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Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian railways/Article alerts/Archive 1

2026-05-07T05:16:38Z

NellDarley: New a article

{{Wikipedia:Article alerts/Report archive page header}}

== RM ==
{{anchor|RM}}
* 28 Apr 2020 – [[Junagarh railway station]] move request to [[Junagarh Road railway station]] by [[User:KumarHitesh24|KumarHitesh24]] was ''moved'' to [[Junagarh Road railway station]] by [[User:Buidhe|Buidhe]] on 12 May 2020; [[Talk:Junagarh railway station#Requested move 28 April 2020|discussion]]
* 02 Jun 2020 – [[Indian Railways WCAM class]] move request to [[Electric locomotives of Indian Railways]] by [[User:Field Marshal Aryan|Field Marshal Aryan]] was closed to [[Indian locomotive series WCAM]]; [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian railways#Requested move 2 June 2020|discussion]]
* 13 Apr 2021 – [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]] move request to [[RITES]] by [[User:ArnabSaha|ArnabSaha]] was closed by [[User:Paine Ellsworth|Paine Ellsworth]] on 23 Jun 2021; [[Talk:Rail India Technical and Economic Service#Requested move 13 April 2021|discussion]]
* 10 Sep 2021 – [[Allahabad Chheoki Junction railway station]] move request to [[Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station]] by [[User:Hindu108|Hindu108]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Allahabad Chheoki Junction railway station#Requested move 10 September 2021|discussion]]
* 25 Oct 2021 – [[Faizabad Junction railway station]] move request to [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station]] by [[User:JaiHind108|JaiHind108]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Faizabad Junction railway station#Requested move 25 October 2021|discussion]]
* 18 Dec 2021 – [[Faizabad Junction railway station]] move request to [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station]] by [[User:49.206.54.243|49.206.54.243]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Faizabad Junction railway station#Requested move 18 December 2021|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2023 – [[Dimapur railway station]] move request to [[Dimapur railway station]] by [[User:Eastmain|Eastmain]] was ''moved''; [[Talk:Dimapur railway station#Requested move 20 April 2023|discussion]]
* 23 May 2023 – [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] move request to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] by [[User:49.32.234.130|49.32.234.130]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus/Archive 1#Requested move 23 May 2023|discussion]]
* 05 Jun 2023 – [[Firozabad rail disaster]] move request to [[1995 Firozabad rail collision]] by [[User:In ictu oculi|In ictu oculi]] was ''moved'' to [[1995 Firozabad rail collision]] by [[User:Extorc|Extorc]] on 12 Jun 2023; [[Talk:Firozabad rail disaster#Requested move 5 June 2023|discussion]]
* 05 Jun 2023 – [[Khanna rail disaster]] move request to [[1998 Khanna rail collision]] by [[User:In ictu oculi|In ictu oculi]] was ''moved'' to [[1998 Khanna rail collision]] by [[User:ModernDayTrilobite|ModernDayTrilobite]] on 12 Jun 2023; [[Talk:Khanna rail disaster#Requested move 5 June 2023|discussion]]
* 05 Jun 2023 – [[Gaisal train disaster]] move request to [[1999 Gaisal rail collision]] by [[User:In ictu oculi|In ictu oculi]] was ''moved'' to [[Gaisal train collision]] by [[User:ModernDayTrilobite|ModernDayTrilobite]] on 12 Jun 2023; [[Talk:Gaisal train disaster#Requested move 5 June 2023|discussion]]
* 06 Jun 2023 – [[2023 Odisha train collision]] move request by [[User:90.255.15.152|90.255.15.152]] was closed; [[Talk:2023 Odisha train collision#Requested move 5 June 2023|discussion]]
* 23 Jun 2023 – [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station]] move request to [[Pt Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''moved''; [[Talk:Mughalsarai Junction railway station#Requested move 23 June 2023|discussion]]
* 29 Jun 2023 – [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] move request to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus/Archive 1#Requested move 29 June 2023|discussion]]
* 01 Jul 2023 – [[Mughalsarai railway division]] move request to [[Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya railway division]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Mughalsarai railway division#Requested move 1 July 2023|discussion]]
* 01 Jul 2023 – [[Faizabad Junction railway station]] move request to [[Ayodhya Cantt Junction railway station]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Faizabad Junction railway station#Requested move 1 July 2023|discussion]]
* 03 Jul 2023 – [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] move request to [[India Bullet Train Project]] by [[User:Tesla car owner|Tesla car owner]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor#Requested move 3 July 2023|discussion]]
* 01 Jul 2023 – [[Mughalsarai–Kanpur section]] move request to [[Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Jn - Kanpur section]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was closed to [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section]] by [[User:MSGJ|MSGJ]] on 21 Jul 2023; [[Talk:Mughalsarai–Kanpur section#Requested move 1 July 2023|discussion]]
* 16 Jul 2023 – [[Allahabad Chheoki Junction railway station]] move request to [[Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station]] by [[User:Shaan Sengupta|Shaan Sengupta]] was ''moved'' to [[Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station]]; [[Talk:Allahabad railway division#Requested move 16 July 2023|discussion]]
* 16 Jul 2023 – [[Allahabad railway division]] move request to [[Prayagraj railway division]] by [[User:Shaan Sengupta|Shaan Sengupta]] was ''moved'' to [[Prayagraj railway division]]; [[Talk:Allahabad railway division#Requested move 16 July 2023|discussion]]
* 19 Jul 2023 – [[Patna–Mughalsarai section]] move request to [[Patna - Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya junction section]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''no consensus''; [[Talk:Patna–Mughalsarai section#Requested move 19 July 2023|discussion]]
* 16 Jul 2023 – [[Mughalsarai railway division]] move request to [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''moved''; [[Talk:Mughalsarai railway division#Requested move 16 July 2023|discussion]]
* 16 Jul 2023 – [[Gaya–Mughalsarai section]] move request to [[Gaya - Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''moved'' to [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]] by [[User:ClydeFranklin|ClydeFranklin]] on 16 Aug 2023; [[Talk:Gaya–Mughalsarai section#Requested move 16 July 2023|discussion]]
* 20 Aug 2023 – [[Faizabad Junction railway station]] move request to [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Faizabad Junction railway station#Requested move 20 August 2023|discussion]]
* 28 Aug 2023 – [[Ahmedabad–Allahabad Weekly Superfast Express]] move request to [[Ahmedabad–Prayagraj Weekly Superfast Express]] by [[User:SilverLocust|SilverLocust]] was closed to [[Ahmedabad–Prayagraj Weekly Superfast Express]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] on 27 Aug 2023; [[Talk:Ahmedabad–Allahabad Weekly Superfast Express#Requested move 22 August 2023|discussion]]
* 26 Aug 2023 – [[Jhansi Junction railway station]] move request to [[Virangana Lakshmibai Jhansi Railway Station]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Jhansi Junction railway station#Requested move 26 August 2023|discussion]]
* 27 Aug 2023 – [[Hoshangabad railway station]] move request to [[Narmadapuram railway station]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Hoshangabad railway station#Requested move 27 August 2023|discussion]]
* 21 Aug 2023 – [[Hubli railway division]] move request to [[Hubballi Railway division]] by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was closed to [[Hubballi railway division]] by [[User:Rcsprinter123|Rcsprinter123]] on 07 Sep 2023; [[Talk:Hubli railway division#Requested move 21 August 2023|discussion]]
* 30 Oct 2023 – [[2023 Andhra Pradesh train collision]] move request to [[Vizianagaram train collision]] by [[User:Jim 2 Michael|Jim 2 Michael]] was ''no consensus''; [[Talk:2023 Andhra Pradesh train collision#Requested move 30 October 2023|discussion]]
* 11 Nov 2023 – [[List of trains run by Indian Railways]] move request to [[List of named trains of India]] by [[User:Taj04|Taj04]] was closed; [[Talk:List of trains run by Indian Railways#Requested move 11 November 2023|discussion]]
* 23 Dec 2023 – [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]] move request to [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] by [[User:Thewikizoomer|Thewikizoomer]] was closed; [[Talk:Dedicated freight corridors in India#Requested move 23 December 2023|discussion]]
* 17 Jan 2024 – [[Dadar Central–Ratnagiri Passenger]] move request to [[Dadar–Ratnagiri Passenger]] by [[User:49.33.210.70|49.33.210.70]] was ''moved'' to [[Dadar–Ratnagiri Passenger]] by [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] on 05 Feb 2024; [[Talk:Dadar Central–Ratnagiri Passenger#Requested move 17 January 2024|discussion]]
* 17 Jan 2024 – [[Dadar Central–Puducherry Chalukya Express]] move request to [[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express]] by [[User:49.33.210.70|49.33.210.70]] was ''moved'' to [[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express]] by [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] on 05 Feb 2024; [[Talk:Dadar Central–Puducherry Chalukya Express#Requested move 17 January 2024|discussion]]
* 17 Jan 2024 – [[Dadar Central–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express]] move request to [[Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express]] by [[User:49.33.210.70|49.33.210.70]] was ''moved'' to [[Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express]] by [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] on 05 Feb 2024; [[Talk:Dadar Central–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express#Requested move 17 January 2024|discussion]]
* 17 Jan 2024 – [[Dadar Central–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express]] move request to [[Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express]] by [[User:49.33.210.70|49.33.210.70]] was ''moved'' to [[Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express]] by [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] on 05 Feb 2024; [[Talk:Dadar Central–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express#Requested move 17 January 2024|discussion]]
* 17 Jan 2024 – [[Dadar Central–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express]] move request to [[Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express]] by [[User:49.33.210.70|49.33.210.70]] was ''moved'' to [[Dadar–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express]] by [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] on 05 Feb 2024; [[Talk:Dadar Central–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express#Requested move 17 January 2024|discussion]]
* 15 Mar 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express]] move request to [[Ahmedabad–Okha Vande Bharat Express]] by [[User:Jagganath01|Jagganath01]] was closed; [[Talk:Ahmedabad–Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express#Requested move 15 March 2024|discussion]]
* 15 Mar 2024 – [[Anand Vihar Terminal–Ayodhya Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]] move request to [[Anand Vihar Terminal–Ayodhya Dham Vande Bharat Express]] by [[User:Jagganath01|Jagganath01]] was closed; [[Talk:Anand Vihar Terminal–Ayodhya Cantonment Vande Bharat Express#Requested move 15 March 2024|discussion]]
* 31 Mar 2024 – [[Dilli Haat – INA metro station]] move request by [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] was ''moved''; [[Talk:Dilli Haat – INA metro station#Requested move 31 March 2024|discussion]]
* 31 Mar 2024 – [[ESI (Employee's State Insurance Corporation) - Basaidarapur metro station]] move request to [[ESI - Basaidarapur metro station]] by [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] was closed; [[Talk:Dilli Haat – INA (Indian National Army) metro station#Requested move 31 March 2024|discussion]]
* 31 Mar 2024 – [[Okhla NSIC (National Small Industries Corporation) metro station]] move request to [[Okhla NSIC metro station]] by [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] was closed; [[Talk:Dilli Haat – INA (Indian National Army) metro station#Requested move 31 March 2024|discussion]]
* 31 Mar 2024 – [[Dilli Haat – INA (Indian National Army) metro station]] move request to [[Dilli Haat – INA metro station]] by [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] was closed; [[Talk:Dilli Haat – INA (Indian National Army) metro station#Requested move 31 March 2024|discussion]]
* 31 Mar 2024 – [[NHPC (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation) Chowk metro station]] move request by [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] was closed; [[Talk:Dilli Haat – INA (Indian National Army) metro station#Requested move 31 March 2024|discussion]]
* 04 Feb 2025 – [[Indian Railways locomotive class WAM-2/3]] move request to [[Indian locomotive class WAM-2]] by [[User:EditorGirlAL07|EditorGirlAL07]] was ''moved'' to [[Indian locomotive class WAM-2]]; [[Talk:Indian Railways locomotive class WAM-2/3#Requested move 4 February 2025|discussion]]
* 19 Feb 2025 – [[Ahmednagar Junction railway station]] move request to [[Ahmednagar railway station]] by [[User:Intrisit|Intrisit]] was ''moved'' to [[Ahmednagar railway station]] by [[User:Amakuru|Amakuru]] on 25 Mar 2025; [[Talk:Ahmednagar Junction railway station#Requested move 19 February 2025|discussion]]
* 05 Mar 2025 – [[Sealdah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express]] move request to [[Sealdah Rajdhani Express]] by [[User:Wbm1058|Wbm1058]] was ''moved''; [[Talk:Sealdah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express#Requested move 5 March 2025|discussion]]
* 19 Mar 2025 – [[Valigonda train wreck]] move request to [[Valigonda train accident]] by [[User:Sarvagyana guru|Sarvagyana guru]] was ''moved'' to [[Valigonda rail accident]] by [[User:Robertsky|Robertsky]] on 02 Apr 2025; [[Talk:Valigonda train wreck#Requested move 19 March 2025|discussion]]
* 12 May 2025 – [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] move request to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] by [[User:Toddy1|Toddy1]] was ''not moved''; [[Talk:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus#Requested move 12 May 2025|discussion]]
* 09 Sep 2025 – [[Namo Bharat]] move request to [[Namo Bharat (trainset)]] by [[User:Asamboi|Asamboi]] was ''moved''; [[Talk:RapidX#Requested move 9 September 2025|discussion]]
* 25 Nov 2025 – [[Habibganj railway station]] move request to [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]] by [[User:Rconex|Rconex]] was ''moved''; [[Talk:Habibganj railway station#Requested move 25 November 2025|discussion]]
* 18 Jan 2026 – [[Shalimar Express]] move request to [[Shalimar Express (India)]] by [[User:Mdewman6|Mdewman6]] was closed; [[Talk:Shalimar Express (Pakistan)#Requested move 18 January 2026|discussion]]
* 07 Apr 2026 – [[Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake metro station]] move request to [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station]] by [[User:~2026-21284-25|~2026-21284-25]] was ''moved'' to [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station]] by [[User:Livid|Livid]] on 15 Apr 2026; [[Talk:Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake metro station#Requested move 7 April 2026|discussion]]
* 06 Apr 2026 – [[Vasant Kunj metro station]] move request to [[Vasant Kunj metro station (Lucknow Metro)]] by [[User:~2026-21170-67|~2026-21170-67]] was ''moved'' to [[Vasant Kunj metro station (Lucknow Metro)]] by [[User:Jeffrey34555|Jeffrey34555]] on 16 Apr 2026; [[Talk:Vasant Kunj metro station#Requested move 6 April 2026|discussion]]
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== CfD ==
{{anchor|CfD}}
* 30 Jun 2020 – [[:Category:MEMU]] CfDed by [[User:BrownHairedGirl|BrownHairedGirl]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2020_June_30#Category:MEMU|discussion]]
* 12 Nov 2022 – [[:Category:Accidents and incidents involving Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] CfDed by [[User:Qwerfjkl|Qwerfjkl]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2022_November_12#Category:Railway accidents and incidents by operator|discussion]]
* 20 Aug 2023 – [[:Category:Mughalsarai railway division]] CfDed by [[User:Anubhavklal|Anubhavklal]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023_August_20#Category:Mughalsarai_railway_division|discussion]]
* 02 Oct 2023 – [[:Category:WikiProject Indian railways members]] CfDed by [[User:Qwerfjkl|Qwerfjkl]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023_October_1#Category:WikiProject X members|discussion]]
* 10 Oct 2025 – [[:Category:Defunct railway stations in India]] CfDed by [[User:LaundryPizza03|LaundryPizza03]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025_October_10#Defunct/disused/former railway stations|discussion]]
* 10 Oct 2025 – [[:Category:Defunct railway stations in Mumbai]] CfDed by [[User:LaundryPizza03|LaundryPizza03]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025_October_10#Defunct/disused/former railway stations|discussion]]
{{anchor|CfDbottom}}

