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2023 Tanur boat disaster

2026-05-07T15:18:32Z

Nelle8556383481: creating new article more to come

{{Short description|Boat capsizing in Malappuram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Tanur boat tragedy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|2023|05|07|df=y}}
| time = 7:00 PM<ref>{{cite web |title=22 dead as recreational boat sinks in Thooval Theeram in Tanur; rescue ops underway |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=7 May 2023 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/passengers-dead-many-in-critical-condition-as-recreational-boat-sinks-in-thooval-theeram-in-tanur-1.8538669 |access-date=7 May 2023 }}</ref>
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], UTC+05:30
| place = [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], Malappuram, Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| also known as =
| type = Boat capsizing
| cause = Capsizing of ''Atlantic''
| participants = 37
| outcome =
| reported deaths = 22
| reported injuries = 10
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| litigation =
| blank_label = Passengers & Crew
| blank_data =
}}
On 7 May 2023, the recreational boat ''Atlantic'' capsized in [[Tanur Beach]] in [[Tanur, Malappuram]], Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite news |title=22 dead as tourist boat overturns at Tanur; at least 7 children among deceased |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/05/07/tourist-boat-overturns-tanur-malappuram.html |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=7 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2023 |title=LIVE - Major Boat Tragedy in Kerala: At Least 11 People Dead as Recreational Boat With 37 Passengers Capsizes in Malappuram |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/live-major-boat-tragedy-in-kerala-at-least-6-people-dead-as-recreational-boat-with-30-passengers-capsizes-in-malappuram-article-100056384 |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en }}</ref> The incident, on a boat carrying 37 people, caused 22 deaths and 10 injuries, including 11 children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tom |first=Disney |date=8 May 2023 |title=18 dead as houseboat capsizes in Kerala's Malappuram |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/3-dead-in-houseboat-accident-in-kerala/articleshow/100056772.cms |access-date=7 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=താനൂര്‍ ബോട്ട് അപകടം; മരണം പതിനാറായി; മരിച്ചവരില്‍ 5 കുട്ടികളും |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2023/05/07/boat-accident-at-malappuram-tanur-update-07.html |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=www.manoramanews.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mrinmay Dey |first=Jose Devasia |title=Boat overturns in India's Kerala state, at least 21 die |website=[[Reuters]] |date=7 May 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/least-16-drown-after-boat-capsizes-indias-kerala-2023-05-07/ |access-date=7 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suri |first=Manveena |date=8 May 2023 |title=22 killed after boat ferrying tourists capsizes in India's Kerala state |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/08/india/india-kerala-houseboat-capsize-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=8 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Background==
Boat mishaps are a common occurrence in India due to vessels frequently being overcrowded, inadequately maintained, and lacking safety equipment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Major boat tragedies that rocked Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/05/07/major-boat-tragedies-that-rocked-kerala.html |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=7 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mateen |first=Zoya |date=8 May 2023 |title=India Kerala: At least 22 dead as boat capsizes |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65522435 |access-date=8 May 2023 }}</ref> This incident is the fourth deadliest maritime accident in Kerala since [[History of India (1947–present)|India's independence]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൊച്ചി നടുങ്ങി; ഇത് അഞ്ചാമത്തെ ജലദുരന്തം {{!}} Kerala {{!}} Deshabhimani {{!}} Thursday 27 August 2015 |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/latest-news/495188 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=www.deshabhimani.com |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508053818/https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/latest-news/495188 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Incident==
Thooval Theeram is located on the [[Parappanangadi]]-[[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] municipal boundary, on the banks of the Poorapuzha river's estuary, which joins the [[Arabian Sea]] at Ottumpuram. The boat was on a leisure trip when it was involved in an accident during its final journey of the day. As per the reports, it was getting dark by the time of the capsizing. The accident occurred between local time 6:30 - 7:00 pm on 7 May 2023. It is alleged that the boat owner converted a fishing boat for tourist services. Later officials confirmed that the boat was operated without a fitness certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thooval Theeram boat accident: Time and location make rescue operation difficult |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/thooval-theeram-boat-accident-time-and-location-make-rescue-operation-difficult-49446de2 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=7 May 2023 }}</ref> According to reports, the boat was overcrowded, and no life jackets were issued to passengers while in service. Twenty two people including a family of twelve members on a vacation died in the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malappuram boat tragedy: Search ops underway, police book boat owner |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/05/08/malappuram-boat-tragedy-22-killed-several-injured-search-operations-underway.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=www.onmanorama.com }}</ref>

When the service of the boat ''Atlanta'' started, the fishermen warned not to use it for tourism after finding that its bottom is round. The bottom of the boat should be flat for tourism use. It was a two-story boat and was initially a fishing boat, which was converted for the purpose of tourist services by the owner. When more people boarded, it tilted to one side which caused the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ബോട്ട് ഉടമ നാസർ ഒളിവിൽ; സഹോദരനും അയൽവാസിയും കൊച്ചിയിൽ കസ്റ്റഡിയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/05/08/malappuram-tanur-boat-tragedy-boat-owner-nasar-is-missing.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=www.manoramaonline.com }}</ref>

==Rescue and relief==
Before the arrival of the [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services|Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]], locals initiated rescue operations, but the crowd in the area hampered the work. Firefighting units from [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], as well as disaster management personnel, were quickly dispatched to the location. They made efforts to hoist the boat and bring it to shore. The [[Indian Navy]]'s Chetak helicopter was called in to assist in the search and rescue operation. Underwater cameras were used to track down missing people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2023 |title=22 drown, many missing in boat tragedy in Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/11-drown-as-tourist-boat-capsizes-at-estuary-in-tanur/article66824545.ece |access-date=8 May 2023 |issn=0971-751X }}</ref>

The [[Government of India|Central government]] declared that the families of the deceased will receive a financial assistance of {{INRconvert|2|l}} each. The [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] declared that they would give a financial assistance of {{INRconvert|10|l}} to the families affected.<ref name="mb1"/>

==Investigation==
A case was registered against the boat's owner Nasar for culpable homicide.<ref name="mb1">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=President, PM express condolences; CM to visit Tanur; one-day official mourning on Monday |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/president-pm-express-condolences-cm-to-visit-tanur-one-day-official-mourning-on-monday-1.8540421 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en }}</ref> Nasar was arrested on 8 May from Kozhikode. It was reported that he had gone into hiding after the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanur tragedy: boat owner arrested from Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tanur-tragedy-boat-owner-arrested-from-kozhikode/article66827413.ece |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Reactions==
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan|Pinarai Vijayan]] said they were deeply saddened by the tragic accident. The [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] declared 8 May 2023 as the day of official mourning and all government programmes were postponed as a mark of respect to the victims.<ref name="mb1"/> Kerala's opposition leader [[V. D. Satheesan|VD Satheesan]], while speaking to media, said, "Nobody even knows if the boat had a licence or not."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=Kerala boat accident: What may have led to the mishap that killed 22 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-boat-accident-malappuram-lapses-reveal-overcrowded-tourists-101683544564614.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2002 Kumarakom boat disaster]]
* [[2007 Thattekkad boat disaster]]
* [[2009 Thekkady boat disaster]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2023 shipwrecks}}
{{Disasters in India in 2023}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanur Boat Disaster, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:May 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2023]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in India]]
[[Category:2023 in Kerala]]
[[Category:Malappuram]]

Vijay Ojha

2026-05-07T06:13:17Z

Nelle8556383481: started new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Vivek Gupta (politician)]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Vijay Ojha''' is a politician from West Bengal. He is a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], from [[Jorasanko Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dhupguri Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: West Bengal (Dhupguri) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dhupguri-election-result-live-updates-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-winner-10670089/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":TOI">{{cite web |title=Poll Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25165.htm# |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 May 2026 |date=4 May 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Ojha, Vijay}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Ataur Rahman Mazumder

2026-04-22T13:33:39Z

Nelle8556383481: creating initial entry more to come...

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ataur Rahman Mazumder
| image = Ataur Rahman Mazumder Portrait 1984.jpg
| caption = Ataur Rahman Mazumder in 1984
| birth_name = Ataur Rahman Mazumder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|12|20}}
| birth_place = Silchar, Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1998|2|10|1911|12|20}}
| death_place = Silchar, Assam, India
| occupation = Farmer, Freedom Fighter
| years_active = 1921-1998
| known_for = Participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement
| father = Abdul Matlib Mazumder
| mother = Amira Bibi
| spouse = Mayarun Nessa
| children = 9
| awards = [[:File:Commemorative Plaque to Freedom Fighters of Assam 1997.jpg|Government of Assam Honorary Memorial Award for Freedom Fighters (1997)]]
| website = https://ataurrahmanmazumder.wordpress.com
}}

'''Ataur Rahman Mazumder'''<ref>[https://inkandechobuzz.wordpress.com/2025/10/05/ataur-rahman-mazumder-the-forgotten-torchbearer-of-silchar/ Ataur Rahman Mazumder: The Forgotten Torchbearer of the Mazumder family of Silchar]</ref> (20 December, 1911 – 10 February, 1998), was an Indian freedom fighter, community leader, and patriarch of the [[Majumdar|Mazumder]] lineage in [[Silchar]], locally known as Tomru Miya. He participated in the [[Indian independence movement]] and later held a role within his family and local community in the [[Barak Valley]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumder |first=Shakeel Ahmed |date=October 3, 2025 |title=Ataur Rahman Mazumder |url=https://ataurrahmanmazumder.wordpress.com |website=Ataur Rahman Mazumder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumder |first=Shakeel Ahmed |date=4 October 2025 |title=Late Alhaj Ataur Rahman Mazumder |url=https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61581668465438 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>

== Early life and ancestry ==
Ataur Rahman Mazumder was born in the Silchar region of undivided India, to Abdul Matlib Mazumder and Amira Bibi. His father, a [[cultivator]] by profession, was the son of Mujefor Ali Mazumder, who held the title of [[Karim Uddin Barbhuiya#cite note-2|Mirashdar]] under the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachari]] King. Abdul Matlib is believed to have died in 1951.

The ancestors of Ataur Rahman Mazumder held the position of zamindari under the Kachari Kings. These landholders cultivated their own land and occasionally leased portions to [[ryot]]s (tenant farmers). While Ataur Rahman himself did not oversee the ryots, it is plausible that his forebears did.

The possession of the ''[[Majumdar|Mazumder]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=E. M. |date=1868 |title=Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division |url=https://archive.org/details/principalheadsh00unkngoog/page/n419/mode/2up |website=Archive.org}}</ref> title suggests that Mujefor Ali Mazumder and his ancestors were financially capable of purchasing a designation valued at approximately Rs. 180,000 in today's currency (Rs. 75 at the time).

== Work and later life ==
===1920s===
Ataur Rahman Mazumder began his career as a textile businessman, frequently traveling to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to buy and sell garments. He was deeply involved in India's freedom struggle and actively participated in movements led by [[History of the Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]] leaders. He remained a committed member of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party both before and after independence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2025 |title=Government of Assam, Nagaon District, Incumbency List, Serial No. 30 |url=https://nagaon.assam.gov.in/departments/district-agricultural-office |website=Government of Assam, Nagaon District}}</ref>

Due to his participation in [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]], Ataur Rahman was [[:File:Co prisoner certificate of Ataur Rahman Mazumder for Non Cooperation Movement of 1921 to 1922.jpg|imprisoned for seven months]] due to his activism, from 15 November 1921 to 4 June 1922.

===1930s to 1950s===
[[File:Co prisoner certificate of Ataur Rahman Mazumder for Non Cooperation Movement of 1921 to 1922.jpg|thumb|Co-prisoner certificate of imprisonment during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 — issued by Shri [[Mohendra Chandra Suklabaidya|Mahendra Chandra Suklabaidya]], former [[Dholai Assembly constituency|MLA of Dholai]], [[Assam]], confirming Ataur Rahman Mazumder's eligibility for [[Indian freedom fighter]] pension]]
Throughout the 1930s and early 1940s, Ataur Rahman engaged in various business ventures. In 1942, during [[World War II]], he joined the [[Air Raid Precautions|Air Raid Precautionary Force]] as an instructor, earning a monthly salary of Rs. 60. He was discharged on 31 July 1945 with the rank of Assistant Superintendent following the demobilization of the force.

After discharge, he invested in hand-pulled carts and rickshaws, renting them out for daily earnings of Rs. 5 to 10. His rickshaw stand was located opposite [[Satindra Mohon Dev|Satindra Mohon Dev Civil Hospital]] in Silchar.

===Post-Independence Years===
Following India's independence, Ataur Rahman established a grocery and stationery shop in Rangirkhari, which became a stable source of income for his family. He also operated a [[Ration card (India)|Fair Price Shop]], selling government-rationed food items under an official license.

In his later years, he petitioned the Chief Ministers of Assam for a pension recognizing his role in the freedom movement. After persistent efforts, his request was granted—initially with a pension of Rs. 500, which was later increased to Rs. 3,000.

As his children became financially independent, they took over his care, allowing him to retire peacefully from active work.

== Legacy ==
His third son, [https://samayikprasanga.in/archive.php?dt=2024-12-05&pn=3 Sakawaot Ahmed Mazumd]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Taimur Raja |date=May 12, 2024 |title=কর্মচারী নেতা সাখাওয়াত মজুমদার প্রয়াত |url=https://samayikprasanga.in/archive.php?dt=2024-12-05&pn=3 |work=Dainik Samayik Prasanga |pages=3, 6}}</ref>[https://samayikprasanga.in/archive.php?dt=2024-12-05&pn=3 er] held the position of Karmachari Parishad President during his work tenure as an officer of the [[Panchayat and Rural Development, Assam|PNRD, Assam]].

Ataur Rahman Mazumder's grandson, Shakeel Ahmed Mazumder<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/ewwnique</ref> is a renowned writer, poet and a civil engineer who has published books such as ''Kiss: A collection of poems by Shakeel Ahmed''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shakeel |title=Kiss: And Other Selected Poems by Shakeel Ahmed |date=9 July 2018 |publisher=Amazon Kindle |isbn= |location=India |language=en}}</ref> and has contributed to many other books such as ''Words that I breathe out: An Anthology by Hanif Hassan Barbhuiya''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barbhuiya |first=Hanif Hassan |title=Words That I Breathe Out: An Anthology |publisher=Notion Press |date=18 September 2020 |isbn=978-1636330648 |location=India |language=en}}</ref> He has also co-created many podcast videos in Sylheti language and runs a YouTube Channel named [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJDV_rjTyLaBomtckB-Tp-A EG-Talks].

== Awards and honours ==
''[https://ataurrahmanmazumder.wordpress.com/awards-and-honours-received-by-ataur-rahman-mazumder/ List of awards and honours received by Ataur Rahman Mazumder]''
[[File:Commemorative Plaque to Freedom Fighters of Assam 1997.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Bronze Plaque presented to Alhaj Ataur Rahman Mazumder in recognition of his dedicated service as a freedom fighter on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of Indian Independence — Presented/Sent by Shri [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], Former Hon’ble Chief Minister of Assam]]

* [[:File:Hiteshwar Saikia Letter to Freedom Fighters of Assam 1993.jpg|Letter of appreciation]] sent by Former Chief Minister of Assam Shri. Hiteshwar Saikia on 9 August 1993.
* A [[:File:Commemorative Plaque to Freedom Fighters of Assam 1997.jpg|Bronze Plaque]] was presented to Alhaj Ataur Rahman Mazumder in recognition of his dedicated service as a freedom fighter on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of Indian Independence — Presented/Sent by Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, Former Hon’ble Chief Minister of Assam Government Honorary Memorial, 15 August 1997 – Commemorative Plaque Offered as a Tribute to Freedom Fighters.

[[File:Hiteshwar Saikia Letter to Freedom Fighters of Assam 1993.jpg|thumb|Letter of appreciation sent by Former Chief Minister of Assam Shri. [[Hiteswar Saikia|Hiteshwar Saikia]] on 09th August 1993.|410x410px]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumder, Ataur Rahman}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Silchar]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Assam]]

{{Improve categories|date=February 2026}}

Subhashish Khuntia

2026-04-21T13:24:41Z

Nelle8556383481: started new post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subhashish Khuntia
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Odisha]]
| predecessor =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Subhashish Khuntia''' is an Indian politician. He is a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Odisha]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref name="Rout 2024 o947">{{cite web | last=Rout | first=Yajati Keshari | title=Odisha Rajya Sabha Polls: Debashish Samantaray, Subhasish Khuntia & Ashwini Vaishnaw Elected Unopposed | website=Pragativadi | date=20 February 2024 | url=https://pragativadi.com/odisha-rajya-sabha-polls-debashish-samantaray-subhasish-khuntia-ashwini-vaishnaw-elected-unopposed/ | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2024 o339">{{cite web | title=Two BJD candidates file nomination for Rajya Sabha polls, suspense over third seat | website=The Times of India | date=13 February 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-bjd-candidates-file-nomination-for-rajya-sabha-polls-suspense-over-third-seat/articleshow/107656847.cms | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2024 v823">{{cite web | title=BJD names D Samantray and Subhasish Khuntia for the upcoming Rajya Sabha elections | website=The Economic Times | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjd-names-d-samantray-and-subhasish-khuntia-for-the-upcoming-rajya-sabha-elections/articleshow/107670019.cms?from=mdr | access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khuntia, Subhashish}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kameshwar Prasad Singh

2026-04-19T22:20:06Z

Nelle8556383481: Adding.

{{Short description|Former member of Indian parliament, Lok Sabha}}
{{Distinguish|Kameshwar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Indian Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1970
| predecessor1 = [[Jiyalal Mandal]]
| successor1 = Shiva Shankar Prasad Yadav
| party = [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Kameshwar Prasad Singh''' was an Indian politician and a member of Indian parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/lok-sabha-election-contest-between-chirag-paswan-party-and-left-party-on-khagaria-rajesh-verma-sanjay-sing-2024-04-19|title=Khagaria Lok Sabha : बाहरी उम्मीदवार लाकर घर की बात कह रहे चिराग; क्या काम आएगा यह दांव या भारी पड़ेगा वामपंथ|access-date=2024-04-28|archive-date=2024-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422223051/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/lok-sabha-election-contest-between-chirag-paswan-party-and-left-party-on-khagaria-rajesh-verma-sanjay-sing-2024-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was elected to lower house of [[Parliament of India]], [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]] of [[Bihar]]. He was a member of [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]. Singh was a member of [[Kushwaha]] [[caste]], which is second most numerous caste group in the Khagaria constituency after [[Yadav]]s. He was one of the five parliamentarians of the Kushwaha caste, who were elected from this parliamentary constituency between 1957 and 2014. He became a member of [[4th Lok Sabha]] by winning the general election of 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/khagaria/news/dominance-of-yadav-and-kushwaha-in-khagaria-lok-sabha-bihar-bhaskar-latet-news-132739550.html|title=खगड़िया लोकसभा क्षेत्र में यादव और कुशवाहा का वर्चस्व:अब तक 6 यादव तो 5 कुशवाहा बने सांसद; कैसर के सामने हैट्रिक लगाने की चुनौती|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=28 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403134758/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/khagaria/news/dominance-of-yadav-and-kushwaha-in-khagaria-lok-sabha-bihar-bhaskar-latet-news-132739550.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In this election, he defeated [[Jiyalal Mandal]], who was two term winner from the constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/khagaria.html|title=Khagaria Lok Sabha elections|website=Election.in|access-date=2024-04-28|archive-date=2023-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321083759/https://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/khagaria.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kameshwar Prasad}}
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Samyukta Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Khagaria district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Keoti Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:51Z

Nelle8556383481: Stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Keoti Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 86-Keoti constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Murari Mohan Jha]]
| party = {{party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|86]]
|established = 1977
| electors = 298,961
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}

'''Keoti''' ('''Assembly constituency''') is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darbhanga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 86 Keoti Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Keoti [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Arai Birdipur, Banauli, Bharathi, Bharhulli, Hariharpur East, Hariharpur West, Harpur, Madhopur Basatwara, Kaligaon, Sadhwara, [[Dighiar]], Tektar and Simri [[gram panchayat]]s of Singhwara CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Keoti Assembly constituency is part of No. 6 [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Keoti Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/keoti.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Durgadas Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Shamaele Nabi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kalim Ahmad
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |Ghulam Sarwar
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Faraz Fatmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan=2|[[Murari Mohan Jha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Keoti<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Murari Mohan Jha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:89123}}
|percentage = 46.28
|change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Faraz Fatmi]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes={{formatnum:81818}}|percentage=42.48|change=-1.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohammad Anisur Rahman|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes={{formatnum:7474}}|percentage=3.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Biltu Sahani|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes={{formatnum:4816}}|percentage=2.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Dhirendra Kumar Dheeraj|votes={{formatnum:3895}}|percentage=2.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:2454}}|percentage=1.27|change=-0.55}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:7305}}|percentage=3.8|change=+0.66}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:192588}}|percentage=64.42|change=+8.02}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2020]]: Keoti<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Murari Mohan Jha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76372}}
|percentage = 46.75
|change = +4.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abdul Bari Siddiqui
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:71246}}
|percentage = 43.61
|change = -3.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yogesh Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:3304}}
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic
|candidate = Faiyazur Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:1528}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2968}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5126}}
|percentage = 3.14
|change = -2.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163361}}
|percentage = 56.4
|change = +1.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Keoti<ref name="election2015">[https://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Stat_Assem_GE_Bihar_2015.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2015]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Faraz Fatmi]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:68601}}
|percentage = 47.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ashok Kumar Yadav|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:60771}}|percentage=41.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Ram Chandra Sah|votes={{formatnum:2176}}|percentage=1.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=The National Road Map Party of India|candidate=Md. Faiyaz Khan|votes={{formatnum:2001}}|percentage=1.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Chand Babu Rehman|votes={{formatnum:1649}}|percentage=1.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Vijay Kumar|votes={{formatnum:1587}}|percentage=1.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:3513}}|percentage=2.41|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:7830}}|percentage=5.38|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:145527}}|percentage=54.6|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|26|16|26|N|85|56|43|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Yelandur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:46Z

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{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yelandur
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 1957
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Yelandur Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Mysore State]]. It was part of [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!Reservation
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=kla.kar.nic.in|title=Members of first Mysore State Assembly}}</ref><ref name="MYSECI1957">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |accessdate=July 26, 2015 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164906/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|align="center"|General || [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}

|-
|align="center"|SC
|[[B. Rachaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" |1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Kollegal Assembly constituency|Kollegal]], [[T. Narasipur Assembly constituency|T. Narasipur]] and [[Chamarajanagar Assembly constituency|Chamarajanagar]]''
|-
|}
== Election results ==

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,872 |percentage = 15.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Venkataranga Naika |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,932 |percentage = 14.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Sivananda Sharma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,710 |percentage = 12.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Rachaiah]] |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 6,726 |percentage = 10.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kothagala Putta Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,627 |percentage = 8.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Basavaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,286 |percentage = 8.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Battappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 5,044 |percentage = 8.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Venkatanaranappa |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,723 |percentage = 5.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Veeranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,479 |percentage = 5.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 940 |percentage = 1.49% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,963 |percentage = 36.45% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,963}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,361 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Kollegal Assembly constituency]]
*[[T. Narasipur Assembly constituency]]
*[[Chamarajanagar Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.048406|77.029845|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Sudarsan Das

2026-04-12T13:39:46Z

Nelle8556383481: started a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudarsan Das
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1985–1989
| constituency = [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]]
| predecessor = [[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]]
| successor = [[Dwarka Nath Das]]
| party = [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Politician
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Sudarsan Das''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] the lower house of Indian Parliament from [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]], Assam as an [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]].<ref name="a702">{{cite web | title=1984 Lok Sabha election results Assam | website=IndiaVotes | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1984/assam/8/1 | access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/717446/1/4821.pdf| title=The Lok Sabha met at two minutes past Eleven of the Clock | publisher=eparlib.nic.in | accessdate=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="o516">{{cite book | last=Deo | first=V.K.C. | title=Changing India's Political Mould: A Fair Franchise and a Federal Framework | publisher=Konark Publishers | year=1993 | isbn=978-81-220-0328-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0SNAAAAMAAJ | access-date=30 June 2024 | page=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Sudarsan}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

M. Anil Kumar Yadav

2026-04-10T13:53:42Z

Nelle8556383481: new...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Mandadi Anil Kumar Yadav
| image = Anil_Kumar_Yadav.png
| caption = Mandadi Anil Kumar Yadav
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Renuka Chowdhury, Anil Yadav, Ravichandra elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha|work= [[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/renuka-chowdhury-anil-yadav-ravichandra-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/article67868601.ece|date=20 February 2024|access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Joginapally Santosh Kumar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|09|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| education = B.Com., LL.B.
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Shrimati Devika Yadav
| children = 2
| profession = Lawyer, Politician, Social Worker, Sportsperson
}}
'''Mandadi Anil Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Telangana]] and a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress's Renuka Chowdhury and Anil Kumar, Vaddiraju from BRS elected to Rajya Sabha|work= Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/congresss-renuka-chowdhury-and-anil-kumar-vaddiraju-from-brs-elected-to-rajya-sabha|date=20 February 2024|access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref> He is a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Telangana]].<ref name="Renuka Chowdhury, Anil Kumar Yadav, Ravichandra declared elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=21 February 2024 |title=Renuka Chowdhury, Anil Kumar Yadav, Ravichandra declared elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/renuka-chowdhury-anil-kumar-yadav-ravichandra-declared-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-882844 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623134646/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/renuka-chowdhury-anil-kumar-yadav-ravichandra-declared-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-882844 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref> He has earlier served as a Telangana Youth Congress president.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Early life and education ==
Anil Kumar Yadav was born on 9 September 1982 in Hyderabad, Telangana, to Shri M. Anjan Kumar Yadav Mandadi (father) and Shrimati Nagamani (mother). His father, M. Anjan Kumar Yadav, served as the Member of Parliament for Secunderabad from 2004 to 2014, representing the Indian National Congress (INC) party. Anil Kumar Yadav pursued his education at Osmania University, Hyderabad, earning a degree in Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) and Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.).

== Political career ==

=== Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) ===
Mandadi Anil Kumar Yadav was elected as a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) from the state of Telangana. He assumed office on 3 April 2024, succeeding Joginapally Santosh Kumar.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/anil-kumar-yadav-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-888676 Anil Kumar Yadav takes oath as Rajya Sabha member], Deccan Chronicle, 3 April 2024</ref>

=== Political Leadership and Positions ===
* DCC President, Secunderabad, Telangana.<ref name="deccanchronicle2">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/170623/anil-kumar-yadav-appointed-as-dcc-secunderabad-chief.html Anil Kumar Yadav appointed as DCC Secunderabad chief], Deccan Chronicle, 17 June 2023</ref>
* Former General Secretary, Indian Youth Congress.<ref name="thehindu">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/anil-yadav-appointed-iyc-general-secretary/article30993194.ece Anil Yadav appointed IYC General Secretary], The Hindu, 6 March 2020</ref>
* First Elected State President, Telangana Youth Congress.<ref name="newindianexpress">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/Sep/13/anil-yadav-elected-telangana-youth-congress-chief-813752.html Anil Yadav elected Telangana Youth Congress chief], New Indian Express, 13 September 2015</ref>
* Former Elected State Vice President, Andhra Pradesh Youth Congress.<ref name="deccanchronicle2"/>

=== Committee Appointments ===
* Member, Committee on Coal, Mines and Steel. (September 2024 onwards)
* Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table. (October 2024 onwards)
* Member, Committee on Information and Communication Technology Management in Rajya Sabha.
* Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

== Personal life ==
Mandadi Anil Kumar Yadav is married to '''Shrimati Devika Yadav''' since 22 November 2009. The couple has two children.He is best friends with Sania Mirza and Lavraj Bhalerao{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, M. Anil Kumar}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Tuluva Narasa Nayaka

2026-04-05T02:50:46Z

Nelle8556383481: started a data...

{{Short description|Regent of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1491 to 1503}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tuluva Narasa Nayaka
| title = [[Prime Minister|Mahapradhana]] Rashtrakarta [[Senapati|Senadhipati]] [[Swami]] Karyakarta
| succession = [[Regent]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| successor1 = [[Viranarasimha Raya]]
| reign = 1491–1503
| birth_date =
| death_date = 1503
| death_place = [[Bijapur]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Adil Shahi Sultanate]] (present-day Vijayapura, Karnataka, India)
| spouse = Tippambika Nagala Devi Obamamba
| issue = [[Viranarasimha Raya]] (from Tippambika) [[Krishnadevaraya]] (from Nagala Devi) [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] (from Obamamba)
| father = [[Tuluva Isvara Nayaka]]
| mother = Bukkamma
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| profession = Imperial Regent, Prime Minister, Commander-in-chief, Protector of the Realm to [[Narasimha Raya II]]
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]
| monarch = [[Narasimha Raya II]]
}}
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| service_years = 1463–1503
}}
}}
{{Vijayanagara empire}}'''Tuluva Narasa Nayaka''' was an Indian [[general]] and later an [[Regent|imperial regent]] who founded the [[Tuluva dynasty]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. He was the father of the emperors [[Viranarasimha Raya]], [[Krishnadevaraya]] and [[Achyuta Deva Raya]].

== Biography ==
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, like his father [[Tuluva Ishvara Nayaka]], was a general of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. After the death of the Emperor [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimha I]] in 1491 CE, the crown prince [[Thimma Bhupala]] was assassinated by an army commander. The faithful Narasa Nayaka then crowned the other prince, [[Narasimha Raya II]], but retained all administrative powers in order to bring stability to the Empire. He was called the ''Rakshakarta'' ({{Lit|Protector of the realm}}) and ''Svami'' ({{Lit|Lord}}). He held the offices of the ''Senadhipati'' ({{Lit|Commander-in-chief}}), ''Mahapradhana'' ({{Lit|Prime Minister}}) and ''Karyakarta'' ({{Lit|Agent of the Emperor}}).<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.306</ref> He successfully kept the [[Turco-Persian]] [[Bahamani Sultanate]] and the [[Gajapatis]] away from the Empire and quelled many rebellions by unfaithful chieftains trying to exert their independence.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

=== Capture of Narasimha Raya II ===
After the death of Emperor [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]] in 1491, Crown Prince [[Thimma Bhupala]] was assassinated by an army commander. The faithful Narasa Nayaka then crowned the other prince, Narasimha Raya II but retained all administrative powers in order to bring stability to the empire. [[Narasimha Raya II]] was a teenager when he became Emperor of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and real power lay in the hands of his guardian, Tuluva Narasa Nayaka. In 1494, Narasa Captured Narasimha II in the fortress of [[Penukonda]]. Narasa Nayaka reigned over the Vijayanagara Empire in disguise of Narasimha Raya II.{{what|as? "Disguise" is definitely the wrong word though|date=October 2024}}

=== Victory over the south ===

==== Hoysala campaign ====
In August 1463, when the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] was ruled by [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]], the region south of the [[Kaveri]] river slipped out of [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara]] control while the Emperor was busy protecting interests closer to the capital. In 1496, General Narasa Nayaka marched south and brought under control rebellious chiefs like the governor of [[Trichi]] named Salas Rai and [[Tanjore]] named Vikram Shah. The whole area south of Kaveri to [[Cape Comorin]] was brought under control. The chiefs of [[Chola]], [[Chera]], [[Madurai]] area, Heuna or Hoysala chief of [[Srirangapatna]] and [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] on the west coast were brought under the Vijayanagara empire in one long successful campaign which ended in May 1497.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==== Resistance to Gajapati Prataparudra Deva ====
On 27 November 1496, the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati monarch]] [[Prataparudra Deva]] attacked the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and advanced up to [[Pennar]] but Narasa Nayaka held out and achieved a stalemate.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} He was succeeded by his eldest son [[Viranarasimha Raya]] in 1503 .{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Conflict with the Bahmani Sultanate and death===
Ongoing internal strife in the Vijayanagara Empire and tenuous central control gave independent sultans of the divided [[Bahmani Sultanate]] an opportunity to take advantage of the situation. [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II|Mahmood Shah]], citing unspecified reasons, marched against Vijayanagara, breaking the existing peace.
The sultanate army advanced to Hutgi, joined forces with contingents from other [[Turco-Persian tradition]] sultanates. It split into two groups, and one moved towards Vijayanagara through [[Gulbarga]], while Mahmood Shah led the other to besiege [[Raichur]] in the Krishna-Tungabhadra Doab region. No decisive battle took place, and a peace agreement was reached. Vijayanagara ceded [[Raichur]] and [[Mudgal]] to [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hosamani |first=Dr Ratnakar D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-KgEAAAQBAJ |title=Adil Shahis of Bijapur A Study on their contributions to Deccan Art and Heritage |date=2022-12-10 |publisher=Ashok Yakkaldevi |isbn=978-1-387-44247-8 |language=en}}</ref> Tuluva Narasa Nayaka understood the precarious situation and chose not to engage the combined armies of the Shahi kingdoms on two fronts simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ichAAAAMAAJ |title=History of India: Medieval India |date=1959 |publisher=S. Viswanathan |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eA2AAAAMAAJ |title=External Relations of the Bijapur Kingdom, 1489-1686 A.D.: A Study in Diplomatic History |date=1974 |publisher=Sayeedia Research Institute |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kainikara |first=Dr Sanu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3LOEAAAQBAJ&q=battle+of+manavi |title=From Indus to Independence - A Trek Through Indian History: Vol VII Named for Victory : The Vijayanagar Empire |date=2020-08-01 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-89620-52-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an astute ruler who wasted no time in strengthening the empire. As the Bahmani Sultanate began to splinter into smaller states, a Bahmani minister, [[Qasim Barid I]], approached Narasa with a proposal. He offered Narasa the forts of Mudgal and Raichur in exchange for his assistance in a war against Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur. Narasa Nayaka accepted the offer and sent his army to the region surrounding [[Raichur Doab]]. His forces were able to defeat Yusuf Adil Shah. However, in a treacherous turn of events, Yusuf Adil Shah plotted against Tuluva Narasa Nayaka and had him and his seventy high-ranking officers murdered. Despite this, Yusuf Adil Shah managed to reclaim the Doab area and Mudgal from the Vijayanagar Empire in 1502.<ref name="Hiliyana">{{Cite book |last=Hiliyana |first=Abhijeeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf51EAAAQBAJ |title=Krishna Deva Raya: The Boy Who Would Be King |date=2022-07-22 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-89253-96-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Majumdar 1960 304">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVagAAAAMAAJ |title=The Delhi Sultanate |date=1960 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Wars, Rivalries, Conflict {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Wars-and-rivalries |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise History of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar empire]]|before=[[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya]]|after=[[Viranarasimha Raya]] |years=1491–1503}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Tuluva Narasa}}
[[Category:1503 deaths]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara officials]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century regents]]
[[Category:16th-century regents]]
[[Category:Tuluva dynasty]]

Vinod Kumar Bansal

2026-04-01T15:29:11Z

Nelle8556383481: started a bio

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1949–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinod Kumar Bansal
| image = V K Bansal Sir.jpg
| alt = V. K. Bansal
| caption =
| birth_name = Vinod Kumar Bansal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1949|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|05|03|1949|10|26}}<ref name=bw>{{cite news|last=Jacob|first=Sachu|title=A Lesson In Education|url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/books/reviews/a-lesson-in-education/321219/page-1.html|access-date=12 March 2014|newspaper=Business World|date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
| death_place = Maitri hospital, [[Kota, Rajasthan]]
| education = [[Chemical Engineering]] ([[B.Tech]])
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University]]
| occupation = Teacher
| known_for = Founder of Bansal Classes
| spouse = Neelam Bansal
| children = 3
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Bisamber Dayal Agarwal|Anguri Devi}}
| relatives = P. K. Bansal
}}

'''Vinod Kumar Bansal''' or '''VK Bansal''' (26 October 1949 – 3 May 2021) was an Indian educationist and the founder of the Bansal Classes in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]]. He made Kota famous throughout India for [[Joint Entrance Examination|IIT-JEE]] entrance exam preparation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kota: Founding Father of Bansal Classes, Vinod Kumar Bansal dies |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/kota-founding-father-of-bansal-classes-vinod-kumar-bansal-dies/752567 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=4 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
VK Bansal was born on 26 October 1949, in the [[Jhansi district]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father was a government employee and his mother was a homemaker.

He went to the [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University]]. After completing his education, he worked in a chemical company, J. K. Synthetics, in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].

In 1974, Vinod Kumar Bansal was diagnosed with [[muscular dystrophy]], which left him with complete paralysis and physical impairment, which was predicted to shorten his lifespan. In 1983, due to the financial crisis in Kota, J. K. Synthetics closed down. The same year, he met G. D. Agrawal of [[Mumbai]], who suggested he start coaching students for the [[Joint Entrance Examination|IIT-JEE]], i.e., the undergraduate entrance test for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]. He started coaching for the [[Joint Entrance Examination|IIT-JEE]], starting with 8 students at his dining table.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bellman|first=Eric|date=30 September 2008|title=India's Cram-School Confidential: Two Years, One Test, 40,000 Students|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122272498377287687|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> After a few of his students cleared the JEE in 1991, he founded Bansal Classes.

== Pioneer of Entrance Examination Coaching in India ==
[[File:Bansal Sir and His Family.jpg|right|thumb|Bansal sir with family]]
Kota has since emerged as the principal coaching center in India, with nearly 150,000 students from across India enrolling in the 40 coaching institutes in Kota. In 2017, 39,000 of these students cleared the [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|Joint Entrance Examination (Main)]] and at least 48 of them were in the top 100.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/over-39-000-students-from-kota-clear-jee-mains-2017-48-in-top-100/story-JJz2z9PP31oxgnMCuyqIiM.html | title=Over 39,000 students from Kota clear JEE Mains 2017, 48 in top 100 | date=28 April 2017 | first=Aabshar H | last=Quazi | newspaper=Hindustan Times | access-date=6 August 2018 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Bansal died on 3 May 2021, from a heart attack. He also tested positive for [[COVID-19]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title='Bhishma Pitamah' of Kota, he worked till end on maths for students|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/vinod-kumar-bansal-bhishma-pitamah-of-kota-he-worked-till-end-on-maths-for-students-7300982/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] which worsened his pre-existing conditions.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/pioneer-of-kota-coaching-industry-v-k-bansal-dies/articleshow/82374317.cms Pioneer of Kota coaching industry V K Bansal dies]</ref>

According to his son Sameer Bansal, Managing Director of Bansal Classes, VK Bansal was the architect of the coaching industry in Kota.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kota: Founding Father of Bansal Classes, Vinod Kumar Bansal dies|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/kota-founding-father-of-bansal-classes-vinod-kumar-bansal-dies/752567|access-date=2022-02-08|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=4 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

On the demise of VK Bansal, Naveen Maheshwari, many stated, "It was his fresh vision that made a subject like [[Mathematics|Maths]] interesting. Lakhs of students will remember his contribution".He was also known as "architect of kota"<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bansal, Vinod Kumar}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kota district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]

Cadbury

2026-03-29T15:46:29Z

Nelle8556383481: updated page

{{Short description|British multinational confectionery company}}
{{about|the chocolate company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Cadbury (2020).svg
| logo_caption = Current logo in use since 2020
| former_name = {{Plainlist|
* Cadbury's (1824–2003)
* Cadbury Schweppes (1969–2008)
}}
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as = [[London Stock Exchange|LSE]]: CBRY (until 2010)
| foundation = {{start date and age|1824|3|4|df=yes}} in [[Birmingham]], England<ref name="Cadbury 200 BBC">{{Cite news |first=James |last=Bovill|date=4 March 2024 |title=Cadbury turns 200: Eleven milestones in its history |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC Midlands Today]], [[BBC News]], [[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ck79gygry3lo |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305032239/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ck79gygry3lo |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Cadbury">{{cite web |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/celebrating-200-years-of-cadbury-with-an-homage-to-a-fan-favourite|title=Celebrating 200 Years of Cadbury with an Homage to a Fan Favourite|access-date=31 January 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131162600/https://www.lbbonline.com/news/celebrating-200-years-of-cadbury-with-an-homage-to-a-fan-favourite|work=Little Black Book|url-status=live }}</ref>
| location = Uxbridge Business Park
| hq_location_city = [[Denham, Buckinghamshire]]
| hq_location_country = England
| founder = [[John Cadbury]]
| key_people = [[Dirk Van de Put]] ([[chairman]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Confectionery]]
| products =
| brands = [[List of Cadbury brands]]
| parent = [[Mondelez International]] (2010–present)
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
'''Cadbury''' (formerly '''Cadbury's''' and '''Cadbury Schweppes''') is a British [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[confectionery]] company owned by [[Mondelez International]] (spun off from [[Kraft Foods, Inc.|Kraft Foods]]) since 2010. It is the second-largest confectionery brand in the world, after [[Mars, Incorporated|Mars]].<ref>[http://www.confectionerynews.com/Markets/Top-10-confectionery-brands-globally "Top 10 confectionery brands globally"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612192727/http://www.confectionerynews.com/Markets/Top-10-confectionery-brands-globally |date=12 June 2017 }}. ''Confectionery News''.</ref> Cadbury is internationally headquartered in [[Buckinghamshire]], and operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It is known for its [[Cadbury Dairy Milk|Dairy Milk]] [[chocolate]], the [[Cadbury Creme Egg|Creme Egg]] and [[Cadbury Roses|Roses]] selection box, and other confectionery products. One of the best-known British brands, in 2013 ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' named Cadbury among Britain's most successful exports.<ref name="Telegraph1">{{cite news |title=GTA 5: a Great British export |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html |last=Curtis |first=Sophie |date=18 September 2013 |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413010138/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cadbury was founded in 1824 in [[Birmingham]], England, by [[John Cadbury]] (1801–1889), a [[Quakers|Quaker]] who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate.<ref name="Cadbury 200 BBC"/> Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons [[Richard Cadbury|Richard]] and [[George Cadbury|George]]. George developed the [[Bournville]] estate, a model village designed to give the company's workers improved living conditions. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced by [[George Cadbury Jr|George Jr]] in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk in the recipe than rival products. By 1914, it was the company's best-selling product. Successive members of the [[Cadbury family]] have made innovations with chocolate products. Cadbury, [[Rowntree's]] and [[J. S. Fry & Sons|Fry's]] were the big three British confectionery manufacturers throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richardson |first=Tim |year=2002 |title=Sweets: A History of Temptation |publisher= Bantam Press |page=255 |isbn= 9780593049549}}</ref>

Cadbury was granted its first [[Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrant]] from [[Queen Victoria]] in 1854. It held a royal warrant from [[Elizabeth II]] from 1955 to 2022.<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="Royal Warrant">{{cite news |title=Royal Warrant Holders: Cadbury |url=https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/cadbury-uk-limited |publisher=Royalwarrant.org |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085222/https://www.royalwarrant.org/company/cadbury-uk-limited |url-status=live }}</ref> Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919, and [[Schweppes]] in 1969, known as Cadbury Schweppes until 2008, when the American beverage business was split as [[Dr Pepper Snapple Group]]; the rights ownership of the Schweppes brand had already differed between various countries since 2006. In 1992, [[Adrian Cadbury|Sir Adrian Cadbury]], chairman of the company for 24 years, produced the [[Cadbury Report]], a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of [[corporate governance]] around the world.<ref name="Report">{{cite news |last1=Gittelson |first1=Steven |title=Adrian Cadbury, a leader in corporate governance, dies at 86 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/adrian-cadbury-a-leader-in-corporate-governance-dies-at-86/2015/09/04/e87dd2fe-532e-11e5-8c19-0b6825aa4a3a_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=23 July 2022 |date=4 September 2015 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328020301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/adrian-cadbury-a-leader-in-corporate-governance-dies-at-86/2015/09/04/e87dd2fe-532e-11e5-8c19-0b6825aa4a3a_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cadbury was a constant constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100]] on the [[London Stock Exchange]] from the index's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods Inc. in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2004/c040102a.htm |title=Twenty Years Of The FTSE 100 |last=Paton |first=Maynard |date=2 January 2004 |work=[[The Motley Fool]] |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110021453/http://www.fool.co.uk/news/comment/2004/c040102a.htm |archive-date=10 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ftse.com/tech_notices/2010/Q1/28579_20100202_Cadbury.jsp |title=Cadbury PLC (UK): Offer by Kraft Foods Inc. (USA) declared Wholly Unconditional – Changes In FTSE Indices |date=2 February 2010 |publisher=[[FTSE Group]] |access-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209014548/http://www.ftse.com/tech_notices/2010/Q1/28579_20100202_Cadbury.jsp |archive-date=9 February 2010}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Cadbury}}

=== 1800–1900: Early history ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 350
| image1 = John Cadbury.jpg
| image2 = Cadbury ad thegraphic.jpg
| image3 = Cadbury cocoa ad 1900.jpg
| footer = Cadbury was established in 1824 by [[John Cadbury]] (far left). Two advertisements for Cadbury's cocoa in British media: (middle) piece published in ''[[The Graphic]]'', 1885; (right): 1900 illustration by [[Cecil Aldin]] for ''[[The Illustrated London News]]''.
}}
On 4 March 1824, [[John Cadbury]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]], began selling [[tea]], [[coffee]] and drinking [[chocolate]] in Bull Street in [[Birmingham]], England.<ref name="Cadbury 200 BBC"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8467833.stm |title=How did Quakers conquer the British sweet shop? |last=Jackson |first=Peter |date=20 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805190824/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8467833.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Dellheim>{{cite journal |title=The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadburys, 1861–1931 |first=Charles |last=Dellheim |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=92 |issue=1 |date=February 1987 |pages=13–44 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Historical Association]] |jstor=1862781 |doi=10.2307/1862781 |pmid=11612055}}</ref> From 1831, he moved into the production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production.<ref name=Jones>{{cite journal |first=Geoffrey |last=Jones |date=1984 |title=Multinational Chocolate: Cadbury Overseas, 1918–39 |journal=Business History |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.1080/00076798400000004}}</ref> In 1842, he started selling chocolate for eating, perhaps the first in Britain.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6RIAAAAYAAJ | title=The Chocolate Conscience | publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] | author=Wagner, Gillian | author-link=Gillian Wagner | year=1987 | pages=16 | isbn=978-0-7011-2475-5 | quote=It is not known when eating chocolate was first sold in Britain. It appeared on Cadbury's price list in 1842, but the firm advertised only one brand and that appeared to have been imported from France as it was listed as 'French Eating Chocolate'.}}</ref> In 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers".<ref name=Jones/> In 1847, Cadbury's competitor [[J. S. Fry & Sons|Fry's]] of Bristol produced the first [[chocolate bar]] (which would be mass-produced as [[Fry's Chocolate Cream]] in 1866).<ref name="Chocolates"/> Cadbury introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a [[trade fair]] in [[Bingley Hall]], Birmingham.<ref>"Chocolate principles to live by". p. 159. MJF Books/Fine Communications, 2005</ref> The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and, in 1854, they received the [[Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrant]] as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="Royal Warrant"/> The company went into decline in the late 1850s.<ref name=Jones/>

John Cadbury's sons [[Richard Cadbury|Richard]] and [[George Cadbury|George]] took over the business in 1861.<ref name=Dellheim/> At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money.<ref name=Dellheim/> By 1866, Cadbury was profitable again.<ref name=Dellheim/> The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products.<ref name=Dellheim/>

[[File:Cadbury Factory, Bournville - geograph.org.uk - 1266844.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Cadbury Factory, [[Bournville]] (pictured in 2009) is located on the south side of Birmingham, England.]]
The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866, when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain.<ref name=Jones/> A new cocoa press developed in the Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable [[cocoa butter]] from the cocoa bean.<ref name=Jones/> The firm began exporting its products in the 1850s.<ref name=Jones/><ref>{{cite news |title=Sales by Public Auction |work=Supplement to The South Australian Register |location=Adelaide, Australia |date=8 February 1853 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38465051 |quote=3 cases Cadbury 's Cocoa and Chocolate |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729170652/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/38465051 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1861, the company created Fancy Boxes (a decorated box of chocolates) and, in 1868, they were sold in boxes in the shape of a heart for [[Valentine's Day]].<ref name="Chocolates">{{cite book |last=Mintz |first=Sidney |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199313396 |page=157}}</ref><ref name="Guinness">{{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2017 |date=8 September 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90 |publisher=Guinness World Records |page=90 |isbn=9781910561348 |quote=[[Richard Cadbury]], eldest son of John Cadbury who founded the now iconic brand, was the first chocolate-maker to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110231442/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.<ref name="Chocolates"/>

Cadbury manufactured their first [[Easter egg]] in 1875, creating the modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could be moulded into smooth shapes.<ref name="Easter">{{cite news |title=Amazing archive images show how Cadbury cracked Easter egg market |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/easter-2015-amazing-archive-images-8963621 |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=Birmingham Mail |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809002239/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/easter-2015-amazing-archive-images-8963621 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1893, Cadbury had 19 different varieties of chocolate Easter egg on sale.<ref name="Easter"/>

In 1878, the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside {{convert|4|mile|spell=in}} from Birmingham.<ref name=Dellheim/> The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business.<ref name=Dellheim/> Better transport access for milk that was shipped inward by [[canal]], and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the [[Birmingham West Suburban Railway]] along the path of the [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]], they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising {{convert|14.5|acre|ha}} of countryside south of Birmingham. Located next to the [[Bournville railway station|Stirchley Street railway station]], which itself was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate [[Bournville]] and opened the Bournville factory in 1879.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeline: Cadbury's long history |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8467489.stm |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218171653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8467489.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1891, the Cadbury brothers filed a patent for a [[Chocolate biscuit|chocolate-coated biscuit]].<ref>{{cite news |title=History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5f890020-bba6-11e8-8274-55b72926558f |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

In 1893, George Cadbury bought {{convert|120|acre}} of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a [[model village]] which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900, the estate included 314 cottages and houses set on {{convert|330|acre}} of land. As the Cadbury family were [[Quakers]], there were no [[pub]]s in the estate.<ref name=Dellheim/>

In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of [[milk chocolate]] bars.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Fitzgerald |date=2005 |title=Products, Firms and Consumption: Cadbury and the Development of Marketing, 1900–1939 |journal=Business History |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=511–531 |doi=10.1080/00076790500132977 |s2cid=154421535}}</ref> In 1899, Cadbury was incorporated as a [[Private company limited by shares|private limited company]] at the [[Companies House]] in London.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/>

===1900–1969===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| image1 = Packing room, Bournville - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg
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| caption1 = The packing room at Bournville, {{circa|1903}}.
| image2 = Jubilee Confectioners window display, Town, Beamish Museum, 26 November 2006 (2).jpg
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| caption2 = Cadbury's chocolate bars ([[Cadbury Dairy Milk|Dairy Milk]] back of tray), c. 1910.
}}

In 1905, Cadbury launched its [[Cadbury Dairy Milk|Dairy Milk]] bar, a high quality product with a greater proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars.<ref name=Jones/> Developed by George's son, [[George Cadbury Jr]] (along with his research and development team), it was the first time a British company had been able to mass-produce milk chocolate.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=Paul |title=The Seven Inconvenient Truths of Business Strategy |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=102}}</ref> From the beginning, it had the distinctive purple wrapper.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/> It was a great sales success, and became the company's best-selling product by 1914.<ref name=Jones/> The stronger Bournville Cocoa line was introduced in 1906.<ref name=Jones/> Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company's rapid pre-war expansion.<ref name=Jones/> In 1910, Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/>

Cadbury's [[Milk Tray]] was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the [[World War I|First World War]]. More than 2,000 of Cadbury's male employees joined the [[British Armed Forces]], and to support the British war effort, Cadbury provided chocolate, books and clothing to the troops.<ref name="World War">{{cite news |title=New Cadbury World Display Highlights Bournville Workers' Courage During WW1 |url=http://www.edgemagazine.org/new-cadbury-world-display-highlights-bournville-workers-courage-ww1.html |work=Edge Magazine |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104950/http://www.edgemagazine.org/new-cadbury-world-display-highlights-bournville-workers-courage-ww1.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[George Cadbury]] handed over two company-owned buildings for use as hospitals – "The Beeches" and "Fircroft", and the management of both hospitals earned the War Office's highest award.<ref name="World War"/> Factory girls, dubbed 'The Cadbury Angels', volunteered to do the laundry of injured soldiers recovering in the hospitals.<ref name="World War"/> After the war, the [[Bournville]] factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest. In 1918, Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]]. A trainline was also built for easier access to Hobart. Of the 16 women who came to Tasmania to set up the factory, seven are known to have returned to the UK, two married and stayed in Tasmania, two did not marry but stayed and five left no record.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 December 2017 |title=A story choc-full of facts about Cadbury's origins in Tasmania |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-23/history-of-cadbury-chocolate-factory-in-hobart/9275224 |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923071333/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-23/history-of-cadbury-chocolate-factory-in-hobart/9275224 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Cadbury Wharf, Knighton, Staffordshire - geograph.org.uk - 1321957.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Cadbury Wharf, [[Knighton, Stafford, Staffordshire|Knighton, Staffordshire]]. It was operated by Cadbury between 1911 and 1961, to process locally collected milk and produce "chocolate crumb" which was transported to Cadbury's in Bournville.]]
In 1919, Cadbury merged with Fry's, resulting in the integration of well-known brands such as [[Fry's Chocolate Cream]] and [[Fry's Turkish Delight]].<ref name=Jones/> In 1921, the many small Fry's factories around Bristol were closed down, and production was consolidated at a new [[Somerdale Factory]], outside Bristol.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/>

Cadbury expanded its product range with [[Flake (chocolate bar)|Flake]] (1920), [[Cadbury Creme Egg|Creme eggs]] (1923), [[Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut|Fruit and Nut]] (1928), and [[Crunchie]] (1929, originally under the Fry's label). By 1930, Cadbury was the 24th-largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital.<ref name=Jones/> Cadbury took direct control of the under-performing Fry in 1935.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/> Dairy Milk Whole Nut arrived in 1933, and tins of [[Cadbury Roses|Roses]] were introduced in 1938 (competing with [[Quality Street (confectionery)|Quality Street]] launched by [[Mackintosh's]] in 1936).<ref name="timeshistory">{{cite news |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article6824373.ece |title=A history of Cadbury's sweet success |date=19 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times|Times Online]] |author=Ascribed to Cadbury plc. |access-date=30 May 2010 |location=London |archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232931/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article6824373.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roses has become a very popular Christmas (and Mother's Day) gift.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury Roses fans get in a Christmas twist over wrapper changes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/dec/23/cadbury-roses-fans-christmas-twist-changes-wrappers |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702024655/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/dec/23/cadbury-roses-fans-christmas-twist-changes-wrappers |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the mid-1930s, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of the British population could readily afford to buy chocolate as it was no longer considered a luxury item for the working classes.<ref name="Fitzgerald2007">{{cite book |last=Fitzgerald |first=Robert |title=Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution, 1862–1969 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02378-8 |page=23}}</ref> By 1936, Dairy Milk accounted for 60 per cent of the UK milk chocolate market.<ref name=Fitzgerald2005/> Between the two world wars Cadbury sent test packages to British schoolchildren in exchange for their opinions on new products, one of whom, [[Roald Dahl]], would later write the children's novel ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Repton School 'helped inspire Dahl' to write Charlie |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-14896806 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053337/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-14896806 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Second World War, parts of the [[Bournville]] factory were turned over to war work, producing [[milling machine]]s and seats for [[fighter aircraft]]. Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war. The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950, and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products.<ref name="birm">{{cite web |url=http://4birminghamuk.blogspot.co.at/2012/04/cadbury.html |title=The history of Cadbury Schweppes |date=28 April 2012 |publisher=Birminghamuk.com |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609190813/http://4birminghamuk.blogspot.co.at/2012/04/cadbury.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1952 the [[Moreton, Merseyside|Moreton]] factory was built.<ref name="SmithRowlinson1990">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Smith |first2=Michael |last2=Rowlinson |title=Reshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32304-8 |pages=78–82}}</ref>

In 1967, Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner, [[MacRobertson's]], beating a rival bid from [[Mars, Incorporated|Mars]].<ref name="Cadbury268">{{cite book |last=Cadbury |first=Deborah |title=Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208 |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-925-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208/page/267 267–8]}}</ref> As a result of the takeover, Cadbury built a 60 per cent market share in the Australian market.<ref name="Cadbury268" />

Cadbury was a holder of a royal warrant issued by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] from 1955 to 2022.<ref name="Royal Warrant"/> A warrant from [[King Charles III]] was held for a further two years, but was dropped in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hewson |first=Georgie |access-date=9 September 2025 |title=King drops Cadbury and Unilever from exclusive list of royal suppliers |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-24/royal-warrant-cadbury-unilever-what-is-king-charles/104760336 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324134050/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-24/royal-warrant-cadbury-unilever-what-is-king-charles/104760336 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Schweppes merger (1969) ===

Cadbury merged with drinks company [[Schweppes]] to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969.<ref name=Smith_Rowlinson>{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Smith |first2=Michael |last2=Rowlinson |title=Reshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32304-8 |pages=78–80}}</ref> Head of Schweppes, [[Lord Watkinson]], became chairman, and [[Adrian Cadbury]] became deputy chairman and [[managing director]].<ref name=Smith_Rowlinson/> The benefits of the merger were to prove elusive.<ref name="Hendry83">{{cite book |last=Hendry |first=John |title=European Cases in Strategic Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB57PUKmmggC&pg=PA83 |year=1999 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=1-86152-577-X |page=83}}</ref> The merger put an end to Cadbury's close links to its Quaker founding family.<ref name="SmithRowlinson1">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Smith |first2=Michael |last2=Rowlinson |title=Reshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32304-8 |pages=78–95}}</ref>

[[File:Creme Egg car.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|One of the Cadbury Creme Egg branded promotional vehicles, which were launched in 1988, on display at the [[National Exhibition Centre]], Birmingham, England]]
In 1978, the company acquired [[Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company|Peter Paul]], the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $58 million, which gave it a 10 per cent share of the world's largest confectionery market.<ref name="SmithRowlinson88">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Smith |first2=Michael |last2=Rowlinson |title=Reshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA88 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32304-8 |page=88}}</ref> The successful [[Wispa]] chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981, and nationwide in 1984.<ref name="SmithRowlinson93">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Smith |first2=Michael |last2=Rowlinson |title=Reshaping Work: The Cadbury Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32304-8 |page=93}}</ref> In 1982, trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in the UK for the first time.<ref name="Hendry83"/>

In 1986, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a [[management buyout]] known as [[Premier Brands]] for £97 million.<ref name="Hendry1999">{{cite book |last=Hendry |first=John |title=European Cases in Strategic Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB57PUKmmggC&pg=PA82 |year=1999 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=1-86152-577-X |pages=81–82}}</ref> This saw the company divest itself of such brands as [[Typhoo Tea]], [[Kenco]], [[Smash (instant mashed potato)|Smash]] and [[Hartley's|Hartley Chivers]] jam.<ref name="Hendry1999"/> It also saw Premier take the licence for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate.<ref name="Hendry1999"/>

[[File:Blue plaque Richard Cadbury.jpg|right|thumb|160px|An [[English Heritage]] [[blue plaque]] commemorating one of the founder's sons Richard Cadbury was installed in [[Edgbaston]], Birmingham in 2002.]]
Meanwhile, Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 per cent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes.<ref name="Hendry1999"/> The acquisition of [[Canada Dry]] doubled its worldwide drinks market share, and it took a 30 per cent stake in [[Dr Pepper]].<ref name="Hendry1999"/> As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world.<ref name="Hendry1999"/> In August 1988, the company sold its U.S. confectionery operations to [[The Hershey Company|Hershey's]] for $284.5 million cash plus the assumption of $30 million in debt.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hershey Company Fact Book 2016 |publisher=The Hershey Company |page=11}}</ref>

In 1992, company chairman Sir [[Adrian Cadbury]] produced the [[Cadbury Report]] (via the Cadbury committee set up by the [[London Stock Exchange]]), a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of [[corporate governance]] around the world.<ref name="Report"/> In 1993, Cadbury Schweppes acquired [[A&W Root Beer|A&W]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1993/09/10/cadbury-acquires-big-chunk-of-us-soft-drink-market/ | title=Cadbury acquires big chunk of U.S. Soft-drink market | date=10 September 1993 }}</ref> In 1995, Cadbury Schweppes acquired [[Dr Pepper/Seven Up|Dr Pepper/Seven-Up]] Companies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/business/cadbury-to-purchase-dr-pepper.html | title=Cadbury to Purchase Dr Pepper | work=The New York Times | date=27 January 1995 | last1=Collins | first1=Glenn }}</ref> In 1999, Cadbury Schweppes sold its worldwide beverage businesses to [[The Coca-Cola Company]] except in North America and continental Europe for $700 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/business/company-news-coca-cola-completes-purchase-of-cadbury-unit.html |title=Coca-Cola completes purchase of Cadbury unit |newspaper=The New York Times |date=31 July 1999 |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029190157/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/31/business/company-news-coca-cola-completes-purchase-of-cadbury-unit.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Snapple]], Mistic and [[Stewart's Fountain Classics|Stewart's]] (formerly Cable Car Beverage) were sold by [[Wendy's/Arby's Group|Triarc]] to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45 billion.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |first=Laura M. |last=Holson |title=Cadbury to Pay $1.45  Billion For Snapple |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/18/us/cadbury-to-pay-1.45-billion-for-snapple.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 September 2000 |access-date=18 June 2008 |archive-date=13 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513020704/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/18/us/cadbury-to-pay-1.45-billion-for-snapple.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased [[RC Cola|Royal Crown]] from Triarc.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3535 |title=Royal Crown Cola Company |access-date=18 June 2008 |encyclopedia=[[New Georgia Encyclopedia]] |date=15 September 2006 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012073022/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3535 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Adams, the US chewing gum operations of [[Pfizer Inc]]., for $4.2 billion, making Cadbury the world's biggest confectionery company.<ref>{{cite news |title=The inside story of the Cadbury takeover |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1e5450d2-2be5-11df-8033-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/1e5450d2-2be5-11df-8033-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2019 |agency=Financial Times}}</ref> In 2005, Cadbury Schweppes acquired [[Green & Black's]] for £20 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4543583.stm |title=Cadbury gobbles up organic rival |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 May 2005 |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123133800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4543583.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Schweppes demerger ====
In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6451749.stm |title=Cadbury plans to split business |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410164509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6451749.stm |archivedate=10 April 2023 |work= [[BBC News]] |date= 14 March 2007}}</ref> The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with the drinks business becoming [[Dr Pepper Snapple Group]] and Cadbury Schweppes [[Public limited company|plc]] becoming Cadbury plc.<ref name="demerger">{{cite press release |title=Cadbury plc Demerger |publisher=Cadbury plc |date=7 May 2008 |url=http://www.cadburyinvestors.com/cadbury_ir/shareholder_services/demerger/ |access-date=29 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213192026/http://www.cadburyinvestors.com/cadbury_ir/shareholder_services/demerger |archive-date=13 December 2009}}</ref> In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to [[Asahi Breweries]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury to sell Australian drinks arm |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0f0371da-d1a5-11dd-bb61-000077b07658 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0f0371da-d1a5-11dd-bb61-000077b07658.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=24 December 2008 |access-date=17 March 2009}}</ref>

=== 2007–2010 ===
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| image2 = Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, through trees.JPG
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| caption2 = Cadbury's sign at Somerdale.
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In October 2007, Cadbury announced the closure of the [[Somerdale Factory]], in [[Keynsham]], Somerset, formerly part of Fry's. Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7025413.stm |title=Cadbury factories shed 700 jobs |work=[[BBC News]] |date=3 October 2007 |access-date=5 January 2010 |archive-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013004336/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7025413.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Monkhill Confectionery, the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to [[Tangerine Confectionery]] for £58 million. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees.<ref>[http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/businessnews/Sweet-deal-as-Tangerine-buys.3689123.jp Sweet deal as Tangerine buys Monkhill], ''[[Yorkshire Post]]'', 18 January 2008</ref>

