23|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]
|alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand University]]
| education = [[LL.B]] and [[MBA]]
}}
'''Jaswant Singh''' (born 23 February 1961) is an Indian judge. He is a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]] and [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]] and [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to High Court of Tripura |url=https://thc.nic.in/CJ_Jaswant_Singh.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=thc.nic.in}}</ref>

==Career==
Born on 23 February 1961 at [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]. He graduated in arts in 1980. He took his [[Law]] degree and [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]]. He was enrolled as an [[Advocate]] in the year 1986. In 1988, he started his practice in [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]. He has served as the Additional Advocate General in the office of Advocate General, Haryana. He was elevated as [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 5 December 2007. He was transferred as [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]] on 8 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/breaking-supreme-court-collegium-recommends-appointment-of-justice-jaswant-singh-as-chief-justice-of-orissa-high-court|title=[BREAKING] Supreme Court Collegium recommends appointment of Justice Jaswant Singh as Chief Justice of Orissa High Court|date=2022-09-30|website=Bar & Bench|language=en-US|access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>

In September 2022, Supreme court collegium led by CJI [[Uday Umesh Lalit]] recommended him to be appointed as chief justice of Orissa High Court<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Ramakanta |title=Orissa High Court to get new Chief Justice, incumbent CJ S Muralidhar transferred to Madras HC |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/orissa-high-court-to-get-new-chief-justice-incumbent-cj-s-muralidhar-transferred-to-madras-hc-186717 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=odishatv.in |language=en}}</ref> but government did not clear this recommendation and subsequently collegium withdrew this recommendation in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Collegium Recalls Recommendation to Make Justice Jaswant Singh Orissa Chief Justice |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/sc-collegium-recalls-recommendation-to-make-justice-jaswant-singh-orissa-chief-justice |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023 fresh recommendation was made to appoint him as chief justice of Tripura High Court<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leaflet |first=The |date=2023-02-09 |title=Supreme Court Collegium makes recommendations for appointments of Chief Justices at Patna, Gauhati, Himachal Pradesh and Tripura High Courts |url=https://theleaflet.in/information-and-transparency/supreme-court-collegium-makes-recommendations-for-appointments-of-chief-justices-at-patna-gauhati-himachal-pradesh-and-tripura-high-courts |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref> and he was finally appointed as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]] on 15 February 2023 and retired on 22 February 2023 after serving brief tenure of merely 8 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETLegalWorld.com |title=Justice Jaswant Singh to serve as CJ of Tripura HC only for 8 days |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/justice-jaswant-singh-to-serve-as-cj-of-tripura-hc-only-for-8-days/98137104 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=ETLegalWorld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2023-02-08 |title=Collegium Makes Additional Proposal For Tripura HC CJ, As Judge Recommended Earlier Will Retire In 2 Weeks |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/collegium-makes-additional-proposal-for-tripura-hc-cj-as-judge-recommended-earlier-will-retire-in-2-weeks-221073 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jaswant}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Maharshi Dayanand University alumni]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Salhawas Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T09:01:51Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Created new pg...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Salhawas Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,22,521
|mla = Anita Yadav
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Salhawas Assembly constituency''' is a former constituency of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]], in [[Haryana]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haryana Assembly MLA details|url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=21295}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Shakuntla || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Phul Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ram Narain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Hukam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Ram Narain || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Zile Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Dharmavir || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=2 | Anita Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|}
== Election results ==

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,755 |percentage=51.88% |change={{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=29,976 |percentage=33.99% |change={{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxman Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,994 |percentage=5.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohit |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,600 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj Devi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,536 |percentage=2.88% |change={{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=995 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=386 |percentage=0.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,779 |percentage=17.89% |change= {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,188 |percentage=71.98% |change= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,521 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,893 |percentage=53.44% |change={{increase}}36.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=28,151 |percentage=36.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat |party=Independent politician |votes=3,132 |percentage=4.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=2,859 |percentage=3.74% |change={{decrease}}37.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Bhushan |party=Independent politician |votes=589 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=582 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,742 |percentage=16.65% |change= {{decrease}}7.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,520 |percentage=70.82% |change= {{increase}}9.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,055 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmavir |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=27,840 |percentage=41.54% |change={{increase}}30.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan S/O Chandram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,517 |percentage=17.18% |change={{decrease}}12.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,176 |percentage=12.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal |party=Samata Party |votes=6,838 |percentage=10.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,231 |percentage=7.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Niwas Shastri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,251 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=607 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikram Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=594 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghisa Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=399 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh |party=Independent politician |votes=356 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,323 |percentage=24.35% |change= {{increase}}23.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,026 |percentage=63.76% |change= {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,978 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=18,448 |percentage=30.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narvir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,807 |percentage=29.82% |change={{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babru Bahan |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=6,470 |percentage=10.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,945 |percentage=9.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,055 |percentage=8.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veer Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,139 |percentage=3.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal |party=Independent politician |votes=421 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramehar |party=Independent politician |votes=398 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=344 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=641 |percentage=1.07% |change= {{decrease}}37.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,718 |percentage=61.73% |change= {{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,283 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}28.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Narain |party=Lokdal |votes=33,920 |percentage=58.98% |change={{increase}}53.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,823 |percentage=20.56% |change={{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,301 |percentage=9.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vir Kumar |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=1,975 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,460 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant |party=Independent politician |votes=745 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer S/O Sardar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=336 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,097 |percentage=38.42% |change= {{increase}}36.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,509 |percentage=64.06% |change= {{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,289 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}27.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,746 |percentage=31.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=14,551 |percentage=29.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rai Singh Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,554 |percentage=25.45% |change={{increase}}19.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jorawar Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=2,891 |percentage=5.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,329 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant |party=Independent politician |votes=924 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chattru |party=Independent politician |votes=554 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharm Pal Safedi Wala |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,195 |percentage=2.42% |change= {{decrease}}38.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,328 |percentage=64.31% |change= {{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,322 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}25.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Narain |party=Janata Party |votes=20,982 |percentage=57.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,145 |percentage=16.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dil Sukh Man |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=4,702 |percentage=12.94% |change={{decrease}}24.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Jakhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,116 |percentage=5.82% |change={{decrease}}44.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,117 |percentage=3.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=740 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=352 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,837 |percentage=40.83% |change= {{increase}}28.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,338 |percentage=56.95% |change= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,821 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phul Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,455 |percentage=50.03% |change={{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakuntla Devi |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=16,889 |percentage=37.63% |change={{decrease}}9.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chand Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,542 |percentage=12.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,566 |percentage=12.40% |change= {{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,886 |percentage=63.86% |change= {{increase}}17.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,777 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakuntla |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=13,455 |percentage=47.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phul Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,885 |percentage=41.65% |change={{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,192 |percentage=11.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,570 |percentage=5.50% |change= {{increase}}3.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,532 |percentage=44.88% |change= {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,295 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Salhawas}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,219 |percentage=37.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,278 |percentage=35.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,163 |percentage=13.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S.Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,847 |percentage=4.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumera |party=Republican Party of India |votes=796 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D .Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=678 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=621 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=497 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kanwar |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=243 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=941 |percentage=2.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,821 |percentage=62.59% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,002 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Salhawas]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{coord|28.14|76.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Suzhal: The Vortex

2026-04-18T08:11:34Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Suzhal - The Vortex Logo.png
| caption =
| country = India
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 16
| language = Tamil
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|6|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]] [[Kalaignar TV]] (syndication)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]]|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
| director = '''Season 1&2:''' [[Bramma G]] '''Season 1:''' [[Anucharan Murugaiyan]] '''Season 2:''' [[Sarjun KM]]
| writer = [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| creator = [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cinematography = '''Season 1:''' Mukeswaran '''Season 2:''' Abraham Joseph
| editor = Richard Kevin
| runtime = 40-50 minutes
| company = Wallwatcher Films
| executive_producer =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]]
}}

'''''Suzhal: The Vortex''''' is an Indian Tamil-language [[crime thriller|crime suspense thriller]] television series created by [[Pushkar–Gayathri]] which was an [[Amazon original|''Amazon Original'']] and premiered exclusively on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series was directed by [[Bramma G]] (both seasons), [[Anucharan Murugaiyan]] (first season) and [[Sarjun KM]] (second season) and produced by Wallwatcher Films. It stars [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in lead roles.

The series features music composed by [[Sam C. S.|Sam C.S.]], cinematography handled by Mukeswaran (first season) and Abraham Joseph (second season), and editing done by Richard Kevin. Arun Venjaramoodu was production designer for both seasons.The first season, consisting of eight episodes, was released on 17 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Suzhal – The Vortex' makers didn't expect 'people from industry would watch it so quickly' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/exclusive-suzhal-the-vortex-season-2-idea-is-very-strongly-planted-reveal-makers-pushkar-and-gayatri-2477087.html |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=Zee News}}</ref> The second season, consisting of eight episodes, was released on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Indian Crime Thriller 'Suzhal – The Vortex' Sets Season 2 Return on Prime Video |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/indian-crime-thriller-suzhal-the-vortex-sets-season-2-prime-video-1236302612/|date=10 February 2025|access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Variety}}</ref>

== Premise ==
;{{font|text=Season 1}}
In the fictional town of Sambaloor but actually set up in [[Poombarai]], [[Dindigul]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]], lives a [[community]] that [[Worship (style)|worships]] [[Goddess]] [[Angalamman]]. The community celebrates the [[Mayana Kollai]] festival over 10 days every year, and it is in these 10 days that this story unfolds. What starts out as parallel stories of kidnapping and arson of Nandhini ''([[Aishwarya Rajesh|starring Aishwarya Rajesh]])'' and her sister, Fire Accident taking place at The Cement Factory, The Sub Inspector Chakravarthy (alias) Sakkarai ''([[Kathir (actor)|starring Kathir]])'' sets out to unveil the suspense and knots tied to both the incidents, later unfolds into childhood trauma and conspiracy.

;{{font|text=Season 2}}
Chakravarthy, being disturbed by the incidents and guilty feeling of inability of him to find Justice to Nandhini, seeks the help of Chellappa, his well wisher. Chellappa, the distinguished lawyer and senior Social activist and a public prosecutor renowned for his unwavering support in advocating for Nandini's defense, is tragically discovered dead under mysterious circumstances, Sakkarai is urgently summoned to offer his assistance to the grieving family during their time of shock and loss. As the investigation unfolds, it is set against the vibrant and festive backdrop of the grand Ashtakaali Festival, held annually in the charming town of Kaalipattanam. With each passing day, the inquiry delves deeper into the past, gradually revealing long-buried secrets and unresolved tensions that threaten to resurface, casting an ominous and unsettling shadow over the present and complicating the pursuit of justice.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
;Main lead
* [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]] as [[Sub-inspector]] Chakravarthy “Sakkarai”, Nandini's friend
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Nandini (Based on the Goddess Angalamman)
;Season 1
* [[R. Parthiban]] as Shanmugam, Nandini's father
* [[Sriya Reddy]] as [[Inspector]] Regina Thomas
* Gopika Ramesh as Nila (Shanmugam's younger daughter)
* Fredrick Jhonson as Adhisayam (Regina's son)
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Trilok Vadde
* [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Vadivelu (Regina's husband)
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Guna
* [[Nivedhithaa Sathish]] as Lakshmi (Sakkarai's fiancée)
* Indumathy Manikandan as Devi
* Latha Rao as Selvi (Guna's wife)
* Yusuf Hussain as Mukesh Vadde
* [[Nitish Veera]] as Pushparaj
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Kothandaraman
* Mekha Rajan as Dr. Sanghamithra (psychiatrist)
* Palani Murugan as Eeshwaran
* Soundarya as Malar (Nila's friend)
* Ajith Koshy as DSP Manimaran
* Navneeth Krishnan as Gani
* Yashwanth Babu as Mani
* G Ajith Kumar as Kandipan
* Hareesh SS as Dheena
* Sasi Kumar as Arivu
* Arun Pandiyan as Muthu
* Prasanna Balachandran as Sundaram
* Mona Kakade as a hospital doctor
;Season 2
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as [[Advocate|Adv]] Chellappa
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Inspector Moorthy
* [[Rudra (actress)|Ashwini Nambiar]] as Malathy (Chellappa's wife)
* [[Amit Bhargav]] as Sundar (Chellappa's son)
* [[Manjima Mohan]] as Nagamma (Based on the Goddess Nagamman)
* [[Chandran]] as Ravi
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] as Prayamvatha (School Principal)
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]] as Muthu aka Madhubala. A stage dancer (Based on the Goddess Muthumariamman)
* [[Monisha Blessy]] as Muppi. A salesgirl who works in optical shop (Based on the Goddess Muppidariamman)
* Samyuktha Viswanathan as Naachi. An agriculturist.(Based on the Goddess Alagu Nachiamman)
* Rajapandi as Sub-inspector
* Harini Sundarajan as Adv.Gaandhari. A criminal lawyer (Based on the Goddess Gaandhariamman)
* Nikhila Shankar as Sandhanam. A trainee paramedic (Based on the Goddess Santhanamaariamman)
* Srisha as Veera. A basketball player (Based on the Goddess Veeramahakaaliamman)
* Kalaivani Bhaskar as Ulagu. A devoted girl (Based on the Goddess Ulagamman)
* Abhirami Bose as Senbagam. A ration shop owner (Based on the Goddess Shenbagavalliamman)
* Anjali Ameer as Vanaja
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Thiruvengadam
* Aroul D. Shankar as Mithran
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as MLA Arasu
* Arshya Lakshman as Saroja (Prisoner)
* S. Rajapandi as Sub Inspector (who arresting sex workers)
* Telephone Raj as Fernandes (Fishermen 's head)
* [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] as Maarappan {{colend}}

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #FFD700
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2022|6|17}}
| color2 = #87CEFA
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2025|2|28}}
}}

==Episodes==
===Season 1===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Directed by
!Written by
!Release
|-
|1
|"Hoisting the Flag"
|[[Bramma G]]
|[[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |Shanmugam ([[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]]) is the head of the labor union protesting against their factory's management, headed by Trilok Vadde ([[Harish Uthaman]]). Police under Inspector Regina Thomas ([[Sriya Reddy]]) and her close associate Sub-Inspector Chakravarthy aka Sakkarai ([[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]]) try to keep the protestors in check. In return, Trilok partly finances a bike for Regina's spoiled son, Adhisayam. Regina's husband is a little unhappy about the entire setup. Adhisayam is headed on a trip to Moonaar with his friends. Sakkarai gets engaged to Lakshmi ([[Nivedhithaa Sathish]]), a nurse.

Shanmugam's notices his daughter Nila (Gopika Ramesh) is not concentrating on her education and reprimands her. Nila seems extremely upset. She goes missing that night. The same night, the factory catches fire and suspicion naturally falls on Shanmugam and police detain him. While investigating the cause of the factory fire, Sakkarai finds out Nila was actually kidnapped.
|-
|2
|"The Myth"
|Bramma G
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |Trilok twists the arm of Regina and asks her to formally arrest Shanmugam. But Trilok's father Mukesh, who trusts Shanmugam, interferes and facilitates his release.

News of Nila's kidnapping becomes official. Nila's sister Nadhini ([[Aishwarya Rajesh]]), who is also Sakkarai's school friend, helps him with the search. Sakkarai finds out Nila was being stalked by a young and apparently rich boy. Police investigation also led them to Malar, who Nila met last before being abducted. They try to question her, but Malar's family appear to be hiding a secret and doesn't cooperate. But after persistent pressure Malar reveals to Sakkarai and Nandhini that the guy stalking Nila is actually Regina's son, Adhisayam.
|-
|3
|"The Procession"
|Bramma G
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |Shanmugam and family confront Regina about Adhisayam kidnapping Nila. Regina tries to calm them down by playing his innocent sounding voice messages he sent just that day. But Malar insists Adhisayam has tried to misbehave with Nila. Regina tries to call Adhisayam, but can reach only one of the other friends. She strongly asks them to return from Munaar right away.

Fire investigator Kothandaraman questions Trilok about the history of the factory and its financials.

Regina tracks Adhisaysm's phone and finds out he had called Nila several times the day she went missing. Since none of the boys are returning phone calls, Sakkarai offers to go to Munaar to investigate. He is surprised to find Nandhini there, who is also looking for clues on Nila. With help from local police, they track down Adhisayam's van and his hideout. They catch all the friends, but no sign of Adhisayam or Nila.
|-
|4
|"The Immersion"
|Bramma G
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |Shanmugam and his group lose patience and force their way into Regina's house. Nandhini and Sakkarai return just in time to stop them, and reveal Adhisayam and Nila are actually in love with each other, and eloped to Mumbai. From the phone he got from the other boys, Sakkarai plays a series of voice messages Adhisayam had recorded for Regina. Adhisayam recounts his romance with Nila through those messages, and mentions they decided to elope because of the personal enmity between Regina and Shanmugam. Sakkarai opines to Nandhini personally that he always thought of Adhisayam as a happy-go-lucky guy, but these messages appeared to come from a wiser person. Regina and her husband blame each other, but Shanmugam seems to repent for his mistakes.

Police check the train schedule. They find the names of Nila and Adhisayam on the reservation charts, but on a train to Guwahati, and not Mumbai. Ticket inspector cannot recall them either.

Meanwhile, an idol is immersed in the local lake as part of the Mayana Kollai festival. Little kids are shown jumping into the lake and swimming underwater around the immersed idol. We also see the dead bodies of Nila and Adhisayam at the bottom of the lake, hugging each other.
|-
|5
|"The Looting"
|[[Anucharan Murugaiyan]]
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |The bodies of Nila and Adhisayam are recovered and taken to post mortem, where it is discovered that Nila was pregnant, and the deaths were caused by slitting of the throat with a sharp object. Time of death is estimated to be around the same day Nila went missing.

Trilok visits Regina to offer his condolences, and offers to help any which way possible. Fire inspector Kothandaraman meets him there and warns if an inspection of the factory is performed, that could discover an unmaintained item, which would invalidate insurance claims. Trilok leaves in a huff.

Regina visits Shanmugam and requests the last rites of both Nila and Adhisayam be performed together, and Shanmugam and family agree. Sakkarai notices Nila's tutor Pushparaj looking for something in her garden. Pushparaj realizes he is being followed and escapes in his motorbike. Sakkarai searches around the garden and discovers Nila's hidden cellphone.

He unlocks the phone with Nandhini's help, and they find out Nila was quite active on social media, contrary to their beliefs. The also find out Nila was obsessed with the disappearance of another local girl Ammani, several years ago.

Police trace Pushparaj's bike near the venue of a procession for Mayana Kollai. Shanmugam's brother Guna is playing a major role that day. Sakkai catches Pushparaj there and finds out he was looking for the phone because it contains pictures of him being intimate with Guna's wife, Selvi. Pushparaj claims Nila had taken those photos, black mailed him to the tune of Rs. 2 lakhs, got the money and left with Adhisayam accompanying her.
|-
|6
|"The Trance"
|Anucharan Murugaiyan
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |Lakshmi suspects Sakkarai has romantic feelings towards Nandhini, but he assures her there is nothing like that. Regina is not handling her loss well, and her marriage is strained.

Vadde's and their accountant Vadivelu (Regina's husband) discuss the company cannot survive unless the damages are covered by insurance, and Kothandaraman's report is crucial. Kothandaraman investigates the burnt down factory with Sakkarai and Guna, and discovers a few items not in compliance. The office who investigated from the police side, admits his report was completely based on Trilok's suggestion. Guna develops asthma symptoms and leaves the factory. Sakkarai suspects if the attack was triggered by anxiety over the investigation.

Sniffing dogs lead police to some caves near the lake, where they see signs of a ritual and traces of blood, and suspect if the kids were sacrificed for Mayana Kollai. Sakkarai finds a tent where a recluse called Eswaran lives, and discovers a box with Rs 2 lakhs. Police arrest Eswaran and interrogate him. They find out Ammani was his sister, and became deranged after she went missing. He admits Nila and Adhisayam offered his Rs 2 lakhs to kill someone, which he refused, but still snatched their money. Forensic reports confirms the traces of blood in the cave is from a goat and Eswaran is probably innocent.

Sakkarai and Nandhina find out the DNA analysis of the fetus in Nila's womb reveals it is not Adhisayam's. Doctor suspects Nila was subjected to sexual abuse. Nandhini passes out on hearing this.
|-
|7
|"Firewalker"
|Anucharan Murugaiyan
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |Nandhini seems to be recovering in the hospital, but suddenly remembers something and passes out again. Nandhini's psychiatrist visiting from Coimbatore mentions she has been conseling her for some time and Nandhini has some bottled up emotions that she is not venting. Sakkarai is constantly monitoring her recovery, much to the chagrin of Lakshmi, who is a nurse in the same hospital.

Kothandaraman, having spotted a can of thinner at the burnt factory, suspects that could have been used to start the fire and investigates local paint stores. He seems to find a lead.

Police use dummies and determine the cliff from where the bodies of Nila and Adhisayam could have been thrown into the lake. They also find a long bladed knife there, with blood stains that match that of the victims. Sakkarai thinks Nila must have somehow coerced her abuser to meet her at the cliff and tried to kill him with Adhisayam's help. But the abuser must have killed them and escaped.

Investigation of Nila's social media profile leads Sakkarai to believe someone is stalking everyone in her kho-kho club. He goes to the school to dig further, and finds the Trilok there, who happens to be the club's sponsor. He is shown touching and hugging girls in the club and Sakkari get hold of a bottle with his finger prints, hoping they will match those on the knife found at the cliff. He also finds out Trilok has a guest house and breaks in. He is shocked to find large prints of pictures that he saw earlier on Nila's phone. He presents the info to his superior, but gets berated for breaking in without warrant. Finger print results are not conclusive either.

Frustrated, he shares the info with Regina and Shanmugam and leaves to monitor Trilok's guest house. He sees Trilok leave with a woman, and follows them. Trilok drops the woman at Mayana Kollai is accost by Regina and Shanmugam on the way back, who beat him up blue. Sakkarai follows the lady and finds out she is a transgender person, and just a friend of Trilok. She also reveals Trilok is gay, and has no interest in women. Convinced, Sakkari rushes back in time to stop Regina and Shanmugam from killing Trilok.
|-
|8
|"The Silence"
|Anucharan Murugaiyan
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|17 June 2022
|-
| colspan="5" |Nandhini has a counseling session with her psychiatrist. Later, she dreams about Nila being abused. Suddenly she sees herself in Nila's clothes being abused and wakes up with a jolt.

Trilok is unconscious at the hospital with his father recollecting how hesitant Trilok was to take over the factory. It is revealed Trilok was never interested in money. Kothandaraman confronts Mukesh Vadde with his findings and accuses him of conspiring with Regina (who bought the paint thinner) and Shanmugam (who used the thinner to start the fire). Mukesh admits the charge and explains they did that to get the insurance money to compensate the employees, and their children. He repents for his sins, and mentions karma already got back to all three of them. Regina and Shanmugam turn themselves in for assaulting Trilok. Kothandaraman concludes his report recommending an insurance payoff.

Nandhini is missing from the hospital. Sakkarai learns from her psychiatrist that Nandhini was also abused as a child, but his identity is buried deep in her mind. Lakshmi suggests the same person could have molested both Nandhini and Nila. Sakkarai finds out Nandhini came to his house and took his gun. He is now convinced Nandhini is planning to kill her molester.

Sakkarai goes to Nandhini's house to look for clues and sees Selvi alone there. Talking to her, he finds out her husband Guna was out of reach around the same time when Nila went missing. Selvi also mentions Nandhini and Nila used to spend a lot of time with their uncle when they were young, but stopped as soon as they reached adolescence. Sakkarai realizes Guna was the person abusing them and tries to trace his phone.

Nandhini is at the cliff with the revolver, and Guna arrives there to meet her. He mentions Nila had called him to the same spot the day when she went missing, just like what Nandhini did now. Apparently, Nila and Adhisayam tried to kill Guna with the knife, and during the fight, Guna had killed them. He manages to soft talk Nandhini into a trance, but Sakkarai arrives and fights him. Nandhini wakes up from her trance and empties the gun at Guna. At the same time, Mayana Kollai concludes with the Goddess killing the demon.
|}

===Season 2===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Title
!Directed by
!Written by
!Release
|-
|1
|"The Beginnings"
|[[Bramma G]]
|[[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | Nandini ([[Aishwarya Rajesh]]) is on trial for Guna's murder, defended by respected lawyer Chellappa ([[Lal (actor)|Lal]]), a father figure to Sakkarai ([[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]]). Chellappa is also revered by other sections of the society and people seems to accept his solution for a local issue. Chellappa invites Sakkarai to the Ashtakaali festival but is soon found dead in a locked cottage with a missing gun. Sakkarai becomes the investigating officer, creating tension with Inspector Moorthy. Sakkarai and the police find a badly bruised girl with a gun inside a locked cupboard inside the house.
|-
|2
|"The Confluence"
|Bramma G
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | Sakkarai is unable to extract any information from the woman from the crime scene, but learns her name is Muthu ([[Gouri G. Kishan]]) and she is a dancer at temple festivities. He also finds out Chellappa had an argument with Thiruvengadam, who is powerful locally, regarding the dancers. News about the killing and the arrest leaks out and 7 seemingly unconnected women turn themselves in to the police, claiming they killed Chellappa.
|-
|3
|"The Outliers"
|[[Sarjun KM]]
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | A verbatim confession from the 7 young women who surrendered at different police stations, each claiming to have killed Chellappa sends Sakkarai's head spinning. They don't offer a motive; nor explain how they escaped from Chellappa's house that was locked inside. All 7 women + Muthu are transferred to the same jail as Nandhini. Sakkarai requests Nandini to be his eyes and ears in the sub-jail the women are lodged in. In lieu of the festival, a low-key funeral is held for the grand man, Chellappa.
|-
|4
|"The Knot"
|Sarjun KM
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | Chellappa's driver Dhamu (who also plays major roles in the temple rituals) behaves a little mysteriously and Sakkarai confronts him. After a brief chase, Dhamu escapes on a motor boat. Sakkarai alerts the police to look out for Dhamu.
Sakkarai finds out Chellappa was in a legal battle against Prayamvadha ([[Chandini Tamilarasan]]), the correspondent of a private school. Chellappa's phone call log reveals she was the last person to call him before his death. Sakkarai questions her about the women in custody, but Prayamvadha rebuffs him. Nandhini interacts with the "killers" and discovers they all grew up in a hostel during school days. Sakkarai investigates this and finds out a trust headed by Prayamvadha was supporting them all along. Sakkarai confronts Prayamvadha with this info, and she reveals Chellappa had forced her to support them.
Nandhini continues to spy on the 8 women and finds out they are sneaking out of the prison cell in the night. She follows them to a dilapidated building inside the prison premises, and sees them together performing some kind of a cultic ritual.
|-
|5
|"The Conundrum"
|Sarjun KM
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | A stage play in the festival reinstates Sakkarai's resolve to find the young women justice. Sakkarai finds a pathbreaking lead at the crime site. With fresh forensic reports, he imagines the sequence of events on the fateful night. Dhamu's shocking confession solidifies Sakkarai's new image of Chellappa. The young women in the prison pull a risky stunt. Nandini and Sakkarai get the women to talk.
|-
|6
|"The Guardians"
|Bramma G
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | 10 years ago: Ravi ([[Chandran]]) and Naagamma ([[Manjima Mohan]]) are a happy, loving couple from the fishing community. Naagamma's world turns topsy-turvy when she discovers Ravi's dark secrets. She takes an extreme measure to set things right. Risking her life, she takes up the role of a protector. Chellappa gets sucked into the vortex in an effort to help Naagamma's efforts to restore a broken path.
|-
|7
|"The Unravel"
|Bramma G
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | Sakkarai learns that Chellappa has been trying to crack and nab the kingpin of the human trafficking ring for the past 10 years. Shared grief brings Sundar and Dhamu closer. A shocking development sends Sakkarai on a time sensitive chase. The 8 women finally reveal their story from the night of the murder. The elusive Arakkan prepares for battle, putting the 8 women in grave danger.
|-
|8
|"The Sublime"
|Bramma G
|Pushkar–Gayathri
|28 February 2025
|-
| colspan="5" | Sakkarai fixates on the case and nails Chellappa's killer. With the identity of their Arakkan revealed, the 8 women gear up for revenge, but their Arakkan puts up a formidable fight. Sakkarai goes on an epic chase to save the newly trafficked kids. Just as the festival goers wash away their past, Sakkarai, Nandhini and the 8 women are presented an opportunity to let go of their past and start anew.
|}

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[Sam C. S.]] The first season consist of 13 songs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_maXc9QepHNe6q1sgFgkgvddVmuLT3C-DA |title=Suzhal - The Vortex (Original Series Soundtrack) |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623020749/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_maXc9QepHNe6q1sgFgkgvddVmuLT3C-DA |archive-date=23 June 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The second season consist of 18 songs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJKJ4EHc1hyldJjPAF2o2Lrqv6aTDfTnE&feature=shared |title=Suzhal - The Vortex 2 (Original Series Soundtrack) |access-date=24 February 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

;{{font|text=Season 1|size=20px}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Suzhal – The Vortex (Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| released = 13 June 2022
| recorded = 2021
| genre = [[Prime Video|Amazon Original Series]] [[Soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Suzhal: The Vortex
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Duvaa Duvaa
| single1date = 14 June 2022
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length = 26:12
| title1 = Maaya Maaya
| length1 = 2:38
| title2 = Duvaa Duvaa
| lyrics2 = [[Kaber Vasuki]]
| extra2 = [[Sam C. S.]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Lavita Lobo, [[Arivu]]
| length2 = 3:28
| title3 = Naan Unnodu Dhaan
| length3 = 2:08
| title4 = Suzhal – The Whisper of the Vortex
| lyrics4 = Kaber Vasuki
| length4 = 2:01
| title5 = Yaen Marandhaai
| lyrics5 = Vithya Damodaran
| extra5 = [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
| length5 = 2:44
| title6 = Yennai Sidhaithaaye
| length6 = 2:24
| title7 = Hey Kannaa
| extra7 = Bhuvana Ananth
| length7 = 1:50
| title8 = Oorellaam Poo Pookka
| extra8 = Bhuvana Ananth
| length8 = 1:56
| title9 = Father's Remorse Theme
| length9 = 1:24
| title10 = The Quest for Truth Theme
| length10 = 1:12
| title11 = The Goddess Descends Theme
| length11 = 2:22
| title12 = Darkness Engulfs the Soul Theme
| length12 = 1:33
| title13 = The Suzhal Roar
| length13 = 0:51
}}

;{{font|text=Season 2|size=20px}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Suzhal – The Vortex 2 (Original Series Soundtrack)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| released = 24 February 2025
| recorded = 2024
| genre = [[Prime Video|Amazon Original Series]] [[Soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length = 42:43
| title1 = Aalangatti Mazhai
| length1 = 2:34
| lyrics1 = [[Sam C. S.]]
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title2 = Ambur Dum Biryani
| length2 = 2:48
| lyrics2 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title3 = Saaya Gopurame
| length3 = 3:50
| lyrics3 = Viveka
| extra3 = Sam C. S.
| title4 = Chilla Chilla
| length4 = 2:20
| lyrics4 = Viveka
| extra4 = Sam C. S.
| title5 = Ashtakaali
| length5 = 5:19
| lyrics5 = Sam C. S.
| extra5 = [[Diwakar]], Sam C. S.
| title6 = Arakkan Arangettram
| length6 = 3:35
| lyrics6 = Sam C. S.
| extra6 = Sam C. S.
| title7 = Soorasamhaaram
| length7 = 4:17
| lyrics7 = Viveka
| extra7 = Sam C. S.
| title8 = Nagakanni
| length8 = 2:30
| lyrics8 = Sam C. S.
| extra8 = Sam C. S.
| title9 = Maadane Sudalamadane
| length9 = 3:00
| lyrics9 = Sam C. S.
| extra9 = Sam C. S.
| title10 = The Chase
| length10 = 0:52
| lyrics10 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra10 = Sam C. S.
| title11 = The Commencement
| length11 = 2:25
| lyrics11 = Instrumental
| extra11 = Sam C. S.
| title12 = The Genesis
| length12 = 1:28
| lyrics12 = Instrumental
| extra12 = Sam C. S.
| title13 = The Longing
| length13 = 0:43
| lyrics13 = Instrumental
| extra13 = Sam C. S.
| title14 = The Penitentiary
| length14 = 2:11
| lyrics14 = Instrumental
| extra14 = Sam C. S.
| title15 = The Redeemer
| length15 = 1:18
| lyrics15 = Instrumental
| extra15 = Sam C. S.
| title16 = The Salvation
| length16 = 1:44
| lyrics16 = Instrumental
| extra16 = Sam C. S.
| title17 = The Secret
| length17 = 0:51
| lyrics17 = Instrumental
| extra17 = Sam C. S.
| title18 = The Tunnel
| length18 = 1:28
| lyrics18 = Instrumental
| extra18 = Sam C. S.
}}

== Release ==
The series has been released in over 30 languages through subtitles and has been dubbed in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Castilian Spanish]], [[Latin Spanish]], [[Arabic]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Remley |first=Hilary |date=8 June 2022 |title='Suzhal: The Vortex' Trailer Reveals an Intense Tamil-Language Mystery |url=https://collider.com/suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-kathir-aishwarya-rajesh-prime-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609001502/https://collider.com/suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-kathir-aishwarya-rajesh-prime-video/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Collider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakumar K. |date=8 June 2022 |title=Tamil series Suzhal – The Vortex to be available in 30 languages on Prime Video |url=https://www.techradar.com/in/news/tamil-series-suzhal-the-vortex-to-be-available-in-30-languages-on-prime-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609001835/https://www.techradar.com/in/news/tamil-series-suzhal-the-vortex-to-be-available-in-30-languages-on-prime-video |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=TechRadar India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=7 June 2022 |title='Suzhal – The Vortex' Trailer: First Look At Amazon's Debut Long-Form Tamil-Language Drama Series |url=https://deadline.com/video/amazon-india-suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-first-look-at-tamil-language-drama-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609051645/https://deadline.com/video/amazon-india-suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-first-look-at-tamil-language-drama-series/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=3 June 2022 |title=Amazon Prime Video India Reveals Tamil Original 'Suzhal – The Vortex' at IIFA (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/amazon-prime-video-india-suzhal-the-vortex-1235284197/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609061455/https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/amazon-prime-video-india-suzhal-the-vortex-1235284197/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2022 |title=Tamil thriller 'Suzhal – The Vortex' is made for a global audience, says Amazon |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/television/2022/06/04/tamil-thriller-suzhal-the-vortex-is-made-for-a-global-audience-says-amazon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609175907/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/television/2022/06/04/tamil-thriller-suzhal-the-vortex-is-made-for-a-global-audience-says-amazon/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=The National}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The first season received critical acclaim. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=10|average=10}}

The second season received mixed reviews. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=50|count=6|average=6}}

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the series 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The Vortex sets a benchmark that will take some doing to emulate".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suzhal – The Vortex Review: This Tale Of Religion, Crime, Blackmail And Tragedy Has Rare Elemental Power |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/suzhal-the-vortex-review-this-tale-of-religion-crime-blackmail-and-tragedy-has-rare-elemental-power-4-stars-3075053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628013918/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/suzhal-the-vortex-review-this-tale-of-religion-crime-blackmail-and-tragedy-has-rare-elemental-power-4-stars-3075053 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' rated the series 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Suzhal is an intense investigative thriller that has a lot of surprises in store, making it a perfect bingewatch for the weekend".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suzhal: The Vortex Season 1 Review: Suzhal: A riveting, extremely well-written investigative thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/suzhal-the-vortex/season-1/seasonreview/92221443.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701131926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/suzhal-the-vortex/season-1/seasonreview/92221443.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the series 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Even though each episode is about an hour long, you won't even blink".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suzhal: The Vortex Review |url=https://www.m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/suzhal-the-vortex-review/20220617.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620224917/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/suzhal-the-vortex-review/20220617.htm |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "A terrific star cast makes this layered series all the more effective", further adding that, "this is a rare series where the sum and parts are equally great".<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=17 June 2022 |title='Suzhal: The Vortex' review: A terrific star cast makes this layered series all the more effective |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/suzhal-the-vortex-review-a-terrific-star-castmakes-this-layered-series-all-the-more-effective/article65535938.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619131123/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/suzhal-the-vortex-review-a-terrific-star-castmakes-this-layered-series-all-the-more-effective/article65535938.ece |archive-date=19 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' called the series "a nail-biting thriller about secrets & deceptions".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Suzhal – The Vortex' review: A nail-biting thriller about secrets and deception |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1026191/suzhal-the-vortex-review-a-nail-biting-thriller-about-secrets-and-deception |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619131123/https://scroll.in/reel/1026191/suzhal-the-vortex-review-a-nail-biting-thriller-about-secrets-and-deception |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Scroll.in|date=17 June 2022 }}</ref>

The series received criticism from Manoj Kumar B of ''[[Indian Express]]'', who though praised the series for seemingly "being like a huge jump by the standards of Tamil soap operas", also criticised it for not being good enough to match the global standards & stated that the "show's creators have barely scratched the surface with this format of storytelling".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Suzhal: The vortex of colourless and odourless narration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/suzhal-the-vortex-of-colourless-and-odourless-narration-7974131/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620112043/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/suzhal-the-vortex-of-colourless-and-odourless-narration-7974131/ |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Aishwarya Rajesh, Kathir's series sucks you right in but fizzles", though she praised the climax by writing that, "Pushkar and Gayatri's Suzhal imparts a much-needed message in the climax, which is relevant to society".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suzhal The Vortex Review: Aishwarya Rajesh, Kathir's series sucks you right in but fizzles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/suzhal-the-vortex-review-aishwarya-rajesh-kathir-s-series-sucks-you-right-in-but-fizzles-1962758-2022-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620064458/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/binge-watch/story/suzhal-the-vortex-review-aishwarya-rajesh-kathir-s-series-sucks-you-right-in-but-fizzles-1962758-2022-06-17 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=India Today|date=17 June 2022 }}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.no
!Name of the award
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
|-
|1
|HT OTT Play Awards 2022
|Best Screenplay (Series)
|[[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
|
|-
|2
|OTT Play Changemakers Awards 2023
|Inspiring Performer of the Year
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |3
| rowspan="9" |E4M Awards
|Best thriller-horror show on web OTT platform
|Suzhal: The Vortex
|Silver
|-
|Best Webseries Tamil
|Suzhal: The Vortex
|Silver
|-
|Best Writer
|[[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
|Silver
|-
|Best Editor
|Richard Kevin A
|Gold
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Mukeswaran
|Gold
|-
|Best Performance Female (Regional)
|[[Sriya Reddy]]
|Bronze
|-
|Best Performance Female (Regional)
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|Bronze
|-
|Best Performance Male (Regional)
|[[Kathir (actor)]]
|Silver
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Male)
|[[R. Parthiban]]
|Silver
|-
|4
|[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
|India National Winner 2022 - Best drama series
|Suzhal: The Vortex
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |5
| rowspan="4" |Indian Telly Streaming Awards
|Best Director - Regional Series
|[[Bramma G]] and [[Anucharan Murugaiyan]]
|
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Sriya Reddy]]
|
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|
|-
|Best Regional Series 2022
|Suzhal: The Vortex
|
|-
|6
|Afaqs Vdonxt Awards 2023
|Best Music Video
|<nowiki>''Duvaa Duvaa''</nowiki> from Suzhal: The Vortex
|Gold
|-
|7
|Adgully Screenxx Awards 2022
|Best Content - Thriller
|Suzhal: The Vortex
|Gold
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt20873118}}

{{Amazon Video original series}}
{{Pushkar–Gayathri}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related web series]]
[[Category:2010s LGBTQ-related television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television seasons]]

Moirang Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:03Z

NereidaMccurdy5: created new details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Moirang
| mla = [[Thongam Shanti Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:39876}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 27
}}

'''Moirang Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bishnupur district]].

== Extent ==
Moirang is the 27th among 60 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 48 parts namely: 1 - Phubala (A), 2 - Phubala (B), 3 - Phubala (C), 4 - Phubala (D), 5 - Naranseina (A), 6 - Naranseina (B), 7 - Thamnapokpi (A), 8 - Thamnapokpi (B), 9 - Ngangkhalawai(A), 10 - Ngangkhalawai(B), 11 - Moirang Part 1(A), 12 - Moirang Part 1(B), 13 - Moirang Part 1 (C-1), 14 - Moirang Part 1 (C-2), 15 - Moirang Part 1 (D), 16 - Moirang Part 1 (E-1), 17 - Moirang Part 1 (E-2), 18 - Moirang Part 1 (F), 19 - Moirang Part 1 (G), 20 - Moirang Part 2 (A), 21 - Moirang Part 2 (B), 22 - Moirang Part 2 (C )-1, 23 - Moirang Part 2 (C )-2, 24 - Moirang Part 2 (D), 25 - Moirang Part 2 (E), 26 - Moirang Part 2 (F), 27 - Moirang Part 2 (G), 28 - Kwakta Khuman (A), 29 - Kwakta Khuman (B-1), 30 - Kwakta Khuman (B-2), 31 - Kwakta Khuman (C), 32 - Kwakta Khuman (D), 33 - Okshongbung, 34 - Tronglaobi (A)-1, 35 - Tronglaobi (A)-2, 36 - Tronglaobi (B), 37 - Terakhongshangbi(A), 38 - Terakhongshangbi(B), 39 - Kwakta 1 (A)-1, 40 - Kwakta 1 (A)-2, 41 - Kwakta 1 (B), 42 - Kwakta 1 (C), 43 - Kwakta Pangal Lamkhai Maning, 44 - Kwakta Pangal Lamkhai Mamang, 45 - Kwakta 1 (E), and 46 - Kwakta 1(F).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO, Manipur {{!}} Electoral Roll |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=ceomanipur.nic.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Heman Nilamani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Kiyam Shyam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Mairembam Koireng Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || M. Koireng Singh
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Mairembam Koireng Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Mohammad Heshamuddin || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Laishram Kerani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Salam Gopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || M. Manindra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || Mairembam Prithviraj Singh
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Pukhrem Sharatchandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Thongam Shanti Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|39.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|37.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|30.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|20.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|24.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|18.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|28.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|33.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|39.90}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thongam Shanti Singh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=14,428 |percentage=39.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mairembam Prithviraj Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=12,206|percentage=33.62%|change=-3.42%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pukhrem Sharatchandra Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=9,404|percentage=25.90%|change=-9.95%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=271|percentage=0.75%|change=0.10%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,222 |percentage=6.12% |change=4.93% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=36,309|percentage=91.05%|change=1.66%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,876 |change =12.76% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 2.70% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhrem Sharatchandra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,708 |percentage=37.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mairembam Prithviraj Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=11,333|percentage=35.85%|change=-16.20%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Thongam Shanti Singh]]|party=Independent politician|votes=8,369|percentage=26.47%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=203|percentage=0.64%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=375 |percentage=1.19% |change=-2.96% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=31,613|percentage=89.39%|change=6.36%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,364 |change =5.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Prithviraj Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,521 |percentage=52.05% |change=17.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhrem Sharatchandra Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=13,363 |percentage=47.90% |change=26.79% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,158 |percentage=4.15% |change=0.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,900 |percentage=82.98% |change= -0.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,603 |change =3.95% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 17.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Manindra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,340 |percentage=34.53% |change=13.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Gopal Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=8,364 |percentage=30.92% |change=8.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Heshamuddin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,708 |percentage=21.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Rahaman |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,068 |percentage=7.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Ashok Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,564 |percentage=5.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=976 |percentage=3.61% |change=-1.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,048 |percentage=83.68% |change= -9.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,325 |change =14.62% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 3.94% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Gopal Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=7,975 |percentage=30.59% |change=11.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Abdul Matalib |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,604 |percentage=25.33% |change=9.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Kerani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,881 |percentage=22.56% |change=12.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Manindra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,485 |percentage=21.04% |change=0.17% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,371 |percentage=5.26% |change=3.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,067 |percentage=93.12% |change= -0.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,201 |change =3.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Kerani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,140 |percentage=20.87% |change=0.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Gopal Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,771 |percentage=19.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muhammad Heshamuddin |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,929 |percentage=15.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Mani |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,691 |percentage=10.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Abdul Matalib |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,589 |percentage=10.51% |change=-14.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Manindra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,019 |percentage=8.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemam Bir Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=1,826 |percentage=7.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soraisam Ibohal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,630 |percentage=6.62% |change=3.09% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=369 |percentage=1.50% |change=-0.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,624 |percentage=90.97% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,357 |change =12.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -4.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Heshamuddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,586 |percentage=24.97% |change=11.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemam Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,204 |percentage=23.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Kerani Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,109 |percentage=22.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Monindro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,452 |percentage=19.90% |change=1.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Deben |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=1,228 |percentage=5.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Panchom |party=Communist Party of India |votes=790 |percentage=3.53% |change=-2.76% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=382 |percentage=1.71% |change=0.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,369 |percentage=93.34% |change= 7.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,229 |change =1.69% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.11% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Koireng Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,779 |percentage=18.86% |change=4.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemam Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,574 |percentage=17.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Kerani Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,407 |percentage=17.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Heshamuddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,738 |percentage=13.67% |change=-14.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Abdul Matalib |party=Independent politician |votes=2,473 |percentage=12.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konjengbam Deven |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,889 |percentage=9.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konjengbam Mohonchandra |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,261 |percentage=6.29% |change=-1.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Mangi Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=915 |percentage=4.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=205 |percentage=1.02% |change=0.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,036 |percentage=85.61% |change= -0.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,826 |change =22.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -9.73% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Koireng Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=4,660 |percentage=28.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Heshamuddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,634 |percentage=28.43% |change=10.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Mangi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,377 |percentage=20.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyam Shyam Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,334 |percentage=14.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konjengbam Mohonchandra |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,296 |percentage=7.95% |change=-5.65% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26 |percentage=0.16% |change=-2.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,301 |percentage=86.37% |change= 4.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,385 |change =4.35% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= -5.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Koireng Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=5,052 |percentage=33.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heman Nilamani Singh |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=4,582 |percentage=30.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Abdul Matalib |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,734 |percentage=18.30% |change=-30.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kusha Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,033 |percentage=13.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Mangi Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=542 |percentage=3.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=470 |percentage=3.15% |change=1.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,943 |percentage=82.13% |change= -4.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,577 |change =27.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -16.65% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyam Shyam Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,268 |percentage=50.46% |change=12.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heman Nilamani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,080 |percentage=48.95% |change=46.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mongjam Krishana Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=188 |percentage=1.51% |change=-0.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,421 |percentage=86.55% |change= 5.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,618 |change =51.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 10.56% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Moirang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Heman Nilamani Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,076 |percentage=39.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiyam Shyam Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,955 |percentage=38.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kusha Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,458 |percentage=18.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heman Angou |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=220 |percentage=2.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=121 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,709 |percentage=80.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,630 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bishnupur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.5|93.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Akhanda 2: Thaandavam

2026-04-14T07:28:48Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Boyapati Sreenu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akhanda 2
| image = Akhanda 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Boyapati Srinu|Boyapati Sreenu]]
| producer = Ram Achanta Gopi Achanta Ishan Saksena
| writer = Boyapati Sreenu
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]]
* [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha Menon]]
* [[Harshaali Malhotra]]
}}
| music = [[Thaman S.]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]] Santosh Detake
| editing = Tammiraju
| studio = 14 Reels Plus Entertainment IVY Entertainment
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{film date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 November 2025 |title=Censor Board clears Nandamuri Balakrishna's 'Akhanda 2: Thaandavam' with U/A certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/censor-board-clears-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-2-thaandavam-with-u/a-certificate/articleshow/125669828.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR| 120 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna's 'Akhanda 2: Thaandavam' collects Rs 37 lakh in advance booking in USA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-2-thaandavam-collects-rs-37-lakh-in-advance-booking-in-usa/articleshow/125295672.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 9 Jan 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akhanda 2 box office: Collections remain disappointing for Balakrishna starrer in first 10 days|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/22/akhanda-2-box-office-collections-remain-disappointing-for-balakrishna-starrer-in-first-10-days|date=9 Jan 2026}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR| 120–128 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Balakrishna’s Akhanda 2: Thaandavam Locks Netflix OTT Release Date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/balakrishnas-akhanda-2-thaandavam-locks-netflix-ott-release-date-1928375 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |access-date=14 April 2026 |language=en |date=5 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab worldwide box office collection day 3: Prabhas film earns ₹158 crore despite dip, beats Akhanda 2 lifetime |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-3-prabhas-film-earns-158-crore-despite-dip-beats-akhanda-2-lifetime-101768186895538.html/ |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}

'''''Akhanda 2: Thaandavam''''' ({{translation|Undivided 2: [[Tandava|Thaandavam]]}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[supernatural film|supernatural]] [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/akhanda-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta5mzay|title=Akhanda 2|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Boyapati Srinu|Boyapati Sreenu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/akhanda-2-teaser-nandamuri-balakrishnas-cringe-scenes-leaves-internet-divided-even-bhojpuri-cinema-is-ashamed-11749524619816.html|title=Akhanda 2 teaser: Nandamuri Balakrishna's 'cringe' scenes leaves internet divided: 'Even Bhojpuri cinema is ashamed'|first=Sneha|last=Biswas|date=10 June 2025|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/dil-raju-sets-sights-on-akhanda-2-nizam-rights-offers-rs-30-crore-1909586|title=Dil Raju Sets Sights on Akhanda 2 Nizam Rights, Offers Rs 30 Crore?|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=12 October 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/boyapati-planning-something-big-for-akhanda-2-937770|title=Boyapati planning something big for 'Akhanda 2'|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=17 January 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in dual role, alongside [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha Menon]], and [[Harshaali Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aadhi-pinisetty-villain-role-akhanda-2-freedom-challenge-balakrishna-boyapati-srinu-2774640-2025-08-21|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna is a grounded man, says Akhanda 2 co-star Aadhi Pinisetty|first=Anisha|last=Rao|date=21 August 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/02/bajrangi-bhaijaan-fame-harshaali-malhotra-plays-janani-in-akhanda-2|title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan fame Harshaali Malhotra plays Janani in Akhanda 2|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=2 July 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> It is a [[sequel]] to the 2021 film ''[[Akhanda]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandamuri-balakrishna-reunites-with-boyapati-srinu-for-akhanda-2-9625076/|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna reunites with Boyapati Srinu for Akhanda 2|date=17 October 2024}}</ref>

The film has music composed by [[Thaman S]], cinematography handled by [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C Ramprasad]] and editing by Tammiraju. It was released theatrically on 12 December 2025. Its a box-office bomb.