== MRG ==
{{anchor|MRG}}
* 15 Jan 2020 – [[Train 19]] proposed for merging to [[Vande Bharat Express]] by [[User:Arnabsaha2212|Arnabsaha2212]] was closed; [[Talk:Vande Bharat Express#Merger proposal|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2021 – [[Chennai–Bengaluru high-speed rail corridor]] proposed for merging to [[Chennai–Bengaluru-Mysuru high-speed rail corridor]] by [[User:Hatchens|Hatchens]] was closed; [[Talk:Chennai–Bengaluru-Mysuru high-speed rail corridor#Proposed merge of Chennai–Bengaluru high-speed rail corridor into Chennai–Bengaluru-Mysuru high-speed rail corridor|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2021 – [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] proposed for merging to [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] by [[User:Nenetarun|Nenetarun]] was closed; [[Talk:Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|discussion]]
* 21 May 2022 – [[Kavach (train protection system)]] proposed for merging to [[Automatic train protection]] by [[User:TrangaBellam|TrangaBellam]] was closed; [[Talk:Automatic train protection#Proposed merge of Kavach (train protection system) into Automatic train protection|discussion]]
* 26 Jul 2023 – [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] proposed for merging to [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] by [[User:Portwoman|Portwoman]] was closed; [[Talk:Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|discussion]]
* 21 Jan 2024 – [[AC Express (Indian Railways)]] proposed for merging to [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India]] by [[User:Bhagwan22|Bhagwan22]] was closed; [[Talk:Express trains in India#Merge proposal|discussion]]
* 21 Jan 2024 – [[Jan Sadharan Express]] proposed for merging to [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India]] by [[User:Bhagwan22|Bhagwan22]] was closed; [[Talk:Express trains in India#Merge proposal|discussion]]
* 21 Jan 2024 – [[Vivek Express]] proposed for merging to [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India]] by [[User:Bhagwan22|Bhagwan22]] was closed; [[Talk:Express trains in India#Merge proposal|discussion]]
* 21 Jan 2024 – [[Yuva Express]] proposed for merging to [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India]] by [[User:Bhagwan22|Bhagwan22]] was closed; [[Talk:Express trains in India#Merge proposal|discussion]]
* 15 Mar 2024 – [[Green Line Branch (Delhi Metro)]] proposed for merging to [[Green Line Branch (Delhi Metro)]] by [[User:Altoumulus|Altoumulus]] was closed; [[Talk:Green Line Branch (Delhi Metro)|discussion]]
* 30 Dec 2023 – [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]] proposed for merging to [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] by [[User:Robertsky|Robertsky]] was closed; [[Talk:Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India#Proposed merge of Dedicated freight corridors in India into Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|discussion]]
* 13 Apr 2024 – [[Chennai Metrolite]] proposed for merging to [[Chennai Light Rail]] by [[User:Dcotos|Dcotos]] was closed; [[Talk:Chennai Light Rail#Proposed merge of Chennai Metrolite into Chennai Light Rail|discussion]]
* 03 May 2024 – [[Jalpaiguri Road railway station]] proposed for merging to [[Indian Railways]] by [[User:Trlovejoy|Trlovejoy]] was closed; [[Talk:Indian Railways#Proposed merge of Jalpaiguri Road railway station into Indian Railways|discussion]]
* 17 Feb 2024 – [[Line 1 (Mumbai Monorail)]] proposed for merging to [[Mumbai Monorail]] by [[User:Jpatokal|Jpatokal]] was closed; [[Talk:Mumbai Monorail|discussion]]
* 07 Apr 2024 – [[Indigo Line (Delhi Metro)]] proposed for merging to [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)]] by [[User:Kashmiri|Kashmiri]] was closed; [[Talk:Green Line (Delhi Metro)|discussion]]
* 27 May 2024 – [[Nuzvid railway station]] (initially [[Nuzividu railway station]]) proposed for merging to [[Nuzividu railway station]] by [[User:Bouzinac|Bouzinac]] was closed; [[Talk:Nuzvid railway station#Merger proposal|discussion]]
* 20 Jul 2024 – [[Brown Line (Delhi Metro)]] proposed for merging to [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)]] by [[User:GaiusAugustine|GaiusAugustine]] was closed; [[Talk:Brown Line (Delhi Metro)|discussion]]
* 16 Aug 2024 – [[Minister of Railways (India)]] proposed for merging to [[Ministry of Railways (India)]] by [[User:DaxServer|DaxServer]] was closed; [[Talk:Ministry of Railways (India)#Merge|discussion]]
* 15 Jul 2025 – [[Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express]] proposed for merging to [[Pratham Swatantrata Sangram Express]] by [[User:Abdullah1099|Abdullah1099]] was closed; [[Talk:Pratham Swatantrata Sangram Express#merge proposal|discussion]]
* 01 Feb 2026 – [[Sadbhavna Express (via Faizabad)]] proposed for merging to [[Sadbhavna Express]] by [[User:Klbrain|Klbrain]] was closed; [[Talk:Sadbhavna Express|discussion]]
* 27 Feb 2026 – [[Namo Bharat]] proposed for merging to [[Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] by [[User:Bouzinac|Bouzinac]] was closed; [[Talk:Namo Bharat#Merger proposal|discussion]]
* 29 Mar 2026 – [[Poorva Express (via Patna)]] proposed for merging to [[Poorva Express (via Gaya)]] by [[User:Abdullah1099|Abdullah1099]] was closed; [[Talk:Poorva Express (via Gaya)#Proposed merge of Poorva Express (via Patna) into Poorva Express (via Gaya)|discussion]]
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== GAN ==
{{anchor|GAN}}
* 07 Jul 2020 – [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4G]] GA nominated by [[User:Field Marshal Aryan|Field Marshal Aryan]] was promoted by [[User:ArnabSaha|ArnabSaha]]; [[Talk:Indian locomotive class WDG-4G/GA1|discussion]]
* 20 Jun 2020 – [[Kolkata Metro]] GA nominated by [[User:ArnabSaha|ArnabSaha]] was promoted by [[User:Epicgenius|Epicgenius]]; [[Talk:Kolkata Metro/GA3|discussion]]
* 16 Aug 2023 – [[Southern Railway zone]] GA nominated by [[User:Magentic Manifestations|Magentic Manifestations]] was not promoted by [[User:RoySmith|RoySmith]]; [[Talk:Southern Railway zone/GA1|discussion]]
* 09 Jan 2024 – [[Indian Railways]] GA nominated by [[User:Magentic Manifestations|Magentic Manifestations]] was closed by [[User:Chiswick Chap|Chiswick Chap]]; [[Talk:Indian Railways/GA2|discussion]]
* 24 Dec 2023 – [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] GA nominated by [[User:Magentic Manifestations|Magentic Manifestations]] was not promoted by [[User:Chipmunkdavis|Chipmunkdavis]]; [[Talk:Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System/GA1|discussion]]
* 13 Jan 2024 – [[Rail transport in India]] GA nominated by [[User:Magentic Manifestations|Magentic Manifestations]] was closed by [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]]; [[Talk:Rail transport in India/GA1|discussion]]
* 20 Jun 2024 – [[2023 Odisha train collision]] GA nominated by [[User:Magentic Manifestations|Magentic Manifestations]] was promoted by [[User:Kiwiz1338|Kiwiz1338]]; [[Talk:2023 Odisha train collision/GA1|discussion]]
* 24 Dec 2023 – [[Chennai Metro]] GA nominated by [[User:Magentic Manifestations|Magentic Manifestations]] was promoted by [[User:ZKang123|ZKang123]]; [[Talk:Chennai Metro/GA3|discussion]]
* 26 Apr 2024 – [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] GA nominated by [[User:Magentic Manifestations|Magentic Manifestations]] was promoted by [[User:Vigilantcosmicpenguin|Vigilantcosmicpenguin]]; [[Talk:Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System/GA2|discussion]]
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== TfD ==
{{anchor|TfD}}
* 21 Aug 2020 – [[Template:Line 1, Chennai Metro]] TfDed by [[User:Timbaaa|Timbaaa]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2020 August 21#Template:Line 1, Chennai Metro|discussion]]
* 12 May 2021 – [[Template:Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] TfDed by [[User:AlgaeGraphix|AlgaeGraphix]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 May 12#Template:Delhi Sarai Rohilla|discussion]]
* 15 Oct 2021 – [[Template:Ahmedabad Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 October 15#Template:Ahmedabad Metro lines|discussion]]
* 15 Oct 2021 – [[Template:Ahmedabad Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 October 15#Template:Ahmedabad Metro stations|discussion]]
* 31 Oct 2021 – [[Template:Grand Trunk Express route map]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 October 31#Template:Grand Trunk Express route map|discussion]]
* 11 Nov 2021 – [[Template:Navi Mumbai Metro Line 1]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 November 11#Template:Navi Mumbai Metro Line 1|discussion]]
* 11 Nov 2021 – [[Template:Navi Mumbai Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 November 11#Template:Navi Mumbai Metro lines|discussion]]
* 11 Nov 2021 – [[Template:Navi Mumbai Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 November 11#Template:Navi Mumbai Metro stations|discussion]]
* 11 Nov 2021 – [[Template:Navi Mumbai Metro navbox]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 November 11#Template:Navi Mumbai Metro navbox|discussion]]
* 14 Dec 2021 – [[Template:Pune Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 December 14#Template:Pune Metro lines|discussion]]
* 14 Dec 2021 – [[Template:Pune Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 December 14#Template:Pune Metro stations|discussion]]
* 20 Dec 2021 – [[Template:Pune Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2021 December 20#Template:Pune Metro color|discussion]]
* 20 Feb 2022 – [[Template:Jaipur Superfast Express]] TfDed by [[User:Nigej|Nigej]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 February 20#Template:Jaipur Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 April 20#Template:Mumbai Metro color|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 April 20#Template:Mumbai Metro lines|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 April 20#Template:Mumbai Metro stations|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Metro style]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 April 20#Template:Mumbai Metro style|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Metro left/1]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 April 20#Template:S-line/Mumbai Metro left/1|discussion]]
* 20 Apr 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Metro right/1]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 April 20#Template:S-line/Mumbai Metro right/1|discussion]]
* 22 Apr 2022 – [[Template:Ahmedabad Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 April 22#Template:Ahmedabad Metro color|discussion]]
* 05 May 2022 – [[Template:Namma Metro navbox]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 5#Template:Namma Metro navbox|discussion]]
* 08 May 2022 – [[Template:Delhi Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 8#Template:Delhi Metro color|discussion]]
* 08 May 2022 – [[Template:Delhi Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 8#Template:Delhi Metro lines|discussion]]
* 08 May 2022 – [[Template:Delhi Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 8#Template:Delhi Metro stations|discussion]]
* 08 May 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Delhi Metro left/Magenta]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 8#Template:S-line/Delhi Metro left/Magenta|discussion]]
* 08 May 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Delhi Metro right/Magenta]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 8#Template:S-line/Delhi Metro right/Magenta|discussion]]
* 08 May 2022 – [[Template:Delhi Metro style]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 8#Template:Delhi Metro style|discussion]]
* 10 May 2022 – [[Template:Lucknow Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 10#Template:Lucknow Metro color|discussion]]
* 10 May 2022 – [[Template:Lucknow Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 10#Template:Lucknow Metro lines|discussion]]
* 10 May 2022 – [[Template:Lucknow Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 10#Template:Lucknow Metro stations|discussion]]
* 10 May 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Lucknow Metro right/Red Line]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 10#Template:S-line/Lucknow Metro right/Red Line|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai MRTS color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai MRTS color|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai MRTS lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai MRTS lines|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai MRTS stations]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai MRTS stations|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai MRTS style]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai MRTS style|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai Metro color|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai Metro lines|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai Metro stations|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Chennai Metro style]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Chennai Metro style|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Jaipur Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Jaipur Metro color|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Kolkata Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Kolkata Metro color|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Kolkata Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Kolkata Metro lines|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Kolkata Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Kolkata Metro stations|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Kolkata Metro style]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Kolkata Metro style|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Kolkata Metro left/1]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:S-line/Kolkata Metro left/1|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Kolkata Metro right/1]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:S-line/Kolkata Metro right/1|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Namma Metro color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Namma Metro color|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Namma Metro lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Namma Metro lines|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Namma Metro stations]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Namma Metro stations|discussion]]
* 11 May 2022 – [[Template:Namma Metro style]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 May 11#Template:Namma Metro style|discussion]]
* 09 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Monorail color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 9#Template:Mumbai Monorail color|discussion]]
* 09 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Monorail lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 9#Template:Mumbai Monorail lines|discussion]]
* 09 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Monorail stations]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 9#Template:Mumbai Monorail stations|discussion]]
* 09 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Monorail style]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 9#Template:Mumbai Monorail style|discussion]]
* 09 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Monorail left/Line 1]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 9#Template:S-line/Mumbai Monorail left/Line 1|discussion]]
* 09 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Monorail right/Line 1]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 9#Template:S-line/Mumbai Monorail right/Line 1|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway color]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway color|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway lines|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway style]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:Mumbai Suburban Railway style|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Central]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Central|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/CR]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/CR|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Harbour]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Harbour|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Trans-Harbour]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Trans-Harbour|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Western]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway left/Western|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Central]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Central|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/CR]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/CR|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Harbour]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Harbour|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Trans-Harbour]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Trans-Harbour|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2022 – [[Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Western]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 10#Template:S-line/Mumbai Suburban Railway right/Western|discussion]]
* 10 Sep 2022 – [[Template:Indian Railways color]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 September 10#Template:Indian Railways color|discussion]]
* 10 Sep 2022 – [[Template:Indian Railways lines]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 September 10#Template:Indian Railways lines|discussion]]
* 10 Sep 2022 – [[Template:Indian Railways stations]] TfDed by [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 September 10#Template:Indian Railways stations|discussion]]
* 14 Sep 2022 – [[Template:Kolkata Suburban Railway color]] TfDed by [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 September 14#Template:Kolkata Suburban Railway color|discussion]]
* 14 Sep 2022 – [[Template:Kolkata Suburban Railway lines]] TfDed by [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 September 14#Template:Kolkata Suburban Railway lines|discussion]]
* 14 Sep 2022 – [[Template:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]] TfDed by [[User:Frietjes|Frietjes]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 September 14#Template:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|discussion]]
* 29 Jan 2023 – [[Template:Thiruvananthapuram Monorail Map]] TfDed by [[User:WikiCleanerMan|WikiCleanerMan]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2023 January 29#Template:Thiruvananthapuram Monorail Map|discussion]]
* 11 Jun 2024 – [[Template:Kolkata Metro route diagram]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 June 11#Template:Kolkata Metro route diagram|discussion]]
* 10 Jun 2024 – [[Template:Virudunagar–Sengottai line]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 June 10#Template:Virudunagar–Sengottai line|discussion]]
* 20 Nov 2024 – [[Template:Top 100 booking stations of Indian Railways]] TfDed by [[User:Woodensuperman|Woodensuperman]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 20#Template:Top 100 booking stations of Indian Railways|discussion]]
* 08 Jul 2025 – [[Template:Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 July 8#Template:Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines|discussion]]
* 08 Jul 2025 – [[Template:MM Line 9]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 July 8#Template:MM Line 9|discussion]]
* 31 Mar 2026 – [[Template:Howrah–Kamakhya VBS Express Route]] TfDed by [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2026 March 31#Template:Howrah–Kamakhya VBS Express Route|discussion]]
{{anchor|TfDbottom}}

