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Tamil Nadu cricket team

2023-10-03T02:05:09Z

Neo: /* Famous players */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Tamil Nadu cricket team
| image = [[Image:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium Challenger Trophy 2006.jpg|300px]]
| colours = {{color box|Yellow}} Yellow {{color box|#27408B}} Dark Blue
| captain = [[Sai Kishore]]
| coach = [[Sulakshan Kulkarni]]
| founded = 1864
| ground = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
| capacity = 50,000
| owner = [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| first_fc_year = 1927
| first_fc_venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Madras Cricket Club Ground, Madras]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 2
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 1
| title3 = [[Deodhar Trophy]]
| title3wins = 1
| title4 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title4wins = 5
| title5 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title5wins = 3
| website = [http://www.tnca.cricket/ TNCA]
}}
The '''Tamil Nadu cricket team''' is a domestic cricket team run by [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] representing the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].It has been one of the most dominating teams in white ball cricket in domestic circuit The team plays in [[Ranji Trophy]], the top tier of the domestic first-class cricket tournament in [[India]] and in List A tournaments [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. They have won the [[Ranji Trophy]] twice and have finished runners-up nine times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fastcricket.com/entry/1269/|title=Ranji Trophy winners list : Teams who have won most Indian championships|website=fastcricket.com}}</ref> They are the team that has won the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy ]] most often. They were the first team to win the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. The team was known as '''Madras''' until the 1970–71 season before renaming of [[Madras state]] to [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Tamil Nadu]] is the only team to win the five different Indian domestic trophies ([[Ranji Trophy]], [[Irani Trophy]], [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]) in India.

==Home ground==
The team is based at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], named after [[M. A. Chidambaram]] a former president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]. Established in 1916, it has a capacity of 38,000 and had floodlights installed in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58008.html|title=MA Chidambaram Stadium {{!}} India {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=2016-10-20}}</ref>

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (2):''' [[1954–55 Ranji Trophy|1954–55]], [[1987–88 Ranji Trophy|1987–88]]
** '''Runners-up (10):''' [[1935–36 Ranji Trophy|1935–36]], [[1940–41 Ranji Trophy|1940–41]], [[1967–68 Ranji Trophy|1967–68]], [[1972–73 Ranji Trophy|1972–73]], [[1991–92 Ranji Trophy|1991–92]], [[1995–96 Ranji Trophy|1995–96]], [[2002–03 Ranji Trophy|2002–03]], [[2003–04 Ranji Trophy|2003–04]], [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy|2011–12]], [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy|2014–15]]

* '''[[Irani Cup]]'''
** '''Winners:''' 1988-89

* '''[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (5):''' 2002-03, [[2004–05 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2004-05]], [[2008–09 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2008-09]], [[2009–10 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2009-10]], [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2016-17]]
** '''Runners-up (2):''' [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2019-20]], [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021-22]]

* '''[[Deodhar Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners:''' [[2016–17 Deodhar Trophy|2016-17]]

* '''[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (3):''' [[2006–07 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2006-07]], [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2020-21]], [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2021-22]]
** '''Runners-up:''' [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2019-20]]

==Famous players==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
{{main|List of Tamil Nadu cricketers}}
Players from Tamil Nadu who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:

* [[M. J. Gopalan]] (1934)
* [[Cotah Ramaswami]] (1936)
* [[C. R. Rangachari]] (1948)
* [[C. D. Gopinath]] (1951)
* [[A. G. Kripal Singh]] (1955)
* [[A. G. Milkha Singh]] (1960)
* [[Vaman Kumar]] (1961)
* [[S. Venkataraghavan]] (1965)
* [[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]] (1979)
* [[T. E. Srinivasan]] (1981)
* [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] (1981)
* [[T. A. Sekhar]] (1983)
* [[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] (1983)
* [[Bharat Arun]] (1986)
* [[W. V. Raman]] (1988)
* [[M. Venkataramana]] (1989)
* [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] (1989)
* [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] (1999)
* [[Hemang Badani]] (2001)
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] (2003)
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] (2004)
* [[Murali Vijay]] (2008)
* [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] (2010)
* [[Abhinav Mukund]] (2011)
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (2011)
* [[Washington Sundar]] (2021)
* [[T Natarajan]] (2021)

Players from Tamil Nadu who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut :

* [[V. B. Chandrasekhar]] (1988)
* [[Thiru Kumaran]] (1999)
* [[Sridharan Sriram]] (2000)
* [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] (2019)

Player(s) from Tamil Nadu who have played T20I but not ODI or Test cricket for India, along with year of T20I debut :

* [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (2021)
* [[Sai Kishore]] (2023)

Players from other state teams who also played for Tamil Nadu, and played cricket for India, along with year of debut:

* [[Vivek Razdan]] (1989)
* [[Aashish Kapoor]] (1994)
* [[Sandeep Warrier]] (2021)

Players from Tamil Nadu who have played international cricket for another country, along with year of debut:

* [[Balaji Rao (Canadian_cricketer)|Balaji Rao]] (2008) - (Canada)

Prominent players without international cap

* [[A. G. Ram Singh]] (1934-1946)
}}

== Current squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| TNCA Club
!align=center| Notes
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Baba Aparajith]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
| [[Sai Sudharsan]] || {{birth date and age|2001|10|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Jolly Rovers CC ||Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Baba Indrajith]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] || {{birth date and age|1995|5|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Grand Slam CC ||Plays for '''[[Punjab Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Pradosh Ranjan Paul]] || {{birth date and age|2000|12|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Vijay CC ||'''Vice-captain'''
|-
| G Ajitesh || {{birth date and age|2002|9|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || || Jolly Rovers CC ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | All-rounders
|-
| '''[[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || Vijay CC || Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1995|5|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Mylapore RC (A) ||
|-
| [[J. Kousik]] || {{birth date and age|1995|5|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || Young Stars CC ||
|-
| '''[[Washington Sundar]]''' || {{birth date and age|1999|10|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]]|| Globe Trotters SC || Plays for '''[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Wicket-keeper
|-
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ||{{birth date and age|1995|12|24|df=y}}||Right-handed|| || Vijay CC || Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Sai Kishore]]''' || {{birth date and age|1996|11|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Vijay CC || '''Captain''' Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Manimaran Siddharth]] || {{birth date and age|1998|7|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Vijay CC ||
|-
| Ajith Ram || {{birth date and age|1998|9|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || Globe Trotters SC ||
|-
| '''[[Varun Chakravarthy]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|8|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Vijay CC || Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{birth date and age|1986|9|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Mylapore RC (A) || Plays for '''[[Rajasthan Royals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Sandeep Warrier]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|4|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Vijay CC || Plays for '''[[Mumbai Indians]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Lakshminarayanan Vignesh|L Vignesh]] || {{birth date and age|1989|3|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Vijay CC ||
|-
| [[Sonu Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1999|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Jolly Rovers CC || Plays for '''[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Aswin Crist]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Grand Slam CC ||
|-
| Trilok Nag || {{birth date and age|2000|5|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Vijay CC ||
|-
| [[M Mohammed]] || {{birth date and age|1991|12|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || United Friends CC ||
|-
| [[Ragupathy Silambarasan]] || {{birth date and age|1993|3|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Mylapore RC (A) ||
|-
| '''[[T Natarajan]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|4|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || United Friends CC || Plays for '''[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|}

''Updated as on 31 March 2023''

==Records==
{{Main|List of Tamil Nadu first-class cricket records|List of Tamil Nadu List A cricket records|List of Tamil Nadu Twenty20 cricket records}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports teams in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1864]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in India]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Vidarbha cricket team

2023-10-03T02:04:04Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Vidarbha cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Akshay Wadkar]]
| coach = Trevor Gonsalves
| founded = 1957
| ground = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]]
| capacity = 45,000
| owner = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| first_fc_year = 1957
| first_fc_venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground|Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 2
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 2
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 0
| website = [https://www.vca.co.in/ VCA]
}}
The '''Vidarbha cricket team''' is an Indian domestic [[cricket]] team plays in the India's domestic [[first-class cricket]] competition [[Ranji Trophy]] and [[Limited overs cricket|limited-overs]] [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. It represents the [[Vidarbha]] region of eastern [[Maharashtra]]. In December 2017, they reached the final of the Ranji Trophy for the first time in their history, after they beat [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] by 5 runs in the semi-finals of the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]] tournament.<ref name="IE">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-2017-vidarbha-stun-karnataka-in-an-epic-thriller-to-reach-final-4992537/ |title=Ranji Trophy 2017: Rajneesh Gurbani’s seven-for takes Vidarbha to maiden final |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Vid-Kar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1118701/day/5/ |title=Gurbani seven-for books Vidarbha's maiden Ranji final berth |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In the final, they beat [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] by 9 wickets to win their first Ranji Trophy.<ref name="VidarbhaCI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1131283.html |title=Vidarbha crowned champions in maiden Ranji final |access-date=1 January 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In the [[2018-19 Ranji Trophy]], Vidarbha successfully defended the crown by defeating [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] by 78 runs in the final played at Nagpur.

==History==
Vidarbha first played first-class cricket in the [[1957–58 Ranji Trophy|1957–58 season]],<ref name="Vidarbha5758">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21931887/vidarbha-maiden-ranji-title-61-seasons |title=Vidarbha's maiden Ranji title in 61 seasons |access-date=1 January 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> competing against the other [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone teams]] until 2001-02, after which the [[Ranji Trophy]] was no longer contested on a zonal basis. Before the 2017-18 season, [[Vidarbha]]'s best seasons were 1970-71 and 1995–96, when it reached the quarter-finals of the [[Ranji Trophy]] and 2002–03 and 2011–12, when it reached the semi-finals of the Plate Group. Up to the start of the 2017-18 season, Vidarbha had played 259 first-class matches, with 41 wins, 89 losses and 129 draws.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Vidarbha/Team_Records/Playing_Record.html| title = Vidarbha playing record| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 17 September 2017}}</ref>

Vidarbha's main home ground was always the [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]] in [[Nagpur]] until 2009, when it was superseded by the newly developed [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]] at [[Jamtha]] in Nagpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1157_f.html| title = First-class matches played on Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 7 November 2015}}</ref>

Vidarbha's record score is 237 by [[Ganesh Satish]] against [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] in 2019-20.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kishore|first=Shashank|date=12 December 2019|url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28274096/local-hero-ganesh-satish-relishes-vidarbha-leadership-role| title = 'Local' hero Ganesh Satish relishes Vidarbha leadership role| publisher = Cricinfo| access-date = 17 December 2019}}</ref> The best bowling figures in an innings are 8 for 39 by [[Arun Ogiral]] against Madhya Pradesh in 1967-68,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Vidarbha/Bowling_Records/Best_Innings_Bowling_For.html| title = Most wickets in an innings for Vidarbha | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 7 November 2015}}</ref> and the best bowling figures in a match are 13 for 162 by [[Akshay Wakhare]] against [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] in 2014-15.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Vidarbha/Bowling_Records/Best_Match_Bowling_For.html| title = Most wickets in a match for Vidarbha | publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 7 November 2015}}</ref>

==Players==
{{main article|List of Vidarbha cricketers}}

===Current squad===
Coach: Trevor Gonsalves

Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align=center| Name
!style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align=center| Birth date
!style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align=center| Batting style
!style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align=center| Bowling style
!style="background: skyblue; color:darkblue" align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Batters
|-
| [[Atharva Taide]] || {{birth date and age|2000|4|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox || Plays for '''[[Punjab Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Faiz Fazal]]''' || {{birth date and age|1985|9|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| [[Ganesh Satish]] || {{birth date and age|1988|3|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| [[Sanjay Ramaswamy (cricketer)|Sanjay Raghunath]] || {{birth date and age|1995|4|1|df=y}} || Right-hand bat || Right-arm leg break ||
|-
| [[Apoorv Wankhade]] || {{birth date and age|1992|3|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| Aman Mokhade || || Right-handed || Right-arm legbreak ||
|-
| [[Shubham Dubey]] || {{birth date and age|1994|8|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm offbreak ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Akshay Wadkar]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|9|df=yes}} || Right-handed || || '''Captain'''
|-
| '''[[Jitesh Sharma]]''' || {{birth date and age|1992|10|22|df=yes}} || Right-handed || || Plays for '''[[Punjab Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Aditya Sarwate]] || {{birth date and age|1989|12|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox ||
|-
| [[Akshay Karnewar]] || {{birth date and age|1992|10|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox ||
|-
| [[Akshay Wakhare]] || {{birth date and age|1985|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm offbreak ||
|-
| [[Harsh Dubey]] || {{birth date and age|2002|7|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Fast-Bowlers
|-
| [[Yash Thakur]] || {{birth date and age|1998|12|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1995|12|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| [[Nachiket Bhute]] || {{birth date and age|1999|11|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| '''[[Umesh Yadav]]''' || {{birth date and age|1987|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm fast|| Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Darshan Nalkande]] || {{birth date and age|1998|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Rajneesh Gurbani]] || {{birth date and age|1993|01|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium ||
|}

''Updated as on 24 January 2023''

==Coaching staff==
* Head coach: Trevor Gonsalves<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/trevor-gonsalves-appointed-coach-of-vidarbha-cricket-team/articleshow/79733115.cms Trevor Gonsalves appointed coach of Vidarbha cricket team]</ref>
* Batting coach: [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* Bowling coach: [[Subroto Banerjee]]<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/561226.html Vijay Telang appointed Vidarbha coach]</ref>
* Under-19s coach: Usman Ghani
* Video analyst: Aniruddha Deshpande
* Trainer: Amiykumar Mohanty
* Physio: Dr Niraj Karamchandani

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/377/377.html Vidarbha] at CricketArchive
*[http://www.cricketcountry.com/teams/vidarbha Vidarbha Cricket Team News]
*[http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/wasim-jaffer-moves-to-vidarbha-after-19-years-with-mumbai-cricket-team-298747 Wasim Jaffer moves to Vidarbha after 19 years with Mumbai cricket team]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Sport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Cricket in Vidarbha]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1957]]

Saurashtra cricket team

2023-10-01T10:06:53Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Saurashtra cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
| coach = [[Niraj Odedra]]
| owner = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]]
| founded = 1950
| ground = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| capacity =
| first_fc = [[Commonwealth XI cricket team in India and Ceylon in 1950–51|Commonwealth XI]]
| first_fc_year = 1950
| first_fc_venue = Rajkumar College Ground, [[Rajkot]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 2
| title2 = [[Irani Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 2
| website = [https://www.saucricket.com/ SCA]
}}

'''Saurashtra cricket team''' is one of the three [[first-class cricket]] teams based in [[Gujarat]] (the others being [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] and [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]) that compete in the first-class tournament [[Ranji Trophy]] and [[Limited overs cricket|limited-overs]] [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].

==Competition history==
Previous teams competing from Saurashtra were [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]] and [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]. Nawanagar won the [[Ranji Trophy]] in [[1936-37 Ranji Trophy|1936–37]] and were runners up in [[1937-38 Ranji Trophy|1937–38]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/261615.html The Ranji Trophy] ''espncricinfo.com''.</ref> Western India won the Ranji Trophy in [[1943–44 Ranji Trophy|1943–44]].

Saurashtra began competing in the [[1950-51 Ranji Trophy]]. They were runners-up in the Ranji Trophy to [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in [[2012–13 Ranji Trophy|2012–13]] and [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy|2015–16]] and in [[2018-19 Ranji Trophy|2018–19]] against [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]. They finally won the Ranji Trophy for the first time in [[2019-20 Ranji Trophy|2019–20]] when they beat [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] on first-innings lead in the final at Rajkot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final, Rajkot, Mar 9 – Mar 13 2020, Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2019-20-1196777/saurashtra-vs-bengal-final-1203613/full-scorecard |website=[[Cricinfo]] |accessdate=9 January 2021}}</ref>

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (2):''' [[2022-23 Ranji Trophy| 2022-23]], [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy|2019–20]]
** '''Runners-up (3):''' [[2012–13 Ranji Trophy|2012–13]], [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy|2015–16]], [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|2018–19]]

* '''[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (2):''' [[2022-23 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2022-23]], [[2007–08 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2007–08]]
** '''Runners-up:''' [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2017–18]]

==Home ground==
*[[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
*[[Madhavrao Sindhia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]

==International players==
International players from Saurashtra cricket team include:
*[[Karsan Ghavri]]
*[[Ravindra Jadeja]]
*[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
*[[Jaydev Unadkat]]
*[[Chetan Sakariya]]

[[Robin Uthappa]] played two seasons for Saurashtra.

==Players==
{{main article|List of Saurashtra cricketers}}

=== Current squad ===
Players with international caps are listed.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Batsmen
|-
| [[Arpit Vasavada]] || {{birth date and age|1988|10|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Samarth Vyas]] || {{birth date and age|1995|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Plays for '''[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Jay Gohil || {{birth date and age|2000|12|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| '''[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]''' || {{birth date and age|1988|1|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Vishvaraj Jadeja]] || {{birth date and age|1998|7|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Tarang Gohel || {{birth date and age|1999|8|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| All-rounders
|-
| [[Chirag Jani]] || {{birth date and age|1989|11|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Prerak Mankad]] || {{birth date and age|1994|3|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Parth Chauhan]] || {{birth date and age|1995|7|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] || {{birth date and age|1986|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Harvik Desai]] || {{birth date and age|1999|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] || {{birth date and age|1990|8|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Parth Bhut]] || {{birth date and age|1997|8|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| Yuvraj Dodiya || {{birth date and age|2000|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Yuvraj Chudasama]] || {{birth date and age|1995|11|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{birth date and age|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || '''Vice-captain''' Plays for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Pace Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Jaydev Unadkat]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || '''Captain''' Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Chetan Sakariya]]''' || {{birth date and age|1998|2|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Kushang Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1991|9|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 1 October 2023''

==Coaching staff==
* Director of Cricket : n/a
* Head coach: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niraj Odedra]]
* Assistant coach: n/a
* Batting coach: None
* Bowling coach: n/a
* Spin Bowling Coach: n/a
* Fielding coach: n/a
* Manager: [[Arjunsinh Rana]]
* Mental conditioning coach: Vacant
* Fitness trainer: n/a
* Head Physiotherapist: Abhishek Thakar
* Masseur: n/a
* Performance analyst: n/a

==References==
<references/>

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1950]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Hyderabad cricket team

2023-09-15T09:37:15Z

Neo: /* Famous players */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the first-class cricket team in India. For the first-class cricket team in Pakistan, see [[Hyderabad cricket team (Pakistan)]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Hyderabad cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Tanmay Agarwal]]
| coach = [[Milap Mewada]]
| founded = 1931
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]]
| capacity = 55,000
| owner = [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Maharaj Kumar of Vizianagram's XI cricket team in India and Ceylon in 1930–31|Maharaj Kumar of Vizianagram's XI]]
| first_fc_year = 1931
| first_fc_venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 2 (1937/38, 1986/87)
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 1 (1986/87)
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 0
| website = [http://www.hycricket.org/ranji-1.htm HCA]
| current = [[2022–23 Hyderabad C.A. season|Current season]]
}}
The '''Hyderabad cricket team''' is a domestic cricket team based in the city of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], run by the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]]. It is part of the [[Ranji Trophy]] Elite Group and has seen scattered success over its many years in the Ranji Trophy circuit. Over its long history in the [[Ranji Trophy]] it has won twice and come runner up three times and has made one appearance in the [[Irani Trophy]].

==Competition history==
Hyderabad was the third team in the history of the Ranji Trophy to win the tournament, when it did so in the 1937/38 tournament, beating defending champions Nawanagar in a nailbiting one wicket victory. However, it would not be until 1943 that it would appear in another final and this time, it was thrashed comprehensively by a strong [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]. In 1965 it lost to the [[Mumbai cricket team]] and in doing so, failed to break the famous Mumbai winning streak in the 1960s (Mumbai won every year in the 1960s). Its next taste of success was in 1987, where it beat Delhi through first innings lead. It also appeared in the 2000 final but, once again, was unable to beat Mumbai.
[[File:Hyd Cricket Ranji Team1937-38.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Members of 1937–38 Ranji trophy winning Hyderabad team]]
This made up for one appearance in the [[Irani Trophy]], in which it faced up against a 1987 Rest of India side. The match was drawn and Hyderabad won based on its 27-run first innings lead. This was after it was awarded 16 penalty runs for slow over rate on behalf of the Rest of India team. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1987-88-369633/hyderabad-india-vs-rest-of-india-369637/full-scorecard|title=Hyderabad vs Rest of Ind Scorecard 1987/88 | Cricket Scorecard|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Performance ==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (2):''' [[1937–38 Ranji Trophy|1937–38]], [[1986–87 Ranji Trophy|1986–87]]
** '''Runners-up (3):''' [[1942–43 Ranji Trophy|1942–43]], [[1964–65 Ranji Trophy|1964–65]], [[1999–2000 Ranji Trophy|1999–2000]]
* '''[[Irani Cup]]'''
** '''Winners:''' 1987–88
* '''[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]'''
** '''Runners-up (1):''' [[2009–10 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2009–10]]

In all first-class matches to the end of the 2013–14 season, Hyderabad had played 389 times, with 135 wins, 74 losses and 180 draws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Hyderabad/Team_Records/Playing_Record.html|title=Hyderabad playing record|website=cricketarchive.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Famous players==
{{main|List of Hyderabad cricketers}}
Players from Telangana who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:

* [[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] (1949)
* [[Motganhalli Jaisimha]] (1959)
* [[Abbas Ali Baig]] (1959)
* [[Syed Abid Ali]] (1967)
* [[Kenia Jayantilal]] (1971)
* [[Pochiah Krishnamurthy]] (1971)
* [[MV Narasimha Rao|Madireddy Venkat Narasimha Rao]] (1979)
* [[Shivlal Yadav]] (1979)
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] (1985)
* [[Arshad Ayub]] (1987)
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]] (1990)
* [[VVS Laxman|Vangipurapu Venkata Sai Laxman]] (VVS Laxman) (1996)
* [[Pragyan Ojha]] (2009)
* [[Mohammad Siraj]] (2020)

Players from Telangana who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with the year of ODI debut :
* [[Noel David]] (1997)
* [[Ambati Rayudu]] (2013)
* [[Tilak Varma]] (2023)

==Current squad==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Tanmay Agarwal]] || {{birth date and age|1995|5|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || '''Captain'''
|-
| [[Rohit Rayudu]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Mickil Jaiswal]] || {{birth date and age|1998|5|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Rahul Buddhi]] || {{birth date and age|1997|9|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| '''[[Tilak Varma]]''' || {{birth date and age|2002|11|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||Plays for '''[[Mumbai Indians]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Chandan Sahani]] || {{birth date and age|1998|1|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| T. Santosh Goud || {{birth date and age|1999|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | All-rounder
|-
| [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] || {{birth date and age|1994|10|19|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Bhavesh Seth]] || {{birth date and age|1997|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Prateek Reddy]] || {{birth date and age|2000|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] || {{birth date and age|2000|10|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] || {{birth date and age|1995|11|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Bhagath Varma]] || {{birth date and age|1998|9|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Plays for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Mehrotra Shashank || {{birth date and age|2002|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Trishank Gupta]] || {{birth date and age|2001|9|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[Kartikeya Kak]] || {{birth date and age|1996|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Bhuvanagiri Punnaiah || {{birth date and age|2003|5|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Elligaram Sanketh || {{birth date and age|1999|10|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Rakshann Readdi]] || {{birth date and age|2000|9|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Chama Milind]] || {{birth date and age|1994|9|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| '''[[Mohammed Siraj]]''' || {{birth date and age|1994|3|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|}

''Updated as on 24 January 2023''

==Coaching staff==

* Head Coach: [[Milap Mewada]]
* Assistant Coach: [[Narender Pal Singh]]
* Physio: Santosh Kumar
* Trainer: Kaneshkk Naidu
* Video Analyst: Santosh BM
* Consultant: [[VVS Laxman]], [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
==In popular culture==
* Hyderabad cricket team was featured in the [[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]], a 2019 fictional sports drama film. In which the main protagonist Arjun played by [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], plays for this team in Ranji Trophy of 1980s, 1996-97 season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowtam-tinnanuris-jersey-starring-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-has-been-garnering-praise-from-film-and-cricket-buffs/article26910841.ece|title=Nani-starrer ‘Jersey’, garners praise from cricket buffs|date=22 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Sport in India]]- overview of sport in India
* [[Cricket in India]]
* [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
* [[Deccan Chargers]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.hycricket.org Hyderabad cricket team official site]

{{Hyderabad C.A. seasons}}
{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Telangana]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1931]]

1st Filmfare Awards Marathi

2023-09-07T13:15:24Z

Neo: Added a new entry to the collection.

{{Short description|Indian film awards}}

{{Infobox film awards
| number = 1
| award = Filmfare Marathi Awards
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| presented_date = 20 November 2015
| site = [[Thane]]
| host = [[Prasad Oak]], [[Pushkar Shrotri]], Kranti Redkar
| organizer = [[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]]
| website =
| best_film = ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
| most_wins = ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (5)
| most_nominations = ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi|''Elizabeth Ekadashi'']]'', ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (13)
| best_critic = ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi|''Elizabeth Ekadashi'']]'', ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| last =
| next = [[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2nd]]
}}

The '''1st Filmfare Marathi Awards''' is a ceremony, presented by [[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]], honored the best Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi-language films]] of [[List of Marathi films of 2014|2014]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tabu, Vidya Balan, Urmila Matondkar attend Marathi Filmfare awards in Mumbai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/tabu-vidya-balan-urmila-matondkar-attend-marathi-filmfare-awards-in-mumbai/articleshow/49872471.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Elizabeth Ekadashi|''Elizabeth Ekadashi'']] and ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' led the ceremony with 13 nominations each, followed by ''[[Fandry]]'' with 11 nominations and ''[[Rege]]'' with 10 nominations.

''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' won 5 awards, most in the music category, followed by ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]], [[Fandry]]'' and ''[[Rege]]'' with 4 awards each. ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]'' won 3 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]].

== Ceremony ==
It was held at Thane, the 1st Filmfare Marathi Awards honored the films released in [[List of Marathi films of 2014|2014]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At a virtual press conference helmed by editor of ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine, revealed [[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]] as the title sponsor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajeenkya DY Filmfare Awards (Marathi): Winners {{!}} Ajeenkya DY Filmfare Awards (Marathi): Winners Celebrity Pics {{!}} Ajeenkya DY Filmfare Awards (Marathi): Winners Photo Gallery - ETimes Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/ajeenkya-dy-filmfare-awards-marathi/ajeenkya-dy-filmfare-awards-marathi-winners/articleshow/49869465.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Press conference of Ajeenkya D Y Patil Filmfare Marathi Awards 2014 {{!}} Riteish Deshmukh Images - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/press-conference-of-ajeenkya-d-y-patil-filmfare-marathi-awards-2014/press-conference-of-ajeenkya-d-y-patil-filmfare-marathi-awards-2014-15/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en}}</ref> Actors [[Prasad Oak]], [[Pushkar Shrotri]] and Kranti Redkar were announced as the co-hosts, while singers [[Vaishali Samant]] and actors [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Neha Pendse|Nehha Pendse]], [[Adinath Kothare]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] and [[Manasi Naik]] performed during the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farooq |first=Aisha |title=Who won at the Marathi Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/won-marathi-filmfare-awards |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=DESIblitz |language=en}}</ref> Bollywood actors [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Urmila Matondkar]] were also present at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners: Marathi Filmfare Awards 2014 - |url=https://www.friedeye.com/movies/winners-marathi-filmfare-awards-2014/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Celebs grace ‘Ajeenkya DY Patil University Marathi Filmfare Awards 2014’ {{!}} Varun Dhawan, Vidya Balan Images - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/celebs-grace-ajeenkya-dy-patil-university-marathi-filmfare-awards-2014/celebs-grace-ajeenkya-dy-patil-university-marathi-filmfare-awards-2014-2/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en}}</ref> It took place on 20 November 2015, and was broadcast on 28 February 2017 on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards: Dr Prakash Baba Amte and Lai Bhaari rule |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners/articleshow/49868658.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Winners and nominees ==
[[File:Nana patekar.jpg|thumb|186x186px|[[Nana Patekar]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]]]
[[File:Sonali Kulkarni graces the screening of Sonata.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Sonali Kulkarni]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]]]
[[File:Mohan Agashe.jpg|thumb|202x202px|[[Mohan Agashe]] – [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor Critics]]]]
[[File:Kishor kadam.jpg|thumb|150x150px|[[Kishor Kadam]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]]]
[[File:Amruta Subhash at Balak Palak.jpg|thumb|155x155px|[[Amruta Subhash]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]]]
[[File:Riteish Deshmukh at the Promotion of 'Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum' 06.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi|Best Male Debut]]]]
[[File:RameshDeo (cropped).jpg|thumb|191x191px|[[Ramesh Deo]] – [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]'''''
**''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**''[[Fandry]]''
**''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**''[[Rege]]''
**[[Yellow (2014 film)|''Yellow'']]

| valign="top" |
*'''[[Nagraj Manjule]] – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**Abhijit Panse – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Mahesh Limaye]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**[[Nishikant Kamat]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**[[Paresh Mokashi]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Samrudhi Porey – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Nana Patekar]] – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]'''''
**[[Atul Kulkarni]] – ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
**[[Girish Kulkarni]] – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
**[[Mohan Agashe]] – ''[[Astu]]''
**[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|
*'''[[Sonali Kulkarni]] – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]'''''
**[[Iravati Harshe]] – ''[[Astu]]''
**[[Mrinal Kulkarni]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**[[Priya Bapat]] – ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
**[[Usha Naik]] – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
**Veena Jamkar – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Kishor Kadam]] – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Pushkar Shrotri]] – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Sharad Kelkar]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**[[Upendra Limaye]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
|
*'''[[Amruta Subhash]] – ''[[Astu]]'''''
**[[Neena Kulkarni]] – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
**[[Smita Tambe]] – ''[[Candle March (film)|Candle March]]''
**[[Tanvi Azmi]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**Nandita Dhuri – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi|Best Male Debut]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]
|-
|
*'''[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
|
*'''[[Parna Pethe]] – ''[[Rama Madhav]]'''''
**Rajeshwari Kharat – ''[[Fandry]]''
**[[Aditi Pohankar]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|
* '''[[Ajay–Atul|Ajay-Atul]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
**[[Chinar–Mahesh]] – ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
**[[Anand Modak]] – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
**Ajay Naik – ''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
**Mahesh Kulkarni – ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''

|
*'''[[Guru Thakur]] – "Mauli Mauli" – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
** [[Guru Thakur]] – "Mala Ved Lagale" – ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
** [[Paresh Mokashi]] – "Dagad" – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
** Dasu Vaidya – "Mani Achanak" – ''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
** Prakash Holkar – "Don Disachi Sawli" – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
** Sudhir Moghe – "Swapani Navhate Disale" – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
|
*'''[[Ajay Gogavale]] – "Mauli Mauli" – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
**[[Hrishikesh Ranade]] – "Baavare Prem He" – ''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
**[[Swapnil Bandodkar]] – "Mala Ved Lagale" – ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
**[[Ajay Gogavale]] – "Fandry" – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Mangesh Dhakade – "Mani Achanak" – ''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|
*'''[[Ketaki Mategaonkar]] - "Mala Ved Lagale" - ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]'''''
**[[Bela Shende]] – "Baavare Prem He" – ''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
**[[Vaishali Samant]] – "Don Disachi Sawli" – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**Madhura Datar – "Loot Liyo" – [[Rama Madhav|''Rama Madhav'']]
**Kirti Killedar – "Mani Achanak" – ''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|}

; Critics' awards
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Paresh Mokashi]]''' – '''''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
*'''[[Gajendra Ahire]]''' – '''''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]'''''
|-
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Mohan Agashe]] – ''[[Astu]]'''''
|
*'''[[Usha Naik]] – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]'''''
|}

; Technical Awards
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Story – Marathi|Best Story]]
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi|Best Screenplay]]
|-
|
*'''[[Madhugandha Kulkarni]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
**Kshitij Hitendra Thakur, Ambar Hadap, Ganesh Pandit, [[Mahesh Limaye]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**[[Mangesh Hadawale]] – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**[[Nagraj Manjule]] – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Sachin Baliram Nagargoje – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
**Shrikant Bojewar – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|
*'''[[Paresh Mokashi]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
**[[Mangesh Hadawale]] – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**[[Nagraj Manjule]] – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Shrikant Bojewar – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue – Marathi|Best Dialogue]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]
|-
|
*[[Madhugandha Kulkarni|'''Madhugandha Kulkarni''']], '''[[Paresh Mokashi]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
**Madhugandha Kulkarni, Sachin Baliram Nagargoje – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
**[[Pravin Tarde]], Abhijit Panse – ''[[Rege]]''
**Samruddhi Pore – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]''
**[[Gajendra Ahire]] – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|
*'''Dinesh Poojari – ''[[Rege]]'''''
**Jayant Jathar – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**Aarif Sheikh – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**[[Chandan Arora]] – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Rajesh Rao – ''[[Sau Shashi Deodhar]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi|Best Choreography]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – Marathi|Best Cinematography]]
|-
|
*'''[[Ganesh Acharya]] – "Aala Holicha San" – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
**Umesh Jadhav – "Ali Lahar Kela Kahar" – ''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story|Pyar Vali Love Story]]''
**Umesh Jadhav – "Yaha Vaha Sara Jahan" – ''Pyar Vali Love Story''
**[[Saroj Khan]] – "''Loot Liyo''" – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|
*'''Vikram Amladi – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**[[Laxman Utekar]] – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**[[Mahesh Limaye]] – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Amol Gole]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Yogesh Rajguru – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction – Marathi|Best Production Design]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound – Marathi|Best Sound Design]]
|-
|
*'''[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]] – ''[[Rama Madhav]]'''''
**Santosh Phutane – ''[[Candle March (film)|Candle March]]''
**Sachin Bhilare – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Mahesh Gurunath – ''[[Vitti Dandu]]''
**Devdas Bhandare – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
|
*'''Rohit Pradhan – ''[[Rege]]'''''
**Anmol Bhave – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Sanjay Maurya, Allwyn Rego – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**Nimish Chheda, Avinash Sonawne, Christopher Harvey – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Tushar Pandit – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
*'''[[Monty Sharma]] – ''[[Rege]]'''''
**Chaitanya Adkar – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
**[[Narendra Bhide]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**[[Kaushal Inamdar]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**Saket Kanetkar – ''[[Astu]]''
|}

; Special awards
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| '''Lifetime Achievement Award'''
|-
|colspan=2|

* '''[[Ramesh Deo]]'''
|-
!colspan=2|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director – Marathi|Best Debut Director]]
|-
|colspan=2|

* '''Abhijit Panse – ''[[Rege]]'''''
* '''Mahesh Limaye - ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]'''''
|-
!colspan=2| Best Child Artist
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''Somnath Avghade – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**Nishant Bhavsar – ''[[Vitti Dandu]]''
**Rohit – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**Shrirang Mahajan – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Gauri Gadgil – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**Shruti Kalsekar – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|}

== Superlatives ==

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
! rowspan="2" |13
|''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|-
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|-
!11
|''[[Fandry]]''
|-
!10
|''[[Rege]]''
|-
!9
|''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
|-
!7
|''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
|''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|-
|''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
|''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
|-
|''[[Astu]]''
|-
|''[[Taptapadi]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
|''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|-
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
|''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
|-
|''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
|-
|''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! scope=row|5
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |4
|''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|-
|''[[Fandry]]''
|-
|''[[Rege]]''
|-
! 3
|''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
|''[[Astu]]''
|-
|''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
[[Category:2015 Indian film awards]]

Baroda cricket team

2023-08-16T10:45:51Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Baroda cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Ambati Rayudu]]
| coach = [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]]
| founded = 1886
| ground = [[Moti Bagh Stadium]]
| capacity = 18,000
| owner = [[Baroda Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]
| first_fc_year = 1937
| first_fc_venue = [[Ajitsinhji Ground|Ajitsinhji Ground, Jamnagar]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 5
| title2 = [[Irani Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 2
|website = [http://cricketbaroda.com/ BCA]
}}

The '''Baroda cricket team''' is a domestic cricket team based in the city of [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]. The home ground of the team is the [[Moti Bagh Stadium]] on the [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace|palace]] grounds.