== Plot ==
After the events of [[Akhanda|first film]] NIA officer Perumal submits reports to NIA head ([[Jhansi lakshmi (actress)|jhansi]]) and explains about Akhanda ([[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]) fight process but NIA head mention him as a criminal and asks to take action on Akhanda but parumal refuses and decides to submit his resignation but NIA head mentions that they will stop at nothing to catch Akhanda but Perumal mentions no one has ever caught Akhanda, when they were questioning the whereabouts of Akhanda, Perumal shows up. Meanwhile, Akhanda continues the process of restoring temples and reaches his native place and meets his teacher ([[Murali Mohan]]). There his teacher talks about finding him as kid and explains about rare and extremely powerful sadhana called "Ashta Siddhi" Sadhana for facing more challenges in future. Akhanda moves on to go for this sadhana at the same place where Arjuna had done sadhana in the Dwapar Yuga to attain Pashupatastra. At [[Tibet]], after losing a war with the [[Indian Army]], the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese Army]] plans to attack India by trying destroying the [[spirituality]] of the Indian people. For that, the army launches a deadly [[Bioterrorism|bioweapon attack]], which targets the massive crowds at the Maha [[Kumbh Mela]], panic spreads across India, with the help of a greedy minister named Ajit Thakur. Scientists race against time to develop an antidote that can save millions of lives, with Dr. Janani — a brilliant young scientist working under [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] officer Archana Goswami — taking the lead and successfully creating a vaccine.

However, Ajit intent on exploiting this discovery begin to target Janani and her work, forcing her into danger. Ajit's brother Ajay chases and catches Janani after killing all her fellow scientists including Archana. At this critical juncture, Akhanda Rudra Sikandar Ghora, a powerful avatar of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] with divine strength, re-emerges to protect Janani and kills Ajay and his men. Simultaneously, Janani's father and Akhanda's twin brother, Murali Krishna, becomes involved in the escalating conflict. Together, they face both human and mystical adversaries who seek to harness occult power and utilizing biological warfare for their own gain .

As the threat grows, Akhanda navigates battlefields, spiritual arenas, and border conflicts, combining intense combat with ritualistic and mystical elements, including killing his rival Netra, a [[Magician (fantasy)|wizard]] who has deeply mastered [[black magic]]. He must thwart the plans for unleashing further destruction upon the nation while upholding the ideals of faith and righteousness. Throughout the struggle, Akhanda's divine resolve and martial prowess emerge as pivotal forces in countering both external aggression and internal decay.

In the climax, Akhanda confronts the masterminds behind the chaos by going into the [[India-China border]] and confronting the Chinese Army and Ajit, in order to restore a measure of justice. His victory symbolizes the endurance of spiritual strength and national unity against overwhelming odds, reinforcing the bond between humanity's physical survival and its metaphysical faith. The film ends with Akhanda going to Shambala.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in a dual role as:
** Akhanda Rudra Sikandar Ghora
** MLA Bala Murali Krishna
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Netra, an evil Tantrik
* [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] as Archana Goswami, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] Officer
* [[Harshaali Malhotra]] as Janani, Murali Krishna and Saranya's daughter, DRDO scientist
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Dharani, Akhanda and Murali's mother
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Chang, ex-general of [[China]]
* [[Sangay Tsheltrim]] as Xiang Lee, Chinese army general
* [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]] as Aditya Ram Bhagat, [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]]
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Ajit Thakur, Opposition [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
* [[Ronson Vincent]] as Ajay Thakur, Ajit's brother
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Padmavathi IAS, [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]]
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Krishnamacharya Perumal, an [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] officer
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as NIA Chief
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Prachanda, Netra’s assistant
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Vishal Trivedi, collector of [[Kadapa]]
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Rao, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]]
* [[Sai Dheena]] as Tamil goon
* Bharani Shankar as Kannada goon
* Raccha Ravi as Ravi, Murali’s assistant
* Mathew Varghese as PM’s advisor
* Kriss Venugopal as Ajith’s father
;Cameo appearance
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
* [[Pragya Jaiswal]] as Sharanya Murali Krishna, Murali's wife and Janani's mother (Photo achieve)
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Aghora Baba (archive footage from ''[[Akhanda]]'')
* [[Avinash Yelandur]] as Ramachandriah; Akhanda and Murali's father (archive footage from ''Akhanda'')
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the massive success of ''[[Akhanda]]'' (2021), director [[Boyapati Srinu|Boyapati Sreenu]] confirmed in early 2024 that a [[sequel]] was in development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/boyapati-srinu-confirms-the-sequel-to-the-blockbuster-akhanda-starring-nandamuri-balakrishna/articleshow/109503632.cms|title=Boyapati Srinu confirms the sequel to the blockbuster 'Akhanda' starring Nandamuri Balakrishna; shoot to begin post elections|date=22 April 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> The film was officially announced as ''BB4'' on the occasion of [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], as it marks the fourth collaboration between Balakrishna and Boyapati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bb4-balakrishnas-new-film-announced-on-birthday-reunites-with-boyapati-sreenu-2551172-2024-06-10|title='BB4': Balakrishna's new film announced on birthday, reunites with Boyapati Sreenu|date=10 June 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>

On 25 January 2025, the team officially announced [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] as the female lead. On 2 February 2025, makers announced [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as [[Antagonist]] opposite Balakrishna. On 2 July 2025, [[Harshaali Malhotra]] were announced to be on board, marking her debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/harshaali-malhotra-bajrangi-bhaijaan-star-makes-comeback-with-akhanda-2-1503452819.html|title=Harshaali Malhotra, 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan' star, makes comeback with 'Akhanda 2'|first=Statesman News|last=Service|date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bajrangi-bhaijaan-actress-harshaali-malhotra-to-make-telugu-film-debut-with-akhanda-2/cid/2111269|title=Harshaali Malhotra, who played Munni in 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan', set to make her Telugu debut|work=Telegraph India|date=3 July 2025}}</ref> [[A.S. Prakash]] worked as the production designer of the film marking his fifth collaboration with [[Boyapati Srinu]] after [[Simha (film)]], [[Legend (2014 film)]], [[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]] and [[Skanda (film)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-05 |title='Akhanda 2' first review: Balakrishna shines in mass action film as box office expectations peak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akhanda-2-first-review-balakrishna-shines-in-mass-action-film-as-box-office-expectations-peak/articleshow/125767402.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was officially launched with a [[Muhurat shot|muhurtham]] shot on 16 October 2024 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/akhanda-2-balakrishna-and-boyapati-srinu-reunite-for-a-grand-sequel-2617705-2024-10-16|title=Akhanda 2: Balakrishna and Boyapati Srinu reunite for a grand sequel|date=16 October 2024|website=India Today}}</ref> Principal photography began in 2024 with major schedules shot in [[Hyderabad]], [[Himalayas]] and [[Kumbh Mela]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/akhanda-2-shooting-at-ramoji-film-city-latest-updates-980098|title=Akhanda 2 Shooting at Ramoji Film City: Latest Updates|first=Varun|last=Keval|date=16 June 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/akhanda-2-makes-history-with-mahakumbh-mela-shoot-1854204|title=Akhanda 2 Makes History with MahaKumbh Mela Shoot|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=15 January 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/akhanda-2-tandavam-boyapati-srinu-scouts-himalayas-950169|title='Akhanda 2: Tandavam' – Boyapati Srinu Scouts Himalayas|first=Askari|last=Jaffer|date=2 March 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> In mid-2025, the team filmed key sequences in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title='Akhanda 2' heads to Georgia: Nandamuri Balakrishna's team to shoot key sequences in scenic locations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akhanda-2-heads-to-georgia-nandamuri-balakrishnas-team-to-shoot-key-sequences-in-scenic-locations/articleshow/120640314.cms?utm_source |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film shooting wrapped up on August first week in [[Thiruvannamalai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nandamuri-balakrishna-akhanda-2-to-be-wrapped-by-august-first-week-2762464-2025-07-28|title=Exclusive: Nandamuri Balakrishna's Akhanda 2 to be wrapped by August first week|first=Anita|last=Britto|date=28 July 2025|website=India Today}}</ref> and Balakrishna completed dubbing for his role on 29 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-08-08 |title=Balakrishna wraps Akhanda 2 dubbing on schedule |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/08/balakrishna-wraps-akhanda-2-dubbing-on-schedule |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The film teaser was released on 9 June 2025, on the occasion of Balakrishna's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2025|first=Sonika Nitin|last=Nimjeurl|url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/akhanda-2-teaser-out-balayya-returns-with-divine-fury-but-fans-split-nc-125061000353_1.html|title=Akhanda 2 teaser out: Balayya returns with divine fury, but fans split|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akhanda-2-thaandavam-teaser-balakrishna-returns-as-lord-shivas-ferocious-trishul-slinging-soldier/article69677580.ece|title='Akhanda 2: Thaandavam' teaser: Balakrishna returns as Lord Shiva's ferocious, trishul-slinging soldier|date=10 June 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Akhanda 2: Thaandavam (soundtrack)}}
The [[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] album and [[background score]] were composed by [[Thaman S]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/12/ss-thaman-begins-composing-the-score-for-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-2-thaandavam|title=SS Thaman begins composing the score for Nandamuri Balakrishna's Akhanda 2: Thaandavam|date=12 October 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/in-a-first-vedic-scholars-to-chant-sanskrit-shlokas-in-akhanda-2-1909782|title=In a First, Vedic Scholars to Chant Sanskrit Shlokas in Akhanda 2: Thandavam|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=13 October 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

The first single titled "The Thaandavam" was released on 14 November 2025 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/381926/akhanda-2-tells-greatness-of-sanathana-dharma-nbk|title=Akhanda 2 Tells Greatness Of Sanathana Dharma: NBK|first=Satya|last=B|date=14 November 2025|website=Gulte}}</ref> The second single titled "Jajikaaya Jajikaaya" was released on 18 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 November 2025|title='Jajikaya' from Akhanda 2 is a quintessential Balayya mass number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/19/jajikaya-from-akhanda-2-is-a-quintessential-balayya-mass-number |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Akhanda 2'' was released on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akhanda 2 release: Nandamuri Balakrishna film to finally hit theatres on this date, confirm makers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/akhanda-2-release-date-nandamuri-balakrishna-starrer-to-finally-hit-theatres-on-december-12-confirm-makers-101765299692706.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It was initially set for release on 5 December 2025 but was postponed due to a stay order from the [[Madras High Court]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Mohamed Imranullah |title=Madras High Court restrains release of Nandamuri Balakrishna-starrer Akhanda 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-restrains-release-of-nandamuri-balakrishna-starrer-akhanda-2/article70361049.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> following a petition filed by [[Eros International]] against 14 Reels Plus Entertainment over a financial dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras High Court Puts Balakrishna's Akhanda 2 Release on Hold {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/madras-high-court-puts-balakrishnas-akhanda-2-release-on-hold-79776.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When will Akhanda 2 release? Makers apologise to Balakrishna fans in new update: 'We've tried our best' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/when-will-akhanda-2-release-makers-apologise-to-balakrishna-fans-still-offer-no-date-101765015818392.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The Madras High Court has granted permission for its release since the dues have been cleared.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K |title='Akhanda 2' Clears All Dues |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/akhanda-2-clears-all-dues-1922738 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=9 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 9 January 2026 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 January 2025 |title='Akhanda 2' OTT release: When and where to watch Nandamuri Balakrishna's fantasy action film |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/nandamuri-balakrishnas-fantasy-action-film-ott-release-date-out/cid/2141475 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
'''<big>Critical Reception</big>'''

T. Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "If you walk in expecting logic, you will leave disappointed. If you walk in expecting loudness, divinity, explosions, and a man fighting an entire army with a trishul — then Boyapati has delivered exactly what he promised."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=T. Maruthi |title=Akhanda 2 review: When logic leaves theatre and Boyapati, Balakrishna take over |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/akhanda-2-review-when-logic-leaves-the-theatre-and-boyapati-balakrishna-takes-over-2834762-2025-12-12 |work=India Today |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Jalapathy Gudelli of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote, "Apart from a couple of moments in the second half and Balakrishna’s riveting performance, “''Akhanda 2''” struggles to make an impact. Is it anywhere close to the first Akhanda? Not at all. It has devotional elements but lacks emotional connect."<ref>{{cite news |title=Akhanda 2 Review: A sequel that fumbles |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/akhanda-2-review-a-sequel-that-fumbles |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=12 December 2025}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "''Akhanda 2: Thaandavam'' is a disappointing sequel that leans heavily on Balakrishna’s performance and Thaman’s music to stay afloat. The weak writing, predictable narrative, and underdeveloped characters make it a loud but hollow experience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Akhanda 2 Review: Balakrishna and Boyapati's Loud, Overstuffed Sequel That Struggles To Core |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/akhanda-2-review-balakrishna-and-boyapatis-loud-overstuffed-sequel-struggles-core |work=Sakshi Post |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "It wants to be devotional, patriotic, mythological, and mass-heavy all at once. In trying to achieve everything, it spreads itself thin and ends up offering very little that feels cohesive, original, or emotionally gripping."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Akhanda 2 Movie Review: Boyapati Srinu's spectacle loses steam amid a chaotic, illogical narrative |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Dec/12/akhanda-2-movie-review-boyapati-srinus-spectacle-loses-steam-amid-a-chaotic-illogical-narrative |work=Cinema Express |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

'''<big>Box Office</big>'''

''Akhanda 2'' grossed {{INRConvert|2.75|c|lk=on|year=2025}} domestically, inclusive of {{INRConvert|9|c|lk=on|year=2025}} from paid previews and {{INRConvert|7.5|c|lk=on|year=2025}} overseas on its first day for a total of {{INRConvert|0.25|c|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Akhanda 2 Box Office Collections: NBK starrer opens well with 4cr worldwide first day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/akhanda-2-box-office-collections-nbk-starrer-opens-well-with-40cr-worldwide-first-day-1399109 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> On its second day the collections dropped by {{Percentage|50}} to {{INRConvert|20.5|c|lk=on|year=2025}} for a two-day total of {{INRConvert|59.75|c|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-14 |title=Akhanda Box Office Collections: NBK starrer holds surprisingly well on Saturday, 60cr worldwide in 2 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/akhanda-box-office-collections-nbk-starrer-holds-surprisingly-well-on-saturday-600cr-worldwide-in-2-days-1399127 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> In its first weekend, the film grossed {{INRConvert|76.5|c|lk=on|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Akhanda 2 Box Office Collections: NBK starrer has a 76 crore opening weekend worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/akhanda-2-box-office-collections-nbk-starrer-has-a-76-crore-opening-weekend-worldwide-1399144 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15387182}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films based on Asian myths and legends]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2025 3D films]]

G. Baskaran

2026-04-07T12:52:11Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Creating Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Baskaran
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1951|4|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Thamarakki South
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
| successor1 = [[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''G. Baskaran''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from Thamarakki South village in [[Sivaganga district]]. Baskaran completed hisg school studies at Sivagangai. He is a functionary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He contested and won the [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and became a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 546-548.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1569&scan=original | title=Tamil Nadu 2016 | accessdate=28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Baskaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,697 |percentage=43.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sathianathan @ Meppal M. Sakthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,061 |percentage=39.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,114 |percentage=7.98% |change=-39.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Srithar Vandaiyar |party=All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist) |votes=5,214 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kottaikumar Rama |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,118 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vellaikkannu |party=ETMK |votes=1,809 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,530 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajasekaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,284 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kaleeswaran |party=GOKMK |votes=981 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,636 |percentage=3.50% |change= 0.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=189,342 |percentage=69.29% |change= -4.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,251 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -4.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]

A. R. Somanath Iyer

2026-04-01T02:18:03Z

NereidaMccurdy5: creating some entry v1

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and jurist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. R. Somanath Iyer
| honorific_prefix = [[Justice (title)|Justice]]
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Mysore High Court]]
| appointer = [[V. V. Giri]]
| term_start = 23 November 1969
| term_end = 29 December 1969
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]]|H. Hombe Gowda ''(acting)''}}
| successor = M. Sadasivayya
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office1 = Judge of [[Mysore High Court]]
| term_start1 = 11 July 1957
| term_end1 = 22 November 1969 {{small|Acting CJ : 1 August 1969 - 22 November 1969}}
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| office3 = [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Mysore State|Mysore]]
| appointer3 = [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] ''{{small|([[Rajpramukh]] of [[Mysore State|Mysore]])}}''
| predecessor3 = B. Vasudevamurthy
| successor3 = [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]]
| term_start3 = 10 August 1950
| term_end3 = 1954
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = 30 December 1907
| death_date =
| death_place =
| profession = Lawyer, Judge
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Arni Ramasvami Somanath Iyer''', (also written as '''A. R. Somnath Iyer''') was an [[Indian people|Indian]] lawyer and jurist who served as the [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of the [[Karnataka High Court]].

He was appointed as judge of [[Mysore High Court]] on 11 July 1957<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appointment of A. R. Somnath Iyer as Judge |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveFirstPhase/HOME%20AFFAIRS/1957/HOM-1957-07-06-2173.pdf}}</ref> and later became its chief justice his tenure as [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] was from 23 November 1969 to 29 December 1969.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Hon'ble Chief Justices of High Court of Karnataka |url=https://www.karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/judges_former_cjk.php |website=karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> He was the [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate-General of Karnataka]] from 1950 to 1954,<ref>{{cite web |title=Previous AGs' |url=https://advgen.kar.nic.in/previous_ag.asp |website=advgen.kar.nic.in}}</ref> and the acting [[Governor of Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Family razes old temple, unaware of its rich history |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/family-razes-old-temple-unaware-of-its-rich-history/articleshow/59184951.cms |publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=18 June 2017}}</ref><ref>The Astrological Magazine. (1992). India: Raman Publications.</ref> from 30 August 1969 to 23 October 1969.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[List of governors of Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{Governors of Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, A. R. Somanath}}
[[Category:Chief justices of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]
[[Category:Governors of Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Bhat family

2026-03-31T20:19:25Z

NereidaMccurdy5: creating some article v1.

{{Short description|Indian family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Bhatt family
| image = SHANIWAR WADA.jpg
| crest =
| caption =
| region = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| early_forms =
| image_caption = [[Shaniwar Wada]] built in 1732
| origin = [[Konkan]], [[India]]
| members = Vishwanathpant (Visaji) Bhatt [[Balaji Vishwanath]] [[Bajirao I]] [[Balaji Bajirao]] [[Shamsher Bahadur I]] [[Madhavrao Peshwa]] [[Narayanrao Peshwa]] [[Raghunathrao]] [[Ali Bahadur I]] [[Sawai Madhava Rao II Narayan]] [[Baji Rao II]] [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II]]
| otherfamilies =
| distinctions =
| heirlooms =
| estate =
| meaning =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Bhatt Peshwā family''' earlier known as Bhatt family is a prominent Indian [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Chitpavan Brahmins|Chitpavan Brahmin]] royal family. Most of the members in this family were the [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) in the [[Maratha Empire]], and Peshwa later became their family name. In the eighteenth century, most of the [[Indian subcontinent |Indian subcontinent]] came under their control.

==Family tree==

===First generation===
[[File:Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|128px|Statue of Balaji Vishwanath in [[Srivardhan]]]]
*[[Balaji Vishwanath]] was the first of a series of hereditary ''[[Peshwa]]s'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] for Prime Minister) hailing from the [[Chitpavan]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities|last=Burman|first=J. J. Roy|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998396|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Singer">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&q=bajirao+chitpavan&pg=PA400|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|last1=Singer|first1=Milton B.|last2=Cohn|first2=BkkppPernard S.|date=1970-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9780202369334|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|last=Rao|first=Anupama|date=2009-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255593|language=en}}</ref> who gained effective control of the [[Maratha Empire]] during the 18th century. Balaji Vishwanath assisted a young Maratha Emperor [[Shahu I]], grandson of [[Shivaji]], to consolidate his grip on a kingdom that had been racked by civil war and persistent attack by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] under [[Aurangzeb]]. He was called "the second founder of the Maratha State."<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=202–205}}</ref>

===Second generation===
[[File:Baji Rao I.png|thumb|right|128px|Bajirao I]]
Balaji married Radhabai Barve (1685–1752) and had two sons and two daughters.
* [[Baji Rao I]] (18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740), also known as Bajirao I, was a noted general who was appointed as the [[Peshwa]] by [[Shahu I]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] in 1720.,<ref name="sen2"/><ref name="Singer"/> He is also known as Thorale Bajirao (Bajirao the elder) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] to distinguish him from his grandson and namesake, Bajirao II, the last Peshwa. Bajirao, after [[Shivaji]], is considered to be the most charismatic and dynamic leader in Maratha history, and one of the greatest Military generals of his time. He was just twenty years old when he was appointed Peshwa, and already had a reputation for rapid decisions and a passion for military adventure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=New Cambridge History of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4 |title=The Marathas - Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4) |page=114}}</ref>
* [[Chimaji Appa]] (1707–1741) was a son of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat and the younger brother of Peshwa Bajirao I. He was an able military commander who liberated [[Portuguese India|Portuguese controlled territory]] north of Mumbai including [[Bassein Fort|Vasai fort]] in a hard-fought [[Battle of Vasai|battle]] in 1739.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naravane|first1=M.S|title=The maritime and coastal forts of India|date=1998|publisher=APH Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170249108|pages=44–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k59aVCIlFB8C&q=Bassein+portuguese+chimaji&pg=PR7|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kantak|first1=M.R.|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|date=1993|publisher=South Asia Books|isbn=9788171546961|page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=+%22chimaji+appa%22&pg=PR7|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>
* Bhiubai – She married Abaji Joshi of [[Baramati]], brother of the banker Balaji Naik famed as Bajirao I's "most tormenting creditor".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Marathas - Cambrige History of India Vol. 2 Part 4 |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521268837 |page=173 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4/page/172 |quote=Bapuji Naik Baramatikar. This Chitpavan Brahmin family had been in Adil Shahi service through most of the seventeenth century, mainly in banking and finance. They held “nested” rights in the area of Baramati. Bapuji Naik briefly joined the inner group as a backer of Ragunath Rao, but apparently returned to Baramati after the faction was defeated. The family later changed its name to Sowkar (banker), reflective of its main occupation.}}</ref>
* Anubai – she married Venkatrao Ghorpade of [[Ichalkaranji]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chitnis|first1=K. N.|title=Research methodology in history|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171561216|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azsdBX41x7oC&q=+Franks++Ichalkaranji+&pg=PR5}}</ref> Their heirs ruled the state of Ichalkaranji until 1947.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

===Third generation===
[[File:Peshwa Balaji Bajirao.jpg|thumb|right|128px|Portrait of Balaji Bajirao from 1800 century]]
[[File:Sadashivrao Bhau with Ibrahim Khan Gardi.jpg|thumb|right|128px|Miniature painting of Sadashivrao Bhau with Ibrahim Khan Gardi
]]
|Bajirao was married to Kashibai Chaskar Joshi, and had two sons together: Balaji Bajirao Peshwa (Nanasaheb) who was later appointed Peshwa by Shahu in 1740. Their second son was named Raghunathrao. Bajirao also took Mastani as the second wife who was the daughter of Maharaja Chhatrasal of Panna by a Persian Muslim wife.
Chimajiappa was married to Rakhmabai (Pethe family). He had only son, Sadashivrao known popularly as Sadashivrao Bhau who led the Maratha forces in the Third Battle of Panipat against [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. Rakhmabai died shortly after Sadashivrao's birth, which led to Chimajiappa's second marriage to Annapuurnabai. Bajirao and [[Mastani]] had a son named [[Shamsher Bahadur]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

* [[Balaji Baji Rao]] (Nanasaheb) (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), also known as '''Nana Saheb Peshwa''' was son of [[Bajirao]]<ref name="sen2"/> and Kashibai. [[Chattrapati Shahu]], at time of his death, appointed Balaji Baji Rao [[Peshwa]] of [[Maratha Empire]]. He contributed to development of [[Pune]], [[India]]. Under his reign, borders of [[Maratha Empire]] crossed [[Peshawar]] (presently in Pakistan) by 1760 AD . However, he is also held responsible for defeat of Marathas at the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* [[Raghunathrao]] (b. 18 Aug.1734 – d. 11 Dec.1783) was [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] from 1773 to 1774. Earlier in his career as a commander of Maratha forces, he is credited with expanding the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]] to include far-flung areas such as [[Attock]] in present-day [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggduAAAAMAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772|date=1978-01-01|publisher=Orient Longmans|language=en}}</ref> However, he is also blamed sowing the seeds for the downfall of the [[Peshwa|Peshwa Dynasty]]. He is nicknamed as ''Ragho Bharari'' since he is instrumental in planting the triumphant Hindu Maratha flag till Attock in present-day Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HlCAAAAYAAJ|title=Proceedings|last=Congress|first=Indian History|date=1966-01-01|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)]] (1734–1761) also spelled as '''Samsher Bahadur''', {{a.k.a.}} '''Krishnasinh''', was a [[Maratha]] ruler of the dominion of [[Banda (state)|Banda]] in northern [[India]]. He was the son of [[Bajirao I]] and [[Mastani]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hKthqa2kkQC|title=Rani of Jhansi|last=Rana|first=Bhawan Singh|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=9788128808753|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0bRAAAAMAAJ|title=The Inwardness of British Annexations in India|last=bahadur)|first=Chidambaram S. Srinivasachari (dewan|date=1951-01-01|publisher=University of Madras|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC|title=The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860|last1=Crill|first1=Rosemary|last2=Jariwala|first2=Kapil|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788189995379|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] (4 August 1730 – 14 January 1761) was the son of Chimaji Appa and Rakhmabai and the nephew of Peshwa Baji Rao I. He served as the Sarsenapati (commander-in-chief) of the Maratha army at the third battle of Panipat. He died fighting at the third battle of Panipat.<ref name="Vishwas Patil">{{cite book |title=Panipat |last=Patil |first=Vishwas}}</ref>
* Janardan Rao who died young{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

===Fourth generation===
Sadashivrao Bhau's first wife's name was Umabai. She gave birth to two sons who died as soon. Umabai died in 1750. His second wife was Parvatibai. She accompanied Sadashivrao bhau during the battle of Panipat.

* [[Vishwasrao]] (7 March 1741 – 14 January 1761) was the eldest son of Balaji Baji Rao, Peshwa of Pune (Poona) (the prime minister and de facto ruler/administrator) of the Maratha Empire and also was the heir to the title of Peshwa of Maratha Empire. He was killed during the period of the most intense fighting (Approx. between 01pm and 02:30pm) at Third Battle of Panipat, fighting on the front lines. It is generally accepted that the third battle of Panipat, which hung in balance till his death, moved decisively in favour of the Afghans and ended up in victory of Durrani Empire.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* [[Madhavrao I]] (or Pradhanpant Shrimant Madhavrao (Ballal) Peshwa I a.k.a. Thorle Madhav Rao Peshwa ) (14 February 1745 – 18 November 1772) was the fourth Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. During his tenure, Maratha power recovered from the losses suffered during the Panipat Campaign, a phenomenon known as "Maratha Resurrection". He is considered one of the greatest personalities of the Maratha history.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* [[Narayan Rao]] (10 August 1755 – 30 August 1773) was the fifth Peshwa or ruler of the Maratha Empire from November 1772 until his murder by his palace guards in August 1773<ref>{{cite book|last=Gense, Banaji|title=Third English Embassy to the Marathas: Mostyn's diary|year=1934|publisher=Jal Taraporewalla}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= A History of Maratha people| first1=C.A. | last1=Kincaid |first2=Rao|last2=Bahadur|first3=D. B.|last3=Parasnis |year= 1925 |publisher= Oxford University Press|url= https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha03kincuoft/historyofmaratha03kincuoft_djvu.txt|access-date= 30 April 2012}}</ref>
* [[Baji Rao II]] (10 January 1775 – 28 January 1851), also Rao Pandit Pandham, was the son of Peshwa Raghunathrao and Anandibai was Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, and governed from 1796 to 1818.He was installed as the Peshwa after his nephew, Sawai Madhavrao died without leaving an heir.
* [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] (Krishna Sinh) (1758-1802), was a Nawab of the dominion of [[Banda (state)|Banda]] (present day [[Uttar Pradesh]]) in northern [[India]], a vassal of [[Maratha Empire|Mahratta polity]]. He was the son of [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)]] and the grandson of [[Bajirao I]]<ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0bRAAAAMAAJ&q=shamsher+bahadur+subedar+jhansi |title=The Inwardness of British Annexations in India - Chidambaram S. Srinivasachari (dewan bahadur) |date=2009-02-12 |access-date=2015-06-21}}</ref> Under the auspices of the powerful Maratha nobles, Ali Bahadur established his authority over large parts of Bundelkhand and became the Nawab of Banda .Ali Bahadur supported Pune polity and fought the English in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Anglo-Maratha War of 1803]]<ref name="google2"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViSYYQZZWEcC&q=nawab+of+banda+ali+bahadur&pg=PA11 |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1789-1803 - Jadunath Sarkar |date=1992-01-01 |isbn=9780861317493 |access-date=2015-06-21|last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |publisher=Sangam }}</ref>

===Fifth generation===

*[[Madhavrao II]] (18 April 1774 – 27 October 1795) Madhavrao II or Sawai Madhavrao was the posthumous son of the murdered Narayanrao and his wife Gangabai (née Sathe).He was proclaimed Peshwa as soon as he was born with a regency council called Barbhai mandal under [[Nana Fadnavis]] ruling in his name.Sawai Madhavrao died early the age of 21 in 1795.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Athavale |first=S. N. |date=1951 |title=A Scrutiny of the Policy of Nana Fadnis N the North Indian Enterprise of the Marathas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303975 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=14 |pages=238–254 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>Deshpande, P. (2007). Creative Pasts: historical memory and identity in western India, 1700-1960. Columbia University Press.</ref> With the [[treaty of Salbai]], the ascendent British [[East India Company]] also recognized Sawai Madhavrao as the Peshwa.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e|author=Thorpe, S.T.E.|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=9788131721339|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC|page=96|access-date=2014-10-12}}</ref>
* [[Nana Sahib]] (born 19 May 1824 – disappeared 1857), Nana Sahib was born as Nana Govind Dhondu Pant, to Narayan Bhatt and Ganga Bai.<ref name=wolpert>Wolpert, Stanley. ''A New History of India'' (3rd ed., 1989), pp. 226–28. Oxford University Press.</ref> who led the during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. He was adopted son by the exiled [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]].The [[English East India Company|Company's]] refusal to continue the pension after his father's death, as well as what he perceived as high-handed policies, compelled him to lead the First Indian Revolution against the British and seek freedom from company rule in India. He forced the British garrison in [[Siege of Cawnpore|Kanpur]] to surrender, and thus gained control of Kanpur for a few days. He later disappeared, after his forces were defeated by a British force that recaptured the city. He also led the battle at [[Gwalior]] with [[Rani Laxmibai]] of Jhansi; but was unsuccessful as many Indian rulers sided with the British including the Afghans, Sikhs & Gorkhas. He disappeared after the war but there were many rumors that he was seen alive at a number of places in a period after 1857.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* Shamsher Bahadur II, Nawab of Banda 1802/1825, died 1823/1825 son of Ali Bahadur I{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* Nawab Zulfikar Ali, Nawab of Banda in 1802 and 1825/1850, son of Ali Bahadur. He was married and had issue.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* Nawab Ali Bahadur II, Nawab of Banda 1850/1858, son of Ali Bahadur I.He fought with [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]] Of [[Jhansi]] Against British East India Company in 1857 Indian rebellion in Kalpi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/muslim-sons-of-a-brahmin-peshwa-11575604090939.html|title = Muslim sons of a Brahmin 'Peshwa'|date = 6 December 2019}}</ref> He was married and had issue, three sons. He died 1873.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* Jagat Bahadur fl.1833 son of Ali Bahadur I{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

===Present generation===
*Descendants of [[Amrut Rao]], the adopted son of Raghunathrao, settled in Pune after staying in [[Bithoor]] and [[Varanasi]] for some duration. Family members are still associated with temples built by Amrutrao on the banks of the [[Ganges]] in Varanasi.<ref name="Desai2017">{{cite book|author=Madhuri Desai|title=Banaras Reconstructed: Architecture and Sacred Space in a Hindu Holy City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=20 July 2017|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-74161-1|pages=138–140}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gokarn |first1=Nitin |title=Shri Chitrapur Math now on the banks of the River Ganga at Rajaghat, Kashi |journal=Kanara Saraswat |date=2010 |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=47–52 |url=http://rups.net/kanara/forms/December2010.pdf |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>
*The Muslim descendants of Bajirao I and Mastani lead middle class lives, as social workers, teachers and government servants, in the cities of [[Indore]], [[Sehore]], and [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marwah |first1=Ritu |title=Mastani's Son, Shamsher Bahadur I |url=https://indiacurrents.com/mastanis-son-shamsher-bahadur-i/ |issue=22 December |publisher=indiacurrents.com |date=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganeshan |first1=Ranjita |title=Why Bajirao Mastani has upset two families |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/why-bajirao-mastani-has-upset-two-families-115121101048_1.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=Business Standard |issue=12 December 2015 |date=2015}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
''Peshwas are shown in bold.''


{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B |~|y|~| R1 | | B='''[[Balaji Vishwanath]]''' |R1=Radhabai }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | K1 |y| Ba |~| M1 |-|-|-|.| K1=[[Kashibai]] |Ba='''[[Bajirao I]]''' |M1=[[Mastani]]| |Aj|~|Bh| |Aj=Abaji Joshi||Bh=Bhiubai|A1 |~| C1 |y| R1 |A1=Annapurnabai|C1=[[Chimaji Appa]]|R1=Rakhmabai| |An |~| V1 |An=Anubai |V1=Venkatrao Ghorpade }}
{{Tree chart |,|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|`|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |,|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart |Bb|y|Go| Bb='''[[Balaji Baji Rao]]''' |Go=[[Gopikabai]]| |Ja|~|Ra|y|An| Ja=Janakibai |Ra='''[[Raghunath Rao]]'''|An= Anandibai| |Sb|y|Me| |Sb=[[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)]]|Me=Mehrambai |Um|h|Sa|~|Pa|Um=Umabai|Sa=[[Sadashivrao Bhau]]|Pa=[[Parvatibai]]| |!|}}
{{Tree chart | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |`|-|-|-|.| | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | |!|}}
{{Tree chart |,|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |`|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | |!|}}
{{Tree chart |Vi|~|Rl|Vi=[[Vishwasrao]]|Rl=Radhikabai (Lakshmibai)| |Ma|~|Ra|Ma='''[[Madhavrao I]]'''|Ra=[[Ramabai Peshwa]]| |Na|y|Ga|Na='''[[Narayan Rao]]'''|Ga=Gangabai | |Ba2|Ba2='''[[Bajirao II]]'''| |Ch2|Ch2=Chimaji II| |Am|Am=[[Amrut Rao]] (adopted)| |Ab|Ab=[[Ali Bahadur I]]| |S1|S1=2 Sons }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ma|Ma='''[[Madhavrao II]]'''| | | |Ns|Ns='''[[Nana Sahib]]''' (adopted)| | | | | |Vi|Vi=Vinayak Rao | |Sb|Sb=Shamsher Bahadur II}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ab2|Ab2=[[Ali Bahadur II]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==See also==
* {{section link|Peshwa|Appointed and Hereditary Peshwas}}
* [[Maratha clan system]]
* [[Marathi people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Ranjit Desai]]. ''Swami'' {{in lang|mr}}, a historical novel

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Peshawe family}}

[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Lynching of Tabrez Ansari

2026-03-28T08:14:54Z

NereidaMccurdy5: created new post

{{Short description|2019 lynching in India}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Tabrez Ansari lynching
| image = File:Tabrez Ansari during lynching.jpg
| caption = Tabrez Ansari during lynching
|map= {{Location map| India Jharkhand#India3
|width = 250
|float = right
|label =
|marksize = 8
| lat_deg = 22.8027
| lon_deg = 86.1807
}}
| map_caption =
| location = Dhatkidih, [[Saraikela]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| coordinates =
| target = Tabrez Ansari
| date = 17 June 2019
| time =
| timezone =
| type = Lynching
| fatalities = 1 (Tabrez Ansari)
| perps = Mob
| accused = 11
| weapons = Blunt objects
}}
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|coord={{Coord|22.8027|N|86.1807|E}}|text= Dhatkidih, [[seraikela]], [[Jharkhand]], India}}
{{Islamophobia}}
On 17 June 2019, 24-year-old Tabrez Ansari was attacked by a [[Mob lynching|lynch mob]] in [[Jharkhand]], India. Ansari, a Muslim, was tied to a tree, brutally beaten and forced to chant Hindu religious slogans.<ref name="video report" /> He died four days later.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/tabrez-ansari-lynching-1597544-2019-09-10|title=Tabrez Ansari lynching: Police drop murder charges against 11 citing autopsy report|website=indiatoday.in|date=10 September 2019 }}</ref> The incident came to light after a video of the lynching went viral.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48882053 |title=Jai Shri Ram: The Hindu chant that became a murder cry |date=10 July 2019 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The attackers accused him of bike theft.<ref name="video report" /> India's Prime Minister commented on this lynching in the [[Parliament of India]].

The police investigating the case, later dropped murder charges against a dozen accused.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> Instead a relatively milder charge of [[Culpable_homicide#India|culpable homicide not amounting to murder]] was invoked against a dozen accused.<ref name="video report" /> This resulted in allegations of weakening the case. The police filed a supplementary charge sheet and charged 11 accused with murder.

==Events==
Tabrez Ansari was an orphan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/no-one-killed-tabrez-ansari-lynching-jharkhand-police-5993644/|title=Tabrez Ansari lynching case: Why the outcome must concern us all|date=14 September 2019}}</ref> He lived in [[Pune]] and worked there for seven years.<ref name="auto"/> He visited his hometown of Kadamdih occasionally on festivals. For [[Eid al-Fitr]] he visited Kadamdih.<ref name="auto"/> During the visit, on 17 June, he went to [[Jamshedpur]] with two friends on the bike of one of his friends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Jharkhand-Lynching-Tabrez-Ansari-Religious-Polarisation|title=After Tabrez Ansari's Lynching, Attempts at Religious Polarisation Continue in Jharkhand Village|date=28 June 2019|website=NewsClick}}</ref> While returning from Jamshedpur, he was caught in the village Dhatkidih, near Kadamdih. He was tied to a tree by the mob and brutally beaten on the suspicion of bike theft. While the mob was beating him, a video was made by an unidentified person in the mob. He was forced to say religious slogans such as "[[Jai Shri Ram]]", which translates from Hindi to "hail Lord Ram" or "victory to Lord Ram",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/world/asia/india-hindu-muslim-beating.html|title=Forced to Chant Hindu Slogans, Muslim Man Is Beaten to Death in India|last1=Raj|first1=Suhasini|date=2019-06-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-04|last2=Nordland|first2=Rod|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and "Jai [[Hanuman]]".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/lynch-mob-to-victim-chant-jai-shri-ram-and-jai-hanuman-suggests-footage/cid/1693066|title=Lynch mob to victim: Chant 'Jai Shri Ram' and 'Jai Hanuman'|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

On the morning of 18 June, the police were notified. Ansari was arrested and locked up in Saraykela Police Station.<ref name=bbc1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-48758990|title=तबरेज़ अंसारी तो गाँव वालों के लिए सोनू थे, मारने वाले कौन?|first=आनंद|last=दत्त|newspaper=BBC News हिंदी |date=25 June 2019}}</ref> His wife received a call from him telling her what had happened. She informed her relatives.