In mid-2009, Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with [[palm oil]]. Despite stating this was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no "new improved recipe" claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers in both Australia and New Zealand, with consumers objecting to both the taste from the cheaper formulation, and the use of palm oil given its role in the destruction of rainforests. By August 2009, the company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand and Australia, although palm oil is still listed as an ingredient in Cadbury's flavoured sugar syrup based fillings (where it referred to as 'vegetable oil').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cadbury.co.nz/About-Cadbury/News.aspx?newsID=47 |title=About Cadbury |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313144653/http://www.cadbury.co.nz/About-Cadbury/News.aspx?newsID=47 |archive-date=13 March 2012}} Cadbury Dairy Milk returns to Cocoa Butter only recipe—Official Press Release, August 2009</ref> In addition, Cadbury stated it would source cocoa beans through [[Fair trade|Fair Trade]] channels.<ref>[http://www.choclovers.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814182110/http://www.choclovers.com/|date=14 August 2009}} Cadbury Dairy Milk to go Fairtrade in 2010 – Choclovers.com, August 2009</ref> In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury's commitment.<ref>{{cite news |first=Severin |last=Carrell |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/23/kraft-cadbury-fairtrade |title=Kraft pledges to honour Cadbury's Fairtrade sourcing commitments at Guardian.co.uk |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063549/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/23/kraft-cadbury-fairtrade |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Acquisition and subsidiary (2009–2023) ===

On 7 September 2009, [[Kraft Foods Inc|Kraft Foods]] made a £10.2 billion (US$16.2 billion) hostile takeover bid for Cadbury. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8241056.stm |title=Cadbury snubs £10.2bn Kraft move |date=7 September 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=7 September 2009 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407235855/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8241056.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kraft launched a formal, hostile bid for Cadbury, valuing the firm at £9.8 billion on 9 November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8349832.stm |title=Cadbury rejects hostile Kraft bid |date=9 November 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=9 November 2009 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8349832.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK [[Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills|Business Secretary]] [[Peter Mandelson]] warned Kraft not to try to "make a quick buck" from the acquisition of Cadbury.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/dec/04/cadbury-bidders-will-face-opposition |title=Don't try to make a quick buck from Cadbury, Mandelson tells Kraft |date=4 December 2009 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=10 January 2010 |location=London |first=Terry |last=MacAlister |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017070114/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/dec/04/cadbury-bidders-will-face-opposition |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a "global confectionery leader", had to borrow £7 billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover.<ref name="BBC takeover">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8467007.stm |title=Cadbury agrees Kraft takeover bid |date=19 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 January 2010 |location=London |archive-date=11 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511070534/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8467007.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[The Hershey Company]], based in [[Pennsylvania]], manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's "ethos".<ref name="Richardson Guardian Sweets">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jan/16/saving-cadbury-from-kraft-takeover |title=Get your hands off our sweets! |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 January 2010 |location=London |access-date=28 April 2010 |first=Tim |last=Richardson |archive-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909083106/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/jan/16/saving-cadbury-from-kraft-takeover |url-status=live }}</ref> Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/jp-morgan-bofa-gearto-fund-hershey%5Cs-cadbury-bid/79596/on |work=The Business Standard |title=JP Morgan, BofA gear up to fund Hershey's Cadbury bid |date=15 November 2012 |publisher=Press Trust of India |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013084859/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/jp-morgan-bofa-gearto-fund-hershey%5Cs-cadbury-bid/79596/on |url-status=live }}</ref> But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer.<ref>{{cite news |first=Matt |last=Andrejczak |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/hershey-no-plans-for-cadbury-bid-2010-01-22?dist=afterbell |title=Hershey: No plans for Cadbury bid |newspaper=MarketWatch |date=22 January 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410151146/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/hershey-no-plans-for-cadbury-bid-2010-01-22?dist=afterbell |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/business/global/20kraft.html |title=Kraft to Acquire Cadbury in Deal Worth $19 Billion |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 January 2010 |last1=de la Merced |first1=Michael J. |first2=Chris V. |last2=Nicholson |name-list-style=amp |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728014109/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/business/global/20kraft.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703657604575005580438523258 |title=Hershey's Chocolate Dreams |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=16 January 2010 |first1=John |last1=Jannarone |first2=Matthew |last2=Curtin |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709064837/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703657604575005580438523258 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union [[Unite the Union|Unite]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unitetheunion.com/news__events/latest_news/keep_cadbury_independent_-_u-1.aspx |title=Keep Cadbury Independent – UK and Irish workers unite to stop Kraft swallowing Cadbury |work=UniteTheUnion.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219141715/http://www.unitetheunion.com/news__events/latest_news/keep_cadbury_independent_-_u-1.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2009}}</ref> who fought against the acquisition of the company which, according to Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]], was very important to the [[Economy of the United Kingdom|British economy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8470776.stm |title=Clegg attacks Brown over RBS funding for Cadbury bid |work=[[BBC News]] |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107054115/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8470776.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Unite estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs "at risk",<ref name="Richardson Guardian Sweets" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unitetheunion.com/news__events/latest_news/debt-heavy_kraft_could_put_30.aspx?lang=en-gb |title=Debt-heavy Kraft could put 30,000 Cadbury jobs at risk, warns Unite |publisher=Unitetheunion.com |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115021407/http://www.unitetheunion.com/news__events/latest_news/debt-heavy_kraft_could_put_30.aspx?lang=en-gb |archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Zoe |last1=Wood |name-list-style=amp |first2=Jill |last2=Treanor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/19/cadbury-kraft-takeover-todd-stitzer |title=£2m a day cost of Cadbury deal – plus £12m for the boss |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 January 2010 |location=London |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013831/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/19/cadbury-kraft-takeover-todd-stitzer |url-status=live }}</ref> and UK shareholders protested over the mergers and acquisitions advisory fees charged by banks. Cadbury's M&A advisers were [[UBS]], [[Goldman Sachs]] and [[Morgan Stanley]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article6961118.ece |title=Big investors call for inquiry into banks' fees for M&A work |work=The Times |date=18 December 2009 |first=Miles |last=Costello |location=London |access-date=16 January 2010 |archive-date=12 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612003237/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article6961118.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-sachs-morgan-stanley-win-big-in-kraft-cadburys-2009-9 |title=Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley Win Big In Kraft-Cadbury's |first=Joe |last=Weisenthal |work=The Business Insider |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=16 January 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410180041/https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-sachs-morgan-stanley-win-big-in-kraft-cadburys-2009-9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/6152160/Bankers-the-big-winners-in-Krafts-tilt-for-Cadbury.html |title=Bankers the big winners in Kraft's tilt for Cadbury |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 September 2009 |location=London |access-date=28 April 2010 |first=Peter |last=Taylor |archive-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912071632/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/6152160/Bankers-the-big-winners-in-Krafts-tilt-for-Cadbury.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Controversially, [[Royal Bank of Scotland Group|RBS]], a bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the Kraft takeover.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/22/rbs-cadbury-kraft-hostile-bid |date=22 November 2009 |title=RBS kept client Cadbury in the dark as it prepared to back Kraft's hostile bid |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |first=Ruth |last=Sunderland |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017070112/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/22/rbs-cadbury-kraft-hostile-bid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8470776.stm |title=Clegg attacks Brown over RBS funding for Cadbury bid |date=20 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107054115/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8470776.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Library of Birmingham - Cadbury World - Shakepeare Lives (28159869416).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Cadbury World]] exhibition at the [[Library of Birmingham]], July 2016. A tribute to [[Shakespeare]] (born 22 miles (35 km) south east of the city), the miniature [[Shakespeare's Globe]] theatre (left) and a manuscript are made from Cadbury chocolate.]]
On 2 February 2010, Kraft secured over 71% of Cadbury's shares thus finalising the deal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6114X620100202 |title=Cadbury deal near end, Kraft CEO sees sleep |work=Reuters |date=2 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318101700/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6114X620100202 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kraft had needed to reach 75% of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft. This was achieved on 5 February, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8499853.stm |title=Cadbury shares to be de-listed |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317155316/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8499853.stm |archivedate=17 March 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 February 2010}}</ref> On 3 February, the Chairman [[Roger Carr (businessman)|Roger Carr]], chief executive [[Todd Stitzer]] and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kingfisher.com/index.asp?pageid=55&newsid=684 |title=Andrew Bonfield was appointed a non-executive director of Kingfisher plc in February 2010 |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007233554/http://www.kingfisher.com/index.asp?pageid=55&newsid=684 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> all announced their resignations. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8496873.stm |title=Cadbury top bosses to step down |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107054128/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8496873.stm |archivedate=7 January 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=3 February 2010}}</ref> On 9 February, Kraft announced that it was planning to close the Somerdale Factory, [[Keynsham]], with the loss of 400 jobs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8507066.stm |title=Cadbury's Bristol plant to close by 2011 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907202041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8507066.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed, though assurances had been given regarding sustaining the plant. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been "sacked twice".<ref>{{cite news |last=Warde |first=Miles |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8570188.stm |title=Cadbury Keynsham workers 'sacked twice' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 March 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410072410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8570188.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 April 2010, Phil Rumbol, the man behind the famous Cadbury ''[[Gorilla (advertisement)|Gorilla]]'' advertisement, announced his plans to leave the Cadbury company in July following Kraft's takeover.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/broadcast/2010/04/rumbol-gorilla-company-kraft |title=Cadbury's marketing director to quit |publisher=Newstatesman.com |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729163842/https://www.newstatesman.com/broadcast/2010/04/rumbol-gorilla-company-kraft |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Thinktank Birmingham - object 1974S02865.00002(2).jpg|thumb|upright|An early Cadbury chocolate wrapping machine on display at [[Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum]].]]
The [[European Commission]] decided that Kraft would have to divest Cadbury's confectionery businesses in Poland (Wedel) and Romania (Kandia). In June 2010, the Polish division, Cadbury-Wedel, was sold to [[Lotte (conglomerate)|Lotte]] of Korea. As part of the deal Kraft kept the Cadbury, Hall's and other brands along with two plants in [[Skarbimierz]]. Lotte took over the plant in [[Warsaw]] along with the [[E Wedel]] brand.<ref>[http://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Lotte-group-set-to-acquire-Wedel-in-Poland-from-Kraft Lotte group set to acquire Wedel in Poland from Kraft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719115812/http://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Lotte-group-set-to-acquire-Wedel-in-Poland-from-Kraft |date=19 July 2016 }} ''Confectionery News'' 28 June 2010.</ref> Kandia was sold back to [[Julius Meinl|the Meinl family]], which had owned the brand from 2003 to 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zf.ro/companii/familia-meinl-revine-la-brandul-kandia-7474674 |title=Familia Meinl revine la brandul Kandia |website=Ziarul Financiar |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727060917/https://www.zf.ro/companii/familia-meinl-revine-la-brandul-kandia-7474674 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 August 2011, Kraft Foods announced it would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012. The snack and confectionery business of Kraft became [[Mondelez International]], of which Cadbury would become a subsidiary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Factbox – Kraft to split into two companies |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-kraftfoods-fb/factbox-kraft-to-split-into-two-companies-idUKTRE7734TD20110804 |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=5 August 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092758/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-kraftfoods-fb/factbox-kraft-to-split-into-two-companies-idUKTRE7734TD20110804 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Aaron |title=Kraft to split into two companies |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/08/04/news/companies/kraft/index.htm |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=[[CNN Money]] |date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092644/http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/04/news/companies/kraft/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In response to diminishing margins in early 2014, Mondelez hired [[Accenture]] to implement a US$3 billion cost-cutting programme of the company's assets including Cadbury and [[Oreo]]. Beginning in 2015, Mondelez began closing Cadbury factories in several developed countries including Ireland, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand and shifting production to "advantaged" country locations like China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. The closure of Cadbury factories in centres such as [[Dublin]], [[Montreal]], [[Chicago]], [[Philadelphia]], and [[Dunedin]] in New Zealand generated outcries from the local populations. The plan received approval from several market shareholders including the Australian and New Zealand banks [[Westpac]] and [[ASB Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mondelez International Details Cost-Reduction Progress and Strategies to Accelerate Growth; Reaffirms 2015 Outlook and 2016 Margin Target |url=http://ir.mondelezinternational.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=930964 |publisher=[[Mondelez International]] |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092756/http://ir.mondelezinternational.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=930964 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stock |first1=Rob |title=Mondelez's global $4 billion cost-cutting drive behind Dunedin Cadbury factory closure |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/89569042/mondelezs-global-costcutting-drive-behind-dunedin-cadbury-factory-closure |access-date=9 October 2017 |agency=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |date=19 February 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092707/http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/89569042/mondelezs-global-costcutting-drive-behind-dunedin-cadbury-factory-closure |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mondelez's results beat on better pricing, cost cuts |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mondelez-intl-results/mondelezs-results-beat-on-better-pricing-cost-cuts-idUSKBN17Y2F7 |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009093010/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mondelez-intl-results/mondelezs-results-beat-on-better-pricing-cost-cuts-idUSKBN17Y2F7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2017, Cadbury became the official snack partner of the [[Premier League]], and sponsored the [[Premier League Golden Boot]] and [[Premier League Golden Glove]] awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury and Premier League enter partnership |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/317045 |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |agency=PremierLeague.com |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605073606/https://www.premierleague.com/news/317045 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====200th anniversary: 2024–present====
On 8 January 2024, [[Mondelez International]] announced plans to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Cadbury, including: promotions, celebrations, and seven retro packaging designs for its Cadbury Dairy Milk bars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.talkingretail.com/products-news/confectionery/cadbury-celebrates-200-years-08-01-2024/ |title=Cadbury celebrates 200 years|access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108113527/https://www.talkingretail.com/products-news/confectionery/cadbury-celebrates-200-years-08-01-2024/|first=Joanna|last=Thomson|work=Talking Retail|date=8 January 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 March 2024, Cadbury celebrated their bicentenary by unveiling their newly refurbished UK archive. The new archive which cost £350,000, documents over 50,000 Cadbury items including; packaging history, artworks, and discontinued products. With Mondelēz International planning on opening the archive to the public at a later date.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Josh |last=Sandiford|date=17 March 2024 |title=Cadbury shows off archive after £350k revamp |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC West Midlands]], [[BBC News]], [[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c72dr8dx4dno |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317231726/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c72dr8dx4dno|archive-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

On 23 December 2024, it was announced that after 170 years of its association with the [[British monarchy]], since the reign of [[Queen Victoria]], Cadbury would now no longer hold its [[Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)|Royal Warrant]] under [[King Charles III]].
While no reason was given, the King had been urged by campaign group B4Ukraine to withdraw warrants from companies "still operating in Russia" after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], with Mondelez and consumer goods firm [[Unilever]] (who also lost its royal warrant) among those named.<ref name="Khan"/> In a statement by a Mondelez spokesperson: "Whilst we are disappointed to be one of hundreds of other businesses and brands in the UK [...] to not have a new warrant awarded, we are proud to have previously held one, and we fully respect the decision."<ref name="Khan">{{Cite news |first=Shehnaz|last=Khan|date=23 December 2024 |title=Cadbury loses royal warrant after 170 years |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC West Midlands]], [[BBC News]], [[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0lg9y791kyo |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223104140/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0lg9y791kyo |archive-date=23 December 2024}}</ref>

== Operations ==

===Head office===
[[File:Cadbury's - large office block - geograph.org.uk - 961892.jpg|thumb|right|Cadbury's office block in [[Bournville]]]]
Cadbury has its head office at Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in [[Denham, Buckinghamshire|Denham]], [[Buckinghamshire]] near [[Uxbridge]], [[Greater London]], England.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terms of Use |url=https://www.cadbury.co.uk/terms |publisher=Cadbury |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314020812/https://www.cadbury.co.uk/Terms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pa.chilternandsouthbucks.gov.uk/online-applications/propertyDetails.do?keyVal=K7OZ4COH0A800&activeTab=summary |title=Property Address |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710225327/https://pa.chilternandsouthbucks.gov.uk/online-applications/propertyDetails.do?keyVal=K7OZ4COH0A800&activeTab=summary |url-status=live }}</ref>
The company occupies {{convert|84000|sqft|sqm}} of leased space inside Building 3 of the business park,<ref name="PropertyWeek">Heap, Richard. [http://www.propertyweek.com/story.asp?storycode=3090902 Cadbury's schlep]. ''[[Property Week]]''. 6 July 2007. Retrieved on 27 April 2010.</ref> which it shares with Mondelez's UK division.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mondelez UK Limited |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00203663 |publisher=Companies House |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708151236/https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00203663 |url-status=live }}</ref> After acquiring Cadbury, Kraft confirmed that the company would remain at Cadbury House.<ref>
[http://www.kraftfoodscompany.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/pdf/Kraft_Cadbury_Progress_Update.pdf Update on progress made since Kraft Foods acquired Cadbury] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304062705/http://www.kraftfoodscompany.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/pdf/Kraft_Cadbury_Progress_Update.pdf |date=4 March 2011 }}." Kraft Foods. 31 January 2011. Retrieved on 6 February 2011.</ref>

Cadbury relocated to Uxbridge Business Park from its previous head office at 25 Berkeley Square in [[Mayfair]], [[City of Westminster]] in 2007 as a cost-saving measure.<ref name=Telegraph2>{{cite news |last1=Muspratt |first1=Caroline |title=Cadbury swaps Mayfair for Uxbridge |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2809823/Cadbury-swaps-Mayfair-for-Uxbridge.html |access-date=15 March 2016 |work=The Telegraph |date=1 June 2007 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102054813/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2809823/Cadbury-swaps-Mayfair-for-Uxbridge.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://annualreport2007.savills.com/our_work Savills pre-lets new HQ building at record rent for prestigious business park] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070736/http://annualreport2007.savills.com/our_work |date=26 April 2012 }}. ''Reports and Accounts 2007''. Savills plc. Retrieved on 27 April 2010.</ref> In 1992, the company leased the space for £55 per square foot (0.093 m2);<ref name="PropertyWeek"/> by 2002 this had reached £68.75 per square foot.<ref name=Telegraph2/>

===Production sites===

====Bournville====
[[File:George Cadbury1917.jpg|thumb|upright|The founder's son [[George Cadbury]] established Bournville.]]
Located {{convert|4|mile|spell=in}} south of Birmingham in England, the Cadbury plant in [[Bournville]] was opened in 1879 by company founder John Cadbury's son [[George Cadbury|George]], whose aim was that one-tenth of the Bournville estate should be "laid out and used as parks, recreation grounds and open space." It subsequently became known as "the factory in a garden".<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury: The legacy in Birmingham |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/birmingham/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8412000/8412655.stm |access-date=7 August 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727063918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/birmingham/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8412000/8412655.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Cadbury's dark chocolate bar, [[Bournville (chocolate bar)|Bournville]], is named after the model village, and was first sold in 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cadbury.co.uk/the-story |title=The History of Chocolate |publisher=Cadbury |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013173200/https://www.cadbury.co.uk/the-story |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bournville employs almost 1,000 people.<ref name=bournville>{{cite news |url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/manufacturing/cadbury-owner-mondelez-announces-75m-6555440 |title=Cadbury owner Mondelez announces £75m upgrade of Bournville factory |first=Jon |last=Griffin |newspaper=Birmingham Post |access-date=10 April 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132050/http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/manufacturing/cadbury-owner-mondelez-announces-75m-6555440 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Mondelez announced a £75 million investment in the site,<ref name=bournville/> with Cadbury stating it "reinforces Bournville's position at the heart of the British chocolate industry".<ref>{{cite news |title=Investment in the Bournville factory |url=https://www.cadbury.co.uk/our-story?timeline=2014 |access-date=7 August 2019 |work=Cadbury.co.uk |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070043/https://www.cadbury.co.uk/our-story?timeline=2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bournville is home to Mondelez International’s Global Centre of Excellence for chocolate research and development, where new chocolate products are researched and developed.<ref name=bournville/>

==Markets==

=== United Kingdom ===
{{main|Somerdale Factory}}
The confectionery business in the UK is called '''Cadbury''' (formerly '''Cadbury Trebor Bassett''') and, as of August 2004, had eight factories and 3,000 staff in the UK. Mondelez also sells biscuits bearing the Cadbury brand, such as [[Cadbury Fingers]]. Mondelez also owns [[J. S. Fry & Sons|Fry's]] and [[Maynards Bassetts]] (created by merging [[Bassett's]] with [[Maynards]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Montgomery |first1=Angus |title=Maynards and Bassetts unite to form new "adult candy" brand |url=https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/18-24-january-2016/maynards-and-bassetts-unite-to-form-new-adult-candy-brand/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[Design Week]] |date=22 January 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004143345/https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/18-24-january-2016/maynards-and-bassetts-unite-to-form-new-adult-candy-brand/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ice cream based on Cadbury products, like [[99 Flake]], is made under licence by [[Frederick's Dairies]]. Cadbury cakes and chocolate spread are manufactured under licence by [[Premier Foods]], but the cakes were originally part of Cadbury Foods Ltd with factories at Blackpole in [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] and [[Moreton, Merseyside|Moreton]] on the [[Wirral Peninsula|Wirral]], with distribution depots throughout the UK.

Other Kraft subsidiaries in the UK include Cadbury Two LLP, Cadbury UK Holdings Limited, Cadbury US Holdings Limited, Cadbury Four LLP, Cadbury Holdings Limited, and Cadbury One LLP.

According to the environmental charity [[Keep Britain Tidy]], Cadbury chocolate wrappers along with [[Walkers (snack foods)|Walkers]] crisps packets and [[Coca-Cola]] cans were the three top brands that were the most common pieces of rubbish found in UK streets in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coke, Cadbury and Walkers 'most dumped' brands |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/coke-cadbury-and-walkers-most-dumped-brands-1-2852571 |access-date=5 July 2019 |work=Scotsman |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123841/https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/coke-cadbury-and-walkers-most-dumped-brands-1-2852571 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]] was ranked the best-selling chocolate bar in the UK.<ref>[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/nations-favourite-chocolate-bars-revealed-7938048 "Top 10 selling chocolate bars in the UK"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205025032/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/nations-favourite-chocolate-bars-revealed-7938048 |date=5 December 2014 }}. Wales Online. Retrieved 28 December 2014</ref> A 2018 [[YouGov]] poll saw Cadbury's [[Digestive biscuit#Chocolate digestives|Chocolate Digestive]]s ranked the second most popular [[biscuit]] in the UK after [[McVitie's]] Chocolate Digestives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Britain's top five biscuits revealed |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/food/articles-reports/2018/12/17/britains-top-five-biscuits-revealed |access-date=19 August 2021 |agency=YouGov |quote=YouGov Ratings data shows McVities, Cadbury's and Walkers products dominate the list of Britain's favourite biscuits |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819165624/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/food/articles-reports/2018/12/17/britains-top-five-biscuits-revealed |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ireland ===
{{main|Cadbury Ireland}}

Cadbury Ireland Limited is based in [[Coolock]] in [[Dublin]], where the headquarters of Cadbury Ireland are located, and [[Rathmore, County Kerry]]. Products made by Cadbury in Ireland include Cadbury Dairy Milk Range, Cadbury Twirl, Cadbury Cadbury Snacks Range Flake and [[Boost (chocolate bar)|Boost]] (formerly Moro). Cadbury used to produce the Time Out bar in Ireland for the European market however this production was moved to Poland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://businessetc.thejournal.ie/cadbury-job-losses-1961408-Feb2015/ |title=160 jobs lost as Cadbury scraps the Pink Snack bar |publisher=[[thejournal.ie]] |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226171202/http://businessetc.thejournal.ie/cadbury-job-losses-1961408-Feb2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== United States ===
{{Infobox company
| name = Cadbury Adams USA
| logo = Cadbury_(2020).svg
| logo_size = 200
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| fate =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2002|12}}
| location_city = [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey]]
| location_country = U.S.
| products = [[Cadbury Creme Egg]], [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]], [[Mini Eggs]]
| parent = Cadbury plc
| owners = [[Mondelez International]]
| subsid =
| brands =
| website = {{URL|https://www.cadburyusa.com/en_us/home.html|cadburyusa.com}}
}}
Cadbury Adams USA produces [[candy]], [[chewing gum|gum]], [[Mint (candy)|breath mints]] and [[cough drops]]. It is headquartered in [[Parsippany, New Jersey]]. The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from [[Pfizer]] in December 2002 for US$4.2 billion.

[[American Chicle Company|American Chicle]] was purchased by [[Warner–Lambert]] in 1962; Warner-Lambert renamed the unit Adams in 1997 and merged with [[Pfizer]] in 2000.

====Previous Operations====

In 1978, Cadbury USA merged with [[Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company|Peter Paul]], makers of [[Mounds (candy)|Mounds]] and [[Almond Joy]].<ref name="hershey">{{cite web |url=http://www.hersheys.com/products/details/almondjoy.asp |title=Hersheys History |publisher=Hersheys.com |access-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126045713/http://www.hersheys.com/products/details/almondjoy.asp |archive-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1988, Cadbury US was sold to [[The Hershey Company]] for $300 million.<ref name="Cadbury272">{{cite book|last=Cadbury|first=Deborah|title=Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-58648-925-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208/page/272 272]}}</ref> As part of the deal, Hershey acquired the U.S. rights to manufacture Cadbury products, causing complaints by consumers, who claim the Hershey-made products are inferior to the originals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qz.com/334333/how-cadbury-lost-the-right-to-sell-its-own-chocolate-in-the-us/ |title=How Cadbury lost the right to sell its own chocolate in the US |date=1 February 2015 |first=Svati Kirsten |last=Narula |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040132/https://qz.com/334333/how-cadbury-lost-the-right-to-sell-its-own-chocolate-in-the-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the May 2008 demerger, the North American business also contained beverage unit [[Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages]]. In 1982, Cadbury Schweppes purchased the [[Mott's|Duffy-Mott]] Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motts.com/About/CompanyHistory/ |title=Motts Company History |publisher=Motts.com |access-date=5 January 2010 |archive-date=12 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212221404/http://www.motts.com/About/CompanyHistory/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cadbury products in the US====

'''Maynards'''

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Wine gum|Wine Gums]] (original and Sour)
* [[Swedish Fish]]
* [[Swedish berries|Swedish Berries]]
* Juicy Squirts (Sours, Citrus, and Berry)
* Original [[Gummies]]
* Fuzzy Peach
* Sour Chillers
* [[Sour Patch Kids]]
* Mini Fruit Gums
* Sour Cherry Blasters
* Fruit Mania
* Bassett's [[Liquorice allsorts|Liquorice Allsorts]]
{{div col end}}
'''Chocolate-related (Made by Hershey)'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Cadbury Creme Egg|Creme egg]]
* [[Caramello]]
* Royal Dark
* [[Dairy Milk]]
{{div col end}}
'''Gum'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Black Jack (gum)|Black Jack]] chewing gum
* [[Bubbaloo]] bubble gum
* [[Bubblicious]] bubble gum
* [[Chiclets]]
* [[Clorets]]
* [[Dentyne]]
* [[Freshen Up Gum]]
* Sour Cherry Gum (Limited)
* Sour Apple Gum (Limited)
* [[Stride (gum)|Stride]]
* [[Trident (gum)|Trident]]
{{div col end}}
'''Other'''
* [[Certs]] breath mints
* [[Halls (cough drop)]]
'''Discontinued products'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Beemans gum|Beemans]] chewing gum
* [[Cinn*a*Burst]] gum
* Clove gum
* Fruit*a*Burst gum
* Mint*a*Burst gum
* Sparkies
{{div col end}}

===Australia===
{{main|Cadbury's Chocolate Factory, Tasmania}}
[[File:Cooee Cadbury plant 20170526-001.jpg|thumb|Milk processing plant at Cooee, Burnie, Tasmania.]]
Cadbury's products were first imported into Australia as early as 1853, when three cases of Cadbury's cocoa and chocolate were advertised for sale in [[Adelaide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38465051 |title=Advertising – South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 – 1900) – 8 Feb 1853 |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |date=8 February 1853 |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729170652/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/38465051 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cadbury's first overseas order in 1881 was made for the Australian market. In 1919, as part of its plans to expand internationally, the company decided to build a factory in Australia. Tasmania was chosen as the location of Cadbury's first factory outside of the United Kingdom, due to its close proximity to the city of [[Hobart]], good source of inexpensive hydro-electricity and plentiful supply of high-quality fresh milk. [[Cadbury's Chocolate Factory, Tasmania|Cadbury's Claremont]] was modelled on Bournville, with its own village and sporting facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cadbury.com.au/about-cadbury/cadbury-in-australia.aspx |title=Cadbury in Australia |first=Icon.Inc – |last=www.iconinc.com.au |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215055758/https://cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/Cadbury-in-Australia.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11474954 |title=NEW INDUSTRY FOR TASMANIA CHOCOLATE AND COCOA FACTORY. – CLAREMONT SITE CHOSEN. A BIG SCHEME OUTLINED. |work=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=26 May 1920 |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107054116/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11474954 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first products from Claremont were sold in 1922.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article145840423 |title=CADBURY-FRY-PASCALL LIMITED. CLAREMONT. |work=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)|The Examiner]] |location=Launceston, Tasmania |date=5 June 1922 |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107054134/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/145840423 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cadbury's Claremont was once a popular tourist attraction and operated daily tours; however, the factory ceased running full tours mid-2008, citing health and safety reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cadbury Chocolate Factory Hobart |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g255097-d256542-Reviews-Cadbury_Chocolate_Factory-Hobart_Tasmania.html |access-date=2 September 2009 |archive-date=28 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828102800/http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g255097-d256542-Reviews-Cadbury_Chocolate_Factory-Hobart_Tasmania.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cadbury has been upgrading its manufacturing facility at Claremont, Tasmania, Australia, since 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.packaging-gateway.com/projects/cadbury/ |title=Cadbury Schweppes Confectionery Plant |publisher=Packaging Gateway |access-date=5 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122055918/http://www.packaging-gateway.com/projects/cadbury/ |archive-date=22 November 2008}}</ref>
Cadbury's Claremont is the largest chocolate factory in the Southern Hemisphere,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gcc.tas.gov.au/2022/02/cadbury-in-claremont-100-years-in-the-sweet-spot/ |title=Cadbury in Claremont – 100 years in the sweet spot |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[Glenorchy City Council]] |date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922121122/https://www.gcc.tas.gov.au/2022/02/cadbury-in-claremont-100-years-in-the-sweet-spot/ |url-status=live }}</ref> producing a company-record of over {{convert|58000|tonnes}} of chocolate in 2021.<ref name="hit.com.au">{{cite web |url=https://www.hit.com.au/story/hobart-s-cadbury-factory-breaks-production-records-184071 |title=Hobart's Cadbury Factory Breaks Production Records: 58,000 tonnes of chocolate! |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=hit.com.au |last=Lowther |first=Amber |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924095049/https://www.hit.com.au/story/hobart-s-cadbury-factory-breaks-production-records-184071 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cadbury also operates a milk-processing plant in [[Cooee, Tasmania]] and two other factories in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] ([[Ringwood, Victoria|Ringwood]] and [[Scoresby, Victoria|Scoresby]]).

On 27 February 2009, the confectionery and beverages businesses of Cadbury Schweppes in Australia were formally separated and the beverages business began operating as [[Schweppes Australia]] Pty Ltd. In April 2009, Schweppes Australia was acquired by [[Asahi Breweries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/Cadbury-in-Australia.aspx |title=Cadbury in Australia |publisher=Cadbury.com.au |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527144422/https://www.cadbury.com.au/About-Cadbury/Cadbury-in-Australia.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, the Australian Cadbury factory, located in [[Hobart]], reduced its work force by 80<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/05/22/cadbury-shed-80-jobs-hobart |title=Cadbury to shed 80 jobs in Hobart |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] |date=2 May 2015 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809134722/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/05/22/cadbury-shed-80-jobs-hobart |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2017 closed its visitor's centre.<ref name="Easter2">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-12/union-slams-hanson-call-for-easter-egg-boycott/8439504 |title=Pauline Hanson's call for boycott of halal-certified Easter eggs could cost jobs, union warns |last=Shine |first=Rhiannon |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809064647/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-12/union-slams-hanson-call-for-easter-egg-boycott/8439504 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2017, Cadbury announced that 50 workers will be shed from its Hobart factory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.skynews.com.au/business/business/company/2017/08/15/cadbury-to-slash-jobs-in-hobart.html |title=Cadbury to slash jobs in Hobart |date=15 August 2017 |work=[[Sky News Australia]] |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064642/http://www.skynews.com.au/business/business/company/2017/08/15/cadbury-to-slash-jobs-in-hobart.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Within Australia there is debate regarding [[Halal certification in Australia|halal certification]]. Many of Cadbury's products are halal certified.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cadbury.com.au/products/halal-products.aspx |title=Halal Products |work=Mondelez Australia Pty Ltd |date=2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801123503/https://www.cadbury.com.au/products/halal-products.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> This certification has generated controversy, especially from One Nation politician [[Pauline Hanson]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/34998079/boycott-cadbury-go-buy-non-halal-easter-eggs-says-pauline-hanson |title=Pauline Hanson says 'boycott Cadbury' urging supporters to buy 'non-halal' Easter eggs |work=Yahoo7 News |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801201800/https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/34998079/boycott-cadbury-go-buy-non-halal-easter-eggs-says-pauline-hanson/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/04/11/pauline-hanson-go-and-buy-some-non-halal-easter-eggs |title=Pauline Hanson: 'Go and buy some non-halal Easter eggs' |last=Windsor |first=Ben |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809130123/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/04/11/pauline-hanson-go-and-buy-some-non-halal-easter-eggs |url-status=live }}</ref>

===New Zealand===
[[File:Cadbury buildings, Dunedin, NZ.JPG|thumb|right|Former factory in Dunedin.]]
Cadbury had also operated a factory in [[Dunedin]] in New Zealand's [[South Island]] until its closure in March 2018. In 1930, Cadbury partnered with local confectionery businessman Richard Hudson, who owned a chocolate, confectionery, biscuit factory on Castle Street. Hudson's factory was rebranded as Cadbury Hudson and later became known as the Cadbury Confectionery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.cadbury.co.nz/our-chocolate/our-history/ |publisher=Cadbury New Zealand |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009094545/https://www.cadbury.co.nz/our-chocolate/our-history/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ODT Editorial 17 Feb 2017">{{cite news |author=Editorial |title=The last blow to Cadbury |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/opinion/editorial/last-blow-cadbury |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009093219/https://www.odt.co.nz/opinion/editorial/last-blow-cadbury |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hudson, Richard |url=http://www.businesshalloffame.co.nz/past-laureates/hudson-richard/ |publisher=New Zealand Business Hall of Fame |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009143425/http://www.businesshalloffame.co.nz/past-laureates/hudson-richard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cadbury later established a second factory in [[Auckland]] in the [[North Island]]. In 2003, Cadbury established a tourist attraction on the premises of the Dunedin factory known as [[Cadbury World]], which featured a large chocolate waterfall. In 2007, Cadbury closed down its Auckland factory, leading to the loss of 200 jobs. In 2009, the Cadbury Dunedin factory attracted criticism from consumers and local environmentalists when it replaced [[cocoa butter]] with palm oil. In response, the company backtracked but still retained palm oil as a filling in some ingredients. Over the next several years, Cadbury began downsizing its products, including trimming chocolate blocks in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=The bitter aftertaste to Cadbury's closing |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/bitter-aftertaste-cadburys-closing |access-date=9 October 2017 |agency=[[New Zealand Media and Entertainment]] |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009093014/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/bitter-aftertaste-cadburys-closing |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 February 2017, it was reported that Cadbury would be closing its factory in Dunedin, New Zealand by March 2018. This is estimated to lead to the loss of 350 jobs. Amanda Banfield, Mondelez's vice-president for Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, clarified that the closure was done due to Mondelez's decision to shift chocolate manufacturing to Cadbury's Australian factories.<ref name="ODT Editorial 17 Feb 2017" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=Dene |title=350 jobs to go as Cadbury closes |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-closure-threat |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216140506/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-closure-threat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rotherham |first1=Fiona |last2=Underhill |first2=Jonathan |title=Cadbury workers had no fore-warning Dunedin factory to close |url=https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/cadbury-workers-had-no-fore-warning-dunedin-factory-close-fr-p-199585 |access-date=16 February 2017 |newspaper=[[National Business Review]] |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916175410/https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/cadbury-workers-had-no-fore-warning-dunedin-factory-close-fr-p-199585 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Mondelez has also confirmed that Dunedin's Cadbury World tourist attraction would remain open due to its popularity with tourists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury World to remain open in Dunedin |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-world-remain-open-dunedin |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131313/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-world-remain-open-dunedin |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following four weeks of consultations with local Cadbury employees, the [[Mayor of Dunedin]] [[Dave Cull]], and local trade union representatives, Banfield confirmed that the closure would go ahead the following year due to the lack of viable options to continue production in New Zealand. She also confirmed that Cadbury would offer a redundancy support package to staff and would also sponsor staff willing to move to Australia to work. Mondelez also confirmed that it was looking for a third-party manufacturer to continue making Cadbury's New Zealand brands Pineapple Lumps, Jaffas, Chocolate Fish and Buzz Bar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury factory closure confirmed |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11820102 |access-date=24 March 2017 |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=17 March 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324182226/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11820102 |url-status=live }}</ref> In early June 2017, local city councillor Jim O'Malley and a group of volunteers launched a [[crowdfunding]] campaign to keep the Dunedin factory running on a portion of the site.<ref>{{cite news |title=$3m pledged to save Dunedin Cadbury factory |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11872887 |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=9 June 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092704/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11872887 |url-status=live }}</ref> They formed a group called Dunedin Manufacturing Holdings (DMH). Despite generating NZ$6 million in funds, DMH abandoned its bid on 22 June due to Mondelez's stringent production and supply requirements and difficulties in acquiring manpower and machinery. Mondelez has also indicated that it is negotiating with two local chocolate companies to ensure the production of iconic local brands such as Pineapple Lumps, Jaffas, Chocolate Fish, Buzz Bars, and Pinky Bars in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNeilly |first1=Hamish |title=Choc shock as Dunedin fundraising campaign drops Cadbury bid |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/93936347/choc-shock-as-dunedin-fundraising-campaign-drops-cadbury-bid |access-date=9 October 2017 |agency=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |date=22 June 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009093332/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/93936347/choc-shock-as-dunedin-fundraising-campaign-drops-cadbury-bid |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 October 2017, Cadbury announced that it would be shifting all production of its New Zealand brands to Australia after failing to find a local supplier. The termination of New Zealand production took effect in March 2018. Mondelez's New Zealand country head James Kane confirmed the shift on the grounds that the production of Cadbury products would require certain technologies, production processes and skills that local New Zealand manufacturers lacked.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury production moving to Australia |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-production-moving-australia |access-date=17 October 2017 |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=17 October 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017043141/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-production-moving-australia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury production moving to Australia |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11933870 |access-date=17 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=17 October 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017034114/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11933870 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 May, it was reported that the Dunedin Cadbury World would be closing down after the [[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]] purchased the entire former Cadbury factory site to make way for a [[Dunedin Hospital|new public hospital]]. Mondelez area vice-president Banfield confirmed that Cadbury had sold the former factory site to the Ministry of Health for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNeilly |first1=Hamish |title=Popular tourist attraction Cadbury World closing to make way for $1.4 billion Dunedin Hospital |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/103621156/popular-tourist-attraction-cadbury-world-closing-to-make-way-for-14-billion-dunedin-hospital |access-date=4 May 2018 |work=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |date=4 May 2018 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819160644/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/103621156/former-cadbury-chocolate-factory-to-become-part-of-14-billion-dunedin-hospital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury World to close |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-world-close |access-date=4 May 2018 |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=4 May 2018 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155740/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/cadbury-world-close |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dunedin Hospital announcement: What you need to know |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dunedin-hospital-announcement-what-you-need-know |access-date=4 May 2018 |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=4 May 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114084547/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dunedin-hospital-announcement-what-you-need-know |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Canada ===
{{main|Cadbury chocolate factory, Toronto}}
Cadbury's Canadian head office is located in Toronto. Cadbury Canada produce and import several products that are sold under the Cadbury and Maynards labels, including the following:

{{col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
* Cadbury
** Cadbury Coconut
** [[Cadbury Caramilk#Canada|Caramilk]]
** Creme Egg
** [[Crispy Crunch]]
** [[Crunchie]]
** [[Dairy Milk]] (various flavours)
** Flake
** [[Mini Eggs]] (also appear in a [[Tim Hortons]] doughnut)
** Mr. Big
** Pep
** [[Wunderbar (chocolate bar)|Wunderbar]] (aka Starbar)
{{Col-break}}
* [[Maynards]]
** [[Wine Gums]]
** Sour Wine Gums
** Swedish Berries
** [[Swedish Fish]]
** Sour Patch Kids
** Juicy Squirts
{{col-end}}

Cadbury Canada is now part of [[Mondelez International|Mondelez Canada]] and products are featured on the Snackworks website.

=== India ===
{{Infobox company
| name = Cadbury India
| industry = Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery
| foundation = 19 July 1948
| key_people = Anand Kripalu, [[managing director]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/11/19/stories/2010111950270500.htm |title=Cadbury Krafts Tang India plan |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=19 November 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122135644/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/11/19/stories/2010111950270500.htm |archive-date=22 November 2010}}</ref>
| products = [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]], 5-star, Perk, Gems, Eclairs, [[Oreo]] and [[Bournvita]]
| num_employees = 2000
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| website = {{URL|cadburygifting.in}}
}}
In 1948, Cadbury India began its operations in India by importing chocolates. On 19 July 1948, Cadbury was incorporated in India. It now has manufacturing facilities in [[Thane]], Induri ([[Pune]]) and [[Malanpur]] ([[Bhind]]), [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and Baddi ([[Himachal Pradesh]]) and sales offices in [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]]. The corporate head office is in [[Mumbai]]. The head office is presently situated at [[Pedder Road]], Mumbai, under the name of "Cadbury House". Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury has worked with the [[Kerala Agricultural University]] to undertake cocoa research.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cadburyindia.com/cadtoday/company.asp |title=Cadbury India Ltd. – Company Overview |publisher=Cadbury India |access-date=29 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202012259/http://www.cadburyindia.com/cadtoday/company.asp |archive-date=2 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cadburyindia.com/cadtoday/company.asp |title=Cadbury India Ltd. – Company Overview |publisher=Cadburyindia.com |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202012259/http://www.cadburyindia.com/cadtoday/company.asp |archive-date=2 February 2007}}</ref>

Currently, Cadbury India operates in five categories – Chocolate confectionery, Beverages, Biscuits, Gum and Candy. Its products include [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]], Dairy Milk Silk, [[Bournville (chocolate bar)|Bournville]], Temptations, Perk, [[Cadbury Eclairs|Eclairs]], [[Bournvita]], Celebrations, Gems, Bubbaloo, Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots, [[Halls (cough drop)|Halls]], Bilkul, [[Tang (drink)|Tang]], and [[Oreo]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Namrata |last=Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Cadbury-India-puts-in-place-new-top-brass/articleshow/6065736.cms |title=Cadbury India puts in place new top brass |work=The Times of India |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105173125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Cadbury-India-puts-in-place-new-top-brass/articleshow/6065736.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/NO.-22-CADBURY-INDIA.html |title=Businessworld – NO. 22 : CADBURY INDIA |publisher=Businessworld.in |date=24 April 2007 |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217135414/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/NO.-22-CADBURY-INDIA.html |archive-date=17 December 2011}}</ref>

It is the Indian market leader in the chocolate confectionery business with a market share of over 70%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/cadbury-india.html |title=Cadbury India – Cadbury Schweppes Profile – History of Cadbury India |publisher=Iloveindia.com |date=21 July 2007 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101074613/http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/cadbury-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 April 2014, Cadbury India changed its name to Mondelez India Foods Limited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cadbury-india-changes-name-to-mondelez-india-foods-ltd-114042100411_1.html |title=Cadbury India – Change of name |work=Press Trust of India |date=21 April 2014 |last1= |first1= |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423040557/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cadbury-india-changes-name-to-mondelez-india-foods-ltd-114042100411_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Cadbury/Mondelez agreed to pay a $13 million FCPA penalty for making illicit payments to government officials to obtain licences and approvals to build a factory in Baddi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/fcpa/fcpa-cases.shtml |title=SEC.gov {{!}} Spotlight on Foreign Corrupt Practices Act |website=www.sec.gov |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215123129/http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/fcpa/fcpa-cases.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mondelez-sec-idUSKBN14T1W1 |title=Mondelez in $13 million SEC settlement tied to India payments |date=9 January 2017 |work=Reuters |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623183249/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mondelez-sec-idUSKBN14T1W1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Issues ====
In 2003, ''Businessworld'' in India reported there were 'Insects found in Cadbury's chocolates'.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Dr Shashank |title=When Crisis led to Consumer Safety: The Story of Cadbury |url=http://businessworld.in/article/When-Crisis-led-to-Consumer-Safety-The-Story-of-Cadbury/03-08-2020-304560 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=BW Businessworld |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120065150/http://www.businessworld.in/article/When-Crisis-led-to-Consumer-Safety-The-Story-of-Cadbury/03-08-2020-304560/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) carried out raids in [[Haryana]] and Himachal on Cadbury India Ltd premises.<ref>{{cite news |last=IANS |date=18 March 2021 |title=CBI books Cadbury India, searches several premises in corruption case |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cbi-books-cadbury-india-searches-several-premises-in-corruption-case-121031800038_1.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318045224/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cbi-books-cadbury-india-searches-several-premises-in-corruption-case-121031800038_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=CBI raids in Haryana and Himachal on Mondelez Foods premises |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-raids-in-haryana-and-himachal-on-mondelez-foods-premises-101616100711443.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318205455/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-raids-in-haryana-and-himachal-on-mondelez-foods-premises-101616100711443.html |url-status=live }}</ref> CBI filed FIR against Cadbury for corruption in connection with obtaining Himachal factory licence. CBI said Cadbury allegedly conspired with central excise officials between 2009 and 2011 and availed [[excise]] benefits to the tune of Rs 241 crore for its new unit in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CBI files FIR against Cadbury for corruption in obtaining Himachal factory licence |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/cbi-files-fir-against-cadbury-india-for-illegally-obtaining-license-for-himachal-factory/story/434116.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=www.businesstoday.in |date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318035104/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/cbi-files-fir-against-cadbury-india-for-illegally-obtaining-license-for-himachal-factory/story/434116.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Malta ===

In 2012, Alf Mizzi & Sons Marketing (Ltd) took over the importation and distribution of Cadbury, as well as several other Mondelez brands. Most of the Cadbury products are imported directly from the UK. The advertising of the brand was taken over by Sloane Ltd., which proved to be highly successful in creating market specific commercials, reaching more of the Maltese population than ever through digital advertising.

=== South Africa ===
Cadbury was introduced to South Africa in 1903 by the Cadbury brothers, Richard and George.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |author= |date=5 September 2018 |title=Cadbury celebrates 80 years of sharing the joy in South Africa |url=https://cadburyjoyvault.co.za/36425-cadbury-celebrates-80-years-of-sharing-the-joy-in-south-africa |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Cadbury Joy Vault |publisher=Cadbury |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018003927/https://cadburyjoyvault.co.za/36425-cadbury-celebrates-80-years-of-sharing-the-joy-in-south-africa |url-status=live }}</ref> The brothers appointed a sales agent to sell their products to the locals. The brand's popularity grew such that in 1926, the South African arm of Cadbury was formed and plans were made to construct a local chocolate manufacturing plant.

Cadbury broke ground with a chocolate plant in [[Port Elizabeth]] in 1930. By 1938, the first locally produced moulded Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate slabs were produced. The first slabs of chocolate produced were the ''Milk, Nut Milk, Milk Fruit, Nut Brazil, Fruit & Nut and Bournville'' variety of Cadbury products.

In the 1950s, the Port Elizabeth factory was expanded to include a new laboratory in order to start producing new products, such as the ''Flake'' and ''Crunchie Bar'' (1960s). By the 1970s, the factory was expanded again to add a new Raw Materials Store and crumb silos. These have since become a local landmark. The same factory still produces some of the supply of Cadbury chocolate in South Africa.<ref name=":2" />

In 2011, [[Kraft Foods]], the company that then owned Cadbury, announced that it would be launching a fair-trade Dairy Milk chocolate bar on the South African market. The product had been available in other countries where Cadbury operated since 2009. The South African operation of Cadbury has a completely Africa-based supply chain, with cocoa beans bought in [[Ghana]] and the chocolate bars made in the factory at Port Elizabeth.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=Kraft Foods announces launch of fair trade Cadbury chocolate bar in South Africa |url=https://agritrade.cta.int/en/Agriculture/Topics/Product-differentiation/Kraft-Foods-announces-launch-of-fair-trade-Cadbury-chocolate-bar-in-South-Africa.html |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226131724/https://agritrade.cta.int/en/Agriculture/Topics/Product-differentiation/Kraft-Foods-announces-launch-of-fair-trade-Cadbury-chocolate-bar-in-South-Africa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{main|Cadbury Nigeria Plc}}
Cadbury's history in Nigeria dates back to the 1950s when it began sourcing for cocoa and also importing bulk products and repacking it into tins for sale in the country. Later finding increasing market opportunities in the country, the group set up a manufacturing facility in January 1965. The firm became a publicly quoted company in 1976 when Cadbury Schweppes sold 20% of its interest in the firm.<ref name="georgie">{{Cite book|title=Impact of culture on the transfer of management practices in former British colonies : a comparative case study of Cadbury (Nigeria) Plc and Cadbury Worldwide|last=James.|first=George, Olusoji|date=2011|publisher=Xlibris|isbn=9781456833770|location=[United Kingdom]|pages=109–119|oclc=760937386}}</ref>

==Advertising==
[[File:Cadbury World sign, Bournville.JPG|thumb|left|225px|The signature logo as displayed at [[Cadbury World]] in Bournville, England. In 1905 the company chose purple as it was [[Queen Victoria]]'s favourite colour.]]

The Cadbury script logo is derived from the signature of [[William Adlington Barrow Cadbury|William Cadbury]], the founder's grandson, in 1921.<ref name="Cadbury269">{{cite book |last=Cadbury |first=Deborah |title=Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208 |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-925-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208/page/269 269–70]}}</ref> It was adopted as the worldwide logo in the 1970s.<ref name="Cadbury269" /> Adopting [[purple]] as the company's colour in 1905 to honour [[Queen Victoria]] who had died four years prior,<ref>{{cite news |title=Chocolate wars break out over the colour purple |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/02/chocolate-wars-break-colour-purple/ |access-date=5 August 2019 |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805123412/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/02/chocolate-wars-break-colour-purple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cadbury famously trademarked purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995<ref>[https://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmcase/Results/1/UK0002020876A?legacySearch=False "Trade mark number UK0002020876A"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031205803/https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmcase/page/Results/1/UK0002020876A?legacySearch=False |date=31 October 2022 }}. Intellectual Property Office.</ref> and 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmcase/Results/1/UK00002376879?legacySearch=False |title=Intellectual Property Office – By number results |work=ipo.gov.uk |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> However, the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by [[Nestlé]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Cadbury-suffers-blow-in-latest-Nestle-battle-over-the-color-purple |title=Cadbury left black & blue in latest Nestlé battle over the color purple |last=ConfectioneryNews.com |date=19 April 2016 |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308171257/http://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Cadbury-suffers-blow-in-latest-Nestle-battle-over-the-color-purple |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azrights.com/media/news-and-media/blog/branding/2016/04/high-court-rules-cadburys-purple-trade-mark-is-not-a-series-mark/ |title=High Court rules against Cadbury in purple trade mark appeal |date=20 April 2016 |work=azrights.com |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325202531/http://www.azrights.com/media/news-and-media/blog/branding/2016/04/high-court-rules-cadburys-purple-trade-mark-is-not-a-series-mark/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1928, Cadbury's introduced the "glass and a half" [[advertising slogan|slogan]] to accompany the [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]] bar, to advertise the bar's higher milk content.<ref name="slogan">{{cite web|url=http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/ourstory/Pages/OurstoryDetail.aspx?estment |title=begins in Cadbury Dairy Milk ads |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716221802/http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/ourstory/Pages/OurstoryDetail.aspx?estment |archivedate=16 July 2011 |website=Cadbury plc website |accessdate= 5 November 2023}}</ref> The [[Cadbury Creme Egg|Creme Egg]] slogan, "How do you eat yours?", inviting people to think about how they eat their eggs, was introduced in 1985.<ref name="Creme eggs"/> The brand has used immersive experiential marketing campaigns which include a Double Decker fun bus, Joy Generator machine and pop-up cafes.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Cadbury is using experiential marketing to delight consumers |url=https://econsultancy.com/how-cadbury-is-using-experiential-marketing-to-delight-consumers/ |url-status=live |website=econsultancy.com |date=3 October 2016 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807213316/https://econsultancy.com/how-cadbury-is-using-experiential-marketing-to-delight-consumers/ |archive-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Cadbury has had famous names on their products, such as a [[Paddington Bear]]-branded chocolate bar in 1977,<ref>{{cite book |title=Retail Business, Issues 227–238 |date=1977 |publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit Limited |page=35}}</ref> and [[Spice Girls]]-branded chocolate (chocolate bars, [[selection box]]es, Easter Eggs) at the height of their 1990s success.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cadbury plans Spice Girls range |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/cadbury-plans-spice-girls-range/ |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=Marketing Week |date=2 October 1997 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222101526/https://www.marketingweek.com/cadbury-plans-spice-girls-range/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=15 of the best Spice Girl products ever |url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/spice-girls-memorabilia-collectables-merchandise |access-date=19 January 2020 |magazine=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727064041/https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/spice-girls-memorabilia-collectables-merchandise |url-status=live }}</ref> A 60-second advertisement for Cadbury's Drinking Chocolate was the second advert ever to air on British television, following [[Gibbs (toothpaste)|Gibbs SR Toothpaste]] in the first [[Associated-Rediffusion|ITV]] advert break on 22 September 1955.<ref name="Henry">{{cite book |editor1-last=Henry |editor1-first=Brian |title=British Television Advertising: The First 40 Years |date=1986 |publisher=Century Benham Ltd |location=London |isbn=9780091658007 |page=44 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK//UK-Books/British-Television-Advertising-Henry-1986.pdf |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

[[File:Cadbury ad 1890 isdn.jpg|thumb|upright|1890 advertisement in the British weekly ''[[Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News]].'']]
Four commercials for Cadbury products on British television featured in the top 50 of [[Channel 4]]'s 2000 UK poll of the "[[The 100 Greatest TV Ads|100 Greatest Adverts]]". [[Cadbury Flake]], featuring Flake Girl from 1959 onward, was ranked 26th, [[Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut]], featuring the slogan "Everyone's a fruit and nutcase" from 1977 onward, sung by comedian [[Frank Muir]], ranked 36th, [[Fry's Turkish Delight]], with the slogan "Full of Eastern Promise" from 1957 onward, which included model [[Jane Lumb]], ranked 37th, and [[Cadbury Milk Tray]] (which since 1968 has been advertised by the 'Milk Tray Man', a tough [[James Bond]]–style figure who undertakes daunting 'raids' to secretively deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady),<ref>{{cite news |title=As Cadbury's Milk Tray Man returns, which other TV ad characters are ripe for a makeover? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |access-date=7 August 2019 |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807090359/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the "Avalanche" advert where he races ahead of it to deliver the chocolates, ranked 48th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/greatest_ads/ |title=The 100 Greatest TV Ads |year=2000 |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010618095141/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/greatest_ads/ |archive-date=18 June 2001 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The 2007 ''[[Gorilla (advertisement)|Gorilla]]'' television commercial promoting Cadbury Dairy Milk – featuring [[Phil Collins]] "[[In the Air Tonight]]" – won numerous awards, including Gold at the [[British Television Advertising Awards]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Drumming gorilla beats ad rivals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/mar/13/advertising.television1 |access-date=5 August 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805122736/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/mar/13/advertising.television1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Every year Cadbury also launches a Secret Santa campaign which features offline and online advertisements. The brand also tours the UK's major cities encouraging people to anonymously give their loved ones a free chocolate bar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cadbury urges consumers to 'follow their generous instinct' in Secret Santa-themed ad |date=9 November 2018 |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/cadbury-secret-santa-themed-ad/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024144838/https://www.marketingweek.com/cadbury-secret-santa-themed-ad/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |magazine=Marketing Week}}</ref> Cadbury has specifically designed booths for the occasion but in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] the campaign was done virtually.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cadbury's Secret Santa Is Back Giving Away Free Chocolate Bars |url=https://www.delish.com/uk/food-news/a34769273/cadbury-secret-santa/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124112037/https://www.delish.com/uk/food-news/a34769273/cadbury-secret-santa/ |archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

== Products ==
{{Main|List of Cadbury products}}

[[File:Cadbury Dairy Milk.jpg|thumb|right|Cadbury chocolate stall at London's [[Heathrow Airport]].]]
[[File:Wispa-Split.jpg|thumb|A Cadbury [[Wispa]] chocolate bar that has been split in half. These are available in the UK.]]
[[File:Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg|thumb|A [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]] Caramel bar in its foil wrapper.]]
[[File:Cadbury-Flake-Split.jpg|thumb|right|A Cadbury [[Flake (chocolate bar)|Flake]] split in half. They are popularly served in ice cream in a cone ("[[99 Flake]]").]]
[[File:Cadbury eggs white.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cadbury Creme Egg]]s are sold between New Year's Day and Easter.]]
[[File:Cadbury's Christmas selection box (31970925091).jpg|thumb|right|Cadbury's Christmas [[selection box]]. A boxed gift of assorted bars is a staple of Christmas, a tradition that in the UK goes back over 100 years.<ref name="Box"/>]]
Major chocolate brands produced by Cadbury include the bars [[Cadbury Dairy Milk|Dairy Milk]], [[Crunchie]], [[Double Decker (chocolate bar)|Double Decker]], [[Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel|Caramel]], [[Wispa]], [[Boost (chocolate bar)|Boost]], [[Picnic (chocolate bar)|Picnic]], [[Flake (chocolate bar)|Flake]], [[Curly Wurly]], [[Chomp (chocolate bar)|Chomp]], and [[Fudge (chocolate bar)|Fudge]]; chocolate [[Cadbury Buttons|Buttons]]; the boxed chocolate brand [[Milk Tray]]; and the twist-wrapped chocolates [[Heroes (confectionery)|Heroes]] which are most popular around holidays, such as [[Christmas]] and [[Halloween]] (Cadbury Goo Heads (similar to Creme Eggs) are released for Halloween).<ref>{{cite news |title=Personalised Cadbury Dairy Milk 850g |agency=Chocolised |url=https://chocolised.com/products/personalised-cadbury-dairy-milk-850g |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131004723/https://chocolised.com/products/personalised-cadbury-dairy-milk-850g |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Spooky twist on classic Cadbury Creme Egg in time for Halloween |url=https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink/spooky-twist-classic-cadbury-creme-2069709 |access-date=22 October 2020 |newspaper=Derby Telegraph |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025113623/https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink/spooky-twist-classic-cadbury-creme-2069709 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Selection box]]es (containing a selection of Cadbury bars and sweets) is a staple Christmas gift of chocolate, a tradition that in Britain goes back over a century (as are [[Cadbury Roses]] since the late 1930s).<ref name="Box">{{cite news |title=Yorkshire's role in the changing face of our Christmas selection boxes |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/yorkshires-role-changing-face-our-christmas-selection-boxes-1807044 |date=21 December 2015 |work=[[The Yorkshire Post]] |quote=This year, millions of selection boxes will be unwrapped across the country from the wee small hours of Christmas Day, continuing a tradition that goes back over 100 years. |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927104054/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/yorkshires-role-changing-face-our-christmas-selection-boxes-1807044 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cadbury Creme Egg|Creme Eggs]] are only sold between New Year's Day (or sometimes Boxing Day) and Easter—it is the most popular chocolate in the UK during this period, outselling its closest rival by 2 to 1.<ref name="Creme eggs">{{cite web |url=http://www.cadbury.co.uk/contact/PressCentre/Brands/Chocolate/Pages/CremeEgg.aspx |title=Creme Egg |publisher=Cadbury |date=15 January 2009 |access-date=10 December 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128111505/http://www.cadbury.co.uk/contact/PressCentre/Brands/Chocolate/Pages/CremeEgg.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2011}}</ref>

As well as Cadbury's chocolate, the company also owns [[Maynards]] and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassett's brands or products such as [[liquorice allsorts|Liquorice Allsorts]], [[Jelly Babies]], [[flump (sweet)|Flumps]], [[Mint (candy)|Mints]], [[Black Jack (confectionery)|Black Jack]] chews, [[Trident (gum)|Trident gum]], and Softmints. Global sales of Cadbury products amounted to £491 million in the 52 weeks to 16 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Business-News/Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-tops-UK-branded-chocolate-sales |title=Top 10 UK chocolate brands |last=Addy |first=Rod |date=24 November 2014 |website=foodmanufacture.co.uk |publisher=Addy |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801135950/http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Business-News/Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-tops-UK-branded-chocolate-sales |url-status=live }}</ref>

Notable product introductions include:

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* 1866: Cocoa Essence
* 1868: Heart-shaped box of chocolates (for [[Valentine's Day]])<ref name="Guinness"/>
* 1875: [[Easter Eggs]]
* 1897: [[Milk Chocolate]] and [[Cadbury Fingers|Fingers]]
* 1905: [[Cadbury Dairy Milk|Dairy Milk]]
* 1908: [[Bournville (chocolate bar)|Bournville]]
* 1914: [[Fry's Turkish Delight]]
* 1915: [[Milk Tray]]
* 1920: [[Flake (chocolate bar)|Flake]]
* 1923: [[Cadbury Creme Egg|Creme Egg]] (modern form launched as Fry's in 1963)
* 1926: [[Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut]]
* 1929: [[Crunchie]] (launched as Fry's)
* 1938: [[Cadbury Roses|Roses]]
* 1948: [[Fudge (chocolate bar)|Fudge]]
* 1958: [[Picnic (chocolate bar)|Picnic]]
* 1960: [[Cadbury Buttons|Dairy Milk Buttons]]
* 1965: [[Cadbury Eclairs]]
* 1967: [[Aztec (chocolate)|Aztec]]
* 1967: [[Mini Eggs]]
* 1969: Cadbury 5 Star
* 1970: [[Curly Wurly]]
* 1974: [[Cadbury Snack|Snack]]
* 1976: [[Double Decker (chocolate bar)|Double Decker]]
* 1976: [[Starbar]]
* 1981: [[Wispa]] (relaunched 2007)
* 1985: [[Boost (chocolate bar)|Boost]]
* 1987: [[Twirl (chocolate bar)|Twirl]]
* 1989: [[Spira (confectionery)|Spira]]
* 1992: [[Time Out (chocolate bar)|Time Out]]
* 1995: [[Wispa|Wispa Gold]] (relaunched 2009 and 2011)
* 1995: Puds (relaunched 2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.conveniencestore.co.uk/products/mondelz-announces-christmas-2021-lineup/658698.article |title=Mondelēz announces Christmas 2021 lineup |work=Convenience Store |date=6 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808002822/https://www.conveniencestore.co.uk/products/mondelz-announces-christmas-2021-lineup/658698.article |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1996: [[Fuse (chocolate bar)|Fuse]] (promotional relaunched 2015)
* 1997: [[Astros (chocolate)|Astros]]
* 1999: [[Heroes (confectionery)|Heroes]]
* 2001: Brunch Bar, [[Dream (chocolate)|Dream]]
* 2004: Cadbury [[Digestive biscuit#Chocolate digestives|Chocolate Digestive]]s<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury Digestives – Oh happy day: how advertising helped biscuit buyers discover a new name in chocolate digestives |url=https://www.warc.com/content/paywall/article/ipa/cadbury_digestives_oh_happy_day_how_advertising_helped_biscuit_buyers_discover_a_new_name_in_chocolate_digestives/en-GB/88454 |access-date=19 August 2021 |agency=WARC |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819184517/https://www.warc.com/content/paywall/article/ipa/cadbury_digestives_oh_happy_day_how_advertising_helped_biscuit_buyers_discover_a_new_name_in_chocolate_digestives/en-GB/88454 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2009: [[Cadbury Clusters]]
* 2009: Dairy Milk Silk<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cadburyindia.com/IN/EN/MEDIACENTER/cdmsilk.aspx |title=Cadbury launches CDM Silk |access-date=14 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322175559/http://www.cadburyindia.com/in/en/MediaCenter/CDMSilk.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2013}}</ref>
* 2010: Dairy Milk Bliss
* 2011: Big Race Oreo
* 2012: Marvellous Creations and Crispello
* 2014: Pebbles
* 2014: Bubbly
* 2016: Cadbury Silk Oreo
* 2021: Cadbury Plant Bar (vegan)<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury Plant Bar: Vegan alternative to Dairy Milk chocolate set to launch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/58822013 |access-date=23 November 2021 |agency=CBBC |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123165201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/58822013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Incidents==
=== 2006 salmonella scare ===
On 20 January 2006, Cadbury Schweppes detected a strain of the ''[[Salmonella]]'' montevideo (SmvdX07) bacteria, affecting seven of its products.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/revealed-watchdogs-damning-verdict-on-cadburys-over-salmonella-scare-417170.html |title=Revealed: watchdog's damning verdict on Cadbury's over salmonella |date=23 September 2006 |website=The Independent |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424110517/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/revealed-watchdogs-damning-verdict-on-cadburys-over-salmonella-scare-417170.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/30/foodanddrink |title=Three in hospital with salmonella after Cadbury scare |date=30 June 2006 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 April 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424110511/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/30/foodanddrink |url-status=live }}</ref> The contamination was caused by a leaking pipe, from which waste water dripped onto a chocolate crumb production line at the company's plant in [[Marlbrook, Herefordshire|Marlbrook]], [[Herefordshire]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=ElAmin |first=Ahmed |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2006/07/25/Cadbury-apologises-for-Salmonella-outbreak |title=Cadbury apologises for Salmonella outbreak |work=FoodNavigator |orig-date=Original date 24 July 2006 |date=2008-07-19 |access-date=10 October 2024 |url-access=limited |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410081235/https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2006/07/25/Cadbury-apologises-for-Salmonella-outbreak |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/24/foodanddrink |title=Chocolate may have poisoned more than 40 |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=24 June 2006 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424110521/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/24/foodanddrink |url-status=live }}</ref> It was not until around six months after the leak was detected that Cadbury Schweppes notified the [[Food Standards Agency]], a delay which Cadbury Schweppes was unable to explain satisfactorily, and for which it was criticised.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Article/2008/09/15/Unanswered-questions-in-Cadbury-salmonella-case |title=Unanswered questions in Cadbury salmonella case |website=foodmanufacture.co.uk |date=14 September 2008 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214749/https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Article/2008/09/15/Unanswered-questions-in-Cadbury-salmonella-case |url-status=live }}</ref> The Food Standards Agency ordered the company to recall more than a million chocolate bars.<ref name="bbcsal">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5110674.stm |title=Cadbury recall after health fears |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112013657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5110674.stm |archivedate=12 January 2009 |work= [[BBC News]] |date=23 June 2006}}</ref> In December 2006, the company announced that the cost of dealing with the incident reached £30 million.<ref name=prosecution>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/6583027.stm |title=Cadbury faces salmonella action |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906002846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/6583027.stm |archivedate=6 September 2007 |work= [[BBC News]] |date=23 April 2007}}</ref>

In April 2007, [[Birmingham City Council]] announced that it would be prosecuting Cadbury Schweppes in relation to three alleged offences of breaching food safety legislation. At that time, the [[Health Protection Agency]] identified 37 people who had been infected with Salmonella montevideo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/aug/03/food.foodanddrink |title=Salmonella outbreak costs Cadbury £20m |last=Walsh |first=Fiona |date=2 August 2006 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 April 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322004953/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/aug/03/food.foodanddrink |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> One of the alleged victims had to be kept on a hospital isolation ward for five days after eating a Cadbury's caramel bar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irwinmitchell.com/newsandmedia/2007/april/lawyer-for-salmonella-victims-responds-to-potential-legal-action-against-cadburys |last=Dixon |first=Rob |date=23 April 2007 |publisher=Irwin Mitchell |access-date=10 July 2013 |location=Sheffield |title=Lawyer for Salmonella Victims Responds to Potential Legal Action against Cadburys |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017134656/http://www.irwinmitchell.com/newsandmedia/2007/april/lawyer-for-salmonella-victims-responds-to-potential-legal-action-against-cadburys |url-status=live }}</ref> An investigation that was carried by [[Herefordshire Council]] led to a further six charges being brought.<ref name="prosecution" /> The company pleaded guilty to all nine charges,<ref name=birmpros>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/6755945.stm |title=Cadbury admits salmonella charges |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908011456/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/6755945.stm |archivedate=8 September 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 June 2007}}</ref><ref name=herepros>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hereford/worcs/6265548.stm |title=Cadbury admits salmonella charges |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001170357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hereford/worcs/6265548.stm |archivedate=1 October 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=3 July 2007}}</ref> and was fined one million pounds at [[Birmingham Crown Court]] — the sentencing of both cases was brought together.<ref>{{cite web |last=confectionerynews.com |title=Court fines Cadbury 1.5m over salmonella contamination |url=https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2007/07/17/Court-fines-Cadbury-1.5m-over-salmonella-contamination |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=confectionerynews.com |date=16 July 2007 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410081548/https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2007/07/17/Court-fines-Cadbury-1.5m-over-salmonella-contamination |url-status=live }}</ref> Analysts have said the fine is not material to the group, with mitigating factors limiting the fine being that the company quickly admitted its guilt and said it had been mistaken that the infection did not pose a threat to health.<ref name="fine">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6900467.stm |title=Cadbury gets 1 mln pound salmonella fine |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 July 2007 |access-date=30 January 2022}}.{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== 2007 recalls ===
On 10 February 2007, Cadbury recalled some of its Easter eggs due to a labelling error. The products were produced in a factory handling nuts, potential allergens, but this was not made clear on the packaging. Cadbury said the products were "perfectly safe" for people without nut allergies to eat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cadbury issues Easter egg recall |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6349199.stm |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727063431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6349199.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 September 2007, Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warning, recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars. A printing mistake at Somerdale Factory resulted in the omission of [[tree nut allergy]] labels from 250g [[Dairy Milk]] Double Chocolate bars.<ref>[http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/sep/cadbury "Cadbury's recall dairy milk double choc bars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414145002/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/sep/cadbury |date=14 April 2009 }}. Foods Standards Agency, 14 September 2007</ref>

===2008 melamine contamination in China===
On 29 September 2008, Cadbury withdrew all of its 11 chocolate products made in its three Beijing factories, on suspicion of contamination with [[melamine]]. The recall affected the mainland China markets, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.flex-news-food.com/pages/19402/China/Chocolate/Food-Safety/Milk/cadbury-withdraws-china-chocolate-melamine-concern.html |title=Cadbury Withdraws China Chocolate on Melamine Concern |agency=Reuters |date=28 September 2008 |publisher=Flex News |access-date=29 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930193316/http://www.flex-news-food.com/pages/19402/China/Chocolate/Food-Safety/Milk/cadbury-withdraws-china-chocolate-melamine-concern.html |archive-date=30 September 2008}}</ref> Products recalled included Dark Chocolate, a number of products in the 'Dairy Milk' range and Chocolate Eclairs.<ref>Ng Kang-chung, "Cadbury recalls 11 products after tests reveal melamine", Page A1, ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' (30 September 2008)</ref>

=== 2014 pork traces in Malaysia ===
Cadbury recalled two chocolate products after it was tested positive for traces of pork DNA, namely Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut and Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/pig-dna-tainted-cadbury/1122988.html |title=Pig DNA-tainted Cadbury chocolates were produced locally: Malaysia |date=26 May 2014 |publisher=Channel Newsasia |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211716/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/pig-dna-tainted-cadbury/1122988.html |archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> The traces were found during a periodic check for non-halal ingredients in food products by the Ministry of Health in Malaysia which on 24 May 2014 said two of three samples of the company's products may contain pork traces.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/28/pork-in-cadburys-malaysian-chocolate-recalled-after-dna-traces-found |title=Pork in Cadbury's: Malaysian chocolate recalled after DNA traces found |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=28 May 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528062448/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/28/pork-in-cadburys-malaysian-chocolate-recalled-after-dna-traces-found |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 June 2014, Malaysia's Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM) declared that the sample did not contain pig DNA, as claimed in earlier reports. This statement was made after new tests were conducted.