The team is run by the [[Baroda Cricket Association]]. It has been one of the most successful teams in the [[Ranji Trophy]] in the new millennium.

Baroda were runners-up in the [[2005/06 Ranji Trophy]]. It is one of three Gujarat Teams, the others being the [[Saurashtra cricket team]] and [[Gujarat cricket team]].

==Competition history==

Baroda has only emerged as a strong team in recent years. It won its last Ranji Trophy in 2000–01, but failed to defend the title, coming runner-up in the next year. This means it has had only one [[Irani Trophy]] appearance, in which it failed to defeat a strong Rest of India team which contained the likes of [[VVS Laxman]] (13 & 148), [[Dinesh Mongia]] (125 & 90*), [[Debashish Mohanty]], [[Sarandeep Singh]] and [[Akash Chopra]]. [http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2001-02/IND_LOCAL/IRANI/BARODA_R-O-I_IRANI_13-17OCT2001.html See Scorecard]. It was considered a strong team in the 1940s and 1950s, winning 4 times and coming runner-up twice.
[[Vijay Hazare]] , [[Irfan Pathan]] , [[Yusuf Pathan]] , [[Hardik Pandya]] are amongst the most prominent cricketers to emerge from Baroda. They have performed exceedingly well at the international level for India.

=== Best performances in Ranji Trophy ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Position
|-
| 2010–11 || Runner-up
|-
| 2001–02 || Runner-up
|-
| 2000–01 || '''Winner'''
|-
| 1957–58 || '''Winner'''
|-
| 1949–50 || '''Winner'''
|-
| 1948–49 || Runner-up
|-
| 1946–47 || '''Winner'''
|-
| 1945–46 || Runner-up
|-
| 1942–43 || '''Winner'''
|}

==Home grounds==

* [[Moti Bagh Stadium]], [[Vadodara]] – Hosted three ODIs. Capacity 18,000.
* [[Reliance Stadium]], [[Vadodara]] – hosted 10 ODIs
* [[Gujarat State Fertilizer Corporation Ground]]

==Current squad==

Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Batters
|-
| Jyotsnil Singh || {{birth date and age|1997|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Pratyush Kumar]] || {{birth date and age|1995|7|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| '''[[Ambati Rayudu]]''' || {{Birth date and age|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || '''Captain''' Plays for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Bhanu Pania]] || {{birth date and age|1996|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Shashwat Rawat]] || {{Birth date and age|2001|4|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Priyanshu Moliya || {{Birth date and age|2005|6|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Aditya Waghmode]] || {{Birth date and age|1989|11|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Harsh Desai || {{Birth date and age|2002|10|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| All-rounders
|-
| Mahesh Pithiya || {{Birth date and age|2001|12|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Abhimanyusingh Rajput]] || {{birth date and age|1998|5|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
| '''[[Krunal Pandya]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|3|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || Plays For '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Dhruv Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1997|9|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| '''[[Hardik Pandya]]''' || {{birth date and age|1993|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays For '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Wicket-keeper
|-
| [[Vishnu Solanki]] || {{Birth date and age|1992|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || || '''Vice-captain'''
|-
| [[Mitesh Patel (cricketer)|Mitesh Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1997|5|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Ninad Rathva]] || {{birth date and age|1999|3|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Bhargav Bhatt (cricketer)|Bhargav Bhatt]] || {{birth date and age|1990|5|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Chinta Gandhi|Chintal Gandhi]] || {{Birth date and age|1994|8|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Kartik Kakade]] || {{Birth date and age|1995|7|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[Lukman Meriwala]] || {{birth date and age|1991|12|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
| [[Atit Sheth]] || {{birth date and age|1996|2|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| '''[[Varun Aaron]]''' || {{birth date and age|1989|10|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] ||
|-
| [[Babashafi Pathan]] || {{birth date and age|1994|8|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Soyeb Sopariya]] || {{birth date and age|1994|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Safvan Patel || {{birth date and age|1998|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 24 January 2023''

==Coaching staff==

* Head coach – [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jacob-martin-baroda-ranji-team-coach-criminal-record-341073-2016-09-14 | title=Jacob Martin, former India player with criminal record, named Baroda Ranji coach | date=14 September 2016 | publisher=India Today | access-date=18 June 2018 }}</ref>
* Assistant coach – [[Himanshu Jadhav]]
* Physio – [[Sumit Roy]]
* Trainers – [[Rakesh Gohil]]

==Famous players==

[[File:Irfan Pathan.jpg|thumb|[[Irfan Pathan]]]]
*[[Hemu Adhikari]]
*[[Amir Elahi]]
*[[Gul Mohammad]]
*[[Anshuman Gaekwad]]
*[[Datta Gaekwad]]
*[[Jayasinghrao Ghorpade]]
*[[Vijay Hazare]]
*[[Nayan Mongia]]
*[[Rashid Patel]]
*[[Kiran More]]
*[[C. S. Nayudu]]
*[[Yusuf Pathan]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Munaf Patel]]
*[[Zaheer Khan]]
*[[Hardik Pandya]]
*[[Krunal Pandya]]
*[[Ambati Rayudu]]
*[[Pinal Shah]]
*[[Jaykishan Kolsawala]]
<ref>[http://barodacricket.org/index_files/HallOfFame_BCA.htm Baroda Cricket Hall of Fame] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405175149/http://barodacricket.org/index_files/HallOfFame_BCA.htm |date=5 April 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Pinal Shah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071118132319/http://www.barodacricket.org/ Baroda Cricket Association (BCA) – Official website ] (archived 18 November 2007)
* [http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-team/baroda/170 Baroda Cricket Team] at [[CricBuzz]]
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/IND/HISTORY/ Cricinfo's Complete History of the Indian Domestic Competitions]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Sport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Cricket in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1886]]

South Zone cricket team

2023-08-03T14:18:15Z

Neo: /* Squad */

{{short description|Cricket team}}
{{For|the Bangladeshi team|South Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

The '''South Zone cricket team''' is a [[first class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] team that represents southern [[India]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from southern India competing in the [[Ranji Trophy]]: [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa cricket team|Goa]], [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]], [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]. South Zone has the third strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 11 times, with the best team, [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] having won 17 times.

==Squad==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Name
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! State Team
! Format
! Notes
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| '''[[Mayank Agarwal]]''' || {{birth date and age|1991|2|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || First-class & List A || Vice-captain
|-
| '''[[Hanuma Vihari]]''' || {{birth date and age|1993|10|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || First-class || Captain
|-
| [[R Samarth]] || {{birth date and age|1993|1|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || First-class ||
|-
| '''[[Tilak Varma]]''' || {{birth date and age|2002|11|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Sai Sudharsan]] || {{birth date and age|2001|10|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Sachin Baby]] || {{birth date and age|1988|12|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Pradosh Ranjan Paul]] || {{birth date and age|2000|12|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || First-class ||
|-
| '''[[Devdutt Padikkal]]''' || {{birth date and age|2000|7|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || List A ||
|-
| [[Rohan Kunnummal]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || List A ||
|-
| [[Rohit Rayudu]] || {{birth date and age|1994|7|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | All-rounder
|-
| '''[[Washington Sundar]]''' || {{birth date and age|1999|10|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Ricky Bhui]] || {{birth date and age|1996|9|29|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| || [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan|N Jagadeesan]] || {{birth date and age|1995|12|24|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Arun Karthik]] || {{birth date and age|1986|2|15|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| || [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]] || List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Sai Kishore]] || {{birth date and age|1996|11|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Darshan Misal]] || {{birth date and age|1992|9|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Sijomon Joseph]] || {{birth date and age|1997|9|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || List A ||
|-
| Mohit Redkar || {{birth date and age|2000|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Vijaykumar Vyshak|V Vyshak]] || {{birth date and age|1997|1|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Vidwath Kaverappa]] || {{birth date and age|1999|2|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[KV Sasikanth]] || {{birth date and age|1995|7|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[V Koushik]] || {{birth date and age|1992|9|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || First-class & List A |||
|-
| [[Arjun Tendulkar]] || {{birth date and age|1999|9|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || List A |||
|}

''Updated as on 03 Aug 2023''

==International players from South Zone==
{{main|List of South Zone cricketers}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Kris Srikanth]]
*[[Roger Binny]]
*[[S. Venkataraghavan]]
*[[Syed Abid Ali]]
*[[Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi]]
*[[Syed Kirmani]]
*[[Brijesh Patel]]
*[[M. L. Jaisimha]]
*[[Abbas Ali Baig]]
*[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
*[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
*[[Rahul Dravid]]
*[[Dinesh Karthik]]
*[[Anil Kumble]]
*[[V. V. S. Laxman]]
*[[Sreesanth]]
*[[Javagal Srinath]]
*[[Venkatesh Prasad]]
*[[Pragyan Ojha]]
*[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Erapalli Prasanna]]
*[[Kris Srikkanth]]
*[[Gundappa Viswanath]]
*[[Sunil Joshi]]
*[[Murali Vijay]]
*[[Vijay Bhardwaj]]
*[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
*[[Robin Uthappa ]]
*[[Karun Nair]]
*[[Manish Pandey]]
*[[Stuart Binny]]
*[[Vinay Kumar]]
*[[Abhinav Mukund]]
*[[Abhimanyu Mithun]]
*[[Sreenath Aravind]]
*[[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)]]
*[[KL Rahul]]
*[[Mayank Agarwal]]
*[[Hanuma Vihari]]
*[[Mohammad Siraj]]
*[[Sanju Samson]]
*[[Washington Sundar]]
*[[T. Natarajan]]
*

{{Div end}}Tinu Yohannan

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1265/1265.html South Zone] at CricketArchive

{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Zone Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Meghalaya cricket team

2023-08-03T08:58:46Z

Neo:

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Meghalaya cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Dippu Sangma]]
| coach = [[Sanath Kumar]]
| founded = 2018
| ground = Meghalaya Cricket Association Cricket Ground
| capacity =
| owner = [[Meghalaya Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| first_fc_year = 2018
| first_fc_venue = Meghalaya Cricket Association Cricket Ground, [[Shillong]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| website =
}}

The '''Meghalaya cricket team''' is a [[cricket]] team that represents the state of [[Meghalaya]] in Indian domestic competitions. In July 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) named the team as one of the nine new sides that would compete in domestic tournaments for the 2018–19 season, including the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] and the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="CI39">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="IE39">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018–19 domestic season |work=BCCI |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> However, prior to the start of the tournament, the team did not have a ground to play [[first-class cricket]] on.<ref name="FP">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/north-eastern-ranji-trophy-teams-to-discuss-infrastructure-upgrades-with-bcci-ahead-of-maiden-season-4864141.html |title=North Eastern Ranji Trophy teams to discuss infrastructure upgrades with BCCI ahead of maiden season |work=First Post |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Ahead of the 2018–19 season, [[Sanath Kumar]] was appointed as the team's coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532976/bcci-eases-entry-new-domestic-teams-logistical-challenges-emerge |title=BCCI eases entry for new domestic teams as logistical challenges emerge |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

In September 2018, they won their opening fixture of the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], beating [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-plate-group-wrap-wins-for-meghalaya-manipur-and-bihar-747703 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy 2018–19, Plate Group wrap: Wins for Meghalaya, Manipur and Bihar |work=Cricket Country |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156806.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Nadiad, Sep 20 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In their first season in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, they finished in fifth place in the Plate Group, with four wins and four defeats from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8890/vijay-hazare-trophy |title=2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Puneet Bisht]] finished as the leading run-scorer, with 502 runs, and [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] and [[Abhay Negi]] were the joint-leading wicket-takers for the team, with fourteen dismissals each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=6563;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 – Meghalaya: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, in their opening match of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], they beat [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]] by seven wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-takeaways-unadkat-picks-seven-mumbai-in-command-against-railways-1928981.html |title=Ranji Trophy Takeaways: Unadkat Picks Seven; Mumbai in Command Against Railways |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-sikkim-record-innings-victory-over-manipur-5432889/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Sikkim record innings victory over Manipur |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> They finished the 2018–19 tournament fourth in the table, with four wins from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8050/ranji-trophy |title=Ranji Trophy Table – 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Meghalaya finished in last place in [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B|Group B]] of the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with no wins from their six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8661/season/2019/india-dom-t20 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Points Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 207 runs, and [[Abhay Negi]] was the leading wicket-taker, with eight dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12593;team=6563;type=tournament |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 – Meghalaya: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! align=center| Name
! align=center| Birth date
! align=center| Batting style
! align=center| Bowling style
! align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Batsmen
|-
| [[Larry Sangma|Larry Gomes]] || {{birth date and age|1992|10|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Kishan Lyngdoh || {{birth date and age|1998|3|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Yogesh Tiwari]] || {{birth date and age|1997|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Bamanbha Shangpliang || {{birth date and age|1997|8|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Wanlambok Nongkhlaw]] || {{birth date and age|1993|2|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Tarique Siddique]] || {{birth date and age|1994|10|2|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| Surya Rai || {{birth date and age|1999|6|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Rohit Shah]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Junjun Sangma || {{birth date and age|1998|6|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" |All-rounders
|-
| [[Swarajeet Das]] || {{birth date and age|1995|3|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Raj Biswa]] || {{birth date and age|1993|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Chirag Khurana]] || {{birth date and age|1992|11|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Sylvester Mylliempdah]] || {{birth date and age|1992|9|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Riboklang Hynniewta || {{birth date and age|1992|7|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Sanvert Kurkalang || {{birth date and age|1992|8|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Rajesh Bishnoi (cricketer, born 1990)|Rajesh Bishnoi jnr]] || {{birth date and age|1990|1|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| Arbin Singh || {{birth date and age|1993|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Anish Charak]] || {{birth date and age|2000|4|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Dippu Sangma]] || {{birth date and age|1997|5|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || Captain
|-
| Abhishek Kumar || {{birth date and age|2002|5|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Chengkam Sangma]] || {{birth date and age|1994|10|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Akash Choudhary]] || {{birth date and age|1999|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Kilco Marak]] || {{birth date and age|1992|7|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 3 August 2023''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Gujarat cricket team

2023-08-03T08:58:23Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Gujarat cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Priyank Panchal]]
| coach = [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
| owner = [[Gujarat Cricket Association]]
| founded = 1935
| ground = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
| capacity = 132,000
| first_fc = [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| first_fc_year = 1935
| first_fc_venue = [[Gujarat College Ground|Gujarat College Ground, Ahmedabad]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 1
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 1
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 2
| website = [https://gujaratcricketassociation.com/ GCA]
}}

The '''Gujarat cricket team''' is one of three [[first-class cricket]] teams representing the state of [[Gujarat]] (the other two being the [[Baroda cricket team]] and [[Saurashtra cricket team]]).

Led by [[Parthiv Patel]], Gujarat won their maiden Ranji Trophy title in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|2016–17 season]], beating [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in the final at Indore.<ref name="Gujarat1st">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/content/story/1077518.html |title=Parthiv 143 leads Gujarat to maiden title |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> In that match they made the highest successful run-chase in the final of the Ranji Trophy.<ref name="highest">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/content/story/1077540.html |title=Gujarat pull off record chase for maiden Ranji title |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

It is in the Elite Group of the Ranji Trophy although it has had very little success. There have, however, been many cricketers that have passed through its ranks and gone on to play for the [[Indian cricket team]]. It falls under the West Zone in the [[Duleep Trophy]].

== History ==
Gujarat's first appearance in a [[Ranji Trophy]] final came in the season of 1950–51, where it was facing [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] in the Ranji Trophy Final. Holkar won the high-scoring match by 189 runs, the match featured a double century by Holkar's [[Chandu Sarwate]] and a fighting 152 by Gujarati off-spinner [[Jasu Patel]] (who averaged 21.70 in 87 innings).<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1950S/1950-51/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/HOLKAR_GUJ_RJI-FINAL_17-21MAR1951.html Scoreboard of 1950/51 final match of Ranji Trophy, Holkar vs Gujarat]</ref>

In 2007–08, Gujarat won their maiden [[Ranji Trophy#Plate League|Ranji Trophy Plate League]] title by defeating [[Railways cricket team|Railways]].<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ranjiplateleague/content/story/330018.html Gujarat clinch Plate League title with a thrilling win]</ref> Gujarat were in a lose-win situation and six and four and out they lost.

In the year 2010/11, Gujarat made a wonderful start to the Ranji Season. They went for a draw against Bengal and later on made an outright win against a strong Delhi Team but lost two consecutive matches against Madhya Pradesh and Baroda which ended their hope of entering Quarter Final Stage.

They drew a high scoring match against Tamil Nadu, which featured the comeback of [[Parthiv Patel]] (as he was busy in national duty) but lost the match against Haryana which forced them to go back at the Plate League.

Gujarat won the Syed Mushtaq Ali trophy in 2012–13 defeating Punjab in the final by four wickets with 13 deliveries to spare.

Gujarat's best appearance in a [[Ranji Trophy]] final came in the season of 2016–17, where it was facing Mumbai in the Ranji Trophy final in [[Indore]]. [[Parthiv Patel]] scored a precious century (143, 196b, 24 x 4s) and scripted a most memorable maiden [[Ranji Trophy]] victory at the [[Holkar Stadium]]. No team had chased a target over 310 in the Ranji Trophy and when Gujarat began the fifth and final day. [[Priyank Panchal]] from Gujarat made 1310 runs in the 2016-17 Ranji Trophy season at an average of 87.33 from 17 innings, which is the most by any batsman this season and the third most by any batsman in a single Ranji Trophy season. Gujarat's [[Samit Gohel]] made 359* runs against Orissa in Jaipur in this Ranji Trophy season, which became the joint fourth most by a player in a Ranji Trophy match. His score of 359* in that match is now the highest by an opener carrying the bat in a First Class match. He faced 723 balls in that innings and it is now the sixth-longest innings in terms of balls faced in a First Class match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/ranji-trophy-201617-stats-review-from-gujarats-highest-successful-chase-in-final-to-rishab-pants-triple-ton-3205850.html|title=Ranji Trophy 2016/17, stats review: From Gujarat's highest successful chase in final to Rishab Pant's triple ton|date=2017-01-16|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (1):''' [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|2016–17]]

== Home grounds ==

* [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Lalabhai Contractor Stadium]], [[Surat]]
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Valsad|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]], [[Valsad]]

== Notable players ==
{{main|List of Gujarat cricketers}}
* [[Vinoo Mankad]]
* [[Nari Contractor]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]]
* [[Manpreet Juneja]]
* [[Jasu Patel]]
* [[Deepak Shodhan]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]

== Current squad ==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+
|-
! align="center" | Name
! align="center" | Birth date
! align="center" | Batting style
! align="center" | Bowling style
! align="center" | Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Priyank Panchal]] || {{birth date and age|1990|4|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||'''Captain'''
|-
| Saurav Chauhan || {{birth date and age|2000|5|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Kathan Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1996|10|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Priyesh Patel]] || {{birth date and age|2001|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Chirag Gandhi]] || {{birth date and age|1990|6|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Manan Hingrajia]] || {{birth date and age|1998|2|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Umang Kumar || {{birth date and age|2000|12|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Bhargav Merai]] || {{birth date and age|1992|2|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Aarya Desai || {{birth date and age|2003|4|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Urvil Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1998|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || || Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | All-rounder
|-
| [[Karan Patel (cricketer)|Karan Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1994|9|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Ripal Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1995|9|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Hemang Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1998|11|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Wicket-keeper
|-
| [[Het Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1998|10|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||'''Vice-captain'''
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Spinners
|-
| [[Siddharth Desai]] || {{birth date and age|2000|8|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Hardik Patel (cricketer)|Hardik Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1995|5|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| '''[[Piyush Chawla]]''' || {{birth date and age|1988|12|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Plays for '''[[Mumbai Indians]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Vishal Jayswal || {{birth date and age|1998|4|2|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| '''[[Axar Patel]]''' || {{birth date and age|1994|1|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Pacers
|-
| [[Chintan Gaja]] || {{birth date and age|1994|11|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Shen Patel || {{birth date and age|2003|4|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]] || {{birth date and age|1997|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Tejas Patel (cricketer)|Tejas Patel]] || {{birth date and age|1995|11|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| '''[[Jasprit Bumrah]]''' || {{birth date and age|1993|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Plays for '''[[Mumbai Indians]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|}

''Updated as on 26 July 2023''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://gujaratcricketassociation.com/ Gujarat cricket team official website]
* [http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/team/1729.html Gujarat Cricket Team page] at [[Cricinfo]]

{{Gujarat cricket squad}}
{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1935]]

Manipur cricket team

2023-07-30T09:19:16Z

Neo: /* Squad */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Manipur cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]]
| coach = [[Shiv Sunder Das]]
| founded = 2018
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = [[Manipur Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
| first_fc_year = 2018
| first_fc_venue = [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground|Jadavpur University Campus Ground, Kolkata]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| website = [http://manipurcricket.com/ manipurcricket.com]
}}

The '''Manipur cricket team''' is a [[cricket]] team that represents the state of [[Manipur]] in Indian domestic competitions.<ref name="ep">{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport2..190718.jul18 |title=Manipur to play in major domestic cricket tournaments |work=E Pao |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref> In July 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) named the team as one of the nine new sides that would compete in domestic tournaments for the 2018–19 season, including the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] and the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="CI39">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="IE39">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018–19 domestic season |work=BCCI |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> Ahead of the 2018–19 season, [[Shiv Sunder Das]] was appointed as the team's coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532976/bcci-eases-entry-new-domestic-teams-logistical-challenges-emerge |title=BCCI eases entry for new domestic teams as logistical challenges emerge |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

In September 2018, they lost their opening fixture of the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], to [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]], by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-bihar-make-winning-return-to-domestic-cricket/articleshow/65873882.cms |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Bihar make winning return to domestic cricket |work=Times of India |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156796.html |title=Plate, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Vadodara, Sep 19 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> The following day, they won their first fixture of the tournament, beating [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] by 10 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-plate-group-wrap-wins-for-meghalaya-manipur-and-bihar-747703 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy 2018–19, Plate Group wrap: Wins for Meghalaya, Manipur and Bihar |work=Cricket Country |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156808.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Vadodara, Sep 20 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In their first season in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, they finished in sixth place in the Plate Group, with two wins and five defeats from their eight matches. One match also finished as a [[result (cricket)#No result|no result]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8890/vijay-hazare-trophy |title=2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] finished as the leading run-scorer, with 488 runs, and [[Bishworjit Singh]] was the leading wicket-taker for the team, with nine dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=1994;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 – Manipur: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, in their opening match of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], they lost to [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] by an innings and 27 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-takeaways-unadkat-picks-seven-mumbai-in-command-against-railways-1928981.html |title=Ranji Trophy Takeaways: Unadkat Picks Seven; Mumbai in Command Against Railways |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-sikkim-record-innings-victory-over-manipur-5432889/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Sikkim record innings victory over Manipur |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> They won their first match of the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy in round three of the competition, beating [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] by eight wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-takeaways-2-1947359.html |title=Ranji Trophy Takeaways: Kerala, Manipur Register Historic Wins; Milind Kumar Continues to Pile on Runs |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> They finished the 2018–19 tournament sixth in the table, with three wins from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8050/ranji-trophy |title=Ranji Trophy Table – 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Manipur finished sixth in [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group A|Group A]] of the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with one win from their six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8661/season/2019/india-dom-t20 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Points Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Mayank Raghav]] was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 301 runs, and [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] was the leading wicket-taker, with four dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12593;team=1994;type=tournament |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 – Manipur: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, in the round six fixture of the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]] against [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], Manipur were bowled out for only 27 runs in their first innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ranji-trophy-manipur-folded-for-27-as-meghalaya-secure-innings-win/articleshow/73443903.cms |title=Ranji Trophy: Manipur folded for 27 as Meghalaya secure innings win |work=Times of India |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-plate-group-round-6-day-3-plate-group-report-manipur-meghalaya-manan-vohra-chandigarh/article30609505.ece |title=Ranji Trophy: Manipur folds for 27 as Meghalaya secures innings win |work=Sportstar |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> On 12 February 2020, their fixture against [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]] was the 60,000th first-class cricket match to be played.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28727284/r-ashwin-362-wickets-most-70-tests |title=Are R Ashwin's 362 wickets the most after 70 Tests? |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/60,000_not_out_landmark_first_class_match_ranji_trophy.html |title=60,000 not out: Landmark first-class match set for Ranji Trophy |work=The Cricketer |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Name
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Batsmen
|-
| [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || '''Captain'''
|-
| [[Karnajit Yumnam]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Johnson Singh|Johnson Ngariyanbam]] ||{{birth date and age|1999|10|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Basir Rahman]] || {{birth date and age|1993|3|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Ronald Longjam]] || {{birth date and age|1997|8|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Guniram Amom || {{birth date and age|1996|12|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Sanatombaroy Laiphangbam || {{birth date and age|1997|12|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" |All-rounders
|-
| [[Priyojit Singh Kangabam|Priyojit Kangabam]] || {{birth date and age|1994|11|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Bikash Biren || {{birth date and age|1992|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Nitesh Sedai]] || {{birth date and age|1998|2|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Sultan Karim]] || {{birth date and age|1994|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Bidash Chingakham || {{birth date and age|2001|1|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Prafullomani Singh|Prafullomani Pukhrambam]] ||{{birth date and age|1994|3|1|df=y}}||Right-handed|| ||
|-
| [[Al Bashid Muhammed]] ||{{birth date and age|1998|4|27|df=y}}||Right-handed|| ||
|-
| [[Ahmed Shah (Indian cricketer)|Ahmed Shah]] ||{{birth date and age|1995|2|3|df=y}}||Right-handed|| ||
|-
| [[Narisingh Yadav|Narisingh Kshetrimayum]]||{{birth date and age|1992|3|3|df=y}}||Right-handed|| ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Kishan Singha]] || {{birth date and age|1996|12|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Ajay Lamabam]] || {{birth date and age|1999|2|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Bishworjit Konthoujam]] || {{birth date and age|1996|2|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || '''Vice-captain'''
|-
| [[Rex Rajkumar]] || {{birth date and age|2000|8|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Jotin Pheiroijam || {{birth date and age|2006|3|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Kishan Thokchom]] || {{birth date and age|1990|1|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 25 January 2023''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Manipur]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2018]]

Central Zone cricket team

2023-07-30T07:17:15Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{for multi|the women's cricket team|Central Zone women's cricket team|the similarly named [[Pakistan]]i team|Central Zone cricket team (Pakistan)|the similarly named [[Bangladesh]]i team|Central Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Central Zone cricket team''' is a [[first class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] team that represents central [[India]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from central India competing in the [[Ranji Trophy]]: [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]] and [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]. Central Zone has the fourth strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 5 times, with the best team, [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] having won 17 times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/593/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-class matches played by Central Zone (India) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

==Current squad==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''. ''Updated as on 30 Jul 2023''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Name
! Domestic team
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! Format
! Notes
|-
! colspan="7" | Batters
|-
|| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1997|10|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] || Madhya Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1993|12|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] || Railways || {{Birth date and age|1993|11|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Kunal Chandela]] || Uttarakhand || {{Birth date and age|1994|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Amandeep Khare]] || Chhattisgarh || {{Birth date and age|1997|8|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Shivam Chaudhary]] || Railways || {{Birth date and age|1997|4|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Madhav Kaushik]] || Uttar Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1998|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Yash Dubey]] || Madhya Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1998|12|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Yash Kothari]] || Rajasthan || {{Birth date and age|1995|10|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Pratham Singh]] || Railways || {{Birth date and age|1992|8|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | All-rounder
|-
|| '''[[Venkatesh Iyer]]''' || Madhya Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1994|12|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || List A || Captain
|-
! colspan="7" | Wicket-keepers
|-
|| [[Himanshu Mantri]] || Madhya Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1994|2|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || - || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Akshay Wadkar]] || Vidarbha || {{Birth date and age|1994|7|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]] || Railways || {{Birth date and age|1996|10|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Dhruv Jurel]] || Uttar Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|2001|1|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Aryan Juyal]] || Uttar Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|2001|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Spin Bowlers
|-
|| [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] || Uttar Pradesh || {{birth date and age|1993|5|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Saransh Jain]] || Madhya Pradesh || {{birth date and age|1993|3|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| Manav Suthar || Rajasthan || {{birth date and age|2002|8|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || Railways || {{Birth date and age|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Aditya Sarwate]] || Vidarbha || {{birth date and age|1989|12|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Pace Bowlers
|-
|| '''[[Avesh Khan]]''' || Madhya Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1996|12|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class ||
|-
|| '''[[Shivam Mavi]]''' || Uttar Pradesh || {{birth date and age|1998|11|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A || Vice-captain
|-
|| [[Yash Thakur]] || Vidarbha || {{Birth date and age|1998|12|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Aniket Choudhary]] || Rajasthan || {{Birth date and age|1990|1|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Akash Madhwal]] || Uttarakhand || {{Birth date and age|1993|11|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|}