His uncle visited the station and saw that he was severely injured. He asked the police to provide medical treatment, but Ansari was sent to prison without it. Two days later. when his uncle went to see him in prison, Ansari was not in any condition to talk. His uncle alleged that he contacted the police for medical help, but was denied. He tried to reach the medical officer of the prison too, but was unable to meet him. On the morning of 22 June, Ansari's family received news that his condition was severe, and he was admitted to Sadar Hospital. His relatives reached the hospital by 7:30 am, but by that time, he had died.<ref name=bbc1/>

==Response==
The Tabrez family demanded that the perpetrators be tried under Section 302 (Punishment for murder) of the Indian Penal Code.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jharkhand-lynching-family-of-man-beaten-on-suspicion-of-theft-demands-compensation-job-for-wife-2764534 |title=Jharkhand lynching: Family of man beaten on suspicion of theft demands compensation, job for wife |date=24 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Ansari's wife said that her husband was mercilessly beaten because he was a Muslim. She demanded justice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-mob-killing-five-arrested-so-far-two-cops-suspended-for-negligence-2058442|title=Jharkhand Mob Killing: 11 Men Arrested, 2 Police Officers Suspended|last=Kumar|first=Manish|date=2019-06-05|website=NDTV.com|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref>

On 25 June, 11 arrests were made, and two policemen were suspended for "not reporting the seriousness of the issue to the higher authorities" and "{{sic|register}} a case of lynching on the very same day"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-mob-killing-five-arrested-so-far-two-cops-suspended-for-negligence-2058442?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |title=Jharkhand Mob Killing: 11 Men Arrested, 2 Police Officers Suspended |date=25 June 2019 |author=Manish Kumar |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

A Special Investigation Team was assigned to investigate the case. The Saraikela-Kharsawan district police charged 11 of the 13 named accused in the case on 29 July. The murder charges were then dropped, but later reinstated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tabrez Ansari lynching case: Police restore murder charge against 11 accused |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tabrez-ansari-lynching-case-police-restore-murder-charge-against-11-accused-1600603-2019-09-18 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

A medical panel of five members was formed to look into the death. The resulting medical report concluded that Tabrez Ansari suffered a skull fracture caused by a "hard and blunt object", a [[subarachnoid haemorrhage]], and clotting of blood in the lower layer of the skull; and suggests that these injuries led to the [[cardiac arrest]] that resulted in Ansari's death. The consumption of poison was ruled out.<ref name="India Today Medical Report">{{cite news |title=Tabrez Ansari lynching: New medical report suggests cardiac arrest was due to skull fracture, other injuries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tabrez-ansari-lynching-medical-report-cardiac-arrest-skull-fracture-jharkhand-police-1598668-2019-09-13 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 September 2019, the police dropped the murder charges by giving cardiac arrest as the reason of death, which led to an uproar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/murder-charge-dropped-in-tabrez-ansari-lynching-case-in-jharkhand-2303797.html|title=Murder Charge Dropped in Tabrez Ansari Lynching Case in Jharkhand|website=News18|date=10 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tabrez-ansari-lynching-police-drop-murder-charges-against-11-citing-autopsy-report-1597490-2019-09-10|title=Tabrez Ansari lynching: Police drop murder charges against 11 citing autopsy report|author=India Today Web Desk New (Input from Satyajeet Kumar)|date= 10 September 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref> Instead, relatively milder charges of [[Culpable_homicide#India|culpable homicide not amounting to murder]] was invoked.<ref name="video report">{{cite news |title=Tabrez assault clip showing chant 'not doctored' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tabrez-assault-clip-showing-chant-not-doctored/cid/1704037 |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=telegraphindia.com |date=10 September 2019}}</ref> Due to this, the police were accused of weakening the case. On 18 September 2019, the police filed a supplementary charge sheet after obtaining the opinion of a board of doctors of [[MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad|MGM Medical College and Hospital]], reinstating the murder charges against 11 accused.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tabrez-ansari-lynching-case-murder-charge-back-on-all-accused/article29452797.ece |title=Tabrez Ansari lynching case accused face murder charge |date=18 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Reaction==
The lynching resulted in public anger,<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news |title=Protests in Indian cities after Muslim man beaten to death |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/protests-indian-cities-muslim-man-beaten-death-190627005534986.html |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=aljazeera.com}}</ref> debates on the use of "[[Jai Shri Ram]]" as a war cry against muslims<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48882053|title=The Hindu chant that became a murder cry|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|date=10 July 2019|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> and multiple protests, including one in [[New Delhi]] held near the parliament house, where protesters chanted slogans against the [[BJP]] and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and demanded an end to anti-Muslim violence.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/>

Modi commented on the lynching in parliament, that he was pained<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests-lynching-idINKCN1TR2AW|title=Protests in Indian cities after Muslim man is lynched, Modi says he is 'pained'|last=Siddiqui|first=Zeba|date=26 June 2019|website=[[Reuters]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626181638/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests-lynching-idINKCN1TR2AW|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2019|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> to hear about the incident and calling for "the strictest possible punishment to the accused".<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> [[Rahul Gandhi]], at the time President of the [[Indian National Congress]], called the lynching a "blot on humanity".<ref name="Al Jazeera"/>

[[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] called the lynching "a conspiracy of secularists",<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |title=VHP brands Tabrez Ansari lynching as conspiracy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vhp-brands-tabrez-ansari-lynching-conspiracy-mob-lynching-case-1598037-2019-09-11 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> which VHP Joint General Secretary Surendra Jain blamed on "the Khan Market Mafia, which has repeatedly been maligning Hindu society, India and humanity."<ref name="India Today"/>

The issue was raised at the 41st General Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council along with an increasing number of mob lynchings against Muslims and Dalits in India since Prime Minister Narendra Modi came to power.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsclick.in/united-nations-report-tabrez-ansari-lynching-india|title=United Nations seeks report on Tabrez Ansari lynching from India|website=Newsclick}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Violence against Muslims in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl6MZG1bcOs Newsreport including film of lynching] on [[NDTV]], 24 June 2019
{{Lynching in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Tabrez}}
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:2019 murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:Filmed killings in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India|Ansari, Tabrez]]
[[Category:People murdered in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:West Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Lynchings in India]]

Yogesh Joshi (poet)

2026-03-27T14:19:45Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Created data

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati language writer from India (Born: 1955)}}
{{For|other people with the same name|Yogesh Joshi (disambiguation){{!}}Yogesh Joshi}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Yogesh Joshi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Yogesh Bhanuprasad Joshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|7|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mahesana, Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Poet, short story writer, novelist, editor
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| education = Master of Science
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| period = Postmodern [[Gujarati literature]]
| genres = [[Short story]], [[novel]], [[free verse]], [[Ghazal]]
| movement =
| notableworks =
* ''Avaajnu Ajavalu'' (1984)
* ''Samudi'' (1984)
* ''Motiba'' (1998)
* ''Adhakhuli Baari'' (2001)
| spouse = Rashmi Joshi (1981 - present)
| children =
| awards = * [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1998)
* [[Ushnas Prize]] (2006-07)
| signature = Author Yogesh Joshi Autograph1.svg
| years_active = 1968–present
}}

'''Yogesh Joshi''' is a [[Gujarati language]] [[poet]], [[short story writer]], [[novelist]], and [[editor]] from [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name="Welcome to Muse India">{{cite web | title=Welcome to Muse India | website=Welcome to Muse India | url=http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2007&issid=11&id=525 | access-date=2016-05-02 | archive-date=2017-08-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015826/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2007&issid=11&id=525 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is an editor of Parab, a publication of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]. His significant works include ''Avaajnu Ajavalu'' (1984; Collection of poems), ''Samudi'' (1984; Novel), ''Motiba'' (1998; Biography) and ''Adhakhuli Baari'' (2001; Collection of Short stories). He was awarded the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] award for his book ''Motiba''.<ref name= "yj">{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Kirit |date=2008 |title=Gujarati Sahityakar Parichaykosh |location=Gandhinagar |publisher= Gujarat Sahitya Akademi |page=134 |isbn=9789383317028 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Joshi was born on 3 July 1955 in [[Mahesana, Gujarat]] to Bhanuprasad Joshi and Anilabahen Joshi. He completed his schooling from G.D. High School [[Visnagar]] in 1971. He received his [[Bachelor of Science|B. Sc.]] from M.N. College, Visnagar in 1974 and [[Master of Science|M. Sc.]] in Physics from the School of Sciences, [[Gujarat University]] in 1976.<ref name="AGSI">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2010|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|location=Ahmedabad|pages=217–220|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era}}</ref>

Joshi married Rashmi on 22 January 1981. His son, Maulik Joshi, was born in 1981, and his daughter, Kruti, was born in 1984. He currently lives in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name= "yj"/>

== Career ==
Joshi started his career as a junior engineer at the [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Government of India]] in 1979. In 2000, he joined [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] and served there until 2015 as a sub-divisional and divisional engineer and then deputy general manager.<ref name="AGSI"/>

Joshi started to write poems during his school days. During college he ventured in to other genres of literature such as [[drama]] and [[short story]]. In 1976, his writing was published for the first time in ''Bhumika'', a Gujarati literary magazine edited by Aniruddh Brahmbhatt which was later published as ''Kimapi''. Since 2002, he has served as an editor of ''Parab'', a publication of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad.<ref name= "yj"/><ref name="AGSI"/>

== Works ==
''Avaajnu Ajavalu'', his first anthology of poems, was published in 1984, followed by ''Tejna Chaas'' (1991). His first novel ''Samudi'' was published in 1984, followed by ''Jivtar'' (1987), ''Nahitar'' (1991), ''Aarpaar'' (1992), ''Vaastu'' (2001) and ''Bhina Pagla'' (2004). ''Hajiye Ketlun Door?'' (1993) and ''Adhakhuli Baari'' (2001) are his short stories collections while ''Motiba'' was a biography. His collection of essays was published as ''Antahpur'' in 2002. His selected short stories have been compiled as ''Yogesh Joshi Ni Shreshtha Vartao'' by [[Harsh Brahmbhatt]] and Urmila Thakar in 2008.<ref name="AGSI"/><ref name="jy">{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Bhikhabhai |date=2013 |title= યોગેશ જોશીની સાહિત્યસૃષ્ટિ (Literary contribution of Yogesh Joshi) |location=Ahmedabad |publisher= Parshva Publication |isbn= 978-93-82869-53-5}}</ref> ''Mrutyuni Samipe'' (1987) and ''Patangni Pankhe'' (1989) are his translations.<ref name="AGSI"/>

=== Children's works ===
Source:<ref name="AGSI"/>
* ''Patangni Pankhe'' (1989)
* ''Kesoodano Rang'' (1990)
* ''Rasaprad Bodhkathao'' (2001; Vol. 4 to 6)
* ''Ramayan Na Amar Patro'' (2002; Vol. 1 to 4)
* ''Mahabharat Na Amar Patro'' (2002; Vol. 1 to 5)
* ''Panchatantra'' (2002; Vol. 1 to 5)
* ''Hitopadesh'' (2002; Vol. 1 to 5)
* ''Isapniti'' (2002; Vol. 1 to 5)
* ''Tenaliram'' (2003; Vol. 1 to 6)
* ''Mulla Nasruddin'' (2003; Vol. 1 to 5)
* ''Vikram-Vetal'' (2004; Vol. 1 to 5)
* ''Sinhasan Batrisi'' (2005; Vol. 1 to 5)

=== Compilations ===
Source:<ref name="AGSI"/>
* ''Gurjar Adyatan Kavyasanchay'' (1998; with [[Chandrakant Sheth]] and Shraddha Trivedi)
* ''Gurjar Geetsanchay'' (1998; with Chandrakant Sheth and Shraddha Trivedi)
* ''Gurjar Pranay Kavyasanchay'' (1998; with Chandrakant Sheth and Shraddha Trivedi)
* ''Gurjar Ghazalsanchay'' (1998; with Chandrakant Sheth)
* ''Gujarati Navlikachayan : 1999'' (2001; selected short stories published during the year)
* ''Vismi Sadini Gujarati Kavyamudra'' (2007; with Chandrakant Sheth, [[Harsh Brahmbhatt]] and Urmila Thakar)

== Recognition ==
He won [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1998) for his book ''Motiba''.<ref name="AGSI"/> His short story collections ''Hajiye Ketlun Door'' (1993) and ''Adhakhuli Baari'' (2001) have been awarded by [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]. He won the Govardhanram Tripathi Prize, Ghanshyamdas Saraf Sahitya Puraskar and Gujarat Sahitya Akademi Best Book Prize for his novel ''Vaastu''. ''Vaastu'' was also awarded the Priyakant Parikh Prize of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad in 2001. His essay collection ''Antahpur'' (2002) was awarded by Kalagurjari Sanstha, [[Mumbai]]. His work ''Jesalmer'' (series of poems) was awarded the [[Ushnas Prize]] (2006–07). He is also a recipient of [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (1999).<ref name= "yj"/><ref name="AGSI"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Yogesh}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Rajeev Kakar

2026-03-25T18:59:03Z

NereidaMccurdy5: added new pg - done

{{Short description|India banker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
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| name = Rajeev Kakar
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| occupation = [[Banker]]
| years_active =
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| organization = Eurobank Ergasias SA (2018 - Present) 
Gulf International Bank (2018 - Present) 
Fullerton Financial Holdings (2006-2017) Dunia Finance LLC (2006-2018) [[Citibank N.A.]] (1987-2006)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ae.linkedin.com/in/rajeevkakar |title=Rajeev Kakar - LinkedIn |website=ae.linkedin.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123051559/http://ae.linkedin.com/in/rajeevkakar |archive-date=23 January 2010 |url-status=dead}} {{better source needed|date=May 2024}}</ref>
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'''Rajeev Kakar''' is an Indian banker, serial business founder and entrepreneur. He currently serves as an Independent Non-Executive Director at [[Commercial International Bank]], Egypt; [[Gulf International Bank]], Bahrain<ref name=linked/> and KSA; [[Eurobank Ergasias|Eurobank Ergasias SA, Greece]] and [[Satin Creditcare Network Limited|Satin Creditcare Network]], India (where he is a nominee of the [[Asian Development Bank]], Manila). He also serves, since 2009, as a member of the Global Advisory Board of the prestigious [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business|University of Chicago, Booth School of Business]], and also as a Member of the Industry Advisory Board of the [[S P Jain School of Global Management|SP Jain School of Global Management]] since 2011. As a board member at Eurobank, Rajeev also serves as the chairman of the Board Remuneration Committee and Vice Chairman of the Board Risk Committee.

With over three decades of experience in the banking industry, Rajeev has worked and lived as both a Fullerton Financial Holdings and [[Citibank]] international expatriate officer in several global markets, especially in the high-growth, emerging [[CEEMEA]] and [[Asia-Pacific|ASIA-PACIFIC]] countries, based out of [[India]], [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Singapore]]. In these roles, Rajeev has operated large banks and financial institutions, successfully realigned banking businesses, executed multi-country business strategies, led acquisitions and transformations, and has been a founder of multiple green-field financial services businesses and institutions. He continues to also actively serve on several prominent boards.

==Professional life==
In recent years, between January 2006 and August 2018, Rajeev was one of the five Global Management Founders and a Founder Global Management Board Member of Fullerton Financial Holdings (Fullerton), a 100% subsidiary of [[Temasek Holdings]], both headquartered in [[Singapore]]. In this global Fullerton role, he served as the Executive Vice-president and Regional CEO for the [[CEEMEA]] region for the Global Fullerton group, and concurrently also headed Fullerton's Consumer Banking businesses globally. In 2008, Kakar also simultaneously founded Dunia Finance<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008093423/http://www.dunia.ae/ Dunia Finance]</ref> in the UAE, a strategic joint venture financial institution between Fullerton Financial Holdings and [[Mubadala Investment Company]], and served as its Founder Managing Director & CEO until July 2018. Prior to his role at Fullerton, between 1987 - 2006, Kakar worked at [[Citibank]] in various senior roles for almost two decades across several different countries between 1987 and 2006. In his last Citibank role, Kakar served as the Regional CEO & Division Executive for Citi's then fast growing Turkey, Middle East & Africa (TMEA) region, until January 2006.

Between September 2003 and January 2006, he was the Regional Head & CEO for [[Citibank]], managing Citi's Turkey, Middle East and Africa region (TMEA) region, based out of [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. Earlier, between 2002 - 2003, Rajeev was Citibank's CEO for the Turkey & Egypt cluster, based out of [[Istanbul]], and led an important strategic business turnaround for Citibank's business in Turkey.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Prior to that, in 2000, he was the CEO for Citibank in Egypt, based out of [[Cairo]], where he launched Citibank's consumer bank, which was the first full function Consumer Banking offering in the Egyptian market. This was recognized for fastest break-even in Citigroup's history.

Between 1996 - 2000, in [[India]], Rajeev was the Business CEO for Citibank's Auto Finance business and, in this role based out of New Delhi, he also founded Citicorp Maruti Finance Limited, a new green-field joint venture captive finance company between Citigroup & the Car manufacturer [[Suzuki]] ([[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]]) as strategic investors. He additionally ran this Non Bank Finance Company as the Founder Managing Director and CEO, till 2000, acquiring the highest share of the market at that time. Prior to this role, between 1993 and 1996, based first out of Mumbai and then Chennai, Rajeev was the marketing director for [[Citibank India]] for both its domestic businesses as well as Citibank India's Non-Resident Indian Banking Business operating across the world out of over 20 centers, covering NRI customers in 145 countries. Between 1987 and 1993, Rajeev held various other senior roles at Citibank in India.

==Honors and awards==
* ''[[Forbes]]'' Middle East's Top Indian Leader in the UAE 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pid/84147/page/3/ |title=Rajeev Kakar - Top Indian Leaders in the Arab World 2015: Executive Management - Forbes Middle East |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518111928/http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pid/84147/page/3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Forbes'' Middle East's Top Indian Leader in the UAE 2014 <ref name="forbesmiddleeasteditorial1">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pname/rajeev-kakar/pid/10368|title=# 17 - Rajeev Kakar - Top Indian Leaders in The Arab World 2014 : Top CEOs - Forbes Middle East|author=Forbes MiddleEast Editorial|work=forbesmiddleeast.com/en/}}</ref>
* ''Forbes'' Middle East's Top CEOs in the Arab World 2014<ref name="forbesmiddleeasteditorial1"/>
* ''Forbes'' Middle East's Top Indian Leader in the UAE 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/forbes-names-uae-s-top-indian-business-leaders-1.565572|title=Rajeev Kakar, Managing Director & CEO, ranked amongst top Indian leaders in the UAE by Forbes Middle East|last=|first=|date=27 June 2013|work=The National|access-date=}}</ref>
* ''[[Arabian Business]]''' GCC Power List India Top 100 2013 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-indians-in-gcc-521628.html?page=2|title=100 most powerful Indians in the GCC|work=Arabian Business}}</ref>
* [[ITP Publishing Group]]'s ITP Masala! Awards 2013, "CEO of the Year" Award <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.masala.com/photos/masala-awards-2013-the-winners-on-stage-147191.html|title=Bollywood Megastar of the Year: Asin, award presented by Pan Home Furnishings - Masala! Awards 2013 Winners|work=Masala! - Bollywood Gossip News, Indian Celebrities and Pictures|date=29 November 2013 }}</ref>
* ''Arabian Business''' GCC Power List India Top 100 2012 <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-indians-in-gulf-475970.html|title=Rajeev Kakar featured in 100 most powerful Indians in the Gulf annual list by Arabian Business|last=|first=|date=|work=Arabian Business|access-date=}}</ref>
* ''Arabian Business''' GCC Power List India Top 100 2011 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-power-list-2011-425040.html?view=profile&itemid=425166#.VGm8tfmUd1Y|title=Indian Power List 2011|work=Arabian Business}}</ref>
* ''Arabian Business''' GCC Power List India Top 100 2010 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-power-list-2010|title=dunia - Rajeev Kakar, dunia CEO, in the Top 100 'GCC Power List India 2010'|last=|first=|date=|work=Arabian Business|access-date=}}</ref>
* ITP Publishing Group's ITP CEO of the Year for Financial Services Middle East 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/RajeevKakar|title=Rajeev Kakar awarded CEO of the Year 2009|work=.linkedin.com}} {{better source needed|date=May 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
Kakar completed a Masters of Business Administration (MBA) in Finance and Marketing from the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]. He also received his Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://alumni.iimahd.ernet.in/users/featured_alumni |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504001150/http://alumni.iimahd.ernet.in/users/featured_alumni |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kakar was born and raised in [[Delhi]], India, where he attended [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]] from 1970 to 1980.

==Board Positions and Affiliations==
*[[Gulf International Bank]], Bahrain, Independent Non-Executive Director (2018–present), Member of Board Executive Committee, Board Risk committee & Board Audit Committee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gib.com/en/board-directors|title=Board of Directors {{!}} Gulf International Bank|website=www.gib.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Gulf International Bank]], Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Independent Non-Executive Director (2019–present), Member of Board Executive Committee & Board Risk Committee
*[[Commercial International Bank]], Egypt, Independent Non - Executive Director (2019–present), Member of Board Risk Committee and Board Operations and Technology Committee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cibeg.com/English/News/Pages/Change-in-CIB%27s-Board-of-Directors.aspx|title=Board of Directors, CIB Egypt|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Eurobank Ergasias]] SA, Greece, Independent Non-Executive Director, Chairman -Remuneration Committee, Vice Chairman Risk Committee (2018–present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobank.gr/en/group/about-eurobank/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/the-bod-members|title=Board Members|website=www.eurobank.gr|language=en|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Asian Development Bank]], Nominee on the Board of Satin Credit Care (2019–present)
*Fullerton Financial Holdings (FFH), [[Singapore]] - Member of the Global Management Board (2006 – 2017)<ref name=linked>{{cite web|url=https://linkedin.com/in/rajeevkakar|title=Rajeev Kakar - Fullerton Financial Holdings|work=linkedin.com}} {{verify source|date=September 2019|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/870180061 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/869335637 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}} {{better source needed|date=May 2024}}</ref>
* Dunia Finance, UAE - Founder Managing Director & CEO, Member of Board Risk Committee and Rem & Nom Committee (2008 – 2018)
* Dunia Services, UAE - Founder Managing Director & CEO on the Board (2012 – 2018)
* Fullerton India Credit Corporation, India - Member of Board, Board Risk Committee and Audit Committee (2009 – 2017)
* [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] - Member of the Global Advisory Board (2009 – present)<ref name="chicagobooth.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/leadership/global-advisory-board/emea|title=Europe, Middle East, and Africa Cabinet|website=The University of Chicago Booth School of Business|accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref>
* Association of Executive Search Consultants (AESC), USA - Member of Global Advisory Board (2012 – 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://members.aesc.org/eweb/?WebCode=GlobalAdvisoryBoard|title=Global Advisory Board - Association of Executive Search Consultants|work=aesc.org}}</ref>
* [[S P Jain School of Global Management]], UAE – Member of the Industry Advisory Board (2011 – present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spjain.org/industry_advisory_board-dubai-board.aspx|title=Leadership - SP Jain School of Global Management|first=SP Jain School of Global|last=Management|website=www.spjain.org|accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (PAN IIM Board), GCC - Member of the Board (2011 – present)
* [[Great Lakes Institute of Management]] – Member of Business Advisory Council (2012 – present)
* [[Visa International]] - Member on the CEMEA Board (2004 - 2006)<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=100472147&privcapId=48892176|title=Rajeev Kakar: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek|work=Businessweek.com}}</ref>
* Mekong Development Bank, Vietnam - Member of Steering Committee (2010 - 2014)
* Adira Dinamika Multi Finance Tbk, Indonesia (subsidiary of [[Bank Danamon]]) - Member of Board of Commissioners; Member of Board Risk and Board Audit Committees (2010 - 2013)
*[[Citibank United Arab Emirates|Citibank]] A. Ş, Turkey - Founding Board Member (2003 - 2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.citibank.com.tr/homepage/other/about/tr/anas.htm|title=Citibank Turkey|work=citibank.com.tr}}</ref>
* Özel Sektör Gönüllüleri Derneği Yönetim Kurulu, Turkey - Board President (2002–2004)
* Citicorp Maruti Finance Ltd., India - Founder Managing Director & CEO (1997–2000)<ref name="bloomberg.com"/>

==Personal life==
Based in Dubai, Rajeev is married to Nidhi, with whom he has two daughters.<ref>http://topgunsworld.com/video12.html Rajeev Kakar's Interview in Top Guns</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.entrepreneur.com/amphtml/251101 Follow The Leader: Rajeev Kakar, Managing Director and CEO, Dunia Finance]
*[https://www.stantonchase.com/stanton-chase-announces-eurobank-board-of-directors-placement/ Stanton Chase announces Eurobank Board of Directors placement]
*[https://www.pressreader.com/uae/khaleej-times/20190207/282454235238304 We live in a world of uncertainty. Khaleej Times. February 7, 2019]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakar, Rajeev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards

2026-03-22T20:04:16Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{Infobox film awards
|number=13
|award=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards
|award_link=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards
|image=
|caption=
|date= 11 January 2020
|site= [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|host=
|preshow=
|producer=
|network=
|director=
| best_picture= [[Peranbu]]
|most_wins= [[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]
|most_nominations= [[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]
|last = 12th
|next = [[14th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|14th]]
}}

The '''13th [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]''' ceremony honoring the winners and nominees of the best of [[Tamil cinema]] in 2019 is an event that was held on 11 January 2020 in [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2019 |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |location=India |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcement |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2023-to-be-held-on-may-31-134645.html}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Film
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Director
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Peranbu]]'''''
**''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
** ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]''
** ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
** ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Vetrimaaran]] – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'''''
**[[Ram (director)|Ram]] – ''[[Peranbu]]''
**[[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** [[R. Parthiban]] – ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]''
** [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] – ''[[Kaithi]]''
** [[Halitha Shameem]] - ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Actor
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Actress
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Dhanush]] – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'''''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** [[Mammootty]] – ''[[Peranbu]]''
** [[Vijay Sethupathi]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** [[Suriya]] – ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
** [[R. Parthiban]] - ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]''
** [[Sivakarthikeyan]] - ''[[Namma Veetu Pillai]]''
** [[Karthi]] - ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] - ''[[Bigil]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Taapsee Pannu]] – ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'''''
**Sadhana – ''[[Peranbu]]''
** [[Tamannaah]]– ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]''
** [[Nayanthara]] – ''[[Airaa]]''
** [[Samantha Akkineni]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** [[Shilpa Manjunath]] – ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]''
** [[Jyothika]] - ''[[Raatchasi]]''
** [[Amala Paul]] - ''[[Aadai]]''
** [[Shraddha Srinath]] - ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
** [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] - [[Azhiyatha Kolangal 2]]
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Supporting Actor
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Supporting Actress
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[George Maryan]] – ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'''''
**[[Nedumudi Venu]] – ''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
** [[Mysskin]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** Ken Karunas – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
** Mu. Ramasamy – ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Ramya Krishnan]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'''''
**[[Vidya Pradeep]] – ''[[Thadam]]''
** [[Vinodhini]] – ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]''
** [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] – ''[[House Owner]]''
** [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] – ''[[Namma Veetu Pillai]]''
** [[Sunaina]] – ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Villain - Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Villain - Female
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''Stunt Siva – ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'''''
**[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** [[Bagavathi Perumal]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** Arjun Chidambaram – ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
** [[Arjun Das]] – ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] – ''[[Iruttu]]'''''
**[[Madhoo]] – ''[[Agni Devi]]''
** Jasmine – ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''
** [[Akanksha Puri]] – ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Comedian - Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Comedian - Female
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Anandaraj]] – ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'''''
**[[Rajendran]] – ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]''
** [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] – ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]''
** [[Yogi Babu]] – ''[[Comali]]''
** Dheena – ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] – ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'''''
**[[Revathi|Revathy]] – ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]''
** [[Devadarshini]] – ''[[Kanchana 3]]''
** [[Kovai Sarala]] – ''[[Kanchana 3]]''
** [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Child Artist
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Debut Director
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''Naga Vishal - ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]'''''
** Ashwath - ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** Suriya - ''[[Sindhubaadh]]''
**Kamalesh - ''[[Raatchasi]]''
**Manasavi - ''[[Iruttu]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Chezhiyan]] – ''[[To Let (film)|To Let]]'''''
** V J Gopinath – ''[[Jiivi]]''
** Gowtham Raj – ''[[Raatchasi]]''
** Pradeep Ranganathan – ''[[Comali]]''
** Sri Senthil – ''[[Kaalidas]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Debut - Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Debut - Female
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''Dhruv Vikram – ''[[Adithya Varma]]'''''
** Santhosh – ''[[To Let (film)|To Let]]''
** Rangaraj – ''[[Mehandi Circus]]''
** Aarav Ravi – ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]''
** Vishwa - ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]''
| colspan=3|
*'''[[Lijomol Jose]] – ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'''''
** Anjali Nair - ''[[Nedunalvaadai]]''
** Priyanka – ''[[Gangs of Madras]]''
** Sathyakala – ''Thoratti''
** [[Megha Akash]] – ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Music Director
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Lyricist
|-
|colspan=3|
* '''[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] – ''[[Peranbu]], [[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]] & [[NGK (film)|NGK]]'''''
* [[Anirudh]] – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** [[D. Imman]] – ''[[Viswasam]]''
** [[A. R. Rahman ]] – ''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
** [[Hiphop Tamizha]] – ''[[Natpe Thunai]]''
** [[Ghibran]] - ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''
** [[G.V. Prakash Kumar]] - ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
** [[Sam CS]] - ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
** Darbuka Siva - ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|colspan=3|
* '''[[Yugabharathi]] – "Vellattu Kananzhagi" – ''[[Mehandi Circus]]'' & "Ellu Vayal" - ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'''''
** [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] – "Dingu Dungu" – ''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
** [[Karthik Netha]] – "Andhi Maalai" – ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]''
** [[Thamarai]] – "Maruvaarthai" – ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
** [[Umadevi]] – "Neelam elam" – ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Playback Singer – Male
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Playback Singer – Female
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Sid Sriram]] – "Maruvaarthai" – ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'''''
** [[Nakash Aziz]] – "Ullala" – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** [[Anirudh]] – "Petta Paraak" – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** Ram Parthasarathi – "Vanthooral" – ''[[Peranbu]]''
** Chitheresan, Arivu, Gaana Muthu & Ezhumalai – "Neelamelam" – ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
|colspan=3|
*'''[[Saindhavi]] – "Ellu Vayal" – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'''''
** Madhu Iyer – "Sethupochu Manasu" – ''[[Peranbu]]''
** Rita Thiyagarajan – "Yaayum" – ''[[Sagaa]]''
** Padmapriya Raghavan – "Meghathooral" – ''[[Airaa]]''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Anbe Peranbe" – ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Story
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Screenplay
|-
|colspan=3|
*'''Adhiyan Aadhirai – ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]'''''
** Sanmugabharathi, Vivek & Elangovan– ''[[Vellai Pookal]]''
** Nelson Venkatesan & Sankar Das – ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]''
** Ashwin Saravanan & Kaavya Ramkumar - ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]''
** Madhumitha – ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]''
| colspan=3|
*'''[[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]], [[Mysskin]], [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] & Neelan K Sekar – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'''''
** [[Magizh Thirumeni]] – ''[[Thadam]]''
** Ashwin Saravanan & Kaavya Ramkumar – ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]''
** Vetrimaaran & Mani Maaran – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
** [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] – ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Dialogue
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Production Design
|-
| colspan=3|
*'''Sabarivaasan Shanmugam – ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]''''' shared with '''[[Halitha Shameem]] - ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]'''''
** [[Ram (director)|Ram]] – ''[[Peranbu]]''
** [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** Bharathi Thambi & Gowtham Raj – ''[[Raatchasi]]''
** [[Vetrimaaran]] & Suga – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
| colspan=3|
*'''Jackie – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'''''
** Vijay Adhinathan – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** Sivashankar– ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]''
** T. Ramakumar – ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
** Selvakumar– ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Cinematography
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Editing
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[P.S. Vinod]] & [[Nirav Shah]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'''''
**[[Tirru]] – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** [[Theni Eswar (cinematographer)|Theni Eswar]] – ''[[Peranbu]]''
** [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]– ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]''
** Sathyan Suryan – ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''Richard Kevin – ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'''''
**NP Srikanth– ''[[Thadam]]''
** [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]] – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** Shan Lokesh – ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]''
** [[Philomin Raj]] – ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Stunt
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Dance Choreography
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''Anbariv – ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'''''
**Jiles Kanchill & Naren Roni – ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''
** [[Peter Hein]] – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
** Anbariv– ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''
** [[Stunt Silva]] – ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi]] & Lalitha Shobi – "Verithanam" -''[[Bigil]]'''''
** [[Baba Bhaskar]] "Ullala" – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** Jhonny – "Kantha Kananzhagi" - ''[[Namma Veetu Pillai]]''
** [[Sathish Krishnan]] - "Kaithiri" – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
** [[Sathish Krishnan]] – "Naan Pilaipeno" - ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Costume Design
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Make Up
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Uthara Menon]] – ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'''''
**Niharika – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** Ezhilmathi – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** [[Komal Shahani]] – ''[[Bigil]]''
** [[Eka Lakhani]] – ''[[Adithya Varma]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''Nellai V Shanmugam, K. Velmurugan & Banu – ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'''''
**Banu & Vinoth – ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** Ronex Saviour – ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** Preetisheel & Pattanam Rashid – ''[[Bigil]]''
** Ganapathi – ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Crew
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Production
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Comali]]'''''
**''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
** ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
** ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]''
** ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
** ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''[[Saregama]] – ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]'''''
**Sri Lakshmi Films – ''[[Peranbu]]''
**[[Dream Warrior Pictures|Dream Warriors]] – ''[[Raatchasi]]''
** Bioscope Film Framers – ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]''
** Neelam Productions – ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
** Divine Productions- ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]''
|-
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Most Popular Film
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Entertaining Film
|-
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Bigil]]'''''
**''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
** ''[[Viswasam]]''
** ''[[Namma Veetu Pillai]]''
** ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|colspan=3 |
*'''''[[Viswasam]]'''''
**''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
**''[[Namma Veetu Pillai]]''
**''[[Comali]]''
**''[[Bigil]]''
|}

==Superlatives==
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple Nominations
! Awards !! Film
|-
! scope=row |17
| ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|-
! scope=row | 14
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|-
! scope=row| 11
| ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
|-
! rowspan=2| 10
| ''[[Peranbu]]''
|-
| ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|-
! scope=row| 7
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|-
! rowspan=4| 6
| ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]''
|-
| ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]''
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]''
|-
| ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]''
|-
! rowspan=5 | 5
| ''[[Raatchasi]]''
|-
| ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
|-
| ''[[Namma Veetu Pillai]]''
|-
| ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]''
|-
| ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
|-
! rowspan=6 | 3
| ''[[Viswasam]]''
|-
| ''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
|-
| ''[[Thadam]]''
|-
| ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''
|-
| ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''
|-
| ''[[Comali]]''
|-
! rowspan=9 | 2
| ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]''
|-
| ''[[Airaa]]''
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 3]]''
|-
| ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]''
|-
| ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]''
|-
| ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]''
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]''
|-
| ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''
|-
| ''[[Iruttu]]''
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! scope=row | 6
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|-
! scope=row| 4
| ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|-
! scope=row| 3
| ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]''
|-
! rowspan=5 | 2
| ''[[Peranbu]]''
|-
| ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]''
|-
| ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|-
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]''
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2019]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 Indian film awards]]

Pulinda

2026-03-22T17:34:41Z

NereidaMccurdy5: added data - done

{{Short description|Ancient non-Aryan tribe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Pulinda during the post-Vedic period|256x256px]]
'''Pulinda''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Pulinda}}) were an ancient [[Mleccha|non-Aryan]] tribe of south-central [[Indian subcontinent]], whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=92}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=94}} Pulindas were mentioned in Aitareya Brahmana of the [[Rigveda]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 500 BCE) as descendants of Sage [[Vishvamitra]], along with Andhras, Pundras, Sabaras, and Mutibas.

==Location==
During the later Vedic period, the Pulindas were living to the south-east of the [[Daśārṇa]]s.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=94}}

Though clearly associated with the Vindhyan region, the Pulindas are sometimes believed to have had multiple tribal branches that ranged up to the [[Himalaya|Himalayan region]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="sircar1990">{{Citation | title=Studies in the geography of ancient and medieval India| author=D.C. Sircar | year=1990 | access-date=2010-05-06 | isbn=81-208-0690-5 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC | quote=''... The Pulindas were a hill tribe usually connected with the Vindhyan range. Partiger notices several branches of the Pulinda tribe, viz. (1) a western branch, (2) a Himalayan branch related to the Kiratas and Tanganas, and (3) a southern branch ...''}}</ref> In the Himalayan region, ancient Indian literature often mentions them in conjunction with the [[Kirata Kingdom|Kiratas]].<ref name="sircar1990" />

==History==

=== In hindu scriptures ===
'''Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda'''
According to [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]], sage [[Vishvamitra]] had hundred sons, fifty of them were older than [[Madhuchhanda]], and fifty were younger than him. The older ones were not pleased with (the installation of Sunahsepa to the primogeniture). Visvamitra then pronounced against them the curse, “ You shall have the lowest castes for your descendants. ” Therefore, are many of the most degraded classes of men, the rabble for the most part, such as the Andhras, Pundras, Sabaras, Palindas, and Mutibas, descendants of Visvamitra...”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin Haug |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104262/page/n175/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Aitareya Brahmana Of The Rigveda |date=1922}}</ref>

'''Puranas'''

[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimada Bhagavatam]] refer Andhras, Pundras, Sabaras, Palindas, and Mutibas are referred to as [[Mleccha]].

=== Early history ===
The [[Edicts of Ashoka|Rock Edicts of Ashoka]] (269 BCE - 231 BCE) mention the Pulindas, their capital Pulinda-nagara, and their neighboring tribes. [[Vayu Purana]] mentioned their capital located in present-day [[Jabalpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name="bhandarkar2000">{{Citation | title=Aśoka| author=Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar | year=2000 | access-date=2010-05-06 | isbn=81-206-1333-3 | publisher=Asian Educational Services | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC | quote=''... in Rock Edict XIII ... we have to place them somewhere to the north or the north-east of the Andhras ... In the Vayu-Purana, the southern branch of the Pulindas has been placed side by side with the Vindhya-muliyas ... their capital is mentioned as Pulinda-nagara and their kingdom as contiguous with the Chedi country ... the Jubbulpur District ...''}}</ref>
<blockquote>
Likewise here in the king's (Ashoka ) territory, among the [[Yona]]s and [[Kambojas]], among the Nabhakas and Nabhapamkits, among the Bhojas and the Pitinikas, among the [[Andhras]] and the [[Pulindas]], everywhere (people) are conforming to Beloved-Of-God (Ashoka) instruction in morality. 
[https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/page/n186/mode/1up?view=theater — Ashoka, Rock Edict 13, Kalsi Rock, South Portion]
</blockquote>
Basak identifies them with the [[hill tribe]]s of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, more specifically the Bhils.<ref>Radhagovinda Basak, AŚOKAN INSCRIPTIONS, Calcutta, 1959, pp. 75</ref> Pulindas together with the Sabaras are mentioned by [[Kautilya]] in [[Arthashastra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saletore |first=B. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.277511 |title=Wild Tribes in Indian History |pages=99 |quote=Pulindas together with the Sabaras are mentioned by Kautalya in his Arthashastra.|language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award

2026-03-20T16:19:12Z

NereidaMccurdy5: new!

{{Short description|Award given by the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to [[Performing arts]]
| awarded_for = Award for performing arts in [[Kerala]]
| sponsor = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]
| firstawarded = 1962
| lastawarded = 2022
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website ={{Official URL|http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/}}
| previous = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
| next =
}}
'''Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award''' is an award given by the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], an autonomous organisation for the encouragement, preservation, and documentation of the [[performing arts]] of [[Kerala]], set up by the Department of Cultural Affairs of the [[Government of Kerala]]. Instituted in 1962, the awards are given in the categories of music, dance, theatre, other traditional arts, and for contribution/scholarship in performing arts. The award consists of [[Rupee|Rs.]] 30,000, a citation and a plaque.<ref name="2017:"/> The recipients of the award are also conferred the title '''''Kalasree'''''.

==List of recipients==
The recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in various categories of performing arts have been listed below:

===Classical Music===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*1962 – M. A. Kalyanakrishna Bhagavathar
*1962 – [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]] (Veena)
*1964 – Ambalapuzha Sankaranarayana Panicker
*1964 – Ambalapuzha Gopalakrishna Panicker
*1966 – [[M. D. Ramanathan]]
*1969 – Kottaram Sankunny Nair (Harmonium)
*1971 – [[K. V. Narayanaswamy|Palghat K. V. Narayanaswamy]]
*1971 – [[Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair|Mavelikkara Krishnankutty Nair]] (Mridangam)
*1972 – C. S. Krishna Iyer
*1972 – [[Parur Sundaram Iyer]] (Violin)
*1972 – Thiruvizha Raghavan Pillai (Nadaswaram)
*1973 – Vaikom Vasudevan Nair
*1973 – Chunangad Appu Iyer (Mridangam)
*1974 – Puthucode Krishnamoorthy
*1975 – [[Kaviyoor Revamma|Kaviyoor C. K. Revamma]]
*1976 – Cherthala Gopalan Nair
*1976 – Chittoor Sankara Panicker (Nadaswaram)
*1977 – [[Parassala B. Ponnammal]]
*1978 – [[L. P. R. Varma]]
*1979 – K. R. Kedaranathan
*1981 – [[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]]
*1981 – [[Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair]] (Mridangam)
*1982 – [[Trivandrum R. Venkataraman]] (Veena)
*1982 – Kamala Kailasanathan
*1982 – Mavelikkara Sankarankutty Nair (Mridangam)
*1983 – [[P. Leela]]
*1983 – M. K. Kalyana Krishna Bhagavathar (Veena)
*1983 – [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]] (Mridangam)
*1983 – P. K. Sankaran (Nadaswaram)
*1985 – [[Mavelikkara Prabhakara Varma]]
*1985 – [[Mavelikkara S. R. Raju]] (Mridangam)
*1986 – Vechoor Harihara Subramania Iyer
*1987 – [[Trichur V. Ramachandran]]
*1988 – [[V. V. Subrahmanyam]] (Violin)
*1989 – Mangad K. Natesan
*1990 – Renuka Girijan
*1991 – [[K. G. Jayan]]
*1992 – [[Palkulangara Ambika Devi]]
*1992 – Tripunithura G. Narayana Swamy (Mridangam)
*1993 – P. R. Kumara Kerala Varma
*1993 – Rajeswari Menon (Veena)
*1994 – A. K. Raveendranath
*1994 – S. Hariharan Nair
*1995 – Trivandrum R. Krishnaswamy
*1995 – Puthukode S. Krishna (Mridangam)
*1996 – Pala C. K. Ramachandran
*1996 – Aranmula Govindankutty (Thakil)
*1996 – Malabar Sukumaran Bhagavathar
*1997 – [[K. Omanakutty]] (Vocal)
*1997 – [[Tripunithura N. Radhakrishnan]] (Ghatam)
*1997 – [[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]]
*1998 – Neyyattinkara Mohanachandran (Vocal)
*1998 – T. S. Babu (Violin)
*1998 – [[Trivandrum V. Surendran]] (Mridangam)
*1999 – [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan (musician)|K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] (Pullamkuzhal)
*1999 – Tripunithura Lalitha (Vocal)
*2000 – Sukumari Narendra Menon (Vocal)
*2000 – Parassala Ravi (Mridangam)
*2000 – [[Nedumangad Sivanandan]] (Violin)
*2000 – Ambilikuttan (Vocal)
*2001 – Gopalan Nair (Ganjira)
*2001 – Vettikavala K. N. Sasikumar (Nadaswaram)
*2002 – Ananthalakshmi Venkitaraman (Vocal)
*2002 – Aryanad G. Sadasivan (Vocal)
*2002 – V. Balakrishnan Potty (Veena)
*2003 – N. P. Ramaswami (Vocal)
*2003 – Mathangi Sathyamoorthy (Vocal)
*2003 – T. V. Ramani (Violin)
*2004 – Leelamani Radhakrishnan (Vocal)
*2004 – Thiruvizha Sivanandan (Violin)
*2004 – S. Sai Babu (Violin)
*2004 – K. R. Anto (Flute)
*2004 – Cherthala N. Sreekumar Varma (Mridangam)
*2005 – Malini Hariharan (Vocal)
*2005 – A. Ananthapadmanabhan (Veena)
*2005 – Guruvayur Dwari (Mridangam)
*2005 – Trichur P. Govindankutty (Nadaswaram)
*2006 – G. Seethalakshmi Ammal (Vocal)<ref name="2006:">{{cite web |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi fellowships, awards announced |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/02/02/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-awards-announced-1170419892.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |publisher=Oneindia.in |date=2 February 2007}}</ref>
*2006 – Pazhayannur K. G. Krishnankutty (Nadaswaram)<ref name="2006:"/>
*2006 – [[Thrissur C. Rajendran|Trichur C. Rajendran]] (Violin)<ref name="2006:"/>
*2006 – Alappuzha Chandrasekharan Nair (Thalavadyam)<ref name="2006:"/>
*2007 – Chalakudy N. S. Balakrishnan
*2007 – Varkala C. S. Jayaram
*2007 – Thuravoor R. Narayana Panicker (Nadaswaram)
*2007 – N. Hari (Mridangam)
*2008 – Mukhathala Sivaji<ref name="2008:">{{cite news |title=Three artistes from Chennai win Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/three-artistes-from-chennai-win-kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards/articleshow/4449631.cms |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223144055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/three-artistes-from-chennai-win-kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards/articleshow/4449631.cms |archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref>
*2008 – T. M. Abdul Azeez (Violin)<ref name="2008:"/>
*2008 – Neyyattinkara Krishnan (Mukharsangh)<ref name="2008:"/>
*2008 – [[Kalyani Menon]]<ref name="2008:"/>
*2009 – Ayamkudi Mani
*2009 – T. H. Subramaniam (Violin)
*2009 – R. Karuna Moorthy (Thakil)
*2009 – Palakkad K. Jayakrishnan (Mridangam)
*2010 – Shertallay K. N. Renganatha Sharma (Vocal)
*2010 – K. V. Prasad (Mridangam)
*2010 – T. H. Lalitha (Violin)
*2011 – [[Kavalam Sreekumar]]<ref name="2011:">{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Awards announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226181843/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html |archive-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
*2011 – [[Ramesh Narayan]]<ref name="2011:"/>
*2011 – Orumanayoor O. K. Gopi (Nadaswaram)<ref name="2011:"/>
*2012 – Trivandrum Krishnakumar<ref name="2012:">{{cite news |title=18 bag Sangeeta Nataka Akademi awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/feb/22/18-bag-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-awards-452828.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226182341/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/feb/22/18-bag-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-awards-452828.html |archive-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
*2012 – [[Binni Krishnakumar]]<ref name="2012:"/>
*2012 – Vanaja Sankar<ref name="2012:"/>
*2013 – [[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]<ref name="2013:">{{cite news |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi announces Kalashri awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-announces-kalashri-awards/article5335032.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
*2013 – [[M. K. Sankaran Namboothiri]]<ref name="2013:"/>
*2013 – Kuzhalmannam G. Ramakrishnan (Mridangam)<ref name="2013:"/>
*2013 – Adichanallur Anilkumar (Ghatam)<ref name="2013:"/>
*2014 – [[P. Unnikrishnan]] (Carnatic Music)<ref name="2014:">{{cite news |title=കേരള സംഗീതനാടക അക്കാദമിയുടെ കലാശ്രീ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/3281647/2014-11-30/kerala |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=30 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130133505/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/3281647/2014-11-30/kerala |archive-date=30 November 2014 |language=ml}}</ref>
*2014 – [[Paul Poovathingal]] (Carnatic Music)<ref name="2014:"/>
*2014 – Attukal Balasubramaniam (Violin)<ref name="2014:"/>
*2014 – G. Babu (Mridangam)<ref name="2014:"/>
*2015 – Mavelikkara P. Subramaniam<ref name="2015:">{{cite news |title=സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാദമി കലാശ്രീ പുരസ്കാരങ്ങള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/516207 |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226183241/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/516207 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>
*2015 – S. R. Mahadeva Sarma (Violin)<ref name="2015:"/>
*2015 – S. R. Rajasree (Violin)<ref name="2015:"/>
*2015 – Nanjil A. R. Arul (Mridangam)<ref name="2015:"/>
*2016 – [[V. V. Ravi]] (Violin)<ref name="2016:">{{cite news |title=Akademi awards for musicians, artistes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/akademi-awards-for-musicians-artistes/article18258920.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 April 2017 |language= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015502/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/akademi-awards-for-musicians-artistes/article18258920.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
*2016 – Trivandrum R. Vaidhyanathan (Mridangam)<ref name="2016:"/>
*2016 – Adoor P. Sudarsanan (Carnatic Music)<ref name="2016:"/>
*2017 – [[M. Narmadha]] (Violin)<ref name="2017:">{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced/article23841603.ece |access-date=25 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 May 2018 |language= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225141144/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced/article23841603.ece |archive-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
*2017 – Cherthala R Jayadevan (Mridangam)<ref name="2017:"/>
*2017 – Thamarakkad Govindan Namboothiri (Carnatic Music)<ref name="2017:"/>
*2018 – Arakkal Nandakumar (Music)<ref name="2018:">{{cite news |title=സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരം സമര്‍പ്പിച്ചു |url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/62210 |access-date=26 February 2023 |publisher=Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala |date=17 October 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>
*2018 – Retnasree Iyer (Tabla)<ref>{{cite news |title=In conversation with Retnasree Iyer, the first woman tabla artiste to receive the Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Akademi award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/retnasree-iyer-wins-kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-award-the-first-for-a-woman-tabla-player/article29339368.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
*2019 – Nemmara N. R. Kannan (Nadaswaram)<ref name="2019:">{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi fellowships for 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-3/article32624099.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 September 2020 |language= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910085405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-3/article32624099.ece |archive-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
*2019 – Anayadi Prasad (Music)<ref name="2019:"/>
*2020 – K. Venkitaraman (Vocal)<ref name="2020:">{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi awards declared |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-declared/article33768659.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206120238/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-declared/article33768659.ece |archive-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
*2020 – Babu Narayanan (Violin)<ref name="2020:"/>
*2020 – Premkumar Vadakara (Music Direction)<ref name="2020:"/>
*2021 – Kollam V. Sajikumar (Vocal)<ref name="2021:">{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced/article65214004.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311125216/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced/article65214004.ece |archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
*2021 – N. P. Prabhakaran (Music)<ref name="2021:"/>
*2022 – [[Palakkad Sreeram]] (Classical Music)<ref name="2022:">{{cite news |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy awards declared |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-academy-awards-declared/article66675481.ece |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 March 2023 |language=}}</ref>
*2022 – Thiruvizha Viju S. Anand (Violin)<ref name="2022:"/>
*2022 – Alappuzha S. Vijayakumar (Thavil)<ref name="2022:"/>
*2022 – Prakash Ulleri (Harmonium/Keyboard)<ref name="2022:"/>
*2023 – [[Nisa Azeezi]] (Music & Music Direction)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1323235&u=sangeetha-nataka-academy-award-fellowship-for-parashala-ravi-kala-vijayan-and-tm-abraham-1323235 | title=Sangeetha Nataka Academy Award: Fellowship for Parashala Ravi, Kala Vijayan and TM Abraham }}</ref>
*2023 – [[Sharreth]] (Music Direction)
*2023 – Sampath Narayanan (Violin)
{{div col end}}