JAKIM reportedly said in a statement that it tested 11 samples of Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut, Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond and other products from the company's factory but none of them tested positive for pork. The investigation followed reports that unscheduled checks had shown that two chocolates produced by Mondelez International Inc., the parent company of Cadbury, violated Islamic law and led to a boycott of all its products in the country.<ref name=Varandani>{{cite news |last1=Varandani |first1=Suman |title=Malaysia's Top Islamic Body JAKIM Says Cadbury Chocolates Do Not Contain Pork While Muslim Consumer Group Remains Unconvinced |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/malaysias-top-islamic-body-jakim-says-cadbury-chocolates-do-not-contain-pork-while-muslim-1592993 |access-date=2 September 2014 |work=International Business Times |date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612152023/http://www.ibtimes.com/malaysias-top-islamic-body-jakim-says-cadbury-chocolates-do-not-contain-pork-while-muslim-1592993 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2017 "Easter" controversy ===
[[File:Cadbury Egg Hunt in Support of Barnardos! (But Don’t Mention Easter)-112774 (26027101296).jpg|thumb|right|Sponsored by Cadbury, the annual [[Easter egg hunt]] (pictured in Dublin, Ireland in 2016) takes place in over 250 [[National Trust]] locations in Ireland and the UK.]]

In 2017, the [[Church of England]] condemned the company and the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] for rebranding their annual "[[Egg hunt|Easter Egg Trails]]" as "Cadbury Egg Hunts".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/cadbury-national-trust-church-england-airbrush-faith-easter-egg-hunt-remove-christianity-holiday-a7665436.html |title=Cadbury and National Trust accused of 'airbrushing faith' by Church of England for dropping 'Easter' from egg hunt |website=The Independent |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702052007/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/cadbury-national-trust-church-england-airbrush-faith-easter-egg-hunt-remove-christianity-holiday-a7665436.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Theresa May]] called the rebranding "absolutely ridiculous"; however, Cadbury dismissed the criticism, with a spokesperson saying, "it is clear to see that within our communications we visibly state the word Easter. It is included a number of times across promotional materials."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-cadbury-national-trust-easter-egg-hunt-church-england-saudi-arabia-vicars-daughter-a7665536.html |title=Theresa May wades into 'Easter egg hunt' row despite apparently thin grasp of story |website=The Independent |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091900/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-cadbury-national-trust-easter-egg-hunt-church-england-saudi-arabia-vicars-daughter-a7665536.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An ensuing controversy followed in Australia, where Cadbury was accused of removing the word 'Easter' from the packaging of its Easter eggs. Cadbury Australia responded that Easter was mentioned on "the back of [the] pack", and that its eggs were obviously Easter eggs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/eat/federal-mp-questions-why-manufacturers-take-easter-out-of-their-chocolate-egg-packaging/news-story/02f735e77303dfc13cffc39909de3fa8 |title=Federal MP questions why manufacturers take 'Easter' out of their chocolate egg packaging |last=Brown |first=Vanessa |date=30 March 2016 |work=[[News Ltd]] |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803090352/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/eat/federal-mp-questions-why-manufacturers-take-easter-out-of-their-chocolate-egg-packaging/news-story/02f735e77303dfc13cffc39909de3fa8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2019 "Cadbury Treasures" campaign ===
In the run-up to Easter 2019, Cadbury launched a "Treasures" promotion in the UK and Ireland that, as well as listing treasure exhibits in various museums, unintentionally encouraged people to engage in illegal metal-detecting and digging at protected archaeological sites around the [[British Isles]] in search of further treasure. This prompted a highly critical reaction from archaeologists.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bajrfed.co.uk/bajrpress/cadbury-treasure-hunt-fiasco/ |title=Cadbury treasure hunt fiasco |first=Aisling |last=Tierney |date=17 March 2019 |work=British Archaeology News Resource |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317132439/http://www.bajrfed.co.uk/bajrpress/cadbury-treasure-hunt-fiasco/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2022 Channel 4 ''Dispatches'' child labour claims ===
In 2022, ''Cadbury Exposed: Dispatches'' aired on [[Channel 4]] revealed child labour in cocoa farming for Cadbury chocolate. Mondelez International initially refused to comment before releasing a statement after the programme had aired. The network's journalists claimed Mondelez CEO Dirk Van de Put had "refused to be interviewed" but the company "did not dispute our findings (and were) deeply concerned by the incidents documented by Dispatches and would launch an investigation."<ref>{{cite web |title=Cadbury Exposed: Dispatches – All 4 |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/cadbury-exposed-dispatches |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=www.channel4.com |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415195008/https://www.channel4.com/programmes/cadbury-exposed-dispatches |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2023 Listeria recall ===
In May 2023, Muller recalled six Cadbury desserts because of the possible presence of [[listeria]], described as a "precautionary measure".<ref>{{cite news |title=Müller recalls six Cadbury desserts over listeria concerns |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65454499 |access-date=2 May 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502103653/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65454499 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Companies|Food}}
* [[Cadbury World]]
* [[Cadbury family]]
* [[Cadbury Athletic F.C.]]
* ''[[Kryoryctes|Kryoryctes cadburyi]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dumoulin.fr/eng_pages/ref.htm |title=Dumoulin reference page |publisher=Dumoulin Coating Pans France |access-date=8 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930071454/http://www.dumoulin.fr/eng_pages/ref.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Cadbury's Purple Reign: The Story Behind Chocolate's Best-Loved Brand |last=Bradley |first=John |year=2008 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons Ltd |isbn=978-0-470-72524-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers |last=Cadbury |first=Deborah |year=2010 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-820-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586488208}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Mondelez}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cadbury| ]]
[[Category:Mondelez International]]
[[Category:Confectionery companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:British chocolate companies]]
[[Category:Mondelez International brands]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1824]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Food manufacturers of England]]
[[Category:Companies based in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:British royal warrant holders]]
[[Category:1824 establishments in England]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1824]]
[[Category: 19th-century initial public offerings]]
[[Category:2010 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Denham, Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Food brands of the United Kingdom]]

Sanjiv Kumar Thakur

2026-03-28T23:15:55Z

Nelle8556383481: started new bio...

{{Short description|Indian Army Junior Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Subedar]]
| name = Sanjiv Kumar Thakur
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra|KC]]
| image = File:Subedar Sanjiv Kumar.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Portrait of Sub Sanjiv Kumar Thakur (pictured as Assistant Commander Grade II during deputation at NSG)
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1977|12|05}}
| birth_place = [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India l
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|04|05|1977|12|05}}
| death_place = [[Kupwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1996–2020
| rank = [[File:Subedar - Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar]]
| servicenumber = JC–413798Y
| unit = [[Para (Special Forces)|4 Para (SF)]]
| battles =
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Kirti Chakra]]}}
| children =
| signature =
}}
[[Subedar]] '''Sanjiv Kumar Thakur''' [[Kirti Chakra|KC]] (popularly known as Sanjiv Kumar) (5 December 1977 – 5 April 2020), was a [[Junior Commissioned Officer]] in the [[Indian Army]] with the [[Para (Special Forces)|4 Para (SF)]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Subedar from Himachal Pradesh gets Kirti Chakra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/subedar-from-himachal-pradesh-gets-kirti-chakra/articleshow/80457406.cms |newspaper=Times of India | first=Ajay | last=Sura | date=26 January 2021 | accessdate=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4951|access-date=2021-10-17|website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> He led a team during Operation Randori Behak. For his leadership during the operation, he was posthumously awarded India's second highest peacetime gallantry award [[Kirti Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=25 January 2021|title=War-time honours for Galwan braves, Mahavir Chakra for martyr Col Santosh Babu|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/war-time-honours-for-galwan-braves-mahavir-chakra-for-martyr-col-santosh-babu-1762665-2021-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Para Commando Sub Sanjiv Kumar Charged At Terrorists Laying Down His Life For The Nation|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/republic-day-2021-sub-sanjiv-kumar-kirti-chakra-532874.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajay Sura|date=26 Jan 2021|title=Subedar from Himachal Pradesh gets Kirti Chakra {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/subedar-from-himachal-pradesh-gets-kirti-chakra/articleshow/80457406.cms|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kumar was born on 5 December 1977 in Dehra village in a Rajput family in the [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Kumar completed his schooling from [[Dharamshala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bharatvarsh|first=TV9|date=2021-01-28|title=बर्फ से ढके नाले में गिर गए थे कमांडो सूबेदार संजीव कुमार, फिर 4 दिन बाद ऐसे किया आतंकियों को ढेर, पढ़ें रोंगटे खड़े करने वाली कहानी|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/kirti-chakra-for-shaheed-subedar-sanjiv-kumar-read-about-his-courageous-act499716-499716.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=TV9 Bharatvarsh|language=hindi}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Kumar enlisted in the [[Indian Army]] on 30 August 1996. During his service years, he served in various [[area of operations|operational areas]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kupwara encounter: Mortal remains of slain soldiers Sanjiv Kumar, Bal Krishan brought to their hometowns in HP |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-kupwara-encounter-mortal-remains-of-slain-soldiers-sanjiv-kumar-bal-krishan-brought-to-their-hometowns-in-hp-2820100/amp |pages=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=5 Pak supported terrorist killed, 5 own Special Force troops also lost: Indian Army |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/5-pak-supported-terrorist-killed-5-own-special-force-troops-also-lost-indian-army20200406185352/ |work=ANI}}</ref> He was also deputed with the [[National Security Guard]] (NSG).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Para Commando Sub Sanjiv Kumar Charged At Terrorists Laying Down His Life For The Nation|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/republic-day-2021-sub-sanjiv-kumar-kirti-chakra-532874.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=हिमाचल: शहीद संजीव के परिवार को सुबह चला पता, कोरोना के चलते नहीं जुटने दी भीड़|url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/martyr-sanjeev-kumar-family-came-to-know-about-his-martyrdom-in-the-morning|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

=== Operation Randori Behak ===
By 1 April 2020, some hardcore terrorists entered [[Line of Control|LOC]] in the period of COVID 19 Pandemic, it was confirmed with the footprints on the snow ground. They were noticed by [[Drone warfare|Drone]] surveillance system of Indian Army. [[Jat Regiment|8 Jat Regiment]] also made a gunfight with them, but the terrorists were able to escape from the place. On 2 April, 41 and 57 [[Rashtriya Rifles]] too joined the Operation, but again they hid in the Jungles after an exchange of firing. After few days later, Army got their location by UAV Intelligence. A new operation was launched, which was named Operation Randori Behak. The team consisted of two squads with six soldiers each of para commandos. Subedar Kumar became one of the squad commander of the team. They were airdropped by Helicopter [[HAL Dhruv]], as the place was full of snow and inaccessible. They began their search for the terrorists in the extreme weather condition. After searching for a while, Paratrooper Chhatrapal Singh and Paratrooper Bal Krishan were standing at the edge of a mountain precipice, which was an overhanging hardened snow mass. Under their weight, the edge broke and they fell into a frozen mountain stream. Sub Kumar along with his team immediately rushed to their rescue. The terrorists were hidden at the same place, where they had fallen. The terrorists became aware of this incident and started firing at Kumar's team. In the close combat, despite being wounded at several parts of body, Kumar's team was able to eliminate all of the terrorists. The operation was successful on 5 April 2020, but Kumar was [[killed in action]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army Special Forces commandos killed five terrorists after being air-dropped by helicopters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-special-forces-commandos-killed-five-terrorists-after-being-air-dropped-by-helicopters/articleshow/75012252.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref> Kumar was posthumously awarded the nation's second highest peacetime gallantry award [[Kirti Chakra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Subedar Sanjeev Kumar KC {{!}} Honourpoint|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/subedar-sanjiv-kumar-kc/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=HonourPoint|language=en-US}}</ref> Alongside four of his comrades Havildar Devendra Singh, Paratrooper Bal Krishan, Paratrooper Chattarpal Singh, Paratrooper Amit Kumar were killed in action, only Paratrooper Tamang, [[Shaurya Chakra]] was the sole survivor of this operation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army pays tributes to 5 soldiers in Keran encounter |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=289147 |work=Early Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Number of soldiers martyred in Keran encounter rises to 5; equal number of terrorists killed |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/number-of-soldiers-martyred-in-keran-encounter-rises-to-5-equal-number-of-terrorists-killed-1502874499.html/amp |work=The Statesmen}}</ref>

==Kirti Chakra citation==
[[File:Wife of Sanjiv Kumar receiving Kirti Chakra.jpg|thumb|Subedar Sanjiv Kumar’s wife receiving the [[Kirti Chakra]] from [[Shri Ram Nath Kovind]], [[President of India]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]] on 23 November 2021.]]
The [[President of India]] presented the Kirti Chakra to Subedar Sanjiv Kumar on 22 November 2021, in recognition of his supreme sacrifices and leadership, which was received by his wife.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kirti Chakra to Subedar Sanjiv Kumar|url=https://twitter.com/pib_india/status/1463033640376365058|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Subedar Sanjiv Kumar की ये कहानी सुनकर रोंगटे खड़े हो जाएंगे!|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/news/subedar-sanjiv-kumar-awarded-with-kirti-chakra-posthumous/videoshow/87872798.cms|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=President confers Subedar Sanjiv Kumar with 'Kirti Chakra'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-president-confers-subedar-sanjiv-kumar-with-kirti-chakra-2920836|access-date=2021-11-24|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Sanjiv Kumar}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]]

Koli people

2026-03-26T17:07:45Z

Nelle8556383481: added info

{{Short description|Indian caste and ethnic group}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Koli
| native_name = कोली, કોલી, कोळी
| native_name_lang = Hi, Gj, Mr
| flag =
| languages = [[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]], [[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]], [[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]], [[Rathwi Bareli language|Rathwi Bareli]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bhil language|Bhil]], [[Kannada]]
| religions = [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Muslim]], [[Koli Christians|Christian]]
| related_groups = [[Kori (caste)|Kori]], [[Koli Christians]]
| flag_caption =
| image = A Coolie Chieftain.jpg
| caption = A [[portrait]] of a Koli [[Zamidar|chieftain]] of [[Dahewan]] by [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]], 1813
}}

The '''Koli people''' are an agriculturist caste of India, mostly found in [[Gujarat]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Koli caste was recognised as a [[Denotified Tribes|criminal tribe]] under [[Criminal Tribes Act]] by [[British Raj|British Indian government]] because of their anti-social activities; but during [[World War I]], Kolis were recognised as a martial caste by [[British Indian Empire]]. Kolis of Gujarat were well-known pirates of [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat news : गुजरात चुनाव से पहले अब कोली-ठाकोर ने मांगा आरक्षण, क्या पाटीदार आंदोलन की तरह बनेगा मुद्दा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/gujarat/ahmedabad/koli-thakor-seek-reservation-before-gujarat-assembly-election-2022-just-like-patidar-agitation/articleshow/90366946.cms |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

The Kolis form the largest [[Caste system in India|caste cluster]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]], comprising 24% and 30% of the total population in those states, respectively.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Minhas |first=Poonam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&dq=Himachal+Koli+population&pg=PA59 |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
* '''India:''' Kolis are distributed across the country, though the majority of the population is found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, and [[Maharashtra]]. Kolis are 24% of the total state population in Gujarat{{sfn|Shah|2004|p=297}} and 30% of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":1" />
* '''[[Pakistan]]:''' Kolis are found in the [[Sindh]] [[Administrative units of Pakistan|province]] of Pakistan, most of them related to Kolis of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Donnan |first1=Hastings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwluAAAAMAAJ |title=Family and Gender in Pakistan: Domestic Organization in a Muslim Society |last2=Selier |first2=Frits |date=1997 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-036-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Penang|Penang Island]]:''' Kolis also found in the Penang Island. They were sent by the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] because of their rebellious activities against the British [[East India Company]] during [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Vinayak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzPlZSOjCpsC&dq=Penang+Kolis&pg=PA32 |title=Peasant Pasts: History and Memory in Western India |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-25076-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Fiji]] and [[New Zealand]]:''' Koli citizens here are agriculturists by profession and use the surname of Patel.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edmond |first1=Jacob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_V5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Fiji+Koli&pg=PA67 |title=Recentring Asia: Histories, Encounters, Identities |last2=Johnson |first2=Henry |last3=Leckie |first3=Jacqueline |date=2011-07-27 |publisher=[[Global Oriental]] |isbn=978-90-04-21261-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Nepal]]:''' Kolis of Nepal ruled over the cities of [[Ramgram Municipality|Ramgram]], [[Devdaha]] and Panditpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whelpton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC |title=A History of Nepal |date=2005-02-17 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-80470-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''East Africa:''' Kolis of East Africa referred to themselves as Mandhata Patel, Mandhata Koli Patel and Koli Patel. Many of them are employed as [[Businessperson|businesspeople]], [[teacher]]s, or [[Medical doctor|doctors]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hahlo |first=Ken |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKybDwAAQBAJ&dq=Africa+Koli+migrated&pg=PT113 |title=Communities, Networks and Ethnic Politics |date=2018-08-10 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-86435-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Kolis seem to have attained an important socio political status by the fourteenth century, at least on Konkan coast in [[Maharashtra]]. A Koli kingdom is known to have been founded by Jayba Popera in North Konkan in 1342. During the reign of [[Shivaji]], Kolis had served the [[Maratha army]] under their Koli commanders [[Yesaji Angre|Yesaji Kank]] and [[Tanaji Malusare]] and exercised considerable control over the [[Konkan|Konkan coast]]. The [[Bahmanis]] conferred the rank of [[Sardar]] on Koli chiefs who held charge of hill tracts.

In contrast, Kolis of Gujarat were mostly perceived as a predatory tribe. From the literature of the medieval period and in travellers' accounts, there is suspicion that some descendants of medieval [[Bhil]] chiefs, particularly those of [[Ahmedabad]], could have claimed the status of Koli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Behera (surname)|Behera]] |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&q=Patil+Koli |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> Records of Koli people exist from at least the 15th century, when rulers in the present-day Gujarat region called their chieftains marauding robbers, [[dacoit]]s, and pirates. Over a period of several centuries, some of them were able to establish chiefdoms throughout the region, mostly comprising just a single village.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |last2=Shroff |first2=R. G. |date=1958 |title=The Vahīvancā Bāroṭs of Gujarat: A Caste of Genealogists and Mythographers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/538561 |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |publisher=American Folklore Society |volume=71 |issue=281 |pages=265 |doi=10.2307/538561 |issn=0021-8715 |jstor=538561 |url-access=subscription |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Although not [[Rajput]]s, this relatively small subset of the Kolis claimed the status of the higher-ranked Rajput community, adopting their customs and intermixing with less significant Rajput families through the practice of [[hypergamy|hypergamous]] marriage,{{sfn|Shah|2012|p=169|ps=}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|pp=180–182|ps=}} which was commonly used to enhance or secure social status.{{sfn|Fuller|1975|pp=293–295|ps=}} There were significant differences in status throughout the Koli community, however, and little cohesion either geographically or in terms of communal norms, such as the establishment of [[endogamous]] marriage groups.{{sfn|Shah|2012|p=170|ps=}}

=== Criminal Tribes Act ===
The Koli caste of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] was classified as [[Denotified Tribes|Criminal Tribes]] under [[Criminal Tribes Act]] of 1871 by the Government of India<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ludden |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&q=Mahadev+Kolis |title=An Agrarian History of South Asia |last2=David |first2=Ludden |last3=Ludden |first3=Professor of History David |date=1999-10-07 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-36424-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref> because of their anti-social activities such as [[Robbery|robberies]], murder, [[blackmailing]], and crop and [[Cattle theft in India|animal theft]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vivekanand |date=2016 |title=Reversing the Semantics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552652 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=77 |pages=276–281 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=26552652}}</ref> In 1914, Kolis of Maharashtra revolted against [[British rule]] and attacked government officials. In retribution, the government again declared the Kolis as a criminal tribe under the Bombay Criminal Tribes Act.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=David |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Twentieth century ===
[[File:A_koli_woman_(fisherwoman).jpg|thumb|A Koli woman]]

Throughout the colonial [[British Raj]] period and into the 20th century, some Kolis remained significant landholders and tenants,{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|pp=180–182|ps=}} although most had never been more than minor landowners and labourers.{{sfn|Shah|2012|p=170|ps=}} By this time, however, most Kolis had lost their once-equal standing with the [[Patidar]]{{efn|The Patidars were formerly known as [[Kanbi]], but by 1931 had gained official recognition as Patidar.{{sfn|Basu|2009|pp=51–55|ps=}}}} community due to the land reforms of the Raj period.{{sfn|Basu|2009|pp=51–55|ps=}} The Kolis preferred the landlord-based tenure system, which was not so mutually beneficial. They were subject to interference from the British revenue collectors, who intervened to ensure that the stipulated revenue was remitted to the government before any surplus went to the landlord.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=52|ps=}} Being less inclined to take an active role in agriculture personally and thus maximise revenues from their landholdings, the Koli possessions were often left uncultivated or underused. The Kanbi land takeovers also reduced the Kolis to being the tenants and agricultural labourers of Kanbis rather than landowners, thus increasing the [[economic inequality]] between the communities. The difference was further exacerbated by the Kanbis' providing better tenancy arrangements for members of their own community than for Kolis.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=53|ps=}}

During the later period of the [[British Raj]], the Gujarati Kolis became involved in the process of what has subsequently been termed [[sanskritisation]]. At that time, in the 1930s, they represented around 20 percent of the region's population. Members of the local Rajput community were seeking to extend their own influence by co-opting other significant groups as claimants to the [[Varna (Hinduism)|ritual title]] of [[Kshatriya]]. The Rajputs were politically, economically, and socially marginalised because their own numbers — around 4 to 5 per cent of the population — were lesser to the dominant Patidars, with whom the Kolis were also disenchanted.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|pp=180–182|ps=}}

=== Post Independence ===
The [[Patidar]]s of central and north Gujarat were agricultural labour on the lands of Koli [[landlord]]s or Koli [[Tribal chief|chieftains]]. After [[Indian independence movement|India achieved independence]], Patidars occupied Koli lands through the [[Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976|Urban Land Ceiling Act]], reducing the Kolis in social status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franco |first=Fernando |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ |title=Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |isbn=978-81-87218-46-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref> The Kolis, upset at their loss of rights, formed gangs to plunder Patidar villages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWFAAAAIAAJ |title=Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District, 1917–1934 |date=1981 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-561255-4 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Rajput]]s of Gujarat, similarly in contention with the Patidars over land rights, allied with Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DA COSTA |first=DIA |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk |title=Politicizing Creative Economy: Activism and a Hunger Called Theater |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-04060-3 |jstor=10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk }}</ref> In central and north Gujarat, the Kolis and their allies had several battles with the Patidars on the issue of land tenancy, land rights, and use of common village resources.

==== KKGKS ====
In 1947, around the time that [[Independence of India|India gained independence]], the Kutch, Kathiawar, Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha (KKGKS) caste association emerged as an [[umbrella organisation]] to continue the work begun during the Raj. [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], a French political scientist, says that this body, which claimed to represent the Rajputs and Kolis, "...is a good example of the way castes, with very different ritual status, join hands to defend their common interests... The use of the word ''Kshatriya'' was largely tactical and the original caste identity was seriously diluted."{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|pp=180–182|ps=}}

[[File:Koli woman and Koli Man with the Bow and Arrow, 19th century.jpg|thumb|left|Koli woman and Koli man with the Bow and Arrow, 19th century]]

The relevance of the Kshatriya label in terms of ritual was diminished by the practical actions of the KKGKS which, among other things, saw demands for the constituent communities to be classified as [[Other Backward Class|Backward Classes]] in the Indian [[Reservation in India|scheme for positive discrimination]]. The Kolis gained more from the actions of the KKGKS than did the Rajputs, and Jaffrelot believes that it was around this time that a Koli [[intelligentsia]] emerged.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|pp=180–182|ps=}} Ghanshyam Shah, a professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], describes the organisation today as covering a broad group of communities, from disadvantaged Rajputs of high prestige to the semi-tribal [[Bhil people|Bhil]]s, with the Kolis in the middle. He notes that its composition reflects "a common economic interest and a growing secular identity born partly out of folklore but more out of common resentment against the well-to-do castes".{{sfn|Shah|2004|p=178}}

In the election years of 1962 and 1967, the [[Swatantra Party|Gujarat Swatantra Party]], dominated by the Patidars, won over some of the Koli leaders of the Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha, allowing Sabha to be controlled by Kolis of North Gujarat. The Party nominated a large number of the Kolis as party candidates and also gave them positions within the party organization. The alliance between the Koli and the Party quickly broke down. The party and the Kshatriya Sabha's Koli leaders could not resolve ground-level conflicts between the Koli peasants and Patidar peasants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=John R. |date=2008 |title=Review of India's 2004 Elections: Grass-Roots and National Perspectives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40377511 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=138–140 |issn=0030-851X |jstor=40377511}}</ref> The Patidar's issues were resolved by Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha but the large population prevented the issues of the Kolis from being solved.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bardhan |first1=Pranab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zv3bg |title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations |last2=Brass |first2=Paul R. |last3=Cohen |first3=Stephen P. |last4=Gupta |first4=Jyotirindra Das |last5=Frankel |first5=Francine R. |last6=Hart |first6=Henry C. |last7=Manor |first7=James |last8=Shah |first8=Ghanshyam |last9=Lewis |first9=John P. |date=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press |jstor=j.ctt7zv3bg}}</ref> For example, the majority of the Patidar's children were engaged in college education while few Kolis received similar education.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/351633 |title=Education and the disprivileged: nineteenth and twentieth century India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2192-6 |editor-last=Bhattacharya |editor-first=Sabyasachi |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Haroobhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJE6AAAAMAAJ |title=Dynamics of Reservation Policy |last2=Patel |first2=Hasmukh |date=1985 |publisher=Patriot Publishers |isbn=978-0-8364-1818-7 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Thakarda Koli.png|thumb|A Thakarda Koli from Baroda State in 1911.]]

The Kolis of Gujarat remained educationally and occupationally disadvantaged compared to communities such as the [[Brahmin]]s and Patidars.{{sfn|Shah|2004|p=302}} Their many [[Jāti]]s include the [[Baria (caste)|Bareeya]], Khant and [[Thakor]], and they also use ''Koli'' as a suffix, giving rise to groups such as the Gulam Koli and Matia Koli. Some do not refer to themselves as Koli at all.{{sfn|Shah|2004|p=221}}

== Military ==

=== Maratha Empire ===
When Shivaji began his revolt against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal sultanates]], the Kolis were among the first to join him under the leadership of the [[Khemirao Sarnaik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> The Kolis of Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SV02DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&pg=PT688 |title=300 Brave Men – Shivaji Trilogy Book I |date=2017-09-07 |publisher=One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5201-973-1 |language=en}}</ref> joined the Maratha Army during the reign of [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=Sultanate+Koli&pg=PT69 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> The Kolis also served in the [[Maratha Navy|Maratha navy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satchidanandan |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=woU_DAAAQBAJ&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&pg=PT58 |title=Words Matter: Writings against Silence |date=2016-06-10 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-93-86057-32-7 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> The grand admiral of Maratha Navy was manned by Koli chieftain [[Kanhoji Angre]], which earnt him the title Shivaji of the Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bakshi |first1=Shiri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&dq=Maratha+Empire+Koli&pg=PA41 |title=Sharad Pawar, the Maratha Legacy |last2=Sharma |first2=Sita Ram |last3=Gajrani |first3=S. |date=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-007-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> The army warriors were manned by Koli commander Tanaji Malusare.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=New Delhi, India |pages=25: The chief warrior or ' senapati ' of Shivaji, Taraji Malusare belonged to the Kolis of Mawli and all his followers were Koli who had fought several battles against the |language=en}}</ref> The Kolis formed the important [[Mavala]] army of Shivaji at the [[Shivneri Fort]] in [[Junnar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burman |first=J. J. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDZkX0PUEKQC&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&pg=PA242 |title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities |date=2002 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-839-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref> A Koli chief named [[Laya Patil]] who was the fleet chief in the Maratha navy was honoured by Shivaji with the title of ''Sarpatil'' for his courageous attack at Janjira.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punekar |first=Vinaja B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOU9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Son Kolis of Bombay |date=1959 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=New Delhi, India |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> In 1665, under Shivaji, Koli soldiers played an important role during the [[battle of Purandar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamble |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdQgAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Shivaji and His Times |date=1982 |publisher=[[Shivaji University]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Deccan Sultanate ===
The Kolis of Maharashtra, served in the [[Deccan sultanates]]. They also served in the [[Bahmani sultanate]] as fortkeepers and the Sultans respected the Koli officers with the title of ''[[Sardar]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&pg=PA46 |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar sultanate]] conferred important positions to Kolis such as ''Sardar'' and ''Mansabdar''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA335 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=332 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gujarat Sultanate ===
The Kolis of [[Gujarat]] served in the royal army of [[Gujarat Sultanate]] during the reign of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&dq=Bahadur+Shah+Gujarat+Koli&pg=PA53 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref> Kolis attacked the Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] in the defence of [[Gujarat]] sultan Bahadur Shah and looted the Mughal army at the [[Gulf of Khambhat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Bahadur+Shah+Gujarat+Koli&pg=PA45 |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heredia |first1=Rudolf C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYKAAAAAMAAJ |title=Mobile, and Marginalized Peoples: Perspectives from the Past |last2=Ratnagar |first2=Shereen |date=2003 |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=978-81-7304-497-7 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=158: A sixteenth - century Arabic text, the Zafar - ulWalih - bi - Muzaffar - Waalihi, mentions Bhils and Kolis helping the amirs of Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in their attacks on Humayun at the Gulf of Khambat ( Sandesara 1970 : 208 ) |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Kolis_of_bandra_during_republic_day_parade_doing_performing_koli_dance.jpg|thumb|Kolis of [[Bandra]] during [[Republic Day (India)|Republic day]] [[Delhi Republic Day parade|parade]] performing [[Koli Dance]]]]

=== British Indian Empire ===
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 mutiny]], the Deccan Koli Corps was formed under Captain Nuttall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEZCY_iK3GIC&dq=Koli+corps&pg=PA92 |title=The Criminal Classes in India |date=1985 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi, India |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> When the [[Regular army|regular troops]] were withdrawn in 1860, their places were taken by detachments of Koli corps. The Koli corps continued to perform this duty till 1861 when they were disbanded and some of them entered in police service.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=Koli+corps&pg=PA334 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=334 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=New Delhi, India |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> Like the Deccan Koli Corps of Maharashtra, the Gujarat Koli Corps<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cumming |first=Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JKCDQAAQBAJ&dq=Koli+corps&pg=PA147 |title=Wild men and wild beasts |date=2016-11-16 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-9925-0-3736-0 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref> was formed in Gujarat to subdue local rebellions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=W. David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYevCwAAQBAJ&dq=Koli+corps&pg=PA192 |title=Imperial Frontier in the Tropics |date=1967-06-18 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-349-00349-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref> The Gujarat Koli Corps was honoured with the Mutiny Medal for the courage of Koli soldiers by the then [[Governor of Bombay]] Lord Elphinstone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pippet |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLr7LqbnQQoC |title=A History of the Ceylon Police |date=1969 |publisher=Times of Ceylon Company |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[First World War]], Kolis of [[Himachal Pradesh]] were recruited in the [[British Indian Army]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parry |first=Jonathan P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MabdAAAAQBAJ |title=Caste and Kinship in Kangra |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-54585-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVyEAAAQBAJ&dq=army+Kolis&pg=PP55 |title=Indian Armed Forces in the World War |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-93-5409-556-6 |language=en}}</ref> and Kolis of [[Punjab]] were enlisted in British [[infantry]] troops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYPWpxyunwkC&dq=army+Kolis&pg=PA128 |title=The Army in British India: From Colonial Warfare to Total War 1857 – 1947 |date=2012-11-22 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-6845-0 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref> The British Indian Navy, or Bombay Navy, was manned by the Kolis of [[Mumbai]] during the [[British Raj]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barendse |first=Rene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCywCQAAQBAJ&dq=navy+Kolis&pg=PA98 |title=Arabian Seas 1700 – 1763 |date=2009-10-26 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-474-3002-5 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref>

The Shial is a [[Gotra|clan]] of Koli [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. They were noted [[Piracy|pirates]] of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shials+Kolis&pg=PT94 |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> The Shial Kolis got their name from the Shial island situated at the south coast of [[Kathiawar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAXGpcEdbfUC |title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat |date=1988 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=245: Shiale |language=en}}</ref> Shial Kolis defeated and captured the Shial island from [[Portuguese India]] and made it their stronghold along with [[Chanch, Gujarat]] but were later defeated by the [[Nawab]] of [[Janjira State|Janjira]] and [[Jafarabad State|Jafrabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIZKh-zoF-0C&dq=Shial+Kolis&pg=PA36 |title=The West India Pilot |date=1987 |publisher=J. D. Potter. |location=New Delhi, India |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[World War I]], they were enlisted as soldiers in the [[British Indian Army]] by the [[British Raj|British Indian government]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duk2AQAAMAAJ |title=A Short Record of Bombay Recruiting During the Great War |date=1919 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |location=New Delhi, India |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Portuguese India ===
The Kolis of [[Maharashtra]] served in the Portuguese Indian navy. Kolis were most important for the Portuguese Indian rulers because in wartime, Kolis often fought with their own boats and gallivats. Despite their difficult financial state, the Portuguese rulers built two [[warship]]s especially for Kolis to fight against [[Piracy|pirates]] and other marine threats.{{sfn|Barendse|2009|pp=99}}

=== Princely States ===
The [[Princely State of Baroda]] enlisted eight to ten thousand Koli soldiers in their army.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzkKAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=1985 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |location=New Delhi, India |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref> The Kotwals of the royal palaces of [[Bhavnagar]], [[Morbi|Morvi]], and [[Rajkot]] princely states were Talpada Kolis of Radhavanaj village of the [[Kheda district]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_htAAAAMAAJ|title=Vanyajāti|date=1989|publisher=Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh.|location=[[Gujarat]], India|pages=26|language=en}}</ref>

== Classification ==
The Koli community has been classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] community by the [[Government of India]] in the Indian States of [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=A community called Koli – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-community-called-koli------------------------/214908/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> [[Karnataka]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Who is stirring the caste cauldron in Karnataka? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/who-is-stirring-the-caste-cauldron-in-karnataka-101614604265600.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/maharashtra.pdf}}</ref> and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कोली को अनुसूचित जाति का दर्जा नहीं: हाईकोर्ट |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-ALAH-allahabad-high-court-said-koli-did-not-come-under-scheduled-caste-4993156-NOR.html}}</ref> However, Tokre Koli, Malhar Koli, and Mahadev Kolis are listed as [[Scheduled Tribe]] by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State Government]] of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Scheduled Tribes – TRTI, Pune |url=https://trti.maharashtra.gov.in/index.php/en/list-of-scheduled-tribes |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=trti.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] classified the Koli community as [[Scheduled Caste]] in the [[2001 census of India|2001 census]] for the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_delhi.pdf |title=N.C.T. Delhi : DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED CASTES : Census of India 2001 |publisher=Censusindia.gov |access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_madhya_pradesh.pdf |title=Madhya Pradesh : DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED CASTES : Census of India 2001 |publisher=Censusindia.gov |access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_rajasthan.pdf |title=Rajasthan : DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED CASTES : Census of India 2001 |publisher=Censusindia.gov |access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Koli people]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development |first=Pratyusha |last=Basu |publisher=Cambria Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781604976250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJxY9IWzGewC}}
*{{citation |title=The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste |first=Christopher John |last=Fuller |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=31 |issue=4 |date=Winter 1975 |pages=283–312 |doi=10.1086/jar.31.4.3629883 |jstor=3629883 |s2cid=163592798 }}
*{{citation |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=9781850653981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rMW03l_gx0C&pg=PA181}}
*{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjORKo7maRUC&pg=PA168 |title=The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now |last=Shah |first=Arvind M. |author-link=Arvind Shah |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13619-770-3}}
*{{citation |title=Caste and Democratic Politics In India |first=Ghanshyam |last=Shah |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781843310860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aX-ZAEit4fgC&pg=PA302}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |first=Susan |last=Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521798426}}
*{{cite journal |title=Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis |first=V. |last=James |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |date=1977 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.2307/1177821 |jstor=1177821 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.biodiversityofindia.org/index.php?title=Article:103 Plants and animals important to the Koli-Agri community in Maharashtra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111063632/http://www.biodiversityofindia.org/index.php?title=Article:103 |date=11 January 2020 }} on ''Biodiversity of India''
* [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-community-called-koli------------------------/214908/0 A community called Koli] – ''[[The Indian Express]]''

{{Gotras of Kolis}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}{{Social groups of Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli people}}
[[Category:Koli people| ]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Delhi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shudra castes]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Karnataka]]

Barbeque Nation

2026-03-26T07:14:27Z

Nelle8556383481: creating basic post first draft...

{{Short description|Indian multinational restaurant chain}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Barbeque-Nation Hospitality Limited
| logo = Barbeque Nation Park Street.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|543283}} {{NSE|BARBEQUE}}
| ISIN = INE382M01027
| industry = [[Hospitality]]
| founded = 2006 in [[Mumbai]], India
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations = 226 restaurants
| num_locations_year = 2025
| area_served = [[Asia]] and [[Middle East]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Rahul Agrawal ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Kayum Dhanani ([[Managing Director]])}}<ref group=c>{{Cite web |title=Barbeque-Nation Hospitality Limited (543283) Leadership & Management Team Analysis |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/in/consumer-services/bse-543283/barbeque-nation-hospitality-shares/management |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Simply Wall St |language=en}}</ref>
| revenue = {{Unbulleted list|{{Decrease}} [[Indian rupee|INR]] 12.33 billion (2024)| [[Indian rupee|INR]] 12.41 billion (2023)}}<ref group=c>{{Cite web|title=Barbeque Nation Q4 FY24 - Financial Results |url=https://bn.barbequenation.com/sites/default/files/2024-05/BBQN%20Q4%20FY24%20-%20Financial%20Results.pdf |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Barbeque Nation}}</ref>
| subsid = Red Apple Kitchen Consultancy<ref group=c>{{Cite web |title=Red Apple Kitchen Consultancy {{!}} Profile {{!}} The Company Check |url=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/red-apple-kitchen-consultancy-private-limited/U55101KA2005PTC036195 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Company Check}}</ref><ref group=c name="a"/>
| website = {{URL|barbequenation.com}}
}}

'''Barbeque-Nation Hospitality Limited''', doing business as '''Barbeque Nation''', is an Indian multinational [[Barbecue grill|live grill]] [[buffet]] [[Barbecue restaurant|barbeque restaurant]] chain specializing in [[Barbecue|Indian barbeque]]. It was established in 2006 by Prosenjit Choudhury and Sajid Dhanani.

== History ==
Prosenjit Choudhury was, at the time, a culinary expert at Sayaji Hotels. While working at the hotel, he introduced the concept of live grills similar to [[Korean barbecue]] in order to enhance the buffet experience to avoid cold appetisers. This idea proved to be popular and with the support of Sajid Dhanani, the managing director of Sayaji Hotels, Choudhury established the first outlet at [[Pali Hill]] in [[Mumbai]], India in 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-05 |title=Barbeque Nation's Journey: From Skewer Revolution to... |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/barbeque-nations-journey/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Business Outreach}}</ref> The brand had expanded to cities such as [[New Delhi]] and [[Bengaluru]] by 2008.<ref name=":0" /> After Sajid Dhanani's death in 2012, his brother Kayum Dhanani took over the business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabharwal |first=Punita |date=2018-06-16 |title=Barbeque Nation's Kayum Dhanani on the Brand Success |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/franchises/barbeque-nations-kayum-dhanani-on-the-brand-success/314909 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> The company opened its 100th outlet in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbeque Nation celebrates 100th Outlet |url=https://www.foodandtravel.in/single-post/2018/04/09/Barbeque-Nation-celebrates-100th-Outlet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221022/https://www.foodandtravel.in/single-post/2018/04/09/Barbeque-Nation-celebrates-100th-Outlet |archive-date=2018-11-20 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=wanderlust |language=en }}</ref>

The company offered its [[Initial public offering|IPO]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Das |first1=Shabori |last2=Santosh |first2=Varsha |title=All-you-can-eat to lost appetite: Is Barbeque Nation's unique proposition working against it? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/money-and-markets/all-you-can-eat-to-lost-appetite-is-barbeque-nations-unique-proposition-working-against-it/primearticleshow/106102364.cms |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The IPO raised [[Indian rupee|₹]]453 [[crore]] ({{USD}}52 million), with ₹180 crore as fresh capital for expansion and debt repayment, and ₹273 crore as an offer for sale by existing investors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=Barbeque Nation IPO opens today: Know the risks before applying for the issue |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/markets/article/barbeque-nation-ipo-opens-today-know-the-risks-before-applying-for-the-issue/736396 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> The stock was reported to perform poorly, due to factors such as the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]'s impact on the restaurant market, weakening sales and increased competition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2025 |title=Barbeque-Nation Hospitality Limited (NSE:BARBEQUE) Looks Inexpensive After Falling 27% But Perhaps Not Attractive Enough |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/in/consumer-services/nse-barbeque/barbeque-nation-hospitality-shares/news/barbeque-nation-hospitality-limited-nsebarbeque-looks-inexpe |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=simplywall.st}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Barbeque Nation's growth story stalls: Is the buffet business model broken? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/smart-stocks/barbeque-nation-growth-story-stalls-buffet-business-model-broken-9870651/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> An [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']] article highlighted how the buffet business was stalling due to new customer trends, affecting the growth of Barbeque Nation.<ref name=":3" />

As of 2022, the company owns an 86.57% stake in Red Apple Kitchen Consultancy Private Limited, which manages an [[Italian restaurant]] chain, Toscano.<ref group=c name="a">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-10 |title=Barbeque Nation Hospitality Ltd. completed the acquisition of additional 6.34% stake in Red Apple Kitchen Consultancy Private Limited |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/BARBEQUE-NATION-HOSPITALI-121299551/news/Barbeque-Nation-Hospitality-Ltd-completed-the-acquisition-of-additional-6-34-stake-in-Red-Apple-Ki-41294509/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref group=c>{{Cite web |title=Barbeque-Nation completes acquisition of further 6.34% stake in Toscano - Barbeque-Nation Hospitality Ltd. |url=https://www.moneyworks4me.com/company/news/index/id/504994 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.moneyworks4me.com}}</ref>

== Menu ==

=== Barbeque Nation ===
The menu differs from region to region, but all restaurants feature a mix of [[Indian cuisine]] with the local dishes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Barbeque Nation, Dubai - Al Karama |url=https://restaurantguru.com/Barbeque-Nation-Dubai-Al-Karama-Dubai |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Restaurant Guru}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-23 |title=Barbeque Nation Westlands; Menu, Pricing & Review |url=https://toasterding.com/barbeque-nation-westlands-menu-pricing-review/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ToasterDing |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbeque Nation: The Ultimate Family-Friendly Restaurant For Endless Feasting |url=https://food.ndtv.com/reviews/barbeque-nation-the-ultimate-family-friendly-restaurant-for-endless-feasting-3822143 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref> Reviews mention the availability of vegetarian options in the restaurant.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-09 |title=Barbeque Nation in Dubai {{!}} Restaurant Reviews |url=https://www.timeoutdubai.com/restaurants/barbeque-nation#outlet-details |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=TimeOut Dubai |language=en-US}}</ref> Barbeque Nation also operates Kulfi Nation within their restaurants that features combinations of [[kulfi]] flavours, toppings, and sauces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taste the original 'Kulfi' flavours |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/restaurant/article/taste-the-original-kulfi-flavours.6231 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Restaurant India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Toscano ===
Toscano is an Italian restaurant. It features items such as [[pasta]], [[pizza]], [[steak]], and [[coffee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toscano Has Arrived In Delhi And It's A Must-Visit For Italian Food Lovers |url=https://food.ndtv.com/restaurants/toscano-has-arrived-in-delhi-and-its-a-must-visit-for-italian-food-lovers-7542828 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Toscano, Chennai, Thousand Lights - Restaurant menu, prices and reviews |url=https://restaurant-guru.in/Toscano-Chennai |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Restaurant Guru |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Locations ==
The company currently{{when|date=November 2025}} has around 226 restaurants, including four in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and one in [[Malaysia]], [[Kenya]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Oman]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name="a">{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-02-03 |title=Barbeque-Nation Hospitality Limited Plans to Open New Restaurants in the Year 2025 and 2026 |url=https://ae.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/BARBEQUE-NATION-HOSPITALI-121299680/news/Barbeque-Nation-Hospitality-Limited-Plans-to-Open-New-Restaurants-in-the-Year-2025-and-2026-48999601/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=marketscreener.com |language=en-AE}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|group=c}}{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian restaurants]]
[[Category:Barbecue restaurants]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in India]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2006]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2021 initial public offerings]]

Kalka–Shimla Railway

2026-03-23T23:03:13Z

Nelle8556383481: slightly improve intro after review and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Heritage rail line in North India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox heritage railway
| name = Kalka–Shimla Railway
| other_name =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt = Red passenger train
| image = KSR Steam special at Taradevi 05-02-13 56.jpeg
| image_name =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = At the [[Taradevi railway station|Taradevi station]]
| color =
| locale =
| terminus = [[Shimla]]
| longitude =
| latitude =
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mapsize =
| connections =
| linename =
| builtby = Herbert Septimus Harington (20 April 1855 – 11 November 1913)
| originalopen = {{start date and age|1903}}
| originalgauge =
| originalrack =
| originalelec =
| owned =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| marks =
| stations = 18
| length = 96.60 km
| preservedgauge = {{RailGauge|2ft6in|lk=on}}
| preservedrack =
| preservedelec =
| era =
| com-years =
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| closedpassengers =
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| events1 =
| years2 =
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| years3 =
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| headquarters = [[Shimla]]
| website =
| routemap = {{Kalka–Shimla Railway}}
| routemap_name = Kalka–Shimla Railway map
| routemap_state = collapsed
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| part_of = [[Mountain railways of India|Mountain Railways of India]]
| location = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iv)}}(ii)(iv)
| ID = 944ter-003
| coordinates = {{coord|30|51|8|N|76|56|15|E|format=dms|type:railwaystation|display=title, inline}}
| year = 1999
| extension = 2005, 2008
| area = {{convert|79.06|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|74.88|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| locmapin = India
| map_caption =
}}
}}
The '''Kalka–Shimla Railway''' is a {{track gauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge]] [[railway]] in [[North India]] which traverses a mostly mountainous route from [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]] to [[Shimla]]. It is known for its scenic views of the surrounding hills and villages. The railway was built under the direction of Herbert Septimus Harington between 1898 and 1903 to connect Shimla, the summer capital of India during the [[British Raj]], with the rest of the Indian rail system.

Its early locomotives were manufactured by [[Sharp, Stewart and Company]]. Larger locomotives were introduced, which were manufactured by the [[Hunslet Engine Company]]. Diesel and diesel-hydraulic locomotives began operation in 1955 and 1970, respectively.

On 8 July 2008, [[UNESCO]] added the Kalka–Shimla Railway to the [[mountain railways of India]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name=heritageunesco>{{cite web |publisher= UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944 | title= Mountain Railways of India | access-date= 2024-03-12}}</ref>

==History==

Shimla (then spelt Simla), which was settled by the British shortly after the [[Anglo-Nepalese War|first Anglo-Gurkha war]], is located at {{convert|7116|ft|m|0}} in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]].
The idea of connecting Shimla by rail was first raised by a correspondent to the Delhi gazette in November 1847.<ref name=Wolmer>{{cite book |last= Wolmer |first= Christian |title= Railways & the Raj |location= London |publisher= Atlantic Books |date = 2017 |page = 114 to 115 |isbn= 978-0-85789-064-1}}</ref><ref name=Priya>{{cite web |last= Priya |first= R. |title= The Development Of Mountain Railways In India A Study: Kalka - Shimla Railway | publisher= University of Madras | page = 116 to 143 |url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/190126/6/chapter%204.pdf |access-date= November 26, 2018}}</ref>

Shimla became the summer capital of British India in 1864, and was the headquarters of the Indian army. This meant that twice a year it was necessary to transfer the entire government between [[Calcutta]] and [[Shimla]] by horse and ox drawn carts.<ref name=Wolmer/><ref name=Engineer/>

In 1891 the {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] [[Delhi–Kalka line]] opened, which made the construction of a branch line up to [[Shimla]] feasible.<ref name=Wolmer/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title = IR History: Early Days II (1870-1899)| publisher= IRFCA | access-date = 26 January 2014}}</ref>

The earliest survey was made in 1884, followed by another survey in 1885. Based on these two surveys, a project report was submitted in 1887 to the government of British India.<ref name=Priya/> Fresh surveys were made in 1892 and 1893, which led to four alternative schemes being suggested - two adhesion lines, 67.25 mi (108.23 km) and 69.75 mi (112.25 km) long, and two rack lines.<ref name=Priya/> Fresh surveys were again made in 1895 from Kalka to Solan to determine whether a 1 in 12 rack or a 1 in 25 adhesion line should be chosen. After much debate, an adhesion line was chosen in preference to a rack system.<ref name=Priya/>

Construction of the Kalka–Shimla Railway on {{track gauge|2ft|lk=on}} narrow-gauge tracks was begun by the privately funded Delhi-Ambala-Kalka Railway Company following the signing of a contract between the secretary of state and the company on 29 June 1898.<ref name=Priya/><ref name=Engineer/> The contract specified that the line would be built without any financial aid or guarantee from the government. The government however provided the land free of charge to the company. The estimated cost of 8,678,500 rupees doubled by the time the line was opened.<ref name=Priya/> The Chief Engineer of the project was Herbert Septimus Harington and the Chief Contractor was [[Sujan Singh Hadaliwale]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cIDAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22kalka%22+%22sujan+singh%22&pg=PT278 |title=NOT A NICE MAN TO KNOW: The Best of Khushwant Singh |date=2000-10-14 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-278-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Td8JkhtCNMC&q=%22sujan+singh%22+%22simla%22 |title=Delhi |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-012619-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBRAAAAYAAJ&q=%22sujan+singh%22+%22bridges%22 |title=The Sikh Courier International |date=1988 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2024}}

The {{convert|95.68 |km|mi|abbr=on}} line opened for traffic on 9 November 1903<ref name=Engineer/> and was dedicated by [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] Lord Curzon.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/109-year-old-steam-engine-once-again-rolls-out-on-Shimla-track/articleshow/32915005.cms |title= 109-year-old steam engine once again rolls out on Shimla track - the Times of India |website= [[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140331014506/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/109-year-old-steam-engine-once-again-rolls-out-on-Shimla-track/articleshow/32915005.cms |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
This line was further extended from Shimla to Shimla Goods (which had once housed the bullock cart office) on 27 June 1909 making it {{convert|96.60|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=IR1>{{cite web |title= World Heritage Site - Kalka Shimla Railway: An Introduction | publisher= Indian Railways |url= http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/KSR/1.pdf |access-date= December 5, 2018}}</ref>

The [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] were sceptical about the two feet gauge chosen for the line and requested that a wider standard gauge be used for mountain and light strategic railways. Eventually the government agreed that the gauge was too narrow for was essentially a capital city and for military purposes.<ref name=Wolmer/> As a result, the contract with the railway company was revised on 15 November 1901 and the line gauge changed to {{track gauge|2ft6in}} with the track built to date being [[Track gauge conversion|regauged]].<ref name=Priya/><ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |title= Kalka Shimla Railway (India) No 944 ter | publisher= UNESCO |url= https://whc.unesco.org/document/154654 |access-date= November 29, 2018}}</ref> Some sources however state the regauging wasn't undertaken until 1905.<ref>{{cite web |title= IR History: Part - III (1900 - 1947) | publisher= Indian Railways Fan Club |url= https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |access-date= November 26, 2018}}</ref>

In 1905 the company took delivery of a 10-ton [[Clarke Chapman|Cowans Sheldon]] travelling crane to assist with lifting rolling stock back onto the tracks after accidents and for general track maintenance. Due to the high capital and maintenance costs and difficult working conditions, the railway was allowed to charge higher fares than on other lines. Nevertheless, the company had spent 16,525,000 rupees by 1904 with no sign of the line becoming profitable, which lead to it being purchased by the government on 1 January 1906 for 17,107,748 rupees.<ref name="Priya" /> Once it came under the control of the government the line was originally managed as an independent unit from the North West Railway office in Lahore until 1926, when it was transferred to Delhi Division. Since July 1987, the line has been managed by the [[Ambala railway division|Ambala Division]] from Ambala Cantt.<ref name="IR1" />

In 2007, the [[Himachal Pradesh]] government declared the railway a heritage property.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200708130322.htm |title=HP declares Kalka–Shimla railway as 'heritage' property |date=2007-08-13 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2007-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927210127/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200708130322.htm |archive-date=27 September 2008 }}</ref> For about a week, beginning on 11 September 2007, a [[UNESCO]] team visited the railway to inspect it for possible selection as a [[World Heritage Site]]. On 8 July 2008, it became part of the [[mountain railways of India]] World Heritage Site<ref>{{cite news | work=The Hindu Business Line |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070951530700.htm | title= Kalka–Shimla Railway makes it to Unesco's World Heritage list |date= 2008-07-09 |access-date= 2008-07-10 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090625175612/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070951530700.htm | archive-date=25 June 2009 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> with the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling Himalayan]] and [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title= Kalka-Shimla Railway is now a World Heritage Site| publisher= Outlook India |date=July 8, 2008 |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/kalka-shimla-railway-is-now-a-world-heritage-site/586924 |access-date= November 26, 2018}}</ref>

During the [[2023 North India floods]], several sections of the line were washed out by landslides.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-15 |title=Heritage track of 114-year-old Kalka-Shimla railway line suspended in air after landslide |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/heritage-track-suspended-in-air-after-shimla-landslide/articleshow/102738348.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Technical details==
The track has 20 picturesque stations, 103 tunnels (102 currently active), 912 curves, 969 bridges and 3% slope (1:33 [[Grade (slope)|gradient]]). The 1,143.61 m tunnel at [[Barog]] immediately before the [[Barog railway station|Barog station]] is longest, a 60 ft (18.29 m) bridge is the longest and the sharpest curve has a 123 ft (38 m) [[radius of curvature]]. The railway line originally used {{convert|42|lb/yd|kg/m|1|abbr=on}} [[Rail profile|rail]], which was later replaced with {{convert|60|lb/yd|kg/m|1|abbr=on}} rail.<ref name=Engineer/> The train has an average speed of 25–30 km/h but the railcar is almost 50–60 km/h. Both the train and railcar are equipped with [[Dome car|vistadomes]].