== PROD ==
{{anchor|PROD}}
* 06 Sep 2020 – [[Kalka–Barmer Express]] PRODed by [[User:Zoodino|Zoodino]] was deproded by [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] on 08 Sep 2020
* 18 Jun 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram]] PRODed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was deproded by [[User:GB fan|GB fan]] on 19 Jun 2021
* 18 Jun 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana]] PRODed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was deproded by [[User:Colonies Chris|Colonies Chris]] on 20 Jun 2021
* 11 Dec 2021 – [[Noida Agra Monorail]] PRODed by [[User:Venkat TL|Venkat TL]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Noida_Agra_Monorail deleted]
* 01 Feb 2022 – [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]] PRODed by [[User:Anupamdutta73|Anupamdutta73]] was deproded by [[User:NemesisAT|NemesisAT]] on 01 Feb 2022
* 03 Aug 2022 – [[Gulma Railway station]] PRODed by [[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] was deproded by [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] on 03 Aug 2022
* 08 Oct 2022 – [[Kinana railway station]] PRODed by [[User:JML1148|JML1148]] was deproded by [[User:Garuda3|Garuda3]] on 09 Oct 2022
* 03 Jan 2023 – [[Raikabag Palace Junction railway station]] PRODed by [[User:FormalDude|FormalDude]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 04 Jan 2023
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Adoni railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 10 Nov 2023
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Appikatla railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was deproded by [[User:RadioactiveBoulevardier|RadioactiveBoulevardier]] on 10 Nov 2023
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Balabhadrapuram railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 10 Nov 2023
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Chittoor railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 10 Nov 2023
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Indupalli railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 10 Nov 2023
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Makum railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 10 Nov 2023
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Mandi Gobindgarh railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 10 Nov 2023
* 18 Nov 2023 – [[Greater Gwalior Metro]] PRODed by [[User:14.139.128.55|14.139.128.55]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Greater_Gwalior_Metro deleted]
* 29 Jun 2024 – [[Last vehicle board]] PRODed by [[User:Vestrian24Bio|Vestrian24Bio]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 01 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Agra Fort–Ramnagar Tri-Weekly Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Agra Fort–Ramnagar Weekly Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Agartala–Garjee Passenger]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Gorakhpur Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Lucknow Weekly Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Patna Weekly Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Sultanpur Weekly Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Varanasi Weekly Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ajmer–Hyderabad Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Alappuzha–Kannur Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Subedarganj–Dehradun Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Ambala–Amb Andaura DEMU]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Amritsar–Nangal Dam Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Arakkonam–Jolarpettai Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Asansol–Gonda Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Asansol–Gorakhpur Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Agartala–Silchar Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Goswami21|Goswami21]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Weekly Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Jaipur Weekly Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Patna Weekly Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bhuj AC Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bikaner Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Gandhidham Weekly Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Barauni Avadh Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Hisar Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Jaisalmer Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Veraval Saurashtra Janta Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Mahuva Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Mahuva Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Muzaffarpur Avadh Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Palitana Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Ramnagar Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Udaipur Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Veraval Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[KSR Bengaluru–Kannur Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bangalore City–Nagercoil Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bangarapet–Bangalore City Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bangriposi–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Banka–Rajendra Nagar Terminal Intercity Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bapudham Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Barauni–Gondia Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Barauni–Lucknow Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 23 Jul 2024
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Bhagat_Ki_Kothi_Express deleted]
* 22 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Lucknow Weekly Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Lucknow_Weekly_Superfast_Express deleted]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[KSR Bangalore–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 30 Jul 2024
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 30 Jul 2024
* 21 Aug 2024 – [[Dadar Western–Ekta Nagar Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 22 Aug 2024
* 21 Aug 2024 – [[Bilaspur–NSC Bose Itwari Intercity Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 22 Aug 2024
* 21 Aug 2024 – [[Jaipur–Jodhpur Intercity Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 22 Aug 2024
* 21 Aug 2024 – [[Puri–Jodhpur Superfast Express]] PRODed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 22 Aug 2024
* 08 Sep 2024 – [[Indigo Line (Delhi Metro)]] PRODed by [[User:Dhruv edits|Dhruv edits]] was redirected by [[User:Ashujain2018|Ashujain2018]] on 08 Nov 2018
* 03 Sep 2024 – [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Kakinada Port Express]] PRODed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bhavnagar_Terminus%e2%80%93Kakinada_Port_Express deleted]
* 03 Sep 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Express]] PRODed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Bhavnagar_Terminus_Express deleted]
* 06 Sep 2024 – [[Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express (via Nagpur)]] PRODed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ernakulam%e2%80%93Patna_Superfast_Express_(via_Nagpur) deleted]
* 06 Oct 2024 – [[North Coimbatore Flyover]] PRODed by [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] was deproded by [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] on 09 Oct 2024
* 16 Mar 2025 – [[Ghoti railway station]] PRODed by [[User:Delectopierre|Delectopierre]] was deproded by [[User:Necrothesp|Necrothesp]] on 19 Mar 2025
* 02 Sep 2025 – [[Bareilly Metro]] PRODed by [[User:SKAG123|SKAG123]] was redirected by [[User:Mjhd|Mjhd]] on 28 Aug 2013
* 02 Sep 2025 – [[Aizawl Monorail]] PRODed by [[User:SKAG123|SKAG123]] was deproded by [[User:Epicgenius|Epicgenius]] on 03 Sep 2025
* 09 Sep 2025 – [[Shahabad Mohammadpur railway station]] PRODed by [[User:LastJabberwocky|LastJabberwocky]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Shahabad_Mohammadpur_railway_station deleted]
* 12 Dec 2025 – [[Rajendra Nagar metro station]] PRODed by [[User:Blethering Scot|Blethering Scot]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Rajendra_Nagar_metro_station deleted]
* 08 Jan 2026 – [[RailRadar]] PRODed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=RailRadar deleted]
{{anchor|PRODbottom}}

== AfD ==
{{anchor|AfD}}
* 11 Sep 2020 – [[Kalka–Barmer Express]] AfDed by [[User:Zoodino|Zoodino]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Tone|Tone]] on 18 Sep 2020; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kalka–Barmer Express|discussion]]
* 21 Jun 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram]] AfDed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was closed as ''no consensus'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 16 Jul 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|discussion]]
* 21 Jun 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana]] AfDed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was closed as ''no consensus'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 16 Jul 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2021 – [[TamilNadu State Transport Corporation - Kumbakonam]] AfDed by [[User:Mccapra|Mccapra]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=TamilNadu_State_Transport_Corporation_-_Kumbakonam delete]'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 30 Jul 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TamilNadu State Transport Corporation - Kumbakonam|discussion]]
* 05 Sep 2021 – [[Tilhar railway station]] AfDed by [[User:MrsSnoozyTurtle|MrsSnoozyTurtle]] was ''withdrawn'' by [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] on 06 Sep 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tilhar railway station|discussion]]
* 08 Dec 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, New Katni]] AfDed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 16 Dec 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diesel Loco Shed, New Katni|discussion]]
* 08 Dec 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ratlam]] AfDed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Diesel_Loco_Shed%2c_Ratlam delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 15 Dec 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diesel Loco Shed, Ratlam|discussion]]
* 08 Dec 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Pune]] AfDed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Diesel_Loco_Shed%2c_Pune delete]'' by [[User:Missvain|Missvain]] on 23 Dec 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diesel Loco Shed, Pune|discussion]]
* 08 Dec 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam]] AfDed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Missvain|Missvain]] on 24 Dec 2021; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diesel Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|discussion]]
* 08 Dec 2021 – [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi]] AfDed by [[User:Fram|Fram]] was closed as ''merge'' by [[User:TheBirdsShedTears|TheBirdsShedTears]] on 01 Jan 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|discussion]]
* 08 Feb 2022 – [[Barauni–Samastipur–Muzaffarpur–Hajipur line]] AfDed by [[User:The Banner|The Banner]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 21 Feb 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barauni–Samastipur–Muzaffarpur–Hajipur line|discussion]]
* 16 Mar 2022 – [[Valavanur railway station]] AfDed by [[User:Buidhe|Buidhe]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:DaxServer|DaxServer]] on 23 Mar 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valavanur railway station|discussion]]
* 01 Jul 2022 – [[Kiul-Barauni Section]] AfDed by [[User:Meena|Meena]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Kiul-Barauni_Section delete]'' by [[User:Malcolmxl5|Malcolmxl5]] on 08 Jul 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kiul-Barauni Section|discussion]]
* 28 Jul 2022 – [[Valavanur railway station]] AfDed by [[User:Mhawk10|Mhawk10]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Northamerica1000|Northamerica1000]] on 04 Aug 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valavanur railway station (2nd nomination)|discussion]]
* 30 Jul 2022 – [[Jamaldah Gopalpur railway station]] AfDed by [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 06 Aug 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jamaldah Gopalpur railway station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2022 – [[Julana railway station]] AfDed by [[User:Trainsandotherthings|Trainsandotherthings]] was closed as ''merge'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 11 Sep 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Julana railway station|discussion]]
* 21 Sep 2022 – [[Patel Nagar metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Mr.weedle|Mr.weedle]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 28 Sep 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Patel Nagar metro station|discussion]]
* 09 Oct 2022 – [[Kinana railway station]] AfDed by [[User:Rosguill|Rosguill]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Vanamonde93|Vanamonde93]] on 16 Oct 2022; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kinana railway station|discussion]]
* 31 May 2023 – [[Kasganj level crossing disaster]] AfDed by [[User:Thebiguglyalien|Thebiguglyalien]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 07 Jun 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kasganj level crossing disaster|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Deccan Gymkhana metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Mangalwar Peth metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Udyan metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Pune Railway Station metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Shivaji Nagar metro station (Pune)]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Dapodi metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Benniganahalli metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Ruby Hall Clinic metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[PMC Bhavan metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2023 – [[Bopodi metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Oct 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andheri West metro station|discussion]]
* 21 Oct 2023 – [[Benniganahalli metro station]] AfDed by [[User:Timothytyy|Timothytyy]] was closed as ''no consensus'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 04 Nov 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Benniganahalli metro station|discussion]]
* 31 Oct 2023 – [[Railways handball team]] AfDed by [[User:Hemant Dabral|Hemant Dabral]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Railways_handball_team delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 14 Nov 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Railways handball team|discussion]]
* 09 Nov 2023 – [[Amin Gaon railway station]] AfDed by [[User:Nagol0929|Nagol0929]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Arbitrarily0|Arbitrarily0]] on 24 Nov 2023; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amin Gaon railway station|discussion]]
* 20 Jan 2024 – [[Indian Railways]] AfDed by [[User:Bhagwan22|Bhagwan22]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Gidonb|Gidonb]] on 23 Jan 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Indian Railways|discussion]]
* 22 Jan 2024 – [[Express trains in India]] AfDed by [[User:Bhagwan22|Bhagwan22]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Gidonb|Gidonb]] on 24 Jan 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Express trains in India|discussion]]
* 21 Feb 2024 – [[List of Vande Bharat Express services]] AfDed by [[User:BhandupAamche|BhandupAamche]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=List_of_Vande_Bharat_Express_services delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 28 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Vande Bharat Express services|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Barbil Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Pune Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Jaynagar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Una–New Delhi Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai Central–Hapa Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Secunderabad AC Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ajmer–Chandigarh Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chennai Central–Bengaluru City Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kacheguda–Yesvantpur Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[New Delhi–Varanasi Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kozhikode–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai Central–Hisar Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kanpur Central–Kathgodam Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ekta Nagar–Varanasi Mahamana Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chennai Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Jabalpur–Mumbai CSMT Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Gorakhpur Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bikaner–Bilaspur Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Prayagraj Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[New Delhi–Sealdah Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[New Delhi–Chandigarh Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Pune–Howrah Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[New Jalpaiguri–Guwahati Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–New Delhi Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Dehradun Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kochuveli–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bokaro Steel City–Bhubaneswar Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai Central–Indore Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mysore–Bangalore Rajya Rani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Naini Doon Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Ernakulam Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Patna Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Marathwada Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express (via Ballari)]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Rani Kamalapati–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[KSR Bengaluru–Coimbatore Uday Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Puri Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Varanasi Mahamana Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chhapra–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Rajendra Nagar-New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bhagalpur–Anand Vihar Terminal Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Darbhanga–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Andhra Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Raxaul–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chennai–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ekta Nagar–Rewa Mahamana Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Jammu Tawi Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Ernakulam Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bilaspur Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Porbandar–Santragachi Kavi Guru Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chhattisgarh Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chennai Egmore–Madurai Tejas Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Darbhanga–Varanasi City Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lucknow–Bhopal Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kannur–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Coimbatore–Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kochuveli–Nilambur Road Rajya Rani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Madgaon–Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Puri–Rourkela Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Santragachi–Tambaram Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Yesvantpur–Chandigarh Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha)]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Silchar–New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kolkata–Patna Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bhopal–Khajuraho Mahamana Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chennai Central–Mysore Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Varanasi–Anand Vihar Terminal Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Guwahati–Jorhat Town Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai CSMT–Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai CSMT–Howrah Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kathgodam–Jammu Tawi Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Jammu Tawi Vivek Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Visakhapatnam–Tirupati Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Jaynagar–Udhna Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express (via Hubballi)]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Haridwar–Amritsar Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kolkata Shalimar–Patna AC Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Amritsar Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Ranchi Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bangalore Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Indore–Bikaner Mahamana Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru Amrit Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Dehradun Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mayiladuthurai–Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Santragachi–Mangaluru Central Vivek Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Darbhanga–Jalandhar City Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kochuveli–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Jamnagar Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bhubaneswar–Howrah Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Alipurduar–Silghat Town Rajya Rani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Secunderabad–Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Shivamogga Town–Yesvantpur Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Patna–Ranchi Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lucknow–Raipur Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai CSMT–Nagpur Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lucknow Junction–Anand Vihar Terminal Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Azimganj Kavi Guru Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Agartala Tejas Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Shalimar–Adra Rajya Rani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chennai Central–Coimbatore Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ranchi–Howrah Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ekta Nagar–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Tatanagar Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ernakulam–H.Nizamuddin Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Visakhapatnam–Guntur Uday Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Pune–Secunderabad Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Puri–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kota–Hazrat Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ranchi–New Delhi Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madgaon AC Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Durg–Firozpur Cantonment Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Habibganj–Indore Junction AC Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Goa Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai Central Tejas Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Secunderabad–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai CSMT–Madgaon Tejas Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[KSR Bengaluru–Hubli Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bhopal–Indore AC Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai CSMT–Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Darbhanga–Ahmedabad Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Pune Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Raigarh–Gondia Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Dhanbad Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Pune–Nagpur Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Chennai Central–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Jaipur–Agra Fort Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–Bhagalpur Kavi Guru Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna)]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Jalna–Mumbai CSMT Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Lucknow–New Delhi Swarna Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mangaluru Central–Madgaon Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Varanasi–New Delhi Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Sealdah–Bikaner Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Mumbai CSMT Rajya Rani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Gorakhpur–Mumbai Antyodaya Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Puri–Howrah Garib Rath Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Okha–Tuticorin Vivek Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Guntur–Kacheguda AC Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Tamil Nadu Sampark Kranti Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Rourkela–Gunupur Rajya Rani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kalka Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[New Delhi–Firozpur Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai Central–Valsad Fast Passenger]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Mumbai Central–New Delhi Duronto Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kashi Patna Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Bhopal–Damoh Rajya Rani Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Haridwar–Una Link Janshatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Rani Kamalapati–Jabalpur Jan Shatabdi Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Kacheguda–Tirupati Double Decker Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] on 29 Feb 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Delhi–Kalka Shatabdi Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Amritsar–Delhi Junction Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:BhandupAamche|BhandupAamche]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Timotheus Canens|Timotheus Canens]] on 02 Mar 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coimbatore–Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express|discussion]]
* 23 Feb 2024 – [[Anand Vihar Terminal–Ayodhya Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]] AfDed by [[User:BhandupAamche|BhandupAamche]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Timotheus Canens|Timotheus Canens]] on 02 Mar 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coimbatore–Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express|discussion]]
* 16 Mar 2024 – [[List of trains run by Indian Railways]] AfDed by [[User:Jagganath01|Jagganath01]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Jumpytoo|Jumpytoo]] on 18 Mar 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of trains run by Indian Railways (2nd nomination)|discussion]]
* 16 Mar 2024 – [[AC Express (Indian Railways)]] AfDed by [[User:Jagganath01|Jagganath01]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Jumpytoo|Jumpytoo]] on 18 Mar 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AC Express (Indian Railways)|discussion]]
* 10 May 2024 – [[Albert Vivian D'Costa]] AfDed by [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Albert_Vivian_D%27Costa delete]'' by [[User:Jake Wartenberg|Jake Wartenberg]] on 17 May 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Albert Vivian D'Costa|discussion]]
* 10 Jul 2024 – [[Last vehicle board]] AfDed by [[User:Boleyn|Boleyn]] was closed as ''merge'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 28 Jul 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Last vehicle board|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Agartala–Silchar Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Agartala%e2%80%93Silchar_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agartala–Silchar Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Agartala–Garjee Passenger]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Agartala%e2%80%93Garjee_Passenger delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agartala–Garjee Passenger|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Agra Fort–Ramnagar Weekly Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Agra_Fort%e2%80%93Ramnagar_Weekly_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agra Fort–Ramnagar Weekly Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Gorakhpur Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ahmedabad%e2%80%93Gorakhpur_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Gorakhpur Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Lucknow Weekly Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ahmedabad%e2%80%93Lucknow_Weekly_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Lucknow Weekly Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Patna Weekly Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ahmedabad%e2%80%93Patna_Weekly_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Patna Weekly Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ahmedabad%e2%80%93Shri_Mata_Vaishno_Devi_Katra_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Sultanpur Weekly Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ahmedabad%e2%80%93Sultanpur_Weekly_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Sultanpur Weekly Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Varanasi Weekly Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ahmedabad%e2%80%93Varanasi_Weekly_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Varanasi Weekly Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ajmer–Hyderabad Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ajmer%e2%80%93Hyderabad_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ajmer–Hyderabad Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Alappuzha–Kannur Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Alappuzha%e2%80%93Kannur_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alappuzha–Kannur Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Subedarganj–Dehradun Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Subedarganj%e2%80%93Dehradun_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Subedarganj–Dehradun Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Ambala–Amb Andaura DEMU]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ambala%e2%80%93Amb_Andaura_DEMU delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ambala–Amb Andaura DEMU|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Amritsar–Nangal Dam Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Amritsar%e2%80%93Nangal_Dam_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amritsar–Nangal Dam Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Arakkonam–Jolarpettai Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Arakkonam%e2%80%93Jolarpettai_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arakkonam–Jolarpettai Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Asansol–Gonda Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Asansol%e2%80%93Gonda_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asansol–Gonda Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Asansol–Gorakhpur Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Asansol%e2%80%93Gorakhpur_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asansol–Gorakhpur Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Weekly Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Bhavnagar_Terminus_Weekly_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Weekly Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Jaipur Weekly Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Jaipur_Weekly_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Jaipur Weekly Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Patna Weekly Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Patna_Weekly_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Patna Weekly Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bhuj AC Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Bhuj_AC_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Bhuj AC Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Bikaner Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Bikaner_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Bikaner Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Delhi_Sarai_Rohilla_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Gandhidham Weekly Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Gandhidham_Weekly_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Gandhidham Weekly Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Barauni Avadh Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Barauni_Avadh_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Barauni Avadh Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Haridwar_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Hisar Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Hisar_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Hisar Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Jaisalmer Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Jaisalmer_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Jaisalmer Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Veraval Saurashtra Janta Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Veraval_Saurashtra_Janta_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Veraval Saurashtra Janta Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Mahuva Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Mahuva_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Mahuva Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Mahuva Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Mahuva_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Mahuva Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Muzaffarpur Avadh Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Muzaffarpur_Avadh_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Muzaffarpur Avadh Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Palitana Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Palitana_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Palitana Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Ramnagar Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Ramnagar_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Ramnagar Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Udaipur Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Udaipur_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Udaipur Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus–Veraval Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus%e2%80%93Veraval_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandra Terminus–Veraval Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[KSR Bengaluru–Kannur Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=KSR_Bengaluru%e2%80%93Kannur_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KSR Bengaluru–Kannur Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bangalore City–Nagercoil Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bangalore_City%e2%80%93Nagercoil_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bangalore City–Nagercoil Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bangarapet–Bangalore City Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bangarapet%e2%80%93Bangalore_City_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bangarapet–Bangalore City Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bangriposi–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bangriposi%e2%80%93Bhubaneswar_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bangriposi–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Banka–Rajendra Nagar Terminal Intercity Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Banka%e2%80%93Rajendra_Nagar_Terminal_Intercity_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Banka–Rajendra Nagar Terminal Intercity Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Bapudham Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bapudham_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bapudham Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Barauni–Gondia Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Barauni%e2%80%93Gondia_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 01 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barauni–Gondia Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Agra Fort–Ramnagar Tri-Weekly Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Agra_Fort%e2%80%93Ramnagar_Tri-Weekly_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 03 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agra Fort–Ramnagar Tri-Weekly Express|discussion]]
* 23 Jul 2024 – [[Barauni–Lucknow Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Barauni%e2%80%93Lucknow_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 06 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barauni–Lucknow Express|discussion]]
* 11 Aug 2024 – [[Bandra Terminus Bikaner weekly Special]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bandra_Terminus_Bikaner_weekly_Special delete]'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 25 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express|discussion]]
* 11 Aug 2024 – [[Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ahmedabad%e2%80%93Darbhanga_Sabarmati_Express delete]'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 25 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express|discussion]]
* 11 Aug 2024 – [[KSR Bangalore–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]] AfDed by [[User:Arnav Bhate|Arnav Bhate]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=KSR_Bangalore%e2%80%93Ajmer_Garib_Nawaz_Express delete]'' by [[User:Daniel|Daniel]] on 25 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express|discussion]]
* 22 Aug 2024 – [[Dadar Western–Ekta Nagar Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Dadar_Western%e2%80%93Ekta_Nagar_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 29 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dadar Western–Ekta Nagar Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 22 Aug 2024 – [[Bilaspur–NSC Bose Itwari Intercity Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bilaspur%e2%80%93NSC_Bose_Itwari_Intercity_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 29 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bilaspur–NSC Bose Itwari Intercity Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 22 Aug 2024 – [[Jaipur–Jodhpur Intercity Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Jaipur%e2%80%93Jodhpur_Intercity_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 29 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jaipur–Jodhpur Intercity Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 22 Aug 2024 – [[Puri–Jodhpur Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Puri%e2%80%93Jodhpur_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 29 Aug 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Puri–Jodhpur Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2024 – [[Jama Masjid metro station]] AfDed by [[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Asilvering|Asilvering]] on 10 Sep 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jama Masjid metro station|discussion]]
* 03 Sep 2024 – [[Bhavnagar Terminus railway station]] AfDed by [[User:MPGuy2824|MPGuy2824]] was closed as ''keep'' by [[User:Malinaccier|Malinaccier]] on 10 Sep 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bhavnagar Terminus railway station|discussion]]
* 09 Sep 2024 – [[2024 Uttar Pradesh train derailment]] AfDed by [[User:ToadetteEdit|ToadetteEdit]] was closed as ''draftify'' ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=2024_Uttar_Pradesh_train_derailment deleted]) by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 18 Sep 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2024 Uttar Pradesh train derailment|discussion]]
* 12 Sep 2024 – [[Vijayawada Metro]] AfDed by [[User:Thewikizoomer|Thewikizoomer]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Vijayawada_Metro delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 26 Sep 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vijayawada Metro|discussion]]
* 27 Sep 2024 – [[Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas contributions to the Indian railways]] AfDed by [[User:Ratnahastin|Ratnahastin]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Kutch_Gurjar_Kshatriyas_contributions_to_the_Indian_railways delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 04 Oct 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas contributions to the Indian railways|discussion]]
* 12 Sep 2024 – [[Visakhapatnam Metro]] AfDed by [[User:Thewikizoomer|Thewikizoomer]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Visakhapatnam_Metro delete]'' by [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] on 10 Oct 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Visakhapatnam Metro (2nd nomination)|discussion]]
* 13 Oct 2024 – [[Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express (via Nagpur)]] AfDed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ernakulam%e2%80%93Patna_Superfast_Express_(via_Nagpur) delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 20 Oct 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express (via Nagpur)|discussion]]
* 13 Oct 2024 – [[Ernakulam–Banaswadi Superfast Express]] AfDed by [[User:Викидим|Викидим]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Ernakulam%e2%80%93Banaswadi_Superfast_Express delete]'' by [[User:Liz|Liz]] on 20 Oct 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ernakulam–Banaswadi Superfast Express|discussion]]
* 20 Oct 2024 – [[Annual passenger earnings details of railway stations in Kerala]] AfDed by [[User:NS-Merni|NS-Merni]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Annual_passenger_earnings_details_of_railway_stations_in_Kerala delete]'' by [[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] on 27 Oct 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Annual passenger earnings details of railway stations in Kerala|discussion]]
* 13 Nov 2024 – [[List of proposed and under-construction Kolkata metro stations]] AfDed by [[User:RIP B1058|RIP B1058]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:The Bushranger|The Bushranger]] on 20 Nov 2024; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of proposed and under-construction Kolkata metro stations|discussion]]
* 18 Jan 2025 – [[Vinhere railway station]] AfDed by [[User:Sheriff U3|Sheriff U3]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Asilvering|Asilvering]] on 25 Jan 2025; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vinhere railway station|discussion]]
* 24 Apr 2025 – [[Bhopal Bharat Teerth Express]] AfDed by [[User:NS-Merni|NS-Merni]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Bhopal_Bharat_Teerth_Express delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 01 May 2025; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bhopal Bharat Teerth Express|discussion]]
* 21 Feb 2026 – [[Amritsar–Attari DEMU]] AfDed by [[User:KEmel49|KEmel49]] was closed as ''[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Amritsar%e2%80%93Attari_DEMU delete]'' by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]] on 28 Feb 2026; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amritsar–Attari DEMU|discussion]]
* 25 Mar 2026 – [[Aizawl Monorail]] AfDed by [[User:Flyingphoenixchips|Flyingphoenixchips]] was closed as ''redirect'' by [[User:Svartner|Svartner]] on 01 Apr 2026; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aizawl Monorail|discussion]]
{{anchor|AfDbottom}}