===Drama===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1962 – [[Mavelikkara Ponnamma]]
* 1966 – [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]]
* 1969 – Artist P. J. Cherian
* 1969 – [[N. N. Pillai]]
* 1971 – Kodungallur Ammini Amma
* 1972 – Swami Brahmavruthan
* 1973 – [[N. Krishna Pillai]]
* 1973 – Oachira P. K. Sankarankutty Nair
* 1974 – Pariyanampatta Divakaran
* 1974 – C. K. Rajam
* 1975 – T. R. Sukumaran Nair
* 1975 – [[K. P. A. C. Sulochana]]
* 1976 – K. V. Neelakantan Nair (Green Room)
* 1976 – [[Vijayakumari]]
* 1977 – [[Kunjandi]]
* 1977 – Omana
* 1978 – [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]]
* 1978 – [[Santha Devi|Kozhikode Santha Devi]]
* 1978 – Artist Kesavan (Rangasilpam)
* 1979 – Thoppil Krishna Pillai
* 1979 – Chachappan
* 1980 – Vasu Pradeep
* 1980 – Mavelikkara Kamalamma
* 1981 – K. M. Raghavan Nambiar
* 1981 – M. S. Namboothiri
* 1981 – Sudharma
* 1982 – Vaikom Mani
* 1982 – N. S. Ittan
* 1982 – [[O. Madhavan]]
* 1982 – T. P. Gopalan
* 1982 – [[Adoor Bhavani]]
* 1983 – [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]]
* 1983 – Nellimoodu K. Ramakrishna Pillai (Green Room)
* 1985 – V. T. Vikraman Nair
* 1986 – K. G. Sethunath
* 1987 – D. K. Chellappan
* 1989 – Changanassery Natarajan
* 1990 – Vakkom Shakeer
* 1991 – [[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]]
* 1991 – William D'Cruz
* 1991 – [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
* 1991 – P. N. Nanappan
* 1992 – Sreemoolanagaram Mohan
* 1993 – P. R. Chandran
* 1993 – [[T. M. Abraham]]
* 1994 – Kadavoor G. Chandran Pillai
* 1994 – Madavoor Bhasi
* 1994 – Trichur Elsi
* 1995 – [[P. K. Venukuttan Nair]]
* 1995 – [[Ibrahim Vengara]]
* 1996 – P. K. Raghavan
* 1996 – K. G. Devaki Amma
* 1997 – [[K. Thayat]]
* 1997 – Maya Narayanan
* 1997 – Saithan Joseph<ref>{{cite news |title=Saitan Joseph passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/feb/15/saitan-joseph-passes-away-227615.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=നാടകാചാര്യന്‍ സെയ്ത്താന്‍ ജോസഫ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=http://epathram.com/keralanews-2010/02/15/102120-noted-drama-artist-satan-joseph-passes-away.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=ePathram |date=15 February 2011 |language=ml}}</ref>
* 1998 – T. V. Gopinath (Direction)
* 1998 – N. G. Panicker
* 1999 – K. M. Dharman (Direction)
* 1999 – K. P. A. C. Rajamma (Actress)
* 2000 – K. K. Jacob
* 2000 – N. Somasundaram
* 2001 – K. S. Namboothiri (Script)
* 2002 – [[Nilambur Ayisha]]
* 2002 – [[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]]
* 2002 – P. V. Kuriakose (Script)
* 2003 – A. A. Chandrahasan
* 2003 – V. Chandransekharan Vaidyar
* 2004 – Paravur George<ref>{{cite news |title=Playwright Paravoor George Passes Away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/dec/17/playwright-paravoor-george-passes-away-552147.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 December 2013}}</ref>
* 2004 – [[K. P. A. C. Sunny]]
* 2004 – Krishnakumari
* 2005 – M. S. Warrier
* 2005 – Ammini Ernest
* 2005 – Nelson Fernandez (Script, Direction)
* 2006 – Sreedharan Nileshwaram<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2006 – Leela Panicker<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2006 – [[Karivellur Murali]] (Script)<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2007 – Haridas Cherukunnu
* 2007 – V. R. Santha
* 2008 – [[C. L. Jose]] (Script)<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2008 – [[Karakulam Chandran]] (Direction)<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2008 – [[P. Balachandran]] (Script)<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2008 – Sreekala V. K.<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2009 – P. Gangadharan (Direction)
* 2009 – [[Savithri Sreedharan]] (Actress)
* 2009 – Sathish Sangamithra (Actor, Direction)
* 2009 – G. Gopalakrishnan (Script)
* 2010 – [[Geetha Salam]]
* 2010 – [[Jayaraj Warrier]] (Drama, Caricature)
* 2010 – K. P. Gopalan (Direction)
* 2010 – A. E. Ashraf (Light)
* 2011 – Meenambalam Santhosh<ref>{{cite news |title=Meenambalam Santosh's play Ezhuthachan aims to resurrect the Malayalam language |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/theater/2018/may/18/meenambalam-santoshs-play-ezhuthachan-aims-to-resurrect-malayalam-language-7458.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 May 2018}}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Deepan Sivaraman]]<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2011 – K. G. Ramu (Make-up)<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2012 – Adv. Manilal (Script)<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2012 – [[Abhilash Pillai (director)|Abhilash Pillai]] (Director)<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2012 – [[Pattanam Rasheed]] (Make-up)<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2013 – Ramesh Varma (Direction)<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2013 – Rajan Kizhakkanela (Script)<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2014 – Prof. Aliyar V. Kunju<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2014 – Manu Jose<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2014 – R. Sudhakaran<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2014 – Shibu S. Kottaram
* 2015 – Sherly Somasundharam (Children's Drama)<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2015 – Geetha Rangaprabhath (Children's Drama)<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2015 – [[Francis T. Mavelikkara]]<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2015 – Girish Sopanam<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2015 – Sreekanth<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2015 – Jose Koshy (Lighting)<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2015 – Pradeep Thalayal (Sound arrangement)<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2016 – [[Kozhikode Sarada]] (Actress)<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2016 – [[A. Santha Kumar]] (Script, Direction)<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2016 – C. K. Sasi (Script)<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2017 – Jayaprakash Karyal<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2017 – Kannur Vasutti<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2017 – Pradeep Roy<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2017 – Sandhya Rajendran<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2018 – K. R. Ramesh<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2018 – P. J. Unnikrishnan<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2018 – Sasikumar Souparnika<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2018 – M. V. Sherly<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2019 – John Fernadaz<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2019 – Narippatta Raju<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2019 – [[K. P. Suveeran]]<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2019 – Saheerali<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2019 – [[Sajitha Madathil]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sajitha Madathil: I consider the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award a great honour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sajitha-madathil-i-consider-the-kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-award-a-great-honour/articleshow/78168528.cms |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
* 2020 – Rajani Meloor<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2020 – E. A. Rajendran<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2020 – Pradeep Malavika<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2020 – Sureshbabu T.<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2020 – Gopalan Adat<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2020 – C. N. Sreevalsan<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2021 – Mangalan K. P. A. C. (Actor)<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – Maniyappan Aranmula<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – [[Babu Pallassery]] (Script, Direction, Actor)<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – A. N. Murugan (Actor)<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – Rajmohan Neeleswaram (Script, Direction)<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – Sudhi Nireeksha (Actress, Direction)<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2022 – Valsan Nisari<ref name="2022:"/>
* 2022 – Babu Annur<ref name="2022:"/>
* 2022 – Suresh Babu Sreestha<ref name="2022:"/>
* 2022 – Lenin Edakochi<ref name="2022:"/>
* 2022 – Rajitha Madhu<ref name="2022:"/>
* 2022 – Kottakkal Murali<ref name="2022:"/>

{{div col end}}

===Kathakali===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1962 – [[Chenganoor Raman Pillai]]
* 1964 – Kurichi Kunjan Panicker
* 1964 – Manjeri Sankunni Nair ([[Madhalam]])
* 1969 – [[Champakulam Pachu Pillai]]
* 1969 – [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]]
* 1969 – [[Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair]]
* 1971 – [[Neelakantan Nambisan|Kalamandalam Neelakantan Nambisan]]
* 1971 – [[Krishnankutty Poduval|Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Poduval]] ([[Chenda]])
* 1972 – Guru Gopala Panicker
* 1973 – Kadathanattu Kochu Govindan Asan
* 1973 – Kottakkal Kuttan Marar ([[Chenda]])
* 1973 – [[Appukutty Poduval|Kalamandalam Appukutty Poduval]] ([[Madhalam]])
* 1974 – Kavungal Sankarankutty Panicker
* 1976 – [[Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]]
* 1977 – Cherthala Kuttappa Kurup (Music)
* 1978 – Pallippuram Gopalan Nair
* 1979 – Kottakkal Vasu Nedungadi (Music)
* 1980 – Kalamandalam Govinda Warrier (Make-up)
* 1981 – Thakazhi Kuttan Pillai (Music)
* 1981 – Chalakudy Narayanan Nambeesan ([[Madhalam]])
* 1982 – K. P. Ramakrishna Panicker (Make-up)
* 1982 – Kalamandalam Achunni Poduval ([[Chenda]])
* 1983 – Mekkara Narayanan Nair
* 1985 – [[Ramankutty Nair|Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]]
* 1985 – Chandra Mannadiyar ([[Chenda]])
* 1986 – Oyoor Kochu Govinda Pillai
* 1987 – Kana Kannan Nair
* 1988 – Kannan Pattali
* 1989 – [[Mankompu Sivasankara Pillai]]
* 1991 – Guru Krishnankutty
* 1991 – [[Padmanabhan Nair|Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair]]
* 1992 – [[Guru Kelu Nair]]
* 1993 – Cherthala Thankappa Panicker
* 1994 – [[Chandramana Govindan Namboothiri]]
* 1995 – [[Kalamandalam Gopi]]
* 1996 – [[Kottakkal Sivaraman]]
* 1997 – [[Kalamandalam Kesavan]] ([[Melam]])
* 1998 – [[Kalamandalam Gangadharan]] (Music)
* 1999 – [[Nelliyode Vasudevan Namboodiri]] (Vesham)
* 2000 – Kottakkal Krishnankutty Nair (Vesham)
* 2001 – Pandalam Kerala Varma
* 2001 – Sadanam Sreedharan ([[Madhalam]])
* 2001 – Varanasi Madhavan Namboothiri ([[Chenda]])
* 2002 – [[Sadanam Krishnankutty]] (Vesham)
* 2003 – [[Vasu Pisharody|Kalamandalam Vasu Pisharody]]
* 2003 – [[Thonnakkal Peethambaran]]
* 2005 – Mudakkal Gopinathan Nair (Music)
* 2006 – [[Kalamandalam K. G. Vasudevan Nair]] (Vesham)<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2009 – Kottakal Nandakumaran Nair (Vesham)
* 2009 – Kalanilayam Unnikrishnan (Music)
* 2010 – FACT Padmanabhan (Vesham)
* 2010 – [[Madambi Subramanian Namboodiri]] (Music)
* 2010 – Kalamandalam Narayanan Nair ([[Madhalam]])
* 2010 – [[Mathoor Govindan Kutty]] (Vesham)
* 2011 – Inchakkad Ramachandran Pillai<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2011 – Sreenarayanapuram Appu Marar ([[Chenda]])<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2012 – Kalamandalam V. Subramanian<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2014 – [[Sadanam K. Harikumaran]]<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2015 – Kuroor Vasudevan Namboodiri ([[Chenda]])<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2016 – Kottakkal Chandrasekhara Warrier (Vesham)<ref>{{cite news |title=Kottakkal Chandrasekharan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kottakkal-chandrasekharan-passes-away/article29335469.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 September 2019}}</ref>
* 2016 – [[Kottakkal Madhu]] (Music)<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2017 – Kalamandalam Oyur Ramachandran<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2018 – [[Kalamandalam Balasubramanian|Kalamandalam C. M. Balasubramanian]]<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2018 – [[Kalamandalam Unnikrishnan]] ([[Chenda]])<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2018 – [[Pathiyoor Sankarankutty]] (Music)<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2019 – Kalamandalam Rajasekharan<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2019 – Kalamandalam C. V. Sukumaran<ref name="2019:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Mohiniyattam===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1972 – Chinnammu Amma
* 1974 – [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]]
* 1976 – [[Kalamandalam Satyabhama]]
* 1983 – Kalamandalam Ambika
* 1985 – [[Kalamandalam Sugandhi]]
* 1988 – Kalamandalam Sumathi
* 1990 – Kalamandalam Leelamma
* 1991 – [[Kalamandalam Vimala Menon]]
* 1993 – Kalamandalam Lakshmi
* 1997 – Kalamandalam Chandrika
* 1998 – [[Kala Vijayan]]
* 2003 – Nirmala Panicker
* 2004 – [[Kalamandalam Radhika]]
* 2005 – Shyamala Surendran
* 2006 – [[Deepti Omchery Bhalla]]<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2007 – [[Neena Prasad]]
* 2008 – [[Gopika Varma]]<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2008 – Pallavi Krishnan<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2009 – Vinitha Nedungadi
* 2010 – [[Methil Devika]]
* 2011 – [[Sunanda Nair]]<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2012 – Sreedevi Rajan<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2013 – Vijayalakshmi<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2014 – [[Smitha Rajan]]<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2015 – [[Jayaprabha Menon]]<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2016 – [[V. K. Hymavathy|Kalamandalam Hymavathy]]<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2017 – Kalamandalam Husnabhanu<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2019 – Kalamandalam Rajalakshmi<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2020 – Kavitha Krishnakumar<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2021 – [[R. L. V. Ramakrishnan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala: RLV Ramakrishnan wins Akademi award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/rlv-ramakrishnan-wins-akademi-award/articleshow/90161068.cms |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 March 2022}}</ref>
* 2022 – Kalamandalam Sheeba Krishnakumar<ref name="2022:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Bharatanatyam===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1975 – [[Kalamandalam Kshemavathy]]
* 1983 – Kalamandalam Saraswathy
* 1995 – [[Kalakshetra Vilasini]]
* 1996 – Kalamandalam Chandrika
* 2011 – Girija Chandran<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2012 – [[Rajashree Warrier]]<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2013 – [[Rama Vaidyanathan]]<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2018 – Aswathy V. Nair<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2019 – Uma Sathyanarayanan<ref name="2019:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Dance===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1966 – [[Guru Gopinath]]
* 1973 – P. K.Poduval ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 1977 – [[Guru Chandrasekharan]]
* 1978 – Kottayam Chellappan<ref>{{cite news |title=Dancer Chellappan passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/dancer-chellappan-passes-away/articleshow/809401.cms |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 August 2004}}</ref>
* 1979 – [[Chemancheri Kunhiraman Nair]]
* 1980 – Vechoor Thankamani Pillai (Ottamthullal)
* 1981 – Shadow Gopinath
* 1982 – Tripunithura Madhava Menon
* 1986 – Dancer Sankarankutty
* 1987 – P. K. Vijayabhanu
* 1987 – K. T. Kumaran Asan ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 1988 – A. K. Sivaram
* 1989 – Kalamandalam Gangadharan
* 1989 – Thiruvalla Ponnamma ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 1990 – Tripunithura Aravindaksha Menon
* 1991 – K. S. Divakaran Nair ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 1992 – Nattuvar Parameswara Menon
* 1993 – Saraswathy Malhotra
* 1994 – Bhavani Chellappan
* 1996 – [[Kalamandalam Prabhakaran]] ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 1997 – [[Kalamandalam Devaki]] ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 1998 – N. V. Krishnan
* 1998 – Evoor Damodaran Nair ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 1999 – Guru Gopalakrishnan
* 1999 – Kusumam Gopalakrishnan
* 1999 – Oachira P. R. Sankarankutty
* 2000 – Ennakkad Narayanankutty
* 2000 – Manorama Balakrishnan
* 2000 – Kalamandalam Geethanandan ([[Ottan Thullal]])
* 2001 – V. Mydhili
* 2002 – Kalamandalam Vanaja
* 2005 – Kalanilayam Govindankutty
* 2008 – S. Lekha Thankachi ([[Kerala Natanam]])<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2013 – Kalamandalam Vasudevan ([[Ottan Thullal]])<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2014 – [[Manju Warrier]] ([[Kuchipudi]])<ref name="2014:"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Asha Prakash |title=Sangeeta Nataka Akademi honours Manju Warrier |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sangeeta-nataka-akademi-honours-manju-warrier/articleshow/49337372.cms |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 October 2015}}</ref>
* 2015 – [[Sreelakshmy Govardhanan]] ([[Kuchipudi]])<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2017 – Kalamandalam Mohanakrishnan ([[Ottan Thullal]])<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2018 – Gayathri Subramanian ([[Kerala Natanam]])<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2020 – Manalur Gopinath ([[Ottan Thullal]])<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2020 – Vinayachandran ([[Kerala Natanam]])<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2021 – Kalamandalam Sathyavrathan ([[Kerala Natanam]])<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – Geetha Padmakumar ([[Kuchipudi]])<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2022 – Bijula Balakrishnan ([[Kuchipudi]])<ref name="2022:"/>
* 2022 – Kalamandalam Radhamani (Thullal)<ref name="2022:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Koothu–Koodiyattam===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1964 – Ammannur Chachu Chakyar
* 1971 – Painkulam Narayana Chakyar
* 1972 – [[Ramanchakyar|Painkulam Rama Chakyar]]
* 1979 – Subhadra Nangiyaramma
* 1981 – Irinjalakuda Narayanan Nambiar (Padakam)
* 1982 – Haripad Achuthadas (Padakam)
* 1983 – Ammannur Parameswara Chakyar
* 1985 – C. K. Krishnan Nambiar (Mizhavu)
* 1986 – Puthiyedath Mani Neelakanda Chakyar
* 1992 – K. K. Rajendran
* 1993 – [[P. K. Narayanan Nambiar]] (Mizhavu)
* 1998 – [[Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri]] (Koodiyattam)
* 2001 – [[Mani Damodara Chakyar]] (Chakyarkoothu)
* 2001 – P. K. G.Nambiar (Koodiyattam)
* 2001 – [[Kalamandalam Girija]] (Koodiyattam)
* 2002 – [[Margi Sathi]] (Koodiyattam)
* 2003 – Ammannur Parameswaran (Kuttan Chakyar) (Koodiyattam)
* 2005 – [[G. Venu]]
* 2006 – Painkulam Damodara Chakyar<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2008 – [[Kalamandalam Rama Chakyar]] (Koodiyattam)<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2009 – Painkulam Narayana Chakyar (Koodiyattam)
* 2011 – [[Margi Madhu]]<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2013 – Mani Vasudeva Chakyar<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2014 – [[Usha Nangiar]]<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2014 – V. K. K. Hariharan (Koodiyattam)<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2017 – Kalamandalam Kanakakumar (Koodiyattam)<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2018 – Kalamandalam Shylaja (Koodiyattam, Nangiar koothu)<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2019 – [[Kalamandalam Sindhu]] (Nangiar koothu)<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2020 – Kalamandalam Jishnu Prathap (Koodiyattam)<ref name="2020:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Krishnanattam===
* 1975 – A. Gopalan Nair
* 1977 – V. P. Narayana Pisharody
* 1983 – K. Velayudhan Nair
* 2012 – T. P. Aravinda Pisharody<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2015 – K. Sukumaran<ref name="2015:"/>

===Keraleeya Vadyangal===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1969 – Annamanada Achutha Marar ([[Panchavadyam]])
* 1972 – Thiruvegappura Rama Marar
* 1974 – T. S. Ramaswamy Iyer ([[Chenda]])
* 1979 – Chithali Rama Marar ([[Chenda]])
* 1981 – Neetiyath Govindan Nair ([[Panchavadyam]])
* 1983 – Annamanada Parameswara Marar ([[Timila]])
* 1983 – Kadavallur Aravindakshan ([[Madhalam]])
* 1983 – [[Pallavur Appu Marar]] ([[Idakka]])
* 1986 – Kombath Kuttan Panicker ([[Kuzhal|Kurumkuzhal]])
* 1986 – Nireechan Kanjan Poojari (Thudi)
* 1987 – Chottanikkara Narayana Marar ([[Timila]])
* 1988 – Kuzhur Kuttappa Marar ([[Panchavadyam]])
* 1989 – Aliparambu Sivarama Poduval ([[Chenda]])
* 1990 – Othikunnath Kuttykrishnan Nair (Kurumkuzhal)
* 1991 – [[Kuzhur Narayana Marar]] ([[Panchavadyam]])
* 1995 – Pallavur Maniyan Marar ([[Timila]])
* 1996 – [[Mattannoor Sankarankutty]] ([[Chenda]] - [[Thayambaka]])
* 1997 – [[Thrippekulam Achutha Marar]] ([[Melam]])
* 1999 – Thrithala Kunjikrishna Poduval ([[Thayambaka]])
* 1999 – Edappal Appunni ([[Madhalam]])
* 2000 – Chakkumkulam Appu Marar ([[Melam]])
* 2001 – Cherpulassery Sivan ([[Madhalam]])
* 2002 – M. Sankaranarayanan
* 2001 – [[Peruvanam Kuttan Marar]] ([[Chenda]])
* 2003 – Kadanad V. K. Gopi ([[Mridangam]])
* 2003 – Cherthala A. K. Ramachandran ([[Mridangam]])
* 2004 – Chengamanad Appu Nair ([[Kombu (instrument)|Kombu]])
* 2005 – Aliparambu Sivarama Poduval ([[Chenda]], [[Idakka]])
* 2006 – Margi Somadas ([[Chenda]])<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2007 – Kalamandalam Narayanan Nambisan ([[Madhalam]])
* 2008 – Thrikkur Rajan ([[Panchavadyam]] - [[Madhalam]])<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2009 – [[Kalpathy Balakrishnan]] ([[Thayambaka]])
* 2010 – Machad Ramakrishnan Nair ([[Kombu (instrument)|Kombu]])
* 2010 – Cheruthazham Chandran ([[Thayambaka]])
* 2011 – Kelath Aravindaksha Marar ([[Chenda]])<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2012 – Kalanilayam Babu (Madhalam)<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2012 – Elanjimel P. Susheel Kumar ([[Mridangam]])<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2012 – Kelath Kuttappan Marar ([[Timila]])<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2013 – Kallekulangara Achuthankutty Marar ([[Thayambaka]])<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2014 – E. P. Vijayan Marar (Vadya Kala)<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2015 – Malamary Sasi ([[Drum]]s)<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2016 – Kottakkal Ravi ([[Madhalam]])<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2016 – Kalamandalam Krishnadas ([[Chenda]])<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2017 – Peruvanam Satheesan Marar ([[Chenda]])<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2017 – Kunissery Chandran ([[Madhalam]])<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2017 – Kongad Madhu ([[Timila]])<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2018 – Machad Manikandan ([[Kombu (instrument)|Kombu]])<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2018 – Porur Unnikrishnan ([[Thayambaka]])<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2018 – Kariyannur Narayanan Namboodiri ([[Timila]])<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2019 – Velappaya Nandanan (Kurumkuzhal)<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2019 – Thichur Mohanan ([[Idakka]])<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2020 – Peringode Chandran ([[Timila]])<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2021 – P. C. Chandra Bose (Instrumental Music)<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – Peringode Subramanyan ([[Idakka]])<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – Pazhuvil Reghu Marar ([[Melam]])<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2021 – Thamarakudi R. Rajasekharan (Mukharsangh)<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2022 – Kalamandalam Rajeev ([[Mizhavu]])<ref name="2022:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Sopana Sangeetham===
* 1981 – [[Njeralattu Rama Poduval]] (Sopana Sangeetham)<ref name="Sopana Sangeetham">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/sopana-sangeetham-a-ksna/471 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Sopana Sangeetham |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
* 1985 – Mankombu Viswanatha Kurup (Ashtapathi)<ref name="Sopana Sangeetham"/>
* 1993 – Janardhanan Nedungadi (Sopana Sangeetham)<ref name="Sopana Sangeetham"/>
* 2016 – Njeralathu Harigovindan (Sopana Sangeetham)<ref name="2016:"/>

===Light Music===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1982 – [[Thoppil Anto]]
* 1983 – [[M. S. Baburaj]] (Posthumous)
* 1983 – [[Kamukara Purushothaman]]
* 1985 – Thrissur P. Radhakrishnan
* 1986 – [[K. P. Udhayabhanu]]
* 1987 – [[Santha P. Nair]]
* 1990 – P. Gokulapalan
* 1992 – [[M. K. Arjunan]]
* 1993 – A. P. Gopalan
* 1994 – [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]]
* 1995 – [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
* 1996 – [[Kanhangad Ramachandran]]
* 1997 – M. S. Naseem
* 1997 – Sara Gul Mohammed (Special Award)
* 1998 – [[C. O. Anto]] (Overall contribution)
* 1998 – Amachal Ravi
* 1998 – Kalavoor Balan (Music Direction)
* 1999 – [[A. K. Sukumaran]]
* 1999 – [[P. K. Medini]] (Janakeeya Sangeetham)
* 2000 – Kumarakom Rajappan
* 2000 – Dharman Ezhome
* 2000 – Kallara Gopan
* 2001 – [[Jerry Amaldev]]
* 2002 – [[K. P. Brahmanandan]]
* 2003 – Vadakara Krishnadas
* 2003 – Darsan Raman
* 2004 – [[Vidyadharan]]
* 2004 – [[Ayiroor Sadasivan]]
* 2005 – [[Zero Babu]]
* 2005 – Sibella Sadanandan
* 2006 – K. P. A. C. Chandrasekharan<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2006 – [[Poovachal Khader]] (Lyrics)<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2007 – [[V. T. Murali]]
* 2007 – Haripad K. P. N. Pillai (Direction)
* 2008 – [[Latha Raju]]<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2008 – Cheravally Sasi (Lyrics)<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2009 – Murali Sithara
* 2009 – [[B. Arundhathi]]
* 2010 – Tripunithura Girija Varma
* 2011 – [[Selma George]]<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2011 – Poochakkal Shahul Hameed (Lyrics)<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2012 – Alleppey Vivekanandan (Direction)<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2012 – [[Rajeev Alunkal]]<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2013 – [[R. K. Damodaran]]<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2013 – [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2014 – Kottayam K. Veeramani<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2014 – [[M. D. Rajendran]]<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2015 – [[S. Ramesan Nair]]<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2016 – Chengannur Sreekumar<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2017 – Vijayan Poonjar<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2019 – R. K. Ramadas<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2020 – Raana Murali<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2020 – Natesh Shankar<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2021 – Manju Menon<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2022 – Vijayan Kovoor<ref name="2022:"/>
* 2022 – [[Lathika|N. Lathika]]<ref name="2022:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Keraleeya Kalakal===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1969 – Chandu Peruvannan ([[Theyyam]])
* 1974 – Chirukanda Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1975 – Kannan Peruvannan ([[Theyyam]])
* 1976 – Pazhoor Kunjan Marar ([[Mudiyett]])
* 1977 – Kadammanitta Raman Nair ([[Padayani]])
* 1978 – Ahmed Musaliar ([[Duffmuttu]])
* 1979 – Palanthoni Velayudhan Asan (Porattu Natakam)
* 1980 – Madathil Sivasankan Nair ([[Kanyarkali]])
* 1981 – Kunjambu Panicker Karivellur ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1981 – Athiyadam P. P. Kanna Peruvannan ([[Theyyam]])
* 1982 – P. K. Madhavan Pillai ([[Padayani]])
* 1982 – P. P. Koru ([[Thirra]])
* 1983 – A. V. Kunhirama Panicker ([[Theyyam]])
* 1983 – Marangattil Thomman Lookka ([[Margamkali]])
* 1985 – Guru Kalliassery Gopal Pillai ([[Padayani]])
* 1986 – Kannan Perumalayan ([[Theyyam]])
* 1987 – M. Krishna Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1988 – P. P. Madhava Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1988 – C. A. Aboobakkar (Mappilakalakal)
* 1989 – Kurichi P. S. Kumaran (Arjuna Nritham)
* 1990 – Nalakath Khasim ([[Mappila songs|Mappilappattu]])
* 1990 – Pallikulathil Chindan Peruvannan ([[Theyyam]])
* 1991 – Rayarath Ummer ([[Oppana]])
* 1992 – Valiyakath Kuttyali (Cheenimuttu)
* 1992 – Chummar Choondal (Natankala)
* 1992 – V. P. Damodara Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1992 – V. P. Kannan Muthoodan ([[Theyyam]])
* 1993 – Sheni Gopalakrishna Bhat ([[Yakshagana]]m)
* 1993 – C. K. Panicker ([[Theyyam]])
* 1993 – T. V. Sankara Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1993 – N. P. Abdul Gurukkal ([[Kolkali]])
* 1994 – G. Bharghavan Pillai (Natankala)
* 1994 – Pazhoor Damodara Marar ([[Mudiyett]])
* 1994 – Chandpasha ([[Mappila songs|Mappilappattu]])
* 1994 – Eshi Joseph ([[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]])
* 1995 – Chandragiri Ambu ([[Yakshagana]]m)
* 1995 – K. P. Dharman Panicker ([[Theyyam]])
* 1995 – [[Kadammanitta Vasudevan Pillai]] ([[Padayani]])
* 1996 – Vengara Krishnan Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1996 – Kizhara Othena Peruvannan ([[Theyyam]])
* 1997 – Edakkottil Appukutty Asan ([[Thirra]])
* 1997 – P. Raghavan Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1997 – V. M. Kutty ([[Mappila songs|Mappilappattu]])
* 1998 – Kannan Karnamoorthy ([[Theyyam]])
* 1998 – Savithri Brahmaniyamma ([[Brahmanippattu]])
* 1999 – Edavalath Kannapoduval ([[Kolkali]])
* 1999 – Pappinissery Kunhiraman Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 1999 – Joseph Moly ([[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]])
* 2000 – Andol Balakrishna Panicker ([[Poorakkali]])
* 2001 – P. M. Charles ([[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]])
* 2001 – P. T. Kesavan Embranthiri ([[Thidambu Nritham]])
* 2002 – Chippar Krishnayya Balla ([[Yakshagana]]m)
* 2002 – S. A. Jameel ([[Mappila songs|Mappilappattu]])
* 2002 – Maneek Manakil ([[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]])
* 2002 – V. Balan ([[Poothamkali]])
* 2003 – K. Dwaraka Krishnan ([[Kanyarkali]])
* 2003 – Bakker Edakkazhiyoor ([[Aravana muttu|Arabanamuttu]])
* 2004 – A. G. Nair ([[Yakshagana]]m)
* 2004 – K. G. Sathar ([[Mappila songs|Mappilappattu]])
* 2004 – Mathukutti Asan ([[Parichamuttukali]])
* 2005 – Kurian Chacko ([[Margamkali]])
* 2006 – P. V. Krishnan Anjoottan Nileshwaram ([[Theyyam]])<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2006 – Jhansi Sebastian Tripunithura ([[Margamkali]])<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2007 – Kurichi Natesan (Arjuna Nritham)
* 2009 – [[Eranjoli Moosa]] ([[Mappila songs|Mappilappattu]])
* 2011 – Thampi Payyappilly ([[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]])<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2011 – Sreedharan Asan ([[Kakkarissi Natakam]])<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2013 – Britto Vincent ([[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]])<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2013 – Vakkom Sajeev (Samudra Natanam)<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2013 – Madhu Gopinath (Samudra Natanam)<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2014 – Puthumana Govindan Namboothiri ([[Thidambu Nritham]])<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2014 – Kunjiraman Vaidar ([[Theyyam]])<ref name="2014:"/>
* 2015 – Janardhanan Puthusseri (Natanpattu)<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2016 – Kuttur Prasannakumar ([[Padayani]])<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2016 – Mannur Chandran (Porattu Natakam)<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2016 – Keezhillam Unnikrishnan ([[Mudiyett]])<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2017 – Roy Georgekutty ([[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittu Natakam]])<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2018 – Palamthoni Narayanan (Porattu Natakam)<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2019 – Madikai Unnikrishnan ([[Thidambu Nritham]], [[Melam]])<ref name="2019:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Kathaprasangam===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1966 – Sathyadevan
* 1978 – Joseph Kaimaparamban
* 1979 – Kollam Babu
* 1986 – Kadaikodu Viswambharan
* 1987 – V. Harshakumar
* 1989 – Vadakara V. Ashokan
* 1990 – Ochira Ramachandran
* 1991 – H. Ramlabeegam
* 1992 – Harippad Saraswathi Ammal
* 1994 – Thevarthottam Sukumaran
* 1995 – Kadavoor Balan
* 1996 – Cherthala Balachandran
* 1998 – K. P. Chandrahasan
* 1999 – Edakkochi Prabhakaran
* 2001 – Gopinath
* 2002 – Thodiyoor Vasanthakumari
* 2003 – Niranam Rajan
* 2004 – Vayalar Baburaj
* 2005 – Seena Pallikkara
* 2006 – Manamboor D. Radhakrishnan<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2007 – Ayilam Unnikrishnan
* 2008 – Pala Nandakumar<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2009 – Chirakkara Salimkumar
* 2010 – Marayamuttom Johny
* 2012 – Edakochi Salimkumar<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2013 – Vinod Champakara<ref name="2013:"/>
* 2015 – Kannur Ratnakumar<ref name="2015:"/>
* 2016 – Sooraj Sathyan K.<ref name="2016:"/>
* 2017 – Pulimath Sreekumar<ref name="2017:"/>
* 2018 – M. R. Payyattam<ref name="2018:"/>
* 2019 – Vasanthakumar Sambasivan<ref name="2019:"/>
* 2020 – Trikkulam Krishnan Kutty<ref name="2020:"/>
* 2021 – Vanchiyoor Praveen Kumar<ref name="2021:"/>
* 2022 – S. Noval Raj<ref name="2022:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Prakshepana Kala===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 1975 – [[T. P. Radhamani]]
* 1981 – [[K. Padmanabhan Nair]]
* 1983 – [[C. S. Radhadevi]]
* 1987 – Rajam K. Nair
* 1990 – R. Rajakumari
* 1991 – K. V. Manikandan Nair
* 1991 – C. P. Rajasekharan
* 1992 – A. Prabhakaran
* 1993 – [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]]
* 1994 – N. K. Sebastian
* 1999 – K. S. Ranaprathapan
* 2004 – M. Thankamani
* 2005 – K. A. Muralidharan
* 2006 – Beban Kaimaparamban<ref name="2006:"/>
* 2007 – S. Radhakrishnan
* 2008 – Satheesh Chandran<ref name="2008:"/>
* 2010 – T. T. Prabhakaran
* 2012 – [[Ravi Vallathol]]<ref name="2012:"/>
* 2013 – Leelamma Mathew<ref name="2013:"/>
{{div col end}}

===Magic===
* 1995 – [[Gopinath Muthukad]]
* 1997 – Padmaraj
* 2000 – [[Magician Samraj]]
* 2001 – Pradeep Hudino
* 2002 – P. M. Mithra
* 2003 – Nilambur Pradeep Kumar
* 2011 – R. K. Malayath<ref name="2011:"/>
* 2014 – [[Shamsudheen Cherpulassery]] (Street Magic)<ref name="2014:"/>

===Mimicry===
* 2010 – [[Kottayam Nazeer]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/mimicry-a-ksna/476 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Mimicry |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

==References==
; General
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowships and Awards |publisher=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813144417/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music-a-ksna/464 |title=Classical Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-a-ksna/465 |title=Drama |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathakali-a-ksna/468 |title=Kathakali |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466 |title=Dance |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/koothu-koodiyattam-krishnanattam-a-ksna/469 |title=Koothu-Kooditattam-Krishnanattam |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/keraleeya-vadyangal-a-ksna/470 |title=Keraleeya Vadyangal |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/sopana-sangeetham-a-ksna/471 |title=Sopana Sangeetham |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/keraleeya-kalakal-a-ksna/472 |title=Keraleeya Kalakal |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathaprasangam-a-ksna/473 |title=Kathaprasangam |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/prakshepana-kala-a-ksna/474 |title=Prakshepana Kala |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/magic-a-ksna/475 |title=Magic |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/mimicry-a-ksna/476 |title=Mimicry |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023 }}
{{Refend}}

; Footnotes
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/}}

{{Music of Kerala}}

[[Category:Awards established in 1962]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Indian visual arts awards]]
[[Category:Indian music awards]]
[[Category:Indian dance awards]]
[[Category:Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Kerala]]

V Rajaraman

2026-03-12T12:43:46Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Notability|bio|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]
| title = [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India#Presidents|President]], XIth Council
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1981
| predecessor = [[Y. H. Malegam]]
| successor = Bansi S. Mehta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1929|09|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
| father =
| mother =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Chartered Accountant]]
| residence = [[Delhi]]
| URL =
}}
'''V. Rajaraman''' (born September 1929) is an Indian [[Chartered Accountant|chartered accountant]] who was the President of [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] from 1980 to 1981. Currently, he is a senior Partner in Thakur, Vaidyanath Aiyar & Co., New Delhi.

==Biography==
V. Rajaraman was born on 16 September 1929 in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was elected as second president of the XIth Council (1979–82) of [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] in 1980<ref>{{citation|title=Past President|url=http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=220|publisher=[[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|ICAI]]|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043915/http://www.icai.org/post.html?post_id=220|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Photographs in ICAI e-Journal|url=http://assets.cacharya.com/12-14-16-18-Photographs-ICAI-e-Journal-July-2015-PDF-U80F3WSO.pdf?1435800732|publisher=Cacharya.com|date=July 2015}}</ref> and inaugurated the Trichur Branch (Thrissur City) of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] on 10 June 1981.<ref>{{citation|title=ICAI Trichur Branch (Thrissur City)|url=http://wikimapia.org/2444967/ICAI-Trichur-Branch|publisher=Wikimapia}}</ref>

In 2006, he became a member of the task force constituted to consider challenges involved and to prepare a road map for the possibilities of converging / adoption of the [[International Financial Reporting Standards]] (IFRS) in the Indian context.<ref>{{citation|last1=Ramachandran|first1=N|last2=Kakani|first2=Ram Kumar|title=Financial Accounting for Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FU_L8VgdFAC&pg=PA710|publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill]]|edition=third|date=2011|location=[[New Delhi]]|page=710|isbn=9781259050602}}</ref> Later, he became a member of the Special Group for formulating Institutes' response to the various recommendations as contained in the Report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance on Companies Bill 2009.<ref>{{citation|title=ICAI - Special Group for formulating Institutes response|url=http://www.cainindia.org/news/9_2010/icai_special_group_for_formulating_institutes_response_.html|publisher=CAinINDIA.org, e-Bible for Chartered Accountants|date=15 October 2010}}</ref> He also headed the Bureaucracy Today Assessment Committee constituted in February 2014, for compiling the list of top 100 CA firms.<ref>{{citation|title=BT Top 100 CA Firms' Ranking Parameters|url=http://www.bureaucracytoday.com/file/BT-100%20CA.pdf|publisher=Bureaucracy Today}}</ref>

He has audited multiple Indian companies including some [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] like [[IFCI Ltd]] <ref>{{citation|title=IFCI Ltd. Auditor's Report (2013-14)|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/ifci-ltd_ifci/reports-auditor-report|publisher=[[NDTV Profit]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=IFCI Ltd. Unaudited (Standalone) Financial Results for the nine months ended December 31, 2013|url=http://ifciltd.com/DesktopModules/ListingOfEvents/UploadFile/635277121012031250Fin%20Results%2031%20Dec%2013%20English.pdf|publisher=[[IFCI Ltd]]}}</ref> and [[Air India]].<ref>{{citation|title=Air India Balance Sheet (2009-10)|url=http://www.airindia.com/writereaddata/Portal/FinancialReport/1_157_1_2009-2010_Balance_Sheet_as_at_March_31_2010.pdf|publisher=[[Air India]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=SRF Properties Auditor's Report (2013-14)|url=http://www.srf.com/inv/BSheet_SRF_Properties_Limited.pdf|publisher=[[SRF Limited]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Usha International Auditor's Report (2007-08)|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/annual-report/ushainternational/auditors-report/UI15|publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]]}}</ref>

His article titled ''Where There are Opportunities for Profession, Growth Will Follow'' was published in ICAI e-Journal.<ref>{{citation|title=ICAI E-Journal |url=http://www.icaiejournal.org/Journal/1864_2011_1.pdf |accessdate=8 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065727/http://www.icaiejournal.org/Journal/1864_2011_1.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

[[Amarjit Chopra]] referred to him as his role model in his presidential address in 2010.<ref>{{citation|title=President's Message|date=March 2010|url=http://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id=5517|publisher=[[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|ICAI]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rameshwar Thakur]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaraman, V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Veettuku Veedu

2026-03-04T04:54:44Z

NereidaMccurdy5: cleanup

{{short description|1970 film by C. V. Rajendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Veettuku Veedu poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[C. V. Rajendran]]
| writer = [[Chithralaya Gopu]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Thikku Theriyatha Veettil''|Chithralaya Gopu}}
| producer = {{ubl|S. Suryaprakash|Rajan|R. Renganathan|R. Parthasarathy}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]|[[R. Muthuraman]]|[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]|[[Nagesh]]}}
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]] K. S. Bhaskar Rao
| editing = N. M. Sankar
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Babu Movies
| released = {{film date|1970|5|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Veettuku Veedu''''' ({{Translation|Home to Home}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[C. V. Rajendran]] and written by [[Chithralaya Gopu]]. It is based on Gopu's Tamil play ''Thikku Theriyatha Veettil'' ({{Translation|Lost in the dense house}}) which was based on the English play ''Right Bed Wrong Husband'' by [[Schaffner Players|Caroline and Neil Schaffner]].<ref name="BollySwar">{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 2001–2010 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=9788193848203 |pages=931}}</ref> The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] and [[Nagesh]], with [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] and [[Major Sundarrajan]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 29 May 1970. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Galate Samsara]]'' (1977) again directed by Rajendran.<ref name="BollySwar" />

== Plot ==
Vasudevan is rich businessman Kadikalingam's son. Vasu is fearful of his father, because Kadikalingam is a very strict man. He works at his father's company as General Manager. He is in love with a young, bold woman, Malathy. But Kadikalingam strictly opposes this love, so Vasu leaves his home and registers for marriage to Malathy. The couple is tenant to Kala's house. She is Malathy's close friend and her husband is Balu. He has a close relationship with another woman, Prameela, who is a stage dancer. Kala feels unhappy about her married life. Balu has been avoiding Kala lately since his infidelity with Prameela. Balu is physically abusive towards his wife. Malathy warns Balu to stay away from Prameela and to be sincere to his wife. Balu signs the divorce papers and leaves his wife and starts staying at his girlfriend's house.

Meanwhile, Balu's paternal uncle died in an accident and had named him the next of kin in the will. They intend laying their hand on 2 lakhs cash. In a moment of crisis, Malathy is forced to make her husband Vasu pose as Kala's husband Balu. Pattusamy is manager Paramanandham's son, who works as a music teacher. Pattusamy and Paramanandham come to Kala's house and spend a week with her at her home. Pattusamy falls in love with Malathy. He tries to impress her. Pattusamy is always standing in front of Malathy's room watching her.

Prameela finds a richer businessman than Balu and kicks him out. Balu who sees Vasu and Kala's photo published in a newspaper for a soap company advertisement, goes home and argues with Vasu and Malathy. Then Malathy briefly explains the house's situation. Balu claims to hear the truth and also joins the drama.

Next day, Balu introduces himself to Paramanandham as Ramesh, Malathy's brother from [[Sri Lanka]]. Pattusamy closely watches the house and the peoples' activities because he thinks there is something fishy with the members of the house. He tells his suspicion to his father, but Paramandham does not believe his son. Unfortunately, Kadigalingam reaches Vasu's rented house and calls Kala for our home. Then, Kala and Malathy were explained the truth and Kadikalingam understood Malathy is his daughter-in-law's and mistress of Vasu. Pattusamy and his father hear the news. They are explained the crisis situation and then Paramandham gives the cash into Kala and Balu's hands. Finally, Malathy succeeds in her plan and Pattusamy was asked to apologise to Malathy.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Vasudevan
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Malathi
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Balu
*[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Kala
*[[Nagesh]] as Pattusamy
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Kadikalingam
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Paramanadham
*[[Typist Gopu]] as Manager
* [[Master Prabhakar]] as Sambath
*Radhika as Prameela
}}

== Production ==
[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], after watching the play ''Thikku Theriyatha Veettil'' written by [[Chithralaya Gopu]], expressed interest in acting in a potential film adaptation; however, she was unable to, and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] was cast instead in the film titled ''Veettukku Veedu''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=17 August 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 31: 'நெஞ்சிருக்கும் வரை' மறக்க முடியாது! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/139029-31.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011045125/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/139029-31.html |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The role was portrayed in the play by [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 January 1979 |title=சிரிக்க நினைத்தால் சிரிக்கலாம்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-01-07/kalki1979-01-07.pdf |access-date=4 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=54–56 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Gopu was retained as screenwriter.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 June 1970 |title=வீட்டுக்கு வீடு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1970-06-28/page/n74/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230308044314/https://archive.org/details/kalki1970-06-28/page/n74/mode/2up |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=73 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1970 |title=Veettukku Veedu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/veettukku-veedu/g75QW4q64ro_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329035739/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/veettukku-veedu/g75QW4q64ro_ |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Angam Puthuvitham" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 4:08
|-
| "Naam Iruvarum Sugam" || L. R. Eswari || 3:33
|-
| "Thottu Thottu Parthaal" || [[P. Susheela]] ||3:41
|-
| "Antha Pakkam" || Saibaba || 3:05
|-
| "Nalvazhvu Naam Vazha" || P. Susheela || 3:24
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Veettukku Veedu'' was released on 29 May 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veettuku Veedu (1970) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/veettuku-veedu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231030113359/https://screen4screen.com/movies/veettuku-veedu |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film's cast, especially Lakshmi "who tops everybody" and also praised the crew, citing "Gopu has done a competent screenplay. Director Rajendran has kept a brisk pace".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 1970 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700530&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{C. V. Rajendran}}

[[Category:1970 comedy films]]
[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Rajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Chithralaya Gopu]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bullet Basya

2026-03-03T21:21:48Z

NereidaMccurdy5: brief fixed page as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bullet Basya
| image = 2015 Kannada film Bullet Basya poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Jayatheertha]]
| producer = Jayanna Bhogendra
| story = [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] Jayatheertha
| screenplay = Jayatheertha
| starring = Sharan [[Haripriya]] Yathiraj Jaggesh
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Sugnaan
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Jayanna Combines
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|07|24}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bullet Basya''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]] [[comedy film]] directed by Jayatheertha, and stars [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] and [[Haripriya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/haripriya-in-sharans-new-movie-bullet-basya-161564.html|title=Haripriya in Sharan's new movie Bullet Basya|publisher=Filmibeat|date=14 October 2014|access-date=11 July 2015|archive-date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712070022/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/haripriya-in-sharans-new-movie-bullet-basya-161564.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The supporting cast features [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] and Yathiraj Jaggesh. The title of the film was taken from Sudheer's character in the 1989 Kannada film ''[[C.B.I. Shankar]]''. The creators however confirmed that there was no connection between the two.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bullet Basya has started!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bullet-Basya-has-started/articleshow/45119604.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 November 2014|accessdate=11 July 2015|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822011546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bullet-Basya-has-started/articleshow/45119604.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as "dual role" Basavaraj (" Bullet Basya") / Muthu
* [[Haripriya]] as Kaveri
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Basya's father
* [[Prashanth Siddi]] aide of Basya
* Yathiraj Jaggesh aide of Basya
* Giri Godhulli
* Girish Shivanna
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Girija Lokesh]] as Muthu's mother
* Neenasam Ashwath
* Muni
* Thanveer
* [[Tabla Nani]] as Minister
* [[Master Anand]] as Painter

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bullet Basya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 26 May 2015
| recorded = 2014–2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:04
| label = D Beats
| producer = [[Arjun Janya]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Arjun Janya]] scored the film's background music and composed for its soundtrack, with lyrics for the tracks penned by V. Nagendra Prasad, Raghu Niduvalli, [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]. This was the third venture of Sharan with Janya after the successful ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' (2012) and ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'' (2012). The soundtrack album was launched on 26 May 2015 in [[Bangalore]] by the D-Beats company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bullet-basya-audio-arrives-kannada-news-133841.html|title=Bullet Basya audio arrives|work=Indiaglitz|date=27 May 2015|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401062815/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bullet-basya-audio-arrives-kannada-news-133841.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The album consists of five tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bullet Basya (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bullet-basya-original-motion/id1000658068|publisher=iTunes|access-date=11 July 2015|archive-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713062840/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bullet-basya-original-motion/id1000658068|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| total_length = 21:04
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bullet Basya
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics1 = Raghu Niduvalli
| length1 = 4:04
| title2 = Thutthoori Talavarayya
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length2 = 4:13
| title3 = Kaal Kg Kallekaai
| extra3 = [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Baare Kunthkolae
| extra4 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics4 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length4 = 3:55
| title5 = Common Common
| extra5 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], [[Chintan Vikas]]
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length5 = 4:30
}}

=== Critical reception ===
The reviewer for ''Ytalkies.com'' reviewed the album and wrote, "The tracks are quite simple for Sharan’s film", considering that each of his hitherto recent films had a minimum of one hit number. The reviewer felt the title track "Bullet Basya" was the best of all the tracks and wrote, "Arjun Janya’s musical creativity, Raghu Niduvalli’s smart- talk lyrics and of course Tippu’s robust voice in the song would get this a number 1 spot in the album."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bullet Basya Music Review|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-song-reviews/bullet-basya-music-review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163234/http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-song-reviews/bullet-basya-music-review|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2023|accessdate=2 August 2015|publisher=ytalkies.com|date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was given the "U/A" (Parental Guidance) certificate by the Regional Censor Board and without any cuts. The makers looked at a June 2015 release. However, with over 300 theatres screening ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' and ''[[Vajrakaya]]'', its release was delayed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bullet Basya Not Releasing This Month|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12041-bullet-basya-not-releasing-this-month.html|accessdate=2 August 2015|publisher=chitraloka.com|date=20 June 2015|archive-date=23 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623142944/http://chitraloka.com/news/12041-bullet-basya-not-releasing-this-month.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anticipating "stiff competition" from the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' which saw a 10 July release, ''Bullet Basya'' was released on 24 July.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bullet Basya Censored - Releasing on 24th|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12120-bullet-basya-censored-releasing-on-24th.html|accessdate=2 August 2015|publisher=chitraloka.com|date=13 July 2015|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717071637/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12120-bullet-basya-censored-releasing-on-24th.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Upon theatrical release, the film received generally mixed to negative reviews from critics and audiences alike. The audiences felt the film had a "story with no freshness in the presentation."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=Prakash|title='Bullet Basya' Movie Review by Audience|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bullet-basya-movie-review-live-audience-response-640331|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=International Business Times|publisher=ibtimes.co.in|date=24 July 2015|archive-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817224202/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bullet-basya-movie-review-live-audience-response-640331|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics, calling the film a "sex comedy", echoed the same views and felt that "it had nothing new to offer" and added that it was filled with dialogues and songs with [[double entendre]].