The temperature range and annual rainfall are 0–45 °C and 200–250 cm, respectively.

==Operators==
The KSR and its assets, including the stations, line and vehicles, belong to the [[government of India]] under the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]. The [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] handles day-to-day maintenance and management, and several programs, divisions and departments of [[Indian Railways]] are responsible for repairs.

==Route==
The route winds from a height of {{convert|656|m|ft}} at Kalka in the Himalayan [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik Hills]] foothills, past Dharampur, [[Solan]], [[Kandaghat]], Taradevi, [[Barog]], Salogra, Totu ([[Jutogh]]) and Summerhill, to Shimla at an altitude of {{convert|2075|m|ft}}.<ref name=UNESCO/>
The difference in height between the two ends of line is {{convert|1419|m|ft}}.

===Stations===

The alignment of the railway route from south to north, along the [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH-5]] on highway's western side till north of Jabli (Koti) and then on eastern side, is as follows.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Station !! [[Milepost]] !! [[Height above sea level]] !! Description
|-
| [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]] || {{Convert|0|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=656| {{Convert|656|m|abbr=on}} || It derived its name from Kali Mata temple located at the Shimla end of the town. It is home to a diesel shed as well as a workshop to service the narrow gauge engines and carriages of the Kalka-Shimla line.<ref name=IR>{{cite web |title=Railway Stations of Kalka Shimla Section & its Attractions |publisher=Indian Railways |url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/KSR/6.pdf |access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Taksal]] || {{Convert|5.69|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=806| {{Convert|806|m|abbr=on}} || First station after entering Himachal got the name because it was the place where coins were made in ancient time.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| {{anchor|Gumman}}[[Gumman railway station|Gumman]]|| {{Convert|10.41|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=940| {{Convert|940|m|abbr=on}} || An isolated station in Kasauli hills,<ref name=IR/> though Sonwara is the closest train station to Kasauli.
|-
| [[Koti railway station|Koti]] (Jabli) || {{Convert|16.23|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1098| {{Convert|1098|m|abbr=on}} || This station is also known as the jabli railway station. The station is often visited by wild animals. The second longest tunnel (No. 10) with a length of {{Convert|693.72|m|ftin}} is situated near this station.<ref name=IR/> In August, 2007 a heavy downpour washed away part of the station building and track.
|-
| {{anchor|Sonwara}}[[Sonwara railway station|Sonwara]]|| {{Convert|26|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1334| {{Convert| 1,334|m|abbr=on}} || The historic residential [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar|The Lawrence School]] at Sanawar is 6 km away. The longest bridge (No.226) on the line with an overall length of {{Convert|97.40|m|ftin}} and height of {{Convert|19.31|m|ftin}} is situated near this station.<ref name=IR/> This services the [[Kasauli Brewery]] and Kasauli hill station which are {{Convert|9.3|km}} and {{Convert|11|km}} away respectively.
|-
| [[Dharampur Himachal railway station|Dharampur]] || {{Convert|32.14|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1469| {{Convert|1469|m|abbr=on}} || This services the Kasauli hill station which is {{Convert|13|km}} away. The Engineer's Bungalow (MP {{Convert|33|km|abbr=on}}) which was the official residence of the engineer in charge of this section of the line until the late 1960s was converted into the Northern Railway Safety Institute.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Kumarhatti Dagshai railway station|Kumarhati]] ([[Dagshai]]) || {{Convert|39|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1579| {{Convert|1579|m|abbr=on}} || This isolated station serviced the Dagshai military cantonment.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Barog railway station|Barog]] || {{Convert|42.14|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1531| {{Convert|1531|m|abbr=on}} || The longest tunnel (No.33) with a length of {{Convert|1143.61|m|ftin}} is situated close to the Kalka side of the station.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Solan]] || {{Convert|46.10|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1429| {{Convert|1429|m|abbr=on}} || The National Institute of Research on Mushroom Farming and Solan Agriculture University is situated nearby.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Salogra railway station|Salogra]] || {{Convert|52.70|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1509| {{Convert|1509|m|abbr=on}} || The famous Solan Brewery is just a few kilometres away from Salogra station.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Kandaghat]] || {{Convert|58.24|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1433| {{Convert|1433|m|abbr=on}} || Arch bridge No. 493 with a length of {{Convert|32|m|ft}} is situated here.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Kanoh railway station|Kanoh]] || {{Convert|69.42|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1647| {{Convert|1647|m|abbr=on}} || The highest arch gallery bridge (No.541) with a height of {{Convert|23|m|ftin}} and length of {{Convert|54.8|m|ftin}} is situated here.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Kathleeghat railway station|Kathleeghat]]|| {{Convert|72.23|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1701| {{Convert|1701|m|abbr=on}} || It is the last station of Shimla district.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Shoghi railway station|Shoghi]] || {{Convert|77.81|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1832| {{Convert|1832|m|abbr=on}} || Shoghi is the first station of Shimla district.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Taradevi Railway Station|Taradevi]] || {{Convert|84.64|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1936| {{Convert|1936|m|abbr=on}} || The name derives from Mata Tara Devi. The Sankat Mochan and Tara Devi temples are situated near this station. The third longest tunnel (No.91) at {{Convert|992|m|ft}} is situated on the Shimla end of this station.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Jutogh]] || {{Convert|89.41|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=1958| {{Convert|1958|m|abbr=on}} || This suburb station of Shimla, once served as the transit point for Jutogh Military Cantonment.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]] || {{Convert|92.93|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=2042| {{Convert|2042|m|abbr=on}} || This suburb station of Shimla originally serviced the [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]]. The Himachal Pradesh University is situated near the station.<ref name=IR/>
|-
| [[Shimla railway station|Shimla]] || {{Convert|95.60|km|abbr=on}} ||data-sort-value=2075| {{Convert|2075|m|abbr=on}} || This beautiful station is just below the old bus stand in Shimla.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=IR/>
|}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="110px">
File:Narrow Gauge train at Shimla Railway Station.jpg|alt=A narrow gauge train standing at the Shimla Railway Station|Shimla
File:Barog hill station tunnel 33 haunted.jpg|alt=Narrow platform and train, with a bilingual sign|Barog
File:Solan station, 2011-12-26.JPG|alt=Station on a curve, with people waiting on the platform|Solan
File:July2007 Shimla Himachal Pradesh India --gopal1035-- (389).jpg|alt=Station photographed from between two tracks|Shimla
File:Summer hills(winter-2008).jpg|alt=Summer hill railway station under snow|Summer Hill
</gallery>

===Bridges and viaducts===

The railway has 988 bridges and viaducts<ref name=UNESCO/> and a [[ruling gradient]] of 1 in 33, or three percent. It has 917 curves,<ref name=UNESCO/> and the [[Minimum railway curve radius|sharpest]] is 48 [[Degree of curvature#Formula from chord length|degrees]] (a radius of {{convert|122.93|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=out}}).

The most architecturally complex bridge is No. 226 which spans a deep valley which required that it had to be constructed in five stages with each level having its own stone arched tier.

<gallery mode="packed" class="center">

File:KSR Train on a small bridge 05-02-12 52.jpeg|alt=Train crossing a bridge on a curve|Crossing a bridge
File:Kalka-Shimla Railway at Solan station, 2011-12-26 - 4.JPG|alt=Train entering a tunnel|Tunnel near Solan
File:Kalka-Shimla Railway (1).jpg|alt=Round tunnel|Tunnel near Jutogh
</gallery>

===Tunnels===

One hundred seven tunnels were originally built, but as a result of landslides only 102 remain in use.<ref name=UNESCO/>

===Fossil sites===
[[File:Shivalik_train.jpg|thumb|Kalka–Shimla Railway, a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] at railway station in Koti which is also a former [[princely state]].]]

This route has the following [[Shivalik Fossil Park#Other|fossil sites of Himachal Pradesh]]:<ref name=koti1>[https://mbmnewsnetwork.com/himachal-pradesh/802454/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 हिमाचल में मिला 2 करोड़ साल पुराना जीवाश्म, जानिए इसकी विशेषता], MBM News, February 19, 2025.</ref>

* [[Koti, Himachal|Koti]] Railway Station on NH5: Koti is also a former princely state. A 20 million year old fossil of plant stem, potentially an early angiosperm, from [[Miocene]] era was discovered, when this area used to be a coastal area of the [[Tethys Ocean]], and it was buried in a paleo-flood event. [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]] will analyze its microscopic structure to understand India's vegetation evolution. Further excavations at this site are planned. Efforts are underway to designate the discovery site as a [[National Geological Monuments of India|Geo Heritage Site]] to boost geotourism.<ref name=koti1/>
* [[Kumarhatti Dagshai railway station|Kumarhatti]], 25 km from Koti station, 14 km east of Kasuali.<ref name=koti1/>

Other fossil sites in the area easily accessible form this route are:

* [[Kasauli]], 22 km northwest of Koti: First fossil here was found in 1864.<ref name=koti1/>
* [[Jagjit Nagar]], 30 km north of Koti and 8 km north of Kasauli on the Gharkhal-Nalagarh-Baddi Road.<ref name=koti1/>

==Rolling stock==

[[File:KSR Steam locomotive 520 05-02-13 11.jpeg|thumb|alt=Black-and-red locomotive|Steam locomotive 520]]
The first locomotives were two class-B [[0-4-0ST]]s from the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. These were built as {{track gauge|2ft}}-gauge engines, but were converted to {{track gauge|2ft6in}}-gauge in 1901. They were not large enough (they were sold in 1908), and were followed in 1902 by 10 slightly larger engines with a [[0-4-2T]] wheel arrangement. The locomotives weighed {{Convert|21.5|LT|t ST|lk=on}} each, and had {{Convert|30|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} [[driving wheel]]s and {{convert|12|x|16|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} cylinders. Later classified as B-class by the [[North Western State Railway]], they were manufactured by the British [[Sharp, Stewart and Company]].<ref name=Hughes>Hughes, Hugh 1994 ''Indian Locomotives Pt. 3, Narrow Gauge 1863–1940''. Continental Railway Circle.</ref>

Thirty larger [[2-6-2T]] locomotives, with slight variations, were introduced between 1904 and 1910. Built by the [[Hunslet Engine Company|Hunslet Engine]] and [[North British Locomotive Company|North British Locomotive Companies]], they weighed about {{Convert|35|LT|t ST|lk=on}} and had {{Convert|30|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} drivers and {{convert|14|x|16|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} cylinders. Later classed K and K2 by the North Western State Railway, they handled most of the rail traffic during the steam era. A pair of [[Meyer locomotive|Kitson-Meyer]] 2-6-2+2-6-2 articulated locomotives, classed TD, were supplied in 1928. However, they quickly fell into disfavour because it often took all day for enough freight to be assembled to justify operating a [[goods train]] hauled by one of these locomotives. In 1935 NWR received locos of Class ZF, some of which were delivered from [[Henschel & Son]]/Germany.[[File:Indian Railways Class ZF.jpg|thumb|ZF 75, delivered by Henschel]] Shippers looking for faster service began turning to road transport. These {{Convert|68|LT|t ST|2|adj=on}} locomotives were soon transferred to the [[Kangra Valley Railway]], and were converted to {{track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Hughes/> Regular steam-locomotive operation ended in 1971.

[[File:KSR Diesel Locomotive 148 at Kalka 05-02-12 12.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Two-tone blue locomotive|Diesel locomotive 148]]
The railway's first diesel locomotives, class ZDM-1 manufactured by [[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik]] (articulated with two prime movers), began operating in 1955; they were regauged, reclassified as [[Indian locomotive class NDM-1|NDM-1]] and used on the [[Matheran Hill Railway]] during the 1970s. In the 1960s, class ZDM-2 locomotives from [[Maschinenbau Kiel]] (MaK) was introduced; they were later transferred to other lines.

The KSR currently operates with class ZDM-3 [[diesel-hydraulic]] locomotives ({{Convert|522|kW|abbr=on|disp=or}}, {{Convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}}), built between 1970 and 1982 by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] with a single-cab road-switcher body.<ref>[http://irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-diesel-mg.html#ngloco Description of narrow-gauge diesel locomotives by IRFCA]</ref> Six locomotives of that class were built in 2008 and 2009 by the Central Railway Loco Workshop in [[Parel]], with updated components and a dual-cab body providing better track vision.<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,287,389,518 Central Railway: NG Loco for Kalka Simla, NR]</ref>

[[File:KSR Railcar 4 at Shimla 05-02-14 40.jpeg|thumb|alt=Aquamarine-and-white railcar at a station|KSR [[railcar]]]]
The railway opened with conventional four-wheel and [[bogie]] [[Passenger car (rail)|coaches]]. Their [[tare weight]] meant that only four bogie coaches could be hauled by the [[2-6-2T]] locomotives. In a 1908 effort to increase capacity, the coach stock was rebuilt as {{convert|33|by|7|ft|m|adj=on}} bogie coaches with [[steel]] frames and bodies. To further save weight, the roofs were made of [[aluminium]]. The weight savings meant that the locomotives could now haul six of the larger coaches. This was an early example of the use of aluminium in coach construction to reduce tare weight.<ref name=Engineer>"Engineer" journal article, circa 1915, reprinted in Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review, no. 75, July 2008</ref>

Goods rolling stock was constructed on a common {{convert|30|by|7|ft|m|adj=on}} pressed-steel underframe. [[Open wagon|Open]] and [[Goods wagon|covered wagons]] were provided, with the [[open wagon]]s having a capacity of {{convert|19|LT|t ST|2}} and the covered wagons {{convert|17.5|LT|t ST}}.<ref name=Engineer/>

During the winter months snow cutters are attached to the engine to clear the snow from the track.<ref name=IR1/>

===Trains===

* ''Shivalik Deluxe Express'': Ten coaches, with chair cars and meal service. This train connects with the [[Netaji Express]].
* ''Kalka Shimla Express'': First and second class and unreserved seating
* ''Himalayan Queen'': Connects at Kalka with the express mail of the same name and the [[Kalka Shatabdi Express]] to Delhi.
* ''Kalka Shimla Passenger'': First and second class and unreserved seating
* ''Rail Motor'': First-class [[railbus]] with a glass roof and a front view
* ''Shivalik Queen'': Ten-carriage luxury fleet. Each carriage accommodates up to eight people and has two toilets, wall-to-wall carpeting and large windows. Available through [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation|IRCTC's]] [[Chandigarh]] office.

=={{anchor|In popular culture}}In popular culture==

[[BBC Four]] televised ''Indian Hill Railways'', a series of three programmes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm#synopsis|title=Indian Hill Railways|publisher=BBC|access-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> which featured the KSR in its third episode, in February 2010; the first two episodes covered the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] and [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]. The episodes, directed by [[Tarun Bhartiya]], Hugo Smith and Nick Mattingly respectively, were produced by Gerry Troyna. ''Indian Hill Railways'' won a [[Royal Television Society]] award in June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/documentary-on-hill-railways-of-india-bags-uk-award/636391/ |title=Documentary on Hill railways of India bags UK award |publisher=Express India |access-date=19 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010101221/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/documentary-on-hill-railways-of-india-bags-uk-award/636391/|archive-date=10 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The KSR also featured in the [[Punjab]] episode of [[CNN]]'s ''[[Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown]]''.

In 2018, the KSR was featured in an episode of the [[BBC Two]] programme ''[[Great Indian Railway Journeys]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Indian Railway Journeys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09x4jhh |website=BBC |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:The Kalka–Shimla Rail, Solan station 01.jpg|The Kalka–Shimla Rail, Solan station
File:The Kalka–Shimla Rail, Solan station , tunnel and track.jpg|The Kalka–Shimla Railway, Solan station
File:The Kalka–Shimla Rail, Solan station -tunnel.jpg|The Kalka–Shimla Railway, Solan station
</gallery>

==See also ==
* [[Mountain railways of India]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Tourism in India]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Dane Keith|title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|page=206|isbn=9780520201880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UveLzKDlZBEC&pg=PA206 }}
* {{Wallace-HRIS |chapter=Chapter 4: The Kalka–Shimla Railway |pages=84–110}}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Kalka–Shimla Railway}}
*http://www.kalkashimlarailway.in/ksr/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714092026/http://www.kalkashimlarailway.in/ksr/ |date=14 July 2019 }}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031104/himachal.htm#1 Himachal Pradesh]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031108/windows/main1.htm Article in ''The Tribune'']
*https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/tracking-tales/article24752062.ece

{{Mountain railways of India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalka - Shimla Railway}}
[[Category:2 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mountain railways in India]]
[[Category:Panchkula]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1903]]
[[Category:Shimla]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]
[[Category:Transport in Kalka]]
[[Category:Transport in Shimla]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]

Purnea Junction railway station

2026-03-20T18:26:09Z

Nelle8556383481:

{{Short description|Railway station in Purnea, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|PURNEA JUNCTION}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] junction station
| native_name = पूर्णिया जंक्शन
| native_name_lang = hi
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Seemanchal at Purnia.jpg
| image_caption = [[Seemanchal Express]] at Purnea Junction.
| address = Purnea City Road, Khushkibagh, [[Purnea]], [[Bihar]]-854305
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|25.7895|87.5190|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|40|m|ft}}
| line = *[[Jogbani–Katihar line]]
*[[Saharsa–Purnia line]]
| other = Khushkibagh Auto Stand
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 7
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1887}}
| closed =
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|40px]] {{start date and age|2022}}
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PRNA
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system1=Indian Railways|header1=[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
|line2=Barauni–Katihar section|left2=|right2=Purnia Court|note-mid2=Towards [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa]] [[File:16 cardinal points NE.png|15px|link=West Bengal]]
|line3=Barauni–Katihar section|left3=Katihar|right3=Jogbani|note-mid3=Katihar–Jogbani branch line
}}
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former = Purnia City
| passengers = 5000/day<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/mobilesite/stationBhuvan.jsp|title = Rail Drishti}}</ref>
| other_services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drink]] [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|15px|Food Plaza]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Lifts]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px|Escalators]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|15px|Railwire Free Wifi]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Rooms]]
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = '''Purnea Junction'''
| map_caption = Location in [[Purnea]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Purnea Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Purnea Junction railway station''' (station code:- '''PRNA''') is the railway station serving the city of [[Purnea]] in the [[Purnea district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is an '''A''' category railway station of [[Katihar railway division]] in [[Northeast Frontier Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/purnea-junction-prna/3087 | title=PRNA/Purnea Junction (3) | publisher=indiarailinfo.com | access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==History==
Purnea Junction was opened in 1887, and the previous name of this station was Purnea City. This is situated on [[Jogbani–Katihar line]] of [[North East Frontier Railway]] (NFR). This railway line earlier was [[metre gauge]]. Another [[metre-gauge|standard-gauge]] line of [[East Central Railway]] (ECR) connects Purnea with {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}} via [[Banmankhi]]. Conversion of the 36 km-long Purnea–Banmankhi stretch in Purnea–Saharsa section to broad gauge project is completed in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/patna/35318405_1_purnea-saharsa-broad-gauge-train-services |title=Archived copy |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108153048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/patna/35318405_1_purnea-saharsa-broad-gauge-train-services |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are daily and weekly trains to {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}, {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}, {{stnlnk|Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Darbhanga}}, {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur}}, {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}, {{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}} and other neighboring cities. There are many passenger trains available to {{stnlnk|Katihar}}, {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jogbani}}.

== Facilities ==
Purnea lies in between Katihar–Jogbani section. Purnea has trains running frequently to [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]]. Purnea is well connected with {{stnlnk|Katihar}}, {{stnlnk|Jogbani}} and [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa]] through daily passenger and express train services. Gauge Conversion of Katihar-Jogbani Section and Purnea-Saharsa Section was completed on 2009 and 2016 respectively.

The major facilities available are waiting rooms, retiring room, computerised reservation facility, reservation counter, vehicle parking etc. The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. There are refreshment rooms vegetarian and non-vegetarian, tea stall, book stall, post and telegraphic office and Government Railway police (G.R.P.) office.

There are 3 platforms in Purnea Junction. The platforms are interconnected with only one [[foot overbridge]] (FOB) with [[Elevator|lifts]]. On 10 April 2018, a free [[Wi-Fi]] facility was started.

== Trains ==
About 31 trains halt, originate and terminate at {{stnlnk|Purnea Junction}} daily, including express, DEMU, and passenger services.<ref name="Indian Rail Info">{{cite web |title=Purnea Junction Railway Station – Train Schedule & Info |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/purnea-junction-prna/3087#st|website=Indian Rail Info |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>
=== Mail/Express ===
*[[Seemanchal Express]] (12487/12488) – {{stnlnk|Jogbani}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}
*[[Erode–Jogbani Amrit Bharat Express]] (16601/16602) – {{stnlnk|Erode}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Jogbani}}
*[[Jogbani–Danapur Vande Bharat Express]] (26301/26302) – {{stnlnk|Jogbani}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Danapur}}
*[[Kolkata–Jogbani Express]] (13159/13160) – {{stnlnk|Jogbani}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Kolkata}}
[[File:Hate Bazare at Purnia.jpg|thumb|Hate Bazare Express at Purnia|center]]
*[[Hate Bazare Express (via Purnea)]] (13169/13170) – {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Purnia}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}
*[[Janaki Intercity Express]] (15283/15284) – {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Katihar}} ↔ Manihari
*[[Jogbani–Siliguri Town Intercity Express]] (15723/15724) – {{stnlnk|Jogbani}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Siliguri Town}}
*[[Katihar–Siliguri Intercity Express (via Purnea)]] (15701/15702) – {{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}} ↔ {{stnlnk|Katihar}}

=== Local/Passenger ===
* Katihar–Jogbani DEMU (75745/75746)
* Katihar–Jogbani DEMU (75753/75754)
* Katihar–Jogbani DEMU (75755/75756)
* Katihar–Jogbani DEMU (75757/75758)
* Katihar–Jogbani DEMU (75759/75760)
* Katihar–Jogbani DEMU (75761/75762)
* Purnea–Saharsa DEMU (75257/75258)
* Purnea–Saharsa DEMU (75259/75260)
* Purnea–Saharsa DEMU (75261/75262)

==See also ==

* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1887]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Purnia district]]
[[Category:Katihar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]

Mṛcchakatika

2026-03-16T21:59:43Z

Nelle8556383481: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Sanskrit play attributed to Śūdraka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Mṛcchakatika (The Little Clay Cart)
| image = Raja Ravi Varma, Vasanthasena (Oleographic print).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = An oleographic print depicting the female protagonist Vasantasenā, a rich courtesan.
| writer = [[Śudraka|Śūdraka]] ([[Simuka]])
| chorus =
| characters = {{plainlist|
* Cārudatta
* [[Vasantasena|Vasantasenā]]
* Maitreya
* Samsthānaka
* Āryaka
* Sarvilaka
* Madanikā}}
| mute =
| setting = Ancient city of [[Ujjayini]] Fifth century BC
| premiere = 
| place =
| orig_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Sanskrit drama]]
}}

'''''Mṛcchakatika''''' ({{langx|sa|मृच्छकटिकम्|Mṛcchakaṭikam}}), also spelled ''Mṛcchakaṭikā'', ''Mrchchhakatika'', ''Mricchakatika'', or ''Mrichchhakatika'' ('''''The Little Clay Cart''''') is a ten-act [[Sanskrit drama]] attributed to [[Śudraka|Śūdraka]] ([[Simuka]]), an ancient playwright who is possibly from the 5th century CE, and who is identified by the prologue as a [[Kshatriya]] king as well as a devotee of [[Shiva]] who lived for above 110 years.<ref name=Richmond>{{cite book |last=Richmond |first=Farley P. |chapter=Characteristics of Sanskrit Theatre and Drama |title= Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|year=1990|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=0824811909|pages=55–62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|editor=Farley P. Richmond |editor2=Darius L. Swann |editor3=Phillip B. Zarrilli}}</ref> The play is set in the ancient city of [[Ujjayini]] during the reign of the King Pālaka, near the end of the [[Pradyota dynasty]] that made up the first quarter of the fifth century BCE.<ref name=Oliver>{{cite book|last=Oliver|first=Revilo Pendelton|title=''"Introduction to 'The Little Clay Cart.' " in'' Illinois Studies in Language and Literature ''23''|year=1938|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|pages=9–44|editor=Rozelle Parker Johnson |editor2=Ernst Krenn}}</ref> The central story is that of a noble but impoverished young [[Brahmin]], {{langx|sa|Cārudatta}}, who falls in love with a wealthy courtesan or [[nagarvadhu]], {{langx|sa|[[Vasantasena|Vasantasenā]]}}. Despite their mutual affection, however, the couple's lives and love are threatened when a vulgar courtier, Samsthānaka, also known as Shakara, begins to aggressively pursue Vasantasenā.<ref name=Basham>{{cite book|last=Basham|first=A. L|title=The Little Clay Cart: An English Translation of the ''Mṛcchakaṭika'' of Śūdraka, As Adapted for the Stage|year=1994|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0791417255 |editor=Arvind Sharma}}</ref>

Life with romance, comedy, intrigue and a political subplot detailing the overthrow of the city's despotic ruler by a shepherd, the play is notable among extant Sanskrit drama for its focus on a fictional scenario rather than on a classical tale or legend. ''Mṛcchakaṭika'' also departs from traditions enumerated in the [[Natya Shastra]] that specify that dramas should focus on the lives of the nobility and instead incorporates many peasant characters who speak a wide range of [[Prakrit]] dialects. The story is thought to be derived from an earlier work called ''Cārudatta in Poverty'' by the playwright [[Bhāsa]], though that work survives only in fragments.<ref name="Richmond"/>

Of all the Sanskrit dramas, ''Mṛcchakaṭika'' remains one of the most widely celebrated and often-performed in the West. The work played a significant role in generating interest in Indian theatre among European audiences following several successful nineteenth century translations and stage productions, most notably [[Gérard de Nerval]] and [[Joseph Méry's]] highly romanticised French adaptation titled ''Le Chariot d'enfant'' that premiered in Paris in 1850, as well as a critically acclaimed "anarchist" interpretation by [[Victor Barrucand]] called ''Le Chariot de terre cuite'' that was produced by the [[Théâtre de l'Œuvre]] in 1895.<ref name="Oliver"/>

Unlike other classical plays in Sanskrit, the play does not borrow from epics or mythology. The characters of Śūdraka (Simuka) are drawn from the mundane world. It is peopled with gamblers, courtesans, thieves, and so on. The protagonist of the play, Cārudatta, does not belong to the noble class or royal lineage. Though Vasantasenā is a courtesan, her exemplary attitude and dignified behavior impress the audience. The nobility of the characters does not stem from their social conditioning but from their virtues and behaviour.

==Plot summary==
Cārudatta is a generous young brahmin who, through his charitable contributions to unlucky friends and the general public welfare, has severely impoverished himself and his family. Though deserted by most of his friends and embarrassed by deteriorating living conditions, he has maintained his reputation in [[Ujjayini]] as an honest and upright man with a rare gift of wisdom and many important men continue to seek his counsel.

Though happily married and the recent father of a young son, Rohasena, Cārudatta is enamored of Vasantasenā, a courtesan of great wealth and reputation. At a chance encounter at the temple of [[Kamadeva|Kāma]] she returns his affection, though the matter is complicated when Vasantasenā finds herself pursued by Samsthānaka, a half-mad brother-in-law of King Pālaka, and his retinue. When the men threaten violence, Vasantasenā flees, seeking safety with Cārudatta. Their love blossoms following the clandestine meeting, and the courtesan entrusts her new lover with a casket of jewelry in an attempt to ensure a future meeting.

Her plan is thwarted, however, when a thief, Sarvilaka, enters Cārudatta’s home and steals the jewels in an elaborate scheme to buy the freedom of his lover, Madanikā, who is Vasantasenā’s slave and confidante. The courtesan recognizes the jewelry, but she accepts the payment anyway and frees Madanikā to marry. She then attempts to contact Cārudatta and inform him of the situation, but before she can make contact he panics and sends Vasantasenā a rare pearl necklace that had belonged to his wife, a gift in great excess of the value of the stolen jewelry. In recognition of this, Cārudatta's friend, Maitreya, cautions the Brahmin against further association, fearing that Vasantasenā is, at worst, scheming to take from Cārudatta the few possessions he still has and, at best, a good-intentioned bastion of bad luck and disaster.

Refusing to take this advice, Cārudatta makes Vasantasenā his mistress and she eventually meets his young son. During the encounter, the boy is distressed because he has recently enjoyed playing with a friend's toy cart of solid gold and no longer wants his own clay cart that his nurse has made for him. Taking pity on him in his sadness, Vasantasenā fills his little clay cart with her own jewelry, heaping his humble toy with a mound of gold before departing to meet Cārudatta in a park outside the city for a day’s outing. There she enters a fine carriage, but soon discovers that she is in a [[gharry]] belonging to Samsthānaka, who remains enraged by her previous affront and is madly jealous of the love and favor she shows to Cārudatta. Unable to persuade his henchmen to kill her, Samsthānaka sends his retinue away and proceeds to strangle Vasantasenā and hide her body beneath a pile of leaves. Still seeking vengeance, he promptly accuses Cārudatta of the crime.

Though Cārudatta proclaims his innocence, his presence in the park along with his son's possession of Vasantasenā's jewels implicate the poverty-stricken man, and he is found guilty and condemned to death by King Pālaka. Unbeknownst to all, however, the body identified as Vasantasenā’s was actually another woman. Vasantasenā had been revived and befriended by a Buddhist monk who nursed her back to health in a nearby village.

Just as Cārudatta faces execution, Vasantasenā appears and, seeing the excited crowd, intervenes in time to save him from execution and his wife from throwing herself onto the funeral pyre. Together the three declare themselves a family. Reaching the courts, Vasantasenā tells the story of her near death and, following her testimony, Samsthānaka is arrested and the good Prince Āryaka deposes the wicked King Pālaka. His first acts as the newly declared sovereign is to restore Cārudatta’s fortune and make him the king of Kusavati . Following this good will, Cārudatta demonstrates in the final act his enduring virtue and charity, appealing to the King for pardon on behalf of Samsthānaka who is subsequently declared free. And the Buddhist monk who saved the life of Vasantasenā is made the chief of all Vihars. Vasantasena is given the title of a wife. Everybody is happy, nobody has any grouse.<ref name=Shudraka>{{cite book|last=Śūdraka|title=''"Mṛcchakaṭikā, The Little Clay Cart: A Drama in Ten Acts Attributed to King Sūdraka." in'' Illinois Studies in Language and Literature ''23''=1938|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|pages=45–210|editor1=Revilo Pendelton Oliver |editor2=Rozelle Parker Johnson |editor3=Ernst Krenn }}</ref>

==Characters==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Cārudatta, ''an impoverished young Brahmin''
* [[Vasantasena|Vasantasenā]], ''a courtesan in love with Cārudatta''
* Maitreya, ''a poor Brahmin, Cārudatta’s friend''
* Vardhamānaka, ''a servant in Cārudatta's house''
* Radanikā, ''a maid in Cārudatta's house''
* Dhuta, ''wife of Cārudatta''
* Rohasena, ''Cārudatta's son''
* Viṭa, ''a courtier in service of Vasantasenā''
* Madanikā, ''Vasantasenā’s maidservant and confidant''
{{col-break}}
* Mother of Vasantasenā
* Karnapūraka and Kumbhīlaka, ''Vasantasenā's servants''
* Bastard pages in Vasantasenā's house
* King Pālaka
* Samsthānaka, ''Brother to one of the King's concubines'' also called sakaara
* Vita, ''a courtier in service of Samsthānaka''
* Sthāvaraka, ''Samsthānaka's servant''
* Āryaka, ''a herdsman and prince in exile who becomes king''
* Sarvilaka, ''a Brahmin who became a thief to free his love Madanikā''
{{col-break}}
* Māthura, ''a gambling-master''
* Darduraka, ''a gambler, friend to Sarvilaka''
* Vīraka and Chandanaka, ''captains of the civil guard, friends to Sarvilaka''
* Gōha and Ahīnta, ''executioners''
* Former masseur of Cārudatta who becomes a Buddhist monk
* Judge
* Scribe
* Citizens, slaves, and attendants
{{col-end}}

==Media==
{{further|List of Sanskrit plays in English translation}}
* Play adaptions: The play was translated into English, notably by [[Arthur W. Ryder]] in 1905 as ''The Little Clay Cart''. (It had previously been translated as ''The Toy Cart'' by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] in 1826.) Ryder's version was enacted at the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]] in Berkeley in 1907,<ref name=Wohlsen>{{cite web|last=Wohlsen|first=Marcus|title=The Greatest Show on Earth: The First Indian Play Performed at UC Berkeley -- And Anywhere in the United States -- Took the Stage of the Greek Theater in 1907, Along with Elephants, Zebras, and a Cast of Hundreds|url=http://illuminations.berkeley.edu/archives/2005/history.php?volume=9|work=Illuminations|publisher=University of California Berkeley|access-date=17 July 2012|year=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216120127/http://illuminations.berkeley.edu/archives/2005/history.php?volume=9|archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> and in [[New York City]] in 1924 at the [[Neighborhood Playhouse]],<ref name=Obituary>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times| date=22 March 1938 | title=Prof. A. W. Ryder, of Sanskrit Fame; Head of That Department at University of California Dies in Classroom|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/03/22/archives/prof-a-w-ryder-of-sanskrit-fame-head-of-that-department-at.html}}
</ref> which was then an [[off-Broadway]] theatre, at the [[Lucille Lortel Theatre|Theater de Lys]] in 1953,<ref name=Bracker>{{cite news|author=Bracker, Milton|newspaper=New York Times| date=7 June 1953 | title=Story of a Determined Lady: Terese Hayden, Sponsor of New Play Series at Theatre de Lys, Is Undaunted Despite Disappointments in the Past | page=X3 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/07/archives/story-of-a-determined-lady-terese-hayden-sponsor-of-new-play-series.html}}
</ref> and at the Potboiler Art Theater in [[Los Angeles]] in 1926, when it featured actors such as [[James A. Marcus]], [[Symona Boniface]] and [[Gale Gordon]].<ref name=Schallert>{{cite news | author=Schallert, Edwin | title='Clay-Cart' Hero Wins: 'Twas Ever Thus—Even in the Sanskrit | newspaper=Los Angeles Times| date=9 December 1926 | page=A9 | url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/362657072.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=CITE:AI| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530173029/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/362657072.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=CITE:AI| url-status=dead| archive-date=30 May 2009}}</ref> The play has been adapted in several Indian languages and performed by various theatre groups and directors, like [[Habib Tanvir]].

*Film adaptations:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA24-PA1988|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|author2=Paul Willemen|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Heidi R.M. Pauwels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAI0scTDAjIC&pg=PA80|title=Indian Literature and Popular Cinema: Recasting Classics|date=17 December 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-06255-3|page=80}}</ref>
** ''Mrichha Katika'', a silent film by Suchet Singh made in 1920.
** ''Vasantsena'', a silent film by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] made in 1929.
** ''Vasantasena'', starring [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], first silent film of [[Kannada cinema]], made in 1931.
** ''Vasantsena'', a film by Jagatrai Pesumal Advani made in 1934.
** ''Vasantasena'', an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film by [[P. K. Raja Sandow|Raja Sandow P.K.]] made in 1936.
** ''[[Vasantasena (1941 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'', a Kannada film by Ramayyar Shirur made in 1941.
** [[Vasantsena (1942 film)|''Vasantsena'']], a Hindi film by [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] in 1942.
** [[Sadhna (film)|Sadhna]], a Hindi film by [[B. R. Chopra]] in 1958.
** [[Vasantha Sena (1967 film)|''Vasantha Sena'']], a Telugu film by [[B. S. Ranga]] in 1967.
** ''[[Utsav]]'', a 1984 [[Hindi]] [[Erotic film|erotic]] [[drama film]] by [[Girish Karnad]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=NFAIOfficial|number=1192764152235708418|title=A lobby card for Girish Karnad's #Utsav (1984), featuring #FaceOfTheWeek #ShankarNag. The film was based on popular #Sanskrit play #Mrichakatika, written by Sudraka.|author=[[National Film Archive of India]]}}</ref>
** ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'', a 1985 [[Malayalam]] film by [[K. Vijayan]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Mṛcchakaṭikā}}
{{wikisource|Little Clay Cart (Ryder 1905)|The Little Clay Cart, translated by Arthur William Ryder}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS4pAAAAYAAJ ''The Mrichchakati; Or, The Toy Cart: A Drama''] by Shudraka, full text of translation by Horace Hayman Wilson (1826)
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326600 The Mrichchhakatika of Sudraka], Sanskrit text edited by M. R. Kale, with translation
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.369412 Mrcchakatika of Sudraka], with Sanskrit and Hindi commentary by Jaya Shankar Lal Tripathi
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.406484 The Mrichchhakatika of Sudraka], Sanskrit text published by Nirnaya Sagar Press

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mrcchakatika}}
[[Category:5th-century books]]
[[Category:History of Patna]]
[[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]
[[Category:Sanskrit plays]]
[[Category:Plays about prostitution]]
[[Category:Indian satirical plays]]
[[Category:Indian comedy plays]]
[[Category:Comedy theatre]]
[[Category:Indian humour]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian dramas]]
[[Category:5th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Indian books on courtesan]]

Chor Minar

2026-03-15T12:24:11Z

Nelle8556383481: further adjust formatting based on references additionally and added references for accuracy

{{short description|13th-century minaret in Delhi, India}}
{{other uses|Char Minar (disambiguation){{!}}Char Minar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|image=Tower of Thieves.JPG
|caption= Chor Minar
|name= Chor Minar
|location_town= [[New Delhi]]
|location_country= [[India]]
|architect=
|client=
|engineer=
|construction_start_date= [[Khalji dynasty]]
|completion_date=
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|architectural_style=
}}

'''Chor Minar''' or 'Tower of Thieves' is a 13th-century [[minaret]] with 225 holes,<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_delhi.asp Kharehra] List of Monuments - Delhi, [[Archaeological Survey of India]].</ref> situated just off [[Sri Aurobindo Marg|Aurobindo Marg]] in the [[Hauz Khas]] area, in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=wcities>[http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,319689/684/record.html Chor Minar]</ref><ref>[http://www.easyindia.com/travel/destination/delhi.htm Delhi Monuments - Hauz Khas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629054149/http://www.easyindia.com/travel/destination/delhi.htm |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> The Chor Minar is nearly 700 to 800 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|title=700 साल पहले दहशत थी इस मीनार की|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/the-history-of-chor-minar-of-delhi-used-to-punish-thieves/articleshow/68467337.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> it's also situated in narnaul Haryana near dhosi hills 120 km away from Delhi

== History ==
It was built under the rule of [[Alauddin Khalji]],<ref>[http://www.igougo.com/review-r1335643-Chor_Minar.html Chor Minar]</ref> of the [[Khalji dynasty]] (1290–1320) in the thirteenth century.<ref>[http://ignca.nic.in/asp/all.asp?projectid=sd081cm0001 Chor Minar Info and images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410231758/http://ignca.nic.in/asp/all.asp?projectid=sd081cm0001 |date=10 April 2009 }} [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]].</ref> Historians suggests that the Khalji king slaughtered a settlement of [[Mongol]] people, nearby, to stop them from joining with their brethren in another Mongol settlement in Delhi, the present day locality of 'Mongolpuri'.

During the raid of Ali Beg, Tartaq and Targhi (1305), 8,000 Mongol prisoners were executed and their heads displayed is the towers around [[Siri Fort|Siri]]<ref>[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mssmi/ch5.htm#40a CHAPTER V] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511175936/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mssmi/ch5.htm#40a |date=11 May 2008 }}
40. "Farishtah, I, 114-15; Barani, 320; Khazain, Habib, 28; Wassaf, IV, 526-27. The walls of the towers popularly known as Chor Minar in modern Hauz Khas Enclave are pierced with 225 holes. In medieval India apertures on the walls of towers were used by Muslims not only as windows but also to display heads of captured and executed prisoners. The custom was to cut off their heads and stick them into those holes, to be seen by everybody. During wars, only the heads of chiefs were displayed; those of common soldiers were simply piled into pyramids."</ref>

== Purpose ==
According to local legends, it was a 'tower of beheading', where the severed heads of thieves were displayed on spear through its 225 holes, to act as a deterrent to thieves.<ref name="wcities" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/TheMinarsAndMinarettesIndia.htm |title=The Minars and Minarettes of India |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129104356/http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/TheMinarsAndMinarettesIndia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In case the heads exceeded the number of holes, the less important heads were piled in a [[pyramid]] outside the [[tower]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.weforanimals.com/free-pictures/monuments-india/delhi/hauzkhas/hauz_khas-1.htm Image of Chor Minar]

{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Khalji dynasty]]
[[Category:Round towers]]
[[Category:Minarets in India]]

Bride burning

2026-03-14T17:10:47Z

Nelle8556383481: updated details

{{Short description|Form of domestic violence}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Violence against women}}
{{Masculism sidebar}}
'''Bride burning''' is a form of [[torture murder]] practiced in and around the [[Indian subcontinent]]. A form of [[dowry death]], bride-burning occurs when a woman is [[murder]]ed by her husband or his family for her family's refusal to pay additional [[dowry]]. The wife is typically doused with [[kerosene]], [[gasoline]], or other flammable liquid, and set alight, leading to [[death by burning]].<ref name="autogenerated2003">{{cite news |last=Ash |first=Lucy |title=India's dowry deaths |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3071963.stm |date=16 July 2003 |access-date=30 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Bride Burning">{{cite journal | last = Lakhani | first = Avnita | title = Bride-burning: the "elephant in the room" is out of control | journal = [[Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal]] | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–298 | date = 2005 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pepds5&div=14&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=drlj pdf.]</ref> Kerosene is often used as the cooking fuel for small petrol stoves, some of which are dangerous, so it allows the claim that the crime was an accident.

In 2004, bride burning was recognized as an important problem in India.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Virendra | last2 = Kanth | first2 = Sarita | title = Bride burning | journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 364 | issue = special issue | pages = 18–19 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17625-3 | pmid = 15967137 | date = December 2004 | s2cid = 32625512 }}</ref> In 1995, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] reported that dowry deaths in India increased from around 400 a year in the early 1980s to around 5,800 a year by the middle of the 1990s.<ref name=Pratap>{{cite magazine | last = Pratap | first = Anita | author-link = Anita Pratap | title = Killed by greed and oppression |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | volume = 146 | issue = 11 | date = 11 September 1995 }}</ref> According to Indian National Crime Record Bureau, there were 1,948 convictions and 3,876 acquittals in dowry death cases in 2008.<ref name=ncrb>{{cite book |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Table%204.9.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527053603/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Table%204.9.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead |title=Disposal of Cases by Courts |publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau|National Crime Records Bureau, India]] |date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref>

==History==

===Dowry deaths===
{{Main|Dowry death}}
A dowry death is the death of a young woman in South Asian countries, primarily [[India]], who is murdered or driven to [[suicide]] by her husband. This results from the husband or his family continually attempting to extract more dowry from the bride or her family. Bride burning is just one form of dowry death; [[acid throwing]], [[poisoning]] and other forms of fatal violence also occur. Because dowry typically depends on class or socioeconomic status, women are often subjected to the dowry pressures of their future husband or his relatives.<ref name="Bride Burning" />

===Origins of bride burning===
There are at least four perspectives on why bride burning came to be and how its existence has prevailed in South Asian nations, as detailed by Avnita Lakhani in her report on bride burning titled "The Elephant in the Room Is Out of Control". These theories describe practices that contributed to the rise of dowry as a whole, thus ultimately contributing to bride burning.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lakhani |first=Avnita |title=Bride-Burning: The "Elephant in the Room" Is Out of Control |journal=Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2005 |url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/drlj/vol5/iss2/3 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

One of the more culturally-founded theories suggests that in a highly patriarchal society such as India, a woman's role is defined from before she is born, which ultimately places her as lesser than men.<ref name="Nangia">{{cite journal | last = Nangia | first = Anshu | title = Note: the tragedy of bride burning in India: how should the law address it? | journal = [[Brooklyn Journal of International Law]] | volume = 22 | pages = 637–694 | date = 1996–1997 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bjil22&div=31&id=&page }} [https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=22+Brooklyn+J.+Int%27l+L.+637&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=6a3e2417a95ef12fac702ce6549e7ea1 Lexis Nexis.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208000228/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=22+Brooklyn+J.+Int%27l+L.+637&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=6a3e2417a95ef12fac702ce6549e7ea1 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Because she is seen as a burden and an "extra mouth to feed",<ref name="Bride Burning"/> her status as an economic liability promotes the idea that men, who are considered physical assets, can treat women as subservient.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Once a woman marries, she is bound to her husband and his will because "society mandates obedience to her husband".<ref name="Bride Burning"/><ref name="Nangia"/>

Another theory claims that consumerism has caused countries like India to become greedy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Pardee | first = Laurel Remers | title = The dilemma of dowry deaths: domestic disgrace or international human rights catastrophe | journal = [[James E. Rogers College of Law|Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law]] | volume = 13 | pages = 491–522 | date = 1996 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ajicl13&div=19 }} [https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&doctype=cite&docid=13+Ariz.+J.+Int%27l+%26+Comp.+Law+491&key=6ea9a61e42cea63ac6e5cbac4f0d6cd6 Lexis Nexis.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208073516/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&doctype=cite&docid=13+Ariz.+J.+Int%27l+%26+Comp.+Law+491&key=6ea9a61e42cea63ac6e5cbac4f0d6cd6 |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Because of this, dowry is used as a means to gain a higher socioeconomic status.<ref name="Nangia"/> As status is continually gained, the demand for bridal dowry increases in order to keep moving up the social ladder.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

Lakhani also suggests that historically speaking, the dowry system may have been conceived as a way to distinguish Muslim from Hindu culture,<ref name="Nangia"/> creating a further divide within [[castes]]. A higher dowry would indicate a higher status and distinction from Islam, thus providing an incentive to demand a larger dowry.<ref name="Nangia"/>

Finally, some scholars argue that the dowry practice came out of British rule and influence in India to distinguish "different forms of marriage" between castes.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> When the dowry system was established within the higher castes, the British government sought to reinforce it in the lower castes as a means to eradicate their more ritualised marriages.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Such forms of union were discredited until only upper-caste marriage systems were recognised.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

==South Asians==

===In India===
[[File:Say no to dowry.jpg|thumb|A Muslim organization [[Karnataka Forum for Dignity]]'s poster against Dowry system in [[Bangalore, India]]]]
{{see also|Dowry system in India|Dowry law in India|Dowry Deaths in India}}

Ashley K. Jutla and [[David Heimbach]] describe bride burning by saying that "the husband and/or in-laws have determined that the dowry, a gift given from the daughter's parents to the husband, was inadequate and therefore attempt to murder the new bride to make the husband available to remarry or to punish the bride and her family."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jutla | first1 = Rajni K. | last2 = Heimbach | first2 = David | title = Love burns: an essay about bride burning in India | journal = Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–170 | pmid = 15091143 | date = March–April 2004 | doi=10.1097/01.bcr.0000111929.70876.1f}}</ref> In India, dowry size is a reflection of wealth. The Indian author Rajesh Talwar has written a play on dowry deaths titled ''The Bride Who Would Not Burn''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rajesh Talwar | url = https://www.amazon.com/author/rajeshtalwar | website = amazon.com }}</ref>

In 1961, the government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act, making the dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal.<ref name="Act">{{cite web | title = The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 | url = http://www.wcd.nic.in/dowryprohibitionact.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909082421/http://www.wcd.nic.in/dowryprohibitionact.htm | website = wcd.nic.in | publisher = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)]] | date = 20 May 1961 | archive-date = 9 September 2015 }}</ref>

In 1986, the Indian Parliament added dowry deaths as a new [[domestic violence]] crime. According to the new section 304-B of the Indian Penal Code, where a bride "within 7 years of her marriage is killed and it is shown that soon before her death, she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband, or any relative of her husband, or in connection with any demand for dowry, such death shall be called 'dowry death' and such husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death."<ref name="Act" />

The offenders can be sentenced for any period, from a minimum of seven years in prison to a maximum of life.<ref>{{cite book | contribution = Annex C: Legal framework surrounding domestic violence in India | editor-last1 = Johnson | editor-first1 = Cate | title = Domestic violence in India: recommendations of the women's rights team: report to USAID/India PROWID | date = October 1996 | pages = 28–42 |display-editors=etal}} (Explaining section 304-B of the Indian Penal Code.)</ref> Many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides, and murders have been reported. A 1997 report claimed that at least 5000 women die each year because of dowry deaths and at least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought to be intentional.<ref>{{cite news | last = Staff writer | title = Kitchen fires kill Indian brides with inadequate dowry | publisher = [[United Press International|UPI]] | location = New Delhi, India | date = 23 July 1997 }} [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/52a/033.html Extract.]</ref> About 30 percent of reported dowry deaths result in convictions in courts.<ref name=ncrb/>

===In Pakistan===
In Pakistan, the Progressive Women's Association says that 300 women are burned to death each year by their husband's families and that bride burning incidents are sometimes disguised as accidents, such as an 'exploding stove'.<ref name="BBC_1999"/> According to the Association, doctors say that victims presenting from these accidents have injuries inconsistent with stove burns.<ref name="BBC_1999">{{cite news
|title=World:South Asia Bride burning 'kills hundreds'
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/431607.stm
|access-date=11 June 2009
|publisher=BBC.co.uk
| date=27 August 1999}}</ref> According to an Amnesty International report in 1999, although 1600 bride burning incidents were reported, only 60 were prosecuted and, of those, only two resulted in convictions.<ref name="amnesty_honour_killings">{{cite web
|title=Honour killings of girls and women (ASA 33/018/1999)
|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa33/013/1998/en/
|publisher=Amnesty International
|date=1 September 1999
|access-date=29 December 2006}}</ref>

In Pakistan, women including [[Shahnaz Bukhari]] have been campaigning for protective legislation against the practice, for established women's shelters and for hospitals with specialised burn wards.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3097469.stm
|title=Acid attack victim demands justice
|last=Ali
|first=Sahar
|publisher=BBC
|date=28 July 2003
|access-date=30 July 2007
}}</ref> Amnesty International has said that pressure from within, as well as from international human rights groups, may be increasing the level of awareness within the Pakistani government.<ref>'Pakistan: Honour killings of girls and women' in Amnesty International Report 1999, (London: September 1999)</ref> The BBC estimated that roughly 300 Pakistani brides were burnt to death in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/431607.stm |title=South Asia | Bride burning 'kills hundreds' |work=BBC News |date=27 August 1999 |access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>

In 1988, a survey showed that 800 women were killed in this manner; in 1989, the number rose to 1100, and in 1990 it stood at 1800 estimated killings. Newspapers in [[Lahore]] in a six-month period (1997) reported on average 15 attacks a month.<ref name=Jilani>{{citation | last = Jilani | first = Hina | contribution = Violence against women: the legal system and institutional responses in Pakistan | editor-last1 = Goonesekere | editor-first1 = Savitri | editor-last2 = Ahmed | editor-first2 = Eman M. | title = Violence, law and women's rights in South Asia |page=161 | publisher = [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] | location = New Delhi Thousand Oaks, California | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780761997962 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=QWUKUF1MAu8C&pg=PA161 Preview.]</ref> According to an estimate by Human Development in South Asia, on average there are 16 cases of bride burnings a month.<ref name="Ajmal 2012-04-25">{{cite news|last=Ajmal|first=Umer Bin|title=Domestic violence|newspaper=Dawn|date=25 April 2012|url=http://dawn.com/2012/04/25/domestic-violence-2/|access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> [[Women's eNews]] reported 4000 women attacked in this manner in [[Islamabad]]'s surroundings over an eight-year period and that the average age range of victims is between 18 and 35 with an estimated 30 percent being pregnant at the time of death.<ref name=Terzieff /> Shahnaz Bukhari has said of such attacks:<ref name="Terzieff">{{cite news | last = Terzieff | first = Juliette | title = Pakistan's fiery shame: women die in stove deaths | url = http://womensenews.org/story/domestic-violence/021027/pakistans-fiery-shame-women-die-stove-deaths | work = [[Women's eNews]] | date = 27 October 2002}}</ref> <blockquote>Either Pakistan is home to possessed stoves which burn only young housewives, and are particularly fond of genitalia, or looking at the frequency with which these incidences occur there is a grim pattern that these women are victims of deliberate murder.</blockquote> According to the Progressive Women's Association such attacks are a growing problem and in 1994 on [[International Women's Day]] announced that various NGOs would join to raise awareness of the issue.<ref name=Rappaport>{{cite book | editor-last = Rappaport | editor-first = Helen | title = Encyclopedia of women social reformers, volume 1 | page = 115 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | year = 2001 | isbn = 9781576071014 }}</ref> One woman is killed every hour in Pakistan as a form of domestic violence, a practice known as bride burning, a category of dowry murder, resulting in possibly one of the most gruesome deaths, burning alive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrukh |first=Rimal |date=30 June 2021 |title=Why Are Pakistani Women Setting Themselves On Fire? |language=en |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistani-women-self-immolation/31334338.html |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

===In other nations===
Occasionally, bride burning happens among resettled Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities in other parts of the world, such as the United States.

Aleyamma Mathew was a registered nurse at a hospital in [[Carrollton, Texas]], who died of burn wounds on 5 April 1992.<ref name="jthomasniu.org">{{cite journal | last = Parameswaran | first = Radhika | title = Coverage of "Bride Burning" in the "Dallas Observer": a cultural analysis of the "Other" | journal = [[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]] | volume = 16 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 69–100 | doi = 10.2307/3346804 | jstor = 3346804 | date = 1996 }} [http://jthomasniu.org/class/781/Assigs/otheriing111.pdf Pdf.]</ref> She and her husband, Mathew Varughese, had immigrated from India two decades before and had three daughters in the United States.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/> The couple had been having marital problems since the late 1980s, which culminated in a fight that led to Aleyamma's death.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/> She was found by her children, doused in gasoline and covered in flames, dying soon after.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/>

Brief articles were run in ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' and ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'' after the incident, while the ''[[Dallas Observer]]'' ran a detailed, nine-page article covering Aleyamma's death.<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/> The article faced some criticism for its portrayal of non-Western countries as backward or inappropriate: "Battered by her husband, Aleyamma Mathew remained true to her culture. In the end she became its victim."<ref name="jthomasniu.org"/>

==Controlling bride burning==
There are current governmental initiatives to criminalize bride burning and grassroots organizations working to combat the practice, as well as international laws working against human rights violations.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Finally, there are many proposed initiatives in place to end bride burning globally.

===Governmental efforts===
In 1961, India enacted the Dowry Prohibition Act,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Greenberg | first = Judith G. | title = Criminalizing dowry deaths: the Indian experience | journal = Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 801–846 | date = 2003 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geoimlj7&div=40&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410&context=jgspl Pdf.]</ref> to halt dowry murders. It was amended in the early 1980s to "rectify several inherent weaknesses and loopholes"<ref name="Nangia"/> in order to make it a criminal offense if the husband or his relatives causes a woman to "die of burns or bodily injury or unnatural circumstances within seven years of the marriage and where there is evidence that she suffered cruelty and harassment in connection with the dowry."<ref name="Bride Burning"/> This law, however, does not provide a comprehensive definition of dowry, which can change the way it is demanded and delivered. Ultimately, this allowed perpetrators more flexibility in the court of dowry death.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> The seven-year clause is equally problematic, as it simply allowed husbands to wait until that period ended to burn or otherwise cause the death of their bride.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

Another major Indian law, the 1983 "Anti-Cruelty Statute", prohibits cruelty towards a wife and subjects the husband and/or in-laws to fines or imprisonment if they inflict cruelty upon the wife.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> However, the law is equally ambiguous, which results in inadequate enforcement of bride burning and dowry murders.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] declares the following: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood".<ref name="un.org">{{cite web | title = The Universal Declaration of Human Rights | url = https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml | website = un.org | publisher = [[United Nations]] }} [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf Pdf.]</ref> Article 5 proclaims: "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment]] or punishment."<ref name="un.org"/>

===Non-governmental efforts===
[[File:Rising son in law in Bengal, painting by Gaganendranath Tagore - Indian Museum, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|''Rising Sun-in-law of Bengal'', painting by [[Gaganendranath Tagore]] (d. 1938).]]
In India, where most cases of bride burning are seen, domestic legislation is typically inadequately enforced. Because of this, grassroots organizations "have taken up the cause to halt bride burning". One example of this is government-funded family counseling center cells, in which the intended goal is to strengthen family ties and reduce legal intervention. However, often such cells only reinforce the stereotype of "women's sharp tongues" and men's power to "hit and beat".<ref name="Bride Burning"/> Other similar counseling-style [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s have been developed in order to resolve such issues with similar consequences.<ref name="Nangia"/>

===Potential efforts===
Primarily, alternative initiatives resolve around reform of current flawed, failing laws. One proposal calls for the expansion of the protection for women under the international refugee law in order to provide asylum to victims of gender discrimination or gendercide.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cipriani | first = Linda | title = Gender and persecution: protecting women under international refugee law | journal = Georgetown Immigration Law Journal | volume = 7 | pages = 511–548 | date = 1993 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geoimlj7&div=39&id=&page= }}</ref> One way this could be achieved would be by including women in the definition of a "persecuted social group",<ref name="Bride Burning"/> which would allow their gender to seek international asylum under fear of dowry-related persecution globally.

In April 1984, European Parliament introduced a proposal that would "protect women from persecution on the basis of gender"<ref name="Bride Burning"/> by reforming international refugee laws.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> However, the proposal was rejected.