== AFC ==
{{anchor|AFC}}
* 26 Feb 2021 – [[Draft:North-South Dedicated Freight Sub-Corridor]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Onel5969|Onel5969]] was declined by [[User:KylieTastic|KylieTastic]] on 13 Mar 2021
* 13 Oct 2021 – [[Draft:Indian Railway Signalling]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Loveallwiki|Loveallwiki]] was declined by [[User:Greenman|Greenman]] on 12 Dec 2021
* 21 Mar 2023 – [[Draft:Indian Railway Classification]] submitted for AfC by [[User:M.Ashraf333|M.Ashraf333]] was declined by [[User:Mattdaviesfsic|Mattdaviesfsic]] on 20 Apr 2023
* 23 Apr 2024 – [[Draft:Parangipettai railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Ahamedpno|Ahamedpno]] was moved to [[Parangipettai railway station]] by [[User:ToadetteEdit|ToadetteEdit]] on 19 May 2024
* 05 Jul 2024 – [[Draft:Kanhangad - Kaniyur railway line]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Shibin kvarghese|Shibin kvarghese]] was declined by [[User:CFA|CFA]] on 22 Jul 2024
* 18 Aug 2024 – [[Draft:International Railway Equipment Exhibition (IREE)]] submitted for AfC by [[User:GGKP07|GGKP07]] was declined by [[User:S0091|S0091]] on 20 Aug 2024
* 08 Oct 2025 – [[Draft:Arambagh Prafulla Chandra Sen railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Rahul Sharma koner|Rahul Sharma koner]] was moved to [[Arambagh Prafulla Chandra Sen railway station]] by [[User:Rahul Sharma koner|Rahul Sharma koner]] on 11 Oct 2025
* 20 Sep 2025 – [[Draft:Rupnarayanpur railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Flashthomsom|Flashthomsom]] was accepted to [[Rupnarayanpur railway station]] by [[User:GreenRedFlag|GreenRedFlag]] on 24 Oct 2025
* 20 Sep 2025 – [[Draft:Rupnarayanpur railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Flashthomsom|Flashthomsom]] was accepted to [[Rupnarayanpur railway station]] by [[User:GreenRedFlag|GreenRedFlag]] on 24 Oct 2025
* 24 Sep 2025 – [[Draft:Kumrabad Rohini railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Flashthomsom|Flashthomsom]] was accepted to [[Kumrabad Rohini railway station]] by [[User:Afstromen|Afstromen]] on 27 Oct 2025
* 19 Sep 2025 – [[Draft:Madankata railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Flashthomsom|Flashthomsom]] was accepted to [[Madankata railway station]] by [[User:Junbeesh|Junbeesh]] on 01 Nov 2025
* 20 Oct 2025 – [[Draft:Raipur Haryana Junction railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:220.255.242.109|220.255.242.109]] was moved to [[Raipur Haryana Junction railway station]] by [[User:ChrysGalley|ChrysGalley]] on 06 Dec 2025
* 17 Dec 2025 – [[Draft:Madhavaram Milk Colony metro station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:TravelLover05|TravelLover05]] was accepted to [[Madhavaram Milk Colony metro station]] by [[User:HitroMilanese|HitroMilanese]] on 18 Dec 2025
* 08 Dec 2025 – [[Draft:Sogaria railway station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:ROLEXMEENA|ROLEXMEENA]] was declined by [[User:Ktkvtsh|Ktkvtsh]] on 26 Dec 2025
* 31 Jan 2026 – [[Draft:Bina Malkheri Railway Station]] submitted for AfC by [[User:The splendor rider|The splendor rider]] was declined by [[User:Hurricane Wind and Fire|Hurricane Wind and Fire]] on 03 Feb 2026
* 10 Jan 2026 – [[Draft:Dibrugarh–Gomti Nagar (Lucknow) Amrit Bharat Express]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Harshul12345|Harshul12345]] was declined by [[User:ScalarFactor|ScalarFactor]] on 08 Feb 2026
* ''undated'' – [[Draft:Kakinada-Kotipalli Railwayline]] submitted for AfC was declined by [[User:Htanaungg|Htanaungg]] on 12 Apr 2026
* 29 Jan 2026 – [[Draft:Supaul–Triveniganj railway line]] submitted for AfC by [[User:Tejas101099993|Tejas101099993]] was declined by [[User:Nighfidelity|Nighfidelity]] on 30 Apr 2026
{{anchor|AFCbottom}}

== RfD ==
{{anchor|RfD}}
* 10 Jul 2021 – [[Train 19]] →[[Vande Bharat Express#Design and development]] RfDed by [[User:ImSonyR9|ImSonyR9]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 10#<1>|discussion]]
* 06 Mar 2024 – [[Deepak Hosptial (Mira Road) metro station]] →[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]] RfDed by [[User:176.33.244.31|176.33.244.31]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 March 6#Deepak_Hosptial_(Mira_Road)_metro_station|discussion]]
* 08 Mar 2024 – [[Yuva Bharati Kirangan metro station]] →[[Kolkata Metro]] RfDed by [[User:CX Zoom|CX Zoom]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 March 8#Yuva_Bharati_Kirangan_metro_station|discussion]]
* 08 Mar 2024 – [[Priya Thakur metro station]] →[[Kolkata Metro]] RfDed by [[User:CX Zoom|CX Zoom]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 March 8#Priya_Thakur_metro_station|discussion]]
{{anchor|RfDbottom}}

== GAR ==
{{anchor|GAR}}
* 17 Jan 2025 – [[Delhi Metro]] nominated for GA reassessment by [[User:Z1720|Z1720]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Good article reassessment/Delhi Metro/1|discussion]]
* 26 Jul 2025 – [[Kolkata Metro]] nominated for GA reassessment by [[User:Z1720|Z1720]] was closed; [[Wikipedia:Good article reassessment/Kolkata Metro/1|discussion]]
{{anchor|GARbottom}}{{anchor|archivebottom}}
{{Wikipedia:Article alerts/Report archive page footer}}
[[Category:WikiProject_Indian_railways]]