==Famous players from Central Zone==
{{main|List of Central Zone cricketers}}

* [[Pravin Amre]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pravin Amre |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26238.html |website=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[Murali Kartik]]
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Amay Khurasiya]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[R. P. Singh]]
* [[Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[Naman Ojha]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Ishwar Pandey]]
* [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]

West Zone cricket team

2023-07-26T12:31:53Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2014}}
The '''West Zone cricket team''' is a [[first class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] team that represents [[western India]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]. It is a composite team of players from five first-class Indian teams from western India competing in the [[Ranji Trophy]]: [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]], [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]], [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]. West Zone has the best track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 17 times, similar to [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]. This included four consecutive titles from 1961-62 through to the 1964-65 season, although the third of these were shared with [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]. Playing against [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]] in the 2009-10 Duleep Trophy final, West Zone set a new first-class record for the highest fourth innings total to win a match, scoring 541-7.<ref>{{cite web|title=Duleep Trophy: Yusuf Pathan scripts historic run chase|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Articles/12/12344.html|work=www.cricketarchive.co.uk|access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Zone v West Zone|url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/259/259166.html|work=www.cricketarchive.co.uk|access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref>

==Current squad==

Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''. ''Updated as on 26 July 2023''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Name
! Domestic team
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! Format
! Notes
|-
! colspan="7" | Batsmen
|-
|| '''[[Prithvi Shaw]]''' || Mumbai || {{Birth date and age|1999|11|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Sarfaraz Khan]] || Mumbai || {{Birth date and age|1997|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| '''[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]''' || Saurashtra || {{Birth date and age|1988|1|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| '''[[Suryakumar Yadav]]''' || Mumbai || {{Birth date and age|1990|9|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Priyank Panchal]] || Gujarat || {{Birth date and age|1990|4|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || First-class & List A || Captain
|-
|| [[Arpit Vasavada]] || Saurashtra || {{Birth date and age|1988|10|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| '''[[Kedar Jadhav]]''' || Maharashtra || {{Birth date and age|1985|3|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Ankit Bawne]] || Maharashtra|| {{Birth date and age|1992|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
|| '''[[Rahul Tripathi]]''' || Maharashtra || {{Birth date and age|1991|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Samarth Vyas]] || Saurashtra || {{Birth date and age|1992|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Kathan Patel]] || Gujarat || {{Birth date and age|1996|10|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | All-rounder
|-
|| '''[[Shivam Dube]]''' || Mumbai || {{Birth date and age|1993|6|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Wicket-keepers
|-
|| [[Het Patel]] || Gujarat || {{Birth date and age|1988|10|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Harvik Desai]] || Saurashtra || {{Birth date and age|1999|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class & List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Spin Bowlers
|-
|| [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja|Dharmendra Jadeja]] || Saurashtra || {{Birth date and age|1990|8|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Shams Mulani]] || Mumbai || {{Birth date and age|1997|5|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| Yuvraj Dodiya || Saurashtra || {{Birth date and age|2000|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Parth Bhut]] || Saurashtra || {{Birth date and age|1997|8|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Pace Bowlers
|-
|| [[Atit Sheth]] || Baroda || {{Birth date and age|1996|2|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Chintan Gaja]] || Gujarat || {{Birth date and age|1994|11|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]] || Gujarat || {{Birth date and age|1997|10|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Tushar Deshpande]] || Mumbai || {{Birth date and age|1995|5|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]] || Maharashtra || {{Birth date and age|2002|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|}

==Famous players from West Zone==
{{main|List of West Zone cricketers}}
*[[Ajit Agarkar]]
*[[Sairaj Bahutule]]
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Vijay Hazare]]
*[[Wasim Jaffer]]
*[[Vinod Kambli]]
*[[Saurabh Chauhan]]
*[[Vinoo Mankad]]
*[[Vijay Merchant]]
*[[Nayan Mongia]]
*[[Parthiv Patel]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Yusuf Pathan]]
*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Zaheer Khan]]
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Ravi Shastri]]
*[[Ajinkya Rahane]]
*[[Kedar Jadhav]]
*[[Hardik Pandya]]
*[[Krunal Pandya]]
*[[Jasprit Bumrah]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1369/1369.html West Zone] at CricketArchive

{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Zone Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

North Zone cricket team

2023-07-26T10:03:28Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{for|the Bangladeshi team|North Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
The '''North Zone cricket team''' is a [[first class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] team that represents northern [[India]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from northern India competing in the [[Ranji Trophy]]: [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]], [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]], [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] and [[Services cricket team|Services]]. North Zone has the strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 17 times, with the next best team, [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] having won 16 times. They hold the record for the most consecutive titles, five, from 1990-91 through to 1994-95.

==Current squad==

Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''. ''Updated as on 24 Jul 2023''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Name
! Domestic team
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! Format
! Notes
|-
! colspan="7" | Batsmen
|-
|| [[Manan Vohra]] || Chandigarh || {{Birth date and age|1993|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Dhruv Shorey]] || Delhi || {{Birth date and age|1992|7|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Prashant Chopra]] || Himachal Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1992|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Ankit Kalsi]] || Himachal Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1993|9|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Ankit Kumar]] || Haryana || {{Birth date and age|1997|11|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Nehal Wadhera]] || Punjab || {{Birth date and age|2000|9|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| '''[[Mandeep Singh]]''' || Punjab || {{Birth date and age|1991|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Shubham Khajuria]] || Jammu & Kashmir || {{Birth date and age|1995|9|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Vivrant Sharma]] || Jammu & Kashmir || {{Birth date and age|1995|9|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Himanshu Rana]] || Haryana || {{Birth date and age|1998|10|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Shubham Rohilla]] || Services || {{Birth date and age|1998|3|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | All-rounders
|-
|| Nishant Sindhu || Haryana || {{Birth date and age|2004|4|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| '''[[Rishi Dhawan]]''' || Himachal Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1990|2|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|-
|| '''[[Nitish Rana]]''' || Dehi || {{Birth date and age|1993|12|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A || List A Captain
|-
|| [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] || Punjab || {{Birth date and age|2000|9|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Wicket-keepers
|-
|| [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || Punjab || {{Birth date and age|2000|8|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| Shubham Arora || Himachal Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1997|10|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || - || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Spin Bowlers
|-
|| '''[[Jayant Yadav]]''' || Haryana || {{Birth date and age|1990|1|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class || First-class Captain
|-
|| [[Pulkit Narang]] || Services || {{Birth date and age|1994|6|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Abid Mushtaq]] || Jammu & Kashmir || {{Birth date and age|1997|1|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| '''[[Mayank Markande]]''' || Punjab || {{Birth date and age|1997|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Mayank Dagar]] || Himachal Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1996|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Pace Bowlers
|-
|| '''[[Siddarth Kaul]]''' || Punjab || {{Birth date and age|1990|5|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Baltej Dhanda]] || Punjab || {{Birth date and age|1990|11|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Harshit Rana]] || Delhi || {{Birth date and age|2001|12|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Vaibhav Arora]] || Himachal Pradesh || {{Birth date and age|1997|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| '''[[Sandeep Sharma]]''' || Chandigarh || {{Birth date and age|1993|5|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|-
|| Mayank Yadav || Delhi || {{Birth date and age|2002|6|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|}

==Notable players from North Zone==
{{main article|List of North Zone cricketers}}
*[[Kapil Dev]]
*[[Gautam Gambhir]]
*[[Dinesh Mongia]]
*[[Virender Sehwag]]
*[[Ishant Sharma]]
*[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Lala Amarnath]]
*[[Surinder Amarnath]]
*[[Mohinder Amarnath]]
*[[Virat Kohli]]
*[[Bishen Singh Bedi]]
*[[Aakash Chopra]]

North Zone also had the services of some very famous Pakistani cricketers before partition, such as
* [[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Dr Jehangir Khan]]
* [[Dilawar Hussain]]
* [[Gul Mohammad]]
* [[Nazar Mohammad]]
* [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|A H Kardar]]
* [[Fazal Mahmood]]
* [[Imtiaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1928)|Imtiaz Ahmed]]
* [[Akshay Patel]]

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1030/match_lists.html Lists of matches played by North Zone] at CricketArchive

{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Zone Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Madhya Pradesh cricket team

2023-07-13T19:27:02Z

Neo:

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Madhya Pradesh cricket team
| alt_name = MP cricket team
| image = https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crichq.com%2Fmatches%2F386360&psig=AOvVaw1VmqMAJ_FoOIetVV0h8CgC&ust=1671012669329000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCIilhLet9vsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAo
| nickname = MP
| chairman = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| captain = [[Aditya Shrivastava (cricketer)|Aditya Shrivastava]] (FC & List A) [[Parth Sahani]] (T20)
| coach = [[Chandrakant Pandit]]
| bowlingcoach =
| fielding_coach =
| overseas =
| owner = [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]]
| founded = 1950
| ground = [[Holkar Stadium]]
| capacity = 30,000
| ground2 = [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]]
| capacity2 = 18,000
| ceo =
| manager =
| adviser =
| first_fc = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| first_fc_year = 1950
| first_fc_venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground|Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 5
| title2 = [[Wills Trophy]]
| title2wins = 1
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 0
| website = [http://www.mpcaonline.com/index.php MPCA Official]
| current =
}}

The '''Madhya Pradesh cricket team''' formerly known as '''Holkar cricket team''', is a domestic cricket team based in the [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It competes in the [[Ranji Trophy]].

== History ==
=== Holkar cricket team ===

A '''Central India''' team competed in the [[Ranji Trophy]] between 1934–35 and 1939–40, playing 12 matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=First-class matches played by Central India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/587/First-Class_Matches.html|website=Cricket Archive|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309190301/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/587/First-Class_Matches.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1941, '''Holkar''' entered the competition, organised and managed by King [[Yashwantrao Holkar II]] belonging to the [[Holkar]] dynasty of the [[Marathas]]. In the fourteen years of its existence Holkar, which included such players as [[C. K. Nayudu]] and [[Mushtaq Ali]], won the title four times and finished second on six other occasions.
Another Ranji Trophy team later to be absorbed by Madhya Pradesh was '''Gwalior''' (one match in 1943-44).<ref>{{cite web|title=First-class matches played by Gwalior|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/756/First-Class_Matches.html|website=Cricket Archive|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Madhya Pradesh team ===

Madhya Pradesh began competing as a team from 1950-51. Holkar appeared in the Ranji Trophy till 1954-55 after which it was dissolved and replaced by a [[Madhya Bharat]] team. This became part of the Madhya Pradesh team after two years as the states were [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganised]].

Madhya Pradesh's first title was the 1998-99 [[Wills Trophy]], where they defeated Bengal in the final.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/WILLS/BENG_MP_WTOD-FINAL_17JAN1999.html | title=Final: Bengal v Madhya Pradesh at Calcutta, 17 Jan 1999 }}</ref> Madhya Pradesh team reached the final of the Ranji Trophy for the first time in the same season. They took the first innings lead against [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] and needed only a draw to win the title but collapsed in the final session of the last day to lose with five overs to spare.<ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/67/67555.html Scorecard of the 1998-99 final]</ref>

Finally in the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy|2021–22 season]], Madhya Pradesh defeated the 41-time Champions [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in the final in [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] to win the [[Ranji Trophy]] for the fifth time and first time as Madhya Pradesh. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2021-22-2022-1280196/madhya-pradesh-vs-mumbai-final-1313309/match-report | title=Dubey, Shubham, Patidar, bowlers fashion Madhya Pradesh's maiden Ranji Trophy title}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''Holkar'''

* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (4):''' [[1945–46 Ranji Trophy|1945–46]], [[1947–48 Ranji Trophy|1947–48]], [[1950–51 Ranji Trophy|1950–51]], [[1952–53 Ranji Trophy|1952–53]]
** '''Runners-up (6):''' [[1944–45 Ranji Trophy|1944–45]], [[1946–47 Ranji Trophy|1946–47]], [[1949–50 Ranji Trophy|1949–50]], [[1951–52 Ranji Trophy|1951–52]], [[1953–54 Ranji Trophy|1953–54]], [[1954–55 Ranji Trophy|1954–55]]

'''Madhya Pradesh'''

* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners:''' [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy|2021–22]]
** '''Runners-up:''' [[1998–99 Ranji Trophy|1998–99]]

* '''[[Wills Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners:''' 1998–99

* '''[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]'''
** '''Runners-up:''' [[2010–11 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2010-11]]

==Famous players==
Players from Holkar and Madhya Pradesh who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:
* [[CK Nayudu|Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu]] (1932)
* [[Janardan Navle]] (1932)
* [[CS Nayudu|Cottari Subbanna Nayudu]] (1934)
* [[Syed Mushtaq Ali]] (1934)
* [[Chandu Sarwate]] (1946)
* [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] (1952)
* [[Narendra Hirwani]] (1988)
* [[Rajesh Chauhan]] (1993)
* [[Naman Ojha]] (2015)

Players from Madhya Pradesh who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut:
* [[Amay Khurasiya]] (1999)
* [[Kuldeep Sen]] (2022)

Cricketers from other state teams who also played for Madhya Pradesh, and played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:
* [[Khanderao Rangnekar]] (1947)
* [[Chandrakant Pandit]] (1986)

Cricketers from other state teams who also played for Madhya Pradesh, and played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut:
* [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]] (2002)

Notable players at the domestic level:
* [[Bhausaheb Nimbalkar]]
* Narayan Nivsarkar
* [[Devendra Bundela]]
* [[Ishwar Pandey]]
* [[Jalaj Saxena]]
* [[Rajat Patidar]]

== Current squad ==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Batsmen
|-
| [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] || {{birth date and age|1993|12|24|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Rajat Patidar]] || {{birth date and age|1993|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Plays for '''[[ Royal Challengers Bangalore]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Aditya Shrivastava (cricketer)|Aditya Shrivastava]] || {{birth date and age|1993|9|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||'''First-class and List A Captain'''
|-
| [[Yash Dubey]] || {{birth date and age|1998|12|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Akshat Raghuwanshi]] || {{birth date and age|2003|9|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Harsh Gawli || {{birth date and age|1998|11|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Aman Solanki || {{birth date and age|2003|12|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Parth Sahani]] || {{birth date and age|1993|3|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||'''Twenty20 Captain'''
|-
|Arham Aquil
|{{birth date and age|2002|7|20|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|[[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|
|-
! colspan="5" |All-rounders
|-
| [[Ashwin Das]] || {{birth date and age|1995|12|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| '''[[Venkatesh Iyer]]''' || {{birth date and age|1994|12|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Himanshu Mantri]] || {{birth date and age|1994|2|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || ||
|-
| [[Abhishek Bhandari]] || {{birth date and age|1994|11|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Chanchal Rathore || {{birth date and age|2002|11|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Siddharth Patidar || {{birth date and age|1997|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Spinners
|-
| [[Kumar Kartikeya]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || Plays For '''[[Mumbai Indians]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Saransh Jain]] || {{birth date and age|1993|3|31|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Kamal Tripathi || {{birth date and age|1998|8|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Aman Bhadoriya ||{{birth date and age|2001|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| Ritesh Shakya ||{{birth date and age|1998|11|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Fast-bowlers
|-
| '''[[Avesh Khan]]''' || {{birth date and age|1996|12|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Plays For '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Gaurav Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1991|10|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| '''[[Kuldeep Sen]]''' || {{birth date and age|1996|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Rajasthan Royals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Anubhav Agarwal || {{birth date and age|1996|10|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
| [[Puneet Datey]] || {{birth date and age|1994|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Ankit Kushwah]] || {{birth date and age|1992|4|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 1 March 2023''

==Coaching staff==
Coaching staff for team are listed below:
* Head Coach: [[Chandrakant Pandit]]
* Trainer: Mayank Agarwal
* Physio: Balasaheb Tate

==Former players==
*[[List of Madhya Pradesh first-class players]]
*[[List of Madhya Pradesh List A players]]
*[[List of Madhya Pradesh Twenty20 players]]

==Records==
''For more details on this topic, see [[List of Madhya Pradesh first-class cricket records]], [[List of Madhya Pradesh List A cricket records]], [[List of Madhya Pradesh Twenty20 cricket records]].''

==Grounds==
===Holkar Stadium===
Madhya Pradesh play the majority of their home matches at the [[Holkar Stadium]].

===Captain Roop Singh Stadium===
Madhya Pradesh's second home is [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]] in [[Gwalior]]

===Other grounds===
{{for|a complete list of grounds used by Madhya Pradesh |List of cricket grounds in Madhya Pradesh}}

==References==
<references/>

{{Madhya Pradesh Squad}}
{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1950]]

Deepak Sharma Jailor

2023-07-12T12:25:10Z

Neo: Fresh addition.

#REDIRECT [[Deepak Sharma (police officer)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Railways cricket team

2023-06-04T02:10:08Z

Neo: /* Honours */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Railways cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]] (FC) [[Karn Sharma]] (List A & T20)
| coach = [[Dinesh Lad]]
| founded = 1958
| ground = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], New Delhi (and other stadiums)
| capacity =
| owner = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]]
| first_fc = [[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]
| first_fc_year = 1958
| first_fc_venue = [[Gandhi Stadium|Gandhi Stadium, Jalandhar]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 2
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 2
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 1
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 0
| website = [https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,543 RSPB]
}}
[[File:20-20 Match Brabourne Stadium.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Railways playing against [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] at [[Brabourne Stadium]] c.2006]]
'''Railways cricket team''' (also known as the Indian Railways) is a domestic [[cricket]] team in [[India]] representing [[Indian Railways]]. The team's home ground is [[East Coast Railway Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Karnail Singh Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=cricinfo08>{{cite news|title=One city, three matches, one day|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/381036.html|access-date=5 March 2012|newspaper=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|date=7 December 2008}}</ref> The team is run by the [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]] which fields the Railways cricket team in domestic cricket competitions in India such as the Ranji Trophy.<ref name=toif12>{{cite news|title=Ex-kabaddi player was in-charge of Karnail Singh Stadium!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/domestic-cricket/ranji-trophy/Ex-kabaddi-player-was-in-charge-of-Karnail-Singh-Stadium/articleshow/11940218.cms|access-date=5 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2012}}</ref>

==Competition history==
For most of its history, the Indian Railways has met little success in the [[Ranji Trophy]]. However, in recent years since 2000, Railways have won the trophy twice and become runners-up one time. As Champions of the Ranji Trophy, they have played the [[Irani Trophy]] twice, emerging victorious on both occasions.

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (2):''' [[2001–02 Ranji Trophy|2001–02]], [[2004–05 Ranji Trophy|2004–05]]
** '''Runners-up (2):''' [[1987–88 Ranji Trophy|1987–88]], [[2000–01 Ranji Trophy|2000–01]]

* '''[[Wills Trophy]]'''
** '''Runners-up:''' 1988-89

* '''[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners:''' [[2005–06 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2005–06]]
** '''Runners-up:''' [[2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2013–14]]

==Famous players==
Players from Railways who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:
*[[Budhi Kunderan]] (1960)
*[[Murali Kartik]] (2000)
*[[Sanjay Bangar]] (2001)
*[[Karn Sharma]] (2014)

Players from Railways who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut:
*[[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]] (2002)

==Current squad==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Name
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Birth date
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Birthplace
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Batting style
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Bowling style
!style="background: skyblue; color:black" align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="6" |Batsmen
|-
| [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1993|11|1|df=y}} || [[Howrah]], WB || Left-handed || ||
|-
| [[Shivam Chaudhary]] || {{birth date and age|1997|8|4|df=y}} || [[Meerut]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| [[Mohammad Saif (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohammad Saif]] || {{birth date and age|1996|8|30|df=y}} || [[Varanasi]], UP || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Pratham Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1992|8|31|df=y}} || [[Delhi]], DL || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| [[Shubham Chaubey]] || {{birth date and age|1994|10|15|df=y}} || [[Varanasi]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| [[Arindam Ghosh (cricketer)|Arindam Ghosh]] || {{birth date and age|1986|10|19|df=y}} || [[Kolkata]], WB || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Suraj Ahuja]] || {{birth date and age|1999|9|23|df=y}} || [[Sri Ganganagar]], RJ || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" |Wicket-keeper
|-
| [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1996|10|8|df=y}} || [[Kanpur]], UP || Right-handed || || '''First-class Captain''' Plays for '''[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="6" |Spin Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{birth date and age|1987|10|23|df=y}} || [[Meerut]], UP || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||'''List A and Twenty20 Captain''' Plays for '''[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Akash Pandey]] || {{birth date and age|1999|2|2|df=y}} || [[Kolkata]], WB || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Mohit Raut]] || {{birth date and age|1998|1|20|df=y}} || [[Akola]], MH || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] ||
|-
| [[Harsh Tyagi]] || {{birth date and age|1999|12|23|df=y}} || [[Delhi]], DL|| Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" |Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1998|8|22|df=y}} ||[[Bareilly]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Sagar Jadhav || {{birth date and age|1995|12|4|df=y}} ||[[Kalburgi]], KA || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Susheel Kumar || {{birth date and age|1996|10|30|df=y}} || [[Narnaul]], HR || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Adarsh Singh || {{birth date and age|1999|1|12|df=y}} || [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], MP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Himanshu Sangwan]] || {{birth date and age|1995|9|2|df=y}} || [[Najafgarh]], DL || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Dhrushant Soni]] || {{birth date and age|1985|10|9|df=y}} ||[[Ahmedabad]], GJ || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[T Pradeep]] || {{birth date and age|1994|11|29|df=y}} || [[Bengaluru]], KA || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Akshat Pandey]] || {{birth date and age|1993|3|19|df=y}} ||[[Firozabad]], UP || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Rahul Sharma || {{birth date and age|1990|12|30|df=y}} || [[Agra]], UP || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 24 January 2023''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Railways Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Sport in Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

India national baseball team

2023-05-12T23:49:17Z

Neo: Edit

{{about|the men's team|the women's team|India women's national baseball team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox National baseball team
| Image =
| Name = India national baseball team
| Country = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| Federation = [[Amateur Baseball Federation of India]]
| Confederation = [[Baseball Federation of Asia]]
| Manager =
| WBSC Rank = {{WBSC World Rankings|IND}}
| uniform image =

| WBC apps =
| WBC first =
| WBC 2nd times =
| WBC 2nd most recent =

| Premier apps =
| Premier first =
| Premier 1st times =
| Premier 1st most recent =

| AG apps =
| AG first =
| AG 1st times =
| AG 1st most recent =

| AC apps = 2
| AC first = 1987
| AC best = 7th
| AC 1st times =
| AC 1st most recent =
}}
'''India national baseball team''' is the national men's team of India in international-level [[baseball]] competitions.

India has produced two players that have achieved [[Major League Baseball|Major League]] status in the United States: [[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Rinku Singh]] and [[Dinesh Patel]] were both been contracted by the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] organization in 2009,<ref name="ESPN - 13Jul2009 - Indian pitchers to make pro debuts">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=4298148|title=Indian pitchers to make pro debuts|date=13 July 2009|work=[[ESPN.com]]|publisher=[[ESPN Inc.]]|access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> although Singh has since left the sport.

==Results==
India defeated [[Iran national baseball team|Iran]] 11-10 to win the gold medal in the Presidential Cup Friendly Baseball Tournament held at the [[Azadi Stadium]] in [[Tehran]], Iran in September 2015. This was the first time that India had won an international baseball tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian baseball team create history in Iran, win first ever Gold medal |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/baseball/indian-baseball-team-create-history-iran-win-first-ever-gold |website=Sportskeeda |access-date=9 July 2018 |date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Saikrish Kolli led the team with an ERA of 17.63. He also led the team in hitting with a 0.176 AVG, 0 HR, and 0.240 OPS. His glove shone on the field with 72 errors in 3 games. Historical lows from Naren Nandanoor, doing very poorly with 22 HR, .546 batting average, and -1 errors in 3 games.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian baseball team create history in Iran, win first ever Gold medal |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/indian-baseball-team-create-history-111846871.html |website=Yahoo! News |access-date=9 July 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Pesapallo==
[[Pesäpallo|Pesapallo]], a Finnish derivative of baseball, was also introduced to India in 2007 Though it is an infrequent sport, people have come forward and recently a World Cup league was also played in India in year 2019. One of the emerging player’s of the league is Saiesh Reddy of Hyderabad,India. India secured bronze medal by defeating Australia in their medal winning match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pesis.fi/pesis-info/world-cup/|title=Pesäpallo World Cup|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

==Asian Championship==
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[1987 Asian Baseball Championship]] – 7th
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[1989 Asian Baseball Championship]] – 7th
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} 1995 Asian Baseball Cup - {{bronze medal}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} 1999 Asian Baseball Cup - {{silver medal}}
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[2015 Asian Baseball Cup|2015 Asian Baseball Cup (West Zone)]] - {{bronze medal}}
* {{flagicon|Iran}} 2015 Presidential Cup Iran - {{gold medal}}
* {{flagicon|SRI}} 2019 Asian Baseball Cup (West Zone) - {{bronze medal}}

==Asian Baseball Cup==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Competition
! Gold
! Silver
! Bronze
! Total
|-
|[[Asian Baseball Cup|Asian Cup]]
|0
|1
|3
|4
|}

==See also==
* [[India women's national baseball team]]
* [[Baseball in India]]

==References==
<references/>
{{Asia baseball teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:National baseball teams in Asia]]
[[Category:National sports teams of India|baseball]]
[[Category:Baseball in India]]

{{asia-baseball-team-stub}}

Delhi cricket team

2023-05-07T19:59:38Z

Neo:

{{short description|Indian domestic cricket team}}
{{for|the IPL team|Delhi Capitals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Delhi cricket team
| image = [[File:Feroz Shah Kotla Cricket Stadium, Delhi.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Arun Jaitley Stadium, home stadium of the team
| captain = [[Yash Dhull]] (FC) [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (List A) [[Nitish Rana]] (T20)
| coach = [[Bhaskar Pillai]]
| founded = 1876
| ground = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]]
| capacity = 55,000
| owner = [[Delhi & District Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]
| first_fc_year = 1934
| first_fc_venue = [[Sadar Bazar Stadium|Sadar Bazar Stadium, Agra]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 7
| title2 = [[Irani Cup]]
| title2wins = 2
| title3 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title3wins = 1
| title4 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title4wins = 1
| website = [http://www.ddca.in/ DDCA]
}}

The '''Delhi cricket team''' is a [[First-class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] team based in [[Delhi]], run by the [[Delhi & District Cricket Association]], that plays in [[India]]'s first class competition, the [[Ranji Trophy]] and [[Limited overs cricket|limited-overs]] [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. They have won the Ranji Trophy seven times and have been runners-up eight. Their latest title in 2007-08 came after a long wait of 16 years. The previous win was in the 1991–92 season when they beat [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in the final. The team's home ground is [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]].

==Competition history==
Delhi have made a strong performance in the Ranji Trophy throughout its history. Three of its five wins came in the 1980s and the remainder were in the late 1970s, a period marked by the dominance of a famous [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai team]]. This formed a golden period for Delhi between 1978 and 1987: it was in the finals for all but one of those years (winning 4, runner-up in 4).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportspundit.com/cricket/teams/1714-delhi-cricket-team |title= Delhi Cricket Team}}</ref>

Its six appearances in the [[Irani Trophy]] showed mixed results, losing to the [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] side four times and winning twice.

They have only two titles in limited overs cricket. They won the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] in 2012-13 under [[Rajat Bhatia]]. They won the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] under [[Pradeep Sangwan]]

=== Ranji Trophy ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Position
|-
|1976-77
|Runner Up
|-
|1978-79
|'''Winner'''
|-
|1979-80
|'''Winner'''
|-
|1980-81
|Runner Up
|-
|1981-82
|'''Winner'''
|-
|1983-84
|Runner Up
|-
|1984-85
|Runner Up
|-
|1985-86
|'''Winner'''
|-
|1986-87
|Runner Up
|-
|1988-89
|'''Winner'''
|-
|1989-90
|Runner Up
|-
|1991-92
|'''Winner'''
|-
|1996-97
|Runner Up
|-
|2007-08
|'''Winner'''
|-
|2017-18
|Runner Up
|}

=== Irani Cup ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Position
|-
|1980-81
|'''Winner'''
|-
|1989-90
|'''Winner'''
|}

=== Vijay Hazare Trophy ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Position
|-
|2012-13
|'''Winner'''
|-
|2015-16
|Runner Up
|-
|2018-19
|Runner Up
|}

=== Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Position
|-
|2017-18
|'''Winner'''
|}

==Notable players==
{{main|List of Delhi cricketers}}{{Div col}}
Players from Delhi who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:
*[[Prakash Bhandari]] (1955)
*[[Man Sood]] (1960)
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi (Nawab of Pataudi)]] (1961)
*[[Rajinder Pal]] (1964)
*[[Ramesh Saxena]] (1967)
*[[Ashok Gandotra]] (1969)
*[[Madan Lal]] (1974)
*[[Surinder Amarnath]] (1976)
*[[Kirti Azad]] (1981)
*[[Rakesh Shukla (cricketer)|Rakesh Shukla]] (1982)
*[[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] (1982)
*[[Manoj Prabhakar]] (1984)
*[[Raman Lamba]] (1987)
*[[Ajay Sharma]] (1988)
*[[Sanjeev Sharma]] (1988)
*[[Vivek Razdan]] (1989)
*[[Atul Wassan]] (1990)
*[[Ashish Nehra]] (1999)
*[[Robin Singh, Jr.]] (1999)
*[[Nikhil Chopra]] (2000)
*[[Vijay Dahiya]] (2000)
*[[Rahul Sanghvi]] (2001)
*[[Virender Sehwag]] (2001)
*[[Aakash Chopra]] (2003)
*[[Gautam Gambhir]] (2004)
*[[Ishant Sharma]] (2007)
*[[Virat Kohli]] (2011)
*[[Shikhar Dhawan]] (2013)
*[[Rishabh Pant]] (2018)
*[[Navdeep Saini]] (2021)

Players from Delhi who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut:

*[[Surinder Khanna]] (1979)
*[[Amit Bhandari]] (2000)
*[[Nitish Rana]] (2021)

Players from Delhi who have played T20I but not ODI or Test cricket for India, along with year of T20I debut:

*[[Parvinder Awana]] (2012)
*[[Pawan Negi]] (2016)

Cricketers from other state teams who also played for Delhi, and played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:

*[[Bishan Singh Bedi]] (1966)
*[[Chetan Chauhan]] (1969)
*[[Mohinder Amarnath]] (1969)
*[[Arun Lal]] (1982)

Prominent cricketers at the domestic level:
*[[Rajinder Goel]]
*[[Krishnan Bhaskar Pillai]]
*[[Arun Khurana]]
*[[Mithun Manhas]]
*[[Rajat Bhatia]]
*[[Unmukt Chand]]
{{Div col end}}

== Current squad ==
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Batters
|-
| [[Himmat Singh (cricketer)|Himmat Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1996|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Yash Dhull]] || {{birth date and age|2002|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || '''First-class Captain''' Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Dhruv Shorey]] || {{birth date and age|1992|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Ayush Badoni]] || {{birth date and age|1999|12|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Vaibhav Rawal]] || {{birth date and age|1991|11|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Jonty Sidhu]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Kunwar Bidhuri]] || {{birth date and age|1996|4|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Hiten Dalal]] || {{birth date and age|1994|9|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|| '''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || {{birth date and age|1985|12|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || '''List A Captain''' Plays for '''[[Punjab Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Virat Kohli]]''' || {{Birth date and age|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| All-rounders
|-
| [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1997|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| '''[[Nitish Rana]]''' || {{birth date and age|1993|12|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || '''Twenty20 Captain''' Plays For '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Anuj Rawat]] || {{birth date and age|1999|10|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || || Plays For '''[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Lakshay Thareja]] || {{birth date and age|1997|9|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| '''[[Rishabh Pant]]''' || {{birth date and age|1997|10|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || || Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center|Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Shivank Vashisht]] || {{birth date and age|1995|9|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Hrithik Shokeen]] || {{birth date and age|2000|8|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Plays for '''[[Mumbai Indians]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|-
| Yogesh Sharma || {{birth date and age|1998|9|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Vikas Mishra]] || {{birth date and age|1992|12|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center|Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Pranshu Vijayran]] || {{birth date and age|1995|11|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| Mayank Yadav || {{birth date and age|2002|6|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|-
| '''[[Navdeep Saini]]''' || {{birth date and age|1992|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Plays for '''[[Rajasthan Royals]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|-
| [[Harshit Rana]] || {{birth date and age|2001|12|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|-
| '''[[Ishant Sharma]]''' || {{birth date and age|1988|9|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Plays for '''[[Delhi Capitals]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| Divij Mehra || {{birth date and age|2002|9|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Pradeep Sangwan]] || {{birth date and age|1990|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Gujarat Titans]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|-
| [[Kulwant Khejroliya]] || {{birth date and age|1992|3|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Plays for '''[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]''' in '''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]'''
|}

''Updated as on 04 May 2023''

==Coaching staff==
* Head coach - [[Bhaskar Pillai]]
* Bowling Coach - [[Rajkumar Sharma (cricketer)|Rajkumar Sharma]]
* Assistant coach - [[Amit Bhandari]]
* Manager - [[Manoj Kumar|Manoj Kapoor]]
* Under-19s Coach - [[Madan Sharma]]
* Physio - Deepak Sury
* Trainers - [[Nishanta Bordoloi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/IND/HISTORY/ Cricinfo's Complete History of the Indian Domestic Competitions]
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_2006-07/Delhi_Batting.html Ranji Trophy 2006/7 Batting Averages]
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2006-07/Delhi_Batting.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2006/7 Batting Averages]
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Inter_State_Twenty-20_Tournament_2006-07/Delhi_Batting.html Inter State Twenty20 Tournament 2006/7 Batting Averages]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Delhi]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1876]]

Services cricket team

2023-04-16T16:01:46Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Services cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Rajat Paliwal]]
| coach =
| founded = 1926
| ground = [[Palam A Stadium]], Delhi
| capacity =
| owner = [[Services Sports Control Board]]
| first_fc = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| first_fc_year = 1926
| first_fc_venue = [[Lawrence Gardens|Lawrence Gardens, Lahore]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
| website = [http://sscbindia.in/ SSCB]
}}
The '''Services cricket team''' plays in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the main domestic [[first-class cricket]] competition in [[India]]. Under the auspices of the [[Services Sports Control Board]], they represent the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Their home ground is the [[Palam A Stadium|Palam A Ground]], Model Sports Complex, [[Delhi]].