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called the film "a thorough entertainer (laced with innuendo)." She paid credit to the performances of all the actors, and the cinematography and music.<ref>{{cite news|last1=A.|first1=Sharadhaa|title=When the Laughter Rolls on|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/When-the-Laughter-Rolls-on/2015/07/25/article2938794.ece|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=25 July 2015|archive-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113071500/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/When-the-Laughter-Rolls-on/2015/07/25/article2938794.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Archana Nathan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the film "An overdose of masculinity" and wrote, "The film is guilty of not just weak writing but also a poor cinematic imagination."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nathan|first1=Archana|title=An overdose of masculinity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/bullet-basya-review-an-overdose-of-masculinity/article7463908.ece|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2015|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725190430/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/bullet-basya-review-an-overdose-of-masculinity/article7463908.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing the film for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', S. Viswanath wrote, "[The film] is a stereotypical, stock-in-trade Sharan comedy" and added that "it would be futile to look for logic."<ref>{{cite news|last1=S.|first1=Viswanath|title=Bad boys run wild|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/491524/bad-boys-run-wild.html|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=Deccan Herald|date=25 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061455/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/491524/bad-boys-run-wild.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'', Shyam Prasad S. called the a "Timepass nonsense" and wrote, "Though they are well-shot and visually good, they fail to add any weight to the film. The cinematography and editing are neat and there is no baggage or drag. The film is silly and is gracious enough not to take itself seriously."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prasad S.|first1=Shyam|title=Movie Review: Bullet Basya|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Bullet-Basya/articleshow/48217191.cms|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=25 July 2015|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410053314/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Bullet-Basya/articleshow/48217191.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and called it a "senseless and sexist comedy" and wrote that "there is nothing new in the script." She further wrote, "The comic ensemble including Yathiraj, Anand, Rangayana Raghu and Sadhu Kokila, do their bit. The cinematography and art direction is commendable, while the music, unlike other Sharan films, doesn't have the zing".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suresh|first1=Sunayana|title=Bullet Basya Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Bullet-Basya/movie-review/48222912.cms|accessdate=2 August 2015|work=The Times of India|date=26 July 2015|archive-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729135211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Bullet-Basya/movie-review/48222912.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Shashiprasad S. M. of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' too rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "With no soul in the subject, the director has decorated the body (script) with lots of jewellery which pretends to shine, but has no real spark in it!" On Haripriya's performance, he wrote, "[She] grabs and hold attention of audience from her entry until climax." He concluded writing, "[The film] is more noisy and less fun."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shashiprasad|first1=S. M.|title=Movie review 'Bullet Basya': More noise, less fun|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150725/entertainment-bollywood/article/movie-review-bullet-basya-more-noise-less-fun|access-date=2 August 2015|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=25 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924185439/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150725/entertainment-bollywood/article/movie-review-bullet-basya-more-noise-less-fun|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4882674}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bullet Basya}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jayatheertha]]

Priyaragalu

2026-03-03T18:26:37Z

NereidaMccurdy5: general correct intro per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priyaragalu
| image = Priyaragalu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = Diwakar Babu (dialogues)
| story = ''[[Fazil (director)]]''
| screenplay = Yandamuri Veerendranath
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]] [[Soundarya]] [[Maheswari]] [[Ananda Vardhan|Master Aanand Vardhan]]
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| producer = Sunkara Madhu Murali
| studio = Melody Theaters
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu|Hari Anumaalu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| based_on = ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]''
| released = {{Film date|1997|10|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Priyaragalu''''' is 1997 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic musical film]], produced by Sunkara Madhu Murali under the Melody Theaters banner and directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. It stars [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Soundarya]], [[Maheswari]], [[Ananda Vardhan|Master Anand Vardhan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Ananda Vardhan, Amitabh Bachchan's Grandson in Sooryavansham, Now Well-known Actor |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ananda-vardhan-amitabh-bachchans-grandson-in-sooryavansham-now-well-known-actor-5640517.html |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> and has music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The film is a remake of [[Malayalam]] film, ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]'' and won two [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/423247/getting-his-groove-back.html|title=Getting his groove back
|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with Madhu, a topmost model who resorted to his work after being unable to cope with his wife Priya's death. However, he unintentionally neglects his naughty son, Kush Lav, who craves his father's affection. Kush Lav annoys everyone with his monkey business via telephonic conversations. During this time, he becomes acquainted with a girl named Sneha and develops friendships with her. Once, Madhu disputed with a loony Banerjee for his land, where he had graved Priya. Accidentally, Sneha is the half-sister of Banerjee, whom he perturbs for the property. So, she absconds and, fortuitously, takes shelter at Madhu's residence. Before long, Sneha & Kush Lav develop inseparable bondage. After a while, Banerjee detects Sneha's whereabouts and forcefully takes her back. Due to this, Kush Lav gets upset and turns rebellious, which culminates in Madhu's slap. Afterward, he repents, apologizes to Kush Lav, and promises to return Sneha. At her residence, Banerjee mistreats Madhu, leading to a brawl in which Kush Lav gets hit. Later, Madhu notices an illness in Kush Lav, and he finds out it is an internal severe hemorrhage and urgent surgery is required. Now, there is less time for Madhu to spend with his son, and Madhu wants to fulfill all the promises given to him before the operation. Accordingly, he moves for Sneha when Benerjee vigorously goes to knit. Madhu relieves Sneha from Banerjee's clutches, and the three proceed toward a temple, where Kush Lav witnesses his mother Priya's soul under the illusion of leading to his survival. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Madhu & Sneha.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jagapati Babu]] as Madhu
* [[Soundarya]] as Priya
* [[Maheswari]] as Sneha
* [[Ananda Vardhan|Master Aanand Vardhan]] as Kushulu alias Kusha Lav
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Benarjee]] as Banerjee
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Manager
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Anandam
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Doctor
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]] as Gopalam
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
* Kolla Ashok Kumar as Gopalam's House Owner
* [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]] as Director
* Kishore Rathi as Doctor
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Chandra
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Ananth
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Priest
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Rajitha]] as Anandam's wife
* Anitha Chowdary as Anchor
* Baby Nitya as Chintu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The music was released on [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Music Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Raagaalu |url=https://gaana.com/album/priya-raagaalu |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:37
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Chinna Chiru Chiru (F)
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Chinuku Tadi
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 6:03
| title3 = Koonalamma Koonalamma
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balu]], K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:51
| title4 = Priya Vasanta Geetama
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = M. M. Keeravani, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:21
| title5 = Raayabaaram Pampindevare
| lyrics5 = M. M. Keeravani
| extra5 = S. P. Balu, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 5:10
| title6 = Chinna Chiru Chiru (M)
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra6 = S. P. Balu
| length6 = 4:36
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Andhra Today'' opined that "On the whole a good movie, which could have avoided being marred by the plagiarism of comic scenes from a recent popular movie".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/priyarag.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002436/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/priyarag.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Reviews }}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]] – 1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=te}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]] – [[Ananda Vardhan|Master Aanand Vardhan]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] – "Chinna"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1579867}}

{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1990s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1997 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on romance novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1997 musical films]]

Soni (caste)

2026-02-16T13:37:37Z

NereidaMccurdy5: enhanced page as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian artisan caste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Self-contradictory|about=A bit paradoxical: they are either "found throughout India" or found "in the states of Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh". Which is it?|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Soni Goldsmiths.png|thumb|Two Soni men]]
The '''Soni''' are a [[Hindu, Sikh,Jain and Muslim]] caste of goldsmiths found throughout India in the states of [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perez |first=Rosa Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDRWAglUumEC&dq=Soni+caste&pg=PA79 |title=Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India |date=2004 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-8028-014-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>

== Present circumstances ==
The Soni are essentially still goldsmiths, with a few also involved in the manufacture of other items of jewellery. Historically they were under shudra caste of metal workers but because of their access to gold and trade, they also claim vaishya caste. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Others |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&dq=Soni+caste&pg=PA189 |title=Reader In Urban Sociology |date=1991 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-0-86311-152-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref> . They follow [[Vaishnavism]], and many belonging to the [[Swaminarayan]] sect.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Shrimali Soni ==
This caste is mostly found in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YE9QKdrBC1wC&dq=Soni+caste&pg=PA196 |title=The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib |last2=Panikkar |first2=K. N. |last3=Byres |first3=T. J. |last4=Patnaik |first4=Utsa |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-053-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sunar (caste)|Sunar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}
{{Social groups of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Leon Comber

2026-02-11T09:39:37Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|British military officer and book publisher (1921–2023)}}
'''Leonard Francis Comber''' (20 September 1921 – 11 May 2023) was a British military and police officer, and later book publisher, operating in British India, Malaya, [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]] and Australia. He was also an editor and author of books relating to South-East Asia.<ref name=star>[http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=/2008/11/30/lifefocus/2658667&sec=lifefocus "The officer who loved Malaya"]. ''The Star'', November 30, 2008 By MARTIN VENGADESAN</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Singapore|last=Corfield|first=Justin|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0810873872|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000corf/page/66 66]|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000corf/page/66}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Leonard Francis Comber,<ref name="Tan2008">{{cite book|author=Kevin Tan|title=Marshall of Singapore: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC&pg=PA296|year=2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-878-8|pages=296–}}</ref> an only child, was born in [[London]] on 20 September 1921. His mother was married to a master bookbinder and typesetter. He was reading law at King's College, London, in 1939 when the Second World War began.

== World War II ==
During World War Two, Comber served as an officer in the [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian Army]]<ref name=ahmad>[http://web.usm.my/km/34(1)2016/km34012016_06.pdf "BOOK REVIEW: Templer and the Road to Malayan Independence: The Man and His Time"]. ''Kajian Malaysia'', Vol. 34, No. 1, 2016, 135–138. Abu Talib Ahmad, Penerbit University Sains Malaysia</ref> and took part in military operations in Assam and Burma.<ref name="Corfield2010">{{cite book|author=Justin Corfield|title=Historical Dictionary of Singapore|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000corf|url-access=registration|date=2 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7387-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000corf/page/66 66]–}}</ref> At the end of the war, he was among those who landed at Morib Beach, [[Selangor]], on the west coast of Malaya, and witnessed the surrender of Japanese forces in [[Kelantan]].<ref>[https://chinatownology.com/leon_comber_life.html Story of Leon Comber by Ms Lee SY], chinatownology.com. Retrieved 24 October 2025.</ref>

== Malaya ==
Following service with the British Military Administration of Malaya (BMA), he was appointed to the British Colonial Service (Malayan Police) when the army handed over administration of the country to the civilian government in April 1946. Leon Comber, a Chinese speaker, spent most of his police service with the [[Special Branch]], the organisation responsible for political, security and operational intelligence.<ref>Si Ying Tan. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2828486 "Book Review: Templer and the Road to Malayan Independence: The Man and His Time"]. ''Asian Journal of Public Affairs'', Volume 9 (1): 43-46, 2016.</ref> Special Branch participated in the [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948-1960), when counter-insurgency operations were launched against the [[Communist Party of Malaya]] (CPM) and its guerrilla force, the MNLA ([[Malayan National Liberation Army]]).<ref name=star />

Comber left Special Branch after his wife, author [[Han Suyin]], whom he married in 1952, wrote a novel, ''[[And the Rain My Drink]]'' (1956), which was viewed as being anti-British in its depiction of the guerrilla war of Chinese rubber workers against the government.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/06/world/asia/han-suyin-dies-wrote-sweeping-fiction.html?_r=0 "Han Suyin Dies; Wrote Sweeping Fiction"]. ''International New York Times'', MARGALIT FOX. NOV. 5, 2012</ref> They divorced in 1958.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/han-suyin-chinese-born-author-of-a-many-splendoured-thing-dies-at-95/2012/11/04/55d11efe-e887-11e0-9660-be84fb24c979_story.html "Han Suyin, Chinese-born author of ‘A Many-Splendoured Thing,’ dies at 95"]. ''Washington Post'', Alison Lake. November 4, 2012</ref>

Comber then worked for more than twenty years in book publishing. First based in Singapore, later in Hong Kong, he was the regional representative of Heinemann Educational Books of London.<ref name="PatkeHolden2009">{{cite book|author1=Rajeev S. Patke|author2=Philip Holden|title=The Routledge Concise History of Southeast Asian Writing in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT160|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-25761-3|pages=160–}}</ref> He became managing director of local Heinemann subsidiary companies established in Hong Kong, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. In 1966 he founded Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd's [[Writing in Asia Series]]<ref>[https://www.publishinghistory.com/asian-studies-series-heinemann-asia.html Asian Studies Series (Heinemann Asia)], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 1 November 2025.</ref> which were accompanied by his Asian Studies Series<ref>[https://www.publishinghistory.com/asian-studies-series-heinemann-asia.html Asian Studies Series (Heinemann Asia)], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 29 November 2025.</ref> and his Favourite Stories Series<ref>[https://www.publishinghistory.com/favourite-stories-series-heinemann-asia.html Favourite Stories Series (Heinemann Asia)], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 29 November 2025.</ref> with the same publisher. Subsequently, he was Publisher and Director of [[Hong Kong University Press]].<ref name="InghamXi2003">{{cite book|author1=Michael Ingham|author2=Xu Xi|title=City Voices: Hong Kong Writing in English 1945 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|date=1 March 2003|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-604-2|pages=20–}}</ref>

Comber was the Hong Kong judge<ref>[https://www.amazon.sg/Prizewinning-Asian-Fiction-Leon-Comber/dp/9812615733 Prizewinning Asian Fiction - Leon Comber], amazon.com. Retrieved 30 October 2025.</ref> of the ''[[Asiaweek]]'' Short Story Competition, which was run annually between 1981 and 1988. He edited and wrote an introduction for ''Prizewinning Asian Fiction'', an anthology of prizewinning short stories from the competition. Throughout this period, he also wrote and edited a large number of books and articles, including several about Malayan policing and intelligence.<ref name="Duyvesteyn2013">{{cite book|author=Isabelle Duyvesteyn|title=Intelligence and Strategic Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cvhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=31 October 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-96703-3|pages=48–}}</ref>

In 1991, he moved to [[Melbourne]], Australia, with his second wife, Takako Kawai, and their daughter. Subsequently, he became an Honorary Research Fellow at Monash Asia Institute, [[Monash University]]. At the age of 76, he was awarded a Ph.D. in Asian Studies.<ref>[https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/442609 A giant bigger than Special Branch], themalaysianinsight.com. Retrieved 24 October 2025.</ref>

Comber was a senior fellow at the Institute of South [[East Asian studies|East Asian Studies]], Singapore, from 2011 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/about-us/researchers/regional-strategic-political-studies/visiting-researchers/item/1136-dr-leon-comber |title = Dr Leon Comber - ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute}}</ref>

Comber died in [[Melbourne]], Australia on 11 May 2023, at the age of 101.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary-Tribute to Leon Comber| website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0zrjstzjw97swd5ema5iyoP2rqMac948sfYrv1ptnYEWmWhPfkTrE5bRqb58Ho79Hl&id=297630733174&mibextid=qC1gEa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Leon Comber, former SB officer and author, dies at 102 |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/05/14/leon-comber-former-sb-officer-and-author-dies-at-102/ |access-date=15 May 2023 |publisher=Free Malaysia Today |date=14 May 2023}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
===Books===
*''Chinese Ancestor Worship in Malaya'' (1954).<ref name="Kiong2004">{{cite book|author=Tong Chee Kiong|title=Chinese Death Rituals in Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evLF6mCnrBMC&pg=PT158|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79843-7|pages=158–}}</ref>
* ''Chinese Temples in Singapore'' (1958).<ref>[http://www.chinatownology.com/chinese_temples_in_singapore.html "Chinese Temples in Singapore"]. ''Chinatownology'',</ref>
*''Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900'' (1959).
*''Favourite Chinese Stories'' (1967; 1975; 1988) - variant title: ''Favourite Stories for Chinese Schools''<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/5025165 Favourite Chinese Stories], worldcat.org. Retrieved 25 October 2025.</ref>
*''The Strange Cases of Magistrate Pao: Chinese Tales of Crime and Detection. Translated from the Chinese and Retold by Leon Comber [with] Illustrations by Lo Koon-chiu'' (1970; 1972; 2010).
*''The Golden Treasure Box: Favourite Stories From the Orient'' (1979).
*''Malaya's Secret Police 1945-1960: The Role of the Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency'' (2008).<ref name="Murfett2012">{{cite book|author=Malcolm H. Murfett|title=Cold War Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfCIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|date=16 July 2012|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4382-98-4|pages=37–}}</ref>
*''The Triads: Chinese Secret Societies in 1950s Malaya and Singapore'' (2009).
*''Through the Bamboo Window: Chinese Life and Culture in 1950s Malaya and Singapore'' (2009).<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2005156/ghost-marriages-still-alive-hong-kong "Ghost marriages still alive in Hong Kong"]. ''Post Magazine'', Jason Wordie, 19 Aug 2016</ref>
*''Singapore Correspondent: Political Dispatches from Singapore, 1958-1962'' (2012).
*''Templer and the Road to Malaysian Independence: The Man and His Time'' (2015).<ref name=ahmad />
*''Dalley and the Malayan Security Service, 1945-48: MI5 vs. MSS'' (2018).

===Articles===
*"The Origins of the Cold War in Southeast Asia: The Case of the Communist Party of Malaysia (1948–1960): A Special Branch Perspective", in: ''Kajian Malaysia'', vol. 27, nos. 1 and 2 January 2009), pp. 39-60.<ref name="Murfett2012" />
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jc064.13 "Publishing Asian Writers in English"], in: Mimi Chan and Roy Harris, ''Asian Voices in English'', Hong Kong University Press, 1991, pp. 79-86.

===Book series===
* [https://www.publishinghistory.com/asian-studies-series-heinemann-asia.html Asian Studies Series] (Heinemann Asia)
* [https://www.publishinghistory.com/favourite-stories-series-heinemann-asia.html Favourite Stories Series] (Heinemann Asia)
* [https://www.publishinghistory.com/writing-in-asia-series-heinemann-asia.html Writing in Asia Series] (Heinemann Asia)

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326004227/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/mai/staff/lcomber.php Dr Leon Comber] at Monash Asia Institute, Monash University
* [https://www.iseas.edu.sg/media/latest-news/iseas-in-the-news-scholar-emergency-era-malayan-special-branch-officer-leon-comber-dies-at-101/ Scholar, Emergency-era Malayan Special Branch officer Leon Comber dies at 101] (obituary) at ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute
* [https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/909362/scholar-emergency-era-malayan-special-branch-officer-leon-comber-dies-101 "Scholar, Emergency-era Malayan Special Branch officer Leon Comber dies at 101"], ''[[New Straits Times]]'' (obituary), 14 May 2023.
* [https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/442609 "A giant bigger than Special Branch"] (obituary), at ''The Malaysian Insight''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230513182402/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/05/14/leon-comber-former-sb-officer-and-author-dies-at-102/ "Leon Comber, former SB officer and author, dies at 102"] (obituary) at ''[[Free Malaysia Today]]''
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2023/05/18/leon-comber-malayan-emergency-author-died-obituary/ "Leon Comber, colonial policeman in Malaya who wrote the standard work on Triads in the region"] (obituary), ''[[The London Telegraph|The Telegraph (London)]]'', 18 May 2023
* [https://chinatownology.com/leon_comber_life.html Story of Leon Comber] at chinatownology.com
* Martin Vengadesan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205175851/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F11%2F30%2Flifefocus%2F2658667&sec=lifefocus "The officer who loved Malaya"], ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'' (Malaysia), 30 November 2008.

==External links==
* [https://www.belindajanevideo.com/client-video/leon-comber/ Video of memorial service (including eulogies) for Leon Comber]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comber, Leon}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:University of Macau alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Monash University alumni]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:British publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Malaysia]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:British men centenarians]]
[[Category:British colonial police officers]]

Mamit, India

2026-02-10T05:14:29Z

NereidaMccurdy5: created a entry

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{About|the municipality in Mizoram, India|its namesake district|Mamit district|other uses|Mamit (disambiguation){{!}}Mamit}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mamit
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Mamit Town.jpg
| image_alt = Mamit Town
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.93|N|92.48|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mamit district|Mamit]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 718
| population_total = 5261
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MZ
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website = {{URL|mizoram.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mamit''' is a [[census town]] in [[Mamit district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Mizoram]].

==Geography==
Mamit is located at {{coord|23.93|N|92.48|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/31/Mamit.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mamit]</ref>

==Demographics==
As of 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mamit had a population of 7884, in which 4074 are male while 3810 are female.

==Media==
The Major Newspapers in Mamit are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited Journalists |url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists |publisher=DIPR Mizoram |accessdate=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619020709/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists |archivedate=19 June 2013 }}</ref>
*Mamit Times

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mamit district}}

[[Category:Mamit| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mamit district]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Āstika and nāstika

2026-02-09T01:21:59Z

NereidaMccurdy5: formatting fix

{{Short description|Classification of Indian philosophies}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Āstika'' and ''nāstika''}}{{Redirect|Astika|other uses|Astika (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Buddhism}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Āstika''' ([[Sanskrit]]: आस्तिक, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''āstika'') and '''Nāstika''' ([[Sanskrit]]: नास्तिक, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''nāstika'') are mutually exclusive terms that modern scholars use to classify the schools of [[Indian philosophy]] as well as some [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] texts.<ref>Perrett, Roy. 2000. ''Indian Philosophy''. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}. p. 88.</ref><ref>Mittal, Sushil, and Gene Thursby. 2004. ''The Hindu World''. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0415772273}}. pp. 729–30.</ref>{{refn|Flood: "These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (''nāstika'') by orthodox (''āstika'') Brahmanism."{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=82}}}} The various definitions for ''āstika'' and ''nāstika'' philosophies have been disputed since ancient times, and there is no consensus.<ref name="andrew">Nicholson, Andrew J. 2013. [[Unifying Hinduism|''Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History'']]. [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0231149877}}. ch. 9.</ref><ref name="wendy">Doniger, Wendy. 2014. ''On Hinduism''. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0199360079}}. p. 46.</ref> One standard distinction, as within ancient- and medieval-era Sanskrit philosophical literature, is that ''āstika'' schools accept the [[Vedas]], the ancient texts of India, as fundamentally authoritative, while the ''nāstika'' schools do not.<ref>Grayling, A. C. (2019). ''The History of Philosophy''. Penguin Books. p. 519.</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Satischandra, and Dhirendramohan Datta. 1984. ''An Introduction to Indian Philosophy'' (8th reprint ed.). Calcutta: [[University of Calcutta]]. p. 5n1:

"In modern Indian languages, 'āstika' and 'nāstika' generally mean 'theist' and 'atheist,' respectively. But in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these). The word is used here in the first sense. The six orthodox schools are 'āstika', and the Cārvāka is 'nāstika' in both the senses."</ref><ref name="andrew" /> However, a separate way of distinguishing the two terms has evolved in current Indian languages like [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], wherein ''āstika'' and its derivatives usually mean '[[theism|theist]]', and ''nāstika'' and its derivatives denote '[[atheism]]'.<ref>For [http://www.iheu.org/node/185 instance], the Atheist Society of India produces a monthly publications ''Nastika Yuga'', which it translates as 'The Age of Atheism'. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418105244/http://www.iheu.org/node/185|date=18 April 2007}}.</ref>

Still, philosophical tradition maintains the earlier distinction, for example, in identifying the school of ''[[Sāṃkhya]]'', which is [[nontheism|non-theistic]] (as it does not explicitly affirm the existence of God in its classical formulation), as ''āstika'' ([[Vedas|Veda]]-affirming) philosophy, though "God" is often used as an epithet for consciousness ([[purusha]]) within its doctrine.<ref>{{cite book|ref=none |author=Francis Clooney |chapter=Restoring 'Hindu Theology' as a category in Indian intellectual discourse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell Academic |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-99868-7 |editor=Gavin Flood |pages=451–455}} "By {{IAST|Sāṃkhya}} reasoning, the material principle itself simply evolves into complex forms, and there is no need to hold that some spiritual power governs the material principle or its ultimate source."</ref> Similarly, though [[Buddhism]] is considered to be ''nāstika'', [[Gautama Buddha]] is considered an [[avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]] in some [[Hindu denominations]].<ref>Literature review of secondary references of Buddha as Dashavatara which regard Buddha to be part of standard list:
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45474/avatar Britannica]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jW_FVoFtgWsC&q=Balarama+avatar&pg=PA102 A Dictionary of Asian Mythology By David Adams Leeming p. 19 "Avatar"]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=dashavatara&pg=PA112 Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide By Roshen Dalal p. 112 "Dashavatara"] ""The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: ... Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki."
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&q=avatar&pg=PA175 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M p. 73 "Avatar"]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=xhrnkdByWDIC&q=Buddha&pg=PA27 Hindu Gods and Goddesses By Sunita Pant Bansal p. 27] "Vishnu Dashavatara"
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ajLoN2yuZbwC&dq=avatar+visnu&pg=PA175 Hindu Myths (Penguin Books) pp. 62–63]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&q=book+of+Vishnu The Book of Vishnu] (see index)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7RyPetVLdCcC&q=Buddha Seven secrets of Vishnu By Devdutt Pattanaik] p. 203 "In the more popular list of ten avatars of Vishnu, the ninth avatar is shown as Buddha, not Balarama."
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ6O8nwsFWgC&dq=Visnu+avatara&pg=PA46 A Dictionary of Hinduism p. 47 "Avatara"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090119130112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/god/hinduismrev2.shtml BBC]
* {{cite book|ref=none|first=Gavin D. |last=Flood |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |date=13 July 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/116 116] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Due to its acceptance of the Vedas, ''āstika'' philosophy, in the original sense, is often equivalent to [[Hindu philosophy]]: philosophy that developed alongside the [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]].

'''''Āstika''''' ({{Langx|sa|आस्तिक}}; from Sanskrit: ''asti'', 'there is, there exists') means one who believes in the existence of a [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Self]] or [[Brahman]], etc. It has been defined in one of three ways:<ref name="andrew" /><ref name="gsghurye">[[G. S. Ghurye|GS Ghurye]], Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary, Ed: S. Devadas Pillai (2011), {{ISBN|978-8171548071}}, page 354</ref>
# as those who accept the [[Pramana|epistemic]] authority of the [[Vedas]];
# as those who accept the existence of ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]'';
# as those who accept the existence of ''[[Ishvara]]''.

'''''Nāstika''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: नास्तिक; from Sanskrit: ''na'', 'not' + ''{{IAST|āstika}}''), by contrast, are those who deny all the respective definitions of ''āstika'';<ref name="andrew" /> they do not believe in the existence of Self.<ref name="MW" />

The six most studied ''Āstika'' schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] schools, are [[Nyaya|Nyāyá]], [[Vaisheshika|Vaiśeṣika]], [[Samkhya|Sāṃkhya]], [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], [[Mīmāṃsā]], and [[Vedanta|Vedānta]]. The five most studied ''Nāstika'' schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] schools, are [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Charvaka|Chārvāka]], [[Ājīvika]], and [[Ajñana]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Flood|1996|pp=82, 224–49}}</ref><ref>For an overview of this method of classification, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: {{harvnb|Radhakrishnan|Moore|1989}}</ref> However, this orthodox-heterodox terminology is a construct of Western languages, and lacks scholarly roots in Sanskrit. Recent scholarly studies state that there have been various [[Heresiology|heresiological]] translations of Āstika and Nāstika in 20th century literature on Indian philosophies, but many are unsophisticated and flawed.<ref name="andrew" />

== Etymology ==
''Āstika'' is a [[Sanskrit]] adjective and noun that derives from ''asti'' ('there is or exists'),<ref name="MW">{{harvnb|Monier-Williams|2006}}</ref> meaning 'knowing that which exists' or '[[Piety|pious]].'<ref>{{harvnb|Apte|1965|pp=240}}</ref> The word ''Nāstika'' (''na'', not, + ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') is its negative.

One of the traditional etymologies of the term ''āstika''—based on [[Pāṇini#Aṣṭādhyāyī|Pāṇini's ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'']] 4.4.60 ("''astināstidiṣṭam matiḥ''")—defines the concept as 'he whose opinion is that [[Ishvara|Īśvara]] exists' (''asti īśvara iti matir yasya'').<ref name="SquarciniSquarcini2012">{{cite book |last=Squarcini|first=Federico|editor-last=Squarcini|editor-first=Federico|title=Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia |chapter=Traditions against Tradition. Criticism, Dissent and the Struggle for the Semiotic Primacy of Veridiction|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2011|page=446|doi= 10.7135/UPO9781843313977.018|isbn=9781843313977}}</ref> According to Sanskrit grammarian [[Hemachandra]], ''āstika'' is a synonym for 'he who believes'.{{refn|name=SquarciniSquarcini2012}} Other definitions include:
* 'opposite of ''nāstika''<nowiki/>' (''nāstika bhinna'');
* 'he whose idea is that Īśvara exists' (''īśvara asti iti vādī''); and
* 'he who considers the [[Vedas]] as authorities' (''vedaprāmāṇyavādī'').

As used in Hindu philosophy, the differentiation between ''āstika'' and ''nāstika'' does not refer to theism or atheism.<ref name="andrew" /> The terms often, but not always, relate to accepting [[Vedic Literature|Vedic literature]] as an authority, particularly on their teachings on Self. The Veda and Hinduism do not subscribe to or include the concept of an almighty that is separate from oneself i.e. there is no concept of God in the [[Christianity|Christian]] or [[Islam]]ic sense. N. N. Bhattacharya writes:
{{quote|The followers of Tantra were often branded as Nāstika by the political proponents of the Vedic tradition. The term Nāstika does not denote an atheist since the Veda presents a godless system with no singular almighty being or multiple almighty beings. It is applied only to those who do not believe in the Vedas. The {{IAST| Sāṃkhya}}s and {{IAST|Mīmāṃsaka}}s do not believe in God, but they believe in the Vedas and hence they are not Nāstikas. The Buddhists, Jains, and Cārvākas do not believe in the Vedas; hence they are Nāstikas.|{{harvnb|Bhattacharyya|1999|pp=174}}}}

''Āstika'' is also a name, such as that of a Vedic scholar born to the goddess [[Manasa|Mānasā]] ('Mind') and the sage [[Jaratkaru]].<ref>George Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195332612}}, page 65</ref>

== Classification of schools ==
{{Infobox six heretical teachers}}
The terms Āstika and Nāstika have been used to classify various Indian intellectual traditions.

=== Āstika ===
The ''āstika'' schools are six systems or ''ṣaḍdarśana'' that consider the [[Vedas]] a reliable and authoritative source of knowledge.<ref>{{harvnb|Flood|1996|pp=231–2}}</ref> These are often coupled into three groups for both historical and conceptual reasons.

*Nyāyá-Vaiśeṣika
** [[Nyaya]], the school of logic
** [[Vaisheshika]], the [[atomism|atomist school]]
*Sāṃkhya-Yoga
** [[Samkhya]], the enumeration school
** [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], the school of Patañjali (which assumes the metaphysics of Sāṃkhya)
*Mimāṃsā-Vedanta
** [[Mīmāṃsā]], the tradition of Vedic exegesis
** [[Vedanta]] or [[Uttara Mimāṃsā]], the [[Upaniṣad]]ic tradition.

=== Nāstika ===

The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the [[Vedas]] were regarded as heterodox in the tradition:{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=82}}

* [[Buddhism]]
* [[Jainism]]
* [[Charvaka]]
* [[Ājīvika]]
* [[Ajñana]]

The use of the term ''nāstika'' to describe Buddhism and Jainism in India is explained by Gavin Flood as follows:

{{quote|At an early period, during the formation of the Upaniṣads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions.... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (''nāstika'') by orthodox (''āstika'') Brahmanism.|Gavin Flood<ref>{{harvnb|Flood|1996|pp=82}}</ref>}}

[[Tantra|Tantric traditions]] in Hinduism have both ''āstika'' and ''nāstika'' lines; as Banerji writes in ''Tantra in Bengal'':

{{quote|Tantras are ... also divided as ''āstika'' or Vedic and ''nāstika'' or non-Vedic. In accordance with the predominance of the deity the ''āstika'' works are again divided as {{IAST|Śākta, Śaiva, Saura, Gāṇapatya and Vaiṣṇava}}.|Banerji<ref>{{harvnb|Banerji|1992|pp= 2}}</ref>}}

== Usage in religion ==

=== Hinduism ===

Manusmriti, in verse 2.11, defines Nāstika as those who do not accept "[[Vedic literature]] in entirety based on two roots of science of reasoning ([[Śruti]] and [[Smriti]])".<ref name=andrew/> The ninth-century Indian scholar Medhatithi analyzed this definition and stated that Nāstika does not mean someone who says "Vedic literature is untrue", but rather one who says "Vedic literature is immoral". [[Medhatithi]] further noted verse 8.309 of [[Manusmriti]], to provide another aspect of the definition of Nāstika as one who believes, "[t]here is no other world, there is no purpose in giving [[Dāna|charity]], there is no purpose in rituals and the teachings in the Vedic literature."<ref name=andrew/>

Manusmriti does not define, or imply a definition for Āstika. It is also silent or contradictory on specific rituals such as animal sacrifices, asserting [[Ahimsa]] ([[non-violence]], non-injury) is [[dharma]] in its verses such as verse 10.63 based on [[Upanishadic]] layer of Vedic literature, even though the older layer of Vedic literature mention such sacrifices unlike the later layer of Vedic literature.<ref>Sanskrit: [https://archive.org/stream/manusmriti/manusmriti_six_commentaries#page/n1333/mode/2up Manusmriti with six scholar commentaries] VN Mandlik, page 1310 English: [http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/quotes/manu-smriti-10-63 Manusmriti 10.63] Berkeley Center for World Religion, Peace and World Affairs, Georgetown University</ref> Indian scholars, such as those from Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya and Vedanta schools, accepted Āstika to be those that include ''[[Shabda|Śabda]]'' ({{Langx|sa|शब्द|label=none}}; or ''Aptavacana'', testimony of Vedic literature and reliable experts) as a reliable means of [[epistemology]], but they accepted the later ancient layer of the Vedic literature to be superseding the earlier ancient layer.<ref name=andrew/>

==== Without reference to Vedas ====

In contrast to ''[[Manusmriti]]'', the sixth-century CE Jain scholar and [[Doxography|doxographer]] [[Haribhadra]], provided a different perspective in his writings on Āstika and Nāstika. Haribhadra did not consider "reverence for Vedas" as a marker for an Āstika. He and other first-millennium CE Jaina scholars defined Āstika as one who "affirms there exists another world, [[Transmigration of a soul|transmigration]] exists, virtue (''punya'') exists, vice (''paapa'') exists."<ref name=andrew/><ref name=wendy/>

The seventh-century scholars Jayaditya and Vamana, in ''[[Kāśikāvṛttī|Kasikavrtti]]'' of Pāṇini tradition, were silent on the role of or authority of Vedic literature in defining Āstika and Nāstika. They state, "Āstika is the one who believes there exists another world. The opposite of him is the Nāstika."<ref name=andrew/><ref>P. Haag and V. Vergiani (Eds., 2009), Studies in the Kāśikāvṛtti, Firenze: Società Editrice Fiorentina, {{ISBN|978-8860321145}}</ref>

Similarly the widely studied second- or third-century CE Buddhist philosopher [[Nagarjuna]], in Chapter 1, verses 60–61 of Ratnāvalī, wrote [[Vaisheshika|Vaiśeṣika]] and [[Samkhya|Sāṃkhya]] schools of Hinduism were Nāstika, along with Jainism, his own school of Buddhism and Pudgalavadins (''Vātsīputrīya'') school of Buddhism.<ref>Markus Dressler and Arvind Mandair (2011), Secularism and Religion-Making, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199782949}}, page 59 note 39</ref><ref>Ernst Steinkellner (1991), Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition: Proceedings of the Second International Dharmakīrti Conference, Vienna, Volume 222, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, {{ISBN|978-3700119159}}, pages 230–238</ref>

==== Based on belief in Atman ====

Āstika, in some texts, is defined as those who believe in the existence of ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]'' (Self), while Nāstika being those who deny there is any "Self" in human beings and other living beings.<ref name=gsghurye/><ref>C Sharma (2013), A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803657}}, page 66</ref> All six schools of Hinduism classified as Āstika philosophies hold the premise, "Atman exists". Buddhism, in contrast, holds the premise, "Atman does not exist."<ref>Dae-Sook Suh (1994), Korean Studies: New Pacific Currents, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824815981}}, page 171</ref><ref name=johnplott3>John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120801585}}, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</ref> Asanga Tilakaratna translates ''Āstika'' as 'positivism' and Nāstika as 'negativism', with Āstika illustrated by Brahmanic traditions who accepted "Self and God exists", while Nāstika as those traditions, such as Buddhism, who denied "Self and God exists."<ref>Asanga Tilakaratna (2003, Editors: Anne Blackburn and Jeffrey Samuels), Approaching the Dhamma: Buddhist Texts and Practices in South and Southeast Asia, Pariyatti, {{ISBN|978-1928706199}}, pages 128–129; God, states Tilakaratna, in Brahmanic traditions is ''Parama-atma'' (universal Self, [[Ishvara]], Brahman)</ref>

=== Jainism ===

According to [[G. S. Ghurye]], the Jain texts define ''na''+''āstika'' as one "denying what exists" or any school of philosophy that denies the existence of the Self.<ref name=pillai353>{{cite book|author=S. Devadas Pillai|title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&pg=PA354|year=1997|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-807-1|pages=353–354}}</ref> The Vedanta sub-traditions of Hinduism are "āstika" because they accept the existence of Self, while Buddhist traditions denying this are referred to as "nāstika".<ref name=pillai353/>

One of the earliest mentions of ''āstika'' concept in Jain texts is by [[Manibhadra]], who states that an ''astika'' is one who "accepts there exist another world (''paraloka''), transmigration of Self, virtue and vice that affect how a Self journeys through time".<ref name="Nicholson2013p172">{{cite book|author=Andrew J. Nicholson|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVusAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14987-7|pages=172–175}}</ref>

The 5th–6th century Jainism scholar [[Haribhadra]], states Andrew Nicholson, does not mention anything about accepting or rejecting the Vedas or god as a criterion for being an ''āstika'' or ''nāstika''. Instead, Haribhadra explains ''nāstika'' in the manner of the more ancient Jain scholar Manibhadra, by stating a nāstika to be one "who says there is no other worlds, there is no purpose in charity, there is no purpose in offerings".<ref name="Nicholson2013p172"/> An ''āstika'', to Haribhadra, is one who believes that there is a purpose and merit in an ethical life such as ''[[ahimsa]]'' (nonviolence) and ritual actions.<ref name="Nicholson2013p172"/> This exposition of the word ''āstika'' and ''nāstika'' by Haribhadra is similar to one by the Sanskrit grammarian and Hindu scholar Pāṇini in section 4.4.60 of the ''[[Astadhyayi]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew J. Nicholson|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVusAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14987-7|page=173}}</ref>

The twelfth-century Jaina scholar [[Hemachandra]] similarly states, in his text ''[[Abithana Chintamani]]'', that a ''nāstika'' is any philosophy that presumes or argues there are "no virtue and vice."<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramkrishna Bhattacharya|title=Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59eygxzQTWQC&pg=PA164|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-433-4|pages=164–166}}</ref>

=== Buddhism ===

[[Nagarjuna]], according to Chandradhar Sharma, equates ''Nastikya'' to "nihilism".<ref>{{cite book|author=Chandradhar Sharma|title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3gQVd5WogsC|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0365-7|page=101}}</ref>

The 4th century Buddhist scholar [[Asanga]], in ''Bodhisattva Bhumi'', refers to nastika Buddhists as ''sarvaiva nastika'', describing them as who are complete deniers. To Asanga, ''nastika'' are those who say "nothing whatsoever exists", and the worst kind of ''nastika'' are those who deny all designation and reality.<ref name="Nicholson2013p174">{{cite book|author=Andrew J. Nicholson|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVusAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14987-7|pages=174–176}}</ref> Astika are those who accept merit in and practice a religious life.<ref name="Nicholson2013p174"/> According to Andrew Nicholson, later Buddhists understood Asanga to be targeting [[Madhyamaka]] Buddhism as ''nastika'', while considering his own [[Yogachara|Yogachara Buddhist]] tradition to be ''astika''.<ref name="Nicholson2013p174"/> Initial interpretations of the Buddhist texts with the term ''astika'' and ''nastika'', such as those composed by [[Nagarjuna]] and [[Aśvaghoṣa]], were interpreted as being directed at the Hindu traditions. However, states John Kelly, most later scholarship considers this as incorrect, and that the ''astika'' and ''nastika'' terms were directed towards the competing Buddhist traditions and the intended audience of the texts were Buddhist monks debating an array of ideas across various Buddhist traditions.<ref>{{cite book|author=John D Kelly|editor=Jan E. M. Houben|title=Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eqr833q9qYC&pg=PA88|year=1996|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10613-8|pages=88–89}}</ref>

The charges of being a ''nastika'' were serious threat to the social standing of a Buddhist, and could lead to expulsion from Buddhist monastic community. Thus, states Nicholson, the colonial era Indologist definition of astika and nastika schools of Indian philosophy, was based on a narrow study of literature such as a version of ''[[Manusmriti]]'', while in truth these terms are more complex and contextually apply within the diverse schools of Indian philosophies.<ref name="Nicholson2013p174"/>

The most common meaning of astika and nastika, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism was the acceptance and adherence to ethical premises, and not textual validity or doctrinal premises, states Nicholson. It is likely that astika was translated as orthodox, and nastika as heterodox, because the early European Indologists carried the baggage of Christian theological traditions and extrapolated their own concepts to Asia, thereby distorting the complexity of Indian traditions and thought.<ref name="Nicholson2013p174"/>

== See also ==
{{portal|philosophy}}
{{col div|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ātman (Buddhism)]]
* [[Atheism in Hinduism]]
* [[Atman (Hinduism)]]
* [[Jīva (Jainism)]]
* [[Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism]]
* [[Transtheism]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Apte |first=V. S. |title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |year=1965}}
* {{citation |last=Banerji |first=S. C. |title=Tantra in Bengal |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |edition=Second Revised and Enlarged |year=1992|isbn=81-85425-63-9}}
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |title=History of the Tantric Religion |edition=Second Revised |publisher=Manohar |location=New Delhi |year=1999|isbn=81-7304-025-7}}
* {{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |author-link= Gavin Flood|year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=81-7596-028-0}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |author-link= Gavin Flood|title=Blackwell companion to Hinduism |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-631-21535-2 |author=Francis Clooney}}
* {{citation |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary |publisher=Nataraj Books |year=2006 |isbn=1-881338-58-4}}
* {{citation |author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Moore |first2=Charles A. |title=A Source Book in Indian Philosophy |publisher=Princeton University Press |orig-year=1957 |edition=Princeton paperback 12th |year=1989 |isbn=0-691-01958-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh }}
* {{citation |last=Vivekananda|first=Swami|author-link=Swami Vivekananda|title=Complete Works of, Volume 1, Lectures and Discourses|year=1900|isbn=978-8185301761 |url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_1/lectures_and_discourses/krishna.htm}}
{{Refend}}

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Theology|faith}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astika and nastika}}
[[Category:Āstika| ]]
[[Category:Nāstika| ]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]

Foreign direct investment

2026-02-04T16:44:04Z

NereidaMccurdy5: adjust section after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Cross-border investment giving a foreign investor lasting control of an enterprise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Foreign direct investment by country.webp|thumb|Foreign direct investment by country]]

'''Foreign direct investment''' ('''FDI''') is an ownership stake in a company, made by a foreign investor, company, or government from another country. More specifically, it describes a [[Controlling interest|controlling ownership]] of an asset in one country by an entity based in another country.<ref name="FTLexicon">{{cite web|url=http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=foreign-direct-investment|title=Foreign Direct Investment Definition from Financial Times Lexicon|website=lexicon.ft.com|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408103028/http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=foreign-direct-investment}}</ref> The magnitude and extent of control, therefore, distinguishes it from a [[foreign portfolio investment]] or foreign indirect investment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="FTLexicon" /> Foreign direct investment includes expanding operations or purchasing a company in the target country.