Nannilam Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T23:49:57Z

NellDarley:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nannilam
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| constituency_no = 169
| map_image = Constitution-Nannilam.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[R. Kamaraj]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 267,432
}}
'''Nannilam''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Thiruvarur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. It was previously reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] but was reclassified as a general constituency for the 2011 general election. Election results and winners for this constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[M. C. Muthukumaraswami]] and [[M. D. Thyagaraja Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[M. D. Thyagaraja Pillai]] and [[M. C. Muthukumaraswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[M. D. Thyagaraja Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[P. Jayaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[A. Devandiran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[M. Manimaran]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[A. Kalaiarasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| rowspan=2|[[M. Manimaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| K. Gopal
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Padma (Nannilam MLA)|Padma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| C. K. Thamizharasan
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[P. Padmavathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=4|[[R. Kamaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|51.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|46.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|61.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|25.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|20.27}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kamaraj]]|party=AIADMK|votes=103,462 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. S. Mohammed Mubarak<ref>SDPI candidate contesting under DMK symbol</ref>|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=61,738 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prabhakaran|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=54,530|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Theanmozhi Dileepkumar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=8,446|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 41,724 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =264462 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web|title=nannilam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a169|access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kamaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=103,637 |percentage=46.95% |change=-2.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jothiraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,213 |percentage=44.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Fathima Farhana |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,419 |percentage=6.08% |change=+5.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramachandran |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,076 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,190 |percentage=0.54% |change=-0.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,424 |percentage=2.00% |change=-8.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=220,754 |percentage=81.11% |change= 0.61% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=305|percentage=0.14% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 272,157 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kamaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=100,918 |percentage=49.43% |change=-1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. B. Durai Velan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=79,642 |percentage=39.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sundara Moorthy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,327 |percentage=5.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Elavarasan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,060 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,182 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anbuselvam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,860 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,276 |percentage=10.42% |change=4.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=204,154 |percentage=80.50% |change= -2.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,606 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kamaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=92,071 |percentage=50.96% |change=+8.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elangovan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,667 |percentage=45.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ganesan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=2,835 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Immanuvel |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,247 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Panasaiarangan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,211 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,404 |percentage=5.76% |change=-3.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=218,867 |percentage=82.55% |change= 6.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,684 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Padmavathy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=65,614 |percentage=51.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arivanandam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,048 |percentage=42.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajendran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,989 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,483 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sooriyamoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,377 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,566 |percentage=9.07% |change=-7.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=127,511 |percentage=76.51% |change= 10.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,654 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 5.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. K. Thamizharasan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=52,450 |percentage=46.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sakthivel |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,238 |percentage=29.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manimaran |party=Independent politician |votes=24,623 |percentage=21.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravanan G |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,440 |percentage=3.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,212 |percentage=16.89% |change=-16.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,751 |percentage=66.51% |change= -6.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,039 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -15.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Padma (Nannilam MLA)|Padma]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=66,773 |percentage=61.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Gopal (ADMK politician)|K. Gopal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,800 |percentage=28.31% |change=-28.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangaiyan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,291 |percentage=9.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,973 |percentage=33.06% |change=16.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=108,798 |percentage=73.15% |change= 0.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,652 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Gopal (ADMK politician)|K. Gopal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,623 |percentage=56.79% |change=+30.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Manimaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,415 |percentage=40.67% |change=-4.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chellaiyan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,715 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,208 |percentage=16.12% |change=-2.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,753 |percentage=72.45% |change= -6.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,477 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Manimaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,605 |percentage=45.08% |change=-6.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kalaiyarasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,750 |percentage=26.67% |change=-20.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvadurai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,737 |percentage=22.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Aruchunan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,721 |percentage=5.31% |change=-41.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,855 |percentage=18.42% |change=13.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=107,813 |percentage=79.35% |change= -2.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,255 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Manimaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,072 |percentage=51.72% |change=+5.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anbarasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,564 |percentage=47.06% |change=-5.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gopalan |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=722 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,508 |percentage=4.66% |change=-1.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,813 |percentage=81.64% |change= 7.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,430 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kalaiarasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,829 |percentage=52.73% |change=+30.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Manimaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,689 |percentage=46.69% |change=+4.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=495 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,140 |percentage=6.05% |change= -5.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,013 |percentage=74.47% |change= 2.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,349 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Manimaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,636 |percentage=41.75% |change=-17.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,527 |percentage=30.44% |change=-4.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Klaiyarasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,099 |percentage=22.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kannaiyan |party=Janata Party |votes=4,304 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,109 |percentage=11.31% |change= -13.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,566 |percentage=72.33% |change= -8.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,720 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Devandiran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,740 |percentage=59.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Arunachalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,432 |percentage=34.66% |change=-11.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Packirisamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,663 |percentage=5.92% |change=-28.9 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,308 |percentage=24.76% |change= 13.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,835 |percentage=80.63% |change= -1.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,081 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,053 |percentage=46.36% |change=+6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Ramachandran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,571 |percentage=34.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Appasami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,568 |percentage=18.81% |change=-8.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,482 |percentage=11.54% |change= 4.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,192 |percentage=81.78% |change= 2.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,780 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. D. Thyagaraja Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,346 |percentage=39.78% |change=+13.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramiah Mudaliar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,519 |percentage=32.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sourirajalu Naidu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=18,370 |percentage=27.73% |change=+11.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,827 |percentage=7.29% |change= 1.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,235 |percentage=79.69% |change= -27.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,864 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. D. Thyagaraja Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,923 |percentage=25.89% |change=+5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. C. Muthukumaraswami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,258 |percentage=19.88% |change=-0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arunachalam Pillai |party=Communist Party of India |votes=28,206 |percentage=15.90% |change=+1.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Appaswamy (Sc) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,515 |percentage=14.39% |change=+0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Periaswamy Odayar |party=Independent politician |votes=21,571 |percentage=12.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Natesan (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=8,617 |percentage=4.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,288 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rajappa (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=5,971 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,665 |percentage=6.01% |change= 2.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=177,349 |percentage=107.19% |change= -7.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,455 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. C. Muthukumaraswami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,356 |percentage=20.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. D. Thyagaraja Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,482 |percentage=16.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marianathan Alias Anthoni Muthu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=22,877 |percentage=14.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalyanasundaram Pillai |party=Communist Party of India |votes=19,672 |percentage=12.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramadoss Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=16,206 |percentage=10.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Mohideen |party=Independent politician |votes=14,053 |percentage=8.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rangaramanujan Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=9,977 |percentage=6.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kandasami Pillai |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,172 |percentage=3.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugian Alias Murugan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,169 |percentage=3.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Varadachariar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,823 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaailasa Ayyar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,811 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,874 |percentage=3.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=159,598 |percentage=114.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,289 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|10.88|N|79.62|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Merupu

2026-05-05T22:49:12Z

NellDarley: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Merupu
| image = Merupu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]]
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
}}
| director = Gopichand Nadella
| writer = Ganapathi Rao Kommanapall (dialogues)
| producer = Kamini Venkateswara Rao
| story = Gopichand Nadella
| screenplay = Gopichand Nadella
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = Bhaskar
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| distributor =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1996|11|22|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| country = India
}}

'''''Merupu''''' ({{Translation|Lightning}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] romantic thriller film, written by Ganapathi Rao Kommanapall and directed by Gopichand Nadella. The film stars [[Anand (actor)|Anand]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the leading roles,<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Kasturi |author-link=Kasthuri Shankar |user=KasthuriShankar |number= 986149736418689024 |date=17 April 2018|title=On #Chiyaan Vikram's Birthday .... a blast from the past ! A screengrab from a movie we were paired in ! |script-title= |trans-title= |language= |retweet= |location= |access-date=29 March 2025 |link= |quote= |ref=}}</ref> while [[Brahmanandam]] plays a supporting role. The film was later dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Miss Madras'' by Sai Bhagyashree Films, and titled as such owing to the actress's triumph at the Miss Madras beauty pageant in 1994.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/25/stories/2002022500860200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621054347/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/25/stories/2002022500860200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 June 2003 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=A quizzer at heart| date=25 February 2002}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Naveen
* [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Prema
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Guru
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Traffic Police Inspector
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* Siva Parvathi
* [[Uttej]] as Traffic Police Officer
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
}}

==Production==
The film was loosely based on the 1991 English psychological thriller film, ''[[Sleeping with the Enemy]]''. During the making of the film, the writer Kommanapalli Ganapathi Rao associated with newcomer [[Trivikram Srinivas]] on working on the script and the pair worked together for ten days. Srinivas later became disassociated with the project as a result of not being paid and the team's shift to shoot portions in [[Gandipet]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/int1/trivikram.html |title = Trivikram interview - Telugu film director|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=7 August 2012|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/what-are-the-telugu-movies-done-together-by-director-trivikram-and-hero-chiyaan-vikram-121732439722823.html|title=Trivikram: డైరెక్ట‌ర్ త్రివిక్ర‌మ్‌, హీరో చియాన్ విక్ర‌మ్ కాంబోలో వ‌చ్చిన తెలుగు సినిమాలు ఇవే!|first=Nelki Naresh|last=Kumar|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=te|access-date=29 March 2025|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140315/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/what-are-the-telugu-movies-done-together-by-director-trivikram-and-hero-chiyaan-vikram-121732439722823.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Merupu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label =
| producer = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_credits =
| total_length =
| title1 = Paruvala Silpam
| lyrics1 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao|Jonnavittula]]
| extra1 = [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Edolaanga Vunnadi
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela]]
| extra2 = Aruna, [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]], chorus
| length2 =
| title3 = O.K. O.K.
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Anuradha Sriram
| length3 =
| title4 = Chalo Chalo Hrudayama
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela
| extra4 = Anupama
| length4 =
| title5 = Paruvala Silpam
| lyrics5 = Jonnavittula
| extra5 = Unnikrishnan, Anuradha Sriram
| length5 =
| title6 = Lovelo Padithe Bhale Bhale
| lyrics6 = [[Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma]]
| extra6 = Mano, chorus
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1579631}}

[[Category:1996 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:1996 romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

New Zealand–India Free Trade Agreement

2026-05-05T05:32:24Z

NellDarley: Started The Entry More To Come.

{{Short description|Free trade agreement between New Zealand and India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = New Zealand–India Free Trade Agreement
| long_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| type = [[Free Trade Agreement]]
| context = [[Trade agreement]] between New Zealand and India
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 27 April 2026
| location_signed = [[New Delhi]], India
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| amendment =
| date_expiration = 
| date_expiry = 
| provisional_application =
| mediators = 
| negotiators =
| original_signatories = 
| signatories = 
| parties = * {{flagicon image|Flag of New Zealand.svg}} [[New Zealand]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[India]]
| ratifiers = 
| depositor = 
| depositories = 
| citations = 
| language =
| languages = 
| wikisource = 
| wikisource1 = 
| wikisource2 =
| wikisource3 =
| wikisource4 =
| wikisource5 =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''New Zealand—India Free Trade Agreement''' is a bilateral [[free trade agreement]] between [[New Zealand]] and [[India]] signed on 27 April 2026. <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2026 |title=New Zealand and India sign landmark free trade agreement |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/04/28/new-zealand-and-india-sign-landmark-free-trade-agreement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427224913/https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/04/28/new-zealand-and-india-sign-landmark-free-trade-agreement/ |archive-date=27 April 2026 |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=[[1News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tupa'i |first=Zeb |date=28 April 2026 |title=New Zealand and India sign landmark free trade agreement |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/india-new-zealand-free-trade-deal-cuts-tariffs-on-key-kiwi-exports/D422QIVZJNCELMGKH5X4D6O7BI/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427225005/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/india-new-zealand-free-trade-deal-cuts-tariffs-on-key-kiwi-exports/D422QIVZJNCELMGKH5X4D6O7BI/ |archive-date=27 April 2026 |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=[[New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref> It has not yet come into effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand-India Free Trade Agreement |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free-trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-concluded-but-not-in-force/new-zealand-india-free-trade-agreement |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)|New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Relations]] |access-date=29 April 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
Bilateral merchandise trade was worth US$1.3 billion in 2024–2025, with total trade in goods and services of US$2.4 billion in 2024.<ref name="Salve 22 Dec 2025">{{cite news |last1=Salve |first1=Priyanca |title=India and New Zealand announce trade pact making majority of goods trade duty free |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/22/india-new-zealand-fta-trade-deal.html |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> As of April 2026, bilateral trade between India and New Zealand was worth an estimated NZ$3.95 billion.<ref name="1News 28 Apr 2026">{{cite news |title=New Zealand and India sign landmark free trade agreement |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/04/28/new-zealand-and-india-sign-landmark-free-trade-agreement/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=[[1News]] |date=28 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427235524/https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/04/28/new-zealand-and-india-sign-landmark-free-trade-agreement/ |archive-date=27 April 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
On 22 December 2025, the Indian and New Zealand governments announced plans to sign a [[free trade agreement]] in 2026. The agreement would eliminate tariffs on 95% of New Zealand exports to India including [[kiwifruit]]s, [[apple]]s, meat, wool, coal, and forestry. While certain New Zealand dairy exports such as re-exports and bulk infant formula will be duty-free, most dairy products will still be subject to tariffs. Milk [[albumin]]s will be subject to a 50 percent tariff cut under a quota programme.<ref name="RNZ 22 Dec 2025">{{cite news |title=FTA with India: 'Bad deal' or 'strategically significant milestone'? |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/582507/fta-with-india-bad-deal-or-strategically-significant-milestone |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222204713/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/582507/fta-with-india-bad-deal-or-strategically-significant-milestone |archive-date=22 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Salve 22 Dec 2025" /> In return, New Zealand will eliminate duties on all Indian exports, including textiles, apparel, leather, footwear, marine products, gems and jewelry, handicrafts, engineering goods and automobiles. In addition, New Zealand will invest US$20 billion in India over the next twenty years and improve visa access for Indian professionals, skilled workers and students.<ref name="Salve 22 Dec 2025" /> The NZ-India free trade agreement would also allow 5,000 Indian temporary migrants to enter New Zealand for the next three years, with a focus on information technology, engineering, healthcare, education, construction workers, Indian traditional medicine practitioners, yoga instructors, chefs and music teachers.<ref name="Macduff 27 Apr 2026">{{cite news |last1=Macduff |first1=Keiller |title=Council of trade unions calls for transparency on India-New Zealand Free Trade agreement |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/593522/council-of-trade-unions-calls-for-transparency-on-india-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=27 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427152559/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/593522/council-of-trade-unions-calls-for-transparency-on-india-new-zealand-free-trade-agreement |archive-date=27 April 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Several New Zealand agricultural and industrial bodies, including Export NZ, the NZ Forest Owners Association, the Meat Industry Association, [[Beef + Lamb New Zealand]], Horticulture New Zealand, NZ Timber Industry Federation, and Wools of New Zealand, welcomed the free trade agreement. The Dairy Companies Association expressed disappointment that core products such as butter and cheese had been excluded from the agreement. [[New Zealand First]] leader [[Winston Peters]] opposed the agreement on the grounds that it disadvantaged New Zealand's dairy industry and boosted Indian immigration to New Zealand. Peters invoked the party's "agree to disagree" provision of its coalition agreement with the [[Sixth National Government of New Zealand|National-led coalition government]].<ref name="RNZ 22 Dec 2025" /> Concerns about the impact of the free trade agreement on migrant labour exploitation, transparency and the impact of immigration on unemployment, housing infrastructure, and race relations were also raised by the [[New Zealand Council of Trade Unions]], the [[Maritime Union of New Zealand]], NZ First deputy leader [[Shane Jones]] and [[Waatea News]] editor Matthew Tukaki.<ref name="Macduff 27 Apr 2026" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tukaki |first1=Matthew |title=Trade or Trade-Off? The Real Stakes Behind the NZ–India Agreement |url=https://waateanews.com/2026/04/23/analysis-trade-or-trade-off-the-real-stakes-behind-the-nz-india-agreement/ |website=[[Waatea News]] |access-date=29 April 2026|date=23 Apr 2026}}</ref>