Another solution is to increase economic interest for women by establishing their [[Women's property rights|property rights]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Gopal | first = Gita | title = Gender and economic inequality in India: the legal connection | journal = Boston College Third World Law Journal | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–86 | date = 1993 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bctw13&div=7&id=&page= }} [http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1280&context=twlj Pdf.]</ref> Even when married, the bride has no rights over the property belonging to the husband while he is living.<ref name="Bride Burning"/> In giving women the right to own property, women would not need to marry for economic or legal purposes, thus disregarding the dowry practice.<ref name="Bride Burning"/>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Acid throwing]]
* [[Caste system]]
* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Dowry]]
* [[Dowry death]]
* [[Female infanticide]]
* [[Femicide]]
* ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'', a Canadian-Indian movie with bride-burning as one of the themes
* [[Gendercide]]
* [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]
* [[Sexism in India]]
* [[Violence against women]]
* [[Watta satta]]
* [[Women in India]] and [[Women in Pakistan]] and [[Women in Bangladesh]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last = Garg | first = A.S. | title = Bride burning: crime against women | publisher = Sandeep Publication, Rohtak: Marketed by the Bright Law House | location = New Delhi, India | year = 1990 | oclc = 24784662 }}
* {{cite book | last = Umar | first = Mohd | title = Bride burning in India: a socio legal study | publisher = APH Publishing | location = New Delhi, India | year = 1998 | isbn = 9788170249221 }}
* {{cite book | last = Menski | first = Werner | title = South Asians and the dowry problem | publisher = Trentham Books and School of Oriental & African Studies | location = Stoke-on-Trent | series = Group on Ethnic Minority Studies Series (GEMS) | year = 1998 | isbn = 9781858561417 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Ravikant | first = Namratha S. | title = Dowry deaths: proposing a standard for implementation of domestic legislation in accordance with human rights obligations | journal = Michigan Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 449–498 | date = 2000 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mjgl6&div=18&id=&page= }}
* {{cite journal | last = Lakhani | first = Avnita | title = Bride-burning: the "elephant in the room" is out of control | journal = [[Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal]] | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–298 | date = 2005 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pepds5&div=14&id=&page= }} [http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=drlj Pdf.]
* {{cite journal | last = Bhave | first = Sunil | title = Deterring dowry deaths in India: applying tort law to reverse the economic incentives that fuel the dowry market | journal = [[Suffolk University Law Review]] | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 291–314 | date = March 2007 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sufflr40&div=20&id=&page= }} [https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=40+Suffolk+U.+L.+Rev.+291&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=23daa9b66556679d3c3b6783965d3580 Lexis Nexis.] [http://suffolklawreview.org/bhave-dowry-deaths/ Suffolk University Law Review.]
* {{cite journal | last = Anderson | first = Siwan | s2cid = 13722006 | title = The economics of dowry and brideprice | journal = [[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 151–174 | doi = 10.1257/jep.21.4.151 | date =Fall 2007 | doi-access = free }} [http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/asiwan/documents/siwan-jep.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113141520/http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/asiwan/documents/siwan-jep.pdf |date=13 November 2014 }}
* [https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-02-13/bride-burning-victim-nepal-says-her-counselors-are-helping-her-heal-and-look A bride-burning victim in Nepal says her counselors are helping her heal and look to the future]
*{{cite journal |last1=Peck |first1=Michael D. |title=Epidemiology of burns throughout the World. Part II: Intentional burns in adults |journal=Burns |date=August 2012 |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=630–637 |doi=10.1016/j.burns.2011.12.028 |pmid=22325849 }}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051230085700/http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2003/cii.html India's National Crime Records Bureau]
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3071963.stm India's dowry deaths, BBC]

{{Violence against women/end}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Masculinism}}
{{Domestic violence}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bride Burning}}
[[Category:Death of women]]
[[Category:Domestic violence]]
[[Category:Fire]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Asia]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]

Pattadakal (town)

2026-03-13T22:58:11Z

Nelle8556383481: made a place

{{About|the town in India|the UNESCO world heritage site|Group of Monuments at Pattadakal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pattadakal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Raktapura, Pattadakal Kisuvoval, Petrigal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = 7th - 9th century Hindu and Jain temples, Pattadakal monuments Karnataka 7.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Group of Monuments at Pattadakal]]
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|15.9484|N|75.8159|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bagalakote]]
| elevation_m = 586
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}
'''Pattadakal''', formerly known as '''Raktapura''', is a small town in the [[Bagalkot district]] of north [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is famous for its UNESCO world heritage site.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12-19, 108-110}}<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239 Group of Monuments at Pattadakal], UNESCO</ref>

Pattadakal region was settled in pre-historic times, as evidence by megalithic [[dolmen]]s. Located along the Malprabha river where it turns north, its red color soil and stone mountains nearby attracted its mention in ancient and medieval era Indian texts. The modern town contains the 7th and 8th century collection of nine Hindu and one Jain temple built by the [[Chalukya dynasty]]. It is considered by UNESCO as the masterpiece of architectural forms from northern and southern India, that made the town and nearby region as the cradle of temple architecture and arts.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12-19, 108-110}}{{sfn|Michell|2014}}

The town is spread over 14.56 square kilometers, at an altitude of 593 meters. The summer (April–June) temperatures peak over 40 C, monsoons typically arrive by mid June. The weather and temperatures cool by late August, with winter temperatures ranging between 15 and 28 C. Pattadakal is about {{convert|14|mi}} from the larger town of [[Badami]], and about {{convert|7|mi}} from Aihole – another site with over a hundred ancient and early medieval era Hindu, Jain and Buddhist monuments. Pattadakal and neighboring villages constitute the Bagalkot taluk whose combined population was 173,181 according to the official 2011 census.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2902_PART_B_DCHB_BAGALKOT.pdf DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK, BAGALKOT], State of Karnataka, page 126</ref>

==See also==
*[[Badami]]
*[[Badami cave temples]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George l|title=Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1TroAEACAAJ|year= 2014|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-83098-33-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George |title=Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzTcoQEACAAJ |year= 2017|publisher= Jaico (Reprinted, Orig Year: 2011)|isbn= 978-81-8495-600-9}}

{{Historical Places in North Karnataka}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}
{{Bagalkot district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]

Kamtapur Liberation Organisation

2026-03-13T14:39:46Z

Nelle8556383481:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Short description|Militant group in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name = Kamtapur Liberation Organisation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| war = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
| image = Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.svg
| caption = Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation
| active = 1995–2023
| ideology = [[Kamtapur]]i [[nationalism]] [[Separatism]] [[Socialism]]
| crimes = [[Bombings]]
| clans =
| leaders = Jibon Singha{{Surrendered}} Milton Burman{{POW}} Tom Adhikary{{POW}}
| headquarters =
| area = [[Northeast India]] and [[West Bengal]]
| size =
| predecessor =
| motives = Establish an independent state of [[Kamtapur]]
| successor =
| allies =
| allegiance = [[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia]]
| opponents = {{flag|India}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx|access-date=10 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322081157/http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx|archive-date=22 March 2015|title=Banned Terrorist Organisations}}</ref> {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam]] (1996–2016) {{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.jpg}} [[al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent]] (2016–present)
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{Flag|India}}
| battles =
| url =
| status = Disbanded
}}

The '''Kamtapur Liberation Organisation''' ({{small|[[Abbreviation|abbr.]]}} '''KLO''') is a militant organisation based in [[Northeast India]] whose objective is to separate the [[Kamtapur]] nation from [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]]. The proposed state is to comprise all districts in [[West Bengal]] and four contiguous districts of [[Assam]] which are [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], North and South [[West Dinajpur district|Dinajpur]] and [[Malda district|Malda]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigoan]], [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] and [[Goalpara district| Goalpara]], [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] districts in Bihar, and [[Jhapa District]] in [[Nepal]]. The KLO was formed to address problems of the [[Koch Rajbongshi people]] such as large-scale unemployment, land alienation, perceived neglect of [[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri language]], identity, and grievances of economic deprivation.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/klo.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) on KLO]. ''satp.org''.</ref>

==History==
The beginning of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO) can be traced to the attempts of certain members of the [[Koch Rajbongshi people]] belonging to the [[All Kamtapur Students Union]] (AKSU) to organise an armed struggle for a separate [[Kamtapur]] nation. For this purpose, they approached the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA). The KLO came into existence on 28 December 1993.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

On 26 December 2013, a bomb blast took place in [[Jalpaiguri district]] of [[West Bengal]] that killed five persons and injured five others. Militants of KLO are suspected to have been behind the bombing, which occurred two days ahead of the 28 December 1996 foundation day of KLO.<ref name="dna26122013">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-four-killed-six-injured-in-bomb-explosion-near-jalpaiguri-town-1941000|title=Five killed in blast in Bengal's Jalpaiguri|date=26 December 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=26 December 2013}}</ref>

==Leadership and organisation==
Tamir Das alias Jibon Singha is the chairman of the KLO. He was arrested in October 1999 but regained control over the outfit after he was released by the [[Assam Police]] in a bid to make the other KLO cadres surrender. Milton Burman alias Mihir Das is the second in command of the outfit.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

==Peace process==
In 2023, the leader Jibon Singha announced a formal ceasefire and the start of a peace process with the government with all the cadres staying in government provided camps or rehabilitation centres. The group is ready to disband after the peace agreement will be signed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kamtapur Liberation Organisation: History, Goals, and the Ongoing Peace Process|url=https://innercall.in/kamtapur-liberation-organisation-klo/|access-date=2025-08-31|website=Innercall}}</ref> After the peace deal was signed, a faction known as the KLO-KN, led by Wangchu and Karang Koch, broke away and continued armed insurgency.<ref>{{cite news |title=North Bengal minister Udayan Guha gets letter from terror outfit KLO demanding Rs 5 crore |work=The Telegraph (India) |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/north-bengal-minister-udayan-guha-gets-letter-from-kamtapur-liberation-organisation-demanding-rs-5-crore/cid/2015663 |date=25 April 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
*[[Kamata Kingdom]]
*[[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]]
*[[Koch dynasty]]
*[[Koch Hajo]]
*[[Koch Rajbongshi people]]
*[[Uttar Bango Tapsili Jati O Adibasi Sangathan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/klo.htm About KLO at SATP]
{{Terror outfits}}
[[Category:1999 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Left-wing militant groups in India]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Assam]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Socialist militant groups]]
[[Category:Socialist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Kamtapur]]

Jude Anthany Joseph

2026-03-13T10:18:11Z

Nelle8556383481: expanded article per standard format and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter, actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jude Anthany Joseph
| birth_name = Sijo Joseph
| image = Jude Anthany Joseph.jpg
| caption = Joseph in 2015
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director | screenwriter | actor}}
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| alma mater = L.B.S College of Engineering
| spouse = {{marriage|Diyana Ann James|2015}}
}}

'''Jude Anthany Joseph''' (born '''Sijo Joseph''') is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor, who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. His directorial debut was with ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]'' in 2014, which won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]] at the [[45th Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Om Shanti Oshana is a Straightforward rom-com, Says Director|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Om-Shanti-Oshana-is-a-Straightforward-rom-com-Says-Director/2014/02/06/article2040367.ece#.Uv93ZPsrlz4|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501233355/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Om-Shanti-Oshana-is-a-Straightforward-rom-com-Says-Director/2014/02/06/article2040367.ece#.Uv93ZPsrlz4|url-status=dead}}</ref> His film ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' received positive reviews and grossed around ₹200 crores<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Jude Anthany-Tovino Thomas' 2018 earned Rs 200 crore to become Malayalam's biggest hit. On Monday Masala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/2018-biggest-malayalam-hit-jude-anthany-joseph-tovino-thomas-rs-200-crore-2391934-2023-06-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612081915/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/2018-biggest-malayalam-hit-jude-anthany-joseph-tovino-thomas-rs-200-crore-2391934-2023-06-12 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=India Today |date=12 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> (US$25 million) at the box office to emerge as the highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time. On 27 September 2023, the film was chosen by the Film Federation of India as India's official entry for Best International Feature Film at the [[96th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Tovino Thomas and Jude Anthany Joseph's 2018 is India's official entry for Oscars 2024 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/tovino-thomas-and-jude-anthany-josephs-2018-is-indias-official-entry-for-oscars-2024-1246387 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927083115/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/tovino-thomas-and-jude-anthany-josephs-2018-is-indias-official-entry-for-oscars-2024-1246387 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jude Anthany Joseph was born Sijo Joseph. He legally changed his name to Jude Anthany Joseph in 2014, over his affinity towards [[Jude the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Radhika C.|title=I am officially Jude Anthany Joseph!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-am-officially-Jude-Anthany-Joseph/articleshow/45382846.cms|accessdate=1 February 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2014}}</ref> He is graduated in B-tech Electronics & Communication Engineering from LBS Engineering College, Kasaragod in 2005. Jude married Diyana Ann James on 14 February 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jude Anthany gets married|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jude-Anthany-gets-married/articleshow/46243447.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Film career==
He started his film career with ''[[Crazy Gopalan]]'' (2008). After that he was assistant director in Malayalam films, ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' (2010) and ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' (2012). He has also directed two short films, one named ''Yellow Pen ''(2012) in which [[Aju Varghese]] played the lead role, and the other based on Malayalam movie actor [[Mammootty]]'s life, titled ''Mammookka's Biography''. Even though the short film was completed in 2011, this was released to public through [[YouTube]] only in February 2014. The short film went viral in a short time and garnered around 59,000 views in a span of one month.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ode to Mammootty|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ode-to-mammootty/article5709618.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref> He made his directional movie debut through the Malayalam movie ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]'' which was released in February 2014. His second film ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'' was released in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=In the company of grandmothers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/jude-anthany-joseph-on-his-forthcoming-film-oru-muthashi-gada/article8560542.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

in 2025, his next film ''Thudakam'' will mark debut of Vismaya Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Santanu Das |title=Mohanlal's daughter Vismaya all set to make acting debut with Jude Anthany Joseph's Thudakkam; actor pens heartfelt note |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/mohanlals-daughter-vismaya-all-set-to-make-acting-debut-with-jude-anthany-josephs-thudakkam-actor-pens-heartfelt-note-101751380881484.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=en-In}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mohanlal's daughter Vismaya Mohanlal set to make her acting debut with Thudakkam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-daughter-vismaya-set-to-make-her-acting-debut-with-thudakkam-10100049/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=en-In |date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

==Other works==
He also supports the campaign called 'Karigar Apnao Sanskriti Bachao Abhiyan' ('Adopt an Artisan, Save our Culture') for underprivileged artisans and has created a video for them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jude Anthany Joseph supporting Uthhan's Karigar Apnao Sanskriti Bachao Abhiyan|url=https://www.facebook.com/203999799730478/videos/2926320117596000|publisher=Facebook}}</ref> He paid for a home for the homeless in Kerala in the scheme created by Dr [[M.S. Sunil]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|date=2018-03-07|title=Charity 'home maker' gets her due on women's day|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/charity-home-maker-gets-her-due-on-womens-day/article22971013.ece|access-date=2021-01-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As director===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year!! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]'' || Co-written with [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'' || Also screenwriter
|-
| 2017 || ''No Go Tell'' || Short film<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-21 |title=Nivin Pauly's short film No Go Tell is about keeping our children safe |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-pauly-short-film-no-go-tell-is-about-keeping-our-children-safe-4622827/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Sara's]]'' || Release on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Co-written with Akhil P. Dharmajan
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| [[Thudakkam]]}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-30 |title=Vismaya Mohanlal's acting debut Thudakkam launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/30/vismaya-mohanlals-acting-debut-thudakkam-launched |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As writer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Ashakal Aayiram]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-01 |title=Jayaram, Kalidas Jayaram's 'Ashakal Aayiram' cleared for release with 'U' certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-kalidas-jayarams-ashakal-aayiram-cleared-for-release-with-u-certificate/articleshow/127841226.cms |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Premam]]'' || Dolly D'Cruz ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2016 || ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Shinto ||
|-
||''[[Vettah]]''||Director ||
|-
||''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]''|| Young Janardhana Kurup / Brilly ||
|-
||''[[Thoppil Joppan]]''|| Thomaskutty ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017||''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]''|| Vijnanakoshy ||
|-
|| ''[[Pokkiri Simon]]''||Prisoner||
|-
|Rowspan=4|2018|| ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || Peeyush ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || Prakashan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' ||Brahmin||
|-
|| ''[[Ennaalum Sarath..?]]'' ||Sreekanth||
|-
|Rowspan=3|2019
|''[[Love Action Drama]]''
|Driver Shinoj||
|-
|| ''[[Manoharam (2019 film)|Manoharam]]'' ||Sudheendran||
|-
|| ''Vattamesha Sammelanam'' ||Chandru||
|-
|2021|| ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || Aneesh||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2022 || ''Varayan'' || Fr. Aju ||
|-
| ''Trojan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || Manu ||
|-
| ''[[Udal (film)|Udal]]'' || Reji/Jerry ||
|-
| ''[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]'' || Vengayam (Policeman) ||
|-
| ''[[Sundari Gardens]]'' || Karnan Raghav ||
|-
| ''My Name is Azhakan'' || Subin ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Voice of Sathyanathan]]'' || Gireesh ||
|-
| ''[[Masterpeace (TV series)|Master Peace]]'' || Fr. Savourias || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] web series
|-
| ''Dance Party'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhama Dhama song from Dance Party ft Shine Tom Chacko, Prayaga Martin is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/dhama-dhama-song-from-dance-party-ft-shine-tom-chacko-prayaga-martin-is-out-49350.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Abin||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meera Jasmine and Narain's Queen Elizabeth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Mandakini (2024 film)|Mandakini]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Benny||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=Althaf Salim-Anarkali Marikar starrer Mandakini gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/06/althaf-salim-anarkali-marikar-starrer-mandakini-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam trailer promises a gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-trailer-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Aap Kaise Ho]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Aap Kaiso Ho gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-aap-kaiso-ho-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mindiyum Paranjum]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-07-21 |title=Mindiyum Paranjum picked at Indian film festival, Alberta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Jul/21/mindiyum-paranjum-picked-at-indian-film-festival-alberta-2596872.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year!! Title !! Director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014||''Nakshathrangalude Rajakumaran''|| rowspan="2" | Himself || Mammootty Biography
|-
|''Yellow Pen''
|
|-
|2020||''Mattoru Kadavil Kuliscene 2''|| Rahul K Shaji || Lead Actor, Sequel of Kuliscene Shortfilm
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year!! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
|2018–19||''Dance Kerala Dance''||Judge|| Zee Keralam
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;font"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-

|rowspan="2"|2014
|Mohan Raghavan Memorial Award
|Best Script
|rowspan="3"|''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-

|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
|Best Debutant Direction
|{{won}}
|
|-

|2015
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
|{{won}}
|
|-

|2024
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
|''[[2018 (film)|2018]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6272974}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Jude Anthany}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Maanavan

2026-03-11T08:10:04Z

Nelle8556383481:

{{short description|1970 film by M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maanavan poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| story = Balamurugan
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[R. Muthuraman]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| cinematography = T. M. Sundara Babu V. Selvaraj
| editing = M. A. Thirumugam M. G. Balu Rao R. Thyagarajan C. Dhandayudhapani
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = [[Dhandayudhapani Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1970|7|10}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maanavan''''' ({{Translation|Student}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Coming of age film|coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]] and produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] under Dhandayudhapani Films. The scripts were written by Balamurugan. The film starred [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] with [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Nagesh]] and [[Sachu]] in supporting roles. [[Kamal Haasan]] appears only for a dance sequence along with [[Kutty Padmini]]. Hassan returns to Cinema as a teen actor after a seven-year hiatus. The film also marks the debut of many character actors and comedians like Pandu, [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] among others.

== Plot ==
Kathiresan is the son of Parvathi, a maid at the [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] president's (O.A.K.Thevar) house and her husband (S.A.Ashokan) is a cattle herder. In a fight about gambling debts, his father kills a man and runs away with the police on his tail. He is later found and sent to jail for life imprisonment. Ravi, the son of Panchayat president of Salaiyur village in [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput District]], is Kathiresan's classmate. Ravi bullies Kathiresan and is not good at studies, while Kathiresan excels in it. Being jealous of this, the Panchayat president wants Kathiresan to quit studying and be a cattle herder. But Parvathi is intent on Kathiresan being educated and relocates to [[Chennai|Madras]]. She becomes a maid in a school and a worker in a rice mill. With great difficulty Kathiresan studies well and gets admitted to a college. To help pay his fees, he works as a Cycle Rickshaw puller on the side.

Ravi, who grew up to be a playboy, is enrolled in the same college as Kathiresan.
Kathiresan and Shanthi, who is the college-going daughter of Judge Satyamurthy, fall in love with each other. He passes his M.A with distinction and gets a job as a lecturer in the same college while preparing for his [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] entrance exams, which Ravi dislikes. Ravi finally gets dismissed from college due to his bad behavior. In revenge, he kills a student, Mani, and frames Kathiresan.

Ravi is ultimately found responsible for the murder and sent to the same jail as Kathiresan's father for life imprisonment. Kathiresan becomes an IAS officer and ends up coming to the same jail for inspection.

Kathiresan's father is released from jail and learns that his son is now an IAS officer. Ravi's father tries to assassinate Kathiresan with a bomb at a village function but is saved by Kathiresan. They are all reunited.

The comedy track is provided by Ramu (a rickshaw puller turned car driver) and his lover.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Kathiresan
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Ravi
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Shanthi
*[[Nagesh]] as Ramu
*[[S.A. Ashokan]] as Kathiresan's father
*[[Sowkar Janaki]] as Parvathy
* [[Major Sundararajan]] as Judge Satyamurthy
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as College principal
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Ravi's father / Panchayat president
* [[Sachu]] as Ramu's wife
*[[Master Prabhakar]] as Young ravi
* [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as School teacher
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Mayandi
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Dimki<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Tamil comedian Pandu passes away due to Covid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/06/tamil-comedian-pandu-passes-away-due-to-covid-2299112.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515114831/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/06/tamil-comedian-pandu-passes-away-due-to-covid-2299112.html |archive-date=15 May 2021 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as Ravi's friend
* [[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Bus passenger
* [[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Student
* [[Jayakumari]]
*Master Krishnakumar as Young kathiresan
*Radhabhai

;Guest appearances in the song "Visiladichan Kunjugala"
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Student<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2019 |title=கமல் திரைப்பயணம்: 6 முதல் 60 வரை |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2019/nov/10/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-6-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-60-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-3276235.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113223922/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2019/nov/10/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-6-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-60-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-3276235.html |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Kutty Padmini]] as Student<ref name="Kungumam">{{Cite web |last=Padmini |first=Kutty |author-link=Kutty Padmini |date=31 March 2014 |title=கமல் இயக்கிய டெலிஃபிலிம்! |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6833&id1=67&issue=20140331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210522065053/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6833&id1=67&issue=20140331 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanavan (1970) |url=http://mio.to/album/Maanavan+(1970) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911080343/http://mio.to/album/Maanavan+(1970) |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=29 August 2016 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> The song "Chinna Chinna Pappa" urges people not to be slow or stubborn, also not to sleep in the day or forget their service to society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2021 |title=Lyricist who wrapped a message in a song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lyricist-who-wrapped-a-message-in-a-song/articleshow/82250032.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lyricist-who-wrapped-a-message-in-a-song/articleshow/82250032.cms |archive-date=15 May 2021 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
|'''Title'''||'''Lyricist''' ||'''Singer(s)''' ||'''Length'''
|-
|"Chinna Chinna Pappa"
|Tirchy Thyagarajan
|[[P. Susheela]]
|03:52
|-
|"One and Two Mudhal"
|Tirchy Thyagarajan
|[[L. R. Eswari]]
|
|-
|"Kalyaana Ramanukkum"
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], P. Susheela
|03:26
|-
|"Visiladichan Kunjugala"
|Mariappa
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela
| 03:40
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Maanavan'' was released on 10 July 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanavan (1970) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/maanavan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114081216/https://screen4screen.com/movies/maanavan |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it "obviously an attempt to educate the students to be on their best behaviour". The reviewer praised the performances of the actors, saying Sowcar Janaki "stands out amongst the cast" while Muthuraman "puts in a breezy performance".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 1970 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700718&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Malabar Muslims

2026-03-05T18:27:49Z

Nelle8556383481: new

{{pp|small=yes}}

{{about|Malabar Muslims or Jonaka Mappilas|other uses of the title Mappila|Mappila (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Malabar Muslims of Kerala and Lakshadweep
| image = Cheraman Juma Palli (ചേരമാൻ ജുമാ പള്ളി).jpg
| caption = Cheraman Juma Masjid, the first mosque built by Malabar Muslims
| population = {{Circa|'''6 million'''|lk=yes}} (2011)<ref name="thehindu.com" /><ref name="Miller1"/>
| popplace = [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]],<ref>{{cite book
| author = William Logan | year=1887
| title= Malabar Manual (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up
}}</ref> [[Tulu Nadu]],<ref name="Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha 1996">Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha. Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India. Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, 1996.P- '''ix''' . {{ISBN|81-86668-06-3}}
First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973</ref> [[Kodagu]], [[Kerala Gulf diaspora|States of Persian Gulf]]<ref>''Gulf Dream: For Indians The Golden Beaches Still gleam'', [[Malayala Manorama]] Yearbook 1990;</ref>
| related = [[Beary]], [[Kodava Maaple]], [[Malayali]]s, [[Marakkar]]s, [[Sri Lankan Moors]], [[Hadharem]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| languages = [[Malayalam]] ([[Arabi Malayalam]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kuzhiyan |first=Muneer Aram |title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India |type=PhD |date=2015 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506 |publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad |hdl=10603/213506}}</ref>
| religions = [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
{{Islam}}
{{Islam in India}}
'''Malabar Muslims''' or '''Muslim Mappilas''' are members of the [[Muslim]] community found predominantly in [[Kerala]] state and the [[Lakshadweep]] islands in Southern India. The term Mappila (Ma-Pilla) is used to describe Malabar Muslims in Northern Kerala.<ref name=Zupanov>{{cite book|last=Županov|first= Ines G.|author-link=Ines G. Županov| year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nix4M4dy7nQC|title=Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)|page=99 and note|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=0-472-11490-5}}</ref><ref name="Miller1">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |authorlink=Roland E. Miller |title=Mappila Muslim Culture |date=27 April 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=xi |isbn=978-1-4384-5601-0}}</ref><ref name=Panikkar>{{cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. N. |authorlink=K. N. Panikkar |title=Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19562-139-6}}</ref><ref name="census_2016_religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=Population by religious community – 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Muslims share the common language of [[Malayalam]] with the other religious communities of Kerala.<ref name="brill">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ]. pp. 458–56.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent.aspx?pagenum=0&id=1077 |title=Oh! Calicut! |website=Outlook Traveller |access-date=2012-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715200049/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent.aspx?pagenum=0&id=1077 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }} December, 2009</ref>

According to some scholars, the Malabar Muslims are the oldest settled native Muslim community in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Miller1" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/> In general, a Muslim Mappila is a descendant of [[Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|lower caste]] natives who converted to Islam.<ref name="HafizMohamadNP">Hafiz Mohamad, N. P. "Socioeconomic determinants of the continuity of matrilocal family system among Mappila Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/11310]</ref><ref name="PPRazakAbdul">P. P., Razak Abdul "Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/13105]</ref> Mappilas are but one among the many communities that form the Muslim population of Kerala. No census report where the Muslim communities are mentioned separately is available.<ref name="KunhaliV">{{Cite journal |last=Kumhali |first=V. |date=1986 |title=Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144513374.pdf |journal=PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=December 2024}}

The Muslim community originated primarily as a result of West Asian contacts with Kerala, which was fundamentally based upon commerce ("[[Spice trade|the spice trade]]").<ref name=Panikkar /> As per local tradition, [[Islam]] reached the [[Malabar Coast]] and Kerala as early as the 7th century AD.<ref name="brill" /> Before being overtaken by the Europeans in the spice trade, Malabar Muslims were a prosperous trading community, settling mainly in the coastal urban centres of Kerala. The continuous interaction of Mappilas with the [[Middle East]] has created a profound impact on their life, customs, and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique Indo-Islamic synthesis—within the large spectrum of Kerala culture—in literature, art, food, language, and music.<ref name="brill" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |author-link=Roland E. Miller |article=Mappila |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=VI |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1988 |pages=458–66}}</ref>

Most Muslims in Kerala follow the [[Shafi'i school]], while a large minority follow movements such as [[Salafi movement|Salafism]].<ref name="brill1" /><ref name=":0">{{cite web | title=Kerala Public Service Commission | website=Home 2 | url=https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198 | access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref> Contrary to a popular misconception, the [[Caste|caste system]], like in other parts of [[South Asia]], does exist among the Muslims of Kerala. (Although all Muslims are allowed to worship in all Kerala mosques, certain communities are held in "lower status" to others.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/sep/01/caste-system-exists-among-muslims-though-not-overtly-2027243.html | title=Caste system exists among Muslims though not overtly | date=31 August 2019 }}</ref> A number of different communities, some of them having distant ethnic roots, exist as status groups in Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV2">Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986) [http://ir.amu.ac.in/2736/1/T%205242.pdf]</ref> Among the Mappilas, there are numerous social groups. Various factors such as intermarriage, migration and conversion had led to creation of these groups, these groups were Sayyids (Thangals), [[Koya (Malabar)|Keyis (Koyas)]], Baramis, Themims, [[Pusalan|Pusalars]], and [[Ossan|Ossans]] found in different regions of Kerala.<ref name="Lakshmi"/>

==Terminology==
The name ''Mappila'', otherwise transliterated as Māppila or Moplah, is a straightforward transliteration of the contemporary [[Malayalam]] lexeme. Although its etymology is not established, it is usually assumed to have originally been an honorific, created by combining mahā ("great") with piḷḷa ("child").<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Abraham |first=Santhosh |title=Mappilas |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-36192.xml?rskey=9PejGe |access-date=2025-02-06 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, the name was given to foreign visitors and immigrants, including [[Christians|Christian]], [[Jews]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] as "''Nazrane Mappila''" and "''Juda Mappila''", respectively, either as a general term of respect or in a technical sense to mean "bridegroom" or "son-in-law."<ref name=":7" /> The second sense implies a practice of intermarriage, a reading which is supported by current vernacular usage in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dialects.<ref name=":6" />

Other hypotheses, including those of an [[Arabic people|Arabic]] etymology, have been proposed, but are not generally accepted. Mappila later became a name for the native [[Muslims|Muslim]] community of Malabar, although it is still used sporadically of Syrian Christians who live in South Kerala.<ref name=":6" />

==Demographics and distribution==
=== Demographics ===
According to the 2011 census, about one-quarter of Kerala's population (26.56%) are Muslims.<ref name="Miller1" /> The calculated Muslim population (2011) in Kerala state is 88,73,472. The number of Muslims in rural areas is only 42,51,787, against an urban population of 46,21,685.<ref name="thehindu.com">T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus" ''The Hindu'' August 26, 2015 [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/5472-of-population-in-kerala-are-hindus/article7581145.ece]</ref><ref name="Miller1" />

=== Distribution ===
[[File:Distribution of Muslim population in Kerala (2011 Census of India).svg|thumb|left|350px|Distribution of [[Muslim]]s in [[Kerala]] – District-wise.]]
The number of Muslims is particularly high in the northern Kerala (former [[Malabar District]]).<ref name="Miller1" /> Mappilas are also found in [[Lakshadweep]] islands in the Arabian Sea.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> The Mappilas inhabiting the islands of Androth, Kavaratti, Agatti and Kalpeni in the [[Lakshadweep]] were descended from Hindu migrants from the mainland who had converted to Islam in the fourteenth century.<ref name="Lakshmi"/> A small number of Malayali Muslims have settled in the southern districts of [[Karnataka]], while the scattered presence of the community in major cities of [[India]] can also be seen.<ref name=":1">"Remittances and its Impact on the Kerala Economy and Society – International Migration, Multi-local Livelihoods and Human Security: Perspectives from Europe, Asia and Africa", Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands, 30–31 August 2007</ref> When the British supremacy on Malabar District was established, many Mappilas were recruited for employment in plantations in [[Burma]], [[Assam]] and for manual labor in [[South East Asia]]n concerns of the British Empire.<ref name="KunhaliV" /> Diaspora groups of Mappilas are also found in Singapore and Malaysia.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> Furthermore, a substantial proportion of Muslims have left Kerala to seek employment in the Middle East, especially in [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name=":1" />

The [[2011 Census of India]] collected data on the district-wise distribution of the Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Population By Religious Community – 2011 Census of India|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Census of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! {{nowrap|District wise map of Kerala }}
!'''District'''
!'''Total Pop'''
!'''Muslims'''
!'''% of Pop'''
!'''% of Muslims'''
|-
|rowspan ="15"| [[File:Political map of Kerala.svg|300px]]
|[[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]]
|1,307,375
|486,913
|37.24%
|5.49%
|-
|[[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|2,523,003
|742,483
|29.43%
|8.37%
|-
|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|817,420
|234,185
|28.65%
|2.64%
|-
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|3,086,293
|1,211,131
|39.24%
|13.65%
|-
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|4,112,920
|2,888,849
|70.24%
|32.56%
|-
|[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|2,809,934
|812,936
|28.93%
|9.16%
|-
|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|3,121,200
|532,839
|17.07%
|6.00%
|-
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|3,282,388
|514,397
|15.67%
|5.80%
|-
|[[Idukki district|Idukki]]
|1,108,974
|82,206
|7.41%
|0.93%
|-
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|1,974,551
|126,499
|6.41%
|1.43%
|-
|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|2,127,789
|224,545
|10.55%
|2.53%
|-
|[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|1,197,412
|55,074
|4.60%
|0.62%
|-
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|2,635,375
|508,500
|19.30%
|5.73%
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|3,301,427
|452,915
|13.72%
|5.10%
|-
|'''All districts'''
|'''33,406,061'''
|'''8,873,472'''
|'''26.56%'''
|'''100.0%'''
|}

=== Portuguese distinctions ===
The Muslims present in Kerala were distinguished by the Portuguese historians into two groups:
* Mouros da Terra ("Moors of the Land").
* Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca ("Moors from Arabia/Mecca").
The latter, also known as the "Paradesi Muslims", in fact came from all over the Islamic world.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Subrahmanyam2" /> They included Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, Turks, Iraqis, Gujaratis, Khorasanis and Deccanis (and Melakans, Sumatrans, Bengalis).<ref name="Subrahmanyam2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wqMWl6sSwwC|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Sanjay|date=1998-10-29|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521646291|language=en}}</ref> These Muslims were not unsettled navigators but had settled in Kerala. Historians hold differing views on the origin of the Mappila community, with no consensus on the matter.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shameer T.A. |title=Colonial Modernity and Diffusion of Power: Identity and Community Formation among Mappilas of Malabar |journal=Method & Theory in the Study of Religion |volume=34 |issue=1–2 |pages=107|year=2022 |doi=10.1163/15700682-12341536 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/mtsr/34/1-2/article-p105_7.xml |accessdate=2025-02-06|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A Mappila is either,

# A descendant of any native convert (vast majority were [[Nair]], [[Ezhava]]r, [[Thiyya]]r, [[Pulaya]]r, [[Mukkuvar (India)|Mukkuvar]] and [[Brahmin]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=MAPPILA|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0673|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0673|url-access=subscription}}</ref>) to Islam<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roland E. |first=Miller |title=Mappila muslim culture |date=2016 |publisher=State Univ Of New York Pr |isbn=978-1-4384-5600-3 |oclc=960234907}}</ref> (or)
# A descendant of a marriage alliance between a [[Middle Eastern]] individual and a native low caste woman<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=MAPPILA|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0673|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0673|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

According to [[Duarte Barbosa]], a Portuguese commercial agent, Mappilas were an indigenous Muslim community and displayed cultural affinity with Hindu castes like [[Nayars]]. He also made a distinction between them and ''Pardeshis'', who were mostly wealthy expatriate Arab merchants and not permanent residents of Kerala.<ref name="Dale" >{{cite journal | last=Dale | first=Stephen F. | title=Trade, Conversion and the Growth of the Islamic Community of Kerala, South India | journal=Studia Islamica | publisher=[Brill, Maisonneuve & Larose] | issue=71 | year=1990 | issn=0585-5292 | jstor=1595642 | pages=155–175 | doi=10.2307/1595642 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1595642 | access-date=2025-02-06| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Stephen Dale]] states that [[Duarte Barbosa|Barbosa]] accurately "identified the two aspects of Muslim-Hindu social relations," which were the primary causes of the growth of Muslim society in later centuries when the number of Arab traders had dwindled with the arrival of the Portuguese and other European powers in the Indian Ocean. These two aspects were conversion and intermarriage, he argued that "the Heathen, if displeased with anything at all, become Moors." He also noted the frequency of multiple marriages among Muslims and their concubinage of lower-caste women as having served as the genesis of a local Malayalam speaking Mappila society.<ref name="Dale"/>

Till the 16th century, as noticed by the contemporary observers, Muslims settled mainly along the coastal tracts of Kerala (especially in major Kerala ports such as [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (Kozhikode), [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (Kannur), [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanore]] (Tanur), Funan ([[Ponnani]]), Cochin (Kochi) and [[Kollam|Quilon]] (Kollam)).<ref name="PPRazakAbdul" /><ref name="Nossiter" /> They were traditionally elite merchants who were all part of the brisk foreign trade.<ref name="PPRazakAbdul" /> Until well into the European period, the Muslims were almost exclusively concentrated in the port cities.<ref name=":3" /> Middle Eastern sailors had to rely on lighterage at most of the Kerala ports in the medieval period. This led them to enter into mutually beneficial relationships with the traditional sea fishermen community. A large majority of fishermen, once low-caste Hindus, in northern Kerala now follow Islam.<ref name=":3" />

=== Inland Growth ===
According to Dale, the "great majority" of conversions to Islam "must have come from lower castes," as lower castes, feeling degraded by the caste system, had the most reasons to convert, corroborating Zayn al-Din al-Malibari's attribution of conversion as the reason behind the rapid growth of Muslim settlements on the Malabar Coast.<ref name="Dale"/> After and during the Portuguese period, some of the Muslim merchants were forced to turn inland (Malabar) in search of alternative occupations to commerce.<ref name="Nossiter" /> Some acquired land and became landowners and some became agricultural labourers.<ref name="KunhaliV" /> Between 16th and 20th centuries, the collective Mappila numbers increased rapidly in Malabar and Travancore and Kochi regions, chiefly by the conversion among the lower and 'outcaste' Hindu groups of the [[South Malabar]] interior.<ref name="Nossiter" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Razak |first=P.P. Abdul |title=From Communitas to the Structure of Islam: The Mappilas of Malabar |date=2007 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147898 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=68 |pages=895–911 |jstor=44147898 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The peak of the Muslim distribution in Kerala had gradually shifted to the interior Malabar District.<ref name="PPRazakAbdul" /> William Logan, comparing the Census Reports of 1871 and 1881, famously concluded that within ten years some 50,000 people from the [[Pulayar|Cheruma]] community (former untouchables) converted to Islam.<ref name="KunhaliV" /> Muslim growth in the 20th century has considerably outpaced that of the general Kerala population due to higher birth rates.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /><ref name="KunhaliV" />

=== British distinctions ===
During the British period the so-called Mappila Outbreaks, ''c.'' 1836–1921 led the officials to make and maintain a distinction between the interior Mappilas and the 'respectable' Mappila traders of the coastal cities, such as [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. The two other regional groupings are the high-status Muslim families of [[Kannur|Cannanore]] in North Malabar — arguably converts from high caste Hindus — and the Muslims of [[Travancore]] and [[Cochin]].<ref name="Nossiter">{{cite book |last=Nossiter |first=Thomas J. |authorlink=Thomas Nossiter |title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation |publisher=C. Hurst and Company |year=1982 |pages=23–25 |isbn=9780905838403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDlh-RIqrfoC}}</ref> The Colonial administrates also kept a distinction between coastal and inland Mappilas of the [[South Malabar]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /><ref name="Nossiter" />

* [[Thangal]]s (the [[Sayyid]]s) – at the top were the aristocratic Tangals (the Sayyids), who claim descent from the family of [[Muhammad]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin |author-link=Robin Jeffrey |title=Politics, Women and Well Being: How Kerala Became 'a Model'|publisher=Palgrave McMillan|year=1992|isbn=978-0-333-54808-0|pages=112}}</ref>
* Landed Aristocracy - the Arabis were followed by the landed aristocracy, centred on [[Kannur|Cannanore]], [[North Malabar]], arguably converts from high caste Hindus.<ref name="Nossiter" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" />
* Lastly, there were the converts from the Backward and Scheduled Hindu castes (such as the South Malabar interior Mappilas, Pusalars/Puyislans and the [[Ossan]]s).<ref name="Nossiter" /><ref name="PPRazakAbdul" />

==History==

=== Arrival of Islam in Kerala and Lakshadweep===

[[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Ancient [[Silk Road]] map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).|right]]
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|300x300px|Schools of thought among Muslims]]
Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to [[Sumer|Sumerian records]] and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/of-kerala-egypt-and-the-spice-link/article5625620.ece |first=Kaavya |last=Pradeep Kumar |work=The Hindu |title=Of Kerala, Egypt, and the Spice link |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006">{{Cite book|title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala|last1=Chattopadhyay|first1=Srikumar|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8069-294-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC|last2=Franke|first2=Richard W.}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Kerala's spices attracted ancient [[Arab]]s, [[Babylonians]], [[Assyria]]ns and [[Egyptians]] to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. [[Phoenicians]] established trade with Kerala during this period.<ref name="Menon57">{{cite book |author=A Sreedhara Menon |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA57 |access-date=10 October 2012 |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |pages=57–58}}</ref> [[Arab]]s and [[Phoenicians]] were the first to enter [[Malabar Coast]] to trade [[Spice]]s.<ref name="Menon57"/> The Arabs on the coasts of [[Yemen]], [[Oman]], and the [[Persian Gulf]], must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other [[Eastern world|eastern countries]].<ref name="Menon57"/> They must have brought the [[Cinnamon]] of Kerala to the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Menon57"/> The Greek historian [[Herodotus]] (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolised by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.<ref name="Menon57"/>

Islam arrived in [[Malabar Coast]], a part of the larger [[Indian Ocean]] rim, via spice and silk traders from the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Menon57"/> It is generally agreed among scholars that Middle Eastern merchants frequented the [[Malabar Coast]], which was the link between the West and ports of East Asia, even before Islam had been established in Arabia.<ref name="MayaramPandian2005">{{cite book|author1=Shail Mayaram|author2=M. S. S. Pandian|author3=Ajay Skaria |title=Muslims, Dalits, and the Fabrications of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CNgU3OcyL4C&pg=PA39|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2005|publisher=Permanent Black and Ravi Dayal Publisher|isbn=978-81-7824-115-9|pages=39–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A.|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA506|date=2010-05-19|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=506}}</ref> The western coast of India was the chief centre of Middle Eastern trading activities right from at least 4th century AD and by about 7th century AD, and several West Asian merchants had taken permanent residence in some port cities of the Malabar Coast. According to popular tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to [[Lakshadweep]], situated just to the west of [[Malabar Coast]], by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of [[Andrott]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|publisher=lakshadweep.nic.in|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514235511/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable Muslim population in the coastal towns of [[Kerala]]. Arab writers such as Masudi of Baghdad (934–955 AD), Idrisi (1154 AD), Abul-Fida (1213 AD) and al-Dimishqi (1325 AD) mentions the Muslim communities in Kerala.<ref name="PPRazakAbdul" /> Some historians assume that the Mappilas can be considered as the first native, settled Islamic community in South Asia.<ref name="Kupferschmidt1987" /><ref name="Kulakarṇī1996">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA54|title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi|author=A. Rā Kulakarṇī|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7154-579-7|pages=54–55|access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

The Southwestern Coast of India was known as "Malabar" (a mixture of ''Mala'' and Arabic or Persian ''Barr'', most probably) to the West Asians. Persian scholar [[al-Biruni]] (973–1052 AD) appears to have been the first to call the region by this name. Masudi of Baghdad (896–965 AD) speaks about the contacts between Malabar and Arabia. Authors such as Ibn Khurdad Beh (869 – 885 AD), Ahmad al Baladhuri (892 AD), and Abu Zayd of Ziraf (916 AD) mentions Malabar ports in their works.<ref name="KMMohammad">Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–234.</ref> [[File:Syrian copper plates - Kollam (c. 883 AD).jpg|thumb|Quilon Syrian Copper Plate (c. 883 AD) |294x294px]]Scholar C. N. Ahammad Moulavi has mentioned that he has seen at Irikkalur near Valapattanam a tombstone bearing the date 670 AD/Hijra 50 (it seems that the tombstone is now lost).<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/> Inscriptions found on a tombstone on the beach outside the Juma'h Mosque in Panthalayani Kollam record the death of one Abu ibn Udthorman in Hijra 166. The mosque itself contains two medieval royal charters, one on a block of granite built into the steps of the mosque tank and another one a loose stone lying outside, of the Kodungallur Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD). The position of the royal Chera charter (in Old Malayalam) inside the mosque suggests that the city belonged to the Muslims or included them or came into their possession at a later stage.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/><ref name="KunhaliV" /><ref name="KMMohammad" /> A few Umayyad (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from Kothamangalam in the eastern part of Ernakulam district.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/>

The earliest major epigraphic evidence of Muslim merchants in Kerala is a royal charter by Ayyan Atikal, the powerful governor of Kollam under the Chera king of Kodungallur. The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Quilon Syrian Copper Plate]] (c. 883 AD, "the Tabula Quilonensis"<ref name=":3">Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast''. Cambridge University Press, 2018.</ref>) is written in Old Malayalam in Vatteluttu script, and concludes with a number of "signatures" in Kufic Arabic, Middle Persian in Pahlavi script and Judaeo-Persian. The charter shows Atikal, in presence of the royal representative from Kodungallur (prince Kota Ravi Vijayaraga) and regional civil and military officials, granting land and serfs to the Tarisapalli, built by Mar Sapir Iso, and conferring privileges on [[Anjuvannam|Anchuvannam]] and [[Manigramam]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> The attestation to the copper plates in the [[Kufic script]] reads: "[And witness] to this Maymun ibn Ibrahim, Muhammad ibn Manih, Sulh [?Salih] ibn 'Ali, 'Uthaman ibn al-Marzuban, Muhammad ibn Yahya, 'Amr ibn Ibrahim, Ibrahim ibn al-Tayy, Bakr ibn Mansur, al-Qasim ibn Hamid, Mansur ibn 'Isa and, Isma'il ibn Ya'qub". The presence of non-Christian signatures and the names found in the charter prove that the associates of Mar Sapir Iso included Jews and Muslims too. Muslim Arabs and some Persians must have formed permanent settlements at Kollam by this period. The charter gives proof of the status and privileges of trading guilds in Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV" /><ref name="KMMohammad" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> "Anjuvannam", mentioned in the copper plate, was a merchant association composed Christians, Jews and Muslims.<ref name=":3" />

In keeping with Kodungallur's significant role in the spice trade, the legends of Kerala Christians, Jews and Muslims all depict this port city as the focal point for the spread of their respective faiths. According to the legend of Cheraman Perumal, or as per one version of it, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> Perumal's proselytisers, led by Malik ibn Dinar, established a series of mosques in his kingdom and north of it, thus facilitating the expansion of Islam in Kerala.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /><ref name="KMMohammad" /> It is assumed that the first recorded version of this legend is an Arabic manuscript of anonymous authorship known as "[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]".<ref name=":3" /> While there is no concrete historical evidence for this tradition, there can be little doubt of the early Muslim presence, and of the religious tolerance based on economic imperatives, on the Malabar Coast.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> The account of conversion of Islam by the then Cheraman Perumal is generally considered apocryphal by mainstream scholars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prange|first=Sebastian R.|title=Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|date=2018-05-03|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-42438-7|page=2}}</ref>

'''First mosques of Malabar according to the ''Qissat Shakarwati Farmad'''''<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref>

According to the ''Qissat'', the first mosque was built by Malik ibn Dinar in Kodungallur, while the rest of the mosques were founded by Malik ibn Habib.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Location
!Qadi
|-
|Kalankallur ([[Kodungallur]])
|Muhammad ibn Malik
|-
|Kulam ([[Kollam]])
|Hasan ibn Malik
|-
|Hili ([[Madayi]])
|'Abd al-Rahman ibn Malik
|-
|Fakanur/Makanur ([[Barkur]])
|Ibrahim ibn Malik
|-
|Manjalur ([[Mangalore]])
|Musa ibn Malik
|-
|Kanjarkut ([[Kasaragod]])
|Malik ibn Muhammad
|-
|Jurfatan/Jirfatan ([[Kannur|Cannanore]])
|Shahab al-Din ibn 'Umar ibn Muhammad ibn Malik
|-
|Darmaftan ([[Dharmadom|Dharmadam]])
|Hussayn ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani
|-
|Fandarinah ([[Koyilandy|Panthalayani]])
|Sa'd al-Din ibn Malik al-Madani
|-
|Shaliyat ([[Chaliyam]])
|Zayn al-Din ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani
|}
It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an [[Old Malayalam]] inscription written in a mixture of ''[[Vatteluttu]]'' and [[Grantha script]]s which dates back to the 10th century CE.<ref name="Okay">Aiyer, K. V. Subrahmanya (ed.), ''South Indian Inscriptions.'' VIII, no. 162, Madras: Govt of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 1932. p. 69.</ref> It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a [[Hindu]] king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the [[Muslim]]s of Kerala.<ref name="Okay"/> The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the [[Madayi Palli|Madayi Mosque]] records its foundation year as Hijra 518 (1124 AD).<ref name="Madayi">{{cite book
| author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1908
| title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press |pages=423–424
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /><ref name="KunhaliV" /><ref name="KMMohammad" /> The mosque in the heart of the old Chera capital, the [[Cheraman Juma Mosque|Kodungallur Mosque]], has a granite foundation exhibiting 11th–12th century architectural style.<ref name="KunhaliV" /><ref name="KMMohammad" />

=== Growth of Islam in Kerala ===
The Middle Eastern Muslim traders and Kerala mercantile community went through a long period of peaceful intercultural growth till the arrival of the Portuguese explorers (early 16th century).<ref name="Miller1" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> [[Kollam|Quilon (Kollam)]] in south Kerala was the southernmost of the Kerala ports associated with black pepper. It served as the region's gateway to the eastern Indian Ocean. East and Southeast Asia were the primary markets for Kerala's main export, the spices, until at least the c. 15th century. In 1403, it seems that, the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] court first learned of the existence of [[Malacca]] from one pepper merchant, a Muslim believed to have come from the Malabar Coast.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Miller1" />

According to Miller, from the very beginning, Hindu outcastes preferred working under wealthy Arab merchants, as this imposed fewer restrictions on them than they would have faced as outcastes.<ref name="Lakshmi"/> Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]]h (14th century) has recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala.<ref name="Miller1" /> Immigration, intermarriage and missionary activity/conversion — secured by the common interest in the spice trade — helped in this development.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> The monopoly of overseas spice trade in the Arabian Sea was safe with the Arab and Persian shipping magnates from the Malabar Coast.<ref name="Shokoohy2003-144">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovxq8enmRKUC&pg=PA144|title=Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)|author=Mehrdad Shokoohy|date=29 July 2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-30207-4|pages=144|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> Fortunes of these merchants depended on the political patronage of the native chiefs of Calicut (Kozhikode), Cannanore (Kannur), Cochin (Kochi), and Quilon (Kollam).<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> The chiefs of these tiny kingdoms derived a great part of their revenue from taxing the spice trade.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> A 13th century granite inscription, in Old Malayalam and Arabic, at [[Muchundi Mosque]] in Calicut mentions a donation by the king to the mosque. The inscription is the only surviving historical document recording royal endowment by a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ruler, in the form of a grant, to the Muslim community in Kerala.<ref name="Narayanan2017">M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017) {{ISBN|978-81-8267-114-0}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of [[Kozhikode|Calicut (Kozhikode)]] as the major port city in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of Calicut, such as that of the port commissioner, were held by Muslims. The port commissioner, the "shah bandar", represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Batttutah mentions Shah Bandars in Calicut and Quilon (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar). The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean. The famous nakhuda Mishkal who possessed ships for the trade with China, Yemen and Persia was active in Calicut in the 1340s. But unlike in some of the other regions of the Indian Ocean, in Kerala, it seems that the nakhudas did not held any positions of commercial, communal leadership.<ref name=":3" /> The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal, near Cannanore, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="MorseStephens1897" /> Zayn al-Din Makhdum (c. 1498–1581) estimates that 10% of the population of Malabar was Muslim by the midpoint of the 16th century AD.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> Samarqandi said that in Calicut he met Muslims among the "horde of infidels", and that both kings and beggars wear the same thing but that the Muslims wear fine clothing in the Arab fashion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_uMBAAAQBAJ&dq=mughal+hindustani+men+of+the+sword&pg=PA7 |page= 8 |title=Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India: Bihar, 1760s-1880s |author=Nitin Sinha |date=2014 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-311-4 }}</ref>
[[File:Early Muslim Settlements.jpg|thumb|left|Early Arab settlements in Kerala up to 1496]]

The Middle Eastern Muslims controlled the lucrative western arm of the overseas long-distance trade (to the ports of the [[Red Sea]], and the [[Persian Gulf]]) from the Malabar Coast. Export items across the Arabian Sea included spices such as pepper, ginger and cardamom, trans-shipped textiles, coconuts and associated products. Gold, copper, and silver, horses, silk and various aromatics were imported into Kerala. The native Muslims dominated the trade to Pegu, Mergui, Melaka (in Myanmar and Malaysia) and points east, and the Indian coastal trade (Canara, Malabar, [[Ceylon]], Maldives and Coromandel Coast, and other [[Bay of Bengal]] shores) with the Chettis from [[Coromandel Coast]]. Muslims, with Gujarati Vanias, also took part in the trade with ports of Gujarat.<ref name="Subrahmanyam2">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DZciX6WxgUC|title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Sanjay|date=2012-04-30|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470672914|language=en}}</ref> The Indian coastal trade included goods such as coconuts, coir, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and rice. Rice was a major import item into Kerala, from the Canara and the Coromandel Coast. Low-value but high-volume trade in foodstuffs that passed through the Gulf of Mannar was also handled by the native Muslims.<ref name=":2" />

According to Stephen Dale, upcountry trade was carried mostly by Mappilas, many lower caste Hindus from the local countryside converted to [[Islam]] in the settlements established by them.<ref name="Lakshmi">{{cite book | last=Lakshmi | first=L. R. S. | title=The Malabar Muslims: A Different Perspective | publisher=Foundation Books | date=2012-01-01 | isbn=978-81-7596-935-3 | doi=10.1017/upo9788175969353.003|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/malabar-muslims/hadhrami-roots/9E52547B28973D0D9D69EFA37879C316|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-malabar-muslims/F26EDB7064CA23DCB78124EA370763C6|chapter=The Hadhrami Roots|page=8–15}}</ref>

The women from fisher and mariner castes often intermarried with Arabs. Andre Wink states that extensive conversion to Islam took place due to the history of trade, seafaring, and interaction with the Arabs. The Mukkuvans were among the communities that converted to Islam, becoming known as Pusalars.<ref name="Lakshmi"/> Dale concludes that, in contrast to the influence of Sufis and other popular movements in the spread of Islam across the Asia, the Mappilas instead gradually grew through "peaceful conversion" due to the contradiction between a "dynamic, egalitarian mercantile" Muslim community and the "exceptionally conservative" version of the Hindu caste system.<ref name="Dale"/>

=== The European period ===
[[File:City of Cannanore, 1572.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kannur]] (Cannanore) in northern Kerala in the 16th century. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] and the native rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala.|339x339px]]

In the past, there were many Muslim traders in the ports of Malabar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muhammed |first=Hedayuthabdulla|title=kabir:The Apposaitle of Hindu Muslim Unity|date=January 2009|publisher=Motilal Banarasidess|page=47|isbn=9788120833739}}</ref> Following the [[Age of Discovery|discovery of a direct sea route]] from [[Europe]] to [[Kozhikode]] in [[1498]], the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between [[Ormus]] and the [[Malabar Coast]] and south to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]].<ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author = Knox, Robert | author-link = Robert Knox (sailor) | year = 1681 | title = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon | pages = 19–47 |publisher = Reprint. Asian Educational Services | place = London| title-link = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon }}</ref> In the first two decades of [[16th century]] CE (c. 1500–1520), Portuguese traders were successful in reaching in agreements with the local Hindu chiefs and native Muslim (Mappila) merchants in Kerala. The major contradiction was between the Portuguese state and the Arab and Persian traders, and the Kingdom of Calicut.<ref name=":2" /> In January [[1502]], the [[First Battle of Cannanore]] between the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|Third Portuguese Armada]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin]] under [[João da Nova]] and Zamorin of [[Kozhikode]]'s navy marked the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the [[Indian Ocean]]. The big Mappila traders in Cochin supplied large quantities of Southeast Asian spices to the Portuguese carracks.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Subrahmanyam2" /> These traders, along with the Syrian Christians, acted as brokers and intermediaries in the purchase of spices and in the sale of the goods brought from Europe.<ref name="Subrahmanyam2" />
Wealthy Muslim merchants of the Malabar Coast – including Mappilas – provided large credits to the Portuguese. These businessmen received large trading concessions, stipends and privileges in return. Interaction between the Portuguese private traders and Mappila merchants also continued to be tolerated by the Portuguese state.<ref name=":3" /> Kingdom of Calicut, whose shipping was increasingly looted by the Portuguese, evolved into a centre of Muslim resistance.<ref name=":3" /> In February [[1509]], the defeat of the joint fleet of the [[Mahmud Begada|Sultan of Gujarat]], the [[Burji dynasty|Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt]], and the [[Saamoothiri|Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] with support of the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] marked the beginning of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] dominance of the [[Spice trade]] and the [[Indian Ocean]].

Sooner rather than later, tensions arose between the wealthy Mappila traders of Cannanore and the Portuguese state. The ships of the Cannanore Mappilas again and again fell prey to the Portuguese sailors off the coast of Maldives, an important point between Southeast Asia and the Red Sea. Interests of the Portuguese ''casado moradores'' in Cochin, now planning to capture the spice trade through the Gulf of Mannar and to Sri Lanka, came into the conflict with Mappilas and the (Tamil) Maraikkayars. The narrow gulf held the key to the trade to Bengal (especially Chittagong).<ref name=":2" /> By the 1520s, open confrontations between the Portuguese and the Mappilas, from Ramanathapuram, and Thoothukudi to northern Kerala, and to western Sri Lanka, became a common occurrence.<ref name="MorseStephens1897">{{cite book|author=Henry Morse Stephens|title=Albuquerque|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31226/31226-h/31226-h.htm|series=[[Rulers of India series]]|year=1897|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1524-3|chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The Mappila traders actively worked in even in the island of [[Sri Lanka]] to oppose the Portuguese. The Portuguese maintained patrolling squadrons off the Kerala ports and continued their raids on departing Muslim fleets at Calicut and Quilon.<ref name="Subrahmanyam2" /> After a series of naval battles, the once powerful Mappila chief was finally forced to sue for peace with the Portuguese in 1540. The peace was soon broken, with the assassination of the qazi of Cannanore Abu Bakr Ali (1545), and the Portuguese again came down hard on the Mappilas. In the meantime, the Portuguese also entered into friendship with some of the leading Middle Eastern merchants residing on the Malabar Coast (1550). The mantle of the Muslim resistance was now taken by the Ali Rajas of Cannanore, who even forced the king of Calicut to turn against the Portuguese once again.<ref name=":2" /> By the close of the 16th century, the Ali Rajas had emerged as figures with as much influence in Kerala as the Kolathiri (Chirakkal Raja) himself.<ref name="Subrahmanyam2" /> [[File:Minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to da Gama (1524).jpg|thumb|Kolattiri Raja's minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to da Gama (1524)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |title=Clio and her descendants: Essays for Kesavan Veluthat |publisher=Primus Books |year=2017 |location=Delhi |pages=123–125 |chapter=Document 9: ANTT, Cartas Orientais No. 47- Chenicheri Kurup to the Viceroy Vasco da Gama, in "Letters from Kannur, 1500–50: A Little Explored Aspect of Kerala History" |author-link=Manu V. Devadevan |access-date=10 September 2022 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37554146}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sousa |first=João de |url=https://archive.org/details/documentosarabi00lisbgoog/page/n18/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Documentos Arabicos |publisher=[[Lisbon Academy of Sciences|Academia das Ciências de Lisboa]] |year=1790 |location=Lisbon |pages=4–5 |language=Portuguese |chapter=Da mesmo Governador escrita ao Almirante D. Vasco da Gama Vice-Rei da India |trans-chapter=From the same Governor written to Admiral Dom Vasco da Gama, Viceroy of India |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/viewer?id=3908228 |title=PT/TT/CART/891.1/47: Carta de Guinguir, Guazil de Cananor |year=1524 |location=Lisbon |pages=1 |language=Arabic |access-date=10 September 2022 |via=[[Torre do Tombo National Archive|AN/TT]]}}</ref>|235x235px]]Before the 16th century, Middle Eastern Muslims dominated the economic, social and religious affairs of Kerala Muslims. Many of these merchants fled Kerala in the course of the 16th century. The vacuum created economic opportunities for some Mappila traders, who also took on a greater role in the social and religious affairs in Malabar.<ref name=":3" /> The Portuguese tried to establish a monopoly in the spice trade in India, using violent naval warfare.<ref name="Subrahmanyam1998">{{cite book|author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3bu058pI4C&pg=PA294|access-date=26 July 2012|date=29 October 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64629-1|pages=293–294}}</ref><ref name="Shokoohy2003-147">{{cite book|author=Mehrdad Shokoohy|title=Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovxq8enmRKUC&pg=PA144|access-date=30 July 2012|date=29 July 2003|publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-30207-4|page=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfbNcIXQwSAC&pg=PA181|title=The Edinburgh review: or critical journal – Sydney Smith, Lord Francis Jeffrey Jeffrey, Macvey Napier, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, William Empson, Harold Cox, Henry Reeve, Arthur Ralph Douglas Elliot (Hon.) |year=1922 |publisher=A. Constable |access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> Whenever a formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Calicut rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala. Small, lightly armed, and highly mobile vessels of the Mappilas remained a major threat to Portuguese shipping all along the west coast of India.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Subrahmanyam2" /> Mappila merchants, now controlling pepper trade in Calicut in the place of the West Asian Muslims, drew Mappila corsairs and used them to transport the spices past Portuguese blockades. Some Mappila traders even tried to outwit the Portuguese by reorienting their trade to Western Indian ports. Some chose an overland route, across the Western Ghats, for the export of spices.<ref name=":3" /> By the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese were finally able to deal with the "Mappila challenge". Kunjali Marakkar was defeated and killed, with the help of the Calicut ruler, in c. 1600 AD. The Ali Rajas of Cannanore was given permission to send ships to even to the Red Sea, as a way of ensuring their cooperation.<ref name=":2" /> The relentless battles led to the eventual decline of the Muslim community in Kerala, as they gradually lost control of the spice trade. The Muslims — who had been depended solely on commerce — were reduced into severe economic perplexity. Some traders turned inland (South Malabar) in search of alternate occupations to commerce. The Muslims of Kerala gradually became a society of small traders, landless labourers and poor fishermen. The once affluent, and urban, Muslim population became predominantly rural in Kerala.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /><ref name="Nossiter" />

The ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' written by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] (born around 1532) of [[Ponnani]] during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in [[Arabic]] and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] alongside the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonise [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="Noorani">{{cite web |author=AG Noorani |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |title=Islam in Kerala |access-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221021629/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref> It was first printed and published in [[Lisbon]]. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
Books [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm]</ref><ref>Roland E. Miller.
''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015</ref> ''Tuhfatul Mujahideen'' also describes the history of Mappila [[Muslim]] community of Kerala as well as the general condition of [[Malabar Coast]] in the 16th century CE.<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011"/> For decades, the Malabari Mappila Muslims which representing the Mughal empire are already patronized [[Aceh Sultanate]].<ref name="Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka">{{cite book |author1=Leonard Y. Andaya |author-link= Leonard Y. Andaya |title=Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka |date=January 22, 2008 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824831899 |pages=121–122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7AqZR1ZUZgC |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=En |format=Hardcover |quote=... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by}}</ref>

The [[Kingdom of Mysore]], ruled by Sultan [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]], invaded and occupied northern Kerala in the late-18th century.<ref name="Elgood1995">{{cite book|author=Robert Elgood|title=Firearms of the Islamic World: in the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epaMx7jSZjIC&pg=PA164|access-date=25 July 2012|date=15 November 1995 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-85043-963-9|pages=164–}}</ref> In the following Mysore rule of Malabar, Muslims were favoured against the high caste Hindu landlords. Some were able to obtain some land rights and administrative positions. There was a sharp increase in community's growth, especially through conversions from the "outcaste" society. However, such measures of the Mysore rulers only widened the communal imbalance of Malabar. The East India Company — taking advantage of the situation — allied with the Hindu high castes to fight against the occupied regime. The British subsequently won the [[Anglo-Mysore War]] against Mysore ruler [[Tipu Sultan]] and, consequently, Malabar was organised as a district under [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="Kurien2002">{{cite book|author=Prema A. Kurien|title=Kaleidoscopic Ethnicity: International Migration and the Reconstruction of Community Identities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMmSFw8G4wgC&pg=PA51|access-date=25 July 2012|date=7 August 2002|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3089-5|pages=51–}}</ref>

[[File:മലബാറിലെ മാപ്പിള (1926 - 1933).jpg|thumb|center|A Mappila from Malabar District (1926–1933)|339x339px]]

Conversion to [[Islam]] continued into the [[British Raj|British period]]. In the 1871 census report, the Cherumars numbered 99,000, but in the following decade, their population dwindled to 64,725. The Cherumars, a [[Low-caste Indians|low-caste Hindu]] peasant group, were mass-converted to [[Islam]] by Mappila peasants during the Mappila uprisings. L. R. S. Lakshmi states that the census report attributed this decline to conversions, which could be explained by the "poor economic conditions" among the Cherumars, who saw "possible work incentives available within the flourishing Mappila community." Despite converting to [[Islam]], they continued to occupy a lower social position in the Mappila hierarchy.<ref name="Lakshmi"/>

The discriminatory land tenure system — tracing its origins to pre modern Kerala — gave Muslims of Kerala (and other tenants and labourers) no access to land ownership.<ref name="Miller1" /> This led to a series of violent attacks against the high caste landlords and colonial administration (the Mappila Outbreaks, ''c.'' 1836–1921<ref name="Nossiter" />) and in 1921–22; it took in the form of an explosion known as [[Mappila Rebellion|Mappila Uprising (Malabar Rebellion)]].<ref name="Kurien2002" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/04/109821285.pdf | work=The New York Times|title=Moplahs a Menace for Several Years — Malabar Fanatics Said to Have Been Emboldened by Shifting of British Troops | date=4 September 1921}}</ref> The uprising — which initially had the support of [[Indian National Congress]] leaders such as [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]]- was suppressed by the colonial government, with [[martial law]] being temporarily instituted in the region and the leaders of the rebellion tried and [[Capital punishment|executed]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/>

=== Post-colonial era ===
The Muslim material strength — along with the extent of modern education, theological "reform", and active participation in democratic process — recovered slowly after the 1921–22 Uprising. The Muslim numbers in provincial and central government posts remained staggeringly low. The Mappila literacy rate was only 5% in 1931. Even by 1947, only 3% of the ''taluk'' officers in Malabar region were Muslim.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/>

The community was able to produce a number of high-regarded leaders in the following years. This included [[Mohammed Abdur Rahiman]], and [[E. Moidu Moulavi]] of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], and most crucially, the inspirational [[K. M. Seethi Sahib]] (1898–1960). Although the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] faded into memory in the rest of India, it remained a serious political force in the state of Kerala with leaders such as [[Syed Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal]], P. M. S. A. [[Pukkoya Tangal]], and [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/> K. O. Ayesha Bai, a member of Muslim community, the first Muslim women to rise to public fame in modern Kerala, became the Deputy Speaker of the Communist [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Assembly]] in 1957.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/>

Active participation in the state elections gave rise to a psychology of accommodation that took the Muslims into cooperate relationships with Hindus and Christians of Kerala. The Communist-lead Kerala government granted the wish of the Muslim League for the formation of a Muslim majority district in 1969.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /> [[University of Calicut]], with the former [[Malabar District]] being its major catchment area, was established in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/|title=Official website of Calicut University – Home|website=www.universityofcalicut.info|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111210221/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Calicut International Airport]], currently the twelfth busiest airport in India, was inaugurated in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kozhikodeairport.com/#|title=Kozhikode Calicut International Airport (CCJ)|website=www.kozhikodeairport.com|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Silver-jubilee-does-not-bring-cheer-to-Karipur-airport-users/articleshow/12498757.cms|title=Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref> An [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|Indian Institute of Management]] (IIM) was established at Kozhikode in 1996 and [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|National Institute of Technology]] in 2002.<ref name="About IIM K">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/about/about.php|title=The Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508141700/http://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/about/about.php|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=10 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Modern Mappila theological revisions and social reforms were initiated by Wakkom Maulavi (1873–1932) in Kollam. The Maulavi was initially influenced by Muḥammad 'Abduh and Rashīd Riḍā, and to some degree by the ideas of Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb. He notably encouraged the Mappilas to adopt English education.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/> Notable reformers such as K. M. Seethi Sahib (1898–1960), Khatib Muhammad [[K. M. Maulavi]] (1886–1964), E. K. Maulavi (1879–1974) and M. K. Haji carried his work forward to the modern age. K. M . Maulavi tried to spread the new ideas of southern Kerala to the more orthodox Malabar region. C. O. T. Kunyipakki Sahib, Maulavi Abussabah Ahmedali (died 1971), K. A. Jaleel, [[C. N. Ahmad Moulavi]], and K. O. Ayesha Bai were other prominent social and political reformers of the 20th century. An organisation known as the [[Muslim Educational Society]] (MES), founded in 1964 by P. K. Abdul Ghafoor and friends, also played a role in the development of the community. ''Aikya Sangham'' (founded in 1922, Kodungallur) and [[Farook College]] (founded 1948) also promoted the higher education among the Muslims.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" />

A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]] in the following years (beginning in the mid-1960s). This widespread participation in the Gulf Rush produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. Great influx funds from the earnings of Mappilas employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment and educational backwardness began to change.<ref name="Miller1" /> The Mappila community is now considered as section of Indian Muslims marked by recovery, change and positive involvement in the modern world. Mappila women are now not reluctant to join professional vocations and assuming leadership roles.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/> As per the latest government data, female literacy rate in [[Malappuram District]], centre of Mappila distribution, stood at 91.55% (2011 Census).<ref>{{cite web | title=Literacy Rate 2011 | website=Government of Kerala, India | date=2019-08-14 | url=https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/literacy-rate-2011 | access-date=2019-08-14 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814231402/https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/literacy-rate-2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu Group]] chairman [[Yusuff Ali M.A.|M. A. Yusuf Ali]], 19th richest man in India, is the richest Malayali, according to the Forbes magazine (2018).<ref>"Yusuf Ali is the richest Malayali and he is richer than Donald Trump" ''Malayala Manorama'' March 2018 [https://english.manoramaonline.com/business/news/2018/03/07/yusuf-ali-is-the-richest-malayali-and-he-is-richer-than-donald-t.html]</ref> [[Azad Moopen]], chairman of the Dubai-headquartered [[Aster DM Healthcare]], is another major Muslim entrepreneur from Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | title=TOI's top 10: World's richest Malayalis | website=The Times of India | date=2015-06-04 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/TOIs-top-10-Worlds-richest-Malayalis/articleshow/47535831.cms | access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref> During his state visit to Saudi Arabia in 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented the Saudi king Salman with a gold-plated replica of the Kodungallur Mosque.<ref name=":3" />

Ever since in the Indian Independence from the British in 1947, the overwhelming majority of Muslims in former Malabar District have supported the [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]. In south Kerala, the community generally supported [[Indian National Congress]] and in the north Kerala a small proportion vote Communist Left. Politically, the Muslims in Kerala have exhibited more unanimity than any other major communities in modern Kerala.<ref name="Nossiter" />

==Nair Muslims and Marumakkathayam==
Muslim converts from the [[Nair]] caste in North Malabar (Including some parts of Kozhikode),<ref>Nawas, Hysom (1997). Muslim History of North Malabar. p. 23.</ref> particularly during the medieval period, continued to practice aspects of the Nair matrilineal system, known as [[Marumakkathayam]] (or Thaavazhi), even after conversion to Islam. This system, which traced descent and inheritance through the female line, centered around the Tharavadu (ancestral home), with the Karanavar (maternal uncle) serving as the head of the family. Despite Islamic law advocating an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] system of inheritance, many of these converted families, especially in the Malabar region, retained matrilineal customs for several generations, reflecting the deep influence of pre-Islamic social structures. Over time, with the increasing influence of Islamic norms, most of these families gradually transitioned to an egalitarian system, though elements of the matrilineal system persisted in some communities, highlighting the complex interaction between cultural traditions and religious practices in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marumakkattayam And Aliyasantana System |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/mds.htm#:~:text=The%20definition%20of%20Marumakkathayam%20in,by%20Marumakkathayam%20Law%20of%20Inheritance. |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">Koya, S. M. Mohamed (1979). "Matriliny and Malabar Muslims". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 40, pp. 419–431.</ref>
== Theological orientations/denominations ==
Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional [[Shafi'i|Shāfiʿī]] school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist Sunnis) while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within [[Sunni Islam]]. The latter section consists of majority [[Salafi movement|Salafists (the Mujahids)]] and the minority [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="brill1">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 pp. 458–56.</ref>

The Sunnis referred here are identified by their conventional beliefs and practices and adherence to the [[Shafi‘i|Shāfiʿī]] [[madhhab]], while the other theological orientations, of which the Salafi Mujahids constitute a large majority, are seen as modern "reform" movements within the Sunni Islam. Both the Sunnis and Mujahids again have been divided to a number of sub-identities.<ref>Shajahan Madampat, "Malappuram Isn't Mini Kashmir" ''Outlook'' 21 August 2017 [https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/malappuram-isnt-mini-kashmir/299195]</ref><ref name="brill1" />
* [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī Islam]]<ref name=":21">[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/2788279.pdf Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India] Modern Asian Studies</ref>
**[[Shafi'i|Shāfi'ī]]<ref name=":21"/>— mainly two groups (majority of traditional Sunnis in Kerala are Shafi{{ayin}}is).
**[[Hanafi|Ḥanafī]]
*[[Salafi movement|Salafists (the Mujahids)]]—with different splinter factions (with varying degrees of puritanism).<ref name=":21"/> [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen]] (K. N. M) is the largest Mujahid organisation in Kerala.<ref name=":21" />
*[[Islamism|Islamists]] ([[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|the Jama'at-i-Islami India]])—representing [[political Islam]] in Kerala.<ref name=":21"/>
* [[Shia Islam|Shīiah Islam]]

==Culture==
===Literature===

Mappila Songs/Poems is a famous [[folklore]] tradition emerged in ''c.'' 16th century. The ballads are compiled in complex blend of Malayalam/Tamil and Arabic, Persian/Urdu in a modified Arabic script.<ref name="hindu_may09">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050719690300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107014307/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050719690300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Preserve identity of Mappila songs|date=7 May 2006|access-date=15 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, as they sound a mix of the ethos and culture of Dravidian South India as well as West Asia. They deal with themes such as romance, satire, religion, and politics. Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1875–91) is generally considered as the poet laureate of Mappila Songs.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" />

As the modern Mappila literature developed after the 1921–22 Uprising, religious publications dominated the field.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/>

Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1910–1994), followed by, U. A. Khader, K. T. Muhammed, N. P. Muhammed and Moidu Padiyath are leading Mappila authors of the modern age. Mappila periodical literature and newspaper dailies — all in Malayalam — are also extensive and critically read among the Muslims. The newspaper known as "[[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]", founded in 1934, played as significant role in the development of the Mappila community.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/>

=== Malabar Muslim folk arts ===

* [[Oppana]] was a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslims of Kerala. It is generally presented by women numbering about fifteen including musicians, as a part of wedding ceremonies a day before the wedding day. The bride, dressed in all finery, covered with gold ornaments, is the chief spectator; she sits on a peetham, around which the singing and dancing take place. While women sing, they clap their hands rhythmically and move around the bride in steps. Two or three girls begin the songs and the rest join the chorus.
* [[Kolkali]] was a popular dance form among the Muslims of Kerala. It is played in group of 12 people with two sticks.
* [[Duffmuttu|Duff Muttu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WcJ7kNsdrA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/4WcJ7kNsdrA| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Madikeri, Coorg, "Gaddige Mohiyadeen Ratib" Islamic religious "dikr" is held once in a year. |date=21 May 2009 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=17 February 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (also called Dubh Muttu) was an art form prevalent among Muslims of Kerala, using the traditional ''duff'', or [[daf]], also known as ''tappitta''. Participants dance to the rhythm as they beat the duff.
* ''Mappila Ramayanam''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/when-ramlila-begins-with-a-wazu/articleshow/54758073.cms |access-date=2023-12-27 |title=Muslim Ramayana traditions of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 October 2016 }}</ref> ballad singing is prevalent amongst people who practice folkloric traditions in the Mappila community of Wayanad. Unlike usual religious interpretations, ''Mappila Ramayanam''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maddy06.blogspot.com/2011/01/mappila-lamayana.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227093131/https://maddy06.blogspot.com/2011/01/mappila-lamayana.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |title=Malabari Ramayan |date=8 January 2011 }}</ref> evokes cultural memories and is set in Malabar Muslim milieu.