==Definitions==
{{See also|List of countries by FDI abroad|List of countries by received FDI}}
Broadly, foreign direct investment includes [[mergers and acquisitions]], building new facilities, reinvesting [[Profit (economics)|profit]]s earned from overseas operations, and [[intracompany loan]]s. A narrow definition employed by the [[World Bank]] considers foreign direct investment to be a lasting management interest of 10% or more of voting stock in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD |title=Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) {{pipe}} Data {{pipe}} Table |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="wbdef">{{cite web |author=World Bank |title=Metadata. Foreign direct investment, net outflows (BoP, current US$) |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=BM.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=data.worldbank.org |series=World Development Indicators}}</ref> FDI is the sum of [[equity capital]], long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the [[balance of payments]]. FDI usually involves participation in management, [[joint-venture]], [[transfer of technology]] and expertise. ''Stock'' of FDI is the ''net'' (i.e., outward FDI minus inward FDI) cumulative FDI for any given period. Direct investment excludes [[Foreign portfolio investment|investment through purchase of shares]] (if that purchase results in an investor controlling less than 10% of the shares of the company).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?countryName=Iran&countryCode=ir&regionCode=me#2198 |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=17 November 2012 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042301/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?countryName=Iran&countryCode=ir&regionCode=me#2198 }}</ref>

FDI, a subset of [[international factor movements]], is characterized by controlling ownership of a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country. Foreign direct investment is distinguished from foreign portfolio investment, a passive investment in the securities of another country such as public [[capital stock|stock]]s and [[bond (finance)|bonds]], by the element of "control".<ref name="FTLexicon"/> According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', "Standard definitions of control use the internationally agreed 10 percent threshold of voting shares, but this is a grey area as often a smaller block of shares will give control in widely held companies. Moreover, control of technology, management, even crucial inputs can confer de facto control."<ref name=FTLexicon/>

==Theoretical background==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2016}}

Before [[Stephen Hymer]]'s seminal work on FDI in 1960, no theory existed that dealt specifically with FDI.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buckley |first=Peter J. |date=2011 |title=The theory of international business pre-Hymer |url=https://www.academia.edu/24108983 |journal=Journal of World Business |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=61–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jwb.2010.05.018 |issn=1090-9516}}</ref> However, there are theories that dealt generally with foreign investments. Both Eli Heckscher (1919) and Bertil Ohlin (1933) developed the theory of foreign investments by using [[neoclassical economics]] and macroeconomic theory. Based on this principle, the differences in the costs of production of goods between two countries cause specialisation of jobs and trade between countries. Reasons for differences in costs of production can be explained by factor proportions theory. For example, countries with a greater proportion of labour will engage in labor-intensive industries while countries that have a greater proportion of capital will engage in capital-intensive industries. However, such a theory makes the assumption that there is [[perfect market|perfect competition]], there is no movement of labour across country borders,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ietto-Gillies |first1=Grazia |title=Transnational Corporations and International Production: Concepts, Theories and Effects |date=2005 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84542-462-6 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TFmAwAAQBAJ |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> and the multinational companies assumes [[risk neutral preferences]]. In 1967, Weintraub tested this hypothesis by collecting United States data on [[rate of return]] and flow of capital. However, the data failed to support this hypothesis. Data from surveys on the motivation of FDI also failed to support this hypothesis.<ref name="Moosa 2002">{{cite book |last1=Moosa |first1=Imad A |title=Foreign direct investment - Theory, evidence, and practice |date=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-0749-3 |pages=4–6, 23 |url=https://archive.org/details/ImadA.MoosaForeignDirectInvestmentTheoryEvidenceAndPractice2002PalgraveMacmillan |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

Intrigued by the motivations behind large foreign investments made by corporations from the United States of America, Hymer developed a framework that went beyond the existing theories, explaining why this phenomenon occurred, since he considered that the previously mentioned theories could not explain foreign investment and its motivations.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} Facing the challenges of his predecessors, Hymer focused his theory on filling the gaps regarding international investment. The theory proposed by the author approaches international investment from a different and more firm-specific point of view. As opposed to traditional macroeconomics-based theories of investment, Hymer states that there is a difference between mere capital investment, otherwise known as portfolio investment, and direct investment. The difference between the two, which will become the cornerstone of his whole theoretical framework, is the issue of control, meaning that with direct investment firms are able to obtain a greater level of control than with portfolio investment. Furthermore, Hymer proceeds to criticize the neoclassical theories, stating that the theory of capital movements cannot explain international production. Moreover, he clarifies that FDI is not necessarily a movement of funds from a home country to a host country, and that it is concentrated on particular industries within many countries. In contrast, if interest rates were the main motive for international investment, FDI would include many industries within fewer countries.

Another observation made by Hymer went against what was maintained by the neoclassical theories: foreign direct investment is not limited to investment of excess profits abroad. In fact, foreign direct investment can be financed through loans obtained in the host country, payments in exchange for equity (patents, technology, machinery etc.), and other methods.

The main determinants of FDI is side as well as growth prospectus of the economy of the country when FDI is made. Hymer proposed some more determinants of FDI due to criticisms, along with assuming market and imperfections. These are as follows:

# '''Firm-specific advantages''': Once domestic investment was exhausted, a firm could exploit its advantages linked to market imperfections, which could provide the firm with market power and competitive advantage. Further studies attempted to explain how firms could monetize these advantages in the form of licenses.
# '''Removal of conflicts''': conflict arises if a firm is already operating in foreign market or looking to expand its operations within the same market. He proposes that the solution for this hurdle arose in the form of collusion, sharing the market with rivals or attempting to acquire a direct control of production. However, it must be taken into account that a reduction in conflict through acquisition of control of operations will increase the market imperfections.
# '''Propensity to formulate an internationalization strategy to mitigate risk''': According to his position, firms are characterized with 3 levels of decision making: the day to day supervision, management decision coordination and long-term strategy planning and decision making. The extent to which a company can mitigate risk depends on how well a firm can formulate an internationalization strategy taking these levels of decision into account.

Hymer's importance in the field of [[international business]] and foreign direct investment stems from him being the first to theorize about the existence of multinational enterprises (MNE) and the reasons behind FDI beyond macroeconomic principles, his influence on later scholars and theories in international business, such as the OLI (''ownership, location and internationalization'') theory by [[John Harry Dunning|John Dunning]] and Christos Pitelis which focuses more on transaction costs. Moreover, "the efficiency-value creation component of FDI and MNE activity was further strengthened by two other major scholarly developments in the 1990s: the resource-based (RBV) and evolutionary theories."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400328| issn = 0047-2506| volume = 39| issue = 1| pages = 167–176| last1 = Dunning| first1 = John H.| last2 = Pitelis| first2 = Christos N.| title = Stephen Hymer's contribution to international business scholarship: An assessment and extension| journal = Journal of International Business Studies| access-date = 12 July 2019| date = 2008| s2cid = 153551822| url = https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/stephen-hymers-contribution-to-international-business-scholarship| url-access = subscription}}</ref> In addition, some of his predictions later materialized, for example the power of supranational bodies such as [[International Monetary Fund]] or the [[World Bank]] that increases inequalities,<ref name=":1" /> a phenomenon the United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goal 10]] aims to address.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 10 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html|access-date=23 September 2020|website=UNDP|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html}}</ref>

==Types of FDI==
The types of FDI investments can be classified from the perspective of the investor/source country and the host/destination country. From the investor perspective, it can be divided into horizontal FDI, vertical FDI, and conglomerate FDI. From the perspective of the destination country, FDI can be divided into import-substituting, export-increasing, and government initiated FDI.<ref name="Moosa 2002"/> Horizontal FDI arises when a multination corporation duplicates its home country industry chain into the destination country to produce similar goods. Vertical FDI takes place when a [[multinational corporation]] acquires a company to exploit the natural resources in the destination country (backward vertical FDI) or by acquiring distribution outlets to market its products in the destination country (forward vertical FDI). Conglomerate FDI is the combination between horizontal and vertical FDI.<ref name="Moosa 2002"/>

Platform FDI is the foreign direct investment from a source country into a destination country for the purpose of exporting to a third country.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Methods==
The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods:

* by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company anywhere
* by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise
* through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise
* participating in an equity [[international joint venture|joint venture]] with another investor or enterprise

===Forms of FDI incentives===
Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms:<ref>U.S. States regularly offer tax incentives to inbound investors. See, for example, an excellent summary, written by Sidney Silhan, of state tax incentives offered to FDI businesses at: [https://pro.bloombergtax.com/portfolio/u-s-inbound-business-tax-planning-portfolio-6580/ BNA Portfolio 6580, U.S. Inbound Business Tax Planning], at p. A-71.</ref>
{{col div|colwidth=25em}}
* low [[corporate tax]] and individual [[income tax]] rates
* [[tax holiday]]s
* other types of tax concessions
* preferential [[tariffs]]
* [[special economic zone]]s
* [[Free trade zone|EPZ]] – export processing zones
* [[bonded warehouse]]s
* [[maquiladora]]s
* investment financial subsidies
* free land or land subsidies
* relocation & expatriation
* infrastructure subsidies
* R&D support
* energy<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal|last1=Sarkodie|first1=Samuel Asumadu|last2=Adams|first2=Samuel|last3=Leirvik|first3=Thomas|date=1 August 2020|title=Foreign direct investment and renewable energy in climate change mitigation: Does governance matter?|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=263|article-number=121262|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121262|issn=0959-6526|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020JCPro.26321262S |hdl=11250/2661454|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)
* Stronger Intellectual Property Rights<ref>Kanwar, Sunil & Stefan Sperlich, 2023, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3735</ref>
{{col div end}}

==FDI==
[[File:Foreign Direct Investment by Country.png|upright=1.6|right|thumb]]
Foreign Direct Investment tends to increase with the [[democracy index]] of the country<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jensen|first=Nathan M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaLaafHi2oUC|title=Nation-States and the Multinational Corporation: A Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3737-3|language=en}}</ref> for countries where the share of natural resources in total exports is low. For countries with high natural resource export share, the FDI tends to decrease with a higher democracy index.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Asiedu |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Lien |first2=Donald |date=2011 |title=Democracy, foreign direct investment and natural resources |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002219961000125X |journal=Journal of International Economics |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=99–111 |doi=10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.12.001|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A 2010 [[meta-analysis]] of the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on local firms in developing and transition countries suggests that foreign investment robustly increases local productivity growth.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tomas Havranek & Zuzana Irsova|date=30 April 2011|title=Which Foreigners are Worth Wooing? A Meta-Analysis of Vertical Spillovers from FDI|journal=William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/wdi/papers/2010-996.html|access-date=17 September 2012|publisher=Ideas.repec.org}}</ref>

From 1992 until at least 2023, the United States and China have been the top two destinations for FDI.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=David Daokui |title=China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict |date=2024 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-29239-8 |location=New York, NY |author-link=David Daokui Li}}</ref>{{Rp|page=81}}

=== Europe ===
According to a study conducted by [[Ernst & Young|EY]], France was in 2020 the largest foreign direct investment recipient in Europe, ahead of the UK and Germany.<ref name="EY">[https://www.ey.com/en_gl/attractiveness/20/how-can-europe-reset-the-investment-agenda-now-to-rebuild-its-future How can Europe reset the investment agenda now to rebuild its future?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919025614/https://www.ey.com/en_gl/attractiveness/20/how-can-europe-reset-the-investment-agenda-now-to-rebuild-its-future |date=19 September 2020 }}, [[Ernst & Young|EY]], 28 May 2020</ref> EY attributed this as a "direct result of [[Emmanuel Macron|President Macron]]'s reforms of labor laws and corporate taxation, which were well received by domestic and international investors alike."<ref name="EY"/> Moreover, 24 countries of the EU made an investment into Armenian economy since the year of Armenian Independence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hayrapetyan |first1=Grigor |last2=Hayrapetyan |first2=Viktoriya |title=Economic Relations between Armenia and the EU within the framework of Eastern Partnership |date=2009 |publisher=YSU |page=242 |url=Economic Relations between Armenia and the EU within the framework of Eastern Partnership}}</ref>

European scale-ups that achieve significant growth are frequently acquired by foreign entities, with over 60% of these acquisitions involving buyers from outside the EU, predominantly from the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burger |first1=Anže |last2=Hogan |first2=Teresa |last3=Kotnik |first3=Patricia |last4=Rao |first4=Sandeep |last5=Sakinç |first5=Mustafa Erdem |date=2023-01-01 |title=Does acquisition lead to the growth of high-tech scale-ups? Evidence from Europe |journal=Research in International Business and Finance |volume=64 |article-number=101820 |doi=10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101820 |issn=0275-5319|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":211">{{Cite web |title=The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union |url=https://www.eib.org/the-scale-up-gap |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref>

=== China ===
[[File:Foreign direct investment in China.webp|thumb|Foreign direct investment in China]]
[[Foreign direct investment in China|FDI in China]], also known as RFDI (renminbi foreign direct investment), largely began in the late 1970s due to the [[reform and opening-up]] economic policies of paramount leader [[Deng Xiaoping]].<ref name = "nikkei2024">{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Foreign-direct-investment-in-China-falls-to-30-year-low|title=Foreign direct investment in China falls to 30-year low|website=Nikkei Asia|date = February 19, 2024}}</ref> Foreign direct investment increased considerably in the 2000s, reaching $19.1 billion in the first six months of 2012, making China the largest recipient of foreign direct investment at that point of time and topping the [[United States]] which had $17.4 billion of FDI.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/24/us-china-us-investment-idUSBRE89N0EZ20121024|title= China tops U.S. as investment target in 1st half 2012: U.N. agency|date= 24 October 2012|access-date= 24 October 2012|work= [[Reuters]]|archive-date= 24 September 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171505/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/24/us-china-us-investment-idUSBRE89N0EZ20121024}}</ref> In 2013 the FDI flow into China was $24.1 billion, resulting in a 34.7% market share of FDI into the Asia-Pacific region. By contrast, FDI out of China in 2013 was $8.97 billion, 10.7% of the Asia-Pacific share.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Landing-Pages/fDi-report-2014/fDi-Report-2014-Asia-Pacific#Main|title= The fDi Report 2014 – Asia Pacific|date= 25 June 2014|access-date= 17 July 2014|work= [[fDi Magazine]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> As a result of the [[Great Recession]], FDI fell by over one-third in 2009 but rebounded in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDI by Country|url=http://greyhill.com/fdi-by-country/ |publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> China implemented the [[Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Investment Law]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/201909/20190902898870.shtml|title=Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|website=mofcom.gov.cn|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155326/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/China/201909/20190902898870.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 2020. FDI in China dropped to a 30-year-low in 2024, which was attributed to anti-espionage crackdowns from China and a rise in sanctions for industries like semiconductors.<ref name = "nikkei2024"/>

===India===
Foreign investment was introduced in 1991 under [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA), driven by then finance minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-do-you-become-Singham-for-US-not-for-India-Narendra-Modi-asks-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/16590297.cms
| title=Why do you become 'Singham' for US, not for India? Narendra Modi asks Manmohan Singh
| date=28 September 2012
| access-date=13 December 2012
| work=The Times Of India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/BJP-will-break-records/articleshow/17604216.cms
| title=BJP will break records
| date=13 December 2012
| access-date=13 December 2012
| work=The Times Of India
}}</ref> India disallowed overseas corporate bodies (OCB) to [[Foreign direct investment in India|invest in India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Derecognition of overseas corporate bodies (OCBs) |url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/40569a.pdf |publisher=rbidocs.rbi.org.in|access-date=16 September 2012|date=8 December 2003}}</ref> India imposes cap on equity holding by foreign investors in various sectors, current FDI in aviation and insurance sectors is limited to a maximum of 49%.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airlines-govt-oks-49--fdi-stake-buy/1002639/ Airlines: Govt OK's 49% FDI stake buy]. ''Indian Express'' (14 September 2012). Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FDI Limit in Insurance sector increased from 26% to 49%|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/fdi-limit-in-insurance-sector-increased-from-26-to-49/|work=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> In 2015, India emerged as top FDI destination surpassing China and the US. India attracted FDI of $31 billion compared to $28 billion and $27 billion of China and the US respectively.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-pips-US-China-as-No-1-foreign-direct-investment-destination/articleshow/49160838.cms |title=India pips US, China as No. 1 foreign direct investment destination|work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/economy/article-india-pips-china-us-to-emerge-as-favourite-foreign-investment-destination-report-1224530 |title=India Pips China, US to Emerge as Favourite Foreign Investment Destination |work=Profit.ndtv.com |date=30 September 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

===Iran===
Iranian companies saw some improvement of FDI investment as of 2015 because of JCPOA. Some investment is much needed in Iranian oil industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/116934/russians-overtake-chinese-to-top-list-of-foreign-investors-in-iran | title=Russians Overtake Chinese to Top List of Foreign Investors in Iran | date=30 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doing business in Iran: trade and export guide |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/doing-business-with-iran/frequently-asked-questions-on-doing-business-with-iran |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> By 2023 due to condition of Iranian economy FDI had decreased by 82%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=کاهش 82 درصدی سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در ایران |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fa/اقتصادی/کاهش-82-درصدی-سرمایه-گذاری-خارجی-در-ایران/2714306 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

=== Ireland ===
Ireland under the [[Celtic Tiger]] experienced large amounts of foreign direct investment, largely from American multinational corporations. However, according to one study by a Hungarian conservative think thank, the [[Danube Institute]], foreign direct investment "may produce rising wealth; but left to themselves, they lead to a general deterioration of non-economic life".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Economic and Social Conservativism: Natural Partners or Strange Bedfellows? Ireland: A Case Study - Danube Institute |url=https://danubeinstitute.hu/en/research/economic-and-social-conservativism-natural-partners-or-strange-bedfellows-ireland-a-case-study |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=danubeinstitute.hu |language=en}}</ref> According to this study, this phenomenon reputedly contributed towards a "decline in religion and other community-based structures" in Ireland.<ref name=":3" />

===United States===
[[File:Foreign direct investment into the United States.webp|thumb|Cumulative foreign direct investment into the [[Economy of the United States|United States]] by country from 2018—2023]]
[[File:Foreign direct investment into the United States by year.webp|thumb|Foreign direct investment into the United States by year]]
Broadly speaking, the United States has a fundamentally "[[open economy]]" and low barriers to FDI.<ref name=touts/>

U.S. FDI totaled $194 billion in 2010.<ref>[https://dholerasmartcityinfo.com/special-investment-region/ U.S. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)]</ref><ref>[https://www.selectusa.gov/fdi-in-the-us Foreign Direct Investment in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217010541/https://www.selectusa.gov/fdi-in-the-us|date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Of FDI in the United States in 2010, 84% came from or through eight countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. FDI and site selection|url=http://www.esa.doc.gov/Reports/foreign-direct-investment-united-states|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=19 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015053700/http://esa.doc.gov/Reports/foreign-direct-investment-united-states|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>

A 2008 study by the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]] indicated that foreigners hold greater shares of their investment portfolios in the United States if their own countries have less developed financial markets, an effect whose magnitude decreases with income per capita. Countries with fewer capital controls and greater trade with the United States also invest more in U.S. equity and bond markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2008/wp08-27bk.pdf |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco|title=Why Do Foreigners Invest in the United States?|date=October 2008|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref>

[[White House]] data reported in 2011 found that a total of 5.7 million workers were employed at facilities highly dependent on foreign direct investors. Thus, about 13% of the American manufacturing workforce depended on such investments. The average pay of said jobs was found as around $70,000 per worker, over 30% higher than the average pay across the entire U.S. workforce.<ref name=touts/>

President [[Barack Obama]] said in 2012, "In a global economy, the United States faces increasing competition for the jobs and industries of the future. Taking steps to ensure that we remain the destination of choice for investors around the world will help us win that competition and bring prosperity to our people."<ref name=touts>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2011/06/white-house-touts-growing-foreign-direct-investment-in-the-us.html|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|title=White House Touts Growing Foreign Direct Investment In The U.S. accepted ngp |date=20 June 2011|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

In September 2013, the [[United States House of Representatives]] voted to pass the [[Global Investment in American Jobs Act of 2013 (H.R. 2052; 113th Congress)]], a bill which would direct the [[United States Department of Commerce]] to "conduct a review of the global competitiveness of the United States in attracting foreign direct investment".<ref>{{cite web|title=H.R. 2052 – Text|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-bill/2052/text|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=11 September 2013|page=Section 4(a)}}</ref> Supporters of the bill argued that increased foreign direct investment would help job creation in the United States.<ref name=kasp1>{{cite news|last=Kasperowcz|first=Pete|title=House passes bill aimed at boosting foreign direct investments in the U.S.|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/181819-house-passes-bill-aimed-at-boosting-foreign-direct-investment-in-the-u-s/|access-date=11 September 2013|newspaper=The Hill|date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

=== Eurasia ===
In November 2021, a report from the Eurasian Development Bank revealed that Kazakhstan boasted the highest FDI stock value from the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) with $11.2 billion by 2020 and an increase of over $3 billion since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=Kazakhstan Leading in FDI Stock Value from Eurasian Economic Union Countries |url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/11/kazakhstan-leading-in-fdi-stock-value-from-eurasian-economic-union-countries/ |access-date=2021-11-23 |website=The Astana Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Armenia ===
According to the World Bank, Armenia takes the first place in terms of FDI appeal among Commonwealth of Independent States.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} The Armenian government has created a favorable environment for foreign investments by introducing new laws and conditions. The country was named '"[[Tiger economy#Caucasian Tiger|The Caucasian Tiger]]" because of the substantial economic growth in observed in the early 2000s. Some of the measures to attract FDI include free economic zones (FEZ) with relaxed laws, also, profit tax, VAT, and property tax benefits.<ref>{{Cite web|last=November 2022|first=Lloyds Bank|title=Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Armenia|url=https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/armenia/investment/|access-date=2022-12-03|website=Export Enterprises SA|language=en}}</ref> In particular, The Most Favored Nation (MFN) and National Treatment regimes are in effect, and the government has an "open door" policy with ongoing legal protection to encourage international investment. A highly beneficial business environment is guaranteed for international investors under the law "On Foreign Investments." {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Additionally, it guarantees the protection of foreign capital invested in Armenian businesses and permits limitless involvement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Direct Investment |url=https://investinarmenia.am/en/foreign-direct-investment-and-free-economic-zones |publisher=GLOBAL SPC |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206154357/https://investinarmenia.am/en/foreign-direct-investment-and-free-economic-zones |url-status=dead }}</ref> Research shows that Cyprus, Germany, Netherlands, UK, and France have made a total investment of US$1.4 billion in the period 2007–2013.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hayrapetyan |first1=Grigor |last2=Hayrapetyan |first2=Viktoriya |title=Economic Relations between Armenia and the EU within the framework of Eastern Partnership |date=2009 |publisher=YSU |page=242 |url=http://ysu.am/files/9-1512387282-.pdf}}</ref> Between 40%-53% of all foreign investments in Armenia between 1988 and 2022 originate from Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazaretyan |first=Hovhannes |date=2023-07-07 |title=Armenia's Economic Dependence on Russia: How Deep Does It Go? |url=https://evnreport.com/economy/armenias-economic-dependence-on-russia-how-deep-does-it-go/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=EVN Report |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Latin America ===
The [[European Investment Bank]] has invested in [[Latin America]] since 1993, and as of 2023, backed 150 projects in 15 countries with more than €13 billion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bank |first=European Investment |date=2023-07-14 |title=The Global Gateway in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230171-the-global-gateway-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean |language=EN}}</ref> In 2020, the [[European Investment Bank]] provided €516 million in finance in [[Latin America and the Caribbean]], contributing to [[Sustainability|sustainable]] and equitable development as well as [[Climate Action|climate action]]. All EIB loans in the area were made to [[public sector]] borrowers, mostly national development banks and a few new partners.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-eib-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-in-2020 |title=EIB activity in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2020 |date=2021-11-23 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> In 2020 the European Investment Bank provided €462 million in Latin America, of which €278 million was due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-eib-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-in-2020 |title=EIB activity in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2020 |date=2021-11-23 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 in Latina America and the Caribbean: An overview of government responses to the crisis |work=OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-an-overview-of-government-responses-to-the-crisis-0a2dee41/}}</ref> Since 2022, the bank has signed 15 [[Global Gateway]] contracts in this region for a combined €1.7 billion, and it anticipates investments totaling about €4.6 billion over the next few years.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Business and economics}}
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bilateral investment treaty]]
* [[Foreign direct investment and the environment]]
* [[Foreign exchange controls]]
* [[Investment promotion agency]]
* [[List of countries by FDI abroad]]
* [[List of countries by received FDI]]
* [[Foreign ownership]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book
| editor-last1 = Groussot
| editor-first1 = Xavier
| editor-last2 = Öberg
| editor-first2 = Marja-Liisa
| editor-last3 = Butler
| editor-first3 = Graham
| title = The EU Law of Investment: Past, Present, and Future
| series = Swedish Studies in European Law
| publisher = [[Hart Publishing]]/[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]
| location = Oxford
| year = 2025
| doi = 10.5040/9781509965885
| hdl = 11370/5363053c-9175-41b4-a06a-0fd24a012350
| isbn = 978-1-50996-585-4
| url = https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509965885
}}
*Rachel L. Wellhausen. 2021. "[[doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793519.013.14|Foreign Direct Investment]]." in ''The Oxford Handbook of International Political Economy''. Oxford University Press.

==External links==
* {{OCLC|317650570|50016270|163149563}}
* [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/854 Foreign Direct Investment in the United States. Transactions.]
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41428 Foreign Direct Investment in the United States] [[Department of Commerce]] and [[Council of Economic Advisers]]
* [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ROWFDIQ027S Interactive Historical Data: Foreign Direct Investment in the United States — Flow] [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]]
* [http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/fdibenchmarkdefinition.htm OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment (2008)]
* [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fdis/2003/fdistat.pdf IMF: How Countries Measure FDI (2001)]
* [https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/65742/1/Atenea_Chevillotte_TFM.pdf Foreign direct investment in Latin America: The Spanish case in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Peru]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Foreign direct investment| ]]
[[Category:Economic geography]]
[[Category:International business]]
[[Category:International macroeconomics]]

Vikram Kumar

2026-02-04T14:02:28Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{about|the film director|other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Vikram K. Kumar
|native_name =
|birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<ref name="Sunkari Chandrasekhar">{{cite web|last1=Sunkari|first1=Chandrasekhar|title=పెళ్లికి ఆహ్వానిస్తే... సినిమా చెయ్యమన్నారు!|url=http://www.eenadu.net/magazines/sunday-magazine/sunday-magazineinner.aspx?catfullstory=18634|website=www.eenadu.net|publisher=Eenadu|language=te|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219022259/https://www.eenadu.net/sundaymagazine/inner_page/10632|archive-date=19 February 2019|location=Hyderabad|url-status=live}}</ref>
|image =
|caption =
|years active = 1998–present
|birth_date = 
|birth_name =
|nationality =
|occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
|spouse = Srinidhi Venkatesh
|children =
}}

'''Vikram K. Kumar''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/vikram-kumar.html |title=Director Vikram K Kumar - Interview - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Actor Interviews - Yaavarum Nalam 13B Alai Silent Scream Ishtam |website=Behindwoods.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-09}}</ref> He is known for directing ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]'' (2009; ''13B'' in Hindi), ''[[Ishq (2011 film)|Ishq]]'' (2011), ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014), ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' (2016), ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' (2017) and ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]'' (2019).

==Early life and career==
Kumar graduated from [[Madras Christian College]] in Chennai. In April 1997 he joined director [[Priyadarshan]], working on the Malayalam film ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' as assistant director. He also worked under Priyadarshan in ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'' and ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]''.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

In 1998, he directed his breakthrough non-feature film, ''Silent Scream'', for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|National Film Award For Best Instructional Film]].<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> He made his directorial debut in Telugu cinema industry with ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' in 2001, and then directed a bilingual movie in Tamil and Hindi languages, each with the same lead pair and separate supporting cast. The Tamil version was titled
''[[Yavarum Nalam]]'' while the Hindi version was titled ''[[Yavarum Nalam|13B]]''.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115162000/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=290&catName=MjAwOQ |title=All India 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=290&catName=MjAwOQ |archive-date=2011-01-15}}</ref>

In 2014, he scripted and directed ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' which was screened at the 45th [[International Film Festival of India]] in the ''Homage to [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]'' section on 29 November 2014. The film garnered the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/manam-review-roundup-complete-entertainer-treat-akkineni-fans-600838|title='Manam' Review Roundup: Complete Entertainer; Treat for Akkineni Fans|last=Seshagiri|first=Sangeetha|publisher=International Business Times India|date=23 May 2014|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209051321/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/manam-review-roundup-complete-entertainer-treat-akkineni-fans-600838|archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> He then directed the box-office hits such as the science-fiction ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' (2016), which won two awards at the [[64th National Film Awards]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-madhavan-suriya-best-actor-983322-2017-06-18|title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: R Madhavan wins Best Actor, Suriya bags Critics Award|access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref> and the comedy-thriller ''[[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]'' (2019).<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gang-leader/movie-review/71108833.cms|title=Gang Leader Movie Review : Gang Leader shines in parts but is let down by a haphazard screenplay.|website=TimesofIndia}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''Silent Scream'' || [[English language|English]]||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| rowspan="2" |credited as Vikram
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[13B (film)|13B]]'' || [[Hindi]] Tamil|| Bilingual film
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ishq (2011 film)|Ishq]]'' || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]''|| rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Thank You (2021 film)|Thank You]]'' ||
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! class="sortable" scope="col" |Platform
! class="sortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
|2023
| style="background;" |''[[Dhootha]]''
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|}

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film]] (director) ''Silent Scream'' (1998)

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Telugu]] - ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014)
'''[[Santosham Film Awards]]'''

* [[Santosham Best Film Award]] - ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3347823}}
* {{FaceBook|VikramKKumarOfficial}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vikram}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]

Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-02T09:03:47Z

NereidaMccurdy5: done

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalgaon Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Jalgaon.map}}
| map_caption = Jalgaon Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| union_territory =
| established = 2008
| abolished =
| assembly_cons = [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]] [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]] [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]] [[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]] [[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]] [[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Smita Wagh]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
| electors = 19,94,046
}}

'''Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
At present, (after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on delimitation on 19 February 2008), Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency comprises six Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|13
|[[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|[[Suresh Damu Bhole|Suresh Bhole]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|14
|[[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]
|[[Gulab Raghunath Patil|Gulabrao Patil]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|-
|15
|[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]
|[[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|16
|[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]
|[[Amol Patil]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|-
|17
|[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]
|[[Mangesh Chavan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|18
|[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]
|[[Kishor Appa Patil]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Shivram Rango Rane]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Naushir Bharucha
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Julalsing Shankarrao Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|S. S. Syed
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Krishnarao Madhavrao Patil
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Yashwant Borole
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Yadav Shivram Mahajan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Gunwantrao Rambhau Sarode|Gunwantrao Sarode]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|Dr. Ulhas Vasudeo Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Y. G. Mahajan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|2007^
|[[Haribhau Jawale]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan="2"|[[A. T. Patil]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Unmesh Bhaiyyasaheb Patil]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Smita Wagh]]
|-
|}
^ - bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin |title=
[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Jalgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Smita Wagh]]
|votes = 6,74,428
|percentage = 57.67
|change ={{down}}7.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
|candidate = Karan Balasaheb Patil - Pawar
| votes = 4,22,834
|percentage = 36.15
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate =Yuvraj Jadhav
|votes =21,177
|percentage = 1.81
|change ={{down}}1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =13,919
|percentage = 1.19
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =2,51,594
|percentage =21.51
|change ={{down}}16.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =11,69,553
|percentage =58.65
|change ={{up}}2.10
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Unmesh Bhaiyyasaheb Patil]]
|votes = 7,13,874
|percentage = 65.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gulabrao Deokar]]
|votes = 3,02,221
|percentage = 27.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Anjali Baviskar
|votes = 37,366
|percentage = 3.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = NOTA
|votes = 10,332
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,11,617
|percentage = 37.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,92,287
|percentage = 56.55
|change =-1.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalgaon]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[A T Nana Patil]]
|votes = 6,47,773
|percentage = 65.39
|change = +13.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil
|votes = 2,64,248
|percentage = 26.68
|change = -10.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = V. T. Bagul
|votes = 10,838
|percentage = 1.09
|change = -0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Sangram Patil
|votes = 7,390
|percentage = 0.75
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,83,525
|percentage = 38.85
|change = +24.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,90,604
|percentage =58.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Jalgaon]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[A T Nana Patil]]
|votes = 3,43,647
|percentage = 52.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Vasantrao More]]
|votes = 2,47,627
|percentage = 37.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sudhakar Wagh
|votes = 19,206
|percentage = 2.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Adv. Matin Ahmed
|votes = 12,981
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 96,020
|percentage = 14.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,56,567
|percentage = 42.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jalgaon district]]
* [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/jalgaon/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Jalgaon lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|21.0|75.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]

Rabindra Sangeet

2026-01-31T18:14:57Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{Multi issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Rewrite|date=February 2026}} }}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = Rabindra Sangeet
| composer = Rabindranath Tagore
| image = Valmiki Pratibha Indira Devi & Rabindranath Tagore.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (right) and [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]] (left) in [[Valmiki-Pratibha]] opera
| translation =
| native_name = রবীন্দ্রসঙ্গীত
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| composed = 1875–1941
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'''''Rabindra Sangeet''''' ({{langx|bn|রবীন্দ্র সঙ্গীত}}; {{IPA|bn|robindɾo ʃoŋɡit|pron}}), also known as '''Tagore Songs''', are songs from the [[Indian subcontinent]] written and composed by the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[polymath]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]], winner of the 1913 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]],<ref name="Sigi 2006">{{Harvnb|Sigi|2006|p=90}}</ref> the first Indian<ref name="sigi2006">{{Cite book |last=Rekha Sigi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW93OdoQIfIC |title=Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore A Biography |date=2006 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd |isbn=978-81-89182-90-8 |page=80}}</ref> and also the first non-European to receive such recognition.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Samiran Kumar |title=Recritiquing Rabindranath Tagore |last2=Prasad |first2=Amar Nath |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7625-661-7 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |oclc=297209437}}</ref> Tagore was a prolific composer, with approximately 2,232 songs to his credit.<ref name="DasguptaGuha2013">{{Cite book |last1=Sanjukta Dasgupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC |title=Tagore-At Home in the World |last2=Chinmoy Guha |date=2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-1084-2 |page=254}}</ref> The songs have distinctive characteristics in the [[music of Bengal]], popular in India and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Tagore 2007">{{Harvnb|Tagore|2007|p=xii}}</ref><ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet">{{Cite news |title=Magic of Rabindra Sangeet |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html |url-status=dead |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927055956/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>[[File:Dance with Rabindra Sangeet - Kolkata 2011-11-05 6669.JPG|thumb|Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet, at [[Science City Kolkata|Science City]] auditorium in Kolkata.]] It is characterised by its distinctive rendition while singing which, includes a significant amount of ornamentation like [[meend]], [[murki]], etc. and is filled with expressions of [[romanticism]]. The music is mostly based on [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Carnatic music]], Western tunes and the traditional [[folk music]] of Bengal and inherently possess within them, a perfect balance, an endearing economy of poetry and musicality.{{Peacock inline|date=November 2022}} Lyrics and music both hold almost equal importance in Rabindra Sangeet.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Tagore created some six new [[Tala (music)|taal]]s, inspired by Carnatic talas, because he felt the traditional taals existing at the time could not do justice and were coming in the way of the seamless narrative of the lyrics.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==History==

The name Rabindra Sangeet was first introduced by the noted Indian author, economist and sociologist [[DP Mukerji|Dhurjati Prasad Mukherjee]] in the anthology ''Jayanti Utsarga,'' published on 27 December 1931, to commemorate Tagore's 70th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:রবিবাবুর গান |url=https://purnendurrabi.com/%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |language=bn}}</ref>

Rabindra Sangeet merges fluidly into Tagore's literature, most of which—poems or parts of novels, stories, or plays alike—were lyricised. Influenced by the ''[[thumri]]'' style of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]],{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions.{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|p=94}} They emulated the tonal color of classical ''[[raga]]s'' to varying extents. Some songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully; others newly blended elements of different ''ragas''.<ref name="Dasgupta2001">{{Citation |last=Dasgupta |first=A. |title=Rabindra-Sangeet as a Resource for Indian Classical ''Bandishes'' |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pAnirban1.html |year=2001 |periodical=Parabaas |issn=1563-8685 |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> Yet about nine-tenths of his work was not ''bhanga gaan'', the body of tunes revamped with "fresh value" from select Western, Hindustani, Bengali folk and other regional flavours "external" to Tagore's own ancestral culture.{{Sfn|Ghosh|2011}} In fact, Tagore drew influence from sources as diverse as traditional Hindusthani [[Thumri]] ("O Miya Bejanewale") to Scottish ballads ("Purano Shei Diner Kotha" from "[[Auld Lang Syne]]").

Scholars have attempted to gauge the emotive force and range of Hindustani ''ragas'':

{{blockquote|the pathos of the ''purabi raga'' reminded Tagore of the evening tears of a lonely widow, while ''kanara'' was the confused realization of a nocturnal wanderer who had lost his way. In ''bhupali'' he seemed to hear a voice in the wind saying 'stop and come hither'.''Paraj'' conveyed to him the deep slumber that overtook one at night's end.{{Sfn|Ghosh|2011}}|2=[[Reba Som]]|3=''Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song''.{{Sfn|Som|2010|p=38}}}}
{{Listen
| filename = তবু মনে রেখো - গায়ক-রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর.oga
| title = "Tabu Mone Rekho"&nbsp;– sung by Rabindranath Tagore
| description = "Tabu Mone Rekho", a song by Tagore, sung in his own voice. The song was written in 1887 CE (1294 [[Bengali calendar|Bengali year]]).<ref name="Tabu mone rekho">{{Cite web |title=Tabu mone rekho |url=http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Songs&bi=56BEA81B-A4A0-40E5-B51D-7D0726&ti=56BEA81B-A4A1-4595-851D-7D0726E8B799&ch=c |access-date=11 May 2012 |publisher=tagoreweb.in |language=Bengali |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220223311/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Songs&bi=56BEA81B-A4A0-40E5-B51D-7D0726&ti=56BEA81B-A4A1-4595-851D-7D0726E8B799&ch=c |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| pos =
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Tagore influenced [[sitar]] maestro [[Vilayat Khan]] and ''[[sarod]]iyas'' Buddhadev Dasgupta and [[Amjad Ali Khan]].<ref name="Dasgupta2001" /> His songs are widely popular and undergird the Bengali ethos to an extent perhaps rivalling Shakespeare's impact on the English-speaking world.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}{{who|date=March 2015}} It is said that his songs are the outcome of five centuries of Bengali literary churning and communal yearning.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]] has said that these songs transcend the mundane to the aesthetic and express all ranges and categories of human emotion. The poet gave voice to all—big or small, rich or poor. The poor Ganges boatman and the rich landlord air their emotions in them. They birthed a distinctive school of music whose practitioners can be fiercely traditional: novel interpretations have drawn severe censure in both West Bengal and Bangladesh.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

For Bengalis, the songs' appeal, stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry, was such that the ''Modern Review'' observed that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung ... Even illiterate villagers sing his songs". [[A. H. Fox Strangways]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' introduced non-Bengalis to ''rabindrasangit'' in ''The Music of Hindostan'', calling it a "vehicle of a personality ... [that] go behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize."{{Sfn|Dutta|Robinson|1995|pp=358––359}}

In 1971, ''[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]'' became the national anthem of Bangladesh. It was written—ironically—to protest the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]] along communal lines: lopping Muslim-majority East Bengal from Hindu-dominated West Bengal was to avert a regional bloodbath. Tagore saw the partition as a ploy to upend the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], and he aimed to rekindle Bengali unity and tar communalism. ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' was written in ''[[shadhu-bhasha]]'', a Sanskritised register of Bengali, and is the first of five stanzas of a Brahmo hymn that Tagore composed. It was first sung in 1911 at a Calcutta session of the [[Indian National Congress]], and was adopted in 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of India as its national anthem.

== Songs ==
It is believed on 27 December 1931, Dhurjatiprasad Mukhopadhyay wrote an essay titled "রবীন্দ্রনাথের সংগীত" (Rabindranath's Music) for Tagore's 70th birth anniversary, in which the term "Rabindrasangeet" was used for the first time. In January 1935, Kanak Das's recording P11792, featuring "মনে রবে কিনা রবে আমারে" ("Whether or not I remain in your recollection") and "কাছে যবে ছিল পাশে হল না যাওয়া" ("When you were near, I couldn't reach you") first used "Rabindrasangeet" on the label.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/history-of-harmony-unravelling-the-roots-of-rabindrasangeet/ |title=History of Harmony: Unravelling the Roots of Rabindrasangeet}}</ref> Tagore's compositions cover topics including humanism, structuralism, introspection, psychology, romance, yearning, nostalgia, reflection, and modernism, offering melody for every season and every aspect of Bengali life. Tagore primarily worked with two subjects – first, the human being, the being and the becoming of that human being, and second, Nature, in all her myriad forms and colours, and of the relationship between the human being and Nature and how Nature affects the behavior and the expressions of human beings. ''[[Bhanusimha Thakurer Padavali]]'' (or ''Bhanusingher Podaboli''), one of Tagore's earliest works in music, was primarily in a language that is similar and yet different from Bengali – this language, [[Brajabuli]], was derived from the language of the [[Vaishnav]] hymns, and of texts like [[Jayadeva]]'s ''[[Gita Govinda]]'', some influences from [[Sanskrit]] can be found, courtesy Tagore's extensive homeschooling in the [[Puranas]], the [[Upanishads]], as well as in poetic texts like [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Meghadūta]]'' and ''[[Abhigyanam Shakuntalam]]''. Tagore was one of the greatest narrators of all time, and throughout his life, we find a current of narration through all his works that surges with upheavals in the psyche of the people around him, as well as with the changes of seasons. A master of metaphor, it is often difficult to identify the true meaning that underlies his texts, but what is truly great about Tagore, is that his songs are identifiable with any and every possible mood, with every possible situation that is encountered by a person in the course of life. This truly reinforces the notion that Rabindrasangeet has at its heart some unbelievably powerful poetry. The Upanishads influenced his writing throughout his life, and his devotional music is addressed almost always to an inanimate entity, a personal, a private god, whom modernists call the Other.

Rabindranath Tagore was a curator of melodic and compositional styles. In the course of his travels all over the world, he came into contact with the musical narratives of the West, of the South of India, and these styles are reflected in some of his songs. There are several classifications of his work. The ones that beginners most often use are those based on genre – devotional (Puja Porjaay), romantic (Prem Porjaay) [Note: It often becomes difficult, if not impossible, on hearing a song, to determine if it falls in the devotional genre or the romantic. The line between the two is blurred, by certain creations of Tagore himself, e.g. Tomarei Koriyachi Jibonero Dhrubotara. Also, Tagore never made these divisions. Only after his death was the need felt to categorize, compile and thus preserve his work, and the genre-classification system was born out of this need.] seasonal (Prokriti Porjaay) – summer (Grishho), monsoon (Borsha), autumn (Shorot), early winter (Hemonto), winter (Sheet), Spring (Boshonto); diverse (Bichitro), patriotic (Deshatmobodhok). Although Deshatmobodh and patriotism are completely antipodal concepts, yet the difficulties of translation present themselves, apart from songs specified for certain events or occasions (Aanushtthanik) and the songs he composed for his numerous plays and dance-dramas.

== Collections ==
The book forming a collection of all 2,233 songs written by Rabindranath is called ''[[Gitabitan]]''<ref name="DasguptaGuha2013" /> ("Garden of songs")<ref>{{Cite web |title=GITABITAN of Rabindranath Tagore – An Encyclopedic Site |url=http://www.gitabitan.net/ |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=gitabitan.net}}</ref> and forms an important part of extant historical materials pertaining to Bengali musical expression. The six major parts of this book are ''Puja'' (worship), ''Prem'' (love), ''Prakriti'' (seasons), ''Swadesh'' (patriotism), ''Aanushthanik'' (occasion-specific), ''Bichitro'' (miscellaneous) and ''[[Rabindra Nritya Natya|Nrityonatya]]'' (dance dramas and lyrical plays).{{Sfn|Som|2010|p=89-91}}

The ''Swarabitan'', published in 64 volumes, includes the texts of 1,721 songs and their musical notation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC |title=Rabindranath Tagore: an interpretation |date=2011 |publisher=Viking, Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0670084555 |location=New Delhi |page=208}}</ref> The volumes were first published between 1936 and 1955.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Earlier collections, all arranged chronologically, include ''Rabi Chhaya'' (1885), ''Ganer Bahi or Valmiki Pratibha'' (1893), ''Gan'' (1908), and ''Dharmashongit'' (1909).{{Sfn|Som|2010|p=89}}

== Exponents ==
Since the establishment of the Sangeet Bhavan of Tagore's own [[Visva-Bharati University]] at Shantiniketan, along with its codification of Rabindra Sangeet instruction, multiple generations have created Rabindra Sangeet (its aesthetics and singing style) into a tangible cultural tradition breeding many singers who now specialize in singing Tagore's works. Some notable early exponents of Rabindra Sangeet who laid down its foundations and continue to inspire generations of singers include:
[[Kanika Banerjee]]. [[Suchitra Mitra]], [[Pankaj Mullick]], [[Hemant Kumar]], [[Debabrata Biswas]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Santidev Ghosh]], [[Sagar Sen]], [[Subinoy Roy]], [[Chinmoy Chattopadhyay]] Ashoketaru Bandyopadhay and [[Sumitra Sen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/regional-film-news/legendary-bengali-singer-sumitra-sen-passes-away-at-89-after-battling-severe-bronchopneumonia |title=Legendary Bengali singer Sumitra Sen passes away at 89 after battling severe bronchopneumonia |date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=the Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== Historical influence ==
Rabindra Sangeet has been an integral part of Bengal culture for over a century.<ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet" /><ref name="Dasgupta Guha p252">{{Harvnb|Dasgupta|Guha|2013|p=252}}</ref> Hindu monk and Indian social reformer [[Swami Vivekananda]] became an admirer of Rabindra Sangeet in his youth. He composed music in the Rabindra Sangeet style, for example ''Gaganer Thale'' in [[Raga Jaijaivanti]].<ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet" />

=== Digitization ===
As of July 2016, 7,864 Rabindra Sangeet have been digitized by [[Saregama]] and are available online for download.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2016 |title=Taking Bengali Music Heritage to the Next Generation |work=The Hans India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Life-Style/2016-05-26/Taking-Bengali-Music-Heritage-to-the-Next-Generation/230517?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

Furthermore, popular Rabindrasangeet has been digitized and featured on featured Phalguni Mookhopadhayay's YouTube channel as part of Brainware University's initiative. Launched on 9 May 2023, this project aims to promote Rabindranath Tagore's cultural heritage. The initiative includes 100 selected songs, translated and sung by Mookhopadhayay, which are being gradually released along with detailed anecdotes, appreciations, blogs, critical essays, and research papers, making Tagore's works accessible to Bengali and non-Bengali households worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/rabindra-sangeet-collection/ |title=Rabindra Sangeet Collection}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Music of Bengal]]
* [[Works of Rabindranath Tagore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Sanjukta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC&pg=PA252 |title=Tagore-At Home in the World |last2=Guha |first2=Chinmoy |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-321-1084-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Furrell |first=James Wyburd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA154 |title=The Tagore Family: A Memoir |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, & Company |year=1882}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santidev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3prNyZ7SKwC |title=Rabindrasangeet Vichitra – Rabindra Sangeet Miscellany |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8069-305-2 |author-link=Santidev Ghosh}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=B. |year=2011 |title=Inside the World of Tagore's Music |url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pBhaswati2.html |access-date=17 September 2011 |periodical=Parabaas}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sigi |first=Rekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW93OdoQIfIC&pg=PA90 |title=Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore A Biography |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-89182-90-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Som |first=Reba |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song |publisher=Viking |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-670-08248-3 |publication-date=26 May 2010 |ol=23720201M |author-link=Reba Som}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWhnwlQyplEC&pg=PR12 |title=Boyhood Days |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-333021-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=K. |last2=Robinson |first2=A. |author2-link=W. Andrew Robinson |publication-date=December 1995 |year=1995 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man |publisher=Saint Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-14030-4}}

==Further reading==
For year of composition, [[raga]] and [[Tala (music)|tala]] of Tagore's songs, see:
* {{in lang|bn}} Chandra, Sudhir (2002). ''Rabindrasangeet: Rag-Shur Nirdeshika''. Papyrus, Kolkata.
* {{in lang|bn}} Mukhopadhyay, Prabhat Kumar (2003). ''Gitabitan: Kalanukromik Shuchi''. Tagore Research Institute, Kolkata.