On 23 April 2026, Labour Party leader [[Chris Hipkins]] confirmed that his party would support legislation enabling the agreement, giving the [[New Zealand National Party|National]] and [[ACT New Zealand|ACT]] parties the votes in Parliament needed, given that New Zealand First would vote against it.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCulloch |first=Craig |title=Chris Hipkins announces Labour will back India free trade bill |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/business/593185/chris-hipkins-announces-labour-will-back-india-free-trade-deal |access-date=23 April 2026 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=23 April 2026}}</ref> The free trade agreement was signed by NZ Trade and Investment Minister [[Todd McClay]] and Indian Commerce and Industry Minister [[Piyush Goyal]] in [[New Delhi]] on 27 April. New Zealand Prime Minister [[Christopher Luxon]] also attended the signing ceremony.<ref name="1News 28 Apr 2026" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Full text of the New Zealand-India Free Trade Agreement |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free-trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-concluded-but-not-in-force/new-zealand-india-free-trade-agreement/text-of-the-agreement |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)|New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Relations]] |access-date=29 April 2026}}

{{New Zealand bilateral relations}}
{{Free trade agreements of New Zealand}}
{{Economy of New Zealand}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand-India Free Trade Agreement}}
[[Category:Free trade agreements of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:India–New Zealand relations]]
[[Category:Bilateral treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Economy of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:2026 in New Zealand]]

Jai Vijayam

2026-04-29T23:52:34Z

NellDarley: started article

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language suspense thriller film}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Vijayam
| image = Jai Vijayam.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Jai Akash]]
| writer = Jai Akash
| producer = Jai Akash
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Jai Akash
* Akshaya Kandamuthan
* Atchaya Ray
}}
| cinematography = Pal Pandi
| editing = Azhagar Manikandan
| music = Sathish Kumar Srinivasakumar
| studio = Jaiakash Films
| distributor = A Cube Movies App
| released = {{film date|2023|12|29|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jai Vijayam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/jai-vijayam/movieshow/106346531.cms |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230041532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/jai-vijayam/movieshow/106346531.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Jai Vijayam''''' ({{Translation|Hail victory!}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[suspense thriller film]] written, produced and directed by [[Jai Akash]] under the banner Jaiakash Films. The film stars himself and Akshaya Kandamuthan in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Haunting Mystery Unfolds in "Jai Vijayam" |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/a-haunting-mystery-unfolds-in-jai-vijayam |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Telugu Times - USA NRI Telugu News Telugu News Papers In USA |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230101025/https://www.telugutimes.net/article/a-haunting-mystery-unfolds-in-jai-vijayam |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Jai Akash]] as Jai
* Akshaya Kandamuthan
* Atchaya Ray
* Michael Augustine
* ACP Rajendran

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic appreciated the film<ref>{{Cite web |title=paper page 0001 — Postimages |url=https://postimg.cc/PvZkdkRt |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=postimg.cc |archive-date=2024-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222170300/https://postimg.cc/PvZkdkRt |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Album — Postimages |url=https://postimg.cc/gallery/XJLfq4N |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=postimg.cc |archive-date=2024-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222170433/https://postimg.cc/gallery/XJLfq4N |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt30645526}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (Maharashtra)

2026-04-21T13:46:02Z

NellDarley: created

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Government of Maharashtra
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय संसदीय कार्य विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = File:Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Department of Parliamentary Affairs
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Chandrakant Patil]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| deputyminister2_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]

| chief1_name = '''Shri. Bhupendra M. Gurao'''
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = -
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name = -
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

{{Renewable energy}}
'''Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Department Maharashtra''' is a Ministry of [[Government of Maharashtra]].

The Ministry is currently headed by '''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''', a [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]

{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs}} '''मंत्री संसदीय कार्य विभाग'''
|image=File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg
| incumbent = [[Chandrakant Patil]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' 
(2022 - 2024)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
*'''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kalameshwar Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Legislative Affairs
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|15 August}} 1977
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1977|08|15}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|15 August}} 1977
|{{small|06 March }} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|08|15|1978|03|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''[[Govindrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur Constituency No. 231]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 02 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shantaram Gholap''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad Constituency No. 139]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|03 September}} 1992
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1992|09|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 September}} 1992
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1992|09|07|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Liladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 157]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|31 January}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|01|31}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|[[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Liladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 157]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Rohidas Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhule Constituency No. 07]]- [[Dhule District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|27 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2003|01|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Rohidas Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhule Constituency No. 07]]- [[Dhule District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|27|2003|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Chandrakant Handore]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur Constituency No. 173]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2007
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Nilangekar II''']]
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Anees Ahmed''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central Constituency No. 55]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Harshvardhan Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 201p
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Harshvardhan Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Mehta in Mumbai.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Prakash Mehta]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East Constituency No. 170]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|04}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of Food and Civil Supplies, Maharashtra, Shri Girish Bapat meeting the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar, in New Delhi on October 14, 2016 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Girish Bapat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth Constituency No. 215]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 December}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|04|2019|06|04}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vinod Tawde in 2015.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vinod Tawde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali Constituency No. 152]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|07|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge )''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Anil Parab]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 07 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge )''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|BJP}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud Constituency No. 210]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud Constituency No. 210]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant''''' ''(Council)'' & ''(Assembly)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01 ''(Council)''
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satejpatil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satej Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Kolhapur Local Authorities Constituency No. 06 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anil Parab]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02 ''(Assembly)''
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri._Sanjay_Bansode.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Bansode]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir Constituency No. 237]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant''''' ''(Council)'' & ''(Assembly)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Chandrakant Patil]] (2022 - 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant''''' ''(Council)'' & ''(Assembly)''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Chandrakant Patil]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Damodar Acharya

2026-04-19T03:57:53Z

NellDarley: put up a article - done

{{short description|Professor at IIT Kharagpur}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Damodar Acharya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1949}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kharagpur]] [[NIT Rourkela]]
| website =
| known_for =
| profession = Professor
| office1 = Director at [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
| term_start1 = 1 July 2007<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=At the helm |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2418/stories/20070921508611600.htm |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=1 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027164927/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2418/stories/20070921508611600.htm |archivedate=27 October 2007 }}</ref>
| term_end1 = 30 June 2012
| predecessor1 = Shishir Dube
| successor1 = [[Partha Pratim Chakraborty]]
| office2 = [[Professor]] at [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
}}
'''Damodar Acharya''' is an Indian engineer and educationist. He served as the director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] from July 2007 to 30 June 2012. The government nominated Acharya as a director on the central board of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=27411 |title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases |publisher=Rbi.org.in |date= |accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref>

==Career==
Professor Damodar Acharya received his Ph.D. (in 1975) and M.Tech. in IE & OR (in 1972) degrees from [[IIT Kharagpur]], and B.Sc.(Engineering) degree in Mechanical Engineering with distinction (in 1970) from [[NIT Rourkela]]. Professor Acharya has about 32 years of diversified experience - twenty-seven years of teaching and research experience at [[IIT Kharagpur]], and five years of experience in academic administration as Vice-Chancellor, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, and as Chairman of the [[All India Council of Technical Education]].<ref name="auto"/>

== Recognition ==
*The [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] conferred him with the Think Odisha Leadership Award in 2010, jointly with the former Vice-Chancellor of the [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Baidyanath Misra]], for their contributions in the field of education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/orissa-cm-gives-away-think-odisha-leadership-awards-2010/articleshow/6326991.cms?from=mdr|title=Orissa CM gives away Think Odisha Leadership Awards, 2010|first=Nageshwar|last=Patnaik|date=August 17, 2010|via=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

* An undergraduate student at the Department of Electrical Engineering died during Acharya's tenure after a head injury was not tended to immediately, primarily due to the lack of medical facilities in the campus hospital and Kharagpur. Students staged a huge protest and Acharya's residence was vandalized, blaming the director and the hospital administration of negligence. Acharya resigned shortly afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iit-kharagpur-director-quits-after-students-death/articleshow/4302546.cms|title=IIT-Kharagpur director quits after student's death - Times of India|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> However, later investigations established that he was not involved in the incident and had no knowledge of it, and was cleared of any responsibility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/clean-chit-to-iit-in-student-death-case/464153|title=Clean chit to IIT in student death case - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Damodar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]

Save the Children India

2026-04-18T22:08:15Z

NellDarley: New new article

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organisation}}
{{advert|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bal Raksha Bharat: Save the Children, India
| image =
| founded = 2008
| type = [[Nonprofit organization]]
| headquarters = Gurugram, Delhi-NCR
| location = Gurugram, Delhi-NCR, India with multiple state offices in India
| key_people = Deepak Kapoor (Chairperson), CEO: (Sudarshan Such) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.savethechildren.in/news/sudarshan-suchi-appointed-ceo-at-save-the-children-india/|title=Sudarshan Suchi Appointed CEO at Save the Children, India |date=October 2020 }}</ref>
| region_served = 19 States
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| website = {{URL|https://www.balrakshabharat.org}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bal Raksha Bharat''' ({{langx|en|Child Protection India}}), commonly known as '''Save the Children India''', is a non-profit organization working to improve the lives of marginalized [[children in India]] since 2008. Headquartered in Gurugram, and registered as Bal Raksha Bharat in India (under Societies Registration Act, 1861), the organization is a member of [[Save the Children International]] (formerly known as the International Save The Children Alliance)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.savethechildren.in/about-us/history|title=Save the Children History}}</ref>

While [[Save the Children]] has been working in India since the 1940s, Save the Children India formally came into being as Bal Raksha Bharat in April 2008. Since then it has reached 10.1 million children. The organization implements sustainable, community-driven projects across India from remote locations to urban areas. The goal of these projects is to provide children with quality education and healthcare, protection from harm and abuse, and life-saving aid during emergencies.

Bal Raksha Bharat also works through Advocacy and Campaigning, liaising with government stakeholders and civil society in support of children’s rights.

==History==
As World War I drew to an end in 1919, [[Eglantyne Jebb]] launched a movement named Save the Children Fund to cater to the needs of children whose lives were affected by the war. She was driven by the belief that all children have the right to a healthy, happy, and fulfilling life. Three years later in 1922, she drafted a document named ‘[[Declaration of the Rights of the Child]]’. The declaration contained a number of proclamations intended to provide and safeguard certain universal rights for children. It was this declaration that would become the axis around which the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) would revolve.

In 1924, the [[League of Nations]], the precursor to the [[United Nations]] adopted Jebb’s declaration. What started as an emergency relief fund went on to become a major worldwide movement for protecting the rights of children. The first connection between Save the Children and India was made when Mahatma Gandhi signed Jebb’s declaration in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.learningtogive.org/resources/save-children|title=Save The Children|publisher=Learning To Give|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

In the early 1940s, when World War II broke out, Save the Children provided relief and rehabilitation to the affected children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.savethechildren.org/us/about-us/why-save-the-children/history|title=Save The Children History|publisher=Save The Children Organisation|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands of children received relief in the form of clothing and shoes. More than 800,000 books were distributed in schools. In India, a child welfare centre in Kolkata was supported and this marked the entry of the organization in India. After the war ended, Save the Children began work with displaced children, refugees and concentration camp survivors in the devastated areas of France, Yugoslavia, Greece, Austria, and Poland.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Save the Children worked extensively in Asia. Children affected by the Korean War were provided essential relief.
In 2004, when a devastating Tsunami struck the South-East coast of India, Save the Children provided a rapid relief response that continued for several months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.savethechildren.org/content/dam/global/reports/emergency-humanitarian-response/tsunami-3yrs-07.pdf|title=Three Years On from the Tsunami: Rebuilding Lives - Children's Road to Recovery|publisher=Save The Children Organisation|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref> Four years later, in April 2008, Save the Children started functioning as an independent Indian member of the Save the Children International Alliance under the name [https://balrakshabharat.org/ Bal Raksha Bharat].

==Campaigns==

===#EveryLastChild===
In 2016, Save the Children launched a global campaign to reach out to the most excluded and forgotten children in the world through advocacy, fundraising and program work <ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/india/new-campaign-every-last-child-from-save-the-children-to-reach-two-million-invisible-kids_1879942.html|title=New campaign 'Every Last Child' from 'Save the Children' to reach two million 'invisible' kids|date=26 April 2016 |publisher=Zee News India|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

(1). The defined objectives for the campaign were: a fair chance for all children should be there, all children should be treated equally and there should be accountability which can be great to children.

Bal Raksha Bharat reached around 700,000 children as a part of this campaign.

===#TheInvisibles===
Through #TheInvisibles campaign, Bal Raksha Bharat sought to address the most vital issues of children living in street situations <ref>{{cite web|url=https://campaigns.savethechildren.net/blogs/sreepoornamajumdar/making-theinvisibles-visible-among-youth-india|title=Making #TheInvisibles Visible Among the Youth of India |publisher=Save the Children International|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

(2). The organization believes that these are perhaps the most deprived children in India, who are all around us yet “invisibles”, that is their issues and needs are often ignored. Through this campaign, the organization worked to address the biggest problem these children face – lack of identity. This was done by the means of providing them an [[Aadhaar]] Card and linking them to various government programs.

===#Vote4Children===
This is another hallmark campaign of the organization which has been rolled out twice: in the run to 2014 and 2019 General Elections in India <ref>{{cite web|url=https://campaigns.savethechildren.net/blogs/sreepoornamajumdar/save-children-india-gets-children-set-agenda-general-elections-2019|title=Save the Children India gets children to set the agenda for General Elections 2019 |publisher=Save the Children International|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

(3). Through the campaign, Save the Children prepared a Children’s Manifesto which is a Charter of Demands children have from their political representatives. This manifesto was presented by children in Save the Children’s intervention areas to MPs, MLAs and politicians of various constituencies. An online petition encouraging people to support the campaign was also floated.

In 2019, the organization entered its 100th year globally. Bal Raksha Bharat will focus on mobilizing commitments, partners, and resources for seven “Big Ideas” and contribute towards India’s progress for achieving the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.one.un.org/page/sustainable-development-goals/|title=Sustainable Development Goals|publisher=United Nations India|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

The seven Big Ideas are:
# Pneumonia: The Forgotten Killer
# Undernutrition: A Silent Emergency
# Children are Ready for School
# Ending Violence Against Children
# Rights for Children in Street Situations
# Resilient and Climate-Smart Children
# Triple Dividend of Investing in Adolescents

==Awards and recognition==
'''NGO Felicitation and Wish Realization Award 2016 by ZEE TV''': Save the Children was selected as the ‘Best NGO working on Child Rights in Rajasthan’ for the prestigious Zee TV’s ‘NGO Felicitation and Wish Realization Awards 2016’. The organization was selected out of 250 NGOs working on children’s issues in Rajasthan through an impact review and nominations.

===Campaigns===
* #TheInvisibles campaign for Street Children was shortlisted among 60 best campaigns in South Asia for Social Media For Empowerment Awards
* #KidsNotForSale campaign on Child Trafficking was shortlisted for the Best [[Viral marketing|Viral Marketing]] Campaign at India Digital Awards and for New York Advertising Awards

===Awards to Child Champions===
*12 Child Champions of Save the Children selected as Ashoka Youth Venturers.
*Save the Children’s Child Chfn for Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and went on to attend the United Nations General Assembly meeting in September 2018 in New York. She was also awarded the Savitri Bai Phule Award by the [[Government of India]].
*Youth Champion Shalini from Odisha was awarded the UN Volunteer award as part of Youth Affairs and Sports Ministry's initiative. She will also be attending the [[Women Deliver]] 2019 Conference in Canada in June 2019.
*Youth Advocate from West Bengal, Anoyara Khatun was conferred the prestigious Nari Shakti Award by the President of India.