===Cuisine===
{{See also|Thalassery cuisine}}
{{Multiple image
|align= centre
|direction = horizontal
|width= 150
|header_align = left/right/center
|footer_align = left/right/center
|header_background =
|footer_background =
|image1 = Pathiri.jpg
|caption1 = ''[[Pathiri]]'', a pancake made of [[rice flour]], is one of the common breakfast dishes in Malabar
|image2 = KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg
|caption2 = ''Kallummakkaya nirachathu'' or ''arikkadukka'' (mussels stuffed with rice)
|image3 = Chicken Biriyani with Raita.jpg
|caption3 = Thalassery ''biryani'' with ''[[curd]]''
|image4 = Calicut Halwa.jpg
|caption4 = Halwas are popular in towns like [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Ponnani]]
}}
The Mohammaden Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional [[Kerala]], [[Cuisine of Iran|Persian]], [[Yemeni cuisine|Yemenese]] and [[Arab]] food culture.<ref name="MC">{{Cite news|title=Straight from the Malabar Coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece|last=Sabhnani|first=Dhara Vora|date=June 14, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.<ref name="MC"/> ''Kallummakkaya'' ([[mussels]]) [[curry]], ''irachi puttu'' (''irachi'' meaning meat), ''parottas'' (soft flatbread),<ref name="MC"/> ''[[Pathiri]]'' (a type of rice pancake)<ref name="MC"/> and ''[[ghee]]'' rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—[[black pepper]], [[cardamom]] and [[clove]] are used profusely.

The [[Malabar District|Malabar]] version of ''[[Mandi (food)|Mandi]]'', popularly known as ''Pit Mandi'' in [[Malayalam]] is another popular item, which has an influence from [[Yemen]]. Various varieties of ''biriyanis'' like [[Thalassery biriyani|Thalassery ''biriyani'']], Kannur ''biriyani'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-23|title=Thalassery Chicken Biriyani|url=https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/thalassery-chicken-biriyani-recipe|access-date=2021-05-13|website=The Take It Easy Chef|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kozhikode ''biriyani''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shamsul|date=2016-05-07|title=Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe|url=https://www.cookawesome.com/calicut-biryani-recipe-kozhikodan-biriyani-recipe/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=CookAwesome|language=en-US|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001041102/https://www.cookawesome.com/calicut-biryani-recipe-kozhikodan-biriyani-recipe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Ponnani ''biriyani''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chicken_and_rosewater_70042|access-date=2021-05-13|website=BBC Food|language=en}}</ref> are prepared by the Mappila community.<ref name="MC"/>

The snacks include ''[[Unnakai|unnakkaya]]'' (deep-fried, boiled ripe [[banana]] paste covering a mixture of cashew, [[raisins]] and [[sugar]]),<ref name="MC_2">{{Cite news|title=Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece|last=Kurian|first=Shijo|date=July 2, 2014|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Pazham pori|pazham nirachathu]]'' (ripe banana filled with [[coconut]] grating, [[molasses]] or sugar),<ref name="MC_2"/> ''[[Fios de ovos|muttamala]]'' made of [[egg as food|eggs]],<ref name="MC"/> ''[[chatti pathiri]]'', a [[dessert]] made of flour, like a baked, layered ''chapati'' with rich filling, ''arikkadukka'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=Arikkadukka – Spicy Stuffed Mussels|url=https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Faces Places and Plates|language=en-US}}</ref> and more.<ref name="MC"/>

==See also==
*[[Arabi Malayalam script]]
*[[Beary language]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
| access-date = 3 December 2020}} (The English translation of the historic work [[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]] written about the society of Kerala by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] during sixteenth century CE)

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUYS0oAmBek BBC Hindi on Muslims in Kerala]

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mappila, Muslim}}
[[Category:Muslim communities of Kerala]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
{{notelist}}

Sunday (2008 film)

2026-03-03T11:54:06Z

Nelle8556383481: brief enhance section per sources further based on references

{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Sunday
| image = Sunday movieposter.jpg
| caption = Movie poster for ''Sunday''
| producer = Kumar Mangat Pathak Sunil Lulla
| writer = [[K. Subash]] [[Tushar Hiranandani]] [[Robin Bhatt]] [[Sajid-Farhad]] (dialogues) [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]]
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Ayesha Takia]] [[Arshad Warsi]] [[Irrfan Khan]]
| director = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''|[[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]] [[Shibani Kashyap]] [[Daler Mehndi]] [[Raghav Sachar]] M.Ali & Kami (Suroor - Pakistan Band) [[Amar Mohile]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| studio = [[Panorama Studios|Big Screen Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| cinematography = Aseem Bajaj
| editing = Steven H. Bernard
| gross =
| budget =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|01|25}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 130 minutes
}}

'''''Sunday''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Rohit Shetty]]. The film stars [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Ayesha Takia]], [[Arshad Warsi]] and [[Irrfan Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sunday/|title=Sunday|date=17 September 2012|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118230344/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sunday/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2005 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood remakes of South Indian films|url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/bollywood-remakes-of-south-indian-films-8551/slide/5|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=10 March 2012|archive-date=6 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906074225/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/bollywood-remakes-of-south-indian-films-8551/slide/5|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the city of [[Delhi]], a girl is murdered by an unseen killer. It is learnt that the killer was her fiance and had acquired evidence about her infidelity. Then, the story shifts to the life of Sehar, a voiceover artist. Sehar, who lives alone in a flat, has a friend named Ritu, who is a fashion designer. Sehar has a rare disorder - her memory blanks out, leaving her clueless about events that took place in a certain time period. Hence, she rarely socialises. But Ritu forcefully takes her to a nightclub.

Sehar had previously met [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] Rajveer Randhawa, a corrupt cop. Unknown to both, their mothers are old friends and want them to get married. Sehar has rejected Rajveer after knowing his truth, but he is smitten. Here, Sehar wakes up in her flat, and apparently nothing wrong has happened. But she soon learns that she has missed one whole day and she is being followed by a stranger. She runs into two characters, Ballu, a taxi driver asking her a trip fare about which she knows nothing, and Kumar, a wannabe actor who mistakes her for a ghost.

The plot thickens when Sehar hears some suspicious messages on her answering machine, making her realise that something sinister has happened during the missing Sunday, the day she recalls nothing about. Rajveer comes to rescue, but he comes to the same conclusion as hers. Tests show that Sehar was roofied - most probably in the nightclub, causing the whole problem. Ballu & Kumar turn out to be red herrings.

Rajveer finds the boys who roofied Sehar, but nothing concrete is found. Just as he is about to accept that Sehar might have killed someone, Sehar is attacked by some goons. The goons fail to kill her, but Rajveer realises that Sehar might have witnessed a murder. After reconstructing the events at the night out with Ritu, Rajveer finds out that Ballu had left her near a place where a youth was murdered.

Rajveer realises the implications and sets a trap for the goons. With the help of Ballu and Kumar, the goons are finally nabbed, and Rajveer learns the truth. He arrests the son of Khurana, a minister, for a double murder. An enraged Khurana demands an explanation. It is revealed that the girl murdered earlier was killed by Khurana's son. After killing her, he waited for a few days before killing his own friend, with whom the girl was cheating him. Unfortunately, Sehar was left nearby by Ballu. Khurana's son assumed that she saw the second murder; hence, he sent the goons to kill her.

Khurana's son protests until brought face to face with the goons. Khurana has his son arrested. With Sehar safe, the people are still clueless about Sehar's stalker - until the stalker shows himself. He reveals himself to be a taxi driver. It is revealed that after Khurana's son had seen Sehar, it was this taxi driver who saw Sehar. He realised that she was drugged and managed to get her back to her flat after finding her address. With this final mystery solved, Kumar narrates what happened with everybody: Rajveer and Sehar got married, Ballu now owns a car company, owning hundreds of cars and trucks, and Kumar has become a Bhojpuri superstar, showing that the story ended on a happy note.

==Cast==
* [[Ajay Devgan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Rajveer Randhava
* [[Ayesha Takia]] as Sehar Thapar
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Ballu
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Kumar Mangat
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as [[Inspector]] Anwar Rehman
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Chakki - Martial Arts Instructor
* [[Murli Sharma]] as the Mysterious Stalker
* [[Anjana Sukhani]] as Ritu Hirani
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Amit Khurana
* Deepak Qazir as Raj Khurana
* [[Manoj Chandila]] as Sanjay
* [[Shereveer Vakil]] as Aseem Bajaj
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] Special appearance in song "Manzar"
* [[Esha Deol]] Special appearance in song "Kashmakash"
* [[Robin Bhatt]] as Dr. Robin Bhatt
* Farid Amiri as Pardunam 'P.O.K.' Om Kumar
* Gulshan Rana as Vatsal Seth
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Hiren Shetty
* [[Swapnil Kotriwar]] as Journalist
* [[Sajid Samji]] as Pinky

==Production==

The shooting began from 10 March 2007, the first few days of shooting happened in [[Mumbai]] and then a 30 days schedule in Delhi from 18 March. The second and last schedule started from 22 May 2007 in Delhi and then continued in Mumbai and later in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. Lastly, a song was shot in Australia and the shooting was completed by 13 July 2007.

The film was shot at popular places in India like [[Pragati Maidan]], [[Red Fort|Lal Qila]], [[India Gate]], [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajay's Sunday a Telugu remake?|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2007/may/58903.htm|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|accessdate=2 February 2012|date=29 May 2007|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118231526/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2007/may/58903.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration !! Music !! Lyrics !! Picturised on
|-
|''Missing Sunday''
| Mahua Kamat, Earl Edgar
| 3:54
| [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| [[Sajid-Farhad]]
| [[Ayesha Takia]], [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Anjana Sukhani]]
|-
|''Pyar To Hona Hi Hai''
| Kamran Bari, Mohammad Ali (Suroor Band)
| 4:53
| Suroor Band
| Kamran Bari
| Ajay Devgan, Ayesha Takia
|-
|''Loot Liya''
| [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| 4:41
| [[Daler Mehndi]]
| Sajid-Farhad, Daler Mehndi
| Ayesha Takia, Irrfan Khan, Arshad Warsi
|-
|''Kashmakash''
| [[Shibani Kashyap]]
| 5:31
| Shibani Kashyap
| Virag Mishra
| [[Esha Deol]]
|-
|''Manzar''
| [[Raghav Sachar]]
| 3:50
| Raghav Sachar
| Sajid-Farhad
| Ayesha Takia, [[Anjana Sukhani]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
|-
|''Sunday Theme''
| Joy-Clint
| 3:50
| Amar Mohile
| Joy
|
|}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 3.5 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, SUNDAY is a well-made entertainer that has the potential to click with moviegoers."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sunday/critic-review/sunday-movie-review/|title=Sunday Review 3.5/5 | Sunday Movie Review | Sunday 2008 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=25 January 2008|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516163608/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sunday/critic-review/sunday-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conversely, [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5, writing, "Contrary to Shetty's hit comedy, Golmaal which was consistently funny, Sunday entertains as long as it tries to be funny but isn't sly enough to find a mention in the archive of whodunits."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/25sunday.htm|title=Sunday has comedy but no thrills|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209112531/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/25sunday.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20090126185917/http://sunday.erosentertainment.com:80/}}
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Rohit Shetty}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunday (2008 Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shibani Kashyap]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]
[[Category:Films scored by Daler Mehndi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raghav Sachar]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:2000s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rohit Shetty]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2008 comedy films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]

Gayatri

2026-02-21T07:08:48Z

Nelle8556383481: started new post first draft

{{short description|Personification of the Gayatri Mantra}}
{{for|Gayatri metre|Vedic metre}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Gayatri
| type = Hindu
| image = Gayatri1.jpg
| caption = Illustration by [[Raja Ravi Verma]]. In illustrations, the goddess often sits on a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] flower and appears with five heads and five pairs of hands, within the Tamil form of the sacred symbol "Om".
| Devanagari = गायत्री
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|gāyatrī}}
| god_of = Mother of the Vedas<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/gayatri | title=Gayatri, Gāyatrī, Gāyatri: 28 definitions | date=29 June 2012 }}</ref> Personification of the [[Gayatri Mantra]]
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Mahadevi]]
| abode = [[Satyaloka]]
| symbol = [[Vedas]]
| consort = [[Brahma]]
| mantra = [[Gayatri Mantra]]
| festivals = Gayatri Jayanti, Saraswati Puja
| mount = [[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]]
| member_of = [[Prakriti|Pancha Prakriti]]<ref>{{cite journal|title= The Purāṇas (A History of Indian Literature|url= https://www.academia.edu/26399308|author= Ludo Rocher|journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|year=1988|volume= 51|issue= 2|page= 355}}</ref>
| other_names = Saraswati, Savitri, Vedamata
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Gayatri''' ([[Sanskrit]]: गायत्री, [[IAST]]: Gāyatrī) is the personified form of the [[Gayatri Mantra]], a popular hymn from [[Vedic]] texts.<ref name="brad">{{cite book|last1=Bradley|first1=R. Hertel|last2=Cynthia|first2=Ann Humes|title=Living Banaras: Hindu Religion in Cultural Context|date=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791413319|page=286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-OYL6Khg0UC|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022316/https://books.google.com/books?id=r-OYL6Khg0UC|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also known as '''Savitri''', and holds the title of ''Vedamata'' ('mother of the Vedas'). Gayatri is the manifestation of [[Saraswati]] and is often associated with [[savitr|Savitṛi]], a solar [[Devi|deity]] in the Vedas, and her consort in the [[Puranas]] is the creator god [[Brahma]].<ref>Constance Jones, James D. Ryan (2005), ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Infobase Publishing, p.167, entry "Gayatri Mantra"</ref><ref>Roshen Dalal (2010), ''The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths'', Penguin Books India, p.328, entry "Savitr, god"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=288 | title=WIL Cologne Scan }}</ref>
Gayatri is also an epithet for the various goddesses and she is also identified as "[[Chaitanya (consciousness)|Supreme pure consciousness]]".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gāyatrī, the Highest Meditation |last=Das |first=Keshav |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |year=1990 |isbn=9788120806979 |pages=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb7fL6o-Ce0C&q=Goddess+gayatri}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Gayatri was the name initially applied to a metre of the [[Rig Veda]] consisting of 24 syllables.<ref name="ban"/> In particular, it refers to the [[Gayatri Mantra]] and the Goddess Gāyatrī as that [[mantra]] personified. The Gayatri mantra composed in this triplet form is the most famous. Most of the scholars identify Gayatri as the feminine form of Gayatra, another name of the Vedic Solar god which is also one of the synonyms of Savitri and Savitṛi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramachandra Rao|first1=Saligrama Krishna|title=R̥gveda-darśana: Gāyatri mantra|date=1998|publisher=Kalpatharu Research Academy|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pp8oAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022317/https://books.google.com/books?id=pp8oAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:ಶ್ರೀ ಗಾಯತ್ರಿ ದೇವಿ.jpg|thumb|left|135 px|A modern depiction of goddess Gayatri]]
Early bronze images of Gayatri appear in the [[Himachal Pradesh]], where she was revered as the consort of [[Sadasiva]].<ref name="oma">{{cite book | date=1992 | author=Omacanda Hāṇḍā | title=Śiva in art: a study of Śaiva iconography and miniatures | publisher=Indus Publication House}}</ref> Some of these forms are terrific in nature. One of the bronze images of Gayatri dated back to 10th century CE was obtained from [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Champa]] region and is now preserved in Delhi museum. It appears with five faces and ten hands holding, sword, lotus, trident, disc, skull, Varada in left and goad, noose, a manuscript, the [[Amrita|jar of ambrosia]] and Abhaya in right.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book |author=B.N. Sharma |title=Iconography of Sadasiva |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170372 |pages=25–29}}</ref> She resides in the mount [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]. Modern depictions illustrates [[Hamsa (bird)|swan]] as her mount. The old iconography of Shaivite Manonmani Gayatri was misunderstood as the same of Brahmanic Gayatri later and paintings of Gayatri appears from 18th century CE in which she is often portrayed with third eye, crescent moon and five heads with five different colors same like Sadasiva.

The well known form of Gayatri with the Saivite influence appears having five heads (Mukta, Vidruma, Hema, Neela, Dhavala) with the ten eyes looking in eight directions plus the earth and sky, and ten arms holding various types of weapons attributed to [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Brahma]]. Another recent depiction is accompanied by a white [[swan]] holding a book to portray knowledge in one hand and a cure in the other, as the goddess of learning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gayatri Mantra |url=http://www.vedicrishi.in/mantra/index/act/gayatri-mantra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225190732/http://www.vedicrishi.in/mantra/index/act/gayatri-mantra |archive-date=25 February 2018 |accessdate=7 February 2018 |website=Vedic Rishi |publisher=Vedicrishi Astro}}</ref> She is also depicted four-armed, seated on a swan, holding weapons symbolising the [[Trimurti]]: The [[Vedas]] of [[Brahma]], the [[Sudarshana Chakra|discus]] of Vishnu, the [[Trishula|trident]] of Shiva, and [[Varadamudra|Varada mudra]].

She also has an fearsome three-faced depiction; two faces look like that of goddess [[Kali]] and one calm one and holding weapons like the deity [[Mahakali]]. She is shown mounted on a [[Lotus flower|lotus]] holding lotus, noose, trident, Scimitar and vard mudra in right whereas conch, discus, bow-arrow, goad and abhaya mudra in left.

==Associations==
{{Cleanup section|reason=This section requires grammatical corrections, formatting, and standardisation of font.|date=September 2022}}
In [[Mahanarayana Upanishad]]{{efn|Taittirīya Araṇyaka Pariśiṣṭa 10.25}} of Krishna [[Yajurveda]], Gayatri is described as white-colored ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|श्वेतवर्णा}}, ''{{IAST|śvetavarṇā }}''), having the [[gotra]] of sage [[Viswamitra]] ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|सान्ख्यायनस गोत्रा}}, ''{{IAST|sānkhyāyanasa gotrā}}''), composed of 24 letters ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|चतुर्विंशत्यक्षरा}}, ''{{IAST|caturviṃśatyakṣarā}}''), three-footed ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|त्रिपदा}}, ''{{IAST|tripadā}}''), six-bellied ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|षट्कुक्षिः}}, ''{{IAST|ṣaṭkukṣiḥ}}''), five-headed ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|पञ्चशीर्षः}}, ''{{IAST|pañcaśīrṣaḥ}}'') and the one used in [[Upanayana]] of {{transliteration|sa|dvijas}} ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|उपनयने विनियोगः}}, ''{{IAST|upanayane viniyogaḥ}}'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://estudantedavedanta.net/Mahanarayana%20Upanishad%20-%20Swami%20Vimalananda%20%5BSanskrit-English%5Dc.pdf|title=Mahanarayana_Upanishad|work=[[Swami Vimalananda]]|pages=209–214|edition=2|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|year=1968|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=2016-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527195641/http://estudantedavedanta.net/Mahanarayana%20Upanishad%20-%20Swami%20Vimalananda%20%5BSanskrit-English%5Dc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

As mentioned in Taittiriya Sandhya Bhashyam, the three feet of Gayatri is supposed to represent the first 3 vedas (Ṛk, Yajus, Sāma). The six bellies are supposed to represent 4 cardinal directions, along with the two more directions, Ūrdhva ([[Zenith]]) and Adhara ([[Nadir]]). The five heads represent 5 among the [[Vedangas]], namely, [[vyākaraṇa]], [[śikṣā]], [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|kalpa]], [[nirukta]] and [[jyotiṣa]].<ref>Taittirīya Sandhyā Bhāṣyam, p.83, Sri Krishna Pandita, Vavilla Press (Chennai), 1916.</ref>

By citing from ''Gayatri Tantra'', the text ''Mantramahārṇava'' gives the significance of Gayatri's 24 letters and its representation that are given below.<ref name="Mantramahārṇava">Mantramahārṇava Devikanda (Hindi), Ramkumar Rai, Prachya Prakasan (Varanasi), 2000.</ref>

===24 Letters of Gayatri mantra===
Gayatri mantra has 24 letters. That is why it called as '' gāyatrī caturviṃśatyakṣarā'' (Sanskrit: गायत्री चतुर्विंशत्यक्षरा). They are 1.tat, 2.sa, 3.vi, 4.tur, 5.va, 6.re, 7.ṇi, 8.yaṃ, 9.bhar, 10,go, 11.de, 12.va, 13.sya, 14.dhī, 15.ma, 16.hi, 17.dhi, 18.yo, 19.yo, 20.naḥ, 21.pra, 22.cho 23.da and 24.yāt.

When counting the letters, the word ''vareṇyam'' is treated as ''vareṇiyam''. But, while chanting, it ought to be chanted as ''vareṇyam'' only.

===24 [[Rishis]] of Gayatri===
The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represents 24 Vedic Rishis. They are: 1.[[vamadeva|vāmadeva]], 2.[[atri]], 3.[[vaśiṣṭha]], 4.śukra, 5.[[kaṇva]], 6.[[parāśara]], 7.[[viśvāmitra]], 8.[[kapila]], 9.[[śaunaka]], 10.[[yājñavalkya]], 11.[[bharadwāja]], 12.[[jamadagni]], 13.[[gautama]], 14.[[mudgala]], 15.[[vyāsa]], 16.lomasa, 17.[[agastya]], 18.kauśika, 19.vatsa, 20.[[pulastya]], 21.manḍūka, 22.[[dūrvāsa]], 23.[[nārada]], and 24.[[kaśyapa]].

===24 [[Vedic meter|Meters]] of Gayatri===
The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 Vedic Meters (i.e. [[Chandas]]). They are: 1.gāyatri, 2.uṣnik, 3.[[anuṣṭubh]], 4.bṛhati, 5.paṃkti, 6.[[triṣṭubh]], 7.jagati, 8.atijagati, 9.śakvari, 10.atiśakvari, 11.dhṛti, 12.atidhṛti, 13.virāṭ, 14.prastārapaṃkti, 15.kṛti, 16.prakṛti, 17.akṛti, 18.vikṛti, 19.saṃskṛti, 20.akṣarapaṃkti, 21.bhūḥ, 22.bhuvaḥ, 23.swaḥ, 24.jyotiṣmati.

===24 Vedic [[Devatas]] of Gayatri===
The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 Vedic Devatas. They are: 1.[[agni]], 2.[[prajāpati]], 3.[[Soma (deity)|soma]], 4.īśāna, 5.savitā, 6. [[āditya]], 7.[[bṛhaspati]], 8. maitrāvaruṇa 9. [[bhaga]], 10.āryamaan, 11.[[gaṇeśa]], 12.tvaṣṭā, 13.pūṣā, 14. indrāgni, 15.vāyu, 16.vāmadeva, 17.maitrāvaruṇi 18. viśvedevā, 19. mātṛkā, 20.viṣṇu, 21.vasu, 22. [[rudra]], 23.[[kubera]] and 24.[[aśvins]]

The [[Padmapurana]] (in Sṛṣṭi Kānḍa) mentions 24 Adhi-Devatas (presiding deities) for each of the 24 letters of [[Gayatri mantra]]. They are 1.[[agni]], 2.[[vāyu]], 3.[[sūrya]], 4.[[ākāśa]], 5.[[yama]], 6.[[varuṇa]], 7.[[bṛhaspati]], 8.[[parjanya]], 9.[[indra]], 10.[[gandharva]], 11.[[Pushan|pūṣā]], 12. [[mitra]], 13.[[Tvastar|tvaṣṭā]], 14.[[vasu]], 15.[[Maruts|marut]], 16.[[Soma (deity)|soma]], 17.[[Angiras|āṅgiras]], 18.viśvedevā, 19.[[aśvins]], 20.[[prajāpati]], 21.[[akṣara]] ([[tattva]]), 22.[[rudra]], 23.[[brahma]] and 24.[[viṣṇu]].<ref>{{cite book|author=N. A. Deshpande|title=Padma Purana, Srishti Khanda|volume=2|url=https://archive.org/details/padma_purana_part2_english|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=1989}}</ref>

The ''Yoga yājñavalkya'' mentions 24 Devatas for each of the 24 letters of [[Gayatri mantra]]. They are 1.[[agni]], 2.[[vāyu]], 3.[[sūrya]], 4.īśāna, 5.[[āditya]], 6.[[Angiras|āṅgiras]], 7.pitri, 8. bharga, 9.āryamān, 10.[[gandharva]], 11.[[Pushan|pūṣā]], 12. maitrāvaruṇa, 13.[[Tvastar|tvaṣṭā]], 14.[[vasu]], 15.vāmadeva, 16.maitrāvaruṇi, 17.jñeya, 18.viśvedevā, 19.[[viṣṇu]], 20.[[prajāpati]], 21.sarvadevā, 22.[[kubera]], 23.[[aśvins]] and 24.[[brahma]].<ref>Gāyatryanuṣṭhānatattvaprakāśikā (Telugu), M. G. Subbaraya Sastri, Sriniketana Mudraksharasala (Chennai), 1904.</ref>

===24 Śaktis of Gayatri===
The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 [[Śakti]]s. They are: 1.vāmadevī, 2.priyā, 3.satyā, 4.viśwabhadrā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as ''viśwā''.}} 5.vilāsinī,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as ''bhadravilāsinī''.}} 6.prabhāvatī, 7.jayā, 8.śantā, 9.kāntā, 10.durgā, 11.saraswatī, 12.vidrumā, 13.viśālesā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as two; ''viśālā and īsā''.}} 14.vyāpinī, 15.vimalā, 16.tamopahārini, 17.sūkṣmā, 18.viśwayoni 19.jayā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as ''jayāvahā''.}} 20.vaśā, 21.padmālayā, 22.parāśobhā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as ''padmaśobhā''.}} 23.bhadrā, and 24. tripadā.

===24 [[Tattva (Shaivism)|Tattvas]] of Gayatri===
{{main|Tattva (Shaivism)#Twenty-four impure tattvas}}
{{see also|Prana#Vāyus}}
The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 Tattvas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.justforkidsonly.com/truth/?cat=1064 |title=Tattvas – 24 Elements « TRUTH – True Understanding of the Hinduism |access-date=2020-05-21 |archive-date=2020-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408115538/http://www.justforkidsonly.com/truth/?cat=1064 |url-status=live }}</ref> They are
# Five [[Pancha Bhoota|Bhūtas]], namely, pṛthivi (Earth), apas (Water), agni (Fire), vāyu (Air) and ākāśa (Sky).
# Five [[Tanmatras|Tanmātras]], namely, gandha (smell), rasa (taste), rūpa (form), sparśa (touch) and śabda (sound).
# Five Karmendriyas (i.e. motor organs), namely, upasthā (sexual organ), pāyu (anus), pāda (leg), pāni (hand) and vāk (mouth).
# Five Jñānendriyas (i.e. sense organs), namely, ghrāna (nose), jihvā (tongue), caksus (eye), {{transliteration|sa|italic=no|tvak}} (skin) and śrotra (ear).
# Four Vāyus (air), namely, Prāṇa, Apāna, Vyāna and Samāna

However, in classical definition of 24 tattvas, the last four are the ''antahkaranas'' (i.e. sense organs), namely, manas (mind), buddhi (intellect), citta (state of mind) and ahaṅkāra (ego).

===The Mudras of Gayatri===
{{main|mudra}}
{{see also|Sandhyāvandanam}}
The Gayatri mantra represents some mahāmudras (great hand gestures). They are 1. sumukha,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as ''sanmukha''}} 2. sampuṭa, 3. vitata, 4. visṛta, 5. dvimukha, 6. trimukha, 7. catuḥ, 8. pañcamukha, 9. ṣaṇmukha, 10. adhomukha, 11. vyāpakāñjali, 12. śakaṭa, 13. yamapāśa, 14. grathita, 15. sanmukhonmukha, 16. vilamba,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as ''pralamba''}} 17. muṣtika, 18. matsya, 19. kūrmah 20. varāhaka, 21. simhākrānta, 22. mahākrānta, 23. mudgara, 24. pallava, 25. triśūla, 26. yoni, 27. surabhi, 28. akṣamāla, 29. linga, 30. ambuja.{{clarify|no #23?|date=October 2020}}

Since, the first 24 are used before Gayatri Japa, they are traditionally referred as Pūrva Mudras.

== Legends ==
In some Puranas, Gayatri is said to be the other names of [[Sarasvati]], the wife of Brahma.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guru Granth Sahib an Advance Study|date=2002 |publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103219|page=294|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170103215|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022317/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:8170103215|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Matsya Purana]], [[Brahma]]'s left half emerged as a female, who is celebrated under the names of Sarasvati, Savitri, and Gayatri.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ludvík|first1=Catherine|title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004158146|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004158146|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022320/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:9004158146|url-status=live}}</ref> The three represent purity in thought, word, and deed (thrikarana shuddhi). Although Gayatri has three names, all three are in each of us as the senses (Gayatri), the power of speech (Saraswathi), and the life force (Savitri). In [[Kurma Purana]], Gautama rishi was blessed by Goddess Gayatri and able to eliminate the obstacles he faced in his life. The [[Skanda Purana]] writes that Gayatri is married to Brahma, making her a form of [[Saraswati]].<ref name="vans">{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Vans|title=Researches Into the Nature and Affinity of Ancient and Hindu Mythology by Vans Kennedy|date=1831|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JpgIYbEtdQ8C/page/n337 317]–324|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JpgIYbEtdQ8C}}</ref>

According to some texts, Brahma's first wife is Savitri, and Gayatri is the second. The story goes that Savitri became angry knowing the wedding of Gayatri with Brahma, and cursed all the gods and goddesses engaged in the event.<ref name="bulbul">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Bulbul|title=The book of Devi|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143067665|pages=72–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022320/https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ban">{{cite book | last1=Bansal | title=Hindu Gods and Goddesses | publisher=Smriti Books | date=2005 | first1=Sunita Pant | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhrnkdByWDIC | page=23 | isbn=9788187967729 | access-date=2019-08-20 | archive-date=2016-05-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514201346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xhrnkdByWDIC | url-status=live }}</ref>

However, the Padma Purana narrates the same story with some modifications. After Savitri was appeased by [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Lakshmi]], She accepts Gayatri as her sister happily.<ref name="bar">{{cite book|last1=Holdrege|first1=Barbara A.|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic|date=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438406954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820030816/https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Arya 1988">{{Cite book|last=Arya|first=Sharda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDQqAAAAYAAJ&q=abhira|title=Religion and Philosophy of the Padma-purāṇa|date=1988|publisher=Nag Publishers|isbn=978-81-7081-190-9|language=en}}</ref>

Gayatri further developed into a fierce goddess who could even slay a demon. According to [[Varaha Purana]] and [[Mahabharata]], Goddess Gayatri slew the demon Vetrasura, the son of [[Vritra]] and river [[Vetravati]], on a [[Navami]] day.<ref>{{cite book|last1=B K Chaturvedi|title=Varaha Purana|date=2017|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788128822261|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6KkDgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bibek|first1=Debroy|title=The holy Puranas Volume 2 of The Holy Puranas: Markandeya, Agni, Bhavishya, Brahmavaivarta, Linga, Varaha|date=2002|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|isbn=9788176462969|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022321/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Shaivism ==
[[File:Sadashiva.JPG|thumb|200px|According to Shaivite [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Siddhantic]] perspective, Gayatri is the consort of [[Sadasiva]], the supreme being [[Parameshwara (god)|Parashivam]].<ref name="Sharma"/><ref name="oma"/>]] Shaivism sees Gayatri as the consort of eternal blissful absolute [[Parameshwara (god)|Parashiva]] who manifests in the form of Sadasiva.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vallyon|first1=Imre|title=Planetary Transformation: A Personal Guide To Embracing Planetary Change|date=2012|publisher=Bookbaby|isbn=9780909038908|pages=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0909038902|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022321/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:0909038902|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=CHETTY|first1=D. GOPAUL|title=NEW LIGHT UPON INDIAN PHILOSOPHY OR SWEDENBORG AND SAIVA SIDDHANTA|date=1923|page=52}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} Sadashiva's consort Manonmani is none other than the mantra form of Gayatri, who possess the power of her husband Bharga, within her.<ref>{{cite book | date=1990 | first1=Mudigonda | last1=Uma Devi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmAOAAAAYAAJ | title=Palkuriki Somanatha: His Contribution to Sanskrit Literature | publisher=Rasagangotri | pages=123–183 | access-date=2019-08-20 | archive-date=2020-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022332/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmAOAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sankaracharya|title=Śrī Dakshināmūrti stotram: stava rajaṁ, astakam, samsmaranam and upanishat (stepping stone to Vedant)|date=2000|publisher=Sānkhyāyana Vidyā Parishat|pages=6–7}}</ref> The popular form of Gayatri with five heads and ten arms was initially found in Saivite iconographies of Manonmani in North India beginning from 10th century CE.<ref name="Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers">{{cite book|last1=Margaret Stutley|title=Hindu Deities: A Mythological Dictionary with Illustrations|date=2006|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=9788121511643|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1MvAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1MvAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oma"/> The Saivite view on Gayatri seems a later development from the combination of vedic practice of Gayatri reverence and its Saivite inclusion as a manifestation of Shakti. This could be the root for the sublime aspect of Gayatri explained in the later puranas as the killer of demon Vetra identifying her with [[Adi Parashakti]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jagdish Lal Shastri|first1=Arnold Kunst|title=Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology, Volume 31|date=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9780895817778|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROBjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022338/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROBjAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gayatri Mantra]]
* [[Saraswati]]
* [[Gaia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Consorts of Shiva]]
[[Category:Consorts of Brahma]]
[[Category:Forms of Saraswati]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]

John Eden, Baron Eden of Winton

2026-02-19T20:36:46Z

Nelle8556383481: improve formatting to improve readability and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|British politician (1925–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Eden of Winton
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|PC|MP|}}
| image = John-Benedict-Eden-Baron-Eden-of-Winton.jpg
| alt = portrait photograph of Sir John Eden, Bt
| caption = Sir John Eden, Bt, in 1969<ref>{{cite web |title=John Benedict Eden, Baron Eden of Winton |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] |location=London |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw116856 |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>
| office = [[Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (United Kingdom)|Minister of Posts and Telecommunications]]
| primeminister = [[Edward Heath]]
| term_start = 7 April 1972
| term_end = 8 March 1974
| predecessor = [[Christopher Chataway]]
| successor = ''Office abolished''
| office1 = [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Minister of State for Industry]]
| primeminister1 = Edward Heath
| term_start1 = 15 October 1970
| term_end1 = 6 April 1972
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Tom Boardman, Baron Boardman|Tom Boardman]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Technology|Minister of State for Technology]]
| primeminister2 = Edward Heath
| term_start2 = 23 June 1970
| term_end2 = 15 October 1970
| predecessor2 = [[Eric Varley]]
| successor2 = ''Office abolished''
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Bournemouth West]]
| term_start4 = 18 February 1954
| term_end4 = 13 May 1983
| office3 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status3 = [[Lord Temporal]]
| termlabel3 = [[Life peer]]age
| term_start3 = 3 October 1983
| term_end3 = 11 June 2015
| predecessor4 = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury|Robert Gascoyne-Cecil]]
| successor4 = [[John Butterfill]]
| birth_name = John Benedict Eden
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|09|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|05|23|1925|09|15|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=eden – Deaths Announcements |url=http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/242040/eden |website=Telegraph Announcements |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| spouse = {{plainlist}}
* {{marriage|Belinda Jane Pascoe|1954|end=div|1974}}
* {{marriage|Margaret Ann Gordon |1977}}
{{endplainlist}}
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| relations =
| children = 4
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| education = {{plainlist}}
* [[Eton College]]
* [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]]
{{endplainlist}}
}}

'''John Benedict Eden, Baron Eden of Winton''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|PC|MP}} (15 September 1925 – 23 May 2020), known as '''Sir John Eden, 9th Baronet''', from 1963 to 1983, was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician who served as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Bournemouth West]] from 1954 to 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/AssemblyList/AL_MemberDetails.asp?MemberID=822|title=Sir John Benedict EDEN (Baron Eden of Winton)|work=Council of Europe|access-date=7 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515161554/http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/AssemblyList/AL_MemberDetails.asp?MemberID=822|archive-date=15 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Background==
Eden was the son of [[Sir Timothy Eden, 8th Baronet]] and Edith Mary Prendergast. He was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St Paul's School]], [[New Hampshire]], in the US. He served as a [[Lieutenant]] with the [[Rifle Brigade]], [[2nd Gurkha Rifles]] and the [[Gilgit Scouts]] during the [[Second World War]]. He was a nephew of [[Sir Anthony Eden]] (1897–1977), who served as prime minister from 1955 to 1957, and he succeeded his father Sir Timothy Calvert Eden to his [[Eden baronets|baronetcies]] in 1963. He was the [[Eden baronets|9th Baronet of West Auckland and the 7th Baronet of Maryland]].

==Career==
After unsuccessfully contesting the [[1953 Paddington North by-election]], Eden was first elected as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Bournemouth West]] at the [[1954 Bournemouth West by-election]], which he would continue to represent from 1954 until 1983. When first elected, he was the [[Baby of the House]], the youngest member of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. He was appointed to the [[Privy Council]] on 10 April 1972 and was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Eden of Winton''', of [[Rushyford]] in the [[County of Durham]] on 3 October 1983,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=49500 |date=6 October 1983 |page=13057}}</ref> following his retirement from the House of Commons. He retired from the House of Lords on 11 June 2015 under the provisions of the [[House of Lords Reform Act 2014]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201516/minutes/150615/ldordpap.htm#minproc |title=House of Lords Minute of Proceedings for 11 June 2015}}</ref> Following the death of [[Lord Healey]] on 3 October 2015, Eden became the oldest surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election.

Appointments:
* Member of the House of Commons Estimates committee (1960–1964)
* Delegate to Council of Europe and West European Union (1960–1962)
* Delegate to NATO Technology (June–October 1970)
* [[Minister of State|Minister of State for Industry]] (1970–1972)
* [[Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (United Kingdom)|Minister of Posts and Telecommunications]] (1972–1974)
* Member of the House of Commons Expenditure committee (1974–1976)
* Chairman of the Select Committee on EEC Legislation (1976–1979)
* Chairman of the Select Committee on Home Affairs (1980–1983)
* Chairman of the British Lebanese Association (1990–1998)
* Chairman of the [[Royal Armouries|Royal Armouries Association]] (1986–1994)
* Member of Timken Company International Advisory Board
* Chairman of Lady Eden's Schools Ltd

==Family life==
Eden was twice married:
* 1) Belinda Jane Pascoe (1954 – divorced 1974); four children
** [[The Honourable]] Emily Rose Eden (born 1959)
** The Honourable Arabella Charlotte Eden (born 1960)
** The Honourable Sir Robert Frederick Calvert Eden (born 30 April 1964). [[Eden baronets|The 10th Baronet of West Auckland and 8th Baronet of Maryland]].
** The Honourable John "Jack" Edward Morton Eden (born 1966). Heir presumptive to the baronetcies.
* 2) Margaret Ann Gordon (1977 – his death 2020). A former wife of the Earl of Perth.

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|centre|150px]][[File:Eden Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]
|crest = A dexter Arm embowed in Armour couped at the shoulder proper and grasping a Garb fesswise as in the Arms banded Vert
|coronet = A [[Coronet|Coronet of a Baron]]
|escutcheon = Gules on a Chevron Argent between three Garbs Or banded Vert as many Escallops Sable
|supporters = On either side a Lion rampant guardant Gules about the mane of each a Chain pendant therefrom a Portcullis Or that on the dexter side holding by the interior paw a Cross Patonce also Or and that on the sinister side holding by the interior paw a Rose Branch proper having three Double Roses Argent and Gules barbed and seeded proper, the Compartment comprising a Mount rising in the centre and growing therefrom Fir Trees and Beech Trees in the foreground a Bay with Cliffs proper and a Rivulet wavy Azure running across a Sandy Beach also proper into the Sea barry wavy of four Azure and Argent
|motto = ''Si Sit Prudentia'' ("If there be but prudence")
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{NPG name|id=64801}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Bournemouth West]]
| years = [[1954 Bournemouth West by-election|1954]]–[[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]]
| before = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]]
| after = [[John Butterfill]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Baby of the House]]
| years = 1954
| before = [[Tony Benn]]
| after = [[John Woollam (politician)|John Woollam]]
}}
{{s-reg|en-bt}}
{{s-bef|before=Timothy Eden}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eden baronets|Baronet]] '''(of West Auckland)''' | years=1963–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=Robert Eden}}
{{s-reg|gb-bt}}
{{s-bef|before=Timothy Eden}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eden baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Maryland)''' | years=1963–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=Robert Eden}}
{{s-end}}

{{Babies of the House}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eden, John Benedict}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of England]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Rifle Brigade officers]]
[[Category:Royal Gurkha Rifles officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951–1955]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1955–1959]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1959–1964]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964–1966]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966–1970]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970–1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974–1979]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1979–1983]]
[[Category:Eden family|John Eden]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II]]
[[Category:Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bournemouth]]

Sidheeq Kappan

2026-02-12T02:44:45Z

Nelle8556383481: started new article

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sidheeq Kappan
| image = Sidheeq Kappan, TTT 2018.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Kappan in 2018
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{circa|1980}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandhani |first1=Apoorva |title=After 43 days in UP jail, Kerala journalist finally gets to talk to lawyer for 5 mins on phone |url=https://theprint.in/india/after-49-days-in-up-jail-kerala-journalist-finally-gets-to-talk-to-lawyer-for-5-mins-on-phone/546781/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=18 November 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Siddique Kappan
| occupation = Journalist
| years_active =
| known_for = Reporting on caste violence; government persecution of journalists
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) = Raihanath Kappan<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddique Kappan's incarceration: His wife and children feel helpless, yet keep their hopes alive |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/nov/16/siddique-kappans-incarceration-his-wife-and-children-feel-helpless-yet-keep-their-hopes-alive-2384302.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| children = 3<ref>{{cite news |title=Preview: India's Shackled Press |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/preview-india-s-shackled-press/6548367.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Sidheeq Kappan''' is an Indian journalist from [[Kerala]] who had been imprisoned in October 2020 after being charged under the [[Unlawful Activities Prevention Act]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala journo Siddique Kappan charged under UAPA, IT Act by UP special task force |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-journo-siddique-kappan-charged-under-uapa-it-act-special-task-force-146475 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=3 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was arrested while on his way to [[Hathras]] to report on the [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder|story of the 19-year-old Dalit woman]] who died after being allegedly [[gang-rape]]d by four men.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sadhu |first1=Anuran |title=Journalist Siddique Kappan, Three Others Discharged Of Breach Of Peace Case By UP Court |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/journalist-siddique-kappan-and-three-others-discharged-of-breach-of-peace-case-by-up-court-28950 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=thelogicalindian.com |date=16 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Before his imprisonment, Kappan was a regular contributor to the news portal ''Azhimukham''.

==Arrest and detention==
On 5 October 2020, Kappan, along with three others, were traveling to Hathras to report on the [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder]]. His car was stopped at a toll plaza in Mathura and all four were arrested by the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandhani |first1=Apoorva |title=Journalist Siddique Kappan meets lawyer 46 days after arrest while en route to Hathras |url=https://theprint.in/india/journalist-siddique-kappan-meets-lawyer-46-days-after-arrest-while-enroute-to-hathras/549352/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> The [[First Information Report]] submitted against him in Mathura court charged him with Section 124A (sedition), 153A (promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, etc.) and 295A (deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] and the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA) and the [[Information Technology Act]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala journo Siddique Kappan charged under UAPA, IT Act by UP special task force |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-journo-siddique-kappan-charged-under-uapa-it-act-special-task-force-146475 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=3 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazari |first1=Usama |title=Siddique Kappan completes one year in jail, but for what? |url=https://www.siasat.com/siddique-kappan-completes-one-year-in-jail-but-for-what-2202424/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The Siasat Daily |date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

In February 2021, Kappan received five days' interim bail to visit his ailing mother, Khadeeja Kutty.<ref>{{cite news |title=Journalist Siddique Kappan gets 5 days bail to Visit his ailing mother in Kerala |url=https://gaurilankeshnews.com/journalist-siddique-kappan-gets-5-days-bail-to-visit-his-ailing-mother-in-kerala/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=Gauri Lankesh News |date=15 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The bail allowed only his close family to meet him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala journo Siddique Kappan charged under UAPA, IT Act by UP special task force |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-journo-siddique-kappan-charged-under-uapa-it-act-special-task-force-146475 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=3 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> His mother later died in June 2021, after succumbing to illnesses.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 June 2021 |first1=P. S. |last=Gopikrishnan Unnithan |title=Jailed Kerala journalist Siddique Kappan's mother passes away at 90 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-journalist-siddique-kappan-mother-passes-away-at-90-1816674-2021-06-18 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2021, Kappan tested positive for [[COVID-19]]. He was shifted to a hospital within the prison premises in Mathura.<ref>{{cite news |title=By Hastily Shifting Siddique Kappan From AIIMS to Mathura Jail, UP Defies Supreme Court |url=https://thewire.in/law/by-hastily-shifting-siddique-kappan-from-aiims-to-mathura-jail-up-defies-supreme-court |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref> When his health worsened, he was moved to K.M Medical College in Mathura, where the attending doctors declared him "COVID negative".<ref>{{cite news |first1=Anuja |last=Jaiswal |title=Siddique Kappan moved back to UP jail despite Covid positive report Agra News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/kappan-moved-back-to-up-jail-despite-covid-positive-report/articleshow/82516646.cms |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandhani |first1=Apoorva |title=Kerala journalist Siddique Kappan tests positive for Covid, admitted to hospital |url=https://theprint.in/india/kerala-journalist-siddique-kappan-tests-positive-for-covid-admitted-to-hospital/643756/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=21 April 2021}}</ref> He was then returned to Mathura jail. After the intervention of the Supreme Court, he was relocated to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] for further treatment.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Aneesha |last1=Mathur |title=SC orders Covid positive journalist Siddique Kappan be shifted to Delhi for treatment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/covid-positive-siddique-kappan-shifted-to-delhi-for-treatment-supreme-court-order-1795845-2021-04-28 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, he tested positive for COVID-19 again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Anuja |title=Journo Siddique Kappan tests Covid-19 positive for 2nd time, discharged from AIIMS & brought back to Mathura jail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/journo-siddique-kappan-tests-covid-19-positive-for-2nd-time-discharged-from-aiims-brought-back-to-mathura-jail/articleshow/82488010.cms |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Kappan was granted bail on 9 September 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journalist S Kappan, In UP Jail Since 2020, Granted Bail By Supreme Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-journalist-siddique-kappan-will-get-bail-says-supreme-court-he-was-arrested-by-up-police-in-2020-3329727 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> but would remain in jail due to a [[Enforcement Directorate]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite SC bail, Kerala journalist Siddique Kappan to remain in jail as ED case pending |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/despite-sc-bail-kerala-journalist-siddique-kappan-to-continue-to-remain-in-jail-article-94173496 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

On 23 December 2022, Kappan got bail from the [[Allahabad High Court]] in the case filed by ED under PMLA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/breaking-allahabad-high-court-grants-bail-to-siddique-kappan-in-pmla-case|title=BREAKING: Allahabad High Court grants bail to Siddique Kappan in PMLA case|first=Ratna|last=Singh|date= December 23, 2022|accessdate=23 December 2022|website=barandbench.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/allahabad-high-court-grants-bail-to-journalist-siddique-kappan-in-pmla-case/article66297897.ece|title=Allahabad High Court grants bail to journalist Siddique Kappan in PMLA case|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=December 23, 2022|accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kerala-journalist-siddique-kappan-in-up-jail-for-2-years-gets-bail-3632951|title=Kerala Journalist Siddique Kappan Gets Bail After 2 Years In UP Jail|website=ndtv.com|date=December 23, 2022|accessdate=23 December 2022}}</ref>

After getting out of jail, he said that the police tortured him during the detention to get [[forced confession]]s out of him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rizvi |first1=Asad |title=Siddique Kappan Says Police 'Tortured' Him to Admit Links to Terrorist Groups |url=https://thewire.in/rights/siddique-kappan-police-tortured-freedom |access-date=2023-02-04 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=2023-02-04}}</ref>

==Protests==
Several protests were conducted in India, demanding the release of Kappan from prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=One year of Siddique Kappan's arrest: Journalists protest in Delhi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/kerala-up-hathras-1.6063857 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The terrible case of Siddiqui Kappan illustrated the targeting of journalists |url=https://enewsroom.in/journalists-siddiqui-kappan-press-freedom-uapa/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=eNewsroom India |date=6 October 2021}}</ref> International press organizations have also expressed concern over the jailing of Kappan.<ref>{{cite news |title=International press org seeks immediate release of journalist Siddique Kappan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/international-press-org-seeks-immediate-release-journalist-siddique-kappan-152375 |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Siddique Kappan |url=https://cpj.org/data/people/siddique-kappan/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref>

==Release==
In February 2023, Kappan was released from prison after more than two years following his arrest. In December 2022, the Allahabad High Court granted him bail. However, it took over a month to secure his release due to procedural delays. After walking out of the prison, Kappan stated that he would continue to fight the charges against him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-02 |title=Siddique Kappan: Indian journalist released from jail after two years |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64494426 |access-date=2023-02-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kappan, Sidheeq}}
[[Category:Imprisoned journalists]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sagar Institute of Science and Technology

2026-02-10T10:46:33Z

Nelle8556383481:

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2020}}
{{Prose|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
| other_name = Sagar Group of Institutions, Sagar College, Sagar Institute, SGI Bhopal
| image = SISTec Logo.png
| image_alt = Sagar Group of Institutions, SISTec, Sagar College, Sagar Institute, SGI Bhopal, Best Engineering Colleges in Bhopal, Top Engineering Colleges in Bhopal
| motto = विद्या ददाति विनयम्
| motto_lang = Hindi
| mottoeng = Transmitting Professionalism
| established = 2007
| type = Private
| founder = Shri Sudhir Kumar Agrawal
| parent = Sagar Group
| accreditation = National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) and National Accreditation Board (NBA)
| affiliation = RGPV and BU Bhopal
| chairman = Shri Sudhir Kumar Agrawal
| director = Dr. Jyoti Deshmukh
| undergrad = 5,000+
| city = [[Bhopal]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus_type = Private
| website = {{URL|https://www.sistec.ac.in}}
}}

'''Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagar Group of Institutions {{!}} Engineering Pharmacy MBA College Bhopal |url=https://www.sistec.ac.in/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sagar Group of Institutions - SISTec |language=en}}</ref> is a NAAC-accredited college<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-17 |title=सिस्टेक को मिली ‘NAAC’ मान्यता: सागर ग्रुप के सिस्टेक को पांच वर्षों के लिए NAAC मान्यता मिली; टीचिंग-लर्निंग प्रोसेस और इंस्टीट्यूशनल वैल्यूज सराहनीय |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/sistec-of-sea-group-received-naac-recognition-for-five-years-teaching-learning-process-and-institutional-values-commendable-128331064.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210319183608/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/sistec-of-sea-group-received-naac-recognition-for-five-years-teaching-learning-process-and-institutional-values-commendable-128331064.html |archive-date=2021-03-19 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> with NBA-accredited programs located in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], , with two campuses, one in Gandhi Nagar and the other in Ratibad. The institute is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)]]. It is affiliated to [[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya|Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV)]] for its engineering and pharmacy programs and with [[Barkatullah University|Barkatullah University (BU Bhopal)]] for its Management programs.

'''Sagar Group of Institutions''' is known for its focus on technical and professional education

and industry-oriented academic practices.

== History ==

'''Sagar Group of Institutions,''' an educational entity of the '''Sagar Group''' , includes three engineering colleges [Sagar Institute of Science and Technology (SISTec), Sagar Institute of Science Technology and Research (SISTec-R) and Sagar Institute of Science Technology and Engineering (SISTec-E)], two pharmacy institutes [Sagar Institute of Pharmacy and Technology (SIPTec)], [Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Research (SIPTec-R)], and a management institute [SISTec Business School].

The group imparts schooling through the chain of Sagar Public Schools (SPS) to nurture the young mind. Today, Sagar Group of Institutions is considered as the most preferred brand for holistic education.

== Sagar Group of Institutions ==
Sagar Group of Institutions (SGI) is an educational group based in India, comprising 22+ campuses across higher education and school education. The group serves a student network of over 25,000 students and is supported by more than 2,000 faculty members.