==Records==
The Services team first played in the Ranji Trophy in 1949–50. They played in the North Zone of the competition until 2001–02, and have played in the Plate Group and other lower-ranked groups since 2002–03, except for one season, where they played in the Elite Group, during 2005–06. Their strongest period was the 1950s: between 1950–51 and 1959–60 they reached the semi-finals six times and the final twice, losing to [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] in 1956–57 by an innings,<ref>{{cite web |title=Services v Bombay 1956–57 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1956-57/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SVCS_BOM_RJI-FINAL_29MAR-01APR1957.html |website=Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> and to [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] in 1957–58, also by an innings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baroda v Services 1957–58 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1957-58/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BARODA_SVCS_RJI-FINAL_13-16MAR1958.html|website=Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

As of early March 2022, Services had played 350 first-class matches, with 91 wins, 119 losses, and 140 draws. 33 of their victories have been over [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Playing Record (1949/50-2021/22) |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Services/Team_Records/Playing_Record.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

Their highest first-class score is 250 [[not out]] by [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] against [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] in 2012–13.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Runs in an Innings for Services |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Services/Batting_Records/Highest_Innings_For.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The best bowling figures are 8 for 37 by [[Gokul Inder Dev]] against Jammu and Kashmir in 1968–69.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Wickets in an Innings for Services |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Services/Bowling_Records/Best_Innings_Bowling_For.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

They reached the semi-finals of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] for the first time in the [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021–22]] season. Their best finish in the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] was in the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|2019–20]] season, where they finished third in their group with 4 wins and 2 losses.

==Famous players==
Services players who have played [[Test cricket]] for [[India cricket team|India]], along with year of Test debut:

* [[Hemu Adhikari]] (1947) (primarily played for Baroda)
* [[Bal Dani]] (1952)
* [[Chandrasekhar Gadkari]] (1953)
* [[Narain Swamy]] (1955)
* [[Surendranath (cricketer)|Surendra Nath]] (1958)
* [[Apoorva Sengupta]] (1959)
* [[V. M. Muddiah]] (1959)

==Current squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Birthplace
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Batsmen
|-
| [[Rajat Paliwal]] || {{birth date and age|1991|12|24|df=y}} || [[Sonepat]], HR || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || '''Captain'''
|-
| [[Ravi Chauhan]] || {{birth date and age|1993|9|17|df=y}} || [[New Delhi]], DL || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg-break]] ||
|-
| [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1995)|G Rahul Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1995|9|18|df=y}} || [[Maniktala]], WB || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Shubham Rohilla]] || {{birth date and age|1998|3|10|df=y}} || [[Rohtak]], HR || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Anshul Gupta]] || {{birth date and age|1989|9|20|df=y}} || [[Ghaziabad]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Amit Pachhara]] || {{birth date and age|1995|9|8|df=y}} || [[Mathura]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Sufiyan Alam]] || {{birth date and age|1995|4|2|df=y}} || [[Delhi]], DL || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Vikas Hathwala]] || {{birth date and age|1993|9|6|df=y}} || [[Delhi]], DL || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Lakhan Singh (cricketer)|Lakhan Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1998|8|21|df=y}} || [[Ghaziabad]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Wicket-keeper
|-
| [[Devender Lochab]] || {{birth date and age|1992|11|5|df=y}} || [[Jhajjar]], HR || Right-handed || ||
|-
| Lovekesh Bansal || {{birth date and age|1995|8|17|df=y}} || [[Yamuna Nagar]], HR || Left-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Pulkit Narang]] || {{birth date and age|1994|6|18|df=y}} || [[New Delhi]], DL ||Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1992)|Rahul Singh]] || {{birth date and age|1992|9|12|df=y}} || [[Kaithal]], HR || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| Mohit Rathee || {{birth date and age|1999|1|13|df=y}} || [[Rohtak]], HR || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Plays for '''[[Punjab Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Arjun Sharma]] || {{birth date and age|1996|5|25|df=y}} || [[Jalandhar]], PB || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Parth Rekhade]] || {{birth date and age|1999|7|18|df=y}} || [[Nagpur]], MH || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[Diwesh Pathania]] || {{birth date and age|1989|6|22|df=y}} || [[Pathankot]], PB || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Arpit Guleria]] || {{birth date and age|1997|4|26|df=y}} ||[[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], HP|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Lucknow Super Giants]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Poonam Poonia]] || {{birth date and age|1994|12|12|df=y}} ||[[Sri Ganganagar]], RJ|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Nitin Yadav]] || {{birth date and age|1992|11|20|df=y}} ||[[Delhi]], DL|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Sachidanand Pandey]] || {{birth date and age|1996|7|1|df=y}} ||[[Allahabad]], UP|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Abhishek Tiwari]] || {{birth date and age|1988|12|7|df=y}} ||[[Allahabad]], UP|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Mohit Kumar (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohit Kumar]] || {{birth date and age|1996|9|25|df=y}} ||[[Gurgaon]], HR|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Gaurav Sharma || {{birth date and age|1994|7|6|df=y}} || [[Bulandshahr]], UP || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 25 January 2023''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/349/First-Class_Matches.html First-class matches played by Services]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Military sport in India]]
[[Category:Military cricket teams]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1926]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Nagaland cricket team

2023-03-30T15:31:43Z

Neo: /* Squad */

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Nagaland cricket team
| image =
| captain = [[Rongsen Jonathan]]
| coach = [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
| founded = 2018
| ground = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium]]
| capacity =
| owner = [[Nagaland Cricket Association]]
| first_fc = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| first_fc_year = 2018
| first_fc_venue = [[Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium|Nagaland Cricket Association Stadium, Sovima]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| title3wins = 0
|website = [http://nagalandcricket.com/ nagalandcricket.com]
}}

The '''Nagaland cricket team''' is a [[cricket]] team that represents the state of [[Nagaland]] in Indian domestic competitions. In July 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) named the team as one of the nine new sides that would compete in domestic tournaments for the 2018–19 season, including the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] and the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="CI39">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="IE39">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17462/bcci-to-host-over-2000-matches-in-the-upcoming-2018-19-domestic-season |title=BCCI to host over 2000 matches in the upcoming 2018–19 domestic season |work=BCCI |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> However, the [[Telangana Cricket Association]] questioned the decision to include the team in the Ranji Trophy, stating that there should be qualification criteria to allow a team to compete.<ref name="FP">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/telangana-cricket-association-questions-bcci-over-inclusion-of-teams-from-north-east-in-ranji-trophy-4855481.html |title=Telangana Cricket Association questions BCCI over inclusion of teams from North East in Ranji Trophy |work=First Post |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Ahead of the 2018–19 season, [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]] was appointed as the team's coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532976/bcci-eases-entry-new-domestic-teams-logistical-challenges-emerge |title=BCCI eases entry for new domestic teams as logistical challenges emerge |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

In September 2018, they lost their opening fixture of the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], to [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]], by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-bihar-make-winning-return-to-domestic-cricket/articleshow/65873882.cms |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Bihar make winning return to domestic cricket |work=Times of India |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156795.html |title=Plate, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Anand, Sep 19 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In their first season in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, they finished in fourth place in the Plate Group, with five wins and three defeats from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8890/vijay-hazare-trophy |title=2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[KB Pawan]] finished as the leading run-scorer, with 432 runs, and [[Imliwati Lemtur]] was the leading wicket-taker for the team, with ten dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=6561;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 – Nagaland: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, in their opening match of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], they beat [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] by an innings and 333 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-takeaways-unadkat-picks-seven-mumbai-in-command-against-railways-1928981.html |title=Ranji Trophy Takeaways: Unadkat Picks Seven; Mumbai in Command Against Railways |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-sikkim-record-innings-victory-over-manipur-5432889/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Sikkim record innings victory over Manipur |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> It was the biggest winning margin for a team making its debut in the Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-digest-mixed-bag-for-india-stars-new-states-take-baby-steps-1930305.html |title=Ranji Trophy Digest: Mixed Bag For India Stars, New States Take Baby Steps |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> They finished the 2018–19 tournament seventh in the table, with two wins from their eight matches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8050/ranji-trophy |title=Ranji Trophy Table – 2018–19 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Nagaland finished in last place in [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group A|Group A]] of the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], with no wins from their six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/8661/season/2019/india-dom-t20 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2019: Points Table |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Rongsen Jonathan]] was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 121 runs, and [[Pawan Suyal]] was the leading wicket-taker, with three dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12593;team=6561;type=tournament |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, 2018/19 – Nagaland: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

In July 2019, ahead of the 2019–20 cricket season, the [[Nagaland Cricket Association]] (NCA) released three outstation players, [[Pawan Suyal]], [[K. B. Pawan]] and [[Abrar Kazi]], following poor performances in the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/nagaland-plate-group-bcci-domestic-vijay-hazare-ranji/article28275412.ece# |title=Nagaland set to hire fresh guest players |work=Sport Star |access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref>

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Name
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Batsmen
|-
| [[Rongsen Jonathan]] || {{birth date and age|1986|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || '''Captain'''
|-
| [[Hokaito Zhimomi]] || {{birth date and age|1986|9|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Joshua Ozukum]] || {{birth date and age|2000|4|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Sedezhalie Rupero]] || {{birth date and age|1997|11|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Yugandhar Singh || {{birth date and age|2005|10|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| [[Hem Chetri]] || {{birth date and age|2000|9|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| Nzanthung Mozhui || {{birth date and age|1995|12|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| Renjamo Mozhui || {{birth date and age|1996|12|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |All-rounders
|-
| [[Shrikant Mundhe]] || {{birth date and age|1988|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Akavi Yeptho]] || {{birth date and age|1997|9|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| Mungkham Phom || {{birth date and age|1998|2|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| [[Mughavi Wotsa]] || {{birth date and age|1992|1|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Chetan Bist]] || {{birth date and age|1989|9|3|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| ||
|-
| [[Temjentoshi Jamir]] || {{birth date and age|1985|2|12|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Imliwati Lemtur]] || {{birth date and age|1991|12|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| [[Tahmeed Rahman]] || {{birth date and age|1998|9|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Khrievitso Kense]] || {{birth date and age|2004|3|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" |Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Nagaho Chishi]] || {{birth date and age|1997|11|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002) | Akash Singh]] || {{birth date and age|2002|4|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Plays for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|-
| [[Chopise Hopongkyu]] || {{birth date and age|2000|12|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Merenka Jamir]] || {{birth date and age|1998|5|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 24 January 2023''

==See also==
*[[List of Nagaland cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

[[Category:Indian first-class cricket teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2018]]

Tamil Nadu women's cricket team

2023-03-09T09:28:23Z

Neo: /* Current squad */

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
|name = Tamil Nadu Women
|image =
|caption =
|captain = [[Thirush Kamini]]
|coach =
|founded =
|ground = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
|capacity = 50,000
|owner = [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Senior Women's T20 League|SWTL]]
| title2wins = 0
|website = [https://www.tnca.cricket TNCA]
}}
The '''Tamil Nadu women's cricket team''' is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/3/3973/3973.html|title=Tamil Nadu Women at Cricketarchive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321042640/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/3/3973/3973.html|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The team has represented the state in [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] ([[List A cricket|List A]]) and [[Senior women's T20 league]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-one-day-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117083321/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-t20-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153953/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Current squad==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Notes
|-
! colspan="5" | Batters
|-
| [[Thirush Kamini|MD Thirush Kamini]] || {{age|1990|7|30}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Captain
|-
| R Abarna || {{age|1999|9|17}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| MS Shailaja || {{age|1991|1|12}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" | All-rounders
|-
| L Nethra || {{age|1995|2|1}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| S Anusha || {{age|1996|7|18}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Vice-Captain
|-
| Arshi Choudhary || {{age|1998|8|7}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| A Eloksi || {{age|2003|6|26}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Niranjana Nagarajan]] || {{age|1988|10|9}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| Aparna Mondal || {{age|1996|2|6}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
| S Pavithra || {{age|2001|9|17}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| SB Keerthana || {{age|2000|10|8}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| K Ramyashri || {{age|2002|10|7}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| Nida Rehman || || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
| KP Sathvika || || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
| S Vinodha || || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Pace Bowler
|-
| Akshara Srinivasan || || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|}

''Updated as on 1 February 2023''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Tamil Nadu]]

Indian law

2022-12-06T16:50:41Z

Neo: Added a new contribution to the website.

#REDIRECT [[Law of India]]

Sasanian Empire

2022-11-05T20:29:02Z

Neo: Added a new entry to the site.

{{Short description|Last pre-Islamic Iranian empire (224–651 AD)}}

{{use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = ''Ērānšahr''{{efn|name=native-name|[[Book Pahlavi]] spelling: [[File:Eranshahr.svg|60px]] ({{transl|pal|ʾylʾnštr'}}); [[Inscriptional Pahlavi]] spelling: {{lang|pal|𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩}} ({{transl|pal|ʾyrʾnštry}}), {{lang|pal|𐭠𐭩𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩}} ({{transl|pal|ʾylʾnštry}}); [[Modern Persian]]: {{lang|fa|ایرانشهر}} whence the [[New Persian]] terms ''Iranshahr'' and ''Iran''<ref>{{Citation |author=MacKenzie, D. N. |title=A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary |year=2005 |page=120 |publisher=Routledge Curzon|location=London & New York |isbn=978-0-19-713559-4}}</ref>}}<ref name=wiesehofer />
| conventional_long_name = Empire of the Iranians
| common_name = Persia
| era = [[Late Antiquity]]
| government_type = [[Feudal monarchy]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC&pg=PA179 ''First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936'']. Brill. 1993. p. 179.</ref>
| year_start = 224
| year_end = 651
| event_start = [[Battle of Hormozdgan]]
| date_start = 28 April
| event1 = The [[Iberian War]]
| date_event1 = 526–532
| event2 = [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Climactic Roman–Persian War of 602–628]]
| date_event2 = 602–628
| event3 = [[Sasanian civil war of 628–632|Civil war]]{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=4}}
| date_event3 = 628–632
| event4 = [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim conquest]]
| date_event4 = 633–651
| event_end = [[Fall of the Sasanian Empire|Empire collapses]]
| date_end =
| p1 = Parthian Empire
| p3 = Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity){{!}}Kingdom of Iberia
| p4 = Kushan Empire
| p5 = Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity){{!}}Kingdom of Armenia
| p6 = Kings of Persis
| s1 = Rashidun Caliphate
| s2 = Dabuyid dynasty
| s3 = Bavand dynasty
| s4 = Zarmihrids
| s5 = Masmughans of Damavand
| s6 = Qarinvand dynasty
| s7 = Tokhara Yabghus
| image_flag = Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg
| flag_type = [[Derafsh Kaviani]] (state flag)
| flag_size = 100px
| image_coat = Senmurv.svg
| symbol_type = [[Simurgh]] (imperial emblem)
| image_map = The Sasanian Empire at its apex under Khosrow II.svg
| image_map_caption = The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent {{Circa|620}}, under [[Khosrow II]]
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Istakhr]] (224–226)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon |title=Ctesiphon – Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref>
* [[Ctesiphon]] (226–637)}}
| common_languages = [[Middle Persian]] (official){{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=99–100}} [[#Regional languages|Other languages]]
| religion = {{unbulleted list|[[Zoroastrianism]] (official)|[[Church of the East|Christianity]]|[[Judaism]]|[[Manichaeism]]|[[Mazdakism]]|[[Buddhism]]}}
| currency =
| title_leader = [[List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire|Shahanshah]]
| leader1 = [[Ardashir I]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 224–241
| leader2 = [[Yazdegerd III]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 632–651
| stat_year1 = 550<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research|volume=12|issue=2 |page=223 |url=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|access-date=11 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|journal=Social Science History|volume=3|issue=3/4|at=p. 122|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref>
| stat_area1 = 3500000
| stat_pop1 =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
| border_p1 = Imperial
}}
{{Contains special characters}}
{{History of Iran}}
The '''Sasanian''' '''Empire''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|s|ɑː|n|i|ə|n|,_|s|ə|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|i|ə|n}}), officially known as '''Eranshahr''' ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"){{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=9}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2018|p=1}} was the [[History of Iran|last Iranian empire]] before the [[early Muslim conquests]] of the 7th–8th centuries AD. Named after the [[Sasanian dynasty|House of Sasan]], it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD, making it the longest-lived [[List of monarchs of Persia|Persian imperial dynasty]].<ref name="wiesehofer">{{harv|Wiesehöfer|1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History |url=http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011121030510/http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2001 |work=Culture of Iran |access-date=11 September 2009 }}</ref> The Sasanian Empire succeeded the [[Parthian Empire]], and re-established the [[Persians]] as a major power in [[late antiquity]] alongside its neighbouring arch-rival, the [[Roman Empire]] (after 395 the [[Byzantine Empire]]).<ref name="EIr-Sasanian">{{harv|Shahbazi|2005}}</ref><ref name="Norman A. Stillman pp 22">Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews of Arab Lands'' p. 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 {{ISBN|0827611552}}</ref><ref name="Byzantine Studies 2006, pp 29">International Congress of Byzantine Studies ''Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1–3'' p. 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006 {{ISBN|075465740X}}</ref>

The empire was founded by [[Ardashir I]], an Iranian ruler who rose to power as Parthia weakened from internal strife and wars with the Romans. After defeating the last Parthian [[King of Kings|''shahanshah'']], [[Artabanus IV of Parthia|Artabanus IV]], at the [[Battle of Hormozdgan]] in 224 AD, he established the Sasanian dynasty and set out to restore the legacy of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by expanding Iran's dominions. At its greatest territorial extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of present-day [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]], and stretched from the [[eastern Mediterranean]] (including [[Anatolia]] and [[History of Egypt|Egypt]]) to parts of modern-day [[Pakistan]] as well as from parts of [[South Arabia|southern Arabia]] to the [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]]. According to legend, the [[vexilloid]]{{efn|
An object which functions as a flag but differs from it in some respect, usually appearance. Vexilloids are characteristic of traditional societies and often consist of a staff with an emblem, such as a carved animal, at the top.}} of the Sasanian Empire was the [[Derafsh Kaviani]].<ref name="Derafš-e Kāvīān">Khaleghi-Motlagh, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/derafs-e-kavian- Derafš-e Kāvīān]</ref>

The period of Sasanian rule is considered to be a high point in Iranian history<ref>Hourani, p. 87.</ref> and in many ways was the peak of [[Greater Iran|ancient Iranian culture]] before the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|conquest by Arab Muslims]] under the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] and subsequent [[Islamization of Iran]]. The Sasanians tolerated the varied faiths and cultures of their subjects, developed a complex and centralized government bureaucracy, and revitalized [[Zoroastrianism]] as a legitimizing and unifying force of their rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Atlas of World Art |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0195215830 |editor-last=Onians |editor-first=John |pages=80–81 |chapter=West Asia 300 BC–AD 600 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/36355586}}</ref> They also built grand monuments, public works, and patronized cultural and educational institutions. The empire's cultural influence extended far beyond its territorial borders—including [[Western Europe]],<ref>Will Durant, ''Age of Faith'', (Simon and Schuster, 1950), 150; ''Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.''.</ref> [[Africa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0104/sasanians.html |title=Transoxiana 04: Sasanians in Africa |publisher=Transoxiana.com.ar |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> [[History of China|China]], and [[History of India|India]]<ref>Sarfaraz, pp. 329–330</ref>—and helped shape [[Medieval art|European]] and [[History of Asian art|Asian]] medieval art.<ref name="Iransaga: The art of Sassanians">{{cite web|url=http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/sass2.htm |title=Iransaga: The art of Sassanians |publisher=Artarena.force9.co.uk |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> Persian culture became the basis for much of [[Islamic culture]], influencing [[Sasanian art|art]], [[Sasanian architecture|architecture]], [[Sasanian music|music]], [[Middle Persian literature|literature]], and [[Iranian philosophy|philosophy]] throughout the [[Muslim world]].<ref>Abdolhossein Zarinkoob: ''Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi'', p. 305</ref>

==Name==
Officially, the Empire was known as the Empire of Iranians ([[Middle Persian]]: ''ērānšahr'', [[Parthian language|Parthian]]: ''aryānšahr''); the term is first attested in [[the Great Inscription of Shapur I]], where the [[Shapur I|king]] says "I am the ruler of Empire of Iranians" ([[Middle Persian]]: ''ērānšahr xwadāy hēm'', [[Parthian language|Parthian]]: ''aryānšahr xwadāy ahēm'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah|title=Ērān, Ērānšahr – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

More commonly, due to the fact that the [[Sasanian dynasty|ruling dynasty]] was named after [[Sasan]], the empire is known as the Sasanian Empire in historical and academic sources. This term is also recorded in [[English language|English]] as the Sassanian Empire, the Sasanid Empire and the Sassanid Empire. Historians have also referred to the Sasanian Empire as the Neo-Persian Empire, since it was the second Iranian empire that rose from [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] ([[Persis]]),<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Fattah|first=Hala Mundhir|title=A Brief History of Iraq|year=2009|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8160-5767-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofir0000fatt/page/49 49]|quote=Historians have also referred to the Sassanian Empire as the Neo-Persian Empire.|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofir0000fatt/page/49}}</ref> while the [[Achaemenid Empire]] was the first one.

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of the Sasanian Empire}}

===Origins and early history (205–310)===
{{further|Kings of Persis|Sasan|House of Sasan}}
[[File:SASANIAN KINGS. Ardashir I. As King of Persis, AD 205-6-223-4.jpg|thumb|left|Initial coinage of founder [[Ardashir I]], as [[King of Persis]] Artaxerxes (Ardaxsir) V. {{circa|205/6–223/4}} AD. '''''Obv:''''' Bearded facing head, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara, legend ''"The divine Ardaxir, king"'' in Pahlavi. '''''Rev:''''' Bearded head of [[Papak]], wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara, legend ''"son of the divinity Papak, king"'' in Pahlavi.]]
Conflicting accounts shroud the details of the fall of the [[Parthian Empire]] and subsequent rise of the Sassanian Empire in mystery.<ref name=Fyre461>{{Harvnb|Frye|2005|p=461}}</ref> The Sassanian Empire was established in [[Istakhr|Estakhr]] by [[Ardashir I]].

Ardashir's father, [[Pabag|Papak]], was originally the ruler of a region called Khir. However, by 200, Papak had managed to overthrow [[Gochihr]] and appoint himself the new ruler of the [[Bazrangi|Bazrangids]]. Papak's mother, Rodhagh, was the daughter of the provincial governor of [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]]. Papak and his eldest son Shapur managed to expand their power over all of Pars. Subsequent events are unclear due to the elusive nature of the sources. It is certain, however, that following the death of Papak, Ardashir, the governor of [[Darab|Darabgerd]], became involved in a power struggle with his elder brother Shapur. Sources reveal that Shapur, leaving for a meeting with his brother, was killed when the roof of a building collapsed on him. By 208, over the protests of his other brothers, who were put to death, Ardashir declared himself ruler of Pars.<ref name=Farrokh178>{{harvnb|Farrokh|2007|p=178}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|pp=194, 198}}</ref>

[[File:Ardachir relief Firuzabad 1.jpg|thumb|330px|1840 illustration of a Sasanian relief at [[Firuzabad, Fars|Firuzabad]], showing [[Ardashir I]]'s [[Battle of Hormozdgan|victory]] over [[Artabanus IV]] and his forces.]]
[[File:Irnp105-Grobowce Naqsh-E Rustam.jpg|thumb|Rock relief of [[Ardashir I]] receiving the ring of kingship by the [[Zoroastrian]] supreme god [[Ahura Mazda]].]]
Once Ardashir was appointed ''[[shah]]'' (king), he moved his capital further to the south of Pars and founded [[Ardashir-Khwarrah]] (formerly ''Gur'', modern day [[Firuzabad, Fars|Firuzabad]]). The city, well protected by high mountains and easily defensible due to the narrow passes that approached it, became the center of Ardashir's efforts to gain more power. It was surrounded by a high, circular wall, probably copied from that of Darabgerd. Ardashir's palace was on the north side of the city; remains of it are extant. After establishing his rule over Pars, Ardashir rapidly extended his territory, demanding fealty from the local princes of Fars, and gaining control over the neighbouring provinces of [[Kerman province|Kerman]], [[Isfahan Province|Isfahan]], [[Susa|Susiana]] and [[Mesene]]. This expansion quickly came to the attention of Artabanus IV, the Parthian king, who initially ordered the governor of Khuzestan to wage war against Ardashir in 224, but Ardashir was victorious in the ensuing battles. In a second attempt to destroy Ardashir, Artabanus himself met Ardashir in battle at Hormozgan, where the former met his death. Following the death of the Parthian ruler, Ardashir went on to invade the western provinces of the now defunct Parthian Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Farrokh|2007|p=180}}</ref>

[[File:IranNIRShapurIValerian.jpg|thumb|left|Rock-face relief at [[Naqsh-e Rostam]] of Persian emperor Shapur I (on horseback) capturing Roman emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] (standing) and [[Philip the Arab]] (kneeling), suing for peace, following the victory at [[Battle of Edessa|Edessa]].]]

At that time the Arsacid dynasty was divided between supporters of [[Artabanus IV of Parthia|Artabanus IV]] and [[Vologases VI]], which probably allowed Ardashir to consolidate his authority in the south with little or no interference from the Parthians. Ardashir was aided by the geography of the province of Fars, which was separated from the rest of Iran.<ref>{{harvnb|Frye|2005|pp=465–466}}</ref> Crowned in 224 at [[Ctesiphon]] as the sole ruler of Persia, Ardashir took the title ''shahanshah'', or "King of Kings" (the inscriptions mention [[Adur-Anahid|Adhur-Anahid]] as his [[Banbishn|Banbishnan banbishn]], "Queen of Queens", but her relationship with Ardashir has not been fully established), bringing the 400-year-old Parthian Empire to an end, and beginning four centuries of Sassanid rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Frye|2005|pp=466–467}}</ref>

In the next few years, local rebellions occurred throughout the empire. Nonetheless, Ardashir I further expanded his new empire to the east and northwest, conquering the provinces of [[Sakastan (Sasanian province)|Sakastan]], [[Gorgan]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Margiana|Marw]] (in modern [[Turkmenistan]]), [[Balkh]] and [[Khwarazm|Chorasmia]]. He also added [[Bahrain]] and [[Mosul]] to the Sassanid possessions. Later Sassanid inscriptions also claim the submission of the Kings of [[Kushan]], [[Turan (Sasanian province)|Turan]] and [[Makran|Makuran]] to Ardashir, although based on numismatic evidence it is more likely that these actually submitted to Ardashir's son, the future [[Shapur I]]. In the west, assaults against [[Hatra]], [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] and [[Adiabene]] met with less success. In 230, Ardashir raided deep into Roman territory, and a Roman counter-offensive two years later ended inconclusively, although the [[Roman emperor]], [[Alexander Severus]], celebrated a triumph in [[Roman Empire|Rome]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre605.html |title=5.1–6 |publisher=Livius.org |access-date=2013-12-16 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113808/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre605.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dodgeon-Greatrex-Lieu|2002|pp=24, 28}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frye|1993|p=124}}</ref>

[[File:HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg|thumb|''The Humiliation of Valerian by Shapur'' ([[Hans Holbein the Younger]], 1521, pen and black ink on a chalk sketch, [[Kunstmuseum Basel]])]]

Ardashir I's son Shapur I continued the expansion of the empire, conquering [[Bactria]] and the western portion of the Kushan Empire, while leading several campaigns against Rome. Invading [[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Roman Mesopotamia]], Shapur I captured [[Harran|Carrhae]] and [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]], but in 243 the Roman general [[Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus|Timesitheus]] defeated the Persians at [[Battle of Resaena|Rhesaina]] and regained the lost territories.<ref name="Frye125">{{harvnb|Frye|1993|p=125}}</ref> The emperor [[Gordian III]]'s (238–244) subsequent advance down the [[Euphrates]] was defeated at [[Battle of Misiche|Meshike]] (244), leading to Gordian's murder by his own troops and enabling Shapur to conclude a highly advantageous peace treaty with the new emperor [[Philip the Arab]], by which he secured the immediate payment of 500,000 ''[[denarii]]'' and further annual payments.

Shapur soon resumed the war, defeated the Romans at [[Battle of Barbalissos|Barbalissos]] (253), and then probably took and plundered [[Antioch]].<ref name="Frye125"/><ref>{{harvnb|Southern|2001|pp=235–236}}</ref> Roman counter-attacks under the emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] ended in disaster when the Roman army was defeated and besieged at [[Battle of Edessa|Edessa]] and Valerian was captured by Shapur, remaining his prisoner for the rest of his life. Shapur celebrated his victory by carving the impressive rock reliefs in [[Naqsh-e Rostam]] and [[Bishapur]], as well as a monumental inscription in Persian and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] in the vicinity of [[Persepolis]]. He exploited his success by advancing into [[Anatolia]] (260), but withdrew in disarray after defeats at the hands of the Romans and their [[Palmyra|Palmyrene]] ally [[Odaenathus]], suffering the capture of his harem and the loss of all the Roman territories he had occupied.<ref>{{harvnb|Frye|1993|p=126}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Southern|2001|p=238}}</ref>
[[File:Spread of Manicheanism.png|alt=|left|thumb|The spread of [[Manichaeism]] (300–500)<ref>''World History Atlas'', Dorling Kindersley</ref>]]
Shapur had intensive development plans. He ordered the construction of the [[Band-e Kaisar|first dam bridge in Iran]] and founded many cities, some settled in part by emigrants from the Roman territories, including Christians who could exercise their faith freely under Sassanid rule. Two cities, [[Bishapur]] and [[Nishapur]], are named after him. He particularly favoured [[Manichaeism]], protecting [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] (who dedicated one of his books, the [[Shabuhragan]], to him) and sent many Manichaean missionaries abroad. He also befriended a [[Babylon]]ian rabbi called [[Samuel of Nehardea|Samuel]].