==See also==
* [[Save the Children]]
* [[Save the Children International]]
* [[Save the Children USA]]
* [[Save the Children State of the World's Mothers report]]
* [[Declaration of the Rights of the Child]]
* [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.balrakshabharat.org/}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Save the Children|India]]

Majitha Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:50:03Z

NellDarley: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Majitha
| map_image = 13-Majitha.svg
| mla = [[Ganieve Kaur Majithia]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:167775}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 13
}}
'''Majitha Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 13) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref> [[VVPAT]] will be used in Majitha in the 2017 Assembly polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-polls-in-high-profile-seats-ec-leaves-no-scope-for-rivals-to-complain/story-HUY23sWhjP6pY9igbIJMmO.html|title=Punjab polls: In high-profile seats, EC leaves no scope for rivals to complain|author=Gurpreet Singh Nibber|date= 30 December 2016|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Parkash Singh Majitha]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Surindarpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Ranjit Singh
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|[[Parkash Singh Majitha]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2001^]]
|[[Raj Mohinder Singh Majitha]]
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Swinder Singh Kathunangal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|rowspan=3 | [[Bikram Singh Majithia]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4 |Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ganieve Kaur Majithia]]<ref name="The Chosen 12 March 2022">{{cite news|last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=The Chosen 13: ‘Padwoman’, Moga’s doctor among Punjab’s women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}
^ = (By-elections)

==Election results==
=== 2027 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2027 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2027]]: Majitha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Bikram Singh Majithia]]
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Talbir Singh Gill
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate =
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate =
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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|change =
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{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:167775}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Majitha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Ganieve Kaur Majithia]]
|votes = {{formatnum:57027}}
|percentage = 47.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Sukhjinder Raj Singh (Lalli Majithia)
|votes = {{formatnum:30965}}
|percentage = 25.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagwinder Pal Singh (Jagga Majithia)
|votes = {{formatnum:26008}}
|percentage = 21.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Kulwant Singh Kotla Gujran
|votes = {{formatnum:3553}}
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = Pardeep Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1654}}
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:811}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:26062}}
|percentage = 21.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:122152}}
|percentage = 72.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:167775}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Majitha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/18|title= Majitha Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Bikram Singh Majithia]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65803}}
|percentage = 53.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sukhjinder Raj Singh (Lalli Majithia)
|votes = {{formatnum:42919}}
|percentage = 35.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Himmat Singh Shergill
|votes = {{formatnum:10252}}
|percentage = 8.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surjit Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:700}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Kulwant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:657}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:924}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:22884}}
|percentage = 21.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:121684}}
|percentage = 77.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:158951}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Majitha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Bikram Singh Majithia]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73944}}
|percentage = 64.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukhjinder Raj Singh (Lalli Majithia)
|votes = {{formatnum:26363}}
|percentage = 22.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shalinderjit Singh Shelly
|votes = {{formatnum:7629}}
|percentage = 6.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party Of India
|candidate = Balwinder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2270}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:47581}}
|percentage = 41.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:115215}}
|percentage = 81.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:140788}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.76|74.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Punjab Lok Congress

2026-03-24T10:54:12Z

NellDarley: enhance information for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian political party based in Punjab}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|abbreviation = PLC
|colorcode = {{party color|Punjab Lok Congress}}
|founder = [[Amarinder Singh]]
|foundation = 2 November 2021
|name=Punjab Lok Congress
|eci=Unrecognised Registered Party
| position =
|headquarters =SCO 61-61-63, Sector 9-D, [[Chandigarh]] (formerly)
|split=[[Indian National Congress]]
|alliance=[[National Democratic Alliance]] (2021–2022)
| colours = {{Color box|{{Party color|Punjab Lok Congress}}}} Green
|general_secretary=
|party_logo=
|symbol=
|flag=
|merged=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|dissolution=19 September 2022
}}
'''Punjab Lok Congress''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''PLC'''; English: ''Punjab People's Congress'') was an Indian regional political party, with its base in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Capt Amarinder Singh quits Congress, launches new party 'Punjab Lok Congress' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/capt-amarinder-singh-quits-congress-launches-new-party-punjab-lok-congress-333540 |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Tribune |date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204091525/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/capt-amarinder-singh-quits-congress-launches-new-party-punjab-lok-congress-333540 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was founded by [[Amarinder Singh]] on 2 November 2021, following a split in [[Indian National Congress]] in Punjab, after he resigned as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)#Punjab (Since 1966)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] and quit the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Foundation">{{cite news|date=3 October 2021|title=Amarinder Singh resigns from Congress; announces new party Punjab Lok Congress|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amarinder-singh-resigns-from-congress/article37304162.ece|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102232343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amarinder-singh-resigns-from-congress/article37304162.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The party applied for its official registration with the [[Election Commission of India]] on 31 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2021|title=EC received application for registration of Punjab Lok Congress Party: Amarinder's advisor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ec-registration-amarinder-singh-punjab-lok-congress-party-7624247/|access-date=27 November 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 28 December 2021, the party entered into an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)|SAD(S)]] to contest [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva
|first=Ravinder |date=28 December 2021|title=2022 polls: BJP, Punjab Lok Congress, SAD (Sanyukt) announce alliance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/2022-polls-bjp-punjab-lok-congress-sad-sanyukt-announce-alliance-101640641494197.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> but failed to win any seat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=10 March 2022 |title=AAP sweeps Punjab with 92 seats; Congress, Akali Dal decimated |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aap-sweeps-punjab-with-92-seats-congress-akali-dal-decimated/article65211989.ece |access-date=18 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Moreover, the party had got only 84,697 votes and lost [[Election deposit#India|election deposit]] in 27 of the 28 seats contested.<ref name ="2022punjabelectionPLC">{{cite news |title=Election Commission of India, State Election,2022 to the legislative assembly of Punjab PERFORMANCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |volume=Performance of Political Parties.pdf |page=2 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 10 May 2022 |archive-date= 3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303172412/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 September 2022, the Punjab Lok Congress merged into the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=16 September 2022 |title=Former Punjab CM Amarinder Singh to join BJP on September 19 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-to-join-bjp-on-september-19/article65898428.ece |access-date=18 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916090723/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-to-join-bjp-on-september-19/article65898428.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable members==
* [[Amarinder Singh]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Captain Amarinder Singh from Patiala Urban, Farzana Alam Malerkotla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/captain-amarinder-singh-from-patiala-urban-farzana-alam-malerkotla-363823 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=Tribune |date=24 January 2022}}</ref> party founder and president
* [[Luv Kumar Goldy]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=18 January 2022 |title=Congress leader Luv Kumar Goldy joins Punjab Lok Congress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jan/17/congress-leader-luv-kumar-goldy-joins-punjab-lok-congress-2407956.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Amrik Singh Aliwal]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Congress MP Amrik Singh Aliwal, 5 ex-legislators join Capt Amarinder Singh's Punjab Lok Congress ahead of assembly polls |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/former-congress-mp-amrik-singh-aliwal-5-ex-legislators-join-capt-amarinder-singhs-punjab-lok-congress-ahead-of-assembly-polls |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ajit Pal Singh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=श्रीवास्तव |first=शेफाली |date=28 January 2022 |title=Punjab Election: कैप्टन ने भारत को इकलौता हॉकी वर्ल्ड कप जिताने वाले 'कैप्टन' को दिया टिकट, जानिए कौन हैं अजीत पाल सिंह |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/punjab/news/punjab-election-all-you-need-to-know-about-ajit-pal-singh-punjab-lok-congress-candidate/articleshow/89178855.cms |work=Navbharat Times |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227034020/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/punjab/news/punjab-election-all-you-need-to-know-about-ajit-pal-singh-punjab-lok-congress-candidate/articleshow/89178855.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Punjab Lok Congress]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2022]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Punjab, India]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Kokborok

2026-03-24T00:24:19Z

NellDarley: minor edit

{{short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India and Bangladesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kokborok, Tiprakok
| altname = Tripuri, Tripura, Tipra, Tippera
| nativename = {{langx|trp|Kokborok|label=none}}
| image =
| states = [[Languages of India|India]],
[[Languages of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| region = *[[Northeast India]]
**[[Tripura]]
**[[Assam]]
**[[Mizoram]]
*[[Myanmar]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
**[[Chittagong Division]]
***[[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
***[[Chandpur District]]
***[[Feni District]]
***[[Noakhali District]]
***[[Comilla District]]
**[[Sylhet Division]]
***[[Sylhet District]]
**[[Dhaka Division]]
***[[Rajbari District]]
| ethnicity = [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|1,267,872|2}}<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| date = 2011
| ref = e27
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]
| fam5 = [[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]]
| ancestor = Early Tipra
| script = *Koloma (''original'')
*[[Bengali–Assamese script]]
*[[Latin script]]
*Kokmari script (''Unofficial'')
| nation = [[Official languages of India|India]]
* [[Tripura]]
| lc1 = trp
| ld1 = Kokborok
| lc2 = ria
| ld2 = Riang
| lc3 = tpe
| ld3 = Tippera
| lc4 = usi
| ld4 = Usui
| lc5 = xtr
| ld5 = Early Tripuri
| linglist = xtr
| lingname = Early Tripuri
| glotto = tipp1238
| glottorefname = Tipperic
| map = File:Kokborok.map.png
| mapscale = 1.0
| mapcaption = {{center|Kokborok speaking area}}
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|Kokborok is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.<ref>{{Cite UNESCO Atlas|pages=46–47}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Kokborok '''(or '''Tripuri''') is a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language of the Indian state of [[Tripura]] and neighbouring areas of [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sorosoro.org/en/kokborok/ |title=Kokborok |publisher=Sorosoro.org |access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref> Its name comes from ''kók'' meaning "verbal" or "language" and ''borok'' meaning "people" or "human".{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} It is one of the ancient languages of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Verghese |first=B. G. |author-link=B. G. Verghese |editor1-last=Sarangi |editor1-first=Asha |editor2-last=Pai |editor2-first=Sudha |year=2020 |orig-year=First published 2011 |chapter=Foreword |title=Interrogating reorganisation of states : culture, identity and politics in India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=xiv |isbn=978-1-000-08407-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOYJEAAAQBAJ |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>

== Kok Borok–speaking tribes ==

Kok Borok, the native language of the Tripuri people, is spoken by nine principal tribes of Tripura: '''Debbarma (Tripuri)''', '''Reang (Bru)''', '''Jamatia''', '''Tripura''', '''Noatia''', '''Kalai''', '''Murasing''', '''Rupini''', and '''Uchoi (Usoi)'''. Although each group exhibits its own dialectal and tonal variations, all share a common linguistic ancestry within the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan family.<ref>Datta-Ray, B. (Ed.). (1984). ''Tribes of Tripura: Description, Ethnology and Folklore''. Tribal Research Institute, Government of Tripura.</ref><ref>Government of Tripura. (2023). ''Tribal Welfare Department – Official Portal''. Retrieved from [https://tripura.gov.in tripura.gov.in]</ref>

The '''Debbarma (Tripuri)''' are the largest Kok Borok–speaking tribe and use the ''Puratan'' dialect, which forms the standard base of Kok Borok. Within the Debbarma, there are three dialectal sub-groups—''Dona'', ''Daspa'', and ''Beri''—sometimes considered sub-tribes. They are found throughout Tripura but are most densely concentrated in the West Tripura, Sepahijala, Khowai, and Gomati districts.

The '''Reang (Bru)''' are the second-largest group. Their speech, ''Kaubru'', has its roots in Kok Borok but differs phonetically and tonally; tones vary from region to region. They are concentrated in Dhalai and North Tripura districts, with sparse presence elsewhere.

'''Jamatia''' people, culturally and linguistically close to the Debbarma, speak a dialect similar to the standard Kok Borok but with slight tonal variation. They mainly inhabit Gomati and Khowai districts, with smaller populations in West Tripura, Sepahijala, Unakoti, and North Tripura.

The '''Tripura''' tribe—sometimes incorrectly grouped with Debbarma under the single name “Tripuri” in government records—is distinct. They are also native to the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, where a majority reside, while about 35% live in Tripura. The tribe comprises more than twenty-five clans, each with unique dialects and attire; notable clans include ''Naitong'', ''Anok'', ''Dengdak'', ''Khaklu'', and ''Garjan''. They are prominent in Dhalai, North Tripura, South Tripura, and Khowai districts.

The '''Noatia''', linguistically and culturally close to the Tripura tribe, share similar speech patterns with Tripura clans such as Naitong and Dengdak. They are mainly concentrated in Western Sepahijala, Gomati, and South Tripura districts.

'''Kalai''', a Kok Borok–speaking tribe of Kuki–Chin origin under the broader Halam grouping, historically spoke a Halam-related language but gradually adopted Kok Borok. They live primarily in Khowai and Dhalai districts.

The '''Murasing''' tribe, sometimes misclassified by official records as a Noatia subgroup, is in fact linguistically distinct. Their population is concentrated in Sepahijala, with smaller numbers in Gomati.

'''Rupini''', another group of Kuki–Chin origin, followed a similar linguistic shift, replacing their original language with Kok Borok. They are found mainly in West Tripura and Dhalai districts.

Finally, the '''Uchoi (Usoi)''' people speak ''Kau-brung'', a dialect closely related to ''Kaubru'' of the Reang but more divergent from mainstream Kok Borok. They inhabit border areas adjoining the Khagrachari district of Bangladesh, notably in Gomati, Dhalai, and South Tripura.

Additionally, several other tribes such as the Halam, Chaimal, Darlong, Mog, Mizo (Lushai), Chakma, Garo, Khasi, and Kuki communities often use Kok Borok as a second or third language due to cultural interaction and inter-tribal communication.<ref>Tripura Tribal Research and Cultural Institute. (2021). ''Linguistic Survey of Tripura''. Agartala: Government of Tripura.</ref>

== History ==
Kokborok was formerly known as '''Tripuri''' and '''Tipra kok''', with its name being changed in the 20th century. The names also refer to the inhabitants of the former [[Twipra kingdom]], as well as the ethnicity of its speakers.

According to an oral history, Kókborok has been attested since at least the 1st century AD, when the historical record of Tripuri kings began to be written down in a book called the ''Rajratnakar'' or ''Rajmala'', using a script for Kókborok called "Koloma",<ref name="SIL2011" /><ref name="Jamatia_Gundimeda_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Jamatia |first1=Fancy |last2=Gundimeda |first2=Nagaraju |title=Ethnic identity and curriculum construction: critical reflection on school curriculum in Tripura |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=3 July 2019 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=312–329 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1568861 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fancy-Jamatia/publication/332543108_Ethnic_identity_and_curriculum_construction_critical_reflection_on_school_curriculum_in_Tripura/links/5cbb2dda299bf12097735538/Ethnic-identity-and-curriculum-construction-critical-reflection-on-school-curriculum-in-Tripura.pdf |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> by the scholar and priest Durlabendra Chantai (also spelled Durlobendra Chontai).<ref name="ManuscriptHistory_2016">{{cite book |editor1-last=Poddar |editor1-first=Satyadeo |title=History of Tripura: as reflected in the manuscripts |date=2016 |publisher=National Mission for Manuscripts : Dev Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789380829395}}</ref> In the early 15th century, under the reign of [[Dharma Manikya I]], two [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], Sukreswar and Vaneswar, compiled a ''Rajmala'', translating it into [[Sanskrit]] and into [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="ManuscriptHistory_2016" /><ref name="Jamatia_Gundimeda_2019" /> However, post-independence, the Kokborok records were outlawed and subsequently lost;<ref name="Jamatia_Gundimeda_2019" /> the main sources for Tripura history are the Sanskrit and Bengali manuscripts.<ref name="ManuscriptHistory_2016" />

Kokborok was relegated to a common people's dialect during the rule of the Tripuri kings in the Kingdom of Tipra from the 19th century till the 20th century. Kokborok was declared an official language of the state of Tripura, India by the state government in the year 1979.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/in-tripura-a-musicians-bid-to-preserve-the-language-of-the-tribes/ |title=In Tripura, a musician's bid to preserve the language of the tribes |date=22 May 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 November 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deb Barma |first=Aloy |date=2024-07-01 |title=Talking Back through Peripheral Visions and Negotiating Identity: Kokborok and Bengali Films and Music Videos in Tripura |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |journal=Journal of Film and Video |language=en |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |issn=0742-4671|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Debroy |first=Prajapita |date=2024 |title=Tripuriness Endangered? Identity Politics and the Aesthetics of Indigeneity in Post-Globalization Kokborok Cinema |url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v10n1/debroy.pdf |journal=Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=244-245 |issn=2395-7352 |eissn=2581-6780}}</ref> Consequently, the language has been taught in schools of Tripura from the primary level to the higher secondary stage since the 1980s. A certificate course in Kokborok started from 1994 at [[Tripura University]]<ref name="Tribal Language">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=61 |title=Tribal Language |website=tripurauniv.in |language=en-gb |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924022722/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=61 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a post graduate diploma in Kokborok was started in 2001 by the Tripura University. Kokborok was introduced in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in the colleges affiliated to the Tripura University from the year 2012, and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Kokborok was started by Tripura University from the year 2015.<ref name="Department of Kokborok">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=400 |title=Department of Kokborok |website=tripurauniv.in |language=en-gb |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225012637/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=400 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There is currently a demand for giving the language recognition as one of the recognized official languages of India as per the 8th schedule of the Constitution. The official form is the dialect spoken in [[Agartala]], the state capital of Tripura.<ref name=":0" />

== Classification and related languages ==
Kokborok is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo branch]].