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.tagoreweb.in tagoreweb.in], contains complete works of Tagore, including his songs,
* {{Cite web |title=Gitabitan of Rabindranath Tagore – An Encyclopedic Site |url=http://www.gitabitan.net/ |website=www.gitabitan.net}}

{{Notable singers of Rabindra Sangeet}}
{{Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{authority control}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet| ]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Music of India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Music of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]

Narendra Dev Verma

2026-01-26T18:37:16Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{short description|Indian composer}}
'''Narendra Dev Verma''' was an Indian music composer and father in law of [[Bhupesh Baghel]] whose song "[[Arpā Pairī ke Dhār]]" became the official [[List of Indian state songs|state song]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Arpa Pairi Ke Dhaar’ notified official song |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---arpa-pairi-ke-dhaar----notified-official-song.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[Daily Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattisgarh's official song to play after Vande Mataram to mark commencement of assembly session |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/chattisgarhs-official-song-to-play-after-vande-mataram-to-mark-commencement-of-assembly-session20191122084816/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en |archive-date=2020-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321160339/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/chattisgarhs-official-song-to-play-after-vande-mataram-to-mark-commencement-of-assembly-session20191122084816/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 4 November 1939 in [[Sevagram]] and died on 8 September 1979 in [[Raipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-04 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ राजगीत के रचयिता की जयंती आज, जानिए कौन थे डॉ. नरेन्द्र देव वर्मा, मुख्यमंत्री भूपेश बघेल से क्या है रिश्ता |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/chhattisgarh/birth-anniversary-of-the-author-of-chhattisgarh-rajgeet-dr-narendra-dev-varma-today-307912 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[Hari Bhoomi]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== Honor ==

*He was tributed by [[Bhupesh Baghel]], [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] on his death anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुख्‍यमंत्री भूपेश बघेल ने महान साहित्‍यकार और छत्‍तीसगढ़ी राज गीत के रचयिता डॉ. नरेंद्र वर्मा को उनकी पुण्‍यतिथि पर किया नमन |url=https://www.jagran.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-chief-minister-bhupesh-baghel-tribute-to-dr-narendra-verma-on-his-death-anniversary-23052566.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Narendra}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]

Nammane Yuvarani

2026-01-26T05:04:41Z

NereidaMccurdy5: created data

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| released =
}}

'''''Nammane Yuvarani''''' was an Indian [[Kannada language]] television drama that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nammane Yuvarani: Family members gear up for 'Maduve Sambrama' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/nammane-yuvarani-family-members-gear-up-for-maduve-sambrama/articleshow/70644008.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=12 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and digitally streams on [[Voot]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Majaa Talkies to welcome Nammane Yuvarani stars - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/majaa-talkies-to-welcome-nammane-yuvarani-stars/articleshow/68632485.cms|access-date=2020-06-22|website=The Times of India|date=29 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nammamane Yuvarani Serial Santhe to be aired on Sunday - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/nammamane-yuvarani-serial-santhe-to-be-aired-on-sunday/articleshow/69767246.cms|access-date=2020-06-22|website=The Times of India|date=13 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The show premiered on 14 January 2019. It has been titled as the Best Serial in 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch Nammane Yuvarani from January 14 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-nammane-yuvarani-from-january-14/articleshow/67432148.cms|access-date=2020-06-22|website=The Times of India|date=8 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Nammane Yuvarani to air fresh episodes till April 10 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-nammane-yuvarani-to-air-fresh-episodes-till-april-10/articleshow/75062082.cms|access-date=2020-06-22|website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Nammane Yuvarani is the story which reveals the amount of trust two brothers, Saketh and Aniket and their childhood friend, Meera share with each other. Each one of them is ready to sacrifice their lives for each other. The sacrifices made by Meera to protect the house from Saketh's wife Ahalya's evil plans, ever growing and eternal love between Aniket and Meera and the family bonding of Rajgurus forms the rest of the story.

==Plot==
''Nammane Yuvarani'' (Our House Queen) is the story of two daughters -in - law – Meera and Ahalya. The story opens with the welcoming ceremony of Aniketh, son of the Rajguru family who has come from London after completing his studies in business. Saketh, Aniketh and Pranam are three brothers who have lost their parents and other family members during their childhood. They are taken care of by their grandfather, Vasudhendra Rajguru and a cook named Shambhavi who has a daughter, Meera who resides at the Rajguru. The first few episodes deal with selecting a bride for Saketh's marriage. After selection, Ahalya and Saketh's marriage is fixed. At the wedding place, Meera and Aniketh are shocked to hear that Ahalya had married someone beforehand (later it was known to be Rajath) and share this with Saketh. Saketh shocks everyone by telling that he knows this information and the marriage takes place without any constraints. Having created a ruckus in the hall, Meera and Aniketh decide to apologise to Ahalya. While it's Meera's turn, she learns from Ahalya herself that Ahalya has come to the house with evil intentions. Shocked, Meera tries to confront others, but all in vain.

Meera tries to expose Ahalya's misdeeds before the family but before she could do so, Ahalya comes up with plans. Although Meera is the daughter of a cook, she mingles with the family so much that Aniketh falls in love with her. Ahalya realises that Meera is an obstacle to her goal and decides to marry her off to Prateek who is Meera's college friend and teaches her Maths which Aniketh does not like. Everyone is happy at Meera's wedding proposal except Saketh and Aniketh because they know how Aniketh is madly in love with her. Saketh asks Aniketh to propose to Meera even after her marriage is fixed, but Aniketh does not want to break the marriage. On the wedding day, Ahalya reveals to Meera that her intention is to remove Meera from the house and then destroy the family for some reason later known in the story. With the help of Saketh's friend, Mayuri, Meera comes up with a plan to marry Aniketh and keep a close eye on Ahalya. Meera reveals that she loves Aniketh and would only marry him. Happy, Saketh and Aniketh also support her decision and the marriage happens. Still, Meera does not realise that Aniketh loved her beforehand.

After a few days of Anira's marriage, Aniketh reveals Meera that he loved her before marriage with a romantic proposal in the temple, as he could not resist Shambhavi's torture to Meera for having married above her status. Shocked, Meera slowly falls in love with him. It is at this point of time, Shambhavi and Ahalya get to know about Meera's false claims at the wedding. But Aniketh completely misunderstands the situation and feels that Shambhavi is torturing Meera for her status and not for the lie she omitted. While Meera apologises to Aniketh who did not know the truth yet, she feels reassured that Aniketh has forgiven her. For the next few episodes, Aniketh reveals in front of all the family members that he loved Meera before marriage as well. Shambhavi and Meera unite. Prateek, with the help of Ahalya tries to create a scene and break the strong tie between Meera and Aniketh, but later is exposed when he pulls Meera's mangalsutra from her neck. Aniketh and Meera remarry.

While Ahalya tries to carry on her sinister plans, Namratha, her sister, gets to know all her intentions. She pleads with her not to do so but all in vain. Chandrakantha (Ahalya's younger father) is exposed with the help of Ahalya for having played a major role in Meera and Aniketh kidney transplant.

When Ahalya reveals her vengeance's reason (Rajguru family is responsible for her father's life imprisonment), Namratha feels sorry and joins her evil ploy. Ahalya reveals to Meera that Aniketh still believes Meera loved him before marriage and Meera is dumbstruck when she observes his activities. Saketh overhears this conversation. With the help of Saketh, Meera decides to speak out the truth to Aniketh and does so on a date. Aniketh lashes out at her but they decide to live as if nothing has happened in front of the family. On Meera's birthday, Meera in her intoxicated state, asks Aniketh why he had a sudden hatred for her for a few days. Aniketh's heart melts and he forgives Meera. But Ahalya and Namratha try to show how Ani and Meera lived life fakingly through a puppet show, which enrages Saketh as he feels they played with his emotions. After apologising, Meera, Saketh and Aniketh reunite as before with help of Ahalya. While Ahalya is happy, Namratha is not. Ahalya reveals to Namratha that this would suppress the suspicion Meera had on her and she would realise that Ahalya has changed as a part of their plan.

As designed, Meera starts to remove her suspicion on Ahalya, but not for many days. By this time, Saketh and Aniketh are also suspecting Ahalya. To clear their confusions, they confront Ahalya's childhood teacher, neighbours but all in vain. Ahalya brings Rammana and falsely designs him as her father. While Lakshmi (Ahalya's mother) is reluctant to approve him as her husband, Ahalya forces her to do so. But again she is exposed with the help of Meera in front of the family. Aniketh's suspicion on Ahalya increases after a couple of events in the story and he decides to follow Ahalya to a remote place. But, much to his shock, he is hit hard with a stick by Ahalya. Having not returned, Meera and Saketh are disappointed. Ahalya reveals that Aniketh is no more and they should perform his last rituals. Meera breaks all the rituals and Aniketh makes his entry. Ahalya is dumbstruck as it is not only Meera, but Aniketh too who are sure of her evil intentions.

Ani repeatedly gives threats to Ahalya to stop her activities. Ahalya makes a smart plan and reveals in front of the family that the person is disguised as Aniketh but is not himself. Dumbstruck, Meera confronts him at a date and clears all her confusions when she sees the tattoo made on his chest at the date specially for her a few days after their marriage in a fair. Upon asking the reason for his sudden disappearance for some days, he reveals that he has learnt of Ahalya's evil ploy. Both Ani and Meera are thrilled as they are now together to expose her. Ahalya gets to know the truth that Meera has learnt that her Aniketh is the Aniketh beforehand and no one has disguised him. Namratha slowly changes and turns good. After successfully handing Pranam and Shambhavi to Chandrakanth as a case of kidnap, Ahalya threatens Ani to handover the house papers. After getting the house papers, she reveals her intentions herself, how her family had to live because of the Rajguru family which is entirely a misunderstanding, and mocks Meera for not being able to protect her family. But she is shocked to hear from Saketh that the house papers were fake. Meera reveals that Pranam and Shambhavi are safe because of the help of Agastya (from Nannarasi Radhe). Ahalya is imprisoned.

Ani feels bad for having played with Saketh by choosing Ahalya as a [[Perfect Bride|perfect bride]] for him in the first episodes of the story. But Meera and Saketh reassure him. Ahalya reveals that she is pregnant at the jail and so is bailed with an emotional reunion with her father, Sankar Murthy. Meera tries her best to bring back Ahalya, because she feels that she might have changed but she goes into a coma after an accident. Changed, Ahalya now brings back Meera's life. At the [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] celebration, Ahalya reveals that she can't keep her child away from a good family and so asks Meera to bring up her child. After a couple of episodes, Ahalya learns that she was only a pawn to her father and all those events she had thought of were not true. She thinks of all the evil ploys she did at the Rajguru house. While Sankar Murthy tries to kill Ahalya's unborn child, Meera protects Ahalya and brings her home back. Saketh forgives Ahalya after the family members assure him. The entire family reunites.

Later in the story, we are introduced to Kalpana (an enemy of the Rajguru family) who creates problems for the family and even buys their house. With the help of Varudhini, the Rajguru family is able to get their house back. Ani and Meera perform a ritual for bearing a child, but when Ani sees Meera so thrilled for a baby, he thinks of her possibility of not bearing a child due to problems. But after Sridevi's blessings at a temple, Ani gets a call from a nurse, revealing Meera whose baby is healthy. Aniketh and Meera are thrilled and regularly get appointments with the doctor. Once, Kalpana threatens them and after they go for a check up they do not return. This brings an end to their character.

Ahalya and others are shocked to hear this. Ardent prayers are made for their coming back and seven years are spent in finding them but all in vain. The show features a leap of seven years now.

Seven years later, Pranam has grown up. While finding Ani and Meera, the family confronts a girl named Ganga. Immediately Pranam falls in love with her, proposes to her and the marriage takes place after a lot of ruckus created by Kalpana and Navya. Later, Kalpana creates problems which makes the family members angry with Ganga. Pranam and Ganga now are separated. Ganga goes to her village where she encounters another enemy, Raje Gowda. With help of Ahalya, Ganga and Pranam reunite and Ganga confesses her love to Pranam. Annoyed, Pranam admonishes Ganga for manipulating the family into believing that they consummated their marriage. However, Ganga's grandmother notices him shouting at her. After a couple of episodes, problems arise where Pranam begins to suspect and dislike Ganga, creating a rift between them. Ganga's humiliation makes her come at a decision to leave the house. After efforts by Ahalya and Saketh, both of them reunite. Ganga comes with a plan to trap Kalpana by disguising herself at her home. She reveals to Kalpana that she has broken her ties with the Rajguru family and watches her intentions.

After arresting Kalpana, the Rajgurus hire a detective to search her home. They are startled to find Meera's diary which makes Saketh emotional. They get a clue that their baby is alive and hire a detective in search of her. Will the Rajgurus finally unite with the long-lost Meera, Aniket and their baby?

With help of Arun, Saketh is able to retrieve his daughter, Kinnari. His daughter comes to Rajguru family and Ahalya is overwhelmed to find her child back. Kinnari is not able to develop a good relation with her father and stays away from him. Ahalya even keeps her child away from Saketh in many episodes.

In a series of events, Meera's diary is burnt to ashes, while Ganga suspects that it has been done by someone knowingly. Kinnari gets closer to his father, Saketh with help of Pranam. Ganga makes her wish to bail out Kalpana from the prison to Saketh, and he follows her wish. In a series of events, Kalpana absconds her house far. Ganga notices Kinnari's photograph with her grandfather, Shankar Murthy (Ahalya's father) and confronts Ahalya. Later, Rajgurus find a threatening letter about the danger on Kinnari. Ahalya decides to send her to boarding school back. As Ganga takes her to the school, she is surprised to know that Kinnari was already in the school before hand. What is Ahalya hiding from the family about Kinnari's past?

The story introduces a new character, Chinni, who is shown in utmost poverty. While she lands at the Rajguru house at Gowri Ganesh Puja, she requests the family to provide her shelter. In the initial days, she reminds the family of Meera, as she imitates all her activities. Is Chinni related to Meera? In the later series of events, it is revealed that Ahalya is the master mind behind Aniketh and Meera's disconnection with the family for many years. She is also the murderer of Kalpana, which is revealed by Navya when she narrates the story to the Rajgurus. Ganga and Pranam visit Chinni's ashram and get to know that she is none other than Aniketh and Meera's daughter. Overwhelmed, they announce the family. Also, Saketh shares a good news that he has found Aniket and Meera.

Dumbstruck Ahalya, now decides to show her climax to the family. While Saketh goes to an isolated house where Meera and Aniketh live, he is held at gunpoint by Chandrakanth. In a shocking turn of events, he holds the gun on Chandrakanth's forehead and asks him to help him fool Ahalya. The Rajgurus reach a place where Ahalya celebrates her victory. Soon, Chandrakanth arrives with Saketh and his plan. Shambhavi and Lakshmi shoot Ahalya as a punishment to her misdeeds and for sending Aniketh and Meera far from them for many years. Ahalya gloats her victory before the dead Saketh, Aniketh and Meera, but it was a plan of Saketh. Shooted Ahalya, gets to know that Saketh had saved Aniketh and Meera, and then breathes her last. While the dead body of Ahalya is taken for cremation, Chandrakanth and Lakshmi are arrested.

The Rajguru family welcomes Aniketh and Meera back home after many years of grief and the title track of Nammane Yuvarani tunes with the photo album of the Rajguru family.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Deepak Gowda as Aniketh Rajguru – Shanthala's son, Saketh and Pranam's brother, Meera's husband, Vasudendra's grandson, Shambhavi's son-in-law
* [[Ankita Amar]] as Meera Rajguru – Aniketh's wife, Shanthala's daughter-in-law, Shambhavi's daughter
* Raghu N. as Saketh Rajguru – Shanthala's son, Aniketh and Pranam's brother, Ahalya's husband, Vasudendra's grandson, Lakshmi's son-in-law
* Kavya Mahadev<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actress Kavya Mahadav to feature in 'Nammane Yuvarani' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-kavya-mahadav-to-feature-in-nammane-yuvarani/articleshow/67074266.cms|access-date=2020-06-22|website=The Times of India|date=13 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> as Ahalya Rajguru – Saketh's wife, Lakshmi's daughter Shanthala's daughter-in-law
* Snehieth Gowda as Pranam Rajguru (2022–present) - Saketh & Aniket's younger brother, Ganga's husband
* Khushi as Ganga - Pranam's wife, Shantala's daughter-in-law

===Recurring===
* Sandeep Ashok as Vasudendra Rajguru – Head of Rajguru family, Aniketh and Saketh's grandfather
* Jayanth as Pranam Rajguru – Saketh and Aniketh's younger brother, Vasudendra's grandson
* Jyothi Kiran as Shambavi – Meera's mother, Aniketh's mother-in-law
* Sahana Ravindra as Lakshmi – Ahalya and Namratha's mother, Saketh's mother-in-law
* Prakruthi Prasad / Latha Girish Namratha – Ahalya's sister, Lakshmi's daughter
* Swathi as Shanthala Rajguru – Saketh, Aniketh and Pranam's mother, Vasudendra's daughter in law
* Ravi Prasad as Shankar Murthy – Lakshmi's husband, Ahalya and Namratha's father, enemy of Rajguru family
* Nishitha Gowda as Kalpana – Second wife of Shankar Murthy, Enemy of Rajguru family
* [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditi Prabudeva to play a cameo in Nammane Yuvarani - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/aditi-prabudeva-to-play-a-cameo-in-nammane-yuvarani/articleshow/70676494.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=14 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mayuri Kyatari]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mayuri Kyatari to play a cameo in Nammane Yuvarani - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mayuri-kyatari-to-play-a-cameo-in-nammane-yuvarani/articleshow/70840109.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=26 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
In January 2020, the show completed 300 episode.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada TV show 'Nammane Yuvarani' completes 300 episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-tv-show-nammane-yuvarani-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/73172382.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=9 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On 16 June 2022, the show successfully completed 1000 episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannada TV show 'Nammane Yuvarani' successfully completes 1000 episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-tv-show-nammane-yuvarani-successfully-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/92250740.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=16 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Crossover episodes ===
In January 2020, a special crossover episode of ''Nammane Yuvarani'' and ''[[Mithuna Raashi]]'' announced.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Daily soaps Nammane Yuvarani and Mithuna Rashi to unite for special episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soaps-nammane-yuvarani-and-mithuna-rashi-to-unite-for-special-episodes/articleshow/73245468.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=14 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2021, ''Nammane Yuvarani'' saw some special episodes with Lahari from ''Hoo Male'' and Agastya from ''Nannarasi Radhe''.

In October 2020, the team ''[[Lakshmi Baramma]]'', nearly after many months of series end, teamed up with ''Nammane Yuvarani'' for a special episode.

In November 2021, nearly after three years of ending of ''Kulavadhu'', the serial saw a "Mahasangama" episode with them.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

On 19 December 2022, a two hour long episode welcoming the new serial ''Doresani'' titled "Nammane Doresani" was telecasted. It focused on welcoming characters of the new serial and Ahalya's baby shower ending with confirmation of Meera and Aniketh's healthy baby.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Meera's character had a crossover with Kannada TV series ''Bhagyalakshmi'' serial in July 2023, months after the serial getting off air.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

=== Reception ===
In September 2019, the show occupied fifth position in [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] ratings.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paaru continues to rule the TRP; Nammane Yuvarani enters the top 5 race - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/paaru-continues-to-rule-the-trp-nammane-yuvarani-enters-the-top-5-race/articleshow/71024162.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=7 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" width="80%"
|- bgcolor="blue"
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Year
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Award
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Category
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Recipient
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Result
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
| rowspan="7" |6th Anubanda Awards
| Jana Mechhida Samsara
| Nammane Yuvarani
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Nayaki
| [[Ankita Amar]] (Meera)
| {{won}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Nayaka
| Deepak Gowda (Aniketh)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Jodi
| Deepak Gowda and [[Ankita Amar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Amma
| Jyoti Kiran (Shambhavi)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Manthare
| Kavya Mahadev (Ahalya)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Mane Mechhida Aliya
| Raghu N (Saketh)
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="13" |2020
| rowspan="13" |7th Anubandha Awards
| Jana Mecchida Samsara
| Nammane Yuvarani
| {{won}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Nayaki
| [[Ankita Amar]] (Meera)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Nayaka
| Deepak Gowda (Aniketh)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Sahodara - Male
| Raghu N (Saketh)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Style Icon -Female
| Kavya Mahadev (Ahalya)
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchide Style Icon - Male
| Deepak Gowda (Aniketh)
| {{won}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Youth Icon
| [[Ankita Amar]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Jodi
| Deepak Gowda and [[Ankita Amar]] (Aniketh & Meera)
| {{won}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Mantare
| Kavya Mahadev (Ahalya)
| {{won}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Atte
| Jyoti Kiran (Shambhavi)
| {{won}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Magalu
| [[Ankita Amar]] (Meera)
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Maga
| Deepak Gowda (Aniketh)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Sahodari
| Prakruthi Prasad (Namratha)
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="13" |2021
| rowspan="13" |8th Anubanda Awards<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anubandha awards to be aired this weekend - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anubandha-awards-to-be-aired-this-weekend-anubandha-awards-to-be-aired-this-weekend/articleshow/86931371.cms|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The Times of India|date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| Jana Mechhida Samsara
| Nammane Yuvarani
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Nayaki
| [[Ankita Amar]] (Meera)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Nayaka
| Deepak Gowda (Aniketh)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Jodi
| Deepak Gowda and [[Ankita Amar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Amma
| Jyoti Kiran (Shambhavi)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Manthare
| Kavya Mahadev (Ahalya)
| {{won}}
|-
| Mane Mechhida Atte
| Jyoti Kiran (Shambhavi)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Maga
| Deepak Gowda (Aniketh)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Magalu
| Ankita Amar (Meera)
| {{won}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Sahodara - Male
| Raghu N (Saketh)
| {{won}}
|-
| Mane Mecchida Heria
| Ashok (Vasudhendra Rajguru)
| {{won}}
|-
| Jana Mecchida Style Icon - Female
| Kavya Mahadev (Ahalya)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Jana Mechhida Style Icon - Male
| Deepak Gowda (Aniketh)
| {{won}}
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

Atul, Gujarat

2026-01-22T08:42:33Z

NereidaMccurdy5: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Atul
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Atul Limited View.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = "Atul Limited" View from Parnera Hill
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.52882|N|72.94116|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Valsad district|Valsad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,486
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=587700| title=ATUL:Census India 2011| website=Census India}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 396020
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02632
| registration_plate = GJ-15
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Valsad]] & [[Pardi]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Fountain at Atul Ltd.jpg|thumb|Fountain at Atul Ltd.]]
'''Atul''' is an industrial village developed by the chemical conglomerate [[Atul Limited|Atul Ltd]], located in the [[Valsad district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. Although a small village, it has good educational, recreational facilities, banks, temples, post office, police station and a railway station.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|Census of India, 2011]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/gujarat/valsad/valsad/atul-ct-population.html| title=ATUL(CT) Population-2011, Census of India 2011| website=Census India 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2424_PART_B_DCHB_VALSAD.pdf| title=Valsad District Population-2011 (Gujarat), Census of India 2011| website=Census India 2011}}</ref> Atul has a population of 3486. Males constitute are 51.23% of the population and females are 48.77%. Atul has an average literacy rate of 83.28%; with 87.46% of males and 78.88% of females literate. 8.89% of the population is under 6 years of age. Atul, located on the bank of the [[Par River (Gujarat)|Par River]], derives its name from the Lalbhai Group owned Atul Ltd.

As of [[2011 Census of India|Census of India, 2011]], Population details of '''ATUL(CT)''':

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-

!scope="col" colspan="2" style="background:orange;"| ATUL(CT) Population, 2011 (In bracket %)

|-
| valign="center" |'''Number of Households'''
| valign="center" |'''869'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Population'''
| valign="center" |'''3,486'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Male Population'''
| valign="center" |'''1,786 (51.23%)'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Female Population'''
| valign="center" |'''1,700 (48.77%)'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Children Population'''
| valign="center" |'''310 (8.89%)'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Sex-ratio'''
| valign="center" |'''952'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Literacy'''
| valign="center" |'''2,903 (83.28%)'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Male Literacy'''
| valign="center" |'''1,562 (87.46%)'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Female Literacy'''
| valign="center" |'''1,341 (78.88%)'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Scheduled Tribes (ST)'''
| valign="center" |'''1,091 (31.30%)'''
|-
|-
| valign="center" |'''Scheduled Caste (SC)'''
| valign="center" |'''95 (2.73%)'''
|-
|}

==Transport==

===Railway===
[[Atul Railway Station|Atul]] is located on the [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]] on Mumbai (Bombay)-[[Surat]] segment. [[Atul Railway Station|Atul]] is 187 km from Mumbai Central. [[Atul Railway Station|Atul]] is 76 km from Surat, 205 km from [[Vadodara]] (Baroda), 305 km from [[Ahmedabad]]. While coming from Mumbai, [[Atul Railway Station|Atul]] is the previous station before Valsad.

===Bus===
Atul is connected by city bus service to [[Valsad]]. Frequency of city buses are good. Atul is located along the [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway No 48]]. The nearest airports are Mumbai (around 200 km) to the south, Surat (around 80 km) & Vadodara (around 215 km) to the north.

==Educational Facilities==
Although Atul is a small village there are very good schools available in Atul and nearby areas. The main schools are as follows.

===Atul Vidyalaya===
Atul Vidyalaya, founded in 1991 and sponsored by the Lalbhai Group of Companies, aims to create a centre for education, wherein each child is imparted knowledge that is contemporary and at the same time rooted firmly in our cultural heritage.
It is an English medium school, up to standard 12. The school is affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (ICSE), New Delhi.
Students of standard 9 and 10 appear for the ICSE ([[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]). Students of standard 11 and 12 appear for the ISC (Indian School Certificate).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/value-education-is-of-prime-importance/ |title=Value education is of prime importance |date= |author= |access-date= 2 February 2024}}</ref>

===Kalyani School===
Kalyani School is a Gujarati medium, [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] school up to standard 12, following GSHSE Board curriculum. It was founded in 1953. It is managed by Atul Kelavni Mandal. It is the first school in the town and one of the great schools.
On 15 August 1948 (on 1st anniversary of Indian Independence) Pandit. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (first Prime Minister of India) had given a speech from the podium of Kalyani School, Atul.

===Vallabh Ashram School===
One more school is located 2.5 km away from Atul. It is an English medium school, up to standard 12. It follows the CBSE curriculum. It has hostel facilities for boys as well as girls. Its full name is 'M.G. M. Amin and V. N. Savani School'. Mr. RP Maurya is the incumbent principal of this 4 decade old school.

==Atul Ltd==
{{Main|Atul (company)}}
The village Atul was developed due to the company [[Atul (company)|Atul Ltd.]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.atul.co.in/about/| title=Atul Limited| website=Atul Limited}}</ref> which was established in year 1947 here. Spread over 1,300 acres, the manufacturing facility is an example of transformation of completely barren lands into one of the greenest chemical complexes in the world. .<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.atulinfotech.com/| title=About: Atul Infotech| website=Atul Infotech}}</ref>

Atul Ltd has very well developed colonies for residence of its employees in Atul Village. The colonies are named as Down Colony, Up Colony, Suruchi Colony, Suvidha Colony, G-J-K Colony, Cyanamid Colony etc. Three Guest Houses belonging to the Company are also located in the residential area.

==Temples & Mosque==
* Atuleshwar Mahadev Temple
* Umakant Mahadev Temple, Bhola Nagar
* Jain Temple, Suruchi Colony
* Atul Dargah, Down Colony
* Maa Vishwambhari Temple, Rabada

==Other Facilities==

===Banks===
* State Bank of India
* UCO Bank
* Axis Bank
* SBPP Co-operative Bank Ltd., Bhola Nagar

===Post Office===
Atul Post Office<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.postoffices.co.in/gujarat-gj/atul-valsad-20/| title=Atul Post Office| website=Atul Sub Post Office}}</ref> is located in Atul village of Valsad district of Gujarat state. It is a sub post office. Pin code of Atul Post Office is 396020. This post office falls under Valsad postal division of the Gujarat postal circle. Atul post office offers all the postal services like delivery of mails & parcels, money transfer, banking, insurance and retail services. It also provides other services including passport applications, P.O. Box distribution, and other delivery services in Atul.

===Police Station===
Atul Police Station is a small police station located near Atul post office, Atul.

===Atul Club===
Atul Club offers several sport facilities such as badminton, billiards, swimming, table tennis and also has a gymnasium for fitness enthusiasts.

===Ulhas Cricket Ground===
Ulhas Cricket Ground is biggest cricket ground of Atul village. Utkarsh, Ulhas organization organises cricket tournament, culture programs, food festival, annual fun fair at Ulhas Cricket Ground for joy and encouraging local people in sports. Atul Premier League(APL) was also organized at this place by Atul Yuva Group and Atul Co. Op. Housing Society.

===Open Air Theatre===
Open Air Theatre is located near Atul Vidyalaya of Atul village. The capacity of Open Air Theatre is around 2500-3000 people. Open Air Theatre is an important place for Annual functions, '''Atul Day''', Movie Screening and Cultural programs.

==Awards==
In 2024, Atul village was awarded '''"Platinum Green Village Certificate"''' by '''Indian Green Building Council''' (IGBC). Atul village of Valsad taluka had become Gujarat's '''first''' Green Platinum Village. Among the 6 villages announced in India, Atul village of Valsad was included. Atul Gram Panchayat '''''Village Head''''' "Shri Vikram Nayaka" and '''''Village Sub-Head''''' "Shri Darshal Desai" were awarded this certificate by '''''Ahmedabad Municipal Commissioner''''' "Shri M. Thennarasan" in a program held at Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://sandesh.com/gujarat/atul-village-of-valsad-taluka-became-the-first-green-platinum-village-in-gujarat-happy-atmosphere-among-the-villagers| title=વલસાડ તાલુકાનું અતુલ ગામ ગુજરાતમાં પ્રથમ ગ્રીન પ્લેટિનમ વિલેજ બન્યું, ગ્રામજનોમાં ખુશીનો માહોલ| website= Sandesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.atul.co.in/june-2024-platinum-green-village-certification-atul-village/| title=Platinum Green Village certification to Atul village| website=Atul Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/markets/capital-market-news/atul-village-received-platinum-green-village-certification-124060800314_1.html| title=Atul village received Platinum Green Village certification| website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/general/lite/atul-village-receives-platinum-green-village-certification-from-the-igbc-22075| title=Atul village receives Platinum Green Village certification from the IGBC| website=Indian Chemical News}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Cities and towns in Valsad district]]

Bogri Road railway station

2026-01-22T04:29:18Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{short description|Railway Station in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bogri Road
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| style = Indian Railways
| address = Ekaria, Kasua, [[Bankura district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.881747|87.325732|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|41|m|ft}}
| line = [[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line]]
| other =
| structure = At Ground
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| opened = 1903–04
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BGO
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Adra}}
}}
| owned = Indian railway
| operator = South Eastern Railways
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Piardoba|right=Garbeta|to-left=Adra Junction|to-right=Kharagpur Junction|type=[[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line]]}}
}}
{{Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line|collapse=y}}

'''Bogri Road railway station''' is a railway station on [[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line]] in [[Adra railway division]] of [[South Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated at Ekaria, Kasua of [[Bankura district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bogri-road-bgo/4359|title=Bogri Road Railway Station Map/Atlas SER/South Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=roy|first=Joydeep|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/bogri-road-bgo-station|title=Bogri Road Railway Station (BGO) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

==History==
In 1901, the Kharagpur–Midnapur Branch line was opened. The Midnapore–Jharia extension of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]], passing through Bankura District was opened in 1903–04.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-14|title=Indian Railway History Time line|date=2012-07-14|website=archive.is|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> The Adra–Bheduasol sector was electrified in 1997–98 and the Bheduasol–Salboni sector in 1998–99.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE|website=irfca.org|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Adra railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Pirokhar

2026-01-05T20:00:31Z

NereidaMccurdy5: added new pg

{{Short description|Village in Madhubani district, Bihar}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pirokhar
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.5170497|N|85.8419812|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhwapur]]
| population_total = 6397
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_total_km2 = 5.07
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 843319
}}

'''Pirokhar''' is a village located in the [[Madhwapur]] Block of the [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] district in [[Bihar]], India. It is administered under the Pirokhar Gram Panchayat and forms part of the Madhwapur Block.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Pirokhar Village Population - Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/219844-pirokhar-bihar.html |website=Census2011.co.in |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
According to the land records of the [[Government of India]], Pirokhar covers an area of approximately 507 hectares (5.07 km²).<ref name="lgd">{{cite web |title=Local Government Directory – Madhubani District |url=https://lgdirectory.gov.in |website=Government of India |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 Census of India, Pirokhar has a total population of 6,397, including 3,379 males and 3,018 females, living in 1,471 households.<ref name="census" />

The literacy rate includes 3,303 literate individuals. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe populations are also present in the village.<ref name="census" />

== Education ==
Educational institutions in the village include:
* P.S. Mushari Pirokhar, a primary school.<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. Mushari Pirokhar |url=https://schools.org.in/madhubani/10051703201/p-s-mushari-pirokhar.html |website=Schools.org.in |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
* U.M.S. Pirokhar, an upper middle school.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.M.S. Pirokhar |url=https://schools.org.in/madhubani/10051703202/u-m-s-pirokhar.html |website=Schools.org.in |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Pirokhar is governed by the Gram Panchayat under the Madhwapur Community Development Block. It falls under the Harlakhi Vidhan Sabha constituency and the Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="lgd" />

== Connectivity ==
=== Road ===
The village is connected to nearby towns such as [[Madhwapur]] and [[Basopatti]] through rural and district roads.<ref name="district">Government of India – District Administration Madhubani. Retrieved 15 December 2025.</ref>

=== Rail ===
The nearest railway station is:
* '''[[Janakpur Road railway station]]''', approximately 10 km away.<ref name="jnrstation">Indian Railways – Jhanjharpur Railway Station Details. Retrieved 15 December 2025.</ref>

=== Air ===
Nearby airports include:
* '''[[Darbhanga Airport]]''' – approximately 70–75 km<ref name="airport1">Darbhanga Airport – Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 15 December 2025.</ref>
* '''[[Patna Airport]]''' – approximately 180 km<ref name="airport2">Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport, Patna – Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 15 December 2025.</ref>

==Culture==
The village follows traditional Maithili cultural practices. Major festivals such as [[Chhath]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Sama Chakeva]], and [[Holi]] are widely celebrated in the Mithila region. [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Hindi]] are the primary languages spoken by residents.

== Postal services ==
The postal PIN code of Pirokhar is 843319.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pirokhar Pin Code |url=https://pin-code.net/in-pincode/pirokhar-843319 |website=Pin-Code.net |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>

== Places to visit nearby ==

=== [[Punaura Dham]] (Janaki Janmasthali) ===
[[File:Punaura.gif|thumb|Older view of Punaura Dham]], Sitamarhi]]
'''Punaura Dham''' (also locally known as '''Purodhan''' or '''Puronara Dhan''') is a major Hindu pilgrimage site located in Sitamarhi district. It is regarded as the birthplace of Goddess Sita, where she is believed to have emerged from the earth during King Janaka’s ploughing.

The site includes the Janaki Janmasthali Temple and Janaki Kund and is an important part of the Ramayana Circuit of Bihar.

* Located approximately 30–35 km (by road) from the Pirokhar region.
* Major attractions include the [[Janaki Janmasthali]] Temple and Janaki Kund.
* Forms part of the official *Ramayana Circuit* of Bihar.

[[File:Indo-Nepal Border Road.jpg|thumb|300px|Indo–Nepal Border Road (representative view of a national/state highway in North Bihar).]]

==Climate==
Pirokhar has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers, a strong monsoon season, and mild winters.

{{Weather box
|location = Pirokhar (Madhubani district)
|metric first = yes
|Jan high C = 22 |Jan low C = 9 |Jan rain mm = 13
|Feb high C = 26 |Feb low C = 12 |Feb rain mm = 20
|Mar high C = 32 |Mar low C = 17 |Mar rain mm = 8
|Apr high C = 37 |Apr low C = 22 |Apr rain mm = 6
|May high C = 38 |May low C = 26 |May rain mm = 41
|Jun high C = 35 |Jun low C = 27 |Jun rain mm = 176
|Jul high C = 32 |Jul low C = 26 |Jul rain mm = 293
|Aug high C = 31 |Aug low C = 26 |Aug rain mm = 285
|Sep high C = 31 |Sep low C = 25 |Sep rain mm = 195
|Oct high C = 30 |Oct low C = 20 |Oct rain mm = 43
|Nov high C = 27 |Nov low C = 14 |Nov rain mm = 4
|Dec high C = 23 |Dec low C = 10 |Dec rain mm = 6
|date=December 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[Madhwapur]]
* [[Madhubani district]]
* [[Villages in Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

Siliguri Corridor

2026-01-05T15:39:59Z

NereidaMccurdy5: expanded content

{{Short description|Corridor connecting Northeast India to the rest of India}}
{{Other uses of|Chicken's neck}}
{{POV|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
[[File:chickensneckindia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Siliguri Corridor is the strip of Indian territory within the red highlighted circle.]]
[[File:Siliguri Corridor sketch with Asian Highway segment.jpg|thumb|right|245x245px|[[AH2]] of the [[Asian Highway Network|Asian Highway]] goes through the Siliguri Corridor.]]
[[File:Siliguri corridor variations in measurement.jpg|thumb|242x242px|Dimensions of the corridor. Distances in kilometers.|right]]

The '''Siliguri Corridor''', often dubbed the "'''Chicken's Neck'''", is a stretch of land around the city of [[Siliguri]] in [[West Bengal]] state of [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Mayank|date=7 November 2021|title=Army steps up efforts to safeguard Siliguri Corridor|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2021/nov/07/army-steps-up-efforts-to-safeguard-siliguri-corridor-2380383.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Mohinder Pal|date=9 October 2019|title=What if China wrings India's 'Chicken's Neck' – the Siliguri corridor? Here are some countermeasures|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/news/what-if-china-wrings-indias-chickens-neck-the-siliguri-corridor-here-are-some-countermeasures/|access-date=2022-01-16|work=The Times of India|via=USI India|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182536/https://usiofindia.org/publication/news/what-if-china-wrings-indias-chickens-neck-the-siliguri-corridor-here-are-some-countermeasures/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the sole terrestrial connection between [[Mainland India|India's mainland]] and its [[Northeast India|eight northeastern states]], serving as a logistical lifeline for over 40 million people and crucial military movements.<ref name="EurasiaReview">{{cite web|title=India's New Military Bases Along the Siliguri Corridor: Strategic Defense or Signal Of Changing Regional Dynamics? – Analysis|website=Eurasia Review|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/25112025-indias-new-military-bases-along-the-siliguri-corridor-strategic-defense-or-signal-of-changing-regional-dynamics-analysis/|date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Bordered by [[Nepal]], [[Kingdom of Bhutan|Bhutan]] and [[Bangladesh]], it lies close to Tibet's [[Chumbi Valley]] to its northeast.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=3 July 2017 |title=Chickens neck |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/politics/chickens-neck/articleshow/59424396.cms |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Sunil |date=18 February 2015 |title=Status of Sikkim and its deposed monarch Palden Thondup Namgyal being questioned again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780430-status-of-sikkim-and-its-deposed-monarch-palden-thondup-namgyal-being-questioned-again-818652-2015-02-18 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="GKToday">{{cite web|title=Siliguri Corridor|website=GKToday|url=https://www.gktoday.in/siliguri-corridor/|date=31 May 2025}}</ref> The city of Siliguri is the major city in the area and the central transfer point connecting Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sikkim, [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], Northeast India and mainland India.<ref name=":8" />

==History==

The [[partition of India]] led to the formation of the Siliguri Corridor through the creation of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) after the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] (into [[East Bengal]] and West Bengal) in 1947–1948.{{sfnp|Atig Ghosh, The Importance of Being Siliguri|2018|p=136}}

The [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] formerly lay on the northern side of the corridor, until its union with India in 1975 via a publicly held referendum.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikkim Votes On Indian Merger |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19750415&id=B0YfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2633,5501632 |newspaper=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |date=15 April 1975 |access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikkim Voters OK Merger With India |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19750416&id=vDogAAAAIBAJ&pg=7319,25549 |newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |date=16 April 1975|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> From [[Sikkim]], India consolidated its control of the [[Chumbi Valley]], along with Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=30 October 2019 |title=China's early harvest plan on Sikkim border has no takers in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-sr-talks-likely-to-be-held-in-next-3-months/story-4F8RpuP0bHVlfz05OI8egP.html |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Utkarsh |date=7 July 2017 |title=Sikkim standoff: Strategic importance of Siliguri corridor and why India should be wary of China |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/sikkim-standoff-strategic-importance-of-siliguri-corridor-and-why-india-should-be-wary-of-china-3785967.html |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Geography==

The dimensions of the corridor are a matter of interpretation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Lt Gen (Retd) KJ|author-link=Kamal Jit Singh|date=9 July 2017|title=India ready, theoretically: 'Threats' to Siliguri Corridor war-gamed|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/india-ready-theoretically-threats-to-siliguri-corridor-war-gamed-433789|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Tribune India}}</ref> Descriptions give it an area of {{convert|170 by 60|km|abbr=on}} with the narrowest section being {{convert|20-22|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Kamal Jit Singh]] places the length at {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} with a width of {{convert|17 to 60|km|abbr=on}}, giving it an area of approximately {{convert|12200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2" />
Another description places its dimensions as approximately {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|20 to 60|km|abbr=on}} wide, also giving it an area of approximately {{convert|12200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Pinaki|date=2001|title=The Shiliguri Corridor: Question Mark on Security|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume10/article7.htm|access-date=2022-01-21|publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref>

The corridor is located between Bangladesh to the southwest, Nepal on the northwest, and Bhutan to the north.<ref>Marcus Franda, "Bangladesh, The First Decades", South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1982, p-126</ref> Between [[Sikkim]] and Bhutan lies the [[Chumbi Valley]] [[Tibet]]an territory.<ref name=":4">Partha S. Ghosh, "Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia", UPL, Dhaka, 1989, p-43</ref> The southern end of the Dolam plateau or Doklam tri boundary area slopes into the corridor.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Myers|first1=Steven Lee|last2=Barry|first2=Ellen|last3=Fisher|first3=Max|date=2017-07-26|title=How India and China Have Come to the Brink Over a Remote Mountain Pass|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/asia/dolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html|access-date=2022-01-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the narrowest stretch, the corridor is generally formed by the [[Mechi River]] in the east; Nepal's [[Bhadrapur Municipality|Bhadrapur]] lies on the banks of the river.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dixit|first=Kanak Mani|date=2002-08-01|title=Chicken's Neck|url=https://www.himalmag.com/chickens-neck/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=[[Himal Southasian]]}}</ref> Further north the [[Mechi Bridge]] connects [[Mechinagar Municipality|Mechinagar]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2017-08-23|title=Approval of MoU between India & Nepal for laying down implementation arrangement for construction of new Bridge over Mechi River at Indo-Nepal border|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/approval-of-mou-between-india-nepal-for-laying-down-implementation-arrangement-for-construction-of-new-bridge-over-mechi-river-at-indo-nepal-border-117082300967_1.html|access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khanal|first=Radha|date=26 November 2020|title=Asian Highway now connected with Nepal|url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/asian-highway-now-connected-with-nepal-2888|access-date=2022-01-22|website=The Annapurna Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Vulnerability mitigation by India==
{{anchor | Mitigation }}

To mitigate the vulnerability India has undertaken several initiatives including enhancing security deployment as well as undertaking infrastructure development. To ensure seamless connectivity and military mobilization, India has prioritized developing high-capacity infrastructure in and around the corridor, notably under the Bharatmala Pariyojana. Projects include:<ref name="GKToday"/>

* Corridor Enhancement: Upgrading of major broad-gauge railway lines and highways to increase freight capacity and reduce transit time.<ref name="GKToday"/>
* Alternative Routes: Exploration and development of alternative connectivity solutions to reduce reliance on the single-access corridor, including the proposed Hili–Mahendraganj Corridor and the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Corridor through Myanmar.<ref name="Usthadian">{{cite web|title=Siliguri Corridor and India's Strategic Connectivity|website=Current Affairs Usthadian Academy|url=https://www.usthadian.com/siliguri-corridor-and-indias-strategic-connectivity/|date=3 August 2025}}</ref>
* Future Infrastructure: Consideration of subterranean infrastructure (tunnels) within the corridor to enhance security and reduce exposure to external threats.<ref name="GKToday"/>

===Connectivity===

India has embarked on a slew of projects. These include the construction of [[India-China Border Roads]], where, as of 2024, multiple phases of border roads have been constructed, and Advance Landing Grounds (ALGs), such as the Nyoma Advanced Landing Ground, which is nearing completion as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2024 |title=Boost for security forces! Phase 3 of India-China border roads project started; to give impetus to road network in eastern Ladakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/boost-for-security-forces-phase-3-of-india-china-border-roads-project-started-to-give-impetus-to-road-network-in-eastern-ladakh/articleshow/112100429.cms#:~:text=for%20security%20forces!-,Phase%203%20of%20India-China%20border%20roads%20project%20started;%20to,road%20network%20in%20eastern%20Ladakh&text=India's%20Border%20Roads%20Organisation,%20in,bolster%20infrastructure%20in%20eastern%20Ladakh. |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2 November 2024 |title=India's highest airfield in Ladakh almost complete, to boost security near LAC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nyoma-advanced-landing-ground-highest-airfield-ladakh-boost-security-line-of-actual-control-china-2627129-2024-11-02 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=5 October 2024 |title=China outpacing India in technology, defence production & infrastructure, says IAF chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-outpacing-india-in-technology-defence-production-infrastructure-says-iaf-chief/articleshow/113949580.cms# |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Other projects include [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region#Northeast India connectivity projects|Northeastern India connectivity]] and [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|Look-East transnational connectivity]] projects including [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]] and [[BBIN]] to create multiple alternatives to Silliguri corridor, including through Bangladesh and the sea.