The institutions under the Sagar Group of Institutions include:

'''Higher Education Institutions''':

*Sagar Institute of Science and Technology (SISTec<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sistecgn.ac.in/|title=Top Private Engineering Colleges in Bhopal MP {{!}} SISTec-Gandhi Nagar|website=sistecgn.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Institute of Science, Technology & Engineering (SISTec-E<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sistece.ac.in/|title=Top Private Engineering Colleges in Bhopal MP {{!}} SISTec-Ratibad|website=sistece.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Institute of Science, Technology & Research (SISTec-R<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sistecr.ac.in/|title=Top Private Engineering Colleges in Bhopal MP {{!}} SISTec-R|website=sistecr.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Institute of Pharmacy & Technology (SIPTec<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siptec.ac.in/|title=SIPTec {{!}} Best Pharmacy College of MP|website=siptec.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & Research (SIPTec - R)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Pharmacy Colleges {{!}} Modern Facilities and Lab Equipments. |url=https://www.siptecr.ac.in/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sagar Institute of Pharmacy and Technology -SIPTec |language=en}}</ref>
*Sagar Institute of Science & Technology - SISTec Business School<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sistecmba.ac.in/|title=SISTec-MBA {{!}} Best School of Management Studies of MP|website=sistecmba.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>
'''Schools'''
*Sagar Public School, Saket Nagar (SPS-SN<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spssn.ac.in/|title=SPS Saket Nagar, Bhopal|website=spssn.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Public School, Gandhi Nagar (SPS-GN<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spsgn.ac.in/|title=Best School in Bhopal {{!}} CBSE Schools in Bhopal {{!}} Sagar Public School - SPS|website=spsgn.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Public School, Rohit Nagar (SPS-RN<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spsrn.ac.in/|title=Top CBSE Schools in Bhopal {{!}} Sagar Public School Rohit Nagar|website=spsrn.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Public School, Ratibad (SPS-RB<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spsrb.ac.in/|title=Best CBSE Schools in MP {{!}} Schools in MP {{!}} Sagar Public School Ratibad|website=spsrb.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Public School, Katara Extension (SPS-KE<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spske.ac.in/|title=Top CBSE Schools in Bhopal {{!}} CBSE Schools in MP {{!}} SPS Katara Extension|website=spske.ac.in|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>)
*Sagar Public School, Dwarka Dham (SPS-DD<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPS - Dwarka Dham |url=https://www.spsdd.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.spsdd.ac.in}}</ref>)

== Awards & Recognition==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards, Recognition, Achievements, Accolades {{!}} Sagar College Bhopal |url=https://www.sistec.ac.in/award-recognition-accolades |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sagar Group of Institutions - SISTec |language=en}}</ref>

* The Economic Times Changemakers of Madhya Pradesh 2.0 Award
* National Employability Award 2025
* Prestigious Business & Management Institution Award 2025
* Award for Leading Institution for Quality Placements
* Navdunia Jyotirmaya Award 2024
* Jagran Josh Education Award 2024
* National Employability Award 2024
* National Employability Award 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=SHL Announces First List Of Colleges For NEA Winners 2023 |url=https://www.myamcat.com/blog/campus-excellence/shl-announces-first-list-of-colleges-for-nea-winners-2023 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=AMCAT Blog {{!}} Job success tips |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Student’s Choice Award 2022
* Excellence in Providing Preferred Environment for Placements – Central India Award 2022 (ASSOCHAM India)
* National Employability Award 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=SHL Announces First List Of Colleges For NEA Winners 2022 |url=https://www.myamcat.com/blog/campus-excellence/shl-announces-first-list-for-national-employability-award-2022 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=AMCAT Blog {{!}} Job success tips |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Excellence in Promoting Industry-Academic Interface Award - 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=SISTec bags ASSOCHAM Award |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/sistec-bags-assocham-award.html |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> by ASSOCHAM
* National Employability Award 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=SISTec bags National Employability Award 2021 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/sistec-bags-national-employability-award-2021.html |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>
* ARIIA 2021 Ranking – Performer Band under Colleges/Institutes (Private/Self-Financed) (Technical)
* Best Placement in Central India Award 2020 (ZEE MPCG News)
* Excellence in Education Award 2020 (ZEE MPCG News)
* ARIIA-2020 Ranking (Top 51-75 Private/Self-Financed College/Institutes in Bhopal Madhya Pradesh)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=SISTec among top 51-75 institutes in ARIIA-2020 ranking |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/sistec-among-top-51-75-institutes-in-ariia-2020-ranking.html |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>
* Emerging Engineering Institute of the Year – Central India 2019 (ASSOCHAM)
* Most Innovative College Award – North Zone 2018 (AICTE)
* Best Technical Institution Excellence Award 2017 (IBC 24 News Channel)
* Most Upcoming Engineering College in India 2017 (ASSOCHAM)
* Most Upcoming Engineering College in India 2016 (ASSOCHAM)
* Icon for Excellence in MBA Education (94.3 MY FM)

== Campus Facilities==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infrastructure and Facilities in Private Colleges Bhopal |url=https://www.sistec.ac.in/facilities |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sagar Group of Institutions - SISTec |language=en}}</ref>

* 40+ acre green campus
* 250+ well-equipped laboratories
* Digitally enabled classrooms
* Open-air amphitheater
* Learning Resource Centre (Library) with 45,000+ books, journals, e-resources, and study materials
* On-campus hostel and mess facilities accommodating 1,000+ students, with separate arrangements for boys and girls
* Six-lane swimming pool
* Fleet of 100+ buses
* Well-equipped gymnasium
* ATM facility
* Canteen
* Futsal court

== Events and Activities==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events and Gallery {{!}} Technical-Cultural Fests and Celebrations |url=https://www.sistec.ac.in/events-and-gallery |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sagar Group of Institutions - SISTec |language=en}}</ref>

* Sagar Fiesta and Sagar Euphoria<ref>{{Cite web |title=SISTec रातीबड़ में विकसित भारत@2047 थीम पर एनुअल फेस्ट:राष्ट्र निर्माण में योगदान के लिए 6 संस्थानों को तेजोमय सम्मान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/techno-cultural-fest-at-sistec-ratibad-134718469.html}}</ref> (Annual Techno-Cultural Fest)
* Sagar Manthan (Training & Placement Seminar and Workshop)
* Sagar Therafest (Annual Cultural Fest of SIPTec)
* Sagar Exuberance (Annual Cultural Fest of Management)
* SISTec Headstart<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=आईटी सेक्टर में करियर को लेकर महत्वपूर्ण मंथन: सिस्टेक के हेडस्टार्ट 4.0 में 800 छात्रों को एआई-एमएल समेत नई तकनीकों की मिली जानकारी - Bhopal News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/important-discussion-about-career-in-it-sector-134356792.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250209111940/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/important-discussion-about-career-in-it-sector-134356792.html |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> (Industry-Academia Forum)
* TEDx SISTec<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=सागर इंस्टीट्यूट गांधी नगर में TEDx SISTec का आयोजन: वक्ताओं ने छात्रों के विचारों को प्रभावित किया - Bhopal News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/tedx-sistec-organized-at-sagar-institute-gandhinagar-133777396.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241010005747/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/tedx-sistec-organized-at-sagar-institute-gandhinagar-133777396.html |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>
* Quad Torc (National Level ATV/Buggy Design, Fabrication, and Racing Championship)
* Sagar Glory (Annual Celebration acknowledging the success of Placed Students)
* Sagar Samarthya (360 Degree Student Assessment Programme)
* NIRMAAN (Annual National Level Working Model Competition)
* Samadhaan (National Level Hackathon)
* SISTec Innovation Hackathon (SIH)
* Workshop for SSB Commandants
* Confluentia Alumni Meet
* Mini Anveshana
* MSME Idea Hackathon<ref>{{Cite news |title=SISTec भोपाल में MSME आइडिया हैकथॉन 4.0:100 युवा इनोवेटर्स ने प्रस्तुत किया रचनात्मक समाधान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/msme-idea-hackathon-40-at-sistec-bhopal-133912579.html}}</ref>
* Industrial Visits
* Expert Lectures, Hands-on workshop, and Tech Talks
* Celebrity Nights (Musical Performances)
* Semester Break Trainings (Industry-Oriented Practical Learning Sessions)

== Institute's USP ==

* Outcome-Based & Industry-Oriented Education
* Strong Industry & Corporate Connect
* Innovation & Entrepreneurship Ecosystem
* ERP-Based Academic Governance
* Experienced & Research-Oriented Faculty
* Excellent Placement & Career Support
* Modern Infrastructure & Smart Campus
* Holistic Student Development
* Quality-Driven Education with National Accreditation

== Training & Placement Highlights==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Training and Placements {{!}} Best College in Bhopal Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.sistec.ac.in/training-and-placement |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sagar Group of Institutions - SISTec |language=en}}</ref>
* 97.2% Campus Placement
* 1150+ Job offers for 2024 - 25 Batch
* 21 LPA highest package offered by Infosys
* 200+ Companies Visited
* 100% Internships
* 30 Industrial Visits
* 30+ MoUs

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|url=https://www.technologysagar.com/}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar Institute of Science and Technology}}
[[Category:2007 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:Education in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh

2026-02-07T20:35:33Z

Nelle8556383481: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{About||the BJP MLA in 2017 from Manikpur in UP |R. K. Singh Patel|the BJP MP from Arrah, Bihar in 2019|R. K. Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kunwar Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh
| image = The Prime Minister of Bhutan, Mr. Lyonchhen Tshering Tobgay meeting the Minister of State for Home, Shri R.P.N. Singh, in New Delhi on August 30, 2013 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|04|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| term =
| alma_mater = [[The Doon School]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh |Uttar Pradesh]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]
| successor1 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| minister1 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| alongside1 = [[Mullappally Ramachandran|M. Ramachandran]]
| term_start1 = 28 October 2012
| term_end1 = 26 May 2014
| office2 = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State for Petroleum & Natural Gas]]
| term_start2 = 19 January 2011
| term_end2 = 28 October 2012
| minister2 = [[Jaipal Reddy]]
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of State for Corporate Affairs]]
| term_start3 = 19 January 2011
| term_end3 = 28 October 2012
| predecessor3 = [[Jitin Prasada]]
| successor3 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| minister3 = [[Murli Deora]]
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State for Road Transport & Highways]]
| term_start4 = 28 May 2009
| term_end4 = 19 January 2011
| minister4 = [[Kamal Nath]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 =
| term_start5 = 2009
| term_end5 = 2014
| successor5 = [[Rajesh Pandey]]
| predecessor5 = ''Constituency created''
| office6 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 1996
| term_end6 = 2009
| constituency6 = [[Padrauna (Assembly constituency)|Padrauna]]
| predecessor6 = [[Baleshwar Yadav (politician)|Baleshwar Yadav]]
| successor6 = [[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2022-present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1990-2022)
| spouse = [[Sonia Singh (journalist)|Sonia Singh]]
| children = 3
| constituency5 = [[Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kushi Nagar]]
}}

'''Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh''' or '''R. P. N. Singh''' (born 25 April 1964), is an Indian politician, and former Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. He was the Member of Parliament for [[Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kushinagar constituency]] in the fifteenth Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014. In the 2014 General Election, despite an increase in his own votes, he was defeated by Rajesh Pandey (BJP). He lost again in 2019. In September 2020, Singh was chosen for [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] in charge of [[Jharkhand]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/rpn-singh-retains-jpcc-in-charge-post.html|title= RPN Singh retains JPCC in-charge post|website= The Pioneer|language=en |access-date=2020-09-13}}</ref> and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pl-puniya-rpn-singh-get-charge-of-jharkhand-chhattisgarh/articleshow/59569279.cms|title= PL Puniya, RPN Singh get charge of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh|newspaper= The Economic Times|language=en |access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref>

He resigned from Congress in January 2022 and joined the [[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]], a month ahead of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 UP Elections]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-leader-rpn-singh-changes-twitter-bio-amid-reports-of-joining-bjp-2728258#pfrom=home-ndtv_bigstory|title=Another Senior Congress Exit: RPN Singh Joins BJP Ahead of UP Election}}</ref> thus becoming the fourth prominent [[The Doon School|Doon School]] alumnus to leave the Congress Party to join hands with the [[BJP]], following [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], [[Jitin Prasada]] and [[Amarinder Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |author=TNI Team |title=4th Big Exit In 4 Years: Once MoS in UPA, Rahul Aide & Cong's RPN Singh Joins BJP |url=https://newindian.in/4th-big-exit-in-4-years-once-mos-in-upa-rahul-aide-congs-rpn-singh-to-join-bjp/ |access-date=1 February 2022 |work=The New Indian |date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
R.P.N. Singh belongs to the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gaharwar]](Raikar) sub-clan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqYSAAAAIAAJ&q=The+title+of+Raja+Bahadur+was+conferred+as+a+personal+distinction+in+1919+in+recognition+of+his+meritorious |title=Indian Year Book |date=1936 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman. |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Sainthwar]] caste.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Battles-Royal-in-Hindi-heartland/articleshow/4257903.cms|title = Battles 'Royal' in Hindi heartland | Lucknow News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=13 March 2009 }}</ref> He comes from a Zamindari family of [[Kushinagar]] ([[Padrauna]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He attended [[The Doon School]],<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/doon-squad/464930/ Indianexpress.com : comments : Doon squad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528143207/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/doon-squad/464930/ |date=28 May 2009 }}</ref> an institution which has had historic links with Congress since the [[The Doon School#Criticism of Rajiv Gandhi administration|Rajiv Gandhi 'Doon Cabinet' era]], and given Rahul Gandhi's own schooling at Doon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/seven-doscos-in-15th-lok-sabha/|title = Seven Doscos in 15th Lok Sabha|date = 31 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Steven R. Weisman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/20/magazine/the-rajiv-generation.html |title=THE RAJIV GENERATION - The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1986-04-20 |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> From 2014 to 2018, he served as the president of Doon's alumni body [[The Doon School Old Boys' Society]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/meat-exporter-qureshi-quits-doon-school-alumni-body/ Meat exporter Qureshi quits Doon School alumni body | The Indian Express]</ref>

He was married on 7 December 2002 to [[Sonia Singh (journalist)|Sonia Singh]] (nee Sonia Singh, anchor and editorial director at NDTV), and has three daughters. He currently resides in the Palace, [[Padrauna]], [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. His father, Late C.P.N. Singh, was also MP of Kushinagar (then Hata) and a Minister of State for Defence in the Indira Gandhi cabinet in 1980.

R.P.N. Singh was elected MLA from the seat of Padrauna in 1996, 2002, and 2007. In 2009 he was elected to the Lok Sabha. He lost the Lok Sabha election from the Kushinagar seat in 2014 and 2019. Now he has been declared BJP candidate from Uttar Pradesh for Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha.

== Positions held ==

* M.L.A. (Uttar Pradesh), 1996-2009
* President, Uttar Pradesh Youth Congress, 1997-1999
* Secretary, AICC, 2003-2006
* Elected to the 15th [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Padrauna]] constituency, 2009<ref>{{cite news |title=Nervous moments for freshers at oath-taking ceremony |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nervous-moments-for-freshers-at-oathtaking-ceremony/467445/2 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 May 2009 |access-date=31 March 2011 }}</ref>
* Union Minister of State, Road, Transport and Highways, 2009-2011<ref>{{cite news |title=Massive road communication programme proposed: Minister |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_massive-road-communication-programme-proposed-minister_1298938 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=14 October 2009 |access-date=31 March 2011 }}</ref>
* Union Minister of State, Petroleum and Natural Gas and Corporate Affairs, 2011-2013
* Union Minister of state for Home Affairs 2013-2014<ref>{{cite news |title=Cabinet reshuffle: Congress chooses tokenism over efficiency |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/cabinet-reshuffle-congress-chooses-political-tokenism-over-efficiency-505690.html |work=First Post (India) |date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 }}</ref>
* President, [[The Doon School Old Boys' Society]], 2014–2016

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://twitter.com/SinghRPN Official Twitter]

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ratanjit Pratap Narain}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Natadol

2026-01-30T17:06:40Z

Nelle8556383481: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Almora district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Qazi family of Lakhnauti

2026-01-11T15:09:37Z

Nelle8556383481: made new data.

{{Infobox family
|name = Qazi family of Lakhnauti
|native_name = লখনৌতির কাজী খান্দান
|native_name_lang = bn
|other_names =
|type = 
|alt =
|image =
|image_size =
|image_caption =
|parent_family = 
|country = [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]]
|region = [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
|early_forms =
|etymology = [[Qadi]]
|origin = [[Balkh]]
|founded = [[15th century]]
|founder = [[Taj ad-Din an-Nahwi]]
| seat = 
| historic_seat = 
|titles = 
|styles = 
|members = [[Shah Manjhan]]
|connected_members = 
|other_families = 
|distinctions = 
|traditions = [[Shattari|Shattari Order]]
|heirlooms = 
|estate = 
|properties =
|cadet_branches = 
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
| nisba = al-Lakhnawtawī اللكهنوتوي}}
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Qazi family of Lakhnauti''' ({{langx|bn|লখনৌতির কাজী খান্দান}}) was a medieval [[Bengali Muslim]] family who lived in the royal city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] in the [[Bengal Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book|page=234|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|author=Hanif, N.|year=2000|publisher=Prabhat Kumar Sharma|location=[[India]]|isbn=9788176250870}}</ref> The family was founded by Taj ad-Din an-Nahwi in the 15th century, and has produced numerous influential judges and scholars. The descendants of Shah Manjhan later moved to Gujarat and neighbouring states.<ref>{{cite web|language=ar|url=https://tarajm.com/people/92941|title=منجهن بن عبد الله بن خير الدين اللكهنوتوي|access-date=27 July 2022|website=Tarajm|archive-date=22 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222135353/https://tarajm.com/people/92941|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Members==
[[File:DG 85 - 09 SAINT SHEKH NIAMOT ULLAH MOSQUE 15 CENTURY CHANPAI NAWAB GONJ IMG 3196.jpg|thumb|The historic city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]], now in present-day [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Nawabganj]], [[Bangladesh]], was the royal capital of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]] and experienced an influx of scholars during this period.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Lakhnauti|author=Akhtaruzzaman, Muhammad}}</ref>]]
The Qazi family are descended from Taj ad-Din an-Nahwi, who had [[Arab]] lineage from his ancestor, Shaykh Mahmud [[Quraysh|al-Qurashi]] al-Ishqi Randposh. Prior to settling in Lakhnauti, the family was based in [[Balkh]] in present-day [[Afghanistan]]. In Bengal, it is said that they became the spiritual successors of the family of [[Nur Qutb Alam]] of the [[Chishti Order]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century|page=211|chapter=Sufi Thought|year=2011|author=Ahmed, Farooqui Salma|isbn=9788131732021|publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson India Education Services]]}}</ref>

===Taj ad-Din an-Nahwi===
'''Tāj ad-Dīn al-Naḥwī al-Balkhī al-Lakhnawtawī''' was a 15th-century [[Islamic scholar]], ''[[qadi]]'' and [[grammar]]ian of the [[Arabic language]]. According to [[Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi]], he was one of the leading scholars in the fields of grammar and Arabic language during his time.{{sfnp|al-Lucknawi|1999|p=241}} He was born into a [[Sunni Muslim]] family in [[Balkh]], [[Afghanistan]], then part of the [[Timurid Empire]], where he was raised. He was famed by the [[epithet]] '''al-naḥwī''' ('the grammarian') and '''khulāṣah al-ʿulamāʾ''' ('epitome of the [[ulama]]'),<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Socio-cultural history of Subah of Allahabad under the Mughals|page=196|author=Minhaj, Mohammad Zafar|year=2008|publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]}}</ref> and had a famous [[khanqah]] in Balkh.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Sufism in India: From sixteenth century to modern century|pages=434–435|author=Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1978|isbn=9788121500388}}</ref> It is said that he left Balkh, after hearing of the scholarly patronage of Sultan [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Ibrahim Shah Sharqi]] (r. 1402–1440). However, Taj ad-Din ended up settling in the neighbouring [[Sultanate of Bengal]] instead. He benefitted many students in [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] and the family established themselves there.

===Shah Manjhan===
'''Shah Manjhan al-Lakhnawtawī''' (d. [[Rabi' al-Awwal]] 1001 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] / 1592 CE) was a prominent 16th-century [[Sufi saint]] and leading figure of the [[Shattari|Shattari Order]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|page=64|author=Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas|publisher=[[Agra University]]|date=1965}}</ref> He was the son of Abdullah, son of Khayr ad-Dīn al-Lakhnawtawī, who was a direct descendant of Taj ad-Din an-Nahwi. From his mother's side, Shah Manjhan was a descendant of Qadi Samāʾ ad-Din of [[Delhi]]. Manjhan was born and raised in Lakhnauti, and initially studied under Shaykh Ahmadi. He then became a ''[[murid]]'' of Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Husayni al-Bukhari for a long time. He dedicated much of his time in Lakhnauti towards teaching the [[Islamic sciences]].{{sfnp|al-Lucknawi|1999|p=651-652}} Taj ad-Din al-Bukhari eventually instructed Manjhan to become a disciple of [[Muhammad Ghawth]], the Sufi master of the [[Shattari|Shattari Order]] in [[Gujarat]]. After the Conquest of [[Malwa]] by [[Sher Shah Suri]], Manjhan moved there as he was appointed as the religious administrator of the newly conquered fort-town of [[Raisen]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mughals and the Sufis: Islam and Political Imagination in India, 1500–1750|author=Alam, Muzaffar|isbn=9781438484907|year=2021|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]}}</ref> Due to political instability, he later relocated to [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], settling in the village of Ashnah, where he wrote several works on the Islamic sciences and was received by Emperor [[Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biography of Shah Mohammed Ghouse Gwaliori|author=Abdul Hafeez, Mohammed|editor=Anwar, Hafeez|year=2020|pages=159–160}}</ref> His son, Uthman, was a leading scholar in [[Islamic jurisprudence]] and Arabic language.{{sfnp|al-Lucknawi|1999|p=586}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|language=ar|title=Nuzhat al-khawatir|last=al-Lucknawi|first=Abd al-Hayy|author-link=Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi|publisher=Dar Ibn Hazm|location=[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]|year=1999}}

[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Muslim families]]
[[Category:People from Chapai Nawabganj District]]
[[Category:People from Balkh Province]]
[[Category:Quraysh]]

Punariya

2026-01-06T00:15:49Z

Nelle8556383481: made a details.

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
'''Punariya'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLUcsv1wK-YC&q=Punariya+ |title=Census of India, 1981 |date=1986 |publisher=Sāmānya Praśāsana Vibhāga, Rājasthāna Sarakāra |language=hi}}</ref> is a village located in [[Bali, Rajasthan|Bali Tehsil]] of [[Pali district]], [[India]], has population of 971 of which 477 are males while 494 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punariya Village Population - Bali - Pali, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/91295-punariya-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=न्यायिक अधिकारियों ने यहां के अस्पतालों का किया निरीक्षण |url=https://www.patrika.com/pali-news/inspected-by-judicial-officers-hospital-in-takhatgarh-town-of-pali-dis-5770009 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पुनाड़िया की गुनगुन के फिर खिलखिलाने से चहका परिवार |url=https://www.patrika.com/pali-news/operation-of-girl-child-under-national-child-health-program-in-jaipur-6917989 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Pali district}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Pali district]]
[[Category:Villages in Bali]]
[[Category:Districts of Bali]]
[[Category:Pali district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Hunar Hali

2025-12-27T03:56:50Z

Nelle8556383481: Done.

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Hunar Hali
|image = Hunar-Gandhi-grace-the-3rd-Expandables-Awards-2019.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|caption = Hale in 2019
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|09|09}}
|years_active = 2007–present
|birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Actress]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Mayank Gandhi|2016|2025|end=divorce}}
|website =
|known for =''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]'' ''[[Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat]]'' ''[[Thapki Pyaar Ki]]'' ''[[Patiala Babes]]''
}}

'''Hunar Hali''' (born 9 September 1989) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[television actress]]. She is known for playing the lead role of Aditi Jaiswal in ''[[Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat]]'',<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/hunar-hali-admires-kajols-versatility_108890.html Hunar Hali admires Kajol's versatility]</ref> Nandini in ''Ek Boond Ishq'' on [[Life OK]],<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30777928.cms Hunar to marry transgender Kalawati in Ek Boond Ishq]</ref> and Lovely in ''[[Thapki Pyaar Ki]]''.

==Early life==
Hali was born on 9 September 1989 in [[Delhi]], India, to a [[Sikh]] family.
She has a brother named Prince Siali. Hali did her schooling from Mount Carmel School, [[Anand Niketan]], [[Delhi]] and later earned a degree in Bachelor of Mass Media (B.M.M.) from [[Mumbai University]]. Her father, Bikram Jeet Singh, died on 14 February 2010, which is why she never celebrates Valentine’s Day.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==Career==
Hali made her television debut with [[Star Plus]] show ''Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii'' in 2007.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-hunar-hali-never-celebrates-valentines-day/201043 Why Hunar Hali never celebrates Valentine's Day]</ref> After that, she appeared in ''[[Grihasti]]'' as Soni Khuraana on [[Star Plus]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Need-to-be-prominent-for-Bigg-Boss-Hunar-Hali/articleshow/17019897.cms Need to be prominent for Bigg Boss: Hunar Hali]</ref> She was last seen as Lovely in ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]'' on [[Colors TV]].<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/hunar-hali-upset-about-her-tv-shows-end/185045 Hunar Hali upset about her TV show's end]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hunar-hale-to-replace-jigyasa-singh-on-colors-thapki-pyaar-ki/|title=Hunar Hale to replace Jigyasa Singh on Colors' Thapki Pyaar Ki|last=Mahesh|first=Shweta|access-date=2017-07-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

She has also worked in popular TV serials like ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'', ''[[Mukti Bandhan]]'', [[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|''Dahleez'']] and ''Ek Boond Ishq''. Hali played the role of lead actress for the first time in the TV show ''[[Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat]]''. Apart from television, she is also active in the film industry. In 2013, she appeared as Dimple in [[Akshay Kumar]]’s film ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]''.

==Personal life==
[[File:Mayank-Gandhi-Hunar-Gandhi-attend-10th-anniversary-bash-of-Viacom-18-Motion-Pictures.jpg|thumb|upright|Hali with ex–husband Mayank Gandhi in 2017]]

Hali married actor Mayank Gandhi on 28 August 2016 in [[Delhi]]. Both Hali and Gandhi met each other through their families in an arrange marriage setup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=There are no expectations in an arranged marriage: Mayank Gandhi|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 August 2017|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/090417/there-are-no-expectations-in-an-arranged-marriage-mayank-gandhi.html|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> After getting engaged in early 2016, the couple got married in a traditional [[Sikh]] wedding ceremony at a [[Gurdwara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=See pics: Hunar Hale and Mayank Gandhi's wedding was so stunning|work=Hindustan Times|date=30 August 2016|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/see-pics-hunar-hale-and-mayank-gandhi-s-wedding-was-so-stunning/story-TRiyWHHrMntoym0wXBPgaP_amp.html|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> They got divorced in August 2025.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]''
| Dimple
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title= Hunar Hali's eyes bag her a Bollywood film|work=Times Of India|date=15 January 2013|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hunar-halis-eyes-bag-her-a-film/articleshow/18019061.cms|access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| {{N/A}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Khan |first1=Noor |title=When Hunar of 'Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii' serial thought her career is over now|access-date=27 May 2022|url=https://www.liveuttarpradesh.com/en/240852/when-hunar-of-kahaani-ghar-ghar-kii-serial-thought-her-career-is-over-now/|work=live Uttar Pradesh |date=10 December 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]''
| Rashi Upadhyay / Nisha
|
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Grihasti]]''
| Soni Khurana
|
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]''
| Mili Sethi
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
| Sonali Abhishek Jhavre
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
| ''[[Mukti Bandhan]]''
| Nirali Virani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Varsha Rai
|Episodic role
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat]]''
| Aditi Jaiswal/ Neha Shekhawat
|
|
|-
| 2013–14
| ''[[Kehta Hai Dil Jee Le Zara]]''
| Ankita
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Ek Boond Ishq''
| Nandini
|
|<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hunar-hali-injured-on-the-sets/1167683/ Hunar Hali injured on the sets]</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|Dahleez]]''
| Jaya Sinha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by BIG Magic|Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar]]''
| Zainab Sultan Khanoom
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/television/hunar-ali-to-add-twist-to-akbarstale/1062007|title=Hunar Ali to add twist to Akbar'stale {{!}} Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-10}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thapki Pyaar Ki]]''
| Mohini "Lovely" Chaturvedi
|
|
|-
| ''[[TV, Biwi aur Main]]''
| Kamini
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hunar-hale-to-join-tv-biwi-aur-main/articleshow/59983286.cms|title=Hunar Hale to join TV, Biwi Aur Main|website=Times Of India|date=9 August 2017|access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Patiala Babes]]''
| Meeta Basu Khurana
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''
| [[Rukmini]]
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Maddam Sir]]''
| Genda
| Guest appearance
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]''
| Shraddha
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Deewani]]''
| Devika Basu
|
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''Rimjhim – Choti Umar Bada Safar''
| Mohini
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2025
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Editor's Choice: Best Actress in a Negative Role
| ''[[Deewani]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/winners.html |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hali, Hunar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Geography of Kerala

2025-12-21T13:32:12Z

Nelle8556383481: started some page more to come

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{| class=style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; width:125px; margin 1em;" cellpadding="0" cell spacing=0
|- bgcolor=#99bbff
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''Agroecological zones of Kerala'''
|- style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#555555;" align="center"
| [[Image:Kerala ecozones map labelled3.png|center|125px|Kerala's agroecological zones.]] <div style="font-size: 100%; text-align:justify">{{center|Kerala's districts, shaded by [[biome]] and soil types.}}</div>
|- style="background:#DDEEFF; color:#555555;" align="center"
| <div style="font-size: 100%; text-align:justify">{{center|1=<ref name="Jose">Jose AI, Paulose S, Prameela P & Bonny BP (eds), 2002, Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops, Kerala Agricultural University {{cite web |url=http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.html |title=KAU Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops, 2002 - Map of Agro-ecological Zones of Kerala |access-date=24 February 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219053217/http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.htm |archive-date=19 December 2005 |df=dmy-all }}, Retrieved on 18 January 2006.</ref>}}</div>
|}

'''[[Kerala]]''' (38,863 km2; 1.18% of [[India]]'s land) is situated between the [[Laccadive Sea|Lakshadweep Sea]] to the west and the [[Western Ghats]] to the east. Kerala's coast runs some 590 km in length, while the state itself varies between 35–120 km in width. Geologically, [[pre-Cambrian]] and [[Pleistocene]] formations comprise the bulk of Kerala's terrain. The topography consists of a hot and wet [[coastal plain]] gradually rising in elevation to the high hills and mountains of the Western Ghats. Kerala lies between northern latitude of 8°.17'.30" N and 12°. 47'.40" N and east longitudes 74°.27'.47" E and 77°.37'.12" E.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/geography_kerala.php Know India: Geography of Kerala]</ref> Kerala's climate is mainly wet and maritime tropical,<ref name="Chacko">Chacko T & Renuka G, 2002, Temperature mapping, thermal diffusivity and subsoil heat flux at Kariavattom of Kerala, Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) [http://www.ias.ac.in/epsci/mar2002/Esb1439.pdf], Retrieved on 12 January 2006.</ref> heavily influenced by the seasonal heavy rains brought up by the monsoon Weather.

==''Climate''==
[[Image:The View of the Athirapally Falls during the onset of Monsoon.jpg|thumb|top|left|300px|[[Athirappilly Falls]], the largest waterfall in the state.]]

Kerala, which lies in the tropical region, is mostly subject to the type of humid tropical wet [[climate]] experienced by most of [[Earth]]'s [[rainforest]]s. As per [[Köppen climate classification]], it belongs to the category of [[Tropical monsoon climate]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kerenvis.nic.in/Database/CLIMATE_829.aspx|title=Administrative Profile: Climate – Status of Environment related issues: Kerala ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. Of India}}</ref> Meanwhile, its extreme eastern fringes experience a drier tropical wet and dry climate. Kerala receives an average annual rainfall of 3107 mm – some 7,030 [[crore]] m3 of water. This compares to the all-India average is 1,197 mm. Parts of Kerala's lowlands may average only 1250 mm annually while the cool mountainous eastern highlands of [[Idukki district]] – comprising Kerala's wettest region – receive in excess of 5,000 mm of [[Precipitation (meteorology)#Orographic precipitation|orographic precipitation]] (4,200 crore of which are available for human use) annually. Kerala's rains are mostly the result of seasonal monsoons. As a result, Kerala averages some 120–140 rainy days per year. In summer, most of Kerala is prone to [[gale]]-force winds, [[storm surge]]s, and torrential downpours accompanying dangerous [[cyclone]]s coming in off the Indian Ocean. Kerala's average maximum daily temperature is around 37 °C; the minimum is 19.8 °C.

The moisture-laden winds of the Southwest [[Monsoon]], on reaching the southernmost point of the [[Indian Peninsula]], because of its topography, divides into two branches; the "Arabian Sea Branch" and the "Bay of Bengal Branch".<ref name="Jain">{{cite book |author=RK Jain |title=Geography 10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hOybWJeZN0C&pg=PA110 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Ratna Sagar |isbn=978-8183320818 |page=110}}</ref> The "Arabian Sea Branch" of the Southwest monsoon first hits the Western Ghats,<ref name="Together with Social Science Term II">{{cite book |title=Together with Social Science Term II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOA1nsSU8JYC&pg=PA112 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Rachna Sagar |isbn=978-8181373991 |page=112}}</ref> making Kerala the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest monsoon.<ref name="google6">{{cite book |author1=Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe |author2=Thorpe Edgar |title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=SL7-PA168 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-8131758304 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Aggarwal">{{cite book |author1=N.N. Kher |author2=Jaideep Aggarwal |title=A Text Book of Social Sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV6k0FvIC4sC&pg=RA5-PA16 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Pitambar Publishing |isbn=978-8120914667 |page=5}}</ref>

==Geography==
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; width:125px; margin:0em 0em 1em 1em;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=lightgreen
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''Topography of Kerala's largest backwaters region'''
|- style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#111111;" align="center"
| colspan="2" | [[Image:Kerala Backwaters.png|center|125px|Topographical chart of the backwaters region, centered on the districts of Eranakulam, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, and Kollam.]]
|- bgcolor=#eeffee
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#c6f9ff;" | ||  →  Indian Ocean.
|- bgcolor=#eeffee
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#31c9ff;" | ||  →  Inland [[freshwater]] bodies and [[estuary|estuaries]].
|- bgcolor=#eeffee
| style="width:10px; height:5px; background:#83d983;" | ||  →  Coastal lowlands and midlands.
|- bgcolor=#eeffee
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#bfd077;" | ||  →  Montane highlands ([[Western Ghats]]).
|- bgcolor=#eeffee
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#ffa1a1;" | ||  →  Urbanized areas (towns and cities).
|- bgcolor=#eeffee
| style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#a7673f;" | ||  →  Land transportation network (e.g., roads).
|}
[[File:Blue, Green & White.jpg|right|thumbnail|[[Chembra Peak]], [[Wayanad]]]]
[[File:Vembanad Lake at Kumarakom.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vembanad]], the largest lake in India, is a portion of the [[Kerala Backwaters]]]]
A substantial portion of Malabar Coast including the western coastal lowlands and the plains of the midland may have been under the sea in ancient times. Marine fossils have been found in an area near [[Changanassery]], thus supporting the hypothesis.<ref name="Menon2007">{{cite book |author=A Sreedhara Menon |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA20 |access-date=27 July 2012 |year= 2007 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8126415786 |pages=20–21}}</ref> Pre-historical archaeological findings include [[dolmen]]s of the [[Neolithic]] era in the [[Marayur]] area of the [[Idukki district]], which lie on the eastern highland made by [[Western Ghats]]. Rock engravings in the [[Edakkal Caves]], in [[Wayanad]], date back to the Neolithic era around 6000 BCE.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxIpYtnyzu4C&pg=PA2184 |access-date=1 August 2012 |year= 2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-8177552577 |page=2184}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wayanad |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/web/guest/wayanad |website=kerala.gov.in |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528022259/https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/wayanad |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Eastern Kerala consists of land encroached upon by the Western Ghats; the region thus includes high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. The wildest lands are covered with dense forests, while other regions lie under tea and coffee plantations (established mainly in the 19th and 20th centuries) or other forms of cultivation. Forty-one of Kerala's forty-four rivers originate in this region, and the Cauvery River descends from there and drains eastwards into neighboring states. Here, the Western Ghats form a wall of mountains penetrated near Palakkad; here, a natural [[mountain pass]] known as the [[Palakkad Gap]] breaks through to access inner India. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1500 m elevation above sea level. Certain peaks may reach to 2500 m. Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains, comprising a swathe of land running along central Kerala. Here, rolling hills and shallow valleys fill a gentler landscape than the highlands. In the lowest lands, the midlands region hosts [[paddy field]]s; meanwhile, elevated lands slopes play host to groves of rubber and fruit trees in addition to other crops such as [[black pepper]], [[tapioca]], and others. [[Wayanad]] is the sole [[Plateau]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book
| author = William Logan | year=1887
| title= Malabar Manual (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/mode/2up
}}</ref> The eastern regions in the districts of [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] ([[Chaliyar]] valley at [[Nilambur]]), and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] ([[Attappadi]] Valley), which together form parts of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] and a continuation of the [[Mysore Plateau]], are known for natural [[Gold]] fields, along with the adjoining districts of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61|title=Mineral Resources in Kerala}}</ref>
[[Image:Muzhappilangad Drive-in Beach 2.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Muzhappilangad Beach]], the longest drive-in beach in [[Asia]]]]
[[Image:Payyambalam Beach Back Water.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Payyambalam beach at [[Kannur]].]]

Finally, Kerala's coastal belt is relatively flat, teeming with paddy fields, groves of [[Coconut|coconut trees]], and heavily crisscrossed by a network of interconnected canals and rivers. The comparative water-richness of the coastal belt can be partly gauged by the fact that [[Kuttanad]], with its backwaters canals and rivers, itself comprises more than 20% of India's waterways by length. [[Kuttanad]], also known as ''The Rice Bowl of Kerala'', has the [[List of extreme points of India#Altitudes|lowest altitude in India]], and is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place below sea level.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752|last=Press Trust of India|date=1 June 2020|access-date=17 November 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm|title=Thirst below sea level|last=Suchitra|first=M|date=2003-08-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> Minerals including [[Ilmenite]], [[Monazite]], [[Thorium]], and [[Titanium]], are found in the coastal belt of Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=343}} Kerala's coastal belt of [[Karunagappally]] is known for high background radiation from [[thorium]]-containing [[monazite]] sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 [[Gray (unit)#Effect on the body|mGy/yr]] and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.<ref>{{Cite news |vauthors=Nair RR, Rajan B, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair MK, Gangadharan P, Koga T, Morishima H, Nakamura S, Sugahara T |title=Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India-Karanagappally cohort study. |publisher=Health Physics |date=January 2009 |pmid=19066487}}</ref> The most important of Kerala's [[List of rivers in Kerala|forty-four rivers]] include the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] (244 km in length), the [[Bharathapuzha]] (209 km), the [[Pamba River]] (176 km), the [[Chaliyar]] river (169 km) the [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudy Puzha]] (144 km), the [[Kadalundi River|Kadalundipuzha]] (130 km), and the [[Achankovil|Achancoil]] (128 km). Most of the remainder are small and entirely fed by the [[Monsoon]]s.

{{Main|List of rivers in Kerala}}
[[File:Fish net over Periyar River 0.jpg|thumbnail|[[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], the longest [[List of rivers of Kerala|river of Kerala]].]]
There are 44 rivers in Kerala, all but three originating in the [[Western Ghats]]. 41 of them flow westward and 3 eastward. The rivers of Kerala are small, in terms of length, breadth and water discharge. The rivers flow faster, owing to the hilly terrain and as the short distance between the Western Ghats and the sea. All the rivers are entirely monsoon-fed and many of them shrink into rivulets or dry up completely during summer.

[[File:Kerala Houseboat (191490747).jpeg|thumb|A House Boat View from Biyyam backwater, [[Ponnani]], [[India]]]]
The [[Kerala Backwaters]] region is a particularly well-recognized feature of Kerala; it is an interconnected system of [[brackish]] water lakes and river [[estuary|estuaries]] that lies inland from the coast and runs virtually the length of the state. These facilitate inland travel throughout a region roughly bounded by Thiruvananthapuram in the south and [[Vatakara]] (which lies some 450 km to the north). There are 34 backwaters in Kerala. Lake Vembanad—India's largest body of water —dominates the backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is over 200 km2 in area.

===Mountains===
{{Main|List of mountains in Kerala}}
[[File:AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg|left|thumbnail|The peak of [[Anamudi]] in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats, as well as the highest in [[India]] outside the [[Himalayas]]]]
The [[Western Ghats]] is a continuous mountain range of 450 km along the eastern side of Kerala. It forms almost an unbroken wall guarding the eastern frontier and helps the people of Kerala to lead a sheltered life of their own through the centuries. The Western Ghats is also responsible for the high and steady rainfall in Kerala. It converts 50% of Kerala into highlands and is studded with more than 50 peaks above 5000 feet above [[Mean Sea Level]]. With a height of 8841 feet (2,695 metres), [[Anamudi]] is the highest peak in India outside [[Himalayas]]. Anamudi is located in Idukki district in Kerala. The [[Athirappilly Falls]], which is situated on the background of Western Ghat mountain ranges, is also known as ''The [[Niagara Falls|Niagara]] of India''.<ref name="Athirappilly">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/travel/33064279_1_palm-trees-trek-coconut-trees | title=The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood | access-date=2 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621233624/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/travel/33064279_1_palm-trees-trek-coconut-trees | archive-date=21 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> It originates from the peak of [[Anamudi]] and is also the largest waterfall in the state.<ref name="Athirappilly"/>

==Natural Hazards in Kerala==
{| class="toccolours" style="float:left; clear:left; font-size:85%; width:125px; margin:0em 1em 1em 0em;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#99bbff
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''Districts and multi-hazard zones of Kerala'''
|- style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#555555;" align="center"
| [[Image:Kerala India multi hazard zones map.PNG|center|125px|Multi-hazard map of Kerala.]] <div style="font-size: 100%; text-align:justify">{{center|The districts of Kerala shaded by the risk faced from [[cyclone|cyclonic]] winds (denoted as "W/C"), earthquakes ("E"), and catastrophic [[flood]]ing ("F"). Risk levels range from high ("H") to medium ("M") to low/none ("L").}}</div>
|- style="background:#DDEEFF; color:#555555;" align="center"
| <div style="font-size: 100%; text-align:justify">{{center|Source: {{Harv|UNDP|2002}}.}}</div>
|}

Kerala is prone to several natural hazards, the most common of them being [[landslides]], [[flooding]], [[lightning]], [[drought]], [[coastal erosion]], earthquakes, [[Tsunami]], wind fall and epidemics.<ref name="Yesodharan">Yesodharan EP, Kokkal K & Harinarayanan P (eds), 2007, State of Environment Report of Kerala 2007 – Volume II: Natural Hazards, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India {{cite web |url=http://kerenvis.nic.in/files/pubs/soe_2007/volume2/soe_kerala_v2_firstpages.htm |title=Soe_kerala_v2_firstpages |access-date=1 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021125339/http://kerenvis.nic.in/files/pubs/soe_2007/volume2/soe_kerala_v2_firstpages.htm |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}, Retrieved on 1 July 2008.</ref>

===Landslides===
The highlands of Kerala experience several types of landslides, of which [[debris flow]]s are the most common. They are called 'Urul Pottal' in the local vernacular. The characteristic pattern of this phenomenon is the swift and sudden downslope movement of highly water saturated overburden containing a varied assemblage of debris material ranging in size from soil particles to boulders, destroying and carrying with it every thing that is lying in its path. The west facing Western Ghats scarps that runs the entire extent of the mountain system is the most prone physiographic unit for landslides. These scarp faces are characterised by thin soil (regolith) cover modified heavily by anthropogenic activity.<ref name="Kuriakose_d">{{citation|doi=10.1016/j.catena.2009.05.005|title=Prediction of soil depth using environmental variables in an anthropogenic landscape, a case study in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India|journal=CATENA|volume=79|pages=27–38|year=2009|last1=Kuriakose|first1=SL|last2=Devkota|first2=S|last3=Rossiter|first3=DG|last4=Jetten|first4=VG}}</ref> The highlands of the region experience an annual average rainfall as high as 500 cm from the South-West, North-East and Pre-Monsoon showers. A review of ancient documents, investigation reports and news paper reports indicates a lesser rate of slope instability in the past; 29 major landslide events that occurred in the recent past was identified through the review.<ref name="Kuriakose_a">Kuriakose SL, Sankar G & Muraleedharan C, 2009a, History of landslide susceptibility and a chorology of landslide prone areas in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, Environmental Geology, 57(7), 1153–1568 [https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00254-008-1431-9], Retrieved on 1 July 2008.</ref> The processes leading to landslides were accelerated by anthropogenic disturbances such as deforestation since the early 18th century, terracing and obstruction of ephemeral streams and cultivation of crops lacking capability to add root cohesion in steep slopes. The events have become more destructive given the increasing vulnerability of population and property. Majority of mass movements have occurred in hill slopes >20° along the Western Ghats scarps, the only exception being the coastal cliffs. Studies conducted in the state indicates that prolonged and intense rainfall or more particularly a combination of the two and the resultant persistence and variations of pore pressure are the most important trigger of landslides.<ref name="Kuriakose_b">Kuriakose SL, Jetten VG, van Westen CJ, Sankar G & van Beek LPH, 2008, Pore Water Pressure as a Trigger of Shallow Landslides in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India: Some Preliminary Observations from an Experimental Catchment, Physical Geography 29(4) 374–386 {{cite web |url=http://bellwether.metapress.com/content/t5172354lw525t87 |title=Pore Water Pressure as a Trigger of Shallow Landslides in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India: Some Preliminary Observations from an Experimental Catchment - Physical Geography - Volume 29, Number 4 / July-August 2008 - Bellwether Publishing, Ltd |access-date=13 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128221428/http://bellwether.metapress.com/content/t5172354lw525t87 |archive-date=28 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}, Retrieved on 12 January 2009.</ref> The initiation of most of the landslides were in typical hollows generally having degraded natural vegetation. All except 1 of the 14 districts in the state are prone to landslides. Wayanad and Kozhikode districts are prone to deep-seated landslides while Idukki and Kottayam are prone to shallow landslides. A very recent study indicates that the additional cohesion provided by vegetation roots in soil is an important contributor to slope stability in the scarp faces of the Western Ghats of Kerala.<ref name="Kuriakose_c">Kuriakose SL, van Beek LPH & van Westen CJ, 2009b, Parameterizing a physically based shallow landslide model in a data poor region, ''[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]]'' 34(6), 867–881 [https://archive.today/20130105085549/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122239652/abstract], Retrieved on 5 April 2009.</ref>

===Flooding===
Although the Kerala state does not experience floods as severe as in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], incidence of floods in the State is becoming more frequent and severe. The latest among them was the [[2020 Kerala floods]]. The continuous occurrence of high intensity rainfall for a few days is the primary factor contributing to the extreme floods in the State. Other factors include wrong land use practices and mismanagement of the [[water resources]] and forests. The human interventions contributing to flood problems are predominantly in the form of reclamation of wetlands and water bodies, change in land use pattern, construction of dense networks of roads, establishment of more and more settlements, deforestation in the upper catchments etc. Increasing floodplain occupancy results in increasing flood damages. A number of extreme flood events occurred during the last century causing considerable damage to a vast number of life and property highlight the necessity for proper flood management measures in the State. The flood problems are likely to worsen with the continued floodplain occupancy and reclamation of water bodies and wetlands. It is estimated that about 26% of the total geographical area accommodating about 18% of the total population of the State is prone to floods.<ref name="Aarush"/>

===Lightning===
Kerala is a place of high lightning incidence compared to most of the other parts in India because of its weather patterns and the location of the Western Ghats. Higher population density and vegetation density result in more casualties. Lack of awareness also aggravates the situation. Accidents caused by ground conduction from trees, which is a special feature of Kerala, add to the casualties and loss of property. The records show that the months April, May, October and November have the highest lightning rates. The most active time of the day is from 15:00 to 19:00. Of the fourteen districts, five have much higher rates than others. The severe impact of the hazard on the state and its people is seen from the very high average casualty rates of 71 deaths, 112 injuries and 188 accidents per annum. Losses to telephone communications, networked systems and [[electrical equipment]] are also very high.<ref name="Yesodharan"/>

===Drought===
[[Image:Topography of Kerala.png|thumb|Topographic map showing major cities]]
Kerala has been experiencing increasing incidents of drought in the recent past due to the weather anomalies and developmental pressures resulting from the changes in [[land use]], traditional practices, and life style of the people. The increase in population and subsequent expansion in irrigated agriculture, and industrial growth necessitated the exploitation of more water resources. The changes in the land and [[water management]] practices affected the fresh water availability during summer months. Although the deviation in the annual rainfall received in Kerala, in any year from the long term average is very small, there is considerable variation in the rainfall availability during the different seasons. About 95 percent of annual rainfall is confined to a six-month monsoon period between June and November, leaving the remaining six months as practically dry. Soman (1988) reported that over major part of the Kerala State, extreme as well as these where the rainfall is more compared to other areas. The changes in rainfall pattern may have association with the environmental modifications due to human interventions on the natural ecosystems. The State of Kerala experiences seasonal drought conditions every year during the summer months. Even in the years of normal rainfall, summer [[water scarcity]] problems are severe in the midland and highland regions. Severe drought conditions often result from the anomalies in monsoon rainfall combined with the various anthropogenic pressures. A study on the incidence of droughts based on the aridity index shows that during the period 1871– 2000, the State of Kerala experienced 66 drought years, out of which, twelve each were moderate and severe droughts. The droughts have a large dimension of economic, environmental and social impacts. With the implementation of a number of irrigation projects, the idea of drought in Kerala slowly shifted to unirrigated paddy, and upland crops. The water scarcity in summer is mainly reflected in dry rivers and lowering of [[water table]]. This adversely affects the rural and urban drinking water supply. As seen in the majority of drought incidents, even a 20% fall in the northeast monsoon, can make the water scarcity situation worse during the summer. Since the State has more of perennial plantation crops compared to other places of India, the effect of a drought year in Kerala continues to be felt for several more years after it has occurred. Thus, for better planning of the drought management measures, the term drought with reference to plantation crops should be redefined based on rainfall received or available [[soil moisture]] during summer months instead of total monsoon rainfall.<ref name="Yesodharan"/>

===Tsunami===
The Kerala coast was significantly affected by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]]. The coast located in the shadow zone with respect to the direction of propagation of the tsunami encountered unexpected devastation. Although the tsunami affected parts of Kerala coast, maximum devastation was reported in the low coastal land of Kollam, Alappuzha and Ernakulam districts, particularly a strip of 10 km in Azhikkal, [[Kollam district]]. This varying effect along the coast could be attributed to local amplification of tsunami waves in certain regions. About 176 people were killed and 1600 injured in the coastal belt. Further, the tsunami pounded 187 villages affecting nearly 250,000 persons in Kerala. As many as 6,280 dwelling units were completely destroyed, 11,175 were damaged and nearly 84,773 persons were evacuated from the coastal areas and accommodated in 142 relief camps after tsunami. As this tsunami is believed to be first of its kind to have significantly affected the Kerala coast, the post-tsunami field investigations and measurements would give valuable information on various changes brought by the tsunami. Immediately after the tsunami, several organizations have carried out field surveys in many affected areas along the coast.<ref name="Yesodharan"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 |publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode |year=2018 |location=Kozhikode |last=Chandran |first=VP |edition=Malayalam}}
* {{citation |ref={{harvid|UNDP|2002}} |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |author-link=UNDP |year=2002 |title=Map Showing Multi Hazard Zones in Kerala |url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/Multihazard/Maps/Multihazard/kerala.jpg |access-date=January 12, 2006}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[El Niño]]

{{Wikiquote|Kerala}}
{{commons category}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography of Kerala}}
[[Category:Geography of Kerala| ]]

Khodaldham

2025-12-17T15:25:55Z

Nelle8556383481: Data.

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Khodaldham
| image = Khodaldham Temple.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption = Temple during the inauguration ceremony in 2017

| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = [[Khodiyar|Khodal]]
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board = Shree Khodaldham Trust
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = Kagvad
| locale =
| district = [[Rajkot district]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| province =
| country = India
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| architecture_style = [[Maru-Gurjara architecture]]
| founded_by = Shree Khodaldham Trust
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking = 2012
| year_completed = 2017
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction = East
| length = 289 ft 7 inch
| width = 253 ft
| height_max = 159 ft 1 inch
| site_area = 158 [[bigha]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =

| embedded =
| designation1 =
| designation1_type =
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| designation1_free1value=
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| website = {{URL|http://www.khodaldhamtrust.org}}

| footnotes =
}}
'''Khodaldham''' is a [[Hindu]] temple complex dedicated to [[Khodiyar|Khodal]], a patron deity of [[Leva Patel|Leuva Patel]] community, located in Kagvad in [[Rajkot district]], [[Gujarat]], India. The temple was opened in 2017.

== History ==
[[File:Khodaldham temple.jpg|thumb|The temple under construction 2016|left]]
The temple was constructed by Shree Khodaldham Trust, an organisation of [[Leuva Patel]] community from Rajkot. The temple construction started in 2012 with laying of the foundation stone. It was inaugurated on 21 January 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-01-21|title=Khodaldham temple inaugurated at Kagvad near Rajkot|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2017/01/21/khodaldham-temple-inaugurated-at-kagvad-near-rajkot/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Prana Pratishtha|inauguration ceremony]] was attended by more than 3,00,0000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kateshiya|first=Gopal B|date=2017-12-05|title=Gujarat: Over 3 lakh see Khodaldham inauguration|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-over-3-lakh-see-khodaldham-inauguration-4485770/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The temple complex was constructed in three phases over an area of 158 [[bigha]] and at cost of {{INRconvert|250|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-12-25|title=Khodaldham function in Nikol:Keshubhai, Zadafia call for unity of Leuva Patels|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2011/12/25/khodaldham-function-in-nikolkeshubhaizadafia-call-for-unity-of-leuva-patel/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Indian temple stone work, Khodaldham , kagvad , Rajkot , Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Exterior of the temple|left]]
The temple is built in Mahameru Prasad design of [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Maru-Gurjara architecture]]. It is 289 ft 7 inch long, 253 ft wide and 159 ft 1 inch high.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=About Temple|url=https://www.khodaldhamtrust.org/guj/about-us/about-temple/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.khodaldhamtrust.org|language=gu}}</ref> The height of the temple is kept 10 feet lower than the [[Somnath temple]] to respect its supremacy.<ref name=":0" /> The primary plinth ([[Jagati (temple)|jagati]]) of the temple is 18 feet high and the secondary plinth is 6 feet 5 inch high. The [[kalasha]] on the top of the temple is gold plated and 14 feet tall and weigh 6 ton. The flag mast is 40 feet high. About 650 statues adorning the exterior of the temple are chiseled by artisans from [[Odisha]]. The pillars, beams, [[torana]]s and roofs are carved by artisans from [[Rajasthan]]. The carvings include the 72 scenes from epics ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. About 230000 cubic feet of Bansi Paharpur pink stone is used for the construction.<ref name=":1" />

The central deity of the temple is [[Khodiyar|Khodal]], also known as Khodiyar. Other twenty deities installed in the temple are [[Ganesha]], [[Hanuman]], [[Rama|Ram]]-[[Sita]], [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]] as well as other goddesses such as [[Amba (goddess)|Amba]], [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]], [[Ashapura Mata|Ashapura]], [[Bahuchara Mata|Bahuchar]], Butbhavani, [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]], [[Chamunda]], Gatral, Gel, [[Harsidhhi|Harsiddhi]], [[Mahakali]], [[Momai]], Nagbai, Randal, Sihori and [[Varahi|Verai]].<ref name=":0" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Khodaldham.jpg|Temple from near
File:Khodaldham temple view.jpg|Temple from far
File: Khodaldham, kagvad.jpg|Temple during a Hindu religious gathering
File: Kagvad dham.jpg|Garden outside the temple entrance
File: Skyscraper reverence.jpg|Khodiyar Mataji Dhaja and Shikhar of the temple
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}
{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 2017]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajkot district]]

Anthony Raymond Ceresko

2025-12-09T05:22:55Z

Nelle8556383481: expand lead based on references

{{Short description|American theologian (1899–1965)}}
{{Infobox clergy
| name = Anthony Raymond Ceresko
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|08|20}}
| birth_place = [[Detroit]], Michigan, United States
| death_date = {{death date and age |2005|08|13|1942|08|20}}
| death_place = [[Tagaytay]], [[Philippines]]
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]] ''[[Oblates of St. Francis de Sales]]''
| other_names =Anthony Ceresko
| education = 
* [[Niagara University]], [[Lewiston (town), New York|Lewiston]]
* [[The Catholic University of America]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Pontifical Biblical Institute]], [[Rome]]
| ordained =12 September 1970
| writings = ''See Contents - 3.Writings''
| congregations =
| offices_held =Professor of [[Old Testament]]
| title = Reverend Doctor
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Mother]]: [[Mrs.]] Mary Elizabeth Tyrie Ceresko 
[[Father]]: [[Dr.]] Anthony
| footnotes = Data as of March 2009
}}
'''Anthony Raymond Ceresko''' (1942–2005) was an [[Old Testament]] scholar.

== History ==
Ceresko was born in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], USA, on 20 August 1942.<ref name=Bondings>{{cite web|url=http://www.oblates.us/bondings_fall05.pdf |title=Deaths in Province|work=Bondings |volume=18|issue=4|date=Fall 2005|page=6-7 |publisher=Oblates of St. Francis de Sales |access-date=30 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812132530/http://www.oblates.us/bondings_fall05.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2007 }}</ref> After completing studies at the local [[Salesian High School (Detroit)|Salesian High School]] in [[Detroit]], Ceresko entered the [[Oblates of St. Francis de Sales]] in [[Childs, Maryland]] and was professed on 21 August 1962.<ref name="Bondings"/>

== Studies ==
He studied at the [[Niagara University]], [[Lewiston (town), New York|Lewiston, New York]], and graduated in 1967.<ref name="Bondings"/> Ceresko was later sent to [[The Catholic University of America]], [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1970 where he studied [[Bachelor of Sacred Theology]] ''(STB)'' and [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology]] ''(STL)''.<ref name="Bondings"/>

Ceresko obtained a doctorate from the [[Pontifical Biblical Institute]].<ref name="Bondings"/> His thesis was ''Job 29:31 in the light of Northwest Semitic - A Translation and Philological Commentary''.<ref name=Job>Anthony Raymond Ceresko, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UCYlbxp_FTUC&dq=anthony+raymond+ceresko&pg=PA10 Job 29:31 in the light of Northwest Semitic - A Translation and Philological Commentary]'', Biblical Institute Press, Rome, 1980.</ref>

==Writings==
* ''Job 29:31 in the light of Northwest Semitic - A Translation and Philological Commentary''<ref name="Job"/>
* ''Introduction to the Old Testament: a Liberation Perspective''<ref>Anthony Raymond Ceresko, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zG5-AAAAMAAJ&q=anthony+raymond+ceresko Introduction to the Old Testament: a Liberation Perspective]'', Orbis Books, 2001.</ref>
* ''Introduction to Old Testament Wisdom - A Spirituality for Liberation''<ref>Anthony Raymond Ceresko, ''[http://www.wellsprings.com.sg/nzc/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=13290 Introduction to Old Testament Wisdom - A Spirituality for Liberation]'', Orbis Books, 1999.</ref>

==Teacher==
Ceresko first taught at the [[SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary]] in [[Orchard Lake, Michigan]].<ref name="Bondings"/> He later moved to [[Canada]] and was Professor of Scripture at [[University of St. Michael's College]] in [[Toronto]].<ref name="Bondings"/>

In 1991, Ceresko moved to [[India]] and was Professor of Old Testament at [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]] in [[Bengaluru]]. In 1999, Ceresko volunteered to teach in the [[Divine Word Seminary]] in [[Tagaytay]], [[Philippines]].<ref name="Bondings"/>

==Scholarship==
Along with Thomas P. Wahl, Ceresko co-edited the notes on [[Zephaniah]], [[Nahum]], [[Habakkuk]] in the second edition of the ''[[New Jerome Biblical Commentary]]'', and wrote the notes on [[Jonah]].<ref name=Jerome>[[Raymond E. Brown]], Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Roland E. Murphy (Ed.), ''New Jerome Biblical Commentary'', second edition, Chapman, London, 1990.</ref>

Ceresko's other journal articles include:
* "The Function of 'Order' (Sedeq) and 'Creation' in the Book of Proverbs with Some Implications for Today".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/20-Proverbs/Text/Bibliography/Proverbs-Bibliography.htm |title=Ted Hildebrandt, ''Proverbs: Rough and working Bibliography'', 2005 |access-date=2009-03-30 |archive-date=2013-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319054509/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/OTeSources/20-Proverbs/Text/Bibliography/Proverbs-Bibliography.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* "The Rhetorical Strategy of the Fourth Servant Song (Isaiah 52:13-53:12): Poetry and the Exodus-New Exodus"<ref>[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/isaiah.php Catholic Biblical Quarterly 56.1 (1994): 42-55]</ref>
* "The Abcs of Wisdom in Psalm xxxiv"<ref name=Psalms>[http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/19-Psalms/Text/Bibliography/PsalmsBibliiography.htm Ted Hildebrandt, ''Psalms Bibliography'', 2005]</ref>
* "A Note on Psalm 63: A Psalm of Vigil"<ref name="Psalms"/>
* "A Poetic Analysis of Ps 105, with Attention to Its Use of Irony"<ref name="Psalms"/>
* "Prayers for Times of Distress"<ref name="Psalms"/>
* "Psalm 121: A Prayer of a Warrior?"<ref name="Psalms"/>
* "Psalm 149: Poetry, Themes (Exodus and Conquest), and Social Function"<ref name="Psalms"/>
* "The Sage in the Psalms." The Sage in Israel and the Ancient near East"<ref name="Psalms"/>
* "The Function of Chiasmus in Hebrew Poetry"<ref name="Psalms"/>
* "St. Francis de Sales - Spiritual Directory for a New Century: Re-interpreting the Direction of Intention"<ref name=Indian>Anthony Raymond Ceresko, ''To reward them afterwards - Eschatology and St. Francis de Sales - Direction of Intention or Right Intending of Deeds'', Indian Journal of Spirituality, Volume 16/3, 2003, pp.316-335.[http://www4.desales.edu/SCFC/Studies/Ceresko-Eschatology.pdf]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* "To reward them afterwards - Eschatology and St. Francis de Sales - Direction of Intention or Right Intending of Deeds"<ref name="Indian"/>

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box | before=
| title=Professor of Old Testament''' 
[[Divine Word Seminary]], [[Tagaytay]]|after=| years=1999-2005'''}}
{{succession box | before=| title=Professor of Old Testament''' 
St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary, [[Bengaluru]]|after=| years=1991-1999'''}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|2}}

;Further reading
* {{cite journal|author1=Raymond E. |author2=Brown, S.S |author3=Joseph A. Fitzmyer |author4=Roland E. Murphy |title=New Jerome Biblical Commentary |year=1990 |issue=Second Edition |url=https://www.stpetersseminary.ca/library/new%20jerome%20biblical%20commentary.html }}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ceresko, Anthony}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:21st-century American academics]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:21st-century American Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:20th-century American biblical scholars]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American religious writers]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:Catholics from Michigan]]
[[Category:Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Niagara University alumni]]
[[Category:Old Testament scholars]]
[[Category:Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Writers from Detroit]]

Khaled Mashud

2025-12-08T04:37:10Z

Nelle8556383481:

{{short description|Bangladeshi cricketer}}
{{for|the Bangladeshi bowler|Khaled Mahmud}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Khaled Mashud
| image = Khaled Mashud Pilot.jpg
| caption = Pilot in 2024
| country = Bangladesh
| fullname = Khaled Mashud
| nickname = Pilot
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|2|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rajshahi]], Bangladesh
| batting = Right-handed
| role = Wicket-keeper
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1995–2007
| testdebutdate = 10 November
| testdebutyear = 2000
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 6
| lasttestdate = 25 June
| lasttestyear = 2007
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka
| odidebutdate = 5 April
| odidebutyear = 1995
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 26
| lastodidate = 5 December
| lastodiyear = 2006
| lastodiagainst = Zimbabwe
| odishirt = 10
| club1 = [[Rajshahi Division cricket team|Rajshahi Division]]
| year1 = 1997–2011
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 44
| runs1 = 1,409
| bat avg1 = 19.04
| 100s/50s1 = 1/3
| top score1 = 103[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 0
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 78/9
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 126
| runs2 = 1,818
| bat avg2 = 21.90
| 100s/50s2 = 0/7
| top score2 = 71[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 0
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 91/35
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 101
| runs3 = 3,933
| bat avg3 = 24.89
| 100s/50s3 = 3/18
| top score3 = 201[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 50
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 174/18
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 184
| runs4 = 2,578
| bat avg4 = 20.46
| 100s/50s4 = 0/10
| top score4 = 71[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 7
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 147/49
| date = 21 November
| year = 2008
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55954.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Khaled Mashud''', popularly known as '''Khaled Mashud Pilot''' ({{langx|bn|খালেদ মাসুদ}}; born 8 February 1976) is a former [[Bangladesh]]i [[cricket]]er who was the country's Test and ODI captain. A [[wicketkeeper]] and middle-order batsman, he was a regular member of the national team between 1995 and 2007. Bangladeshi coach [[Dav Whatmore]] called Mashud the "best wicketkeeper in Asia."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khaled Mashud|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/khaled-mashud-55954|access-date=11 August 2021|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en}}</ref> He contributed to Bangladesh's first ever [[One Day International|ODI]] hat-trick by taking two catches off [[Shahadat Hossain]]'s bowling. After his international retirement in 2008, he continued to play domestic cricket in Bangladesh as captain of the [[Rajshahi Division cricket team|Rajshahi Division]] team. Mashud announced his retirement from domestic cricket after captaining his team to win the title in 2011. In 2025 he was elected as a director of [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Khaled Mashud elected BCB director first time as new board takes shape |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/393366/khaled-mashud-elected-bcb-director-first-time-as |access-date=8 December 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=6 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
His father Shamsu was a prominent Bangladeshi footballer in the 1970s. A striker, he formed a partnership with [[Kazi Salahuddin]] and helped [[Abahani Limited (Dhaka)|Abahani Krira Chakra]] win the [[Dhaka First Division Football League|Dhaka First Division League]] title in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pilot's father former footballer Shamshu no more – Sports – observerbd.com|url=https://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=92157|access-date=2021-08-10|website=The Daily Observer}}</ref>

==Early days==
Mashud played for the Bangladesh U-19 side in 1993. Apart from his keeping duties, he also took the important responsibility of batting at No. 3. Within couple of years, he graduated to the national team and played against the touring England 'A' team in February 1995. His ODI debut came later in the year at Sharjah.