This friendship was advantageous for the [[Jews|Jewish]] community and gave them a respite from the oppressive laws enacted against them. Later kings reversed Shapur's policy of religious tolerance. When Shapur's son [[Bahram I]] acceded to the throne, he was pressured by the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] high-priest [[Kartir]] [[Bahram I]] to kill Mani and persecute his followers. [[Bahram II]] was also amenable to the wishes of the Zoroastrian priesthood.<ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=197}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frye|1968|p=128}}</ref> During his reign, the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon was sacked by the Romans under Emperor [[Carus]], and most of Armenia, after half a century of Persian rule, was ceded to [[Diocletian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=199}}</ref>

Succeeding [[Bahram III]] (who ruled briefly in 293), [[Narseh]] embarked on another war with the Romans. After an early success against the Emperor [[Galerius]] near [[Raqqa|Callinicum]] on the Euphrates in 296, he was eventually decisively defeated by them. Galerius had been reinforced, probably in the spring of 298, by a new contingent collected from the empire's [[Danubian]] holdings.<ref name="BNSCE18">Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', p. 18.</ref> Narseh did not advance from Armenia and [[Mesopotamia]], leaving Galerius to lead the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia. Narseh retreated to Armenia to fight Galerius's force, to the former's disadvantage: the rugged Armenian terrain was favourable to Roman infantry, but not to Sassanid cavalry. Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and, in two successive battles, Galerius secured victories over Narseh.<ref name="Barnes, p. 18">Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', p. 18; Potter, ''The Roman Empire at Bay'', p. 293.</ref>

[[File:Caucasus 300 map alt de.png|thumb|Rome and satellite kingdom of Armenia around 300, after Narseh's defeat]]

During the second encounter, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.<ref name="Barnes, p. 18"/> Galerius advanced into [[Media (region)|Media]] and [[Adiabene]], winning successive victories, most prominently near [[Erzurum]], and securing Nisibis ([[Nusaybin]], Turkey) before 1 October 298. He then advanced down the [[Tigris]], taking Ctesiphon. Narseh had previously sent an ambassador to Galerius to plead for the return of his wives and children. Peace negotiations began in the spring of 299, with both Diocletian and Galerius presiding.

The conditions of the peace were heavy: Persia would give up territory to Rome, making the Tigris the boundary between the two empires. Further terms specified that Armenia was returned to Roman domination, with the fort of Ziatha as its border; [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Caucasian Iberia]] would pay allegiance to Rome under a Roman appointee; Nisibis, now under Roman rule, would become the sole conduit for trade between Persia and Rome; and Rome would exercise control over the five satrapies between the Tigris and Armenia: [[Angeghtun|Ingilene]], Sophanene ([[Sophene]]), Arzanene ([[Arzanene|Aghdznik]]), [[Corduene]], and [[Zabdicene]] (near modern [[Hakkâri (city)|Hakkâri]], Turkey).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njwgd7YZHi8C&q=roman+empire+in+persia|author1=Michael H. Dodgeon |author2=Samuel N. C. Lieu |title=Galienus conquests:Google Books on Roman Eastern Frontier (part 1) |publisher=Routledge|year=1991 |access-date=2013-12-16|isbn=9780415103176 }}</ref>

The Sassanids ceded five provinces west of the Tigris, and agreed not to interfere in the affairs of Armenia and Georgia.<ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=200}}</ref> In the aftermath of this defeat, Narseh gave up the throne and died a year later, leaving the Sassanid throne to his son, [[Hormizd II]]. Unrest spread throughout the land, and while the new king suppressed revolts in [[Sakastan (Sasanian province)|Sakastan]] and Kushan, he was unable to control the nobles and was subsequently killed by [[Bedouin|Bedouins]] on a hunting trip in 309.

===First Golden Era (309–379)===
[[File:Head of king Met 65.126.jpg|thumb|left|Bust of [[Shapur II]] ({{reign|309|379}}), [[Met Museum]]]]
Following Hormizd II's death, northern Arabs started to ravage and plunder the western cities of the empire, even attacking the province of Fars, the birthplace of the Sassanid kings. Meanwhile, Persian nobles killed Hormizd II's eldest son, blinded the second, and imprisoned the third (who later escaped into Roman territory). The throne was reserved for [[Shapur II]], the unborn child of one of Hormizd II's wives who was crowned ''in utero'': the crown was placed upon his mother's stomach.<ref>Agathias, ''Histories'', 25, 2–5 translated by Dodgeon-Greatrex-Lieu (2002), I, 126</ref> During his youth the empire was controlled by his mother and the nobles. Upon his coming of age, Shapur II assumed power and quickly proved to be an active and effective ruler.

He first led his small but disciplined army south against the Arabs, whom he defeated, securing the southern areas of the empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=206}}</ref> He then began his first campaign against the Romans in the west, where Persian forces won a series of battles but were unable to make territorial gains due to the failure of repeated sieges of the key frontier city of Nisibis, and Roman success in retaking the cities of [[Singara]] and [[Diyarbakır|Amida]] after they had previously fallen to the Persians.

These campaigns were halted by nomadic raids along the eastern borders of the empire, which threatened [[Transoxiana]], a strategically critical area for control of the [[Silk Road]]. Shapur therefore marched east toward Transoxiana to meet the eastern nomads, leaving his local commanders to mount nuisance raids on the Romans.<ref>{{harvnb|Blockley|1998|p=421}}</ref> He crushed the Central Asian tribes, and annexed the area as a new province.

In the east around 325, [[Shapur II]] regained the upper hand against the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]] and took control of large territories in areas now known as [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]. Cultural expansion followed this victory, and Sasanian art penetrated [[Transoxiana]], reaching as far as China. Shapur, along with the nomad King [[Grumbates]], started his second campaign against the Romans in 359 and soon succeeded in retaking Singara and Amida. In response the Roman emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] struck deep into Persian territory and defeated Shapur's forces at [[Battle of Ctesiphon (363)|Ctesiphon]]. He failed to take the capital, however, and was killed while trying to retreat to Roman territory.<ref name="Frye137-138">{{harvnb|Frye|1968|pp=137, 138}}</ref> His successor [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]], trapped on the east bank of the Tigris, had to hand over all the provinces the Persians had ceded to Rome in 298, as well as Nisibis and Singara, to secure safe passage for his army out of Persia.

[[File:Alchon Huns. Anonymous. Circa 400-440 CE Imitating Sasanian king Shahpur II.jpg|thumb|Early [[Alchon Huns]] coin based on the coin design of [[Shapur II]], adding the Alchon [[Tamgha]] symbol [[File:Alchon_Tamga.png|16px]] and "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in [[Bactrian script]] on the [[obverse]]. Dated 400–440.<ref name=JB>{{cite book |last1=Braarvig |first1=Jens |title=Buddhist Manuscripts |publisher=Hermes Pub. |isbn=978-8280340061 |page=257 |edition=Vol.3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTDYAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>]]
From around 370, however, towards the end of the reign of [[Shapur II]], the Sasanians lost the control of [[Bactria]] to invaders from the north: first the [[Kidarites]], then the [[Hephthalites]] and finally the [[Alchon Huns]], who would follow up with an invasion of [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004181595 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA159}}</ref> These invaders initially issued coins based on Sasanian designs.<ref name="Tandon2013">{{cite journal |title=Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |year=2013 |last=Tandon |first=Pankaj |issue=216 |pages=24–34 |url=http://coinindia.com/Alchon.pdf |access-date=2018-07-08 }}</ref> Various coins minted in Bactria and based on Sasanian designs are extant, often with busts imitating Sassanian kings Shapur II (r. 309 to 379) and [[Shapur III]] (r. 383 to 388), adding the Alchon [[Tamga|Tamgha]] and the name "Alchono" in [[Bactrian language|Bactrian script]] on the obverse, and with attendants to a [[Fire temple|fire altar]] on the reverse.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rienjang |first1=Wannaporn |last2=Stewart |first2=Peter |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd–24th March, 2017 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1784918552 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23}}</ref>

Shapur II pursued a harsh religious policy. Under his reign, the collection of the [[Avesta]], the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, was completed, [[heresy]] and [[apostasy]] were punished, and Christians were persecuted. The latter was a reaction against the [[Christianization]] of the Roman Empire by [[Constantine the Great]]. Shapur II, like Shapur I, was amicable towards [[Jews]], who lived in relative freedom and gained many advantages during his reign.{{efn|See also: [[Rava (amora)|Raba]]}} At the time of his death, the Persian Empire was stronger than ever, with its enemies to the east pacified and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] under Persian control.<ref name="Frye137-138"/>

===Intermediate Era (379–498)===
[[File:Folio from a Khamsa-c.jpg|thumb|[[Bahram V]] is a great favourite in [[Persian literature]] and poetry. "Bahram and the Indian princess in the black pavilion." Depiction of a Khamsa (Quintet) by the great Persian poet [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]], mid-16th-century [[Safavid]] era.]]

From Shapur II's death until [[Kavad I]]'s first coronation, there was a largely peaceful period with the Romans (by this time the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman]] or [[Byzantine Empire]]) engaged in just two brief wars with the Sassanian Empire, the [[Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422|first in 421–422]] and the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440|second in 440]].<ref name="Neusner68">{{harvnb|Neusner|1969|p=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/14*.html |title=XIV.1 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frye|1993|p=145}}</ref><ref>Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 37–51</ref> Throughout this era, Sasanian religious policy differed dramatically from king to king. Despite a series of weak leaders, the [[Administrative divisions of the Sasanian Empire|administrative system]] established during Shapur II's reign remained strong, and the empire continued to function effectively.<ref name="Neusner68"/>

After Shapur II died in 379, the empire passed on to his half-brother [[Ardashir II]] (379–383; son of Hormizd II) and his son [[Shapur III]] (383–388), neither of whom demonstrated their predecessor's skill in ruling. Ardashir, who was raised as the "half-brother" of the emperor, failed to fill his brother's shoes, and Shapur was too much of a melancholy character to achieve anything. [[Bahram IV]] (388–399), although not as inactive as his father, still failed to achieve anything important for the empire. During this time Armenia was divided by a treaty between the Roman and Sasanian empires. The Sasanians reestablished their rule over Greater Armenia, while the Byzantine Empire held a small portion of western Armenia.

Bahram IV's son [[Yazdegerd I]] (399–421) is often compared to [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]]. Both were physically and diplomatically powerful, opportunistic, practiced religious tolerance and provided freedom for the rise of religious minorities. Yazdegerd stopped the persecution against the Christians and punished nobles and priests who persecuted them. His reign marked a relatively peaceful era with the Romans, and he even took the young [[Theodosius II]] (408–450) under his guardianship. Yazdegerd also married a Jewish princess, who bore him a son called Narsi.

Yazdegerd I's successor was his son [[Bahram V]] (421–438), one of the most well-known Sasanian kings and the hero of many myths. These myths persisted even after the destruction of the Sasanian Empire by the Arabs. Bahram gained the crown after Yazdegerd's sudden death (or assassination), which occurred when the grandees opposed the king with the help of [[al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man|al-Mundhir]], the Arabic dynast of [[al-Hirah]]. Bahram's mother was [[Shushandukht]], the daughter of the Jewish [[Exilarch]]. In 427, he crushed an invasion in the east by the nomadic [[Hephthalites]], extending his influence into Central Asia, where his portrait survived for centuries on the coinage of [[Bukhara]] (in modern [[Uzbekistan]]). Bahram deposed the vassal king of the Iranian-held area of [[Armenia]] and made it a province of the empire.

There are many stories that tell of Bahram V's valour, his beauty, and his victories over the Romans, [[Turkic peoples]], Indians and [[African people|Africans]], as well as his exploits in hunting and his pursuits of love. He was better known as Bahram-e Gur, ''Gur'' meaning [[onager]], on account of his love for hunting and, in particular, hunting onagers. He symbolised a king at the height of a golden age, embodying royal prosperity. He had won his crown by competing with his brother and spent much time fighting foreign enemies, but mostly he kept himself amused by hunting, holding court parties and entertaining a famous band of ladies and courtiers. During his time, the best pieces of [[Pahlavi literature|Sassanid literature]] were written, notable pieces of [[Sassanid music]] were composed, and sports such as [[polo]] became royal pastimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranologie.com/history/history5.html |title=History of Iran, Chapter V:Sassanians |access-date=2009-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715080555/http://www.iranologie.com/history/history5.html |archive-date=15 July 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:YazdegerdIICoinHistoryofIran.jpg|thumb|left|A coin of [[Yazdegerd II]]]]
Bahram V's son [[Yazdegerd II]] (438–457) was in some ways a moderate ruler, but, in contrast to Yazdegerd I, he practised a harsh policy towards minority religions, particularly [[Christianity]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=218}}</ref> However, at the [[Battle of Avarayr]] in 451, the [[Persian Armenia|Armenian subjects]] led by [[Vardan Mamikonian]] reaffirmed Armenia's right to profess Christianity freely.{{sfn|Hewsen|1987|p=32}}<ref name="Pattie">{{cite book|author=Susan Paul Pattie|title=Faith in History: Armenians Rebuilding Community |publisher= Smithsonian Institution Press |year= 1997 |page= 40 |isbn = 1560986298|quote=The Armenian defeat in the Battle of Avarayr in 451 proved a pyrrhic victory for the Persians. Though the Armenians lost their commander, Vartan Mamikonian, and most of their soldiers, Persian losses were proportionately heavy, and Armenia was allowed to remain Christian.}}</ref> This was to be later confirmed by the [[Nvarsak Treaty]] (484).

At the beginning of his reign in 441, Yazdegerd II assembled an army of soldiers from various nations, including his Indian allies, and attacked the [[Byzantine Empire]], but peace was soon restored after some small-scale fighting. He then gathered his forces in [[Nishapur]] in 443 and launched a prolonged campaign against the [[Kidarites]]. After a number of battles he crushed them and drove them out beyond the [[Oxus|Oxus river]] in 450.<ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=217}}</ref> During his eastern campaign, Yazdegerd II grew suspicious of the Christians in the army and expelled them all from the governing body and army. He then persecuted the Christians in his land, and, to a much lesser extent, the [[Jew]]s.<ref name="Zarinkoob219">{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=219}}</ref> In order to reestablish Zoroastrianism in Armenia, he crushed an uprising of Armenian Christians at the [[Battle of Vartanantz]] in 451. The Armenians, however, remained primarily Christian. In his later years, he was engaged yet again with the Kidarites right up until his death in 457. [[Hormizd III]] (457–459), the younger son of Yazdegerd II, then ascended to the throne. During his short rule, he continually fought with his elder brother [[Peroz I]], who had the support of the nobility,<ref name="Zarinkoob219"/> and with the Hephthalites in [[Bactria]]. He was killed by his brother Peroz in 459.
[[File:Plate_of_Peroz_I_hunting.jpg|thumb|Plate of [[Peroz I]] hunting [[argali]]]]
At the beginning of the 5th century, the Hephthalites (White Huns), along with other nomadic groups, attacked Iran. At first Bahram V and Yazdegerd II inflicted decisive defeats against them and drove them back eastward. The Huns returned at the end of the 5th century and defeated Peroz I (457–484) in 483. Following this victory, the Huns invaded and plundered parts of eastern Iran continually for two years. They exacted heavy tribute for some years thereafter.

These attacks brought instability and chaos to the kingdom. Peroz tried again to drive out the Hephthalites, but on the way to [[Balkh]] his army was trapped by the Huns in the desert. Peroz was [[Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484|defeated and killed]] by a Hephthalite army near Balkh.{{sfn|McDonough|2011|p=305}}{{sfn|Schindel|2013a|pp=136–141}} His army was completely destroyed, and his body was never found.{{sfn|Payne|2015b|p=287}} Four of his sons and brothers had also died.{{sfn|Potts|2018|p=295}} The main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]−[[Nishapur]], [[Herat]] and [[Merv|Marw]] were now under Hephthalite rule.{{sfn|Schindel|2013a|pp=136–141}} [[Sukhra]], a member of the Parthian [[House of Karen]], one of the [[Seven Great Houses of Iran]], quickly raised a new force and stopped the Hephthalites from achieving further success.{{sfn|Payne|2015b|p=288}} Peroz' brother, [[Balash]], was elected as shah by the Iranian magnates, most notably Sukhra and the [[House of Mihran|Mihranid]] general [[Shapur Mihran]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}}

Balash (484–488) was a mild and generous monarch, and showed care towards his subjects, including the Christians.{{sfn|Chaumont|Schippmann|1988|pp=574–580}} However, he proved unpopular among the nobility and clergy who had him deposed after just four years in 488.{{sfn|Chaumont|Schippmann|1988|pp=574–580}} Sukhra, who had played a key role in Balash's deposition,{{sfn|Chaumont|Schippmann|1988|pp=574–580}} appointed Peroz' son [[Kavad I]] as the new shah of Iran.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=78}} According to [[Miskawayh]] (d. 1030), Sukhra was Kavad's maternal uncle.{{sfn|Schindel|2013a|pp=136–141}} Kavad I (488–531) was an energetic and reformist ruler. He gave his support to the sect founded by [[Mazdak]], son of Bamdad, who demanded that the rich should divide their wives and their wealth with the poor. By adopting the doctrine of the Mazdakites, his intention evidently was to break the influence of the magnates and the growing aristocracy. These reforms led to his being deposed and imprisoned in the [[Castle of Oblivion]] in [[Khuzestan]], and his younger brother [[Jamasp]] (Zamaspes) became king in 496. Kavad, however, quickly escaped and was given refuge by the Hephthalite king.<ref name="PRO6">Procopius, [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16764/16764-h/16764-h.htm VI].</ref>{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=27}}

[[Jamasp]] (496–498) was installed on the Sassanid throne upon the deposition of Kavad I by members of the nobility. He was a good and kind king; he reduced taxes in order to improve the condition of the [[peasant]]s and the poor. He was also an adherent of the mainstream Zoroastrian religion, diversions from which had cost Kavad I his throne and freedom. Jamasp's reign soon ended, however, when Kavad I, at the head of a large army granted to him by the Hephthalite king, returned to the empire's capital. Jamasp stepped down from his position and returned the throne to his brother.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=114}} No further mention of Jamasp is made after the restoration of Kavad I, but it is widely believed that he was treated favourably at the court of his brother.<ref name="iranologie">{{cite web|author=Khodadad Rezakhani |url=http://www.iranologie.com/history/history5.html |title=Iranologie History of Iran Chapter V: Sasanians |publisher=Iranologie.com |access-date=2013-12-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206060011/http://www.iranologie.com/history/history5.html |archive-date=6 February 2014 }}</ref>

===Second Golden Era (498–622)===
[[File:Plate with king hunting rams (white background).jpg|thumb|Plate of a Sasanian king hunting rams, perhaps [[Kavad I]] ({{reign|488|496|498|531}}).]]
The second golden era began after the second reign of Kavad I. With the support of the [[Hephtalites]], Kavad launched a campaign against the Romans. In 502, he took [[Theodosiopolis (Armenia)|Theodosiopolis]] in Armenia, but lost it soon afterwards. In 503 he took [[Amida (Roman city)|Amida]] on the Tigris. In 504, an invasion of Armenia by the western Huns from the Caucasus led to an armistice, the return of Amida to Roman control and a peace treaty in 506. In 521/522 Kavad lost control of [[Lazica]], whose rulers switched their allegiance to the Romans; an attempt by the [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Iberians]] in 524/525 to do likewise triggered a war between Rome and Persia.

In 527, a Roman offensive against Nisibis was repulsed and Roman efforts to fortify positions near the frontier were thwarted. In 530, Kavad sent an army under [[Perozes]] to attack the important Roman frontier city of [[Dara (Mesopotamia)|Dara]]. The army was met by the Roman general [[Belisarius]], and, though superior in numbers, was defeated at the [[Battle of Daras|Battle of Dara]]. In the same year, a second Persian army under [[Mihr-Mihroe]] was defeated at [[Satala]] by Roman forces under [[Sittas]] and Dorotheus, but in 531 a Persian army accompanied by a [[Lakhmids|Lakhmid]] contingent under [[Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man|Al-Mundhir III]] defeated Belisarius at the [[Battle of Callinicum]], and in 532 an "eternal" peace was concluded.<ref>Zarinkoob, p. 229.</ref> Although he could not free himself from the yoke of the Hephthalites, Kavad succeeded in restoring order in the interior and fought with general success against the Eastern Romans, founded several cities, some of which were named after him, and began to regulate taxation and internal administration.

[[File:Plate of the Sasanian king Khosrow I Anushirvan.jpg|thumb|left|Plate depicting [[Khosrow I]].]]
After the reign of Kavad I, his son [[Khosrow I]], also known as Anushirvan ("with the immortal soul"; ruled 531–579), ascended to the throne. He is the most celebrated of the Sassanid rulers. Khosrow I is most famous for his reforms in the aging governing body of Sassanids. He introduced a rational system of [[taxation]] based upon a survey of [[landed possession]]s, which his father had begun, and he tried in every way to increase the welfare and the revenues of his empire. Previous great feudal lords fielded their own military equipment, followers, and retainers. Khosrow I developed a new force of [[dehqan]]s, or "knights", paid and equipped by the central government<ref name="Frye">{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/fryehst.html |title=Richard Frye "The History of Ancient Iran" |publisher=Fordham.edu |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> and the bureaucracy, tying the army and bureaucracy more closely to the central government than to local lords.{{sfn|Richard Frye. The History of Ancient Iran.|p=}}

Emperor [[Justinian I]] (527–565) paid Khosrow I 440,000 pieces of gold as a part of the "eternal peace" treaty of 532. In 540, Khosrow broke the treaty and invaded Syria, sacking Antioch and extorting large sums of money from a number of other cities. Further successes followed: in 541 Lazica defected to the Persian side, and in 542 a major Byzantine offensive in [[Sasanian Armenia|Armenia]] was defeated at [[Battle of Anglon|Anglon]]. Also in 541, [[Khosrow I]] entered Lazica at the invitation of its king, captured the main Byzantine stronghold at [[Petra, Lazica|Petra]], and established another protectorate over the country,<ref>{{harvnb|Martindale|Jones|Morris|1992|pp=559, 639}}; {{harvnb|Bury|1958|pp=101–102}}.</ref> commencing the [[Lazic War]]. A five-year truce agreed to in 545 was interrupted in 547 when Lazica again switched sides and eventually expelled its Persian garrison with Byzantine help; the war resumed but remained confined to Lazica, which was retained by the Byzantines when peace was concluded in 562.

In 565, Justinian I died and was succeeded by [[Justin II]] (565–578), who resolved to stop subsidies to Arab chieftains to restrain them from raiding Byzantine territory in Syria. A year earlier, the Sassanid governor of Armenia, [[Chihor-Vishnasp]] of the Suren family, built a fire temple at [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] near modern [[Yerevan]], and he put to death an influential member of the [[Mamikonian]] family, touching off a revolt which led to the massacre of the Persian governor and his guard in 571, while rebellion also broke out in [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Iberia]]. Justin II took advantage of the Armenian revolt to stop his yearly payments to Khosrow I for the defense of the Caucasus passes.

The Armenians were welcomed as allies, and an army was sent into Sassanid territory which [[Siege of Nisibis (573)|besieged]] Nisibis in 573. However, dissension among the Byzantine generals not only led to an abandonment of the siege, but they in turn were besieged in the city of [[Dara (Mesopotamia)|Dara]], which was taken by the Persians. Capitalizing on this success, the Persians then ravaged Syria, causing Justin II to agree to make annual payments in exchange for a five-year truce on the Mesopotamian front, although the war continued elsewhere. In 576 Khosrow I led his last campaign, an offensive into Anatolia which sacked [[Sivas|Sebasteia]] and [[Malatya|Melitene]], but ended in disaster: defeated outside Melitene, the Persians suffered heavy losses as they fled across the Euphrates under Byzantine attack. Taking advantage of Persian disarray, the Byzantines raided deep into Khosrow's territory, even mounting amphibious attacks across the [[Caspian Sea]]. Khosrow sued for peace, but he decided to continue the war after a victory by his general [[Tamkhosrow]] in Armenia in 577, and fighting resumed in Mesopotamia. The Armenian revolt came to an end with a general amnesty, which brought Armenia back into the Sassanid Empire.<ref name="Frye" />

Around 570, "Ma 'd-Karib", half-brother of the King of Yemen, requested Khosrow I's intervention. Khosrow I sent a fleet and a small army under a commander called [[Vahriz]] to the area near present [[Aden]], and they marched against the capital San'a'l, which was occupied. Saif, son of Mard-Karib, who had accompanied the expedition, became King sometime between 575 and 577. Thus, the Sassanids were able to establish a base in [[South Arabia]] to control the sea trade with the east. Later, the south Arabian kingdom renounced Sassanid overlordship, and another Persian expedition was sent in 598 that successfully annexed southern Arabia as a Sassanid province, which lasted until the time of troubles after Khosrow II.<ref name="Frye" />

Khosrow I's reign witnessed the rise of the dihqans (literally, village lords), the petty landholding nobility who were the backbone of later Sassanid provincial administration and the tax collection system.<ref name="Chamber">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/historic_periods.php |title=Iran Chamber Society: The Sassanid Empire, 224–642 AD |publisher=Iranchamber.com |access-date=2013-12-16 |archive-date=10 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110131804/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/historic_periods.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Khosrow I built infrastructure, embellishing his capital and founding new towns with the construction of new buildings. He rebuilt the canals and restocked the farms destroyed in the wars. He built strong fortifications at the passes and placed subject tribes in carefully chosen towns on the frontiers to act as guardians against invaders. He was tolerant of all religions, though he decreed that [[Zoroastrianism]] should be the official [[state religion]], and was not unduly disturbed when one of his sons became a Christian.
[[File:"Khusrau Parviz before his Father Hurmuzd (?)", Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) MET DP215844.jpg|thumb|15th-century [[Shahnameh]] illustration of Hormizd IV seated on his throne.]]
After Khosrow I, [[Hormizd IV]] (579–590) took the throne. The war with the Byzantines continued to rage intensely but inconclusively until the general [[Bahram Chobin]], dismissed and humiliated by Hormizd, rose in revolt in 589. The following year, Hormizd was overthrown by a palace coup and his son [[Khosrow II]] (590–628) placed on the throne. However, this change of ruler failed to placate Bahram, who defeated Khosrow, forcing him to flee to Byzantine territory, and seized the throne for himself as Bahram VI. Khosrow asked the Byzantine Emperor [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]] (582–602) for assistance against Bahram, offering to cede the western Caucasus to the Byzantines. To cement the alliance, Khosrow also married Maurice's daughter Miriam. Under the command of Khosrow and the Byzantine generals [[Narses (magister militum per Orientem)|Narses]] and [[John Mystacon]], the new combined Byzantine-Persian army raised a rebellion against Bahram, defeating him at the [[Battle of Blarathon]] in 591. When Khosrow was subsequently restored to power he kept his promise, handing over control of western [[Armenia]] and [[Principality of Iberia|Caucasian Iberia]].
[[File:KhosrauIIDinarHistoryofIran.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of [[Khosrow II]].]]
The new peace arrangement allowed the two empires to focus on military matters elsewhere: Khosrow focused on the Sassanid Empire's eastern frontier while Maurice restored Byzantine control of the [[Balkans]]. Circa 600, the [[Hephthalites]] had been raiding the Sassanid Empire as far as [[Spahan (satrapy)|Spahan]] in central Iran. The Hephthalites issued numerous coins imitating the coinage of Khosrow II. In {{Circa|606/607}}, Khosrow recalled [[Smbat IV Bagratuni]] from [[Persian Armenia]] and sent him to Iran to repel the Hephthalites. Smbat, with the aid of a Persian prince named Datoyean, repelled the Hephthalites from Persia, and plundered their domains in [[Greater Khorasan|eastern Khorasan]], where Smbat is said to have killed their king in single combat.<ref name="PLRE">Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), pp. 1363–1364</ref>

After Maurice was overthrown and killed by [[Phocas]] (602–610) in 602, however, Khosrow II used the murder of his benefactor as a pretext to begin a new invasion, which benefited from continuing civil war in the Byzantine Empire and met little effective resistance. Khosrow's generals systematically subdued the heavily fortified frontier cities of Byzantine Mesopotamia and Armenia, laying the foundations for unprecedented expansion. The Persians overran [[Syria]] and captured Antioch in 611.

In 613, outside Antioch, the Persian generals [[Shahrbaraz]] and [[Shahin Vahmanzadegan|Shahin]] decisively defeated a major counter-attack led in person by the Byzantine emperor [[Heraclius]]. Thereafter, the Persian advance continued unchecked. [[Jerusalem]] fell in 614, [[Alexandria]] in 619, and the rest of [[Egypt]] by 621. The Sassanid dream of restoring the [[Achaemenid]] boundaries was almost complete, while the [[Byzantine Empire]] was on the verge of collapse. This remarkable peak of expansion was paralleled by a blossoming of [[Iranian art|Persian art]], [[Music of Iran|music]], and [[Iranian architecture|architecture]].

===Decline and fall (622–651)===
{{Main|Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Sasanian civil war of 628–632|Fall of the Sasanian Empire|Muslim conquest of Persia}}

While successful at its first stage (from 602 to 622), the campaign of [[Khosrau II]] had actually exhausted the Persian army and treasuries. In an effort to rebuild the national treasuries, Khosrau overtaxed the population. Thus, while his empire was on the verge of total defeat, [[Heraclius]] (610–641) drew on all his diminished and devastated empire's remaining resources, reorganised his armies, and mounted a remarkable, risky counter-offensive. Between 622 and 627, he campaigned against the Persians in Anatolia and the Caucasus, winning a string of victories against Persian forces under [[Shahrbaraz]], [[Shahin Vahmanzadegan|Shahin]], and [[Shahraplakan]] (whose competition to claim the glory of personally defeating the Byzantine emperor contributed to their failure), sacking the great Zoroastrian temple at [[Takht-e Soleymān|Ganzak]], and securing [[Third Perso-Turkic War|assistance]] from the [[Khazars]] and [[Western Turkic Khaganate]].