All land transportation between the rest of India and its far northeastern states uses this corridor. The route has a major [[broad gauge]] railway line. Electrification of this double-track corridor is in progress with assistance from the [[Central Organization for Railway Electrification]] (CORE). Additionally, the old [[metre gauge]] line (recently converted to a {{convert|1.676|m}} broad-gauge line) connects [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri Junction]] with Islampur in the [[North Dinajpur district]] of West Bengal, via [[Bagdogra]] (the only airport of national interest in the corridor) and the bordering towns of Adhikari, [[Galgalia]], [[Thakurganj]], [[Naxalbari]] and Taiabpur with Nepal. As of 2024, to reduce dependence on the Siliguri Corridor, India is planning to build railway lines through [[Jogbani]] in [[Bihar]], which would enter [[Biratnagar]] in Nepal and then connect with [[New Mal Junction railway station|New Mal Junction]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pinak Priya |date=16 July 2024 |title=India plans rail tracks through Nepal to bypass Chicken's Neck |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/india-plans-rail-tracks-through-nepal-to-bypass-chickens-neck/articleshow/111767186.cms |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> India is also developing railway lines through Bangladesh, which includes constructing new railway tracks and the [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]] of existing railway tracks, in order to reduce dependence on the Siliguri Corridor, as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pinak Priya |date=16 June 2024 |title=New rail lines for Northeast via Bangladesh to bypass 'Chicken's Neck' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-rail-lines-for-northeast-via-bangladesh-to-bypass-chickens-neck/articleshow/111031488.cms |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of 2024, there is no free-trade agreement between Bangladesh and India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=Bangladesh crisis: How trade with India could face major disruptions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bangladesh-crisis-sheikh-hasina-how-trade-with-india-could-face-major-disruptions-2577591-2024-08-06 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> The [[Tetulia Corridor]], an alternative to the Siliguri Corridor, is proposed under Article VIII of the India–Bangladesh Trade Agreement 1980, which states that "The two governments agree to make mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of their waterways, railways and roadways for commerce between the two countries and for passage of goods between two places in one country through the territory of the other".<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Debasis |date=12 March 2019 |title=India to India Tetulia corridor to resurface as a major election issue |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/india-to-india-tetulia-corridor-to-resurface-as-a-major-election-issue/articleshow/68367715.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> However, the opening of the [[Tetulia Corridor]] is still being discussed politically as of 2019.<ref name=":7" />

===Security===

The threat of a Chinese advance is still considered by Indian planners.<ref name=":5"/> A Chinese military advance of less than {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}} would cut off Bhutan, part of [[West Bengal]] and all of [[North-East India]], an area containing almost 50 million people. This situation arose during the [[Sino-Indian War|war between India and China]] in 1962.<ref name=":4" /> The security threat to this corridor was heightened during the [[2017 China–India border standoff|2017 Doklam incident]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=D. K.|date=2018-08-11|title=This is the first official account of the India-China face-off in Doklam|url=https://theprint.in/defence/this-is-the-first-official-account-of-the-india-china-face-off-in-doklam/97014/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=ThePrint}}</ref> The probability of China cutting off seven states in northeast India has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Asthana|first=Alok|date=1 August 2017|title=Does It Make Military Sense for India to Mount the Barricades at Doklam?|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-war-consequences-doklam|access-date=2022-01-22|website=The Wire}}</ref> The Indian Army has said that the Siliguri Corridor is the Army's strongest defensive line.<ref name=":6" />

'''Military Bases and Deployment''': India has several forces stationed on the borders, the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] man the border with China; [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] is deployed along the border with Nepal and Bhutan and the [[Border Security Force]] for Bangladesh.<ref name=":2" /> The strip is also patrolled by the [[Indian Army]], the [[Assam Rifles]], and state police forces including the [[West Bengal Police]].<ref name=":2" /> The security threat posed by the corridor decreased following the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist)|date=10 July 2017|title=Chink In The Checker's Board|work=ORF/ Outlook|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/doklam-chink-checker-board/#:~:text=The%20Chinese%20action%20in%20the,of%20aggression%2C%20presenting%20fait%20accompli.&text=The%20location%20is%20near%20the,proximate%20to%20Bhutan%20and%20China.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003131536/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/chink-in-the-checkers-board/299090|archive-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> Internal threats to the corridor are numerous.<ref name=":5"/> Militant groups known to have used the corridor include the [[United Liberation Front of Asom|United Liberation Front of Assam]] (ULFA) and the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN).<ref name=":3" />

* Advanced defensive assets are already stationed in the area also includes [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defense systems]] (such as [[S-400 missile system|S-400)]], a [[BrahMos]] missile [[regiment]] and a [[Squadron (aviation)|squadron]] of [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale fighter aircraft]] of the Indian Air Force's Rafale fighter aircraft based at [[Hasimara Air Force Station]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=4 April 2025 |editor-last=Jha |editor-first=Anuja |title=India fortifies 'Chicken's Neck' as Bangladesh, China eye strategic corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-fortifies-chicken-neck-as-bangladesh-china-eye-strategic-corridor-2703661-2025-04-04 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="RakshaAnirveda">{{cite web|title=Shielding the Eastern Frontier: India Strengthens Siliguri Corridor, Establishes Three New Garrisons|website=Raksha Anirveda|url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/shielding-the-eastern-frontier-india-strengthens-siliguri-corridor-establishes-three-new-garrisons/|date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
* The corridor and the surrounding region are secured by multiple military formations, primarily Indian Army's Trishakti [[Corps]] ([[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]]), which guards the corridor and Sikkim.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|last=Trivedi|first=Saurabh|title=India strengthens eastern defences with three new garrisons near Siliguri 'Chicken's Neck'|website=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/india-strengthens-eastern-defences-with-three-new-garrisons-near-siliguri-chickens-neck/article70287683.ece|date=16 November 2025}}</ref> In a significant move to reinforce the eastern frontier, India established three new military garrisons in late 2025 to boost surveillance, readiness, and coordination with the Border Security Force (BSF):<ref name="Hindu"/>
** Lachit Borphukan Military Station at Bamuni (near Dhubri, Assam). This is the first major Army base near the Bangladesh border in Assam.<ref name="ETGarrisons">{{cite web|title=India sets up three new military garrisons along Bangladesh border to fortify 'Chicken's Neck'|website=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-sets-up-three-new-military-garrisons-along-bangladesh-border-to-fortify-chickens-neck/articleshow/100000000.cms|date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
** Forward Bases at Kishanganj (Bihar) and Chopra (West Bengal), which are intended for rapid troop deployment and intelligence coordination.<ref name="EurasiaReview"/>

==In popular culture==

[[Humphrey Hawksley]], in his 2000 novel ''[[Dragon Fire (novel)|Dragon Fire]],'' briefly authors a situation where China cuts off India's land route to its northeastern territories.<ref name=":3"/> ''Assassin's Mace'' (2011) by Brigadier Bob Butalia also involves such a situation involving [[Doklam]] and [[Jaldhaka River]].<ref name=":2" />

==See also==

* [[Chicken's neck (disambiguation)|Chicken's neck]], disambiguation
* [[Suwałki Gap]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
* {{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Atig|chapter=The Importance of Being Siliguri. Border-Effect and the 'Untimely' City in North Bengal|title=Logistical Asia: The Labour of Making a World Region|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, Springer|year=2018|isbn=9789811083334|editor-last=Neilson|editor-first=Brett|lccn=2018935185|ref={{sfnref|Atig Ghosh, The Importance of Being Siliguri|2018}}|editor-last2=Rossiter|editor-first2=Ned|editor-last3=Samaddar|editor-first3=Ranabir}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web|last=Gill|first=Prabhjote|date=16 December 2020|title=After 55 years, India will inaugurate a new railway line with Bangladesh to save its 'Chicken's Neck' from China|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/india-inaugurates-new-railway-line-with-bangladesh-to-save-its-chickens-neck-from-china-on-vijay-diwas/articleshow/79750869.cms|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Business Insider}}
* {{Cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Debasis|date=3 September 2020|title=Siliguri corridor continues to be preferred International antique trafficking route|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/siliguri-corridor-continues-as-preferred-international-antique-trafficking-route/articleshow/77913706.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-20}}
* {{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Avijit|date=8 November 2016|title=Glare on vulnerability of Siliguri corridor|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/glare-on-vulnerability-of-siliguri-corridor/cid/1524011|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Telegraph India}}
* {{Citation|title=Study for modal shift of cargo passing through Siliguri Corridor destined for North-East and neighboring countries to IWT|date=August 2017|url=https://iwai.nic.in/sites/default/files/Study%20for%20Modal%20shift%20of%20cargo%20passing%20through%20Siliguri%20Corridor%20to%20North%20East%20and%20Neighbouring%20countries%20to%20IWT.pdf|publisher=Ernst & Young (EY). Inland Waterways Authority of India}}
* {{Citation|last=Sabu|first=Jithin|title=Field Diary – Siliguri Corridor|date=November 2020|url=https://cuts-citee.org/pdf/field-diary-siliguri-corridor.pdf|publisher=CUTS International (Consumer Unity & Trust Society)}}
* {{Citation|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Rupak|title=Security Vulnerabilities of India's Siliguri Corridor and their Implications|date=2015|url=https://spsindia.in/2016/02/08/issue-02-security-vulnerabilities-of-indias-siliguri-corridor-and-their-implications/|publisher=Society for Policy Studies (SPS)}}
* {{Citation|last=Kumar|first=Brig Narender|title=Internal Security Challenges to India: 2019|date=January 2019|url=https://www.claws.in/static/IB163_Internal-Security-Challenges-to-India-2019.pdf|volume=163|issue=|publisher=CLAWS}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Meena|first1=Rakesh Kumar|last2=Bhattacharjee|first2=Dhrubajyoti|date=2008|title=Siliguri in Gorkhaland: A Political Nightmare for West Bengal?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40277581|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=43|issue=25|pages=15–16|jstor=40277581|issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=David|date=2008-09-23|title=Sino-Indian Security Predicaments for the Twenty-First Century|journal=Asian Security|volume=4|issue=3|pages=244–270|doi=10.1080/14799850802306468|s2cid=145149544|issn=1479-9855|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Middleton|first=Townsend|date=2020-05-15|title=Connective Insecurities: Chokepoint Pragmatics at India's Chicken Neck|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2019.1705369|journal=Ethnos|volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=204–225|doi=10.1080/00141844.2019.1705369|s2cid=219428673|issn=0014-1844|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Malik|first=Hasan Yaser|date=December 2015|title=Siliguri: A Geopolitical Manoeuvre Corridor in the Eastern Himalayan Region for China and India|journal=Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations|volume=1|issue=3|pages=699–720}}

{{West Bengal topics}}
{{coord|26|35|N|88|15|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Siliguri]]
[[Category:Geopolitical corridors]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border]]
[[Category:Bhutan–India border]]
[[Category:India–Nepal border]]
[[Category:Strategic corridors]]

Arrest of Vijay Singh Yadav

2026-01-04T11:49:11Z

NereidaMccurdy5:

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox event
|date=9 February 2021
|Location=[[Ratlam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|arrests=1
|child=
|litigation=At the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
|type=Arrest|charges=Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property Forgery of valuable security Forgery for purpose of cheating}}

On 9 February 2021, Indian [[advocate]] Vijay Singh Yadav was arrested for sending a [[birthday]] wish to a [[judge]].<ref name=mp1>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Madhya Pradesh: Lawyer jailed for sending birthday wishes to judge, HC to hear bail plea tomorrow|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/indore/story/madhya-pradesh-high-court-lawyer-judge-bail-plea-1774901-2021-03-02|access-date=2021-06-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Sparsh|date=2021-03-29|title=MP High Court Directs 'Mental Check-Up' Of Advocate Who Allegedly Sent Objectionable Birthday Messages To Lady Judge|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/mp-high-court-directs-mental-check-up-advocate-objectionable-birthday-message-to-lady-judge-171875|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref> He spent four months in [[Prison|jail]] before his release was granted on 15 June.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-19|title=MP lawyer, jailed for sending 'indecent' birthday message to judge, gets bail|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/mp-lawyer-jailed-for-sending-indecent-birthday-message-to-judge-gets-bail-101624087195282.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Indore: Lawyer in jail for sending indecent birthday message to woman judge gets bail|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-lawyer-in-jail-for-sending-indecent-birthday-message-to-woman-judge-gets-bail|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-20|title=Indore News: महिला जज को मैसेज भेजने वाले वकील को मिली जमानत|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-the-lawyer-who-sent-the-message-to-the-female-judge-got-bail-6943317|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi}}</ref>

== People involved ==

=== Vijay Singh Yadav ===
Vijay Singh Yadav is a lawyer who practiced in the [[Ratlam]] [[District court]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Lawyer arrested after lady judge files complaint|url=https://deccanexpress.co/crime/lawyer-arrested-after-lady-judge-files-complaint-20244/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=deccanexpress.co|language=en-US}}</ref> who sent the greeting of issue in this case. He has four children.<ref name=":0" /> The 37-year-old lawyer allegedly downloaded a photo of Judicial [[Magistrate]] First Class Mithali Pathak<ref name=mp1/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kakvi|first=Kashif|date=2021-03-02|title=Ratlam: MP Advocate Arrested for Sending Birthday Wishes to Judge|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/ratlam-mp-advocate-arrested-for-sending-birthday-wishes-to-judge|access-date=2021-06-21|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MP News: महिला जज को बर्थडे विश भेजने वाले वकील को मिली जमानत, हाईकोर्ट ने दी ये चेतावनी|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/indore/mp-news-advocate-accused-of-birthday-wish-to-lady-judge-gets-bail-from-mp-high-court/articleshow/83659305.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> from her [[Facebook]] account and used it to make a [[greeting card]] which he then sent to her on her official [[email address]] on 29 January. The greeting was sent via [[email]] and on the next day by [[SpeedPost|speed-post]].{{fact|date=November 2022}}

Vijay says the image was downloaded from [[Google Search|Google.]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=Lawyer Sent To Jail For Downloading Female Judge's Photo From Facebook & Sending Her Birthday Greeting|url=https://mensdayout.com/mp-advocate-arrested-for-downloading-female-judges-photograph-from-facebook-and-sending-her-greetings/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Mens Day Out|language=en-US}}</ref> According to Yadav's brother Jay, a day after the [[birthday card]], Yadav had submitted a 'private complaint' to the Chief Judicial Magistrate against the judge, which Yadav's bail plea says led to the false allegation<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-30|title=Mental check-up needed of lawyer jailed for sending 'indecent message' to judge: Madhya Pradesh HC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mental-check-up-needed-of-lawyer-jailed-for-sending-indecent-message-to-judge-madhya-pradesh-hc-7250774/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=Ratlam lawyer in jail for using FB profile image of woman magistrate in b'day greeting without permission, indecent message|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/ratlam-lawyer-arrest-woman-magistrate-bday-greeting-indecent-message-yadav/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=India Legal|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Arrest ==

=== Events preceding the arrest ===
On 28 January 2021, Vijay allegedly send a birthday greeting to the Judicial Magistrate First Class that included a photo that was allegedly downloaded from her facebook account and attached. The same was sent via a [[SpeedPost|speed-post]] later.<ref name=mp1/><ref name=":0" /> Following this, she reported to the Station Road Police Station in Ratlam.<ref name=":2" />

Subsequently, a [[first information report]] was lodged on charges of, ''inter alia,'' sections 420 (cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property), 467 (Forgery of valuable security), and 468 (forgery for purpose of cheating) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], as well as various provisions of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Niraj|date=2021-06-19|title=जज साहिबा को जन्मदिन की 'बधाई' भेजने वाले वकील को राहत, हाईकोर्ट से जमानत मिली|url=https://www.indiatv.in/madhya-pradesh/lawyer-jailed-birthday-wishes-to-women-judge-gets-bail-highcourt-797069|access-date=2021-06-21|website=India TV Hindi|language=hi}}</ref>

=== Arrest and bail requests ===
Yadav was arrested at his home by [[Ratlam]] Police on the aforementioned charges on 9 February. Four days after the arrest, his family members approached a lower court for bail, which was rejected.<ref name=mp1/><ref>{{Cite web|title=The state of Madhya Pradesh has granted bail to a lawyer who was imprisoned for sending birthday greetings to a judge|url=https://lawsisto.com/legalnewsread/MTA1MjI=/The-state-of-Madhya-Pradesh-has-granted-bail-to-a-lawyer-who-was-imprisoned-for-sending-birthday-greetings-to-a-judge|access-date=2021-06-20|website=lawsisto.com}}</ref> They subsequently appealed to the High Court, which was rejected on 27 April. In his bail plea on 13 February, Yadav claimed that he had sent the birthday greeting to her official email ID, as a social worker and president of ''Jai Kul Devi Sewa Samiti Ratlam'', a social ground, and not as an individual.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=Lawyer Sent To Jail For Downloading Female Judge's Photo From Facebook & Sending Her Birthday Greeting|url=https://mensdayout.com/mp-advocate-arrested-for-downloading-female-judges-photograph-from-facebook-and-sending-her-greetings/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Mens Day Out|language=en-US}}</ref> The high court ordered a medical examination of Yadav to check his mental health, and said his actions caused great [[embarrassment]] to the judge.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=MP Lawyer, in Jail for Sending Indecent Message to Woman Judge, Gets Bail|url=https://thewire.in/law/mp-lawyer-in-jail-for-sending-indecent-message-to-woman-judge-gets-bail|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 June 2021|title=Madhya Pradesh: Advocate jailed for 4 months for birthday wishes to woman judge gets bail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/madhya-pradesh-advocate-jailed-for-4-months-for-birthday-wishes-to-woman-judge-gets-bail/articleshow/83661399.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The family then filed a second application for bail, which was finally granted.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=aua>{{Cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Areeb Uddin|title=Madhya Pradesh grants bail to lawyer who was jailed for sending birthday wishes to judge|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/madhya-pradesh-grants-bail-to-lawyer-who-was-jailed-for-sending-birthday-wishes-to-judge|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=18 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> After spending more than four months in jail, Vijay was released on 15 June.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=aua/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020 controversies]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Arrests of individual people|Singh]]

Modern Love Hyderabad

2025-12-28T07:27:22Z

NereidaMccurdy5: created new details

{{short description|Indian anthology television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Modern Love Hyderabad.jpeg
| caption = Official poster
| genre = {{Hlist | [[Romance film|Romance]] | [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] | [[Anthology]]}}
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Modern Love (TV series)|''Modern Love'']]|[[John Carney (director)|John Carney]]}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
*[[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
*Shashi Sudigala
*Bahaish Kapoor}}
| director = {{plainlist|
*[[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
*[[Venkatesh Maha]]
*Uday Gurrala
*Devika Bahudhanam
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nithya Menen]]
*[[Abijeet]]
*[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]
*[[Ritu Varma]]
*[[Malvika Nair]]
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
*[[Revathi]]
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*[[Ulka Gupta]]
*[[Komalee Prasad]]
* Naresh Agastya
* [[Rag Mayur]]
* Karthikesh
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| [[Tapas Relia]]
| [[Vivek Sagar]]
| [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| Smaran
| '''Score:'''
| Smaran
}}
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = John Carney
| producer = [[Elahe Hiptoola]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| cinematography = {{ubl | Sangram Giri | Aditya Javvadi | Sai Prakash Ummadisingu}}
| editor = {{ubl | [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] | Ravi Teja Girijala | Harishankar Tamminana}}
| runtime =
| company = SIC Productions
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|07|08}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Modern Love Hyderabad''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Anthology series|anthology]] television series produced by [[Elahe Hiptoola]] and directed by [[Nagesh Kukunoor]], [[Venkatesh Maha]], Uday Gurrala and Devika Bahudhanam. It stars [[Nithya Menen]], [[Abijeet]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Ritu Varma]], [[Malvika Nair]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Revathi]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Ulka Gupta]], Naresh Agastya, and [[Komalee Prasad]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Modern Love Hyderabad Trailer: Six heartwarming stories of love & life that will touch your heart |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/modern-love-hyderabad-trailer-six-heartwarming-stories-love-life-will-touch-your-heart-1151237 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503185902/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/modern-love-hyderabad-trailer-six-heartwarming-stories-love-life-will-touch-your-heart-1151237 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Modern Love Hyderabad'' is set in [[Hyderabad]] and is based on the American television series [[Modern Love (TV series)|''Modern Love'']] which itself is based on the [[Modern Love (column)|weekly column of the same name]] published by ''[[The New York Times]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Modern Love Hyderabad trailer: Revathy-Nithya Menen starrer explores love in the bustling city of Charminar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-hyderabad-trailer-nithya-menen-revathy-amazon-prime-video-7994613/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075303/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-hyderabad-trailer-nithya-menen-revathy-amazon-prime-video-7994613/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on 8 July 2022 on [[Amazon Prime Video]] to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Prime Video releases trailer for 'Modern Love Hyderabad' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/trailer-modern-love-hyderabad-1503085060.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en-US |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/trailer-modern-love-hyderabad-1503085060.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" | ''My Unlikely Pandemic Dream Partner''
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Fuzzy, Purple, and Full of Thorns''
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Why Did She Leave Me There?''
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Noori Hussain
* [[Revathi]] as Meharunnisa, Noori's mother
* Krishna Teja as Prakash, neighbour of Noori
* Mayank Parak as Hussain, auto driver
* Pradeep Rudra as Vinay, Noori's colleague

| valign="top" |
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Dr. Uday
* [[Ritu Varma]] as Renuka "Renu"
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Renuka's father
* Geetha Daasyam as Renuka's mother
* Sree. M. Nivaas as Uday's father
* Tripura. K as Uday's mother
* Zainab Ali Sajjad as Naznim, Renuka's best friend
* Tejaswini Bhattaru as Preeti, Rahul's wife; Renuka's ex-boyfriend

| valign="top" |
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Gangamma
* Naresh Agastya as Rohan Durvraj 'RD'/'Rohan' AKA Ramulu.

|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''What Clown Wrote This Script?''
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''About That Rustle in the Bushes ''
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Finding Your Penguin''
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Abijeet|Abijeet Duddala]] as Ashwin
* [[Malvika Nair]] as Vandana Bharadwaj 'Vinnie'
* Sanjay Swaroop as Vinnie's father
* Pramodini as Vinnie's mother
* Bindu Chandramouli as Sakshi
* Harshini Koduru as Simran
* Silpa Chakravarthy as Model
* Seeram Ramachandra Murty ( Maddy ) as Rohit

| valign="top" |
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as K. Sreedhar
* [[Ulka Gupta]] as Sneha
* Anirudh Pavithran as Jai, Sneha's love interest
* Divyavani as Jyothika, Sreedhar's wife
* Kruthika Roy Theresa as Raashi, Sneha's colleague
* Eashaan Gandakam as Balu, a tech enthusiast who helps Sreeder spy on Sneha

| valign="top" |
* [[Komalee Prasad]] as Indu
* [[Rag Mayur]] as Tarun, Indu's one-side lover
* Priyanka Kolluru as Subha, Indu's best friend
* Pawani Karanam as Ayesha
* Bhavana Sagi as Srilekha
* Karthikesh as Karn
* Santhosh Balakrishna as Vivek, Indu's ex-lover
* Srinivas Bogireddy as Narasimha, Indu's father
* [[Ankith Koyya]] as Aadi (cameo appearance)
|}

== Episodes ==
The first season of the series has six episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-23 |title=Modern Love Hyderabad: 6 heartfelt stories of romance to release in July-details inside |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/modern-love-hyderabad-6-heartfelt-stories-of-romance-to-release-in-july-details-inside-article-92396966 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704091411/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/modern-love-hyderabad-6-heartfelt-stories-of-romance-to-release-in-july-details-inside-article-92396966 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Series overview
| color1 = #B30514
| link1 = #Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = 8 July 2022
}}
{{Episode table|background=#B30514|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = My Unlikely Pandemic Dream Partner
|DirectedBy = [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|7|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Fuzzy, Purple, and Full of Thorns
|DirectedBy = [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|7|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Why Did She Leave Me There?
|DirectedBy = [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|7|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = What Clown Wrote This Script?
|DirectedBy = Uday Gurrala
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|7|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = About That Rustle in the Bushes
|DirectedBy = Devika Bahudhanam
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|7|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Finding Your Penguin
|DirectedBy = [[Venkatesh Maha]]
|WrittenBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|7|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}}}

== Production ==
''Modern Love Hyderabad'' was filmed between September and November 2021. Speaking to ''[[The Hindu]]'' Elahe Hiptoola states that producing an anthology for a digital platform was not very different from producing a film. "Ultimately, it is like organising a ''baraat'' every day. No one will tell you that the food is good, but someone will complain ''namak kam tha'' (the salt was less). For cinema, my task begins with raising funds and ends with finding distributors. In this case, Prime Video gave me enough freedom and also gently reminded me of regulations when needed. For example, I did not know that we cannot shoot with kids beyond 7p.m. I had not followed such rules during the making of [[Rockford (film)|''Rockford'']] or ''[[Dhanak]]''. This was a learning experience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-06-29 |title=Elahe Hiptoola and Aparna Purohit: 'Modern Love Hyderabad', all set to stream on Amazon Prime Video, will reflect the multicultural fabric of the city |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-love-hyderabad-to-reflect-the-multicultural-multilingual-fabric-of-the-city/article65575289.ece |access-date=2022-06-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075303/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-love-hyderabad-to-reflect-the-multicultural-multilingual-fabric-of-the-city/article65575289.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Director Uday Gurrala told ''[[News18]]'': "In my story titled ‘What Clown Wrote This!’, you will see universal themes but from a distinctly Telugu lens and that's what makes it so interesting. We’ve delved deep into the psyche of the Telugu man (and woman) to understand what makes today's generation tick".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Modern Love Hyderabad Trailer Promises To Explore Emotions and Relationships; To Release On July 8 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/modern-love-hyderabad-trailer-promises-to-explore-emotions-and-relationships-to-release-on-july-8-5454127.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075303/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/modern-love-hyderabad-trailer-promises-to-explore-emotions-and-relationships-to-release-on-july-8-5454127.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 8 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-29 |title=Makers drop trailer of Modern Love Hyderabad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/love-is-in-the-air-407971 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075303/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/love-is-in-the-air-407971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The show aims to tug at our heartstrings, but settles for more melodrama".<ref>{{cite web|title=Modern Love Hyderabad Review: Few hits, lots of misses in this anthology about relationships|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/modern-love-hyderabad-review-few-hits-lots-of-misses-in-this-anthology-about-relationships-1973254-2022-07-08|website=[[India Today]]|date=8 July 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708233133/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/modern-love-hyderabad-review-few-hits-lots-of-misses-in-this-anthology-about-relationships-1973254-2022-07-08|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the series 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Revathy, outstanding as ever, conveys a range of emotions with mere glances and gestures. Nithya Menen is luminous".<ref>{{cite web|title=Modern Love Hyderabad Review: A Few Fine Performances Add Up To Mildly Diverting Fare|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/modern-love-hyderabad-review-a-few-fine-performances-add-up-to-mildly-diverting-fare-2-and-a-half-stars-3141879|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=9 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709040404/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/modern-love-hyderabad-review-a-few-fine-performances-add-up-to-mildly-diverting-fare-2-and-a-half-stars-3141879|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'', Mumbai chapter of ''Modern Love''
* ''[[Modern Love Chennai]]'', Chennai chapter of ''Modern Love''

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt18341722|title=Modern Love Hyderabad}}

{{Modern Love|state=expanded}}
{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language anthology television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Smaran]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]

Sthalasayana Perumal Temple, Tirusirupuliyur

2025-12-21T07:18:44Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Created new place...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sthalasayana Perumal Temple
| image = Tiruchirupuliur4.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|59|26|N|79|40|10|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Kriba Samudira perumal
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
| location = [[Sirupuliyur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sthalasayana Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
Thirumaamagal Naachiyar ([[Lakshmi]])
| facade_direction = Bhujanga Shayanam and South-faced
| tower = Nanda Vardhana Vimanam
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Sthalasayana Perumal Temple''' (also called '''Arulmaakadal Perumal Temple''') is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple dedicated to the god [[Vishnu]] located near Kollumangudi, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located 2 km away from Kollumangudi, 17 km away from [[Mayiladuthurai]] and 10 km from [[Karaikal]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Sthalasayana Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Thirumagal Nachiyar. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all the shrines. There is a four-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, in the temple.

Sthalasayana Perumal is believed to have appeared to sage [[Vyaghrapada]]. Three daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Brahmotsavam festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''[[Vaisakha|Vaikasi]]'' (May–June), being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Legend ==
[[File:Sri ArulMaaKadal Amudhan.jpg|Image of the presiding deity|200px|left|thumb]]
[[Shiva]] ordered the sage [[Vyaghrapada]] to perform penance at [[Srirangam]] requesting the god Vishnu to give him place in his abode [[Vaikunta]]. Vyaghrapada was joined by sage [[Patanjali]] in his journey. Because of his poor eyesight, the sages instead went southward, lost their way and reached Krupa Samudram, modern day [[sirupuliyur|Tirusirupuliyur]]. They prayed to Vishnu to come from Srirangam to grant them ''[[moksha]]'' (divine attainment). Vishnu is believed to have appeared for sage [[Vyasa]] also at this place.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref>

It is believed that Vishnu originally offered a ''[[Darśana|darshana]]'' (theophany) to the sages as [[Ranganatha]], the form worshipped in the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]] temple. Because of their old age, the sages could not see the big image of Vishnu clearly and hence he appeared in a smaller form known as ''Bala Sayanam'' (smaller recline), the sleeping posture of a small kid. Being in smaller form, and the saint who worshipped was in the form of a tiger, this place is called ''Siru'' (meaning small) ''Puli'' (meaning tiger) ''yur'' (meaning dwelling place).<ref name="dinamalar"/><ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1991]], p. 342</ref><ref name=R/>

== Temple==
[[File:Tiruchirupuliur1.jpg|Tiruchirupuliur ''[[Prakaram]]''(Outer precincts of the temple) view|200px|left|thumb]]
A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all the shrines. There is a four-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, in the temple. The presiding deity is Sthalasayana Perumal and is a small image depicted in Sayana posture. The idol of Vyaghrapada is found along with that of Kanvar in the sanctum sanctorum. All episodes connected with this place are found in the fourth chapter of the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]''. Saint [[Tirumangai Alvar]] visited the temple, but was not satisfied with Vishnu's small image of "Balasayanam", he requested him to show his gigantic pose. Vishnu asked the saint to go to [[Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Tirukannamangai|Thirukkannamangai]] to witness his [[Vishvarupa]]. The presiding deity at Chirupuliyur is also named by the saint in his ''[[Periya Tirumoli]]'' verse.<ref name=R>[[#R.|R. 2001]], p. 497-8</ref> The name of the presiding deity in [[Sanskrit]] is Kripasamudra Perumal. He is also known as "Saranagatha Rakshaka Perumal", by which name the saints have addressed the god [[Sri Devaadi Raja Perumal Temple|Aamaruviyappan]] in [[Therazhundur]]. A separate shrine for Adhiseshan is present near to the pushkarani - known as Ananthalwar Temple.<ref name=R/>

== Religious importance ==
[[File:InnerGopuram.jpg|Inner [[Gopuram]]|200x200px|left|thumb]]
A special feature of this temple is that this is one of the only two ''[[Divya Desam]]s'' where the image of Vishnu is depicted in ''Sayana Kolam'' (sleeping posture) facing the Southern direction, the other being [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]].<ref name="dinamalar"/>

It is believed that [[Garuda]], the eagle [[Vahana|vehicle]] of Vishnu, does not fly over this place. Once, Garuda and [[Shesha|Adishesha]] (the snake on whom Vishnu rests in his abode, [[Vaikunta|Vaikuntha]]) got into an argument as to who was more powerful and devoted to their lord. Finding Garuda a little arrogant, Vishnu went in favour of Adisesha. Worried that Garuda might be angered at this, Adishesha sought the protection of Vishnu, upon which Vishnu asked him to roll himself and hide under him. It is said that as a result of this anger, Garuda never flies over this place. There is another legend that Adishesha won the argument and since snakes were sworn enemies of eagles, Adishesha hid himself under the waters of the temple tank. It is henceforth believed that devotees will be relieved of ''Naga Dosham'' (affliction due to serpent god) if one visits this temple. Unmarried people and childless couple can also visit this temple for salvation.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai alvar|Tirumangai alvar]]. The Alvar has sung praise on the different forms of Sthalasayana Perumal. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:KrubaSamudraPerumal 1.jpg|''[[Utsavar]]'', the festival deity - Sri KrubaSamudra Perumal|200px|thumb]]
The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition and follows ''vaikanasa aagama''. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, of the [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]. The temple rituals are performed three times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:30 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Sthalasayana Perumal and Thirumagal Nachiyar. During the last step of worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Krubhasamudra Perumal temple |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=600|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Sirupuliyur kirubasamudra perumaltemple1.jpg|Rajagpoura
File:Sirupuliyur kirubasamudra perumaltemple2.jpg|Inner gopura and flagpost
File:Sirupuliyur kirubasamudra perumaltemple3.jpg|[[Garuda|Garudalvar]] shrine
File:Sirupuliyur kirubasamudra perumaltemple4.jpg|Vimana of presiding deity
File:Sirupuliyur kirubasamudra perumaltemple5.jpg|Shrine of Goddess in prakara
File:Sirupuliyur kirubasamudra perumaltemple6.jpg|Vimana of [[Andal]]
</gallery>

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Tiruvarur district]]

Palau National Congress

2025-11-11T00:18:47Z

NereidaMccurdy5: enhance section and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Legislature of Palau}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Palau National Congress
| native_name = Olbiil era Kelulau
| native_name_lang =Palauan
| transcription_name =
| legislature = 12th Olbiil Era Kelulau
| coa_pic =[[File:Senate of Palau Seal.png|120px]] [[File:Palau House of Delegates Seal.png|120px]]
|coa_caption=Seals of the Senate (left) and of the House of Delegates (right)| foundation = 
First Government Est. 1955

Gained Independence on 1 October 1994
| house_type = Bicameral
| body =
| houses = [[Senate of Palau|Senate]] [[House of Delegates of Palau|House of Delegates]]
| leader1_type = President of the Senate
| leader1 = [[Hokkons Baules]]
| party1 = [[Nonpartisanship|Nonpartisan]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Speaker of the House
| leader2 = [[Gibson Kanai]]
| party2 = [[Nonpartisanship|Nonpartisan]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Chief of Staff
| leader3 = [[Landisang Kotaro]]
| party3 = [[Nonpartisanship|Nonpartisan]]
| election3 =
| members = 31 members (15 and 16)
| house1 = [[Senate of Palau|Senate]]
| house2 = [[House of Delegates of Palau|House of Delegates]]
| structure1 = File:Senate of Palau.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt =
| structure2 = File:House of Delegates of Palau.svg
| structure2_res = 250px
| structure2_alt =
| political_groups1 = {{legend|#DCDCDC|Nonpartisan: 15 seats}}
| political_groups2 = {{legend|#DCDCDC|Nonpartisan: 16 seats}}
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[single-seat]] [[constituency]]
| voting_system2 = [[Voting systems#Multiple-winner methods|multi-seat]] [[constituency]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Palauan general election|5 November 2024]]
| last_election2 = [[2024 Palauan general election|5 November 2024]]
| previous_election1 =
| previous_election2 =
| session_room = Capitol-complex-melekeok-palau20071220 crop.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Olbiil era Kelulau building in the capitol complex, [[Ngerulmud]]
| website = [https://www.palauoek.com www.palauoek.com] [obsolete]
| footnotes =
| motto =
}}
{{Politics of Palau}}
[[Palau]] has a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] [[legislature]], the '''Palau National Congress''' ({{langx|pau|Olbiil era Kelulau}}), consisting of the [[House of Delegates of Palau|House of Delegates]] and the [[Senate of Palau]], which both sit at the [[Capitol of Palau|capitol complex]] in [[Ngerulmud]], [[Melekeok|Melekeok State]]. The House of Delegates has 16 members, each serving four-year terms in single-seat [[constituency|constituencies]]. Since January 2025, the Senate has 15 members, also serving four-year terms in multi-seat constituencies.<ref name="upd2025">{{cite web |last1=Reklai |first1=Leilani |title=New Faces, New Roles |url=https://islandtimes.org/new-faces-new-roles/ |website=Island Times |date=13 December 2024}}</ref> In every elections held, only non-partisans are elected; no [[political parties]] exist.

The congress is called Olbiil Era Kelulau (OEK) in [[Palauan language|Palauan]] or “House of Whispered Decisions".<ref>{{Cite web|title=LibGuides: Laws of South Pacific Island Nations: Palau|url=https://law-hawaii.libguides.com/pacificislands/Palau|access-date=2020-11-04|website=law-hawaii.libguides.com|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi School of Law Library|language=en}}</ref> When it was founded, there were 18 senators. That number of them was changed in 1984 to 14. The number of senators changed again in 2000, when it was reduced drastically to 9. In 2008, it was raised once again, to 13.<ref name="Palau">[https://www.palauoek.com Welcome to the Palau National Congress Website!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103033320/https://www.palauoek.com/ |date=2020-01-03 }}, [[Republic of Palau]]</ref> Since January 2025, the Senate has 15 members.

In 2025, the Senate President was [[Hokkons Baules]] and the House of Delegates speaker was [[Gibson Kanai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/palau-lawmakers-reject-us-request-accept-third-country-refugees-2025-07-28/|title=Palau lawmakers reject US request to accept third country refugees|first=Kirsty|last=Needham|website=Reuters|date=28 July 2025|access-date=16 August 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250816060918/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/palau-lawmakers-reject-us-request-accept-third-country-refugees-2025-07-28/|archive-date=16 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of elections==
* [[1980 Palauan general election]]
*[[1984 Palauan general election]]
*[[1988 Palauan general election]]
*[[1992 Palauan general election]]
*[[1996 Palauan general election]]
*[[2000 Palauan general election]]
*[[2004 Palauan general election]]
*[[2008 Palauan general election]]
*[[2012 Palauan general election]]
*[[2016 Palauan general election]]
*[[2020 Palauan general election]]
*[[2024 Palauan general election]]

==Palau Congressional Library==
Housed at the Palau National Congress, the [[Palau Congressional Library]] was founded on August 18, 1981. Headed as of 1996 by Congressional Librarian Harry Besebes, it has a 3000 item collection, with annual accessions of 350. The library employs 2 staff members, both professional librarians.

==See also==
* [[Politics of Palau]]
*[[Congress of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]
* [[List of legislatures by country]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190330083046/https://www.palauoek.com/?page_id=80 Palau National Congress]

{{Palau topics}}
{{National bicameral legislatures}}
{{Legislatures of Oceania}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Palau National Congress| ]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Palau]]
[[Category:Politics of Palau]]
[[Category:Political organizations based in Palau]]
[[Category:Bicameral legislatures|Palau]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Palau]]

{{legislature-stub}}
{{Palau-stub}}

Vishnu Prasanna V.

2025-10-25T20:42:58Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Created data...

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1989)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Vishnu Prasanna|Vasanthan Perumal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|8|12}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2013)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main222436.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2543 (September 2017)
| FideID = 5030692
}}

'''Vishnu Prasanna Vasanthan Perumal''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster and coach.

==Chess career==
Vishnu began playing chess at the age of 12 after being introduced to the game by his mother.<ref name="chessmood">{{cite web|url=https://chessmood.com/blog/vishnu-prasanna-coach-of-gukesh|title=Deep Thoughts on Chess Improvement by Gukesh's coach GM Vishnu Prasanna}}</ref>

He won the 2013 Chennai Blitz Championship, remaining undefeated throughout the tournament and defeating grandmasters [[J. Deepan Chakkravarthy]], [[Adhiban Baskaran]], and [[Shyam Sundar M.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessdom.com/vishnu-prasanna-emerges-chennai-blitz-champion/|title=Vishnu Prasanna emerges Chennai Blitz champion|date=26 September 2013}}</ref>

==Coaching==
In 2013, Vishnu turned to coaching shortly after earning the Grandmaster title. He is best known for having coached future World Champion [[Gukesh D]], whom he first met in July 2017.<ref name="chessmood"/>

In November 2022, Vishnu and his wife launched a chess club in the [[Anna Nagar]] neighborhood of Chennai. The club was inaugurated by [[Viswanathan Anand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Vishnu-Prasannas-Chess-Club|title=Vishy Anand inaugurates GM Vishnu's Chess Club in Anna Nagar|first=Sagar|last=Shah|date=10 February 2023}}</ref> In March 2024, Vishnu started coaching [[Nihal Sarin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madrasschoolofchess.com/from-gukesh-to-nihal-sarin-the-coach-behind-indias-chess-prodigies/|title=Nihal Sarin Makes Bold Move, Trains with Gukesh's Former Mentor: GM Vishnu Prasanna|date=11 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/nihal-sarin-vishnu-prasanna-classical-game-chennai-grand-masters-10179928/|title=Chennai Grand Masters: Nihal Sarin turns to Vishnu Prasanna to improve his classical game|date=9 August 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasanthan Perumal, Vishnu Prasanna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Chess coaches]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Janbaaz Sindbad

2025-10-24T20:51:45Z

NereidaMccurdy5: started

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Adventure|Adventurous]] [[Fantasy]]
| creator = [[Amrit Sagar]]
| based_on =
| director =
| writer = [[Raghuvir Shekhawat]] [[Damini Joshi]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = [[Ashvini Yardi, Meenakshi Sagar]]
| location = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Sagar Films]]
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|12|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|02|28}}
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Janbaaz Sindbad}}''' is an Indian [[Adventure|adventurous]] [[fantasy]] television series, which premiered on 27 December 2015, and is broadcast on [[Zee TV]]. The show is based on [[Sinbad the Sailor]] folktale and is produced by [[Sagar Pictures]] and [[Ashvini Yardi, Meenakshi Sagar]]. It was a weekly series airing on every Sunday nights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/janbaaz-sindbad/updates/50308503.cms|title=Janbaaz Sindbad Latest Updates & Tweets|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref> The show ended abruptly without completing the story due to the low TRP ratings, the last episode was telecasted on 28 February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Janbaaz-Sindbad-wraps-up-in-two-months/articleshow/51104867.cms|title=Janbaaz Sindbad wraps up in two months|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=जल्द शुरू होगा फैंटेसी शो 'सिंदबाद'|work=Patrika|url=https://www.patrika.com/tv-news/tv-show-sindbaad-will-come-soon-1146399/|date=18 December 2015|accessdate=15 July 2021|language=hi}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Harsh Rajput]] as [[Sindbad]]
* [[Mallika Singh]] as Ameen
* [[Mamik Singh]] as Arslaan<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mamik-singh-to-play-arslaan-in-janbaaz-sindbad/|title=Mamik Singh to play 'Arslaan' in 'Janbaaz Sindbad'|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=17 December 2015|access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref>
* Isha Chawla as Kaya
* [[Gaurav Vasudev]] as Koshike
* [[Mayur Verma]] as Pathan
* [[Aryan Vaid]] as Zafar
* [[Anirudh Dave]] as Zuhair / Zahid
* [[Tarun Malhotra]]
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Rawat
* [[Chaitanya Choudhry]] as Shazooba
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]]
* [[Shraddha Musale]]
* [[Mayur Verma]] as Pathan
* [[Aishwarya Sharma|Aishwarya Sharma Bhatt]] as Ameen's Mother

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.zeetv.com/shows/janbaaz-sindbad/ Official website]

{{Sinbad the Sailor}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janbaaz Sindbad}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in India]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Sinbad the Sailor television series]]

Siddharth P. Malhotra

2025-10-21T08:00:52Z

NereidaMccurdy5: Created a post...

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{distinguish|Siddharth Malhotra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddharth P. Malhotra
| nationality =
| occupation = Film director
| known_for =
| father = [[Prem Kishen]]
| relatives = [[Prem Nath]] (Paternal Grandfather) [[Rajendra Nath]] (Paternal Grand-uncle) [[Narendra Nath]] (Paternal Grand-uncle)
}}
'''Siddharth P. Malhotra''' is an Indian film director who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. He has directed the films ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'' (2010), ''[[Hichki]]'' (2018) and ''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news|title=Hichki was supposed to be a male-centric film: Sidharth P Malhotra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hichki-was-supposed-to-be-a-male-centric-film-sidharth-p-malhotra/story-E3QBTVgW1w0DZexeJm9grI.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 March 2018|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wish-inclusive-society-says-hichki-director-siddharth-p-malhotra-wants-make-world-happier-place-brand-cinema/|title="I wish for a more inclusive society," says Hichki director Siddharth P. Malhotra, who wants to make the world a happier place with his brand of cinema : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 October 2020|accessdate=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/siddharth-p-malhotra-on-six-years-of-hichki-it-was-a-collaborative-effort-between-a-brilliant-actor-and-a-passionate-director-exclusive-article-108766713|title=Siddharth P Malhotra On Six Years Of Hichki: 'It Was A Collaborative Effort Between A Brilliant Actor And A Passionate Director' | EXCLUSIVE|date=25 March 2024|website=Times Now|accessdate=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/Jun/23/hichki-taught-me-i-have-the-power-to-make-a-difference--siddharth-p-malhotra-6641.html|title=Hichki taught me I have the power to make a difference: Siddharth P Malhotra|date=23 June 2018|website=Cinema Express|accessdate=29 May 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Siddharth is the son of actor-turned-producer [[Prem Krishen]], whom himself, is the son of actor [[Prem Nath]] who was the brother-in-law of [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash |date=21 November 2024 |title=Prem Nath Birth Anniversary: Filmmaker Siddharth P Malhotra Remembers Legendary Grandfather, Speaks About Continuing Legacy {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/prem-nath-birth-anniversary-filmmaker-siddharth-p-malhotra-remembers-grandfather-speaks-about-continuing-legacy-exclusive-article-115520724 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121081640/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/prem-nath-birth-anniversary-filmmaker-siddharth-p-malhotra-remembers-grandfather-speaks-about-continuing-legacy-exclusive-article-115520724 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!{{Abbr|Ref|}}
|-
|2010
|[[We Are Family (2010 film)|''We Are Family'']]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Hichki]]''
|
|-
|2024
|[[Maharaj (film)|''Maharaj'']]
|
|-
|2026
|''Kamal Aur Meena''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Kamal Aur Meena: Meena Kumari's love story movie with Kamal Amrohi announced, fans want Shraddha Kapoor as lead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-aur-meena-meena-kumaris-love-story-movie-with-kamal-amrohi-announced-fans-want-shraddha-kapoor-as-lead-101726040265127.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1656481}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Siddharth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}
{{India-film-producer-stub}}