==International career==
===In Test cricket===
He made an impressive Test debut with the bat, scoring 32 and 21* runs in the historic match against India in November 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh vs India Only Test 2000/01 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-bangladesh-2000-01-62353/bangladesh-vs-india-only-test-63898/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-08-10|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> But his most memorable moment in Test cricket came in the West Indies in May 2004. Despite taking a first innings lead of 64 runs, Bangladesh ran into trouble, losing their first seven wickets for just 123 runs. Mashud then led a late order recovery to take the score to 271/9 (decl.). The declaration came just after Mashud completed his hundred (103*). He was given excellent support by Rafiq (29) and Tapash (26).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Bangladesh vs West Indies 1st Test 2004 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-tour-of-west-indies-2004-62180/west-indies-vs-bangladesh-1st-test-64089/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-08-10|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
Behind the stumps, his 87 dismissals from 44 matches does not sound very impressive, but he was playing for a side which possessed very little venom in their bowling department.

===One Day Internationals===
Mashud was a vital member of the triumphant Bangladesh team in the 1997 ICC trophy. There, he topped the batting averages for his country, scoring 92 runs and getting out only once. He was the Man of the Match against Scotland after scoring 70 runs and sharing a 115 run partnership with [[Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1968)|Aminul Islam]]. In the final, he scored a quickfire 15* from just 7 deliveries to take Bangladesh home to a last ball victory. His innings included two massive hits for six. He also enjoyed a highly successful time behind the stumps with 12 catches and 11 stumpings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglacricket.com/History/icc1997.php |title=BanglaCricket |access-date=2008-08-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065842/http://www.banglacricket.com/History/icc1997.php |archive-date=20 July 2008 }} Banglacricket 1997 ICC Trophy (Retrieved 2010-07-13)</ref>

Mashud had little chance to show his mettle as a one-day batsman, as he almost inevitably came to bat with his team struggling. Still, he managed to get a top score of 71* runs, against the Australians in 2005.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/212253.html] Cricinfo Scorecard: Natwest Series 9th match June 2005 (Retrieved 2010-07-12)</ref> With the Bangladesh spinners being more effective in limited-over games, Mashud had more chance to show his class. His 91 catches and 35 stumpings in ODI testify to that.

Mashud had a brief stint as captain of Bangladesh. But, he lost his captaincy in acrimonious circumstances following the 2003 World Cup in Africa. Bangladesh suffered defeats at the hands of Canada and Kenya amidst allegations of match fixing. Although the allegations were not proved Mashud was stripped of his captaincy duty. In February 2006, he was fined after being found guilty of bringing the game into disrepute during a match against [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2006: Penalties imposed on players for breaches of ICC Code of Conduct |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2006.html |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=2007-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095818/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2006.html |archive-date=20 February 2007 }}</ref>

His place in the side came under threat, however, with the emergence of [[Mushfiqur Rahim]], combined with his own failure to score a half century in 24 Test innings. He was subsequently dropped from the Bangladesh squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup and after a brief return against Sri Lanka did not feature, with [[Mushfiqur Rahim|Rahim]] and [[Dhiman Ghosh]] being preferred as wicketkeepers. He announced his retirement from international cricket in 2008.

==Later career==
Early in 2019, Mashud was chosen as the new Bangladesh team manager for the away series against New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-02|title=Mashud new Bangladesh manager for NZ series|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/2019/02/02/mashud-new-bangladesh-manager-for-nz-series|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
*[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55954.html Cricinfo profile on: Khaled Mashud]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Naimur Rahman]]|
title=[[List of Bangladesh national cricket captains|Bangladesh national cricket captain]]|
years=2001/2|
after=[[Khaled Mahmud]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Habibul Bashar]]|
title=[[List of Bangladesh national cricket captains|Bangladesh national cricket captain]]|
years=2004/5|
after=[[Habibul Bashar]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bangladesh Test cricket captains}}
{{Bangladesh ODI cricket captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Bangladesh squads
|bg= #006A4E
|fg= white
|bordercolor=red
|list1=
{{Bangladesh 1999 Cricket World Cup squad}}
{{Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mashud, Khaled}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Test cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajshahi Division cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Kala Bagan Cricket Academy cricketers]]
[[Category:Abahani Limited cricketers]]
[[Category:Victoria Sporting Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Dhaka Metropolis cricketers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bangladesh National Sports Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi sportsmen]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]
[[Category:People from Rajshahi District]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Rajshahi Division]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket administrators]]

Bandana Singh

2025-11-07T11:13:57Z

Nelle8556383481: add details based on references for accuracy

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Bandana Singh
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Sagri (Assembly constituency)|Sagri]], [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end = March 2022
| predecessor = [[Abhay Narayan]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|07}}
| birth_place = Tegna, [[Mau district|Mau]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="Profile"/>
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| parents = Ravindra Nath Singh (Father)<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2021-Present)
| spouse = {{married|Sarvesh Singh Sipu|2003|2013|end=d.}}
| partner =
| relations = Yash Thakur (Nephew)
| children = Kritika Singh Rathour, Samarth Singh Rathour, Dhairya Singh Rathour
| residence = Vidhayak Niwas, [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]] Uttar Pradesh
| alma_mater = [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4558|title = Bandana Singh(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- SAGRI(AZAMGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician, Agriculture<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>
| otherparty = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (Till 2021)
}}
'''Bandana Singh''' (born 7 October 1981) is an Indian Politician and a Member of [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|17th Legislative Assembly]] of [[Azamgarh district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. She represents the [[Sagri (Assembly constituency)|Sagri]] Constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a Member of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4558|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Singh was born 7 October 1981 in Tegna, [[Mau district|Mau]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] to her father Shri Ravindra Nath Singh. She married Sarvesh Singh Sipu (Ex MLA of [[Sagri (Assembly constituency)|Sagri]]) in 2003. Sipu was shot dead in 2013 at his home by unknown shooters,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-mla-sarvesh-singh-shot-dead-by-gunmen-on-bikes-at-his-home-violence-in-azamgarh-528844|title=Former MLA Sarvesh Singh shot dead by gunmen on bikes at his home, violence in Azamgarh|last=Zanane|first=Anant|date=19 July 2013|work=NDTV|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> they have two sons and one daughter. She belongs to [[Rajput]] (Kshatriya) family. She got [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree in 2003 and [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]] in 2009 from [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]].<ref name=Profile>{{cite web|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=20601|work=official website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|title=Member Profile|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref>

==Political career==
Singh has been a member of the 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Since 2017, she has represented the Sagri constituency and is a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> She defeated [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Jairam Patel by a margin of 5,475 votes.<ref name="2017 result">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sagri.html|title=Assembly result 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=Elections.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 ||March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bandana}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}

A. K. C. Sundaravel

2025-11-07T02:15:30Z

Nelle8556383481: updated layout for clarity and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. K. C. Sundaravel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date = 6 April 2019
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|MLA of Tirupattur, Vellore]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 = [[G. Shanmugam]]
| successor1 = [[B. Sundaram]]
|office2 = Chairman of Tiruppattur
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 = 2001
| term_end2 = 2006
| party = [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| alma_mater =
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''A. K. C. Sundaravel''' was an Indian politician belonging to [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He was elected as a member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/1991-election-results.html
|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results in 1991
|accessdate=29 September 2019|website=www.elections.in
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=29 September 2019|website=www.resultuniversity.com|title=Tiruppattur Assembly Constituency Election Result
|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tiruppattur-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency
}}</ref> He died by road accident on 6 April 2019 at the age of 70.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=29 September 2019|website=News Today|title=Former AIADMK MLA Sundaravel dies in ghastly road accident
|url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/06/former-aiadmk-mla-sundaravel-dies-in-ghastly-road-accident/|date=6 April 2019
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=29 September 2019|website=United News of India|title=Former AIADMK MLA, 2 others killed in mishap
|url=https://www.uniindia.com/former-aiadmk-mla-2-others-killed-in-mishap/south/news/1553801.html
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 September 2019|website=The Times of India|title=Former MLA killed as SUV rams lorry
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/former-mla-killed-as-suv-rams-lorry/articleshow/68758345.cms|date=7 April 2019
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundaravel, A. K. C}}
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Metro Park (TV series)

2025-10-29T12:36:46Z

Nelle8556383481: new...

{{Short description|Indian sitcom web television series}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| country = India
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 21 (5 special episodes)
| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|3|3}}
| network = [[Eros Now]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ranvir Shorey]]|[[Omi Vaidya]]|[[Purbi Joshi]]|[[Pitobash Tripathy]]}}
| writer = [[ Ajayan Venugopalan]]
| director = {{ubl|[[Abi Varghese]]|[[Ajayan Venugopalan]]}}
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]] Rohit Gopalakrishnan (season 2)
| cinematography = Sahadev Kelvadi
| editor = Shando Uruvath
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| executive_producer = Giju John,Bhuvanesh Shrivastava, Raaj Rahhi
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
}}

'''''Metro Park''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[sitcom]] web television series on [[Eros Now]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirani |first=Sahil |title=METRO PARK CAST |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/metro-park-cast-who-plays-which-character-in-eros-now-web-series-metro-park-full-cast-ranvir-shorey-as-kalpesh-patel-purbi-joshi-omi-vaidya-set-in-new-jersey-watch-metro-park-official-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819230119/https://www.gqindia.com/content/metro-park-cast-who-plays-which-character-in-eros-now-web-series-metro-park-full-cast-ranvir-shorey-as-kalpesh-patel-purbi-joshi-omi-vaidya-set-in-new-jersey-watch-metro-park-official-trailer |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=GQ |language=en}}</ref> about the Indian Gujarati family living in [[Metropark station|Metro Park]], an Indian-American majority neighborhood in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]], United States, and the funny problems they face.

== Cast ==
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Kalpesh Patel<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=BingePost |first=Team |date=19 November 2019 |title='Metro Park' cast: Who plays who in the Eros Now original web series |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/metro-park-cast-who-plays-which-character-in-eros-now-web-series-metro-park-full-cast-ranvir-shorey-as-kalpesh-patel-purbi-joshi-omi-vaidya-set-in-new-jersey-watch-metro-park-official-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819230119/https://www.gqindia.com/content/metro-park-cast-who-plays-which-character-in-eros-now-web-series-metro-park-full-cast-ranvir-shorey-as-kalpesh-patel-purbi-joshi-omi-vaidya-set-in-new-jersey-watch-metro-park-official-trailer |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=GQ India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Purbi Joshi]] as Payal Patel<ref name=":0" />
* [[Omi Vaidya]] as Kannan Menon <ref name=":0" />
* [[Vega Tamotia]] as Kinjal Patel, Kannan's wife and Payal's sister<ref name=":0" />
* [[Pitobash Tripathy]] as Bittu Amritraj , Kalpesh's store assistant<ref name=":0" />
* [[Arnav Joshi]] as Pankaj Patel, Kalpesh and Payal's son
* [[Aashmi Joshi]] as Simran (Munni) Patel, Kalpesh & Payal's daughter
* [[Sarita Joshi]] as Mummy, Payal & Kinjal's Mother, Kalpesh & Kannan's mother-in-law - Season 2
* [[Milind Soman]] as Arpit, a dentist, Payal's schoolmate and first crush (cameo) - Season 2
* [[Gopal Dutt]] as Dr. Vivek Saini, a therapist (cameo) - Season 2

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table|background=#053ba1 |overall=|title=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = New Beginnings
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Assistant
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Kalpesh Studies
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Guerilla Marketing
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Karoake Nights
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Unisex
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Diet and Gadget
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Pregnancy Class
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = House Falling Apart
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}

}}

===Quarantine Edition===
{{Episode table|background=#053ba1 |overall=|title=Quarantine Edition|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Episode 1
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Episode 2
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Episode 3
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Episode 4
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Episode 5
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table|background=#053ba1 |overall=|title=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Fresh Prince of Metro Park
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Parenting
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Surveillance
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Mummy returns
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = 'Payal Do All'
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Bollygroove
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Keep Metropark Great!
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Biscuit Baba
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Run Kannan Run!
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Dinner and Movie
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Cool! Pre-School!
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = First Birthday
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
}}

== Production ==
''Metro Park'' is a "revamped" version of ''[[Akkara Kazhchakal]]'', a [[Malayali]] sitcom aired in 2008–10.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Metro Park is Akkarakazhchakal made for a larger audience' - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Mar/27/metro-park--is-akkarakazhchakal-made-for-a-larger-audience-1956332.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Release ==
To celebrate the launch of the series, Prem Parameswaran (President of North America Eros), Abi Varghese, Ajayan Venugopalan and Omi Vaidya rang the Opening Bell at the [[New York Stock Exchange]] on Friday, 1 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now Opening bell |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190228005947/en/Eros-International-Ring-Opening-Bell-New-York |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225124210/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190228005947/en/Eros-International-Ring-Opening-Bell-New-York |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=businesswire |language=en}}</ref> A special "Quarantine Edition" was released in 2020,<ref name="quarantine" /> and Season 2 was released on 29 January 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi's Metro Park season 2 to premiere on January 29 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranvir-shorey-purbi-joshi-metro-park-season-2-to-premiere-on-january-29-7157114/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The show was nominated in all major categories for the CNN-IBN Ireel awards 2019 including Best Comedy, Best Actor Comedy, Best Actress Comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedy fierce Battle |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/news18-ireel-awards-2019-best-show-comedy-a-fierce-battle-2295607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915150105/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/news18-ireel-awards-2019-best-show-comedy-a-fierce-battle-2295607.html |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=news18 |language=en}}</ref>{{fv|date=January 2021}} Ranvir Shorey won Gold awards Best Actor(Comedy) for his portrayal of Kalpesh Patel in Metropark.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Anshika |date=12 October 2019 |title=Here's The Complete List Of Winners At The Gold Awards 2019! - Fuzion Productions |url=https://www.fuzionproductions.com/heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-at-the-gold-awards-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803181856/https://www.fuzionproductions.com/heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-at-the-gold-awards-2019/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=Fuzion Productions |language=en-US}}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found the special "Quarantine Edition" released in 2020 to be hilarious.<ref name="quarantine">{{cite news |last1=Kaushal |first1=Ruchi |title=Metro Park-Quarantine Edition review: Ranvir Shorey, Omi Vaidya's hilarious take on life during a pandemic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/metro-park-quarantine-edition-review-ranvir-shorey-omi-vaidya-s-hilarious-take-on-life-during-a-pandemic/story-UEbqmDifzGEi5UKwDH6HlM.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Season 2 was called light-hearted but determinedly middling by ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Metro Park Season 2 review: A light-hearted series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/metro-park-season-2-review-a-light-hearted-web-series-7166333/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> also receiving an average review of 3/5 stars from ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khurana |first1=Archika |title=Metro Park Season 2 Review: A quirky take on the life of NRIs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/metro-park/season-2/seasonreview/80431277.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Akkara Kazhchakal]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt9838090}}
* [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201002005257/en/Eros-Now-Wins-Awards-at-SCREENXX-2020-Awards Eros Now Wins Awards at SCREENXX 2020 Awards]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/ranvir-shorey-starrer-metro-park-to-return-with-season-2-1636718-2020-01-14 Ranvir Shorey starrer Metro Park to return with Season 2]
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/jan/15/metro-park-renewed-for-season-2-2089581.html 'Metro Park' renewed for Season 2]

[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]

Al-Ziya

2025-10-27T21:44:40Z

Nelle8556383481:

{{Short description|Indian Arabic magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Al-Ziya
| image_file = Cover page of Al-Ziya from May 1933.jpg
| image_caption = May 1933 cover
| editor = [[Masood Alam Nadwi]]
| founder = Masood Alam Nadwi
| category = [[Theology]], Culture, [[Dawah]], Literature, Education, [[Nadwatul Ulama]]
| frequency = Monthly
| publisher = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
| firstdate = May 1932
| finaldate = 1935
| country = India
| based = [[Lucknow]]
| language = Arabic
}}
'''''Al-Ziya''''' ({{langx|ar|الضياء}}) was the first monthly Arabic magazine published by [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in May 1932 under the editorship of [[Masood Alam Nadwi]], with advisorship from [[Sulaiman Nadvi]] and [[Taqi al-Din al-Hilali]], and with [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] as part of the editorial team. It was printed using [[lithography]] and released mid-month according to the [[Islamic calendar]], focusing on literary, educational, and social topics.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=308}} Despite being the only Arabic magazine in India at the time and receiving widespread acclaim for developing intellectual discourse in [[Arab world|Arab]] and Islamic circles, it ceased publication after four years due to financial constraints. Its legacy, however, influenced the emergence of other Arabic magazines, with ''[[Al-Baas El-Islami]]'' regarded as its successor.<ref name=":STK">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Shams Tabrez |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-nadwa-tul-ulama-part-002-shams-tabrez-khan-ebooks |title=Tareekh-e-Nadwatul Ulama |publisher=Majlis-e-Sahafat-o-Nashriyat |year=2003 |edition=2nd |volume=2 |location=Lucknow |pages=424 |language=ur |trans-title=History of the Nadwatul Ulama |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241126115716/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-nadwa-tul-ulama-part-002-shams-tabrez-khan-ebooks |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Start and strive ==
Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, recognizing the stagnation of [[Arabic|Arabic language]] education in India, initiated efforts to revitalize the language, particularly in practical communication.<ref name="Nayab">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqueeq-e-islami Deoband |year=2013 |edition= |location=India |pages=102 |language=ur |trans-title=Journalistic Scenario Of Darul Uloom Deoband}}</ref> In 1932, under the influence of Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali and a proposal by Syed Sabir, the institution launched ''Al-Ziya'', designed to provide students with a platform to practice Arabic writing and composition.{{Sfn|Rahi|1975|p=20}} This was a novel initiative, as Arabic in India had largely remained confined to traditional study, with many scholars struggling to use the language fluently in speaking or writing.<ref name=":HR">{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Hafizur |title=Arabic journalism in India with special reference to Sayed Muhammad Al Hasani : a study |access-date= |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |language=en |pages=178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217145140/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/342127 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |year=2020 |location=India |hdl=10603/342127 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite over a million students learning Arabic in approximately one thousand [[Madrasa|madrassas]], the language had not advanced in terms of communication skills beyond [[Fiqh|jurisprudential]] or [[Kalam|logical]] topics.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=178}} Sulaiman Nadvi and others noted the challenge faced by many Muslims who could understand Arabic but could not communicate in it effectively.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=178}} In response, ''Al-Ziya'' called for more active engagement with Arabic as a living language, promoting its use in both writing and speech. This initiative helped the emergence of other Arabic publications and institutions dedicated to Arabic language training.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=179}} However, ''Al-Ziya'' ceased publication after four years due to financial constraints.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=180}} Abdul Hameed Fazli documented the circumstances surrounding its closure in his biographical work on Masood Alam Nadwi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fazli |first=Abdul Hameed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/moulana-masood-alam-nadvi-hayat-aur-karname-abdul-hameed-fazli-ebooks |title=Maulana Masood Alam Nadvi Hayat Aur Karname |date=1998 |publisher=Markazi Maktaba Islami Publishers |location=New Delhi |pages=29 |language=ur |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241126120347/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/moulana-masood-alam-nadvi-hayat-aur-karname-abdul-hameed-fazli-ebooks |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Themes and voices ==
The magazine was instrumental in the advancement of both Islamic sciences and [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] by promoting Arabic as a dynamic and evolving language suited to modern needs.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=308}} It aimed to demonstrate that Arabic is not a static language limited to religious contexts but one capable of supporting a broad range of disciplines, including both Islamic studies and other scientific fields.<ref name=":AA">{{Cite thesis |last=Alangadan |first=Anees |title=Relocating Arabic Language And Literature With Reference To Arabic Journalism In India 1950 To 2000 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |language=ar |page=148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050821/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/30548 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to its focus on language, the magazine acted as the primary representative of Indian Muslims abroad, facilitating communication between India and the Arab world. It encouraged a contemporary style of writing, developing literary and scientific tastes while inspiring Islamic zeal and religious sentiment among its readers.{{Sfn|Alangadan|2014|p=151}} Moreover, the magazine countered the influence of [[Western canon|Western intellectualism]], advocating for the preservation of Islamic thought and values and playing a role in shaping the intellectual and cultural landscape of its time.{{Sfn|Alangadan|2014|p=151}}

== Reputation in academia ==
It has received acclaim from diverse academic backgrounds. Academics such as Abdul Aziz al-Yamani from the [[Islamic University of Madinah]] praised its establishment, acknowledging the efforts of Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali and others in nurturing its success.{{Sfn|Kha|1998|p=132}} Farid Uddin Ahmed from [[Cotton University]] highlighted the magazine's widespread recognition across India and its role in the development of the Arabic language in the region.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=308}} Habib Shahidul Islam and Ahmed Daisy, both from [[Gauhati University]], noted the magazine's swift popularity in Arab countries due to its content.<ref name=":HSI">{{Cite thesis |last=Islam |first=Habib Shahidul |title=The Role Of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulema In The Field Of Arabic Journalism In India A Study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |language=en |page=91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050739/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/114360 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":AD">{{Cite thesis |last=Daisy |first=Ahmed |title=Development of Indo-Arabic Literature and the Contribution of Dr. Sayeedur Rahman Al-A'zmi Al-Nadwi to Al-Baas Al-Islami |degree=PhD |publisher=Gauhati University |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/93172 |language=ar |page=106 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241113092541/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/93172 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |year=2015 |location=India |hdl=10603/93172}}</ref> Hafizur Rahman, also from Gauhati University, recognized it as a pioneering publication in Arabic journalism, with notable influence in both India and Arab nations.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=177}} Zikrullah Arabi from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] commended the magazine's eloquent style and its role in spreading Islamic awareness,<ref name=":ZA">{{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |language=ar |pages=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/337869 |url-status=live}}</ref> while Jubailiya P from the [[University of Calicut]] and Anees Alangadan from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]], emphasized its status as a source of inspiration and a leader in the field.<ref name=":JP">{{Cite thesis |last=P |first=Jubailiya |title=Darul Uloom Nadwathul Ulama its Contributions to the Development of Arabic Language and Literature: an analytical study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Calicut]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |language=ar |pages=180 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126025358/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2020 |location=India |hdl=10603/306944 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Alangadan|2014|p=148}} Nayab Hasan Qasmi, the author of ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama'', Shams Tabrez Khan, the historiographer of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, and Mohd. Sohaib Siddiqi from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] acknowledged the impact of the magazine on contemporary journalism in India and the Arab-Islamic world.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Siddiqi |first=Mohd. Sohaib |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |title=Nadwa Movement Its Contribution To The Development Of Arabic Language And Literature In India |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1993 |location=India |page=102 |language=ur |degree=PhD |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126032814/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=102}}{{Sfn|Khan|2003|p=422}} Obaidur Rahman from the [[University of Calcutta]] praised it for dispelling misconceptions about Indian Muslims' proficiency in Arabic, noting its role in elevating Indian scholars in the Arab world.<ref name=":OR">{{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Musahamatu Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Fi Nashril Lughatil Arabiati Wal Adabil Islami Wa Dauruha Fi Majalis Sahafati Wal Elam |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |language=ar |pages=422 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/314806 |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040516/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheeba Rehman from Aligarh Muslim University remarked on its quick recognition across the Islamic world,<ref name=":SR">{{Cite thesis |last=Rehman |first=Sheeba |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Nadwatul to the Development of Arabic Journalism in India |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102105606if_/http://ir.amu.ac.in/6786/1/DS%203919.pdf |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2008 |location=India |pages= |language=ar |degree=PhD |page=46}}</ref> and Kaleemur Rehman Kha from the [[University of Lucknow]] attributed much of its success to Masood Alam Nadwi's bilingual proficiency.{{Sfn|Kha|1998|p=133}} Ihsan Mu'afi Haqqi, professor of Arabic at Aligarh Muslim University, commended the magazine's efforts to promote the Arabic language, encouraging further improvements in its presentation.{{Sfn|Kha|1998|p=135}}

== International reach ==
Masood Alam Nadwi established global connections with notable figures such as [[Shakib Arslan]], [[Rashid Rida]], and [[Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib]] from the Arab world, as well as [[Muhammad Iqbal]] in India, using the magazine as a platform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Akhtar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/masood-alam-nadvi-akhtar-rahi-ebooks |title=Masood Alam Nadvi: Sawaneh Wa Maqtubat |publisher=Maktaba Khatar Nashir Qur'ani Qata'at Gujarat |year=1975 |location=Faizabad |pages=21 |language=ur |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241126125637/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/masood-alam-nadvi-akhtar-rahi-ebooks |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also served as a vehicle for emerging scholars like [[Mustafa al-Siba'i]], Umar Bahaa al-Amiri, Abdul Qahhar al-Kardani, and [[Muhammad Ma Jian]], who later achieved prominence in their fields.{{Sfn|Rahi|1975|p=21}} The publication received praise from several international sources, including Amir Nasiruddin of Lebanon, who lauded ''Al-Ziya'' for its pure Arabic language, eloquent style, and insightful Islamic research.{{Sfn|Khan|2003|p=423}} Syed Muhammad Mahmud Hafiz al-Nadwi noted that its fame spread beyond India to the Arab world, where Arab writers celebrated the magazine for its intellectual clarity and literary subjects.<ref name=":Ahmed">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Farid Uddin |date=2019 |title=Arabic Journalism in India: Its growth and development |url=https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Echo |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=309 |issn=2278-5264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044358/https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref> The Syrian magazine ''Al-Furqan'' described it as progressive, highlighting its intellectual, literary, educational, and social content.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=308}} The Lebanese newspaper ''Al-Safa'' acknowledged ''Al-Ziya's'' unique position as the only Arabic-language magazine in India at the time, emphasizing its comprehensive and beneficial content, despite being printed using lithography.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=181}} ''Al-Irfan'' from Syria noted the magazine's growth, stating that, had it used modern printing methods, it would have been considered a leading Arabic publication.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=181}} ''Al-Arab al-Muqaddasiyyah'' praised it as an influential magazine, commending its eloquent diction and its role in promoting Islamic culture, history, and sociology.{{Sfn|Rahman|2020|p=182}} Al-Naqqash al-Karmali, a Syrian Arabic writer, acknowledged Masood Alam Nadwi's mastery of the Arabic language, even at a young age, and recognized him as an accomplished scholar.{{Sfn|Rahi|1975|p=21}} ''Al-Shihab'', an Algerian magazine, highlighted its growing readership and support, noting that the research and comprehensive topics inspired many to subscribe.{{Sfn|Kha|1998|p=130}} [[Al-Fath (magazine)|''Al-Fath'']], a Cairo-based magazine, reflected the high esteem in which ''Al-Ziya'' was held, underscoring its significant place in the Arab intellectual community.<ref name=":KRK">{{Cite thesis |last=Kha |first=Kaleemur Rehman |title=Molana Masood Aalam Nadvi Hayat Va Khidmat |date=1998 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Lucknow]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/598603 |language=ur |pages=130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126130703/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/598603 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |location=India |hdl=10603/598603 }}</ref> Later assessments, including reports by [[Al Jazeera Arabic|''Al Jazeera'']], have identified the magazine as part of a broader historical development in Indo-Arab academic and literary interaction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Mohsin Atiq |date=8 June 2018 |title=A look at the history of the emergence of Arabic magazines in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2018/6/8/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%a3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]] |language=ar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Deobandi Arabic magazines]]
[[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Arabic-language magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1932]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1935]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Conservative magazines]]

Tantex

2025-10-12T04:22:21Z

Nelle8556383481:

{{Short description|American non-profit organization}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2023}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2009}}
}}

'''The Telugu Association of North Texas (TANTEX)''' was formed in 1986 as a non-profit, non-religious organization by immigrant [[Telugu people]] in the [[United States]]<nowiki/>with South Asian roots.

It was mainly an initiative to understand the difficulties faced by the Telugu immigrants in [[Texas]] and address it in a way to integrate the Telugu community into mainstream American society. TANTEX evolved into a medium of promoting the Telugu culture, education and the community affairs and activities.

Apart from these activities TANTEX also airs Telugu programs on air on regional radio channels in [[Dallas]] (and across the US) with Radio Salaam Namaste and Fun Asia for a few hours every weekend.

TANTEX is governed by a President and an Executive Committee. All leaders are elected by volunteers over an annual election. The term is the calendar year. This executive committee is comprised and supported by many sub-committees. They vary from Cultural, Communication, Reception to Technology related. Many members on an ongoing basis register and be a part of the organization. To become a member one has to pay the membership fee per event basis. Membership can be paid per individual or per family basis.

==Membership==
Currently there are two types of memberships:
* Life Memberships
** One time fee per family
** Patrons fee
* Annual Memberships
** Family fee
** Individual fee
** Student fee

==Additional benefits==
Additional benefits are provided for the members of the group. These include:
* Discounts at various TANTEX organized events.
* Telugu Velugu Magazine every quarter.
* Free Telugu Movie every quarter.
* Annual Picnic for members.
* Discounts at various regional Dallas Restaurants and Grocery Stores.

==TANTEX organization==
* Office Bearers
* Executive Committee
* Board of Trustees
* Nominated Committees
** Cultural Committee
** Audio/Video Committee
** Public Relations Committee
** Web Committee
** Membership & Registration Committee
** Youth Committee
** Food Committee
** Marketing & Volunteers Committee
** Community Service Committee
** Business Seminars Committee
** Telugu Saahitya Vedika Committee
** Telugu Velugu - Editorial Board Committee
** Radio Committee
** Women's Forum Committee

==Activities==
* '''''Telugu Velugu''''': This is periodical newsletter sent to the members via email and the quarterly magazine "TELUGU VELUGU". Subscription is open and requested by sending the admin an email.
* '''Telugu Radio''': This is the weekly edition which promotes the discussions, debates, music, singing, etc. over the radio channels. Though TANTEX does not have a dedicated radio station, it does air programs on other Indian channels. TANTEX hosts two Radio Programs on the weekends. On Sundays tune in to Radio Salaam Namaste on 104.9 FM from 9:00 AM to 11:00 AM for Weekend Vinodam and FunAsia Radio on 700 AM from 10:00 AM to 12:00 Noon for GanaSudha. In addition to playing Telugu songs, these programs include celebrity interviews, valuable medical information and provide information on all upcoming events [http://www.tantex.org/index.php?option=com_events&Itemid=25].
* ''Saahitya Vedika'': Nela Nela Telugu Vennela is a congregation of Telugu literary lovers. This meeting is held on every third Sunday Guest speakers present their interpretation of Telugu classics while budding writers share their creations.
* '''''Maitri''''': Is an activity at forging friendly interaction within members and other people.
* '''Community Service''': Various kinds of community services are organized from time to time. TANTEX also organizes a free Clinic session every year to provide access to quality healthcare services to low-income and uninsured residents. The objective of the clinic is to build a healthier community by promoting and providing easy access to healthcare services to all low income DFW residents.
* '''Other activities''': As a socially conscious organization, TANTEX conducts a variety of programs that are not just restricted to the Telugu speaking community in the DFW area. These include distribution of school supplies for under privileged children, community outreach programs, social service and voluntary activities.

TANTEX organizes several events during all major Telugu festivals such as [[Sankranthi]], [[Ugadi]] and [[Diwali]]. TANTEX also organizes annual events such as "Carnival", a family picnic and competitions for kids as well as adults during summers. For the entertainment of its members, TANTEX also screens a free TELUGU MOVIE every quarter.

Additionally TANTEX also organizes and supports several other interesting events such as music concerts and ''Sahithya Vedika'' etc.

TANTEX has been actively organising various activities and programs year round for Telugu Community. Majority of these activities are open to General Public of the area and not restricted to the Members. Some of the activities are organized jointly with community members and other organizations. These events include and not limited to music concerts, felicitations to distinguished visitors, fund-raisings, etc. To be a part of such events the members pay a separate fee. Membership to TANTEX is open all through the year.

TANTEX celebrated its silver jubilee on July 8–9, 2011. The event was held on Black Academy of arts and letters, Dallas convention Center, Theatre Complex.<ref>''[http://www.bombayphotography.com/event/tantex-celebrates-it-silver-jubilee-with-a-blast Events]''</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.tantex.org/contentSingle.php?cntid=1 Official website]

[[Category:Organizations based in Texas]]

Niwai Assembly constituency

2025-09-15T09:32:50Z

Nelle8556383481: minor edit

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Niwai
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-95-Niwai.svg
| mla = [[Ram Sahay Varma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Tonk district|Tonk]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:284986}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| latest_election_year = 2023
}}
'''Niwai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It covers Niwai and Peeplu tehsils of [[Tonk district|Tonk]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Hira Lal (Rajasthan politician)|Hira Lal]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Prasant Bairwa]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Ram Sahay Varma]]<ref name="election2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/niwai-sc-assembly-result-20095|title=Niwai (SC) Assembly Election Results 2023: Niwai (SC) Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi | निवाई विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Niwai<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Sahay Varma (Regar)
|votes = {{formatnum:92775}}
|percentage = 46.53
|change = +10.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prashant Bairwa
|votes = {{formatnum:79834}}
|percentage = 40.04
|change = -20.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Prahlad Narayan Bairwa
|votes = {{formatnum:20362}}
|percentage = 10.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1972}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12941}}
|percentage = 6.49
|change = -18.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199385}}
|percentage = 69.96
|change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Niwai<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Prashant Bairwa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:105784}}
|percentage = 60.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Sahay Verma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61895}}
|percentage = 35.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2253}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43889}}
|percentage = 25.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173928}}
|percentage = 70.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tonk district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.36|75.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Tonk district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Taki, India

2025-07-25T02:31:09Z

Nelle8556383481: started a info...

{{Short description|Town in West Bengal, India}}
{{Other uses|Taki (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Taki
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Taki Road rail station 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Taki Road railway station]]
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.59|N|88.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Taki Municipality
| leader_title = Municipality Chairman
| leader_name = Somnath Mukhopadhaya<ref>[http://north24parganas.nic.in/municipality.html Official District Administration site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115061456/http://north24parganas.nic.in/municipality.html |date=2007-01-15 }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 5
| population_total = 38,263
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=341935 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=22 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120612/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=341935 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743429
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03217
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat Dakshin]]
| website = https://takimunicipality.in
| footnotes =
}}
'''Taki''' is a Town and a municipality in [[Basirhat subdivision]]<ref>[http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=600| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|49|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Basirhat subdivision, North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|26|48|N|88|59|0|E}}|label-pos1=bottom|label1= Bankra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bankra, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|44|N|88|45|5|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2= Balihati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Balihati]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|53|39|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dandirhat| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dandirhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|29|N|88|45|56|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Dakshin Chatra| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Dakshin Chatra]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|52|52|N|88|46|32|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Deora| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Deora, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|42|30|N|88|45|26|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Dhanyakuria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Dhanyakuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|14|N|88|59|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hingalganj| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|30|N|88|54|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Itinda| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Itinda]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|18|N|88|43|52|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Minakhan| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|48|53|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mathurapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|41|35|N|88|50|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Raghunathpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Raghunathpur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|32|54|N|88|49|7|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sadigachhi| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sadigachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|28|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Uttar Bagundi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Uttar Bagundi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|44|24|N|88|47|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Baduria| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Baduria]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|25|N|88|51|15|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Basirhat| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Basirhat]] (M) | shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|35|24|N|88|54|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Taki| numbered16=M| mark-title16=Taki (India) (M) |shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|49|27|N|88|51|22|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Swarupnagar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Swarupnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|41|55|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bamanpukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bamanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|40|23|N|88|56|46|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ghojadanga| labela19=check post| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Ghojadanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|36|37|N|88|40|38|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Haroa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Haroa, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|34|30|N|88|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Hasnabad| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Hasnabad]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|12|58|N|88|58|53|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Hemnagar| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Hemnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Iswarigachha| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Iswarigachha]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|25|18|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Kalinagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|30|29|N|88|46|7|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Malancha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Malancha, Basirhat]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|46|15|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Matia| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Matia, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|34|25|N|88|50|30|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Murarisha| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Murarisha]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|26|37|N|88|50|32|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nazat| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Nazat]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|26|48|N|88|57|19|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Sandelerbil| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Sandelerbil]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|21|59|N|88|52|15|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Sandeshkhali| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sandeshkhali]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|50|18|N|88|52|3|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Sarapul| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sarapul, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|57|0|E}} | label32= Ichhamati |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= 80| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|33|0|N|88|53|40|E}} | label33= Raimangal River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 95| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|49|40|E}} | label34= Burokalabati |labela34 =River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 50| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|40|0|E}} | label35= Bidyadhari |labela35 =River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 90| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|33|0|N|89|0|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Taki is located at {{Coord|22.59|N|88.92|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Taki.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Taki]</ref> It has an average elevation of 5 [[metre]]s (16 [[foot (length)|feet]]) at the bank of [[Ichamati River]].

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. Numerous rivers, creeks and ''khals'' criss-cross the area. The tip of the [[Sundarbans National Park]] is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> A large section of the area is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The densely populated area is an overwhelmingly rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.04% of the population lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Taki had a total population of 38,263, of which 19,562 (51%) were males and 18,701 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 3,419. The total number of literate persons in Taki was 28,939 (83.05% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 May 2018 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Taki had a population of 37,302. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Taki has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 61%. In Taki, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Culture and education==
[[File:Sonar Bangla Hotel, Taki.jpg|thumb|Sonar Bangla Hotel, Taki]]
[[File:Golpata Forest, Taki 2.jpg|thumb|Canopy walk at Golpata Forest]]
There are a Library (Taki District Library) and a college named [[Taki Government College]] situated in Taki town. [[Taki Government High School]], is the oldest school of this area. Other renowned schools like Taki S. L. Girls High School and Taki Bhabanath High School are there. [[Ramakrishna Mission]] also established a branch with [[Taki Ramakrishna Mission High School]] and hostel facilities in Taki.

Taki is known for its sweets called "Chhanar Malpoa" and Khajur Patal is also very popular at the time of winter.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Other than local [[Kali Puja]], [[Durga Puja]], etc. this place became a tourist picnic spot beside the [[Ichamati river]] due to the international border between [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].

[[Taki Government College]] was established in 1950. Affiliated to the [[West Bengal State University]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy, political science, economics, geography, mathematics, chemistry, physics, botany and zoology, and a post-graduate course in Bengali.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/TakiGovernmentCollege/Taki_Government_College.shtml | title = Taki Government College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Taki Road railway station]] is on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Barasat-Hasnabad line]], which is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/17692/7870/7862 |title = 33311 Barasat-Hasnabad local |work= Time Table| publisher= India Railinfo | access-date = 30 May 2018}}</ref>

[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|State Highway 2]] passes through Taki.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Hasnabad CD Block, Page 671 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 30 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 30 May 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Taki Rural Hospital at Taki with 50 beds functions as the main medical facility in [[Hasnabad (community development block)|Hasnabad]] CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Bhurkundu (Bhawanipur PHC with 10 beds), Bhebia (Ghola PHC with 6 beds) and Bara Bankra (Barunhat PHC with 10).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Gautam Deb]], former minister
* [[Bimal Kar]], writer
* [[Shankar Roychowdhury]], General of [[Indian Army]]
* [[Ashoke Kumar Sen]], independent India's first law minister

==Gallery Of Taki==
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:Taki RailwayStation.jpg|Ticket counter at Taki railway station
Image:Taki ViewFromGuestHouse.jpg|View from Taki Guest House. The shores of Bangladesh is visible on the other side of [[Ichamati River]]
File:Boat On the Ichhamati.From Taki-Saidpur.JPG|Ichhamati
File:Icchamati River at Taki 22.jpg|Boat ride at Ichhamati in Taki
File:Kali Puja in Taki.JPG|Kali Puja
File:Icchamati River at Taki 09.jpg|Taki, riverside road
File:Taki town at North 37 Pgns.jpg|Taki Jora Temple
File:Taki watch tower and Ichamati River.jpg|Taki watch tower and Ichamati River
File:Golpata Forest, Taki 3.jpg|Tourist walk along the canopy walk of Golpata Forest
File:Golpata Forest, Taki 1.jpg|Tourist walk along the canopy walk of Golpata Forest
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.takimunicipality.in A site with information on Taki]
* [http://www.tourismlive.in/2011/taki-west-bengal/ Taki travel information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503093252/http://www.tourismlive.in/2011/taki-west-bengal/ |date=3 May 2011 }}
{{Commons category|Taki}}

{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsNMzewlFKU Bijoya Dashami 2011 on the Ichhamati at Taki] }}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Nanikram Dharamdas Mirchandani

2025-07-16T08:45:20Z

Nelle8556383481: stub...

{{Short description|Sindhi language writer (1890–1946)}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox writer
| birth_place = Sindh, British India
| birth_date = 1890
| death_date = 1946
| occupation = {{Cslist|Novelist|Actor-dramatist}}
| language = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
}}
'''Nanikram Dharamdas Mirchandani'''{{efn|{{langx|sd|{{nq|نانڪرام ڌرمداس ميرچنداڻي}}}}}} (1890–1946), was a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] novelist, essayist, and actor-dramatist from [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamunā |first=Ke E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g45NAQAAIAAJ&q=Nanikram+Dharamdas+Mirchandani |title=Children's Literature in Indian Languages |date=1982 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref> He was known for his contributions towards the advancement of Sindhi theatre through the portrayal of social realism. Within the Hyderabad Amateur Dramatic Society in Sindh,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caʼināṇī |first=Rukmaṇī Sundar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPRjAAAAMAAJ&q=Nanikram+Dharamdas+Mirchandani |title=Woman in Sindhi Novel: Thesis |date=1990 |publisher=Ruksun Publication |language=en}}</ref> he authored full-length, and one-act plays which focused on social issues and also played pivotal roles in their productions. He is described as the third prolific Sindhi dramatist and is positioned as a crucial figure facilitating continuity between historical theatrical traditions and contemporary expressions. His plays were presented by the Hyderabad Dramatic Society established in 1910.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ajwani |first=Lalsing Hazarising |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arkNAAAAIAAJ&q=Nanikram+Dharamdas+Mirchandani |title=History of Sindhi Literature |date=1984 |publisher=Allied Book Company |language=en}}</ref>

Subsequently, Mirchandani established his own drama club, where his inaugural play, "Farebi Fitno" ('Deceitful Brawl'), a rendition of [[Marie Corelli]]'s "[[Vendetta!]]", was revived in 1920. His repertoire includes fourteen plays, all of which were successfully staged. He is also known for having adapted [[Shakespeare]]'s "[[Taming of the Shrew]]" in Sindhi with the title 'Chata Na Chamat' ('Neither Persuasion nor Punishment', 1922). Among his most notable works are "Manohar Mohini" (‘Attractive Enchantress’, 1923), "Basant Manorma" (1928), "Bebaha Moti" (‘Priceless Pearl’, 1936), and "Suhini-Mehar" (‘Suhini and Mehar’, 1946), which were inspired by [[Sindhi folktales]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=Ananda |title=Mirchandani, Nanikram Dharamdas |journal=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |date=2004 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0358 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malkani |first1=M. U. |title=Sindhi Drama—Yesterday and Today |journal=Indian Literature |date=1962 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=18 |jstor=23328559 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23328559 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malkani |first1=M. U. |title=Shakespeare in Sindhi |journal=Indian Literature |date=1964 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=117 |jstor=23329686 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329686 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aziz |first1=Shaikh |title=History of Sindhi Literature |publisher=Department of Culture & Tourism, Government of Sindh |page=248 |url=https://lib.sindh.org/kitaab/detail/history-of-sindhi-literature}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirchandani, Nanikram Dharamdas}}
[[Category:Sindhi-language writers]]
[[Category:Sindhi writers]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]

Medipalle, Jagitial

2025-07-06T00:31:43Z

Nelle8556383481: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Other uses|Medipalle (disambiguation){{!}}Medipalle}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Medipalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|48|01|N|78|48|15|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Karimnagar
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Medipalle
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Medipalle''' is a village in [[Medipalle mandal]] of [[Jagitial district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref name="Medipalle Population 2011">{{cite web |title=Medipalle Population 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/572096-medipalle-andhra-pradesh.html |website=Census 2011 |accessdate=18 February 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], population of the village stands at 6,054.<ref name="Medipalle Population 2011" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jagtial district]]
{{Jagtial district}}

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Harpalpur, Hardoi

2025-07-03T17:41:49Z

Nelle8556383481: Stub.

{{other uses|Harpalpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harpalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Harpālpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Populated place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Harpalpur block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Harpalpur (#797) in Harpalpur CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.324631|N|79.839526|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Harpalpur" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.912
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8822
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Harpalpur''' is a village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Sawayajpur]] tehsil of [[Hardoi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Hardoi, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=206–30 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0924_PART_A_DCHB_HARDOI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> It is located west of [[Sandi, Uttar Pradesh|Sandi]], on the road to [[Fatehgarh]].<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Hardoi - A Gazetteer |date=1904 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |page=203 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48076 |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> The main staple crops here are [[wheat]], [[rice]],<ref name="Census 1971">{{cite book |title=Census 1971 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part X-A: Village & Town Directory, District Hardoi |date=1972 |pages=128–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1130/1/45148_1971_HAR.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> and [[maize]].<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Hardoi |date=1982 |pages=172–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1229/1/27831_1981_HAR.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Markets are held twice weekly.<ref name="Census 1971"/><ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, the population of Harpalpur is 8,822, in 1,544 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The total block population is 172,224, in 29,232 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== History ==
Around the turn of the 20th century, Harpalpur's main landowner was the Rani of [[Katiari]], who held the village on a permanent settlement.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It had become the site of a police station, which was previously located in the neighbouring village of [[Palia, Hardoi|Palia]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> As of the 1901 census, its population was 1,182, including 91 Muslims.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Harpalpur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 1,779 (968 male and 811 female), in 368 households and 214 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (36 - Hardoi District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=158, xciv-xcv of section "Bilgram Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/987/1/22855_1961_HAR.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,295 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Amenities recorded at the time included a medical practitioner, a hospital, and a post office.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Harpalpur as having a population of 344, in 64 households, and covering an area of 497.38 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

== Villages ==
Harpalpur CD block has the following 113 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Saee, Hardoi|Saee]] || 397.4 || 459
|-
| [[Jeuri]] || 539.1 || 230
|-
| [[Barhauli]] || 33.7 || 622
|-
| [[Gauria Sisala]] || 251.3 || 1,149
|-
| [[Gauria Pansala]] || 164.8 || 0
|-
| [[Ghorhi Thar]] || 355.8 || 1,885
|-
| [[Mubarakpur, Harpalpur|Mubarakpur]] || 91.1 || 429
|-
| [[Bamh Rauli]] || 414.1 || 2,346
|-
| [[Bhupatipur Nagar]] || 276.4 || 1,763
|-
| [[Chatkapur]] || 45.9 || 451
|-
| [[Bamtapur Nand Bagh]] || 317.2 || 1,230
|-
| [[Shahabuddinpur]] || 449.2 || 2,277
|-
| [[Sanjhara]] || 207.7 || 410
|-
| [[Auhadpur]] || 235.3 || 1,078
|-
| [[Kakrauaa]] || 438.7 || 2,591
|-
| [[Padamlapur]] || 139 || 720
|-
| [[Aliganj Nan Kheriya]] || 873.9 || 2,105
|-
| [[Nagriya Cut]] || 128.5 || 916
|-
| [[Kudha, Hardoi|Kudha]] || 162.9 || 550
|-
| [[Arjunpur Sisala]] || 474.9 || 4,387
|-
| [[Arjunpur Pansala]] || 127.6 || 0
|-
| [[Sidheypur]] || 80.4 || 0
|-
| [[Bhawanipur, Hardoi|Bhawanipur]] || 80.1 || 560
|-
| [[Molhanpur Pansala]] || 202.5 || 0
|-
| [[Molhanpur Sisala]] || 263.1 || 2,144
|-
| [[Surjoopur Durjana Sisala]] || 287.1 || 1,580
|-
| [[Surjoopur Durjana Pansala]] || 223.5 || 81
|-
| [[Tithi Gaon Sisala]] || 190.5 || 2,235
|-
| [[Tithi Gaon Pansala]] || 384.2 || 0
|-
| [[Bari (Barra)]] || 400.7 || 1,811
|-
| [[Sirsa, Harpalpur|Sirsa]] || 85.4 || 1,514
|-
| [[Nagra Choudharpur]] || 448.2 || 2,500
|-
| [[Mirgawan]] || 318.1 || 2,242
|-
| [[Nagriya Sadhau]] || 84.5 || 569
|-
| [[Pithnapur]] || 281.3 || 1,063
|-
| [[Muthauli]] || 74.4 || 33
|-
| [[Mahsoolapur]] || 122.5 || 2,210
|-
| [[Haraiya, Hardoi|Haraiya]] || 89.7 || 365
|-
| [[Mahua Koli]] || 89.4 || 562
|-
| [[Choudhariapur]] || 253.6 || 653
|-
| [[Sultanpur, Harpalpur|Sultanpur]] || 70 || 229
|-
| [[Jeuri Chandrampur]] || 340.6 || 2,063
|-
| [[Barsana, Hardoi|Barsana]] || 169.8 || 311
|-
| [[Newada, Harpalpur|Newada]] || 295.5 || 1,093
|-
| [[Khamhaura Pansala]] || 135.5 || 0
|-
| [[Khamhaura Sisala]] || 115.2 || 1,092
|-
| [[Gadnapur]] || 135.9 || 911
|-
| [[Khasaura]] || 614.7 || 7,260
|-
| [[Surjupur]] || 112 || 850
|-
| [[Sildaspur]] || 2.6 || 0
|-
| [[Shyampur, Harpalpur|Shyampur]] || 360.2 || 1,489
|-
| [[Behta Rampura]] || 247 || 2,061
|-
| [[Dharampur, Harpalpur|Dharampur]] || 409.4 || 3,286
|-
| [[Chaunpur]] || 365.8 || 1,928
|-
| [[Barha Gaon]] || 234.9 || 1,642
|-
| [[Nagra, Hardoi|Nagra]] || 2.5 || 0
|-
| [[Gangeypur]] || 260.2 || 0
|-
| [[Rabiapur]] || 81.8 || 209
|-
| [[Kharagpur, Hardoi|Kharagpur]] || 89.6 || 479
|-
| [[Bari, Harpalpur|Bari]] || 221.9 || 583
|-
| [[Bundapur]] || 63.7 || 540
|-
| [[Saresar]] || 131.7 || 803
|-
| [[Karak Chamau]] || 307.4 || 1,343
|-
| [[Satautha]] || 797.6 || 3,992
|-
| [[Bhusehra]] || 406.4 || 2,486
|-
| [[Malautha]] || 559.1 || 4,432
|-
| Harpalpur (block headquarters) || 491.2 || 8,822
|-
| [[Roshanpur]] || 439.4 || 2,052
|-
| [[Bansy]] || 381.4 || 1,737
|-
| [[Kakra]] || 716.3 || 5,746
|-
| [[Iknaura]] || 315.3 || 2,165
|-
| [[Rani Khera, Harpalpur|Rani Khera]] || 62.7 || 989
|-
| [[Deorania]] || 39.4 || 259
|-
| [[Kathetha]] || 203.4 || 2,517
|-
| [[Palia Sisala]] || 531 || 9,250
|-
| [[Palia Pansala]] || 135 || 539
|-
| [[Gadherha]] || 44.6 || 273
|-
| [[Mahdain Kalan]] || 109.8 || 505
|-
| [[Mahday Khurd]] || 97.9 || 546
|-
| [[Kiratpur, Hardoi|Kiratpur]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Ghatwasa]] || 262.8 || 2,449
|-
| [[Bhatauli Dharam]] || 407.8 || 2,709
|-
| [[Laluwa Mau]] || 319 || 3,039
|-
| [[Dhania Mau]] || 420.2 || 2,005
|-
| [[Shekhapur Nagria Kadim]] || 269.3 || 1,854
|-
| [[Shekhapur Nagria Jadid]] || 269.3 || 0
|-
| [[Chanda Mohammadpur Sisala]] || 350.4 || 2,819
|-
| [[Chanda Mohammadpur Pansala]] || 90.6 || 0
|-
| [[Manduwdpur Narautha]] || 360.4 || 847
|-
| [[Kharuddinpur]] || 218.6 || 1,304
|-
| [[Baran, Hardoi|Baran]] || 323.4 || 1,171
|-
| [[Surjanapur]] || 69.4 || 327
|-
| [[Didwan]] || 162.9 || 480
|-
| [[Mastapur, Hardoi|Mastapur]] || 147.8 || 281
|-
| [[Parchauli]] || 372.3 || 2,501
|-
| [[Dayalpur, Hardoi|Dayalpur]] || 421.9 || 2,534
|-
| [[Pura Anta]] || 55.8 || 490
|-
| [[Ismailpur, Harpalpur|Ismailpur]] || 116.5 || 756
|-
| [[Tikar, Hardoi|Tikar]] || 178.1 || 1,351
|-
| [[Poora Ratan]] || 128.7 || 723
|-
| [[Beerhijor]] || 344.8 || 2,236
|-
| [[Gadanpur]] || 279 || 0
|-
| [[Bara Mau Sisala]] || 278.8 || 1,534
|-
| [[Bara Mau Pansala]] || 1,052.1 || 622
|-
| [[Dhak Pura]] || 275.7 || 1,304
|-
| [[Dahalitha]] || 1,700.9 || 7,440
|-
| [[Murwa Shahabuddinpur]] || 254.4 || 1,608
|-
| [[Ram Nagar, Hardoi|Ram Nagar]] || 60 || 471
|-
| [[Murcha]] || 375.4 || 753
|-
| [[Behta Lakhi]] || 125.8 || 1,108
|-
| [[Alampur, Harpalpur|Alampur]] || 158.7 || 984
|-
| [[Arwal Paschim]] || 707.6 || 5,925
|-
| [[Arwal Poorab]] || 707.6 || 397
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hardoi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hardoi district]]

Meitei people in South Korea

2025-05-23T19:16:39Z

Nelle8556383481: put up...

{{Short description|Meitei community in South Korea}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Meiteis in South Korea (Manipuris in South Korea)
| native_name = [[File:Meitei transliteration of the term "Meitei".jpg|50px|]]
| native_name_lang = mni
| flag = Flag of Kangleipak.svg
| flag_caption = Meitei cultural flag
| image = 
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_uprigh =
| total = 
| total_year = 
| total_source = 
| total_ref = 
| total1 = 
| total1_year = 
| total1_source = 
| total1_ref = 
| genealogy =
| regions =

| languages = [[File:Meetei Mayek letter I.svg|20px]] [[Meitei language]] {{small|(officially known as [[Manipuri language]])}} [[Korean language|Korean]] and other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] & [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|20px]] [[Sanamahism]]
| related_groups = other [[Indian people]] and [[Bangladeshi people]]
| footnotes =
}}

[[Meitei people]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ}}), also known as the [[Manipuris]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ}}),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meitei {{!}} Manipur, People, Culture, & Language {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meitei|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> in South Korea, constitute a small but gradually increasing diaspora, mostly originating from the [[northeastern India]]n state of [[Manipur]]. Primarily composed of students, professionals, and workers, this group has migrated to South Korea in pursuit of higher education, employment opportunities, and academic research. While the community remains limited in number, its members often maintain [[Meitei culture|cultural practices]], [[Meitei language|language use]], and social networks connected to their Meitei heritage. The presence of Meiteis in South Korea reflects broader patterns of transnational mobility and cross-cultural interaction in contemporary Asia.<ref name=":4" />

== Culture ==
{{See|Meitei culture|Meitei intangible cultural heritage}}

[[File:Translation of Korean language into Meitei language (Manipuri language).jpg|thumb|Illustration of [[Korean language]] and [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]) in their native writing systems]]

=== Cinema ===
{{See|Meitei cinema}}
A [[Meitei language]] feature film [[Leipaklei]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯂꯩ}}), directed by [[Aribam Syam Sharma]], was screened at the 14th [[Jeonju International Film Festival]] in South Korea. The film was shown on April 29 and May 1, 2013, as part of a special section titled "Beyond Bollywood," which aimed to showcase films beyond the dominant Bollywood industry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Times|first=Manipur|date=2013-05-06|title=Leipaklei blooms at Korea {{!}} Manipur Times|url=https://manipurtimes.com/leipaklei-blooms-at-korea/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{See|Meitei cuisine}}
Meitei cuisine in South Korea includes dishes like Rhou fish for [[Fish in Meitei culture|Nga Thongba, Nganu Thongba, Nga Ataoba]], Soibum Iromba, Hawaijar Chagem Pomba, Sougri Thongba, [[Singju]], Chamfut, Nakuppi Bora, and Manipuri Papar, among others.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Manipuris Gathering On Korea Seollal|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.Manipuris_Gathering_On_Korea_Seollal|access-date=2025-05-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Culinary preparations for the Meitei lunar new year festival, Cheiraoba, traditionally include a range of dishes specific to the occasion. These include Yongchak [[Eromba]], Nga Thongba, Bora, Chamfut, [[Singju]], and others. These foods are customarily prepared and consumed during the festival as part of ritual and communal observance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba by Manipuri Community in South Korea 20250416|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2025.Cheiraoba_by_Manipuri_Community_in_South_Korea_20250416|access-date=2025-05-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Dance and music ===
During the [[Ningol Chakouba]] festival in South Korea, Meitei participants performed the [[Thabal Chongba]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯕꯜ ꯆꯣꯡꯕ}}) group dance, and both Pibas (men) and Ningols (women) sang songs together as part of the celebration.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

=== Festivals ===
{{See|Meitei festivals}}
==== Cheiraoba ====
The Meitei lunar [[new year]] festival, [[Cheiraoba]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}), was celebrated on April 5th, 2025, at a pension house located in the suburbs of [[Anseong]] City, approximately 80 km south of [[Seoul]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba celebrated in South Korea|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/4/15/IMPHAL-Apr-15-The-Manipuri-community-living-in-South-Korea-came-together-to-celebrate-Cheiraoba-at-a-pensio.html|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> The event attracted Meitei individuals from various regions of South Korea. Some attendees traveled from the southern parts of the country, taking early morning trains, while others drove for 4 to 5 hours. The festival served as an occasion for the Meitei community to gather and observe the traditional customs associated with Cheiraoba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Manipuris in S Korea celebrate Cheiraoba : 16th apr25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=39..160425.apr25|access-date=2025-05-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Ningol Chakouba ====
{{See|Ningol Chakouba}}
The Ningol Chakouba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯛꯀꯧꯕ}}) and get-together of the Korea Manipuri Association (KMA) took place on November 8, 2015, at a pension house in Nongin, located outside the main city area. During the event, Ningols were served a variety of dishes prepared by the pibas. After the meal, younger pibas presented gifts to the Ningols while receiving blessings from them. The gathering began on the evening of November 7 at a two-story pension house on the outskirts of Nongin. A discussion was held afterward regarding the strengthening of the KMA as an organization and its role in engaging with social activities in Manipur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Korea Manipuri Association Ningol Chakouba 2015 Celebration 20151109|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.Korea_Manipuri_Association_Ningol_Chakouba_2015_Celebration_20151109|access-date=2025-05-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=KanglaOnline|date=2015-11-09|title=Korea Manipuri Association celebrates Ningol Chakouba – KanglaOnline|url=https://kanglaonline.in/2015/11/korea-manipuri-association-celebrates-ningol-chakouba/?amp|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2019, various communities from Manipur residing in South Korea celebrated Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut together under the Korea Manipuri Association (KMA). The event was held on November 2, 2019, at Lake Town pension house in [[Anseong]], South Korea. The celebration marked the harvest festival shared with the Chin Kuki Mizo tribal groups and featured a special luncheon for Meitei married women (Ningols), hosted by their brothers (pibas) at their natal homes. The theme of the event was "Ching Tam Amatani" (Hill valley is one). Approximately 40 KMA members participated, with people from different communities coming together to observe the festival, emphasizing communal harmony and the significance of the gathering.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut celebrated at Korea 20191106|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2019.Ningol_Chakouba_and_Chavang_Kut_celebrated_at_Korea_20191106|access-date=2025-05-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-11-06|title=Korea Manipuri Association Jointly Celebrated Ningol Chakouba and Chavang Kut 2019|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/korea-manipuri-association-jointly-celebrated-ningol-chakouba-and-chavang-kut-2019/amp/|access-date=2025-05-06|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Protests ==
On November 17, 2024, the Korea Manipuri Association (KMA) organized a protest in Seoul, South Korea, in response to the murder of six Meitei family members, including elderly women and children. The protest, held in Itaewon, was attended by approximately 150 individuals, including representatives from the Indians in Korea (IIK). Participants displayed placards with slogans such as "End Kukis Terrorism in Manipur," "Protect Human Rights," and "Governments Must Act."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Condemn brutal murder of 6 innocent Meiteis 20241118|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2024.Condemn_brutal_murder_of_6_innocent_Meiteis_20241118|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-17|title=Korea Manipuri Association demands action against brutal killings of hostages in Manipur, Centre's intervention|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/korea-manipuri-association-demands-action-against-brutal-killings-of-hostages-in-manipur-centres-intervention-1122414-2024-11-17|access-date=2025-05-06|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref>
== International activities ==
On June 7, 2023, members of the Korea Manipuri Association (KMA) met with the Ambassador of India to South Korea at the Indian Embassy. They submitted a memorandum calling for peace and a resolution to the ongoing conflict in Manipur. The KMA informed the Ambassador about the current crisis and requested the Indian government to take prompt action to address the violence, including controlling "Kuki militants and their allies, Chin-Mizo terrorists, infiltrating from Myanmar."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri diaspora appeal for peace|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/6/8/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jun-7-The-Korea-Manipuri-Association-Manipuris-living-in-Korea-met.html|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuris in South Korea write to Indian Embassy over crisis in state|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/06/07/manipuris-in-south-korea-write-to-indian-embassy-over-crisis-in-state/|access-date=2025-05-06|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Remittances ==
In 2015, the Korea Manipuri Association (KMA) and its members contributed over 1 lakh INR to various activities in Manipur. A significant portion of this contribution, approximately 90 thousand INR, was donated for flood relief efforts in the region.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

== Associations and organizations ==
* The '''''Korea Manipuri Association (KMA)''''' is an organization formed by Meitei people residing in South Korea, aimed at promoting cultural exchange, supporting social activities, and preserving Meitei traditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|India|Korea|South Korea}}
* [[Meitei people in Australia]]
* [[Meitei people in Canada]]
* [[Meitei people in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Meitei people in the United States]]
* [[Meitei people in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei people in Myanmar]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Maharashtra]]
* [[Meitei people in Meghalaya]]
* [[Meitei people in Nagaland]]
* [[Meitei people in Tripura]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:India–South Korea relations]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–South Korea relations]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Korea]]