[[File:Moldovita murals 2010 16.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|Siege of Constantinople in 626]] by the combined Sassanid, Avar, and Slavic forces depicted on the [[murals]] of the [[Moldovița Monastery]], [[Romania]]]]

In response, Khosrau, in coordination with [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] and [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] forces, [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|launched a siege]] on the Byzantine capital of [[Constantinople]] in 626. The Sassanids, led by Shahrbaraz, attacked the city on the eastern side of the [[Bosphorus]], while his Avar and Slavic allies invaded from the western side. Attempts to ferry the Persian forces across the Bosphorus to aid their allies (the Slavic forces being by far the most capable in siege warfare) were blocked by the [[Byzantine navy|Byzantine fleet]], and the siege ended in failure. In 627–628, Heraclius mounted a winter invasion of Mesopotamia, and, despite the departure of his Khazar allies, defeated a Persian army commanded by [[Rhahzadh]] in the [[Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]]. He then marched down the Tigris, devastating the country and sacking Khosrau's palace at [[Dastagird|Dastagerd]]. He was prevented from attacking Ctesiphon by the destruction of the bridges on the [[Nahrawan Canal]] and conducted further raids before withdrawing up the [[Diyala River|Diyala]] into north-western Iran.<ref name="HBS">Haldon (1997), 46; Baynes (1912), ''passim''; Speck (1984), 178</ref>

[[File:BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|left|Queen [[Boran]], daughter of [[Khosrau II]], the first woman and one of the last rulers on the throne of the Sasanian Empire, she reigned from 17 June 629 to 16 June 630]]

The impact of Heraclius's victories, the devastation of the richest territories of the Sassanid Empire, and the humiliating destruction of high-profile targets such as Ganzak and Dastagerd fatally undermined Khosrau's prestige and his support among the Persian aristocracy. In early 628, he was overthrown and murdered by his son [[Kavadh II]] (628), who immediately brought an end to the war, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territories. In 629, Heraclius restored the [[True Cross]] to [[Jerusalem]] in a majestic ceremony.<ref name="HBS" /> Kavadh died within months, and chaos and [[Sasanian civil war of 628-632|civil war]] followed. Over a period of four years and five successive kings, the Sassanid Empire weakened considerably. The power of the central authority passed into the hands of the generals. It would take several years for a strong king to emerge from a series of coups, and the Sassanids never had time to recover fully.<ref name="Chamber" />

[[File:SassanidEmpirebeforeArabConquest.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Extent of the Sasanian Empire in 632 with modern borders superimposed]]
In early 632, a grandson of Khosrau I, who had lived in hiding in [[Estakhr]], [[Yazdegerd III]], acceded to the throne. The same year, the first raiders from the [[Arab]] tribes, newly united by [[Islam]], arrived in Persian territory. According to Howard-Johnston, years of warfare had exhausted both the Byzantines and the Persians. The Sassanids were further weakened by economic decline, heavy taxation, religious unrest, rigid social stratification, the increasing power of the provincial landholders, and a rapid turnover of rulers, facilitating the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]].<ref name=HJ291>{{Harvnb|Howard-Johnston|2006|p=291}}</ref>

The Sassanids never mounted a truly effective resistance to the pressure applied by the initial Arab armies. Yazdegerd was a boy at the mercy of his advisers and incapable of uniting a vast country crumbling into small feudal kingdoms, despite the fact that the Byzantines, under similar pressure from the newly expansive Arabs, were no longer a threat. Caliph [[Abu Bakr]]'s commander [[Khalid ibn Walid]], once one of [[Muhammad]]'s chosen companions-in-arms and leader of the Arab army, moved to capture [[Iraq]] in a series of lightning battles. Redeployed to the Syrian front against the Byzantines in June 634, Khalid's successor in Iraq failed him, and the Muslims were defeated in the [[Battle of the Bridge]] in 634. However, the Arab threat did not stop there and reemerged shortly via the disciplined armies of Khalid ibn Walid.

[[File:Umayyad Caliphate. temp. Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan. AH 41-60 AD 661-680.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Umayyad Caliphate]] coin imitating [[Khosrau II]]. Coin of the time of [[Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan]]. BCRA ([[Basra]]) mint; "[[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]], governor". Dated AH 56 = 675/6 AD. Sasanian style bust imitating [[Khosrau II]] right; bismillah and three pellets in margin; c/m: winged creature right / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.]]
In 637, a Muslim army under the Caliph [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattāb]] defeated a larger Persian force led by General [[Rostam Farrokhzad]] at the plains of [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah|al-Qādisiyyah]], and then advanced on Ctesiphon, which fell after a prolonged siege. Yazdegerd fled eastward from Ctesiphon, leaving behind him most of the empire's vast treasury. The [[Siege of Ctesiphon (637)|Arabs captured Ctesiphon]] shortly afterward. Thus the Muslims were able to seize a powerful financial resource, leaving the Sassanid government strapped for funds. A number of Sassanid governors attempted to combine their forces to throw back the invaders, but the effort was crippled by the lack of a strong central authority, and the governors were defeated at the [[Battle of Nihawānd]]. The empire, with its military command structure non-existent, its non-noble troop levies decimated, its financial resources effectively destroyed, and the [[Sassanid army#Azadan nobility|Asawaran (Azatan)]] knightly caste destroyed piecemeal, was now utterly helpless in the face of the Arab invaders.

Upon hearing of the defeat in Nihawānd, Yazdegerd along with [[Farrukhzad]] and some of the Persian nobles fled further inland to the eastern province of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]]. Yazdegerd was assassinated by a miller in [[Merv]] in late 651. His sons, [[Peroz III|Peroz]] and [[Bahram VII|Bahram]], fled to [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | article = Chinese-Iranian relations xv. The last Sasanians in China | last = Compareti | first = Matteo | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/china-xv-the-last-sasanians-in-china | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2009 }}</ref> Some of the nobles settled in [[Central Asia]], where they contributed greatly to spreading the Persian culture and language in those regions and to the establishment of the first native Iranian Islamic dynasty, the [[Samanid dynasty]], which sought to revive Sassanid traditions.

The abrupt fall of the Sassanid Empire was completed in a period of just five years, and most of its territory was absorbed into the Islamic [[caliphate]]; however, many Iranian cities resisted and fought against the invaders several times. Islamic caliphates repeatedly suppressed revolts in cities such as [[Rey, Iran|Rey]], [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], and [[Hamadan]].<ref>Zarinkoob, pp. 305–317</ref> The local population was initially under little pressure to convert to Islam, remaining as [[dhimmi]] subjects of the Muslim state and paying a [[jizya]].<ref>Bashear, Suliman, ''Arabs and others in Early Islam'', p. 117</ref> In addition, the old Sassanid "land tax" (known in Arabic as ''Kharaj'') was also adopted. Caliph Umar is said to have occasionally set up a commission to survey the taxes, to judge if they were more than the land could bear.<ref>''The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects''. A. S. Tritton, p. 139.</ref>

===Descendants===
It is believed that the following dynasties and noble families have ancestors among the Sassanian rulers:
* The [[Dabuyid dynasty]] (642–760) descendant of [[Jamasp]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dabuyids-the-dynasty-of-espahbads-ruling-tabarestan-until-its-conquest-by-the-muslims-in-144-761 |title= Dabuyids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref>
* The [[Paduspanids]] (665–1598) of [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]], descendant of [[Jamasp]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baduspanids |title=Baduspanids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref>
* The [[shahs of Shirwan]] (1100–1382) from [[Hormizd IV]]'s line.<ref>Stokvis A.M.H.J., pp. 112, 129.</ref>
* The [[Banu Munajjim]] (9th–10th century) from Mihr Gushnasp, a Sasanian prince.
* The [[Ahmad ibn Sahl|Kamkarian family]] (9th–10th century) a ''[[dehqan]]'' family descended from [[Yazdegerd III]].
* The [[Mikalids]] (9th–11th century) a family descended from the Sogdian ruler [[Divashtich]], who was in turn a descendant of [[Bahram V]].

==Government==
The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Parthian Arsacids, with the capital at Ctesiphon in the [[Asoristan]] province. In administering this empire, Sassanid rulers took the title of ''shahanshah'' (King of Kings), becoming the central overlords and also assumed guardianship of the [[atar|sacred fire]], the symbol of the national religion. This symbol is explicit on Sassanid coins where the reigning monarch, with his crown and regalia of office, appears on the obverse, backed by the sacred fire, the symbol of the national religion, on the coin's reverse.<ref>[http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214083059/http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/}} Guitty Azarpay ''"The Near East in Late Antiquity The Sasanian Empire"''</ref> Sassanid queens had the title of [[Banbishnan banbishn]] (Queen of Queens).

On a smaller scale, the territory might also be ruled by a number of petty rulers from a noble family, known as ''[[shahrdar]]'', overseen directly by the ''shahanshah''. The districts of the provinces were ruled by a ''[[Shahrab (office)|shahrab]]'' and a ''[[Mobad|mowbed]]'' (chief priest). The mowbed's job was to deal with estates and other things relating to legal matters. {{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=125}} Sasanian rule was characterized by considerable centralization, ambitious urban planning, agricultural development, and technological improvements.<ref name="Chamber" /> Below the king, a powerful bureaucracy carried out much of the affairs of government; the head of the bureaucracy was the ''[[wuzurg framadar]]'' ([[vizier]] or [[prime minister]]). Within this bureaucracy the Zoroastrian priesthood was immensely powerful. The head of the Magi priestly class, the ''[[mowbedan mowbed]]'', along with the commander-in-chief, the ''[[spahbed]]'', the head of traders and merchants syndicate ''Ho Tokhshan Bod'' and minister of agriculture (''[[wastaryoshan-salar]]''), who was also head of farmers, were, below the emperor, the most powerful men of the Sassanid state.<ref>Sarfaraz, p. 344</ref>

The Sassanian rulers always considered the advice of their ministers. A Muslim historian, [[Masudi]], praised the "excellent administration of the Sasanian kings, their well-ordered policy, their care for their subjects, and the prosperity of their domains". In normal times, the monarchical office was hereditary, but might be transferred by the king to a younger son; in two instances the supreme power was held by queens. When no direct heir was available, the nobles and prelates chose a ruler, but their choice was restricted to members of the royal family.<ref name="Durant"/>

The Sasanian nobility was a mixture of old Parthian clans, Persian aristocratic families, and noble families from subjected territories. Many new noble families had risen after the dissolution of the Parthian dynasty, while several of the once-dominant [[Seven Parthian clans]] remained of high importance. At the court of Ardashir I, the old Arsacid families of the [[House of Karen]] and the [[House of Suren]], along with several other families, the Varazes and Andigans, held positions of great honor. Alongside these Iranian and non-Iranian noble families, the kings of [[Merv]], [[Abarshahr]], [[Kirman (Sasanian province)|Kirman]], Sakastan, [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Iberia]], and [[Adiabene]], who are mentioned as holding positions of honor amongst the nobles, appeared at the court of the ''shahanshah''. Indeed, the extensive domains of the Surens, Karens and Varazes, had become part of the original Sassanid state as semi-independent states. Thus, the noble families that attended at the court of the Sassanid empire continued to be ruling lines in their own right, although subordinate to the ''shahanshah''.

In general, ''[[Wuzurgan]]'' from Iranian families held the most powerful positions in the imperial administration, including governorships of border provinces (''[[marzban]]''). Most of these positions were patrimonial, and many were passed down through a single family for generations. The ''marzbans'' of greatest seniority were permitted a silver throne, while ''marzbans'' of the most strategic border provinces, such as the [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasus]] province, were allowed a golden throne.<ref>Nicolle, p. 10</ref> In military campaigns, the regional ''marzbans'' could be regarded as field marshals, while lesser ''[[spahbed]]s'' could command a field army.<ref name="Nicolle, p. 14">Nicolle, p. 14</ref>

Culturally, the Sassanids implemented a system of social stratification. This system was supported by Zoroastrianism, which was established as the state religion. Other religions appear to have been largely tolerated, although this claim has been debated.<ref>Wiesehöfer, ''Ancient Persia'', or the ''Cambridge History of Iran'', vol. 3</ref> Sassanid emperors consciously sought to resuscitate [[Persian Empire|Persian]] traditions and to obliterate Greek cultural influence.<ref name="Chamber" />

===Sasanian military===
{{Main|Military of the Sasanian Empire}}
[[File:Крепость Нарын-Кала в Дербенте.jpg|thumb|The [[Walls of Derbent]], part of the [[Sasanian defense lines]]]]
The active army of the Sassanid Empire originated from [[Ardashir I]], the first ''shahanshah'' of the empire. Ardashir restored the Achaemenid military organizations, retained the [[Cataphract|Parthian cavalry]] model, and employed new types of armour and [[siege warfare]] techniques.

====Role of priests====
The relationship between priests and warriors was important, because the concept of Ērānshahr had been revived by the priests. Without this relationship, the Sassanid Empire would not have survived in its beginning stages. Because of this relationship between the warriors and the priests, religion and state were considered inseparable in the Zoroastrian religion. However, it is this same relationship that caused the weakening of the Empire, when each group tried to impose their power onto the other. Disagreements between the priests and the warriors led to fragmentation within the empire, which led to its downfall.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=45–51}}

====Infantry====
[[File:Sassanid army helmet by Nickmard Khoey.jpg|thumb|Sasanian army helmet]]
The [[Paygan]] formed the bulk of the Sassanid infantry, and were often recruited from the peasant population. Each unit was headed by an officer called a "[[Paygan-salar]]", which meant "commander of the infantry" and their main task was to guard the baggage train, serve as pages to the [[Asvaran]] (a higher rank), storm fortification walls, undertake entrenchment projects, and excavate mines.<ref name=source>{{cite book|title=Sassanian elite cavalry AD 224–642|author1=Kaveh Farrokh |author2=Angus McBride |publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQspOf291_cC&q=paighan&pg=PA23|isbn=978-1841767130 }}</ref>

Those serving in the infantry were fitted with shields and lances. To make the size of their army larger, the Sassanids added soldiers provided by the [[Media (region)|Medes]] and the [[Dailamites]] to their own. The Medes provided the Sassanid army with high-quality javelin throwers, slingers and heavy infantry. Iranian infantry are described by [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] as "armed like gladiators" and "obey orders like so many horse-boys".<ref>Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', Vol.II, (UNESCO, 1996), 52.[https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&dq=Ammianus+Marcellinus+Persian+infantry+disciplined&pg=PA52]</ref> The Dailamite people also served as infantry and were Iranian people who lived mainly within Gilan, Iranian Azerbaijan and Mazandaran. They are reported as having fought with weapons such as daggers, swords and javelins and reputed to have been recognized by Romans for their skills and hardiness in close-quarter combat. One account of Dailamites recounted their participation in an invasion of Yemen where 800 of them were led by the Dailamite officer [[Vahriz]].<ref name=source/> Vahriz would eventually defeat the Arab forces in Yemen and its capital [[Sana'a]] making it a Sasanian vassal until the invasion of Persia by Arabs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war|author=Kaveh Farrokh|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2007|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7kltwf9yrwC&q=Vahriz+defeat+Yemen&pg=PA237|isbn=978-1846031083}}</ref>

====Navy====
The [[Sasanian navy]] was an important constituent of the Sasanian military from the time that Ardashir I conquered the Arab side of the [[Persian Gulf]]. Because controlling the Persian Gulf was an economic necessity, the Sasanian navy worked to keep it safe from piracy, prevent Roman encroachment, and keep the Arab tribes from getting hostile. However, it is believed by many historians that the naval force could not have been a strong one, as the men serving in the navy were those who were confined in prisons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|title=Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd|location=New York|pages=46–47}}</ref> The leader of the navy bore the title of ''[[Navbed|nāvbed]]''.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=47}}

====Cavalry====
[[File:Knight-Iran.JPG|thumb|A Sassanid king posing as an armored cavalryman, [[Taq-e Bostan]], Iran]]
[[File:Tabriz_Sasanian_Plate_3.jpg|thumb|right|Sassanian silver plate showing lance combat between two nobles.]]
{{further|aswaran}}

The cavalry used during the Sassanid Empire were two types of heavy cavalry units: [[Clibanarii]] and [[Cataphract]]s. The first cavalry force, composed of elite noblemen trained since youth for military service, was supported by light cavalry, infantry and archers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path|author1=Michael Mitterauer |author2=Gerald Chapple |publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IU9fduDRIMC&q=sassanid+cavalry&pg=PA106|isbn=978-0226532387 }}</ref> Mercenaries and tribal people of the empire, including the Turks, Kushans, Sarmatians, Khazars, Georgians, and Armenians were included in these first cavalry units. The second cavalry involved the use of the [[Persian war elephants|war elephants]]. In fact, it was their specialty to deploy elephants as cavalry support.

Unlike the Parthians, the Sassanids developed advanced [[siege engines]]. The development of siege weapons was a useful weapon during conflicts with Rome, in which success hinged upon the ability to seize cities and other fortified points; conversely, the Sassanids also developed a number of techniques for defending their own cities from attack. The Sassanid army was much like the preceding Parthian army, although some of the Sassanid's heavy cavalry were equipped with lances, while Parthian armies were heavily equipped with bows.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yarshater|first=Ehsan|title=The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=15}}</ref> The Roman historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]]'s description of Shapur II's clibanarii cavalry manifestly shows how heavily equipped it was, and how only a portion were spear equipped:

{{blockquote|''All the companies were clad in iron, and all parts of their bodies were covered with thick plates, so fitted that the stiff-joints conformed with those of their limbs; and the forms of human faces were so skillfully fitted to their heads, that since their entire body was covered with metal, arrows that fell upon them could lodge only where they could see a little through tiny openings opposite the pupil of the eye, or where through the tip of their nose they were able to get a little breath. Of these, some who were armed with pikes, stood so motionless that you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze.''}}

Horsemen in the Sassanid cavalry lacked a stirrup. Instead, they used a war saddle which had a cantle at the back and two guard clamps which curved across the top of the rider's thighs. This allowed the horsemen to stay in the saddle at all times during the battle, especially during violent encounters.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahbazi|first=A. Sh.|title=History of Iran: Sassanian Army|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/sassanids/sassanian_army.php|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>

The Byzantine emperor Maurikios also emphasizes [[Strategikon of Maurice|in his ''Strategikon'']] that many of the Sassanid heavy cavalry did not carry spears, relying on their bows as their primary weapons. However the Taq-i Bustan reliefs and Al-Tabari's famed list of equipment required for dihqan knights which included the lance, provide a contrast. What is certain is that the horseman's paraphernalia was extensive.

The amount of money involved in maintaining a warrior of the [[Sassanid army#Azadan nobility|Asawaran (Azatan)]] knightly caste required a small estate, and the Asawaran (Azatan) knightly caste received that from the throne, and in return, were the throne's most notable defenders in time of war.

==Relations with neighboring regimes==
{{See also|Roman relations with the Parthians and Sassanids|Roman-Persian Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid Wars}}

===Frequent warfare with the Romans and to a lesser extent others===
[[File:Cameo Shapur Valerianus Bab360 CdM Paris.jpg|thumb|A [[Cameo with Valerian and Shapur I|fine cameo]] showing an equestrian combat of Shapur I and Roman emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] in which the Roman emperor is seized following the [[Battle of Edessa]], according to Shapur's own statement, "with our own hand", in 260]]

The Sassanids, like the Parthians, were in constant hostilities with the [[Roman Empire]]. The Sassanids, who succeeded the Parthians, were recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring rival the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.<ref name="EIr-Sasanian"/><ref name="Norman A. Stillman pp 22"/><ref name="Byzantine Studies 2006, pp 29"/> Following the division of the Roman Empire in 395, the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at [[Constantinople]], continued as Persia's principal western enemy, and main enemy in general. Hostilities between the two empires became more frequent.<ref name="Chamber" /> The Sassanids, similar to the Roman Empire, were in a constant state of conflict with neighboring kingdoms and nomadic hordes. Although the threat of nomadic incursions could never be fully resolved, the Sassanids generally dealt much more successfully with these matters than did the Romans, due to their policy of making coordinated campaigns against threatening nomads.<ref>Nicolle, pp. 15–18</ref>

The last of the many and frequent wars with the Byzantines, the climactic [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]], which included the [[Siege of Constantinople (626)|siege of the Byzantine capital Constantinople]], ended with both rivalling sides having drastically exhausted their human and material resources. Furthermore, [[Fall of the Sasanian Empire#Social problems|social conflict within the Empire]] had considerably weakened it further.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Liska|title=Expanding Realism: The Historical Dimension of World Politics|year=1998|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated|isbn=978-0-8476-8680-3|page=170}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter12/objectives/deluxe-content.html |title=The Rise and Spread of Islam, The Arab Empire of the Umayyads – Weakness of the Adversary Empires |publisher=Occawlonline.pearsoned.com |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715060819/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter12/objectives/deluxe-content.html |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref> Consequently, they were vulnerable to the sudden emergence of the Islamic [[Rashidun Caliphate]], whose forces invaded both empires only a few years after the war. The [[Rashidun army|Muslim forces]] swiftly [[Early Muslim conquests|conquered]] the [[Islamic conquest of Persia|entire Sasanian Empire]] and in the [[Byzantine–Arab Wars]] deprived the Byzantine Empire of its [[Muslim conquest of Syria|territories in the Levant]], [[Arab conquest of Armenia|the Caucasus]], [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Egypt]], and [[Umayyad conquest of North Africa|North Africa]]. Over the following centuries, half the Byzantine Empire and the entire Sasanian Empire came under Muslim rule.

In general, over the span of the centuries, in the west, Sassanid territory abutted that of the large and stable Roman state, but to the east, its nearest neighbors were the [[Kushan Empire]] and nomadic tribes such as the [[Hephthalite|White Huns]]. The construction of fortifications such as [[Tus citadel]] or the city of [[Nishapur]], which later became a center of learning and trade, also assisted in defending the eastern provinces from attack.

In south and central Arabia, [[Bedouin|Bedouin Arab]] tribes occasionally raided the Sassanid empire. The [[Lakhmids|Kingdom of Al-Hirah]], a Sassanid vassal kingdom, was established to form a buffer zone between the empire's heartland and the Bedouin tribes. The dissolution of the Kingdom of Al-Hirah by Khosrau II in 602 contributed greatly to decisive Sassanid defeats suffered against Bedouin Arabs later in the century. These defeats resulted in a sudden takeover of the Sassanid empire by Bedouin tribes under the Islamic banner.

[[File:Derbent winter.jpg|thumb|left|Sassanian fortress in [[Derbent]], [[Dagestan]]. Now inscribed on [[Russia]]'s [[UNESCO]] world heritage list since 2003.]]

In the north, [[Khazar]]s and the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] frequently assaulted the northern provinces of the empire. They plundered [[Media (region)|Media]] in 634. Shortly thereafter, the Persian army defeated them and drove them out. The Sassanids built numerous fortifications in the Caucasus region to halt these attacks, such as the imposing fortifications built in [[Derbent]] ([[Dagestan]], [[North Caucasus]], now a part of [[Russia]]) that to a large extent, have remained intact up to this day.

On the eastern side of the Caspian Sea, the Sassanians erected the [[Great Wall of Gorgan]], a 200 km-long defensive structure probably aimed to protect the empire from northern peoples, such as the [[Hephthalite Empire|White Huns]].

===War with Axum===
{{main|Abyssinian–Persian wars}}
[[File:Khosrau I Textile.jpg|thumb|Egyptian woven pattern woolen curtain or trousers, which was a copy of a Sassanid silk import, which was in turn based on a fresco of King [[Khosrau II]] fighting [[Axum]] [[Ethiopia]]n forces in [[Yemen]], 5–6th century]]
In 522, before Khosrau's reign, a group of monophysite [[Kingdom of Axum|Axumites]] led an attack on the dominant [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarites]] of southern Arabia. The local Arab leader was able to resist the attack but appealed to the Sassanians for aid, while the Axumites subsequently turned towards the Byzantines for help. The Axumites sent another force across the [[Red Sea]] and this time successfully killed the Arab leader and replaced him with an Axumite man to be king of the region.<ref name="FryeAncient">Frye Ancient Iran</ref>

In 531, Emperor Justinian suggested that the Axumites of [[Yemen]] should cut out the Persians from Indian trade by maritime trade with the Indians. The Ethiopians never met this request because an Axumite general named [[Abraha]] took control of the Yemenite throne and created an independent nation.<ref name="FryeAncient" /> After Abraha's death one of his sons, Ma'd-Karib, went into exile while his half-brother took the throne. After being denied by Justinian, Ma'd-Karib sought help from Khosrau, who sent a small fleet and army under commander [[Vahriz]] to depose the new king of Yemen. After capturing the capital city San'a'l, Ma'd-Karib's son, Saif, was put on the throne.<ref name="FryeAncient" />

Justinian was ultimately responsible for Sassanian maritime presence in Yemen. By not providing the Yemenite Arabs support, Khosrau was able to help Ma'd-Karib and subsequently established Yemen as a principality of the Sassanian Empire.<ref>Farrokh 2007, 237</ref>

===Relations with China===
{{Main|Iran-China relations}}
Like their predecessors the Parthians, the Sassanid Empire carried out active foreign relations with China, and ambassadors from Persia frequently traveled to China. Chinese documents report on sixteen Sassanid embassies to China from 455 to 555.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuwayama |first1=S. |title=Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium |publisher=Institute for Research in Humanities Kyoto University |page=129 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39251127.pdf}}</ref> Commercially, land and sea trade with China was important to both the Sassanid and Chinese Empires. Large numbers of Sassanid coins have been found in southern China, confirming maritime trade.

[[File:Zhigongtu (Persia).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Persian ambassador at the Chinese court of [[Emperor Yuan of Liang]] in his capital [[Jingzhou]] in 526–539 CE, with explanatory text. ''[[Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang]]'', 11th century Song copy.]]
On different occasions, Sassanid kings sent their most talented Persian musicians and dancers to the Chinese imperial court at [[Luoyang]] during the [[Jin Dynasty (265–420)|Jin]] and [[Northern Wei]] dynasties, and to [[Chang'an]] during the [[Sui Dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] dynasties. Both empires benefited from trade along the [[Silk Road]] and shared a common interest in preserving and protecting that trade. They cooperated in guarding the trade routes through central Asia, and both built outposts in border areas to keep caravans safe from nomadic tribes and bandits.

Politically, there is evidence of several Sassanid and Chinese efforts in forging alliances against the common enemy, the [[Hephthalites]]. Upon the rise of the nomadic [[Göktürks]] in Inner Asia, there is also what looks like a collaboration between China and the Sassanids to defuse Turkic advances. Documents from Mt. Mogh talk about the presence of a Chinese general in the service of the king of [[Sogdiana]] at the time of the Arab invasions.

Following the invasion of Iran by Muslim Arabs, [[Peroz III]], son of Yazdegerd III, escaped along with a few Persian nobles and took refuge in the Chinese imperial court. Both Peroz and his son [[Narsieh]] (Chinese ''neh-shie'') were given high titles at the Chinese court. On at least two occasions, the last possibly in 670, Chinese troops were sent with Peroz in order to restore him to the Sassanid throne with mixed results, one possibly ending in a short rule of Peroz in Sakastan, from which we have some remaining numismatic evidence. Narsieh later attained the position of a commander of the Chinese imperial guards, and his descendants lived in China as respected princes, Sassanian refugees fleeing from the Arab conquest to [[Iranians in China|settle in China]]. The emperor of China at this time was [[Gaozong of Tang]].

===Relations with India===
{{Main|Indo-Sasanians|Hind (Sasanian province)}}
[[File:Coin of Peroz II Kushanshah, minted in Tukharistan, possibly at Balkh.jpg|thumb|Coin of the ''[[Kushanshah]]'' [[Peroz II Kushanshah]] ({{reign|303|330}})]]
[[File: Foreigner on ceiling of Cave 1at Ajanta Caves photograph and drawing.jpg|thumb|Foreign dignitary drinking wine, on ceiling of Cave 1, at [[Ajanta Caves]], possibly depicting the Sasanian embassy to Indian king [[Pulakesin II]] (610–642), photograph and drawing.<ref>The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion, Pia Brancaccio, Brill, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA82 p. 82]</ref>]]

Following the conquest of Iran and neighboring regions, [[Shapur I]] extended his authority northwest of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The previously autonomous [[Kushan]]s were obliged to accept his suzerainty.<ref name="Frye298">Richard N. Frye, ''The History of Ancient Iran'', (C.H. Beck'sche Verlagbuchhandlung, 1984), 298.</ref> These were the western Kushans which controlled Afghanistan<ref name="Frye298" /> while the eastern Kushans were active in India. Although the Kushan empire declined at the end of the 3rd century, to be replaced by the Indian [[Gupta Empire]] in the 4th century, it is clear that the Sassanids remained relevant in India's northwest throughout this period.{{citation needed}}

Persia and northwestern India, the latter that made up formerly part of the Kushans, engaged in cultural as well as political intercourse during this period, as certain Sassanid practices spread into the Kushan territories. In particular, the Kushans were influenced by the Sassanid conception of kingship, which spread through the trade of Sassanid silverware and textiles depicting emperors hunting or dispensing justice.

This cultural interchange did not, however, spread Sassanid religious practices or attitudes to the Kushans. Lower-level cultural interchanges also took place between India and Persia during this period. For example, Persians imported the early form of [[chess]], the ''[[chaturanga]]'' (Middle Persian: ''[[chatrang]]'') from India. In exchange, Persians introduced [[backgammon]] (''Nēw-Ardašēr'') to India.

During Khosrau I's reign, many books were brought from India and translated into [[Middle Persian]]. Some of these later found their way into the literature of the [[Islamic world]] and [[Arabic literature]]. A notable example of this was the translation of the Indian ''[[Panchatantra]]'' by one of Khosrau's ministers, [[Borzuya]]. This translation, known as the ''Kalīlag ud Dimnag'', later made its way into the Arabic literature and Europe.<ref>{{harvnb|Zarinkoob|1999|p=239}}</ref> The details of Burzoe's legendary journey to India and his daring acquisition of the Panchatantra are written in full detail in [[Ferdowsi]]'s [[Shahnameh]], which says:

{{blockquote|In Indian books, Borzuya read that on a mountain in that land there grows a plant which when sprinkled over the dead revives them. Borzuya asked [[Khosrau I]] for permission to travel to India to obtain the plant. After a fruitless search, he was led to an ascetic who revealed the secret of the plant to him: The "plant" was word, the "mountain" learning, and the "dead" the ignorant. He told Borzuya of a book, the remedy of ignorance, called the [[Panchatantra|Kalila]], which was kept in a treasure chamber. The king of India gave Borzuya permission to read the Kalila, provided that he did not make a copy of it. Borzuya accepted the condition but each day memorized a chapter of the book. When he returned to his room he would record what he had memorized that day, thus creating a copy of the book, which he sent to Iran. In Iran, [[Bozorgmehr]] translated the book into [[Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] and, at Borzuya's request, named the first chapter after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/borzuya-also-burzoe-a-physician-of-the-time-of-kosrow-i- |title=Borzūya – Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref>}}

==Society==

===Urbanism and nomadism===
[[File:Ctesiphon-ruin 1864.jpg|thumb|[[Taq Kisra|Taq-i Kisra]], the facade of the Sasanian palace in the capital [[Ctesiphon]]. The city developed into a rich commercial metropolis. It may have been [[List of largest cities throughout history|the most populous city of the world]] in 570–622.]]
In contrast to Parthian society, the Sassanids renewed emphasis on a [[Charismatic authority|charismatic]] and centralized government. In Sassanid theory, the ideal society could maintain stability and justice, and the necessary instrument for this was a strong monarch.<ref name="Daniel, p. 57">Daniel, p. 57</ref> Thus, the Sasanians aimed to be an [[Urbanism|urban]] empire, at which they were quite successful. During the late Sasanian period, Mesopotamia had the largest population density in the [[Middle Ages|medieval world]].{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=39–40}} This can be credited to, among other things, the Sasanians founding and re-founding a number of cities, which is talked about in the surviving Middle Persian text [[Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr]] (the provincial capitals of Iran).{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=39–40}} Ardashir I himself built and re-built many cities, which he named after himself, such as [[Veh-Ardashir]] in [[Asoristan]], [[Firuzabad, Fars|Ardashir-Khwarrah]] in [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] and [[Vahman-Ardashir]] in [[Meshan]]. During the Sasanian period, many cities with the name "Iran-khwarrah" were established. This was because Sasanians wanted to revive [[Avestan|Avesta]] ideology.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=39–40}}

Many of these cities, both new and old, were populated not only by native ethnic groups, such as the Iranians or Syriacs, but also by the [[deportation|deported]] Roman prisoners of war, such as [[Goths]], [[Slavs]], [[Latin people|Latins]], and others.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=39–40}} Many of these prisoners were experienced workers, who were used to build things such as cities, bridges, and dams. This allowed the Sasanians to become familiar with Roman technology. The impact these foreigners made on the economy was significant, as many of them were Christians, and the spread of the religion accelerated throughout the empire.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=39–40}}

Unlike the amount of information about the settled people of the Sasanian Empire, there is little about the nomadic/unsettled ones. It is known that they were called "Kurds" by the Sasanians, and that they regularly served the Sasanian military, particularly the [[Dailamite]] and [[Gilaki people|Gilani]] nomads. This way of handling the nomads continued into the Islamic period, where the service of the Dailamites and Gilanis continued unabated.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=40–41}}

===Shahanshah===
[[File:Sasanid Plate, Azerbaijan Museum, Tabriz, Iran.jpg|upright=0.9|right|thumb|Plate of a Sasanian king, located in the [[Azerbaijan Museum]] in [[Iran]].]]
The head of the Sasanian Empire was the ''[[shahanshah]]'' (king of kings), also simply known as the ''shah'' (king). His health and welfare was of high importance—accordingly, the phrase "May you be immortal" was used to reply to him. The Sasanian coins which appeared from the 6th-century and afterwards depict a moon and sun, which, in the words of the Iranian historian [[Touraj Daryaee]], "suggest that the king was at the center of the world and the sun and moon revolved around him." In effect he was the "king of the four corners of the world", which was an old Mesopotamian idea.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=41}} The king saw all other rulers, such as the Romans, Turks, and Chinese, as being beneath him. The king wore colorful clothes, makeup, a heavy crown, while his beard was decorated with gold. The early Sasanian kings considered themselves of divine descent; they called themselves "bay" (divine).{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=42}}

When the king went out in public, he was hidden behind a curtain,{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=41}} and had some of his men in front of him, whose duty was to keep the masses away from him and to clear the way.{{sfn|Morony|2005|p=92}} When one came to the king, one was expected to prostrate oneself before him, also known as ''[[proskynesis]]''. The king's guards were known as the ''[[Pushtigban Body Guards|pushtigban]]''. On other occasions, the king was protected by a discrete group of palace guards, known as the ''[[darigan]]''. Both of these groups were enlisted from royal families of the Sasanian Empire,{{sfn|Morony|2005|p=92}} and were under the command of the ''[[hazarbed]]'', who was in charge of the king's safety, controlled the entrance of the kings palace, presented visitors to the king, and was allowed military commands or used as a negotiator. The ''hazarbed'' was also allowed in some cases to serve as the royal executioner.{{sfn|Morony|2005|p=92}} During [[Nowruz]] (Iranian new year) and [[Mihragan]] ([[Mithra|Mihr's day]]), the king would hold a speech.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=42}}

===Class division===
Sassanid society was immensely complex, with separate systems of social organization governing numerous different groups within the empire.<ref name="Nicolle, p. 11">Nicolle, p. 11</ref> Historians believe society comprised four<ref>These four are the three common Indo-European [[Trifunctional hypothesis|social tripartition]] common among ancient Iranian, Indian and Romans with one extra Iranian element (from Yashna xix/17). cf. Frye, p. 54.
</ref>{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=43–47}}{{sfn|Shaki|1992|pp=652–658}} [[social class]]es:

# ''Asronan'' (priests)
# ''Arteshtaran'' (warriors)
# ''Wastaryoshan'' (commoners)
# ''Hutukhshan'' (artisans)

At the center of the Sasanian [[caste]] system the ''shahanshah'' ruled over all the nobles.<ref name="Zarinkoob, p. 201">Zarinkoob, p. 201</ref> The royal princes, petty rulers, great landlords and priests, together constituted a privileged stratum, and were identified as ''[[wuzurgan]]'', or grandees. This social system appears to have been fairly rigid.<ref name="Chamber"/>

The Sasanian caste system outlived the empire, continuing in the early Islamic period.<ref name="Zarinkoob, p. 201"/>

===Slavery===
In general, mass slavery was never practiced by the Iranians, and in many cases the situation and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were, in fact, better than those of the commoner.<ref>Farazmand, Ali (1998) "Persian/Iranian Administrative Tradition", in Jay M. Shafritz (Editor), ''International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration''. Boulder, CO: [[Westview Press]], pp. 1640–1645 – Excerpt: "Persians never practiced mass slavery, and in many cases the situations and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were in fact better than the common citizens of Persia." (p. 1642)</ref> In Persia, the term "slave" was also used for debtors who had to use some of their time to serve in a [[Fire temple|fire-temple]].{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=58–59}}

The most common slaves in the Sasanian Empire were the household servants, who worked in private estates and at the fire-temples. Usage of a woman slave in a home was common, and her master had outright control over her and could even produce children with her if he wanted to. Slaves also received wages and were able to have their own families whether they were female or male.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=58–59}} Harming a slave was considered a crime, and not even the king himself was allowed to do it.<ref name="D. Irani, Morris Silver 1995, p.87">K. D. Irani, Morris Silver, ''Social Justice in the Ancient World '', 224 pp., Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0313291449}} (see p. 87)</ref>

The master of a slave was allowed to free the person when he wanted to, which, no matter what faith the slave believed in, was considered a good deed.<ref name="D. Irani, Morris Silver 1995, p.87"/> A slave could also be freed if his/her master died.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=58–59}}

==Culture==

===Education===
{{see also|Academy of Gondishapur}}
There was a major school, called the Grand School, in the capital. In the beginning, only 50 students were allowed to study at the Grand School. In less than 100 years, enrollment at the Grand School was over 30,000 students.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Roy |last2=Yasuhara |first2=Yoshihito |title=The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1317543275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100}}</ref>

===Society===

On a lower level, Sasanian society was divided into Azatan (freemen). The Azatan formed a large low-aristocracy of low-level administrators, mostly living on small estates. The Azatan provided the cavalry backbone of the [[Sasanian army]].<ref name="Nicolle, p. 11"/>

===The arts, science and literature===
{{See also|Sasanian music|Sasanian art|Academy of Gundishapur|Pahlavi literature|Sasanian architecture}}
[[File:Coupe de Chosroès.JPG|thumb|A bowl with [[Khosrau I]]'s image at the center]]
[[File:Head horse Kerman Louvre MAO132.jpg|thumb|Horse head, gilded silver, 4th century, Sasanian art]]
[[File:Sassanid silver plate by Nickmard Khoey.jpg|thumb|A Sasanian silver plate featuring a [[simurgh]]. The mythical bird was used as the royal emblem in the Sasanian period.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zhivkov|first1=Boris|title=Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004294486|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sassanid silver plate depicting a lion hunt by Nickmard Khoey.jpg|thumb|A Sasanian silver plate depicting a royal lion hunt]]

The Sasanian kings were patrons of letters and philosophy. Khosrau I had the works of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], translated into Pahlavi, taught at Gundishapur, and read them himself. During his reign, many historical annals were compiled, of which the sole survivor is the [[Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan]] (Deeds of Ardashir), a mixture of history and romance that served as the basis of the Iranian national epic, the [[Shahnameh]]. When Justinian I closed the schools of [[Athens]], seven of their professors went to Persia and found refuge at Khosrau's court. In his treaty of 533 with Justinian, the Sasanian king stipulated that the Greek sages should be allowed to return and be free from persecution.<ref name="Durant">Durant.</ref>{{Page needed}}

Under Khosrau I, the [[Academy of Gundishapur]], which had been founded in the 5th century, became "the greatest intellectual center of the time", drawing students and teachers from every quarter of the known world. [[Nestorian Christian]]s were received there, and brought [[Syriac language|Syriac]] translations of Greek works in medicine and philosophy. The medical lore of India, Persia, Syria and Greece mingled there to produce a flourishing school of therapy.<ref name="Durant" />{{Page needed}}

Artistically, the Sasanian period witnessed some of the highest achievements of [[Culture of Iran|Iranian civilization]]. Much of what later became known as Muslim culture, including architecture and writing, was originally drawn from Persian culture. At its peak, the Sasanian Empire stretched from western Anatolia to northwest India (today Pakistan), but its influence was felt far beyond these political boundaries. Sasanian motifs found their way into the art of [[Central Asia]] and China, the [[Byzantine Empire]], and even [[Merovingian]] France. [[Islamic art]] however, was the true heir to Sasanian art, whose concepts it was to assimilate while at the same time instilling fresh life and renewed vigor into it.<ref name="Iransaga: The art of Sassanians"/> According to [[Will Durant]]:

{{blockquote|Sasanian art exported its forms and motifs eastward into India, Turkestan and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt and Spain. Probably its influence helped to change the emphasis in Greek art from classic representation to Byzantine ornament, and in Latin Christian art from wooden ceilings to brick or stone vaults and domes and buttressed walls.<ref name="Durant" />}}
Sasanian carvings at [[Taq-e Bostan]] and [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] were colored; so were many features of the palaces; but only traces of such painting remain. The literature, however, makes it clear that the art of painting flourished in Sasanian times; the prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] is reported to have founded a school of painting; [[Firdowsi]] speaks of Persian magnates adorning their mansions with pictures of Iranian heroes; and the poet al-Buhturi describes the murals in the palace at Ctesiphon. When a Sasanian king died, the best painter of the time was called upon to make a portrait of him for a collection kept in the royal treasury.

Painting, [[sculpture]], [[pottery]], and other forms of decoration shared their designs with Sasanian textile art. Silks, embroideries, [[brocade]]s, [[damask]]s, [[tapestries]], chair covers, canopies, tents and rugs were woven with patience and masterly skill, and were dyed in warm tints of yellow, blue and green. Every Persian but the peasant and the priest aspired to dress above his class; presents often took the form of sumptuous garments; and great colorful carpets had been an appendage of wealth in the East since [[Assyria]]n days. The two dozen Sasanian textiles that have survived are among the most highly valued fabrics in existence. Even in their own day, Sasanian textiles were admired and imitated from Egypt to the Far East; and during the [[Middle Ages]], they were favored for clothing the relics of Christian saints. When [[Heraclius]] captured the palace of [[Khosrau II|Khosrau II Parvez]] at [[Dastagird|Dastagerd]], delicate embroideries and an immense rug were among his most precious spoils. Famous was the "Winter Carpet", also known as "Khosrau's Spring" (Spring Season Carpet قالى بهارستان) of [[Khosrau I|Khosrau Anushirvan]], designed to make him forget winter in its spring and summer scenes: flowers and fruits made of inwoven rubies and diamonds grew, in this carpet, beside walks of silver and brooks of pearls traced on a ground of gold. [[Harun al-Rashid]] prided himself on a spacious Sasanian rug thickly studded with jewelry. Persians wrote love poems about their rugs.<ref name="Durant" />{{Page needed}}

Studies on Sasanian remains show over 100 types of crowns being worn by Sasanian kings. The various Sasanian crowns demonstrate the cultural, economic, social and historical situation in each period. The crowns also show the character traits of each king in this era. Different symbols and signs on the crowns–the moon, stars, eagle and palm, each illustrate the wearer's religious faith and beliefs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jona Lendering |url=https://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-crowns.html |title=Sasanian crowns |publisher=Livius.org |access-date=2013-06-30 |archive-date=10 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110011645/http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-crowns.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.chn.ir/en/news/?section=2&id=4471 Iranian cultural heritage news agency (CHN)] {{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The Sasanian Dynasty, like the Achaemenid, originated in the province of [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]]. The Sasanians saw themselves as successors of the Achaemenids, after the [[Hellenistic]] and Parthian interlude, and believed that it was their destiny to restore the greatness of Persia.

In reviving the glories of the [[Achaemenid Dynasty|Achaemenid]] past, the Sasanians were no mere imitators. The art of this period reveals an astonishing virility, in certain respects anticipating key features of Islamic art. Sasanian art combined elements of traditional Persian art with Hellenistic elements and influences. The conquest of [[Persian Empire|Persia]] by [[Alexander the Great]] had inaugurated the spread of [[Hellenistic art]] into Western Asia. Though the East accepted the outward form of this art, it never really assimilated its spirit. Already in the [[Parthia]]n period, Hellenistic art was being interpreted freely by the peoples of the Near East. Throughout the Sasanian period, there was reaction against it. Sasanian art revived forms and traditions native to Persia, and in the Islamic period, these reached the shores of the Mediterranean.<ref>Parviz Marzban, p. 36</ref> According to Fergusson:

{{blockquote|With the accession of the [Sasanians], Persia regained much of that power and stability to which she had been so long a stranger ... The improvement in the fine arts at home indicates returning prosperity, and a degree of security unknown since the fall of the Achaemenidae.<ref>Fergusson, ''History of Architecture'', vol. i, 3rd edition, pp. 381–383.</ref>}}

Surviving palaces illustrate the splendor in which the Sasanian monarchs lived. Examples include palaces at [[Firuzabad, Fars|Firuzabad]] and [[Bishapur]] in [[Fars Province|Fars]], and the capital city of [[Ctesiphon]] in the [[Asoristan]] province (present-day [[Iraq]]). In addition to local traditions, Parthian architecture influenced Sasanian architectural characteristics. All are characterized by the barrel-vaulted [[iwan]]s introduced in the Parthian period. During the Sasanian period, these reached massive proportions, particularly at Ctesiphon. There, the arch of the great vaulted hall, attributed to the reign of Shapur I (241–272), has a span of more than {{convert|80|ft|m}} and reaches a height of {{convert|118|ft|m}}. This magnificent structure fascinated architects in the centuries that followed and has been considered one of the most important examples of [[Persian architecture]]. Many of the palaces contain an inner audience hall consisting, as at Firuzabad, of a chamber surmounted by a dome. The Persians solved the problem of constructing a circular dome on a square building by employing [[squinch]]es, or arches built across each corner of the square, thereby converting it into an octagon on which it is simple to place the dome. The dome chamber in the palace of Firuzabad is the earliest surviving example of the use of the squinch, suggesting that this architectural technique was probably invented in Persia.{{citation needed}}

The unique characteristic of Sasanian architecture was its distinctive use of space. The Sasanian architect conceived his building in terms of masses and surfaces; hence the use of massive walls of brick decorated with molded or carved stucco. Stucco wall decorations appear at Bishapur, but better examples are preserved from [[Chal Tarkhan]] near [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] (late Sasanian or early Islamic in date), and from Ctesiphon and [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] in Mesopotamia. The panels show animal figures set in roundels, human busts, and geometric and floral motifs.{{citation needed}}

At Bishapur, some of the floors were decorated with [[mosaic]]s showing scenes of banqueting. The Roman influence here is clear, and the mosaics may have been laid by Roman prisoners. Buildings were decorated with wall paintings. Particularly fine examples have been found on [[Mount Khajeh]] in [[Sistan and Baluchistan|Sistan]].{{citation needed}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Sasanian economy}}
[[File:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System Darafsh (6).jpg|thumb|The remains of the [[Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site.]]
[[File:Textile0001.jpg|thumb|Sasanian silk twill textile of a [[simurgh]] in a beaded surround, 6th–7th century. Used in the reliquary of [[Saint Len]], Paris]]
Due to the majority of the inhabitants being of peasant stock, the Sasanian economy relied on farming and agriculture, Khuzestan and Iraq being the most important provinces for it. The [[Nahrawan Canal|Nahravan Canal]] is one of the greatest examples of Sasanian irrigation systems, and many of these things can still be found in Iran. The mountains of the Sasanian state were used for lumbering by the nomads of the region, and the centralized nature of the Sasanian state allowed it to impose taxes on the nomads and inhabitants of the mountains. During the reign of Khosrau I, further land was brought under centralized administration.<ref name="Tafazzoli & Khromov, p. 48">Tafazzoli & Khromov, p. 48</ref>

Two trade routes were used during the Sasanian period: one in the north, the famous [[Silk Route]], and one less prominent route on the southern Sasanian coast. The factories of [[Susa]], [[Gundeshapur]], and [[Shushtar]] were famously known for their production of silk, and rivaled the Chinese factories. The Sasanians showed great toleration to the inhabitants of the countryside, which allowed the latter to stockpile in case of famine.<ref name="Tafazzoli & Khromov, p. 48"/>

===Industry and trade===
[[File:Indo-Sassanid.jpg|thumb|Sasanian sea [[trade route]]s]]
Persian industry under the Sasanians developed from domestic to urban forms. Guilds were numerous. [[Sasanian roads|Good roads]] and bridges, well patrolled, enabled state post and merchant caravans to link Ctesiphon with all provinces; and harbors were built in the Persian Gulf to quicken trade with India.<ref name=Durant /> Sasanian merchants ranged far and wide and gradually ousted Romans from the lucrative Indian Ocean trade routes.<ref name="Nicolle, p. 6">Nicolle, p. 6</ref> Recent archeological discovery has shown the interesting fact that Sasanians used special labels (commercial labels) on goods as a way of promoting their brands and distinguish between different qualities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/04/aug/1199.html |title=Sassanids Used Commercial Labels: Iranian Archeologists|publisher=Payvand|access-date=2009-09-25}}</ref>

Khosrau I further extended the already vast trade network. The Sasanian state now tended toward monopolistic control of trade, with luxury goods assuming a far greater role in the trade than heretofore, and the great activity in building of ports, caravanserais, bridges and the like, was linked to trade and urbanization. The Persians dominated international trade, both in the [[Indian Ocean]], Central Asia and South Russia, in the time of Khosrau, although competition with the Byzantines was at times intense. Sassanian settlements in [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]] testify to the importance of trade with India, but the silk trade with China was mainly in the hands of Sasanian vassals and the Iranian people, the [[Iranian peoples|Sogdians]].<ref>Frye, p. 325</ref>

The main exports of the Sasanians were silk; woolen and golden textiles; carpets and rugs; hides; and leather and pearls from the [[Persian Gulf]]. There were also goods in transit from China (paper, silk) and India (spices), which Sasanian customs imposed taxes upon, and which were re-exported from the Empire to Europe.<ref>Sarfaraz, p. 353</ref>

It was also a time of increased metallurgical production, so Iran earned a reputation as the "armory of Asia". Most of the Sasanian mining centers were at the fringes of the Empire – in Armenia, the Caucasus and above all, [[Transoxania]]. The extraordinary mineral wealth of the [[Pamir Mountains]] on the eastern horizon of the Sasanian empire led to a legend among the [[Tājik people|Tajiks]], an Iranian people living there, which is still told today. It said that when God was creating the world, he tripped over the Pamirs, dropping his jar of minerals, which spread across the region.<ref name="Nicolle, p. 6"/>

==Religion==
{{Main|Zoroastrianism}}

===Zoroastrianism===
[[File:Sassanian seal standing noble holding a flower, ca. 3rd–early 4th century AD.jpg|thumb|upright|Seal of a Sassanian nobleman holding a flower, c. 3rd–early 4th century AD.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seal|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/322513|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>]]
Under [[Arsacid Empire|Parthian rule]], Zoroastrianism had fragmented into regional variations which also saw the rise of local cult-deities, some from Iranian religious tradition but others drawn from [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] tradition too. Greek paganism and religious ideas had spread and mixed with Zoroastrianism when [[Alexander the Great]] had conquered the [[Persian Empire]] from [[Darius III]]—a process of Greco-Persian religious and cultural synthesisation which had continued into the Parthian era. However, under the Sassanids, an orthodox Zoroastrianism was revived and the religion would undergo numerous and important developments.

Sassanid Zoroastrianism developed clear distinctions from the practices laid out in the [[Avesta]], the holy books of Zoroastrianism. Sassanid religious policies contributed to the flourishing of numerous religious reform movements, most importantly those founded by the religious leaders [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] and [[Mazdak]].{{fact}}

The relationship between the Sassanid kings and the religions practiced in their empire became complex and varied. For instance, while [[Shapur I]] tolerated and encouraged a variety of religions and seems to have been a [[Zurvanism|Zurvanite]] himself, religious minorities at times were suppressed under later kings, such as [[Bahram II]]. Shapur II, on the other hand, tolerated religious groups except Christians, whom he only persecuted in the wake of Constantine's conversion.<ref name="Ehsan Yarshater 1983 pp. 879">Ehsan Yarshater. ''The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods'', (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 879–880.</ref><ref name="Manfred Hutter 1993 pp. 5">Manfred Hutter. ''Numen, Vol. 40, No. 1'', "Manichaeism in the Early Sasanian Empire", (Brill, 1993), pp. 5–9</ref>

====Tansar and his justification for Ardashir I's rebellion====
From the very beginning of Sassanid rule in 224, an orthodox [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]]-oriented Zoroastrian tradition would play an important part in influencing and lending legitimization to the state until its collapse in the mid-7th century. After [[Ardashir I]] had deposed the last [[Arsacid Empire|Parthian]] King, [[Artabanus IV of Parthia|Artabanus IV]], he sought the aid of [[Tansar]], a ''[[herbad]]'' (high priest) of the Iranian Zoroastrians to aid him in acquiring legitimization for the new dynasty. This Tansar did by writing to the nominal and vassal kings in different regions of [[Iran]] to accept Ardashir I as their new King, most notably in the ''[[Letter of Tansar]]'', which was addressed to [[Gushnasp]], the vassal king of [[Tabarestan]]. Gushnasp had accused Ardashir I of having forsaken tradition by usurping the throne, and that while his actions "may have been good for the World" they were "bad for the faith". Tansar refuted these charges in his letter to Gushnasp by proclaiming that not all of the old ways had been good, and that Ardashir was more virtuous than his predecessors. The ''Letter of Tansar'' included some attacks on the religious practices and orientation of the Parthians, who did not follow an orthodox Zoroastrian tradition but rather a heterodox one, and so attempted to justify Ardashir's rebellion against them by arguing that Zoroastrianism had 'decayed' after Alexander's invasion, a decay which had continued under the Parthians and so needed to be 'restored'.{{sfn|Boyce|1984}}

[[Tansar]] would later help to oversee the formation of a single 'Zoroastrian church' under the control of the Persian [[magi]], alongside the establishment of a single set of [[Avesta]]n texts, which he himself approved and authorised.

====Influence of Kartir====
[[Kartir]], a very powerful and influential Persian cleric, served under several Sassanid Kings and actively campaigned for the establishment of a [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]]-centred Zoroastrian orthodoxy across the Sassanid Empire. His power and influence grew so much that he became the only 'commoner' to later be allowed to have his own rock inscriptions carved in the royal fashion (at [[Sar Mashhad]], [[Naqsh-e Rostam]], [[Ka'ba-ye Zartosht]] and [[Naqsh-e Rajab]]). Under [[Shapur I]], Kartir was made the 'absolute authority' over the 'order of priests' at the Sassanid court and throughout the empire's regions too, with the implication that all regional Zoroastrian clergies would now for the first time be subordinated to the Persian Zoroastrian clerics of [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]]. To some extent Kartir was an [[iconoclasm|iconoclast]] and took it upon himself to help establish numerous Bahram fires throughout Iran in the place of the 'bagins / ayazans' (monuments and temples containing images and idols of cult-deities) that had proliferated during the Parthian era. In expressing his doctrinal orthodoxy, Kartir also encouraged an obscure Zoroastrian concept known as ''khvedodah'' among the common-folk (marriage within the family; between siblings, cousins). At various stages during his long career at court, Kartir also oversaw the periodic persecution of the non-Zoroastrians in Iran, and secured the execution of the prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] during the reign of [[Bahram I]]. During the reign of [[Hormizd I]] (the predecessor and brother of Bahram I) Kartir was awarded the new Zoroastrian title of ''mobad''—a clerical title that was to be considered higher than that of the eastern-Iranian (Parthian) title of ''herbad''.{{sfn|Boyce|1984}}

====Zoroastrian calendar reforms under the Sasanians====
The Persians had long known of the Egyptian calendar, with its 365 days divided into 12 months. However, the traditional Zoroastrian calendar had 12 months of 30 days each. During the reign of [[Ardashir I]], an effort was made to introduce a more accurate Zoroastrian calendar for the year, so 5 extra days were added to it. These 5 extra days were named the [[Gatha days]] and had a practical as well as religious use. However, they were still kept apart from the 'religious year', so as not to disturb the long-held observances of the older Zoroastrian calendar.

Some difficulties arose with the introduction of the first calendar reform, particularly the pushing forward of important Zoroastrian festivals such as Hamaspat-maedaya and [[Nowruz]] on the calendar year by year. This confusion apparently caused much distress among ordinary people, and while the Sassanids tried to enforce the observance of these great celebrations on the new official dates, much of the populace continued to observe them on the older, traditional dates, and so parallel celebrations for Nowruz and other Zoroastrian celebrations would often occur within days of each other, in defiance of the new official calendar dates, causing much confusion and friction between the laity and the ruling class. A compromise on this by the Sassanids was later introduced, by linking the parallel celebrations as a 6-day celebration/feast. This was done for all except Nowruz.

A further problem occurred as Nowruz had shifted in position during this period from the [[spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)|spring equinox]] to [[autumn]], although this inconsistency with the original spring-equinox date for Nowruz had possibly occurred during the Parthian period too.

Further calendar reforms occurred during the later Sassanid era. Ever since the reforms under [[Ardashir I]] there had been no intercalation. Thus with a quarter-day being lost each year, the Zoroastrian holy year had slowly slipped backwards, with Nowruz eventually ending up in July. A great council was therefore convened and it was decided that Nowruz be moved back to the original position it had during the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] period—back to [[spring (season)|spring]]. This change probably took place during the reign of [[Kavad I]] in the early 6th century. Much emphasis seems to have been placed during this period on the importance of spring and on its connection with the resurrection and ''[[Frashegerd]]''.{{sfn|Boyce|1984}}

====Three Great Fires====
[[File:Takhte Soleyman.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Takht-e Soleymān|Adur Gushnasp]], one of three main Zoroastrian temples in the Sassanian Empire]]

Reflecting the regional rivalry and bias the Sassanids are believed to have held against their [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] predecessors, it was probably during the Sassanid era that the two great fires in [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] and [[Media (region)|Media]]—the ''[[Adur Farnbag]]'' and ''[[Adur Gushnasp]]'' respectively—were promoted to rival, and even eclipse, the sacred fire in [[Parthia]], the ''[[Adur Burzen-Mehr]]''. The Adur Burzen-Mehr, linked (in legend) with [[Zoroaster]] and [[Vishtaspa]] (the first Zoroastrian King), was too holy for the Persian magi to end veneration of it completely.

It was therefore during the Sassanid era that the three ''Great Fires'' of the Zoroastrian world were given specific associations. The ''Adur Farnbag'' in Pars became associated with the [[magi]], ''Adur Gushnasp'' in Media with warriors, and ''Adur Burzen-Mehr'' in Parthia with the lowest estate, farmers and herdsmen.

The ''Adur Gushnasp'' eventually became, by custom, a place of pilgrimage by foot for newly enthroned Kings after their coronation. It is likely that, during the Sassanid era, these three ''Great Fires'' became central places for pilgrimage among Zoroastrians.{{sfn|Boyce|1984}}

====Iconoclasm and the elevation of Persian over other Iranian languages====
The early Sassanids ruled against the use of cult images in worship, and so statues and idols were removed from many temples and, where possible, sacred fires were installed instead. This policy extended even to the [[Aniran|'non-Iran']] regions of the empire during some periods. Hormizd I allegedly destroyed statues erected for the dead in [[Armenia]]. However, only cult-statues were removed. The Sassanids continued to use images to represent the deities of Zoroastrianism, including that of [[Ahura Mazda]], in the tradition that was established during the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] era.

In the early Sassanid period royal inscriptions often consisted of [[Parthian language|Parthian]], [[Middle Persian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]. However, the last time Parthian was used for a royal inscription came during the reign of [[Narseh]], son of [[Shapur I]]. It is likely therefore that soon after this, the Sassanids made the decision to impose Persian as the sole official language within Iran, and forbade the use of written Parthian. This had important consequences for Zoroastrianism, given that all secondary literature, including the [[Zend|Zand]], was then recorded only in [[Middle Persian]], having a profound impact in orienting Zoroastrianism towards the influence of the [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] region, the homeland of the Sassanids.{{sfn|Boyce|1984}}

====Developments in Zoroastrian literature and liturgy by the Sasanians====
Some scholars of Zoroastrianism such as [[Mary Boyce]] have speculated that it is possible that the ''[[yasna]]'' service was lengthened during the Sassanid era "to increase its impressiveness".{{sfn|Boyce|1984|pp=123–125}} This appears to have been done by joining the [[Gathas|Gathic]] ''[[Staota Yesnya]]'' with the ''[[haoma]]'' ceremony. Furthermore, it is believed that another longer service developed, known as the ''[[Visperad]]'', which derived from the extended yasna. This was developed for the celebration of the seven holy days of obligation (the ''[[Gahambars]]'' plus ''[[Nowruz]]'') and was dedicated to [[Ahura Mazda]].

While the very earliest Zoroastrians eschewed writing as a form of demonic practice, the [[Middle Persian]] [[Avesta#The Zend|Zand]], along with much secondary Zoroastrian literature, was recorded in writing during the Sassanid era for the first time. Many of these Zoroastrian texts were original works from the Sassanid period. Perhaps the most important of these works was the ''[[Bundahishn]]''—the mythical Zoroastrian story of Creation. Other older works, some from remote antiquity, were possibly translated from different Iranian languages into Middle Persian during this period. For example, two works, the ''[[Drakht-i Asurig]]'' (Assyrian Tree) and ''[[Yadegar-e Zariran|Ayadgar-i Zareran]]'' (Exploits of Zarter) were probably translated from [[Parthian language|Parthian]] originals.

[[File:Bodleian J2 fol 175 Y 28 1.jpg|thumb|The Sasanians developed an accurate, phonetic alphabet to write down the sacred [[Avesta]]]]
Of great importance for Zoroastrianism was the creation of the [[Avestan alphabet]] by the Sassanids, which enabled the accurate rendering of the [[Avesta]] in written form (including in its original language/phonology) for the first time. The alphabet was based on the [[Pahlavi alphabet|Pahlavi]] one, but rather than the inadequacy of that script for recording spoken Middle Persian, the Avestan alphabet had 46 letters, and was well suited to recording [[Avestan language|Avestan]] in written form in the way the language actually sounded and was uttered. The Persian [[magi]] were therefore finally able to record all surviving ancient Avestan texts in written form.

As a result of this development, the Sasanian Avesta was then compiled into 21 nasks (divisions) to correspond with the 21 words of the ''[[Ahuna Vairya|Ahunavar]]'' invocation. The nasks were further divided into three groups of seven. The first group contained the ''[[Gathas]]'' and all texts associated with them, while the second group contained works of scholastic learning. The final section contained treatises of instruction for the magi, such as the ''[[Vendidad]]'', law-texts and other works, such as ''[[yashts]]''.

An important literary text, the ''[[Khwaday-Namag]]'' (Book of Kings), was composed during the Sasanian era. This text is the basis of the later ''[[Shahnameh]]'' of [[Ferdowsi]]. Another important Zoroastrian text from the Sasanian period includes the ''[[Menog-i Khrad|Dadestan-e Menog-e Khrad]]'' (Judgments of the Spirit of Wisdom).{{sfn|Boyce|1984}}

===Christianity===
{{Main|Church of the East|Maphrianate of the East}}
{{See also|Christianisation of Armenia|Armenian Apostolic Church}}
[[File:Sasanian-era gem, depicting the sacrifice of Isaac, Pahlavi inscription.jpg|thumb|right|Sasanian-era cornelian gem, depicting [[Abraham]] advancing towards [[Isaac]] with a knife in his hands. A ram is depicted to the right of Abraham. [[Middle Persian]] (Pahlavi) inscription ''ZNH mwdly l'styny''. Created 4th–5th century AD]]
Christians in the Sasanian Empire belonged mainly to the [[Nestorian Church]] (Church of the East) and the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobite Church]] (Syriac Orthodox Church) branches of Christianity. Although these churches originally maintained ties with Christian churches in the Roman Empire, they were indeed quite different from them. One reason for this was that the [[liturgical language]] of the Nestorian and Jacobite Churches was [[Syriac language|Syriac]] rather than Greek, the language of Roman Christianity during the early centuries (and the language of Eastern Roman Christianity in later centuries). Another reason for a separation between Eastern and Western Christianity was strong pressure from the Sasanian authorities to sever connections with Rome, since the Sasanian Empire was often at war with the Roman Empire.

Christianity was recognized by Yazdegerd I in 409 as an allowable faith within the Sasanian Empire.<ref>Alexander A. Vasiliev, ''History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453'', Vol. I, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1980), 96–97.</ref>

The major break with mainstream Christianity came in 431, due to the pronouncements of the [[First Council of Ephesus]]. The Council condemned [[Nestorius]], a theologian of Cilician/Kilikian origin and the [[patriarch of Constantinople]], for teaching a view of [[Christology]] in accordance with which he refused to call [[Mary, mother of Jesus]], "[[Theotokos]]" or Mother of God. While the teaching of the Council of Ephesus was accepted within the Roman Empire, the Sasanian church disagreed with the condemnation of Nestorius' teachings. When Nestorius was deposed as patriarch, a number of his followers fled to the Sasanian Empire. Persian emperors used this opportunity to strengthen Nestorius' position within the Sasanian church (which made up the vast majority of the Christians in the predominantly Zoroastrian Persian Empire) by eliminating the most important pro-Roman clergymen in Persia and making sure that their places were taken by Nestorians. This was to assure that these Christians would be loyal to the Persian Empire, and not to the Roman.{{Citation needed}}

Most of the Christians in the Sasanian empire lived on the western edge of the empire, predominantly in Mesopotamia, but there were also important extant communities in the more northern territories, namely [[Caucasian Albania]], Lazica, [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Iberia]], and the Persian part of Armenia. Other important communities were to be found on the island of [[Tylos]] (present day [[Bahrain]]), the southern coast of the Persian Gulf, and the area of the [[Arabian]] kingdom of [[Lakhmids|Lakhm]]. Some of these areas were the earliest to be Christianized; the kingdom of [[Armenia]] became the first independent Christian state in the world in 301. While a number of Assyrian territories had almost become fully Christianized even earlier during the 3rd century, they never became independent nations.<ref name="iranologie" />

===Other religions===
Some of the recent excavations have discovered the [[Buddhist]], [[Hindu]] and Jewish religious sites in the empire.<ref>{{cite book|title=Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in Medieval Iranian Society|page=5|publisher=Columbia University Press|author=Front Cover Jamsheed Kairshasp Choksy|year=1997}}</ref> [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] were competitors of Zoroastrianism in [[Bactria]] and [[Margiana]],<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/historycivilizat750litv|url-access=limited|publisher=UNESCO|author1=Ahmad Hasan Dani |author2=B. A. Litvinsky |page=[https://archive.org/details/historycivilizat750litv/page/n410 410]}}</ref> in the far easternmost territories. A very large Jewish community flourished under Sasanian rule, with thriving centers at [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], [[Babylon]] and [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], and with its own semiautonomous ''Exilarchate'' leadership based in Mesopotamia. Jewish communities suffered only occasional persecution. They enjoyed a relative freedom of religion, and were granted privileges denied to other religious minorities.<ref>Zarinkoob, p. 272</ref> Shapur I (Shabur Malka in Aramaic) was a particular friend to the Jews. His friendship with [[Samuel of Nehardea|Shmuel]] produced many advantages for the Jewish community.<ref>Zarinkoob, p. 207</ref> He even offered the Jews in the Sasanian empire a fine white Nisaean horse, just in case the Messiah, who was thought to ride a donkey or a mule, would come.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jona Lendering |url=https://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nisaia/nisaia.html |title=Livius article on Sassanid Empire |publisher=Livius.org |access-date=2013-12-16 |archive-date=11 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211030112/http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nisaia/nisaia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shapur II, whose mother was Jewish, had a similar friendship with a Babylonian rabbi named [[Rabbah bar Nahmani|Rabbah]]. Raba's friendship with Shapur II enabled him to secure a relaxation of the oppressive laws enacted against the Jews in the Persian Empire. Moreover, in the eastern portion of the empire, various Buddhist places of worship, notably in [[Bamyan City|Bamiyan]], were active as Buddhism gradually became more popular in that region.

==Language==

===Official languages===
During the early Sasanian period, [[Middle Persian]] along with [[Koine Greek]] and [[Parthian language|Parthian]] appeared in the inscriptions of the early Sasanian kings. However, by the time Narseh (r. 293–302) was ruling, Greek was no longer in use, perhaps due to the disappearance of Greek or the efforts of the anti-Hellenic Zoroastrian clergy to remove it once and for all. This was probably also because Greek was commonplace among the Romans/Byzantines, the rivals of the Sasanians.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=99–100}} Parthian soon disappeared as an administrative language too, but was continued to be spoken and written in the eastern part of the Sasanian Empire, the homeland of the Parthians.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|pp=116–117}} Furthermore, many of the Parthian aristocrats who had entered into Sasanian service after the fall of the [[Parthian Empire]] still spoke Parthian, such as the seven Parthian clans, who possessed much power within the empire. Sometimes one of the members of the clans would even protest against Sasanian rule.{{Citation needed}} The Sasanian Empire appears to have stopped using the Parthian language in their official inscriptions during the reign of [[Narseh]].{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=321}}

[[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], like in the [[Achaemenid Empire]], yet in the stage of Middle Aramaic, was widely used in the Sasanian Empire, and provided [[Aramaic alphabet|scripts]] for Middle Persian and other languages.{{Citation needed}}

===Regional languages===
Although Middle Persian was the native language of the Sasanians (who, however, were not originally from [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]]), it was only a minority spoken-language in the vast Sasanian Empire; it only formed the majority of Pars, while it was widespread around [[Media (region)|Media]] and its surrounding regions. However, there were several different Persian dialects during that time. Besides Persian, the unattested predecessor of [[Old Azeri language|Adhari]] along with one of its dialects, Tati, was spoken in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Adurbadagan]] (Azerbaijan). Unwritten [[Daylamite language|Pre-Daylamite]] and probably [[Caspian languages|Proto-Caspian]], which later became [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] in [[Gilan]] and [[Mazanderani language|Mazandarani]] (also known as Tabari) in [[Tabaristan]], were spoken about in the same regions. Furthermore, some other languages and dialects were spoken in the two regions.{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=101}}

In the Sasanian territories in the Caucasus, numerous languages were spoken including [[Old Georgian language|Old Georgian]], various [[Kartvelian languages]] (notably in Lazica), Middle Persian,<ref name="VAS">Shnirelman, V.A.(2001), 'The value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia', Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. p. 79:
"Yet, even at the time of Caucasian Albania and later on, as well, the region was greatly affected by Iran and Persian enjoyed even more success than the Albanian language".</ref> [[Old Armenian language|Old Armenian]], [[Caucasian Albanian language|Caucasian Albanian]], [[Scythian languages|Scythian]], Koine Greek, and others.

In [[Khuzestan]], several languages were spoken; Persian in the north and east, while [[Aramaic language|Eastern Middle Aramaic]] was spoken in the rest of the place.{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=773}} Furthermore, late [[Elamite language|Neo-Elamite]] may also have been spoken in the province{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=101}} but there are no references explicitly naming the language. In [[Meshan]], [[Strabo]] divided the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] population of the province into "Chaldeans" (Aramaic-speakers) and "Mesenian Arabs". Nomadic Arabs along with [[Nabataeans|Nabataean]] and [[Palmyrene dialect|Palmyrene]] merchants are believed to have added to the population as well. Iranians had also begun to settle in the province, along with the [[Jat people|Zutt]], who had been deported from [[India]]. Other Indian groups such as the [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]] may also have been deported to Meshan, either as captives or recruited sailors.{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=755}} In [[Asoristan]], the majority of the people were Aramaic-speaking Nestorian Christians, notably including [[Syriac language|Middle Syriac]], while the Persians, Jews and Arabs formed a minority in the province.

Due to invasions from the [[Scythians]] and their sub-group, the [[Alans]], into Atropatene, Armenia, and other places in the Caucasus, the places gained a larger, although small, Iranian population.{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=763}} Parthian was spoken in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] along with other Iranian dialects and languages, while the [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] and [[Khwarezmian language|Khwarazmian]] languages were spoken further east in places which were not always controlled by the Sasanians. To the further south in [[Sakastan]], which saw an influx of [[Scythians]] during the Parthian period, much later the place of [[Sistani dialect|Sistanian Persian]],{{sfn|Brunner|1983|pp=772–773}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=101}} an unknown [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Middle Southwestern Iranian language]] was spoken if it was not likely Middle Persian as well. [[Kerman Province|Kirman]] was populated by an Iranian group which closely resembled the Persians while, farther to the east in [[Paratan (satrapy)|Paratan]], [[Turan (satrapy)|Turan]] and [[Makran]], non-Iranian languages{{sfn|Brunner|1983|pp=772–773}} and an unknown [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Middle Northwestern Iranian language]] were spoken. In major cities such as [[Gundeshapur]] and Ctesiphon, [[Latin]], Greek and Syriac were spoken by Roman/Byzantine prisoners of war. Furthermore, [[Slavic language|Slavic]] and [[Germanic language|Germanic]] were also spoken in the Sasanian Empire, once again due to the capture of Roman soldiers{{sfn|Daryaee|2008|p=102}} but this must have been negligible. Semitic languages including [[Himyaritic language|Himyaritic]] and [[Sabaean language|Sabaean]] were spoken in [[Sasanian Yemen|Yemen]].

==Legacy and importance==
The influence of the Sasanian Empire continued long after it fell. The empire, through the guidance of several able emperors prior to its fall, had achieved a [[Persian Culture|Persian renaissance]] that would become a driving force behind the [[Islamic world|civilization]] of the newly established religion of [[Islam]].<ref>Sasanian Iran, 224–651 AD: portrait of a late antique empire – p. 20</ref> In modern [[Iran]] and the regions of the [[Greater Iran|Iranosphere]], the Sasanian period is regarded as one of the high points of [[History of Iran|Iranian civilization]].<ref>The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the soul of a nation – p. 33</ref>

===In Europe===
[[File:Derbent summer.jpg|thumb|A Sasanian fortress in [[Derbent]], Russia (the [[Gates of Alexander|Caspian Gates]])]]

Sasanian culture and military structure had a significant influence on [[Culture of ancient Rome|Roman civilization]]. The structure and character of the [[Roman army]] was affected by the methods of Persian warfare. In a modified form, the Roman Imperial autocracy imitated the royal ceremonies of the Sasanian court at Ctesiphon, and those in turn had an influence on the ceremonial traditions of the [[court]]s of medieval and modern Europe. The origin of the formalities of European diplomacy is attributed to the diplomatic relations between the Persian governments and the Roman Empire.{{CN}}

===In Jewish history===
Important developments in [[Jewish history]] are associated with the Sassanian Empire. The Babylonian [[Talmud]] was composed between the third and sixth centuries in Sasanian Persia<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-OYdFG8wswC&q=babylonian+talmud+composed+sassanid&pg=PA299 | title=Cultural Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean| isbn=978-0892369690| last1=Gruen| first1=Erich S.| year=2011}}</ref> and major Jewish academies of learning were established in [[Sura (city)|Sura]] and [[Pumbedita]] that became cornerstones of [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia|Jewish scholarship]].<ref>The fire, the star and the cross by Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) p. 6</ref> Several individuals of the Imperial family such as Ifra Hormizd the Queen mother of Shapur II and Queen [[Shushandukht]], the Jewish wife of Yazdegerd I, significantly contributed to the close relations between the Jews of the empire and the government in Ctesiphon.<ref>A. Khanbaghi (2006) p. 9</ref>

===In India===
{{See also|Zoroastrianism in India}}
[[File:Persians (Parsees) in Bombay 1873.jpg|thumb|"Parsees of [[Bombay]]" a wood engraving, c. 1873]]
The collapse of the Sasanian Empire led to Islam slowly replacing Zoroastrianism as the primary religion of Iran. A large number of Zoroastrians chose to emigrate to escape Islamic persecution. According to the ''[[Qissa-i Sanjan]]'', one group of those refugees landed in what is now [[Gujarat]], India, where they were allowed greater freedom to observe their old customs and to preserve their faith. The descendants of those Zoroastrians would play a small but significant role in the development of India. Today there are over 70,000 Zoroastrians in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parsi population in India declines |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/04/sep/1055.html |work=Payvand's Iran News ... |publisher=Payvand|access-date=3 September 2009}}</ref>

The Zoroastrians still use a variant of the religious calendar instituted under the Sasanians. That calendar still marks the number of years since the accession of Yazdegerd III, just as it did in 632.{{efn|See also: [[Zoroastrian calendar]]}}

==Chronology==
[[File:Sassanid-empire-timeline.png | thumb]]
{{Main|List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire|Timeline of the Sasanian Empire}}
*224–241: Reign of [[Ardashir I]]:
** 224: Overthrow of the [[Parthian Empire]]
** 229–232: War with Rome
** [[Zoroastrianism]] is revived as official religion
** The collection of texts known as the Zend [[Avesta]] is assembled
*241–271: Reign of [[Shapur I]] "the Great":
** 241–244: War with Rome
** 252–261: War with Rome. Decisive victory of Persian at [[Battle of Edessa|Edessa]] and Capture of Roman emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]
** 215–271: [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]], founder of [[Manicheanism]]
*271–301: A period of dynastic struggles.
*283: War with Rome.
*293: Revolt of [[Narseh]].
*296–298: War with Rome – Persia cedes five provinces east of the Tigris to Rome.
*309–379: Reign of [[Shapur II]] "the Great":
** 325: Shapur II defeats many Arab tribes and makes the [[Lakhmids|Lakhmid kingdom]] his [[Vassal state|vassal]].
** 337–350: First war with Rome with relatively little success
** 359–363: Second war with Rome. Rome cedes Northern and Eastern Mesopotamia, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] including fifteen fortresses as well as Nisibis to Persia.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii |title=Shapur II |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations |title=Byzantine–Iranian Relations|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref>
*387: Armenia partitioned into Roman and Persian zones
*399–420: Reign of [[Yazdegerd I]] "the Sinner":
** 410: [[Church of the East]] formalised at the [[synod of Isaac]] under the patronage of Yazdegerd. Christians are permitted to publicly worship and to build churches
** 416–420: Persecution of Christians as Yazdegerd revokes his earlier order
*420–438: Reign of [[Bahram V]]:
** 421–422: War with Rome
** 424: Council of Dad-Ishu declares the Eastern Church independent of Constantinople
** 428: Persian zone of Armenia annexed to Sasanian Empire
*438–457: Reign of [[Yazdegerd II]]:
** 440: War with the Byzantine Empire; the Romans give some payments to the Sasanians<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazdgerd-ii |title=Yazdegerd II |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=2013-12-16}}</ref>
** 449–451: Armenian revolt. [[Battle of Avarayr]] fought in 451 against the Christian [[Armenians|Armenian]] rebels led by [[Vardan Mamikonian]].
*482–483: Armenian and Iberian revolt
*483: Edict of Toleration granted to Christians
*484: [[Peroz I]] defeated and killed by Hephthalites. The [[Nvarsak Treaty]] grants the [[Armenians]] the right to profess Christianity freely.
*491: Armenian revolt. Armenian Church repudiates the [[Council of Chalcedon]]; [[Nestorian Christianity]] becomes dominant Christian sect in Sasanian Empire
*502–506: War with the [[Byzantine Empire]]. In the end the [[Byzantine Empire]] pays 1,000 pounds of gold to the Sasanian Empire{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}} The Sasanians capture [[Erzurum|Theodosiopolis]] and [[Silvan, Diyarbakır|Martyropolis]]. [[Byzantine Empire]] received [[Amida (Mesopotamia)|Amida]] for 1,000 pounds of gold.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}}
*526–532: War with the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Treaty of [[Eternal Peace (532)|Eternal Peace]]: The Sasanian Empire keeps [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Iberia]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]] receives Lazica and Persarmenia;<ref name=":1">John W Barker, ''Justinian and the later Roman Empire'', 118.</ref> the [[Byzantine Empire]] pays tribute 11,000 lbs gold/year.<ref name=":1"/>
*531–579: Reign of [[Khosrau I]], "with the immortal soul" (Anushirvan).
*541–562: War with the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*572–591: War with the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*580: The Sasanians under [[Hormizd IV]] abolish the monarchy of the [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Iberia]]. Direct control through [[Sasanian Iberia|Sasanian-appointed governors]] starts.
*590: [[Rebellion of Bahram Chobin]] and other Sasanian nobles, [[Khosrau II]] overthrows [[Hormizd IV]] but loses the throne to [[Bahram Chobin]].
*591: [[Khosrau II]] regains the throne with help from the [[Byzantine Empire]] and cedes Persian Armenia and the western half of Iberia to the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*593: Attempted usurpation of [[Hormizd V]]
*595–602: Rebellion of [[Vistahm]]
*603–628: War with the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Persia occupies Byzantine Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and the Transcaucasus, before being driven to withdraw to pre-war frontiers by Byzantine counter-offensive
*610: Arabs defeat a Sasanian army at [[Battle of Thi Qar|Dhu-Qar]]
*626: Unsuccessful siege of [[Constantinople]] by Avars, Persians, and Slavs.
*627: Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]] invades Sasanian Mesopotamia. Decisive defeat of Persian forces at the [[Battle of Nineveh (627)|battle of Nineveh]]
*628: [[Kavadh II]] overthrows [[Khosrau II]] and becomes Shahanshah.
*628: A devastating plague kills half of the population in Western Persia, including [[Kavadh II]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}}
*628–632: [[Sasanian civil war of 628-632|Civil war]]
*632–644: Reign of [[Yazdegerd III]]
*636: Decisive Sasanian defeat at the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]] during the [[Islamic conquest of Iran]]
*641: The [[Rashidun Caliphate|Muslims]] defeat a massive [[Sasanian army]] with heavy casualties during the [[Battle of Nihawānd]]
*644: The [[Rashidun Caliphate|Muslims]] conquer [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]; Yazdegerd III becomes a hunted fugitive
*651: [[Yazdegerd III]] flees eastward from one district to another, until at last he is killed by a local miller for his purse at [[Merv]] (present-day [[Turkmenistan]]), ending the dynasty. Yazdegerd is given a burial by the Assyrian bishop Mar Gregory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://p2.www.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=106324&fullArticle=true&tocId=9106324 |title=All about Oscar |publisher=britannica.com |access-date=2013-06-30|page=2}}</ref> His son, [[Peroz III]], and many others go into exile in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapage.com/minority/iran.html |title=Pirooz in China |publisher=Chinapage.com |access-date=2013-06-30}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Iran}}
* [[List of Sasanian revolts and civil wars]]
* [[List of Zoroastrian states and dynasties]]
* [[Military of the Sasanian Empire]]
* [[Romans in Persia]]
* [[Sasanian art]]
* [[Sasanian family tree]]
* [[Sasanian music]]
* [[Women in the Sasanian Empire]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation|last =Christensen |first=A |chapter=Sassanid Persia |volume=XII: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery (A.D. 193–324)|editor-last=Cook|editor-first= S. A. |place= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn= 0-521-04494-4 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History}}
* Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu. ''The Roman Eastern frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226–363). Part 1''. Routledge. London, 1994 {{ISBN|0-415-10317-7}}
* {{Citation|last =Howard-Johnston |first=J.D. |title = East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End of Antiquity: Historiographical and Historical Studies |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. | isbn= 0-860-78992-6 }}
* Labourt, J. ''Le Christianisme dans l'empire Perse, sous la Dynastie Sassanide (224–632).'' Paris: Librairie Victor Lecoffre, 1904.
* {{Citation| last=Oranskij |first= I. M. |title=Les langues Iraniennes (translated by Joyce Blau) |place=Paris| language=fr| publisher= Klincksieck |year= 1977 |isbn= 978-2-252-01991-7}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RV8-AAAAcAAJ|title=Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins|author=Edward Thomas|year=1868|publisher=Trübner|location=London|page=137|access-date=2011-07-05|author-link=Edward Thomas (antiquarian)}} (Original from the Bavarian State Library)
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ0YAAAAYAAJ|title=Early Sassanian inscriptions, seals and coins|author=Edward Thomas|year=1868|publisher=Trübner|location=London|page=137|access-date=2011-07-05}} (Original from the New York Public Library)
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20120529001916/http://www.humanities.uci.edu/sasanika/ Sasanika: the History and Culture of Sasanians]
* ''Sasanian rock reliefs'', Photos from Iran, [https://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-reliefs.html ''Livius''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110012241/http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-reliefs.html }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100109191214/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sasanian_dyn_20050301.html Sasanian Dynasty] entry in the [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Sassanian/Sassan.html The Sassanians] The Sassanians by Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota.
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_sassanians.php The Art of Sassanians, on Iran Chamber Society]
* [http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/ ECAI.org ''The Near East in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Empire''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214083059/http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/ }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=njwgd7YZHi8C&q=roman+empire+in+persia Google Books on Roman Eastern Frontier (part 1)]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/sassanids/sassanid_images_inscriptions1.php A Review of Sassanid Images and Inscriptions, on Iran Chamber Society]
* [https://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-crowns.html Sassanid crowns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110011645/http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-crowns.html }}
* [https://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid_kings.html Sassanid coins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110014158/http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid_kings.html }}
* [http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ugp/ Sassanid textile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022075330/http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ugp/ }}
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/art/islamic-metalwork.html Islamic Metalwork] ''The continuation of Sassanid Art''
* [http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0104/sasanians.html Sasanians in Africa in Transoxiana 4].
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/ctesiphon/ctesiphon.php Ctesiphon; The capital of the Parthian and the Sassanid empires, on Iran Chamber Society]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_conquest/islamic_conquest.php Islamic Conquest of Persia]
* [http://www.iranian.com/History/2000/August/China/ Pirooz in China, By Frank Wong]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071213.shtml The Sassanian Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101013011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071213.shtml }} BBC – [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]] ''[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]]'' programme (available as .ram file)
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/research_20071213.shtml The Sassanian Empire: Further Reading]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090715080555/http://www.iranologie.com/history/history5.html Iranologie History of Iran Chapter V: Sasanians]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/historic_periods.php History of Iran on Iran Chamber Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110131804/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/historic_periods.php }}
* [https://www.livius.org/persia.html Livius articles on ancient Persia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614190250/http://www.livius.org/persia.html }}
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/fryehst.html Richard Frye "The History of Ancient Iran"]
* [http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/hpart.html Iransaga: Persian arts through the centuries]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/aba_church_persia.php Christianity in Ancient Iran: Aba & The Church in Persia, on Iran Chamber Society]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/sassanids/sassanian_army.php iranchamber.com]

{{Sasanian Empire}}
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Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

2022-03-30T23:44:40Z

Neo: Shared a valuable guide.

#REDIRECT [[Anti-defection law (India)]]

Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra

2022-03-02T04:51:37Z

Neo: Created an enlightening write-up.

{{Short description|Trust for a Hindu temple in Ayodhya, India}}{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox organization
| native_name = श्री राम जन्म-भूमि तीर्थ क्षेत्र
| image = Shri_Ram_Janmabhoomi_Teerth_Kshetra.jpg
| caption =
| map =
| motto = रामो विग्रहवान् धर्मः Rama is the embodiment/ personification of dharma.
| formation = {{start date and age|2020|2|5}}
| type = Trust
| purpose = Construction and management of [[Ram Mandir|Shri Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]]
| headquarters = R-20, Greater Kailash Part -1, [[New Delhi]]
| coords = 
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[Nritya Gopal Das|Mahant Nrityagopal Das]]
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = [[Champat Rai]]
| members = 15<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srjbtkshetra.org/members/|title=Members – Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Mandir construction likely to begin soon; list of Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust members|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/ram-mandir-construction-likely-to-begin-in-august-a-list-of-ram-janmabhoomi-teerth-kshetra-trust-members/623246|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Times Now News}}</ref>
| abbreviation = SRJBTK
| location = [[Ram Janmabhoomi]]
| region = [[Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh]]
| website = {{URL|https://srjbtkshetra.org}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-official-website-of-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-tirtha-kshetra-trust-starts-operating-1264022|title=Official website of Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Tirtha Kshetra Trust starts operating|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
}}
'''Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra''' is a trust set up for the construction and management of [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]] by the [[government of India]] in February 2020. The trust is composed of 15 trustees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notification. Ministry of Home Affairs.|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215935.pdf|website=egazette.nic.in|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Saha|first1=Poulomi|title=Sri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra: PM Modi announces formation of Ayodhya temple trust|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-temple-trust-pm-narendra-modi-announces-in-lok-sabha-1643403-2020-02-05|website=India Today}}</ref>

== History ==
It was created as per the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|verdict]] of the Supreme Court on the ''[[Ayodhya dispute|M Siddiq(D) Thr Lrs v/s Mahant Suresh Das & Ors case]]''. The court directed the central government to set up a trust to oversee and manage the construction of the temple within three months of the judgement. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced the formation of the trust in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 5 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Varma,Anuja|first=Gyan|title=Modi announces 15-member trust for temple in Ayodhya|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-says-govt-sets-up-trust-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-11580886927287.html|website=Livemint}}</ref>

The trust was awarded the disputed 2.77 acre land as well as the 67.703 acre land acquired under the ''Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act, 1993'' following the Supreme Court verdict in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chishti|first=Seema|title=Explained: Story of 67 acres in Ayodhya adjoining Babri site, now with Ram temple trust|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ayodhay-verdict-ram-temple-trust-babri-masjid-6254985/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The central government nominated the 12 of 15 members of the trust. [[K. Parasaran|Kesava Parasaran]], the former [[Attorney-General for India|Attorney General]] who represented ''Shri Ram Lalla Virajmaan'' in the Ayodhya case'','' was made the acting chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Moushumi Das|title=Lawyer K Parasaran, 92, who represented Hindus in SC, to head Ram temple trust|url=https://theprint.in/india/lawyer-k-parasaran-92-who-represented-hindus-in-sc-to-head-ram-temple-trust/360241/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> On 19 February 2020, the trust nominated the rest of its members and elected [[Nritya Gopal Das|Mahant Nrityagopal Das]] as the chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uprety|first=Ajay|title=Who is Mahant Nritya Gopal Das, head of Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/11/06/who-is-mahant-nritya-gopal-das-head-of-ram-janmabhoomi-nyas.html|website=The Week}}</ref>

The senior trustees had signed an agreement with C.B. Sompura in 1992 for architecture design services was revalidated with additional provisions. In November 2020, the trust appointed [[Larsen & Toubro]] as the design & build contractor and [[Tata Consulting Engineers]] as the project manager consultant for the construction of the temple. In February 2020, further contracts were signed with [[Tata Consulting Engineers]] and Design Associates Inc. for the development of the 67 acre temple complex.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra Official Web Site|url=https://srjbtkshetra.org/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Composition of trustees ==
The trust will have 15 members, of which 9 are permanent and 6 are nominated members with each member must be a practicing Hindu.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|author=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|last2=Sharma|first2=Sanjay|title=Ram Temple Trust: God's advocate, Nirmohi Akhara, Dalit get seat on board, check full list - India News|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-temple-trust-members-structure-full-details-1643646-2020-02-05|website=India Today|accessdate=2020-12-15}}</ref>

'''Permanent members:'''

* [[K. Parasaran]]: represented ''Shri Ram Lalla Virajmaan''
* Four religious leaders from various temples across India
* A representative from the [[Nirmohi Akhara]]
* Two prominent civilians from [[Ayodhya district]]
* A [[dalit]] representative

'''Nominated members:'''

* Two prominent persons to be elected by the trust through majority resolution to be part of the trust
* One representative to be nominated by the central government, who will be an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, at least of joint secretary level
* One representative to be nominated by the state government and would be an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer under the state government
* District Magistrate of Ayodhya will be the ex-officio trustee (If serving DM is not a Hindu then the additional magistrate will sit on the board)
* The chairman of the construction committee of Ram Mandir complex will also be selected by the trust board and will be an ex-officio trustee

The temple trust set-up by the government was initially headed by Parasaran was tasked to nominate the remaining three members. On 19 February 2020, the first meeting of trust held at the residence of Parasaran, elected [[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas|Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas']] chief, [[Nritya Gopal Das|Mahant Nrityagopal Das Ji Maharaj]] as the Chairman and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|VHP]] vice-president, [[Champat Rai]] as the General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|title=Ram temple trust elects Nritya Gopal Das as president|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nritya-gopal-das-elected-president-champat-rai-general-secretary-of-ram-mandir-trust/article30862649.ece|access-date=2020-10-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayodhya saints at loggerheads with Champat Rai for comment on Shiv Sena chief|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ayodhya-saints-at-loggerheads-with-champat-rai-for-comment-on-shiv-sena-chief/story-HY3s2dxSSWsAmmKBrbrwRO.html|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Both of them were elected unanimously to the trust. Former IAS officer and [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary]], [[Nripendra Misra|Nripendra Mishra]] was nominated as the Chairman of the construction committee.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETGovernment.com|title=Former IAS Nripendra Misra to head committee for Ram Mandir construction in Ayodhya - ET Government|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/former-ias-nripendra-misra-to-head-committee-for-ram-mandir-construction-in-ayodhya/74221053|access-date=2020-10-27|website=ETGovernment.com|language=en}}</ref> Currently, [[Swami Govind Dev Giri Ji|Swami Govind Dev Giri Ji Maharaj]] is the Treasurer and [[K. Parasaran]] is the Senior Spokesperson of the trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members|url=https://srjbtkshetra.org/members/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra|language=en-US}}</ref>

Of 15, only 11 trustees have voting rights. The two officers appointed by the state and central government, district collector of Ayodhya and the representative of Nirmohi Akhara will not have any voting rights in the proceedings of the trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram temple in Ayodhya: Parasaran first trustee, 15-member Trust office has his home address|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-case-parasaran-first-trustee-15-member-trust-office-has-his-home-address-6253248/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==List of chairpersons ==

{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''S. No.'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Portrait'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Name'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Took Office'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Left Office'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Term'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Background'''
|-
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa | ''Acting''
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa|
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa | [[K. Parasaran]]
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa | 5 February 2020
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| 19 February 2020
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa|{{age in years and days|2020|2|5|2020|2|19}}
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| Former [[Attorney General of India]]
|-
| ''' 1 '''
| [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with Mahant Nrityagopal Das at the foundation stone laying ceremony of ‘Shree Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’, in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on August 05, 2020 (cropped).jpg|116x116px]]
| [[Nritya Gopal Das]]
| 19 February 2020
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2020|2|19}}
| Chief of [[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas|Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]]
Chief of [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|Shri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan]]

Chief of Mani Ram Das ki Chavani
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|srjbtkshetra.org}}

[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 2020]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]

A Secular Agenda: For Saving Our Country, for Welding It

2022-01-21T10:12:53Z

Neo: Added a new addition to the collection.

#REDIRECT [[Arun Shourie]]

Bangalistan

2021-06-01T09:33:21Z

Neo: /* Demands */Managed

'''Bangalistan''' (বাঙালীস্তান) is the name of a proposed separate land or state for the [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/turmoil-north-east-demand-bangalistan|title=Turmoil in the North East: The demand for Bangalistan|date=2020-01-28|website=SabrangIndia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and it is also a self-sufficient socio-economic zone promoted by the supporters of the political party 'Amra Bangali'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://proutglobe.org/2012/03/amra-bangali/|title=Amra Bangali|last=prbhkr|date=2012-03-15|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> It is a social movement, based on the socio-economic and political theory "Progressive Utilization Theory" (PROUT) given by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar.<ref name=":0" /> Bengal or Bangalistan was divided several times in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/partition-of-bengal-1905-divide-and-rule-protests-1368958-2018-10-16|title=Partition of Bengal, 1905: All about the divide and rule that spurred protests|last=DelhiOctober 16|first=India Today Web Desk New|last2=October 16|first2=2018UPDATED:|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16|last3=Ist|first3=2018 13:53}}</ref> The Nellie Massacre, Mandai Massacre, etc. are the examples of criminal activities done against the Bengalis in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiandefence.com/threads/nellie-massacre-a-political-blunder-done-by-congress-in-their-quest-to-gain-power.47201/|title=Nellie massacre - A political blunder done by Congress in their quest to gain Power|website=Indian Defence Forum|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220113517/http://indiandefence.com/threads/nellie-massacre-a-political-blunder-done-by-congress-in-their-quest-to-gain-power.47201/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bengalis or the followers of Bangalistan movement protested the National Register of Citizens for Assam.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tripura-infoway.com/news-details/TN/88549/protest-in-tripura-against-assam-rsquo-s-nrc-bengali-party-calls-assamese-too-are-refugees.html|title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views & IT Portal|website=tripura-infoway.com|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref> The main demand of the movement is to reorganize Bangalistan to save the [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] from oppression and exploitation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://proutglobe.org/2015/11/10-points-demand-presented-at-6000-strong-amra-bengali-meet/|title=10 Points Demand Presented at 6000 Strong Amra Bengali Meet|last=prbhkr|date=2015-11-21|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> The areas of Bangalistan in India are: the whole of [[West Bengal]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]],Tripura and some parts of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Assam]], etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/international/article/1624702|title=আসামে এনআরসির প্রতিবাদে কলকাতায় সমাবেশ|website=প্রথম আলো|language=bn|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Bengalis want to reorganize Bangalistan as per the Article 3(a) of Part 1 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1659104/|title=Article 3 in The Constitution Of India 1949|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>

== Demands==
The demands of Bangalistan movement are :<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

* Bangalistan must be reorganized for the Bengalis.
* The national rights of Bengalis must be kept.
* Bengali language must be used in all official and non-official works in the Bengali speaking states or zones or areas.
* The Bengali regiment must be reorganized.
* All Indian origin Bengali immigrants must be granted Indian nationality.
*
*

==References==
<references /> 

[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Separatist movements of India]]