It is related to the [[Bodo language|Bodo]] and [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]] languages of neighboring [[Assam]]. The [[Garo language]] is also a related language spoken in the state of [[Meghalaya]] and neighboring [[Bangladesh]].

Kókborok consists of several dialects spoken in Tripura. ''Ethnologue'' lists Usoi (Kau Brung), Riang (Kau Bru), and Khagrachari ("Trippera") as separate languages; Mukchak (Barbakpur), though not listed, is also distinct, and the language of many Tripuri clans has not been investigated. The greatest variety is within Khagrachari, though speakers of different Khagrachari varieties can "often" understand each other. Khagrachari literature is being produced in the Naitong and Dendak varieties.<ref name="SIL2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/silesr/2011/silesr2011-038.pdf |title=The Tripura of Bangladesh: A Sociolinquistic Survey |website=SIL International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710191617/http://www.sil.org/silesr/2011/silesr2011-038.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
Kókborok has the phonology of a typical Sino-Tibetan language.{{Clarification needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Vowels ===
Kokborok has six (monophthong) vowel phonemes: {{IPA|/i u e ə o a/}}. Orthography differing from the phonetic transcription is indicated using angle brackets:

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Vowels'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veikho |first1=Sahiinii Lemaina |last2=Mushahary |first2=Jitamoni |title=A preliminary acoustic study of vowels and tones in Kokborok |journal=Nepalese Linguistics |year=2015 |volume=30 |pages=161–166 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19308035}}</ref>

|-
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}|| ||{{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}} {{angbr|w}}||{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| ||{{IPA link|a}}||
|}

Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use the letter '''w''' as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English. In some localities, it is pronounced closer to {{IPA|[ɨ]}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacquesson |first=François |title=A Kokborok Grammar (Agartala dialect) |publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) |year=2008}}</ref> and in others, it is pronounced closer to {{IPA|[o]}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacquesson |first=François |year=2003 |chapter=Kókborok, a short analysis |chapter-url=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00008042/en/ |title=Hukumu, 10th anniversary volume |publisher=[[Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission]] |pages=109–122 |oclc=801647829}}</ref>

=== Consonants ===
Orthography differing from the phonetic transcription is indicated using angle brackets:
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Consonants'''
! colspan="2"| ||[[Labial consonant|Labial]]||[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]||[[Laminal consonant|Lamino- Postalveolar]]||[[Velar consonant|Velar]]||[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stops]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
!voiceless
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ch}} || IPA |{{IPA link|k}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Aspiration (linguistics)|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|ph}} || {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|th}} || {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} {{angbr|chh}} || {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|kh}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{Angbr|j}}|| {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
| || {{IPA link|s}} || || || {{IPA link|h}}
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"|[[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || ||
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximants]]
| {{IPA link|w}} || || {{IPA link|j}} {{Angbr|y}}|| ||
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
A [[diphthong]] is a group of two vowels. The '''wi''' diphthong is pronounced '''ui''' after {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/p/}}. Two examples are '''chumui''' (''cloud'') and '''thampui''' (''mosquito''). The '''ui''' diphthong is a variation of the '''wi''' diphthong. Other less frequent diphthongs, such as '''oi''' and '''ai''', are [[diphthong#Closing, opening, and centering|closing diphthongs]]. In Kokborok spelling, '''u''' is used for the sound {{IPA|/w/}} in the diphthongs {{IPA|/wa/}} (used initially, spelled '''ua''') and {{IPA|/wo/}} (used finally, spelled '''uo'''). It is also used for the diphthong {{IPA|/ɔi/}} (spelled '''wi''') after '''m''' and '''p'''.

=== Syllables ===
Most words are formed by combining the root with an [[affix]]:
* '''kuchuk''' is formed from the root '''chuk''' (''to be high''), with the prefix, '''ku'''.
* '''phaidi''' (''come'') is formed from the root '''phai''' (''to come''), with the suffix '''di'''.

There are no Kókborok words beginning with '''ng'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kokborokorg.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/kokborok-english-dictionary.pdf |title=Concise Kokborok-English-Dictionary}}</ref> At the end of a syllable, any vowel except ''w'' can be found, along with a limited number of consonants: ''p'', ''k'', ''m'', ''n'', ''ng'', ''r'' and ''l''. {{IPA|/j/}} is found only in closing diphthongs like ''ai'' and ''wi''.

=== Clusters ===
"Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like ''phl'', ''ph'' + ''l'', in '''phlat phlat''' (''very fast''), or ''sl'' in '''kungsluk kungsluk''' (''foolish man''). Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as '''phran''' (''to dry'') which is actually '''phw-ran'''. These are very common in echo words: phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc.

=== Tone ===
There are two tones in Kókborok: high tone and low tone. To mark the high tone, the letter ''h'' is written after the vowel with the high tone. These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes the meaning:
# ''lai'' easy ''laih'' crossed
# ''bor'' senseless ''bohr'' to plant
# ''cha'' correct ''chah'' to eat
# ''nukhung'' family ''nukhuhng'' roof

== Grammar ==
{{main|Kokborok grammar}}

There is a clear-cut difference between nouns and verbs. All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes, which are placed not randomly but according to definite rules.

=== Morphology ===
Morphologically Kókborok words can be divided into five categories. They are the following.

# '''Original words''': ''thang'' – go; ''phai'' – come; ''borok'' – nation; ''bororok – men'' ''kotor'' – big; ''kuchuk'' – high; ''kwrwi'' – not; etc.
# '''Compound words''', that is, words made of more than one original words: ''nai'' – see; ''thok'' – tasty; ''naithok'' – beautiful; ''mwtai'' – God; ''nok'' – house; ''tongthar'' – religion; ''bwkha'' – heart; ''bwkhakotor'' – brave; etc.
# '''Words with suffixes''': ''swrwng'' – learn; ''swrwngnai'' – learner; ''nukjak'' – seen; ''kaham'' – good; ''hamya'' – bad; etc.
# '''Naturalized loan words''': ''gerogo'' – to roll; ''gwdna'' – neck; ''tebil'' – table; ''poitu'' – faith; etc.
# '''Loan words''': ''kiching'' – friend; etc.

== Numbers ==
Counting in Kókborok is called ''lekhamung''.

{| class=wikitable
|-
|1|| sa (one)
|-
|2|| nwi (two)
|-
|3|| tham
|-
|4|| brwi
|-
|5|| ba
|-
|6|| dok
|-
|7|| sni
|-
|8.|| char
|-
|9|| chuku
|-
|10|| chi
|-
|20|| nwichi (khol)
|-
|100|| ra
|-
|101|| ra sa
|-
|200|| nwira
|-
|1000|| sai
|-
|1001|| sai sa
|-
|2000|| nwi sai
|-
|10,000|| chisai
|-
|20,000|| nwichi sai
|-
|100,000|| rasai
|-
|200,000|| nwi rasai
|-
|1,000,000|| chirasai
|-
|2,000,000|| nwichi rasai
|-
|10,000,000|| rwjak
|-
|20,000,000|| nwi rwjak
|-
|1,000,000,000|| rarwjak
|-
|1,000,000,000,000|| sai rarwjak
|-
|100,000,000,000,000,000,000|| rasaisai rarwjak
|}

== Dialects ==
There are many Kokborok-speaking people in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Mizoram. But, there are also speakers in the neighboring provinces in the country of Bangladesh, mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

There are three main dialects of Kokborok, which are mutually intelligible.<ref name="Bradley2002" /> The standard one is Debbarma (Puratan Tripuri), which is spoken by the royal family and is understood by all the dialect groups.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karapurkar |first1=Pushpa |title=Kokborok Grammar |year=1976 |location=Mysore |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |oclc=5750101 |page=1}}</ref> It is the medium of instruction up to class five and is taught as a subject up to graduate level.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} The two other major dialects are Riang (or Reang) and Noatia. Smaller dialects are Jamatia, Koloi and Rupini.<ref name="Bradley2002">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=David |author-link1=David Bradley (linguist) |editor1-last=Beckwith |editor1-first=Christopher I. |editor1-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |title=Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages |year=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-0130-8 |page=83 |chapter=The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman}}</ref>

== Literature ==
{{Main|Kokborok literature}}

The first efforts of writing Kokborok were made by Radhamohan Thakur. He wrote the grammar of Kokborok named "Kókborokma" published in 1900, as well as two other books: ''Tripur Kothamala'' and ''Tripur Bhasabidhan''. ''Tripur Kothamala'' was the Kokborok-Bengali-English translation book published in 1906. The "Tripur Bhasabidhan" was published in 1907.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Daulot Ahmed was a contemporary of Radhamohan Thakur and was a pioneer of writing Kókborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar. The Amar jantra, Comilla published his Kókborok grammar book "KOKBOKMA" in 1897.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

On 27 December 1945 the "Tripura Janasiksha Samiti" came into being, and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The first Kókborok magazine ''Kwtal Kothoma'' was edited and published in 1954 by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma|Sudhanya Deb Barma]], who was a founder of the Samiti. ''Hachuk Khurio'' (In the lap of Hills) by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma|Sudhanya Deb Barma]] is the first modern Kókborok novel. It was published by the Kókborok Sahitya Sabha and Sanskriti Samsad in 1987. One major translation of the 20th century was the "Smai Kwtal", the New Testament of the Bible in Kókborok language, published in 1976 by the Bible Society of India.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The 21st century began for Kókborok literature with the monumental work, the Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary compiled by Binoy Deb Barma and published in 2002 AD by the Kókborok tei Hukumu Mission. This is the 2nd edition of his previous groundbreaking dictionary published in 1996 and is a trilingual dictionary. Twiprani Laihbuma (The Rajmala – History of Tripura) translated by R. K. Debbarma and published in 2002 by KOHM.

The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Educational institutions==
There are two universities in Tripura which provide Kokborok language courses as part of Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degrees. There are more than 20 colleges in Tripura state where Kokborok is taught as part of the undergraduate courses. Also, there are more than 30 Government schools where Kokborok is taught in the higher secondary school level under the [[Tripura Board of Secondary Education]].<ref>[https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/kokborok Directorate of Kokborok, School list]</ref>

=== Department of Kokborok, Tripura University ===
The Department of Kokborok in [[Tripura University]], Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature and started functioning in 2015.

It runs an M.A (Master of Arts) in Kokborok language, a one-year PG Diploma and a 6-month Certificate course.<ref name="Department of Kokborok" /><ref name="Tribal Language" />

The university grants Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degrees with Kokborok as an elective subject<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/student-syllabus |title=Syllabus, Tripura University |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195422/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/student-syllabus |url-status=dead }}</ref> in its various constituent colleges since 2012. The colleges affiliated to the university where Kokborok is taught in the B.A degree are:

* [[Holy Cross College, Agartala]]

* [[Ramthakur College]], Agartala<ref>[http://www.ramthakurcollege.nic.in/department_kokborok.html Dept of Kokborok, Ramthakur College, Agartala]</ref>
* Government Degree College, Khumulwng<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gdckhumulwng.in/kok.html |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Khumulwng |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303081903/http://gdckhumulwng.in/kok.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya|NS Mahavidyalaya]], Udaipur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsmahavidyalaya.nic.in/kokborok.html |title=Dept of Kokborok, NS Mahavidyala, Udaipur |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913045207/http://nsmahavidyalaya.nic.in/kokborok.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Government Degree College, Dharmanagar|Government Degree College]], Dharmanagar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gdcdharmanagar.in/kokborok.php |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Dharmanagar |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222115408/http://www.gdcdharmanagar.in/kokborok.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* RS Mahavidyala, Kailasahar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rkmahavidyalaya.org/new/RKMDept.php?id=17 |title=Dept of Kokborok, RS Mahavidyala, Kailasahar |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111034/http://rkmahavidyalaya.org/new/RKMDept.php?id=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Government Degree College, Kamalpur|Government Degree College]], Kamalpur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gdcktripura.nic.in/pages/kok.html |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Kamalpur |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514123403/http://gdcktripura.nic.in/pages/kok.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Government Degree College, Teliamura<ref>[http://www.gdcteliamura.in/images/pdf/Kokborok_Subject.pdf Kokborok, Govt degree college, Teliamura]</ref>
* Government Degree College, Santirbazar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.santirbazarcollege.ac.in/pages/Kokborok.html |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree. College, Santirbazar |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110844/http://www.santirbazarcollege.ac.in/pages/Kokborok.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Government Degree College, Longtharai Valley<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gdcltv.ac.in/kokborok |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree. College, Longtharai Valley |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811103001/http://gdcltv.ac.in/kokborok |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* SV Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur<ref>[http://www.svmmohanpur.nic.in/about.html# Dept of Kokborok, SV Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur]</ref>
* MMD Government Degree College, Sabroom<ref>[https://southtripura.nic.in/26743-2/ Dept of Kokborok, MMD GDC, Sabroom]</ref>
* RT Mahavidyalaya, Bishalgarh<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rtmbishalgarh.ac.in/teachers.php |title=Dept of Kokborok, RT Mahavidyalaya, Bishalgarh |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225151907/http://www.rtmbishalgarh.ac.in/teachers.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Dasaratha Deb Memorial College|Dasarath Deb Memorial College]], Khowai<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ddmctripura.edu.in/department_kokborok |title=Dept of Kokborok, Dasarath Deb Memorial College, Khowai |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809045136/http://ddmctripura.edu.in/department_kokborok |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Department of Kokborok, Maharaja Bir Bikram (MBB) University ===
The Department of Kokborok in [[Maharaja Bir Bikram University]], Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mbbuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/Advertisement-for-Recruitment-of-Assistant-Professor-in-Department-of-Kokborok.pdf |title=Department of Kokborok, MBB University advertisement |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331155901/http://www.mbbuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/Advertisement-for-Recruitment-of-Assistant-Professor-in-Department-of-Kokborok.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was made a State University in 2015.

[[Maharaja Bir Bikram University|MBB university]] has two affiliated colleges where Kokborok courses are available:
* [[Bir Bikram Memorial College|BBM College]], Agartala<ref>[http://www.bbmc.nic.in/departments.html Dept of Kokborok, BBM College, Agartala]</ref>
* [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College|MBB College]], Agartala<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mbbcollege.in/academic/kokb.htm |title=Dept of Kokborok, MBB College |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110248/http://mbbcollege.in/academic/kokb.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Statistics ==

=== 2011 Census of India ===
The details as per the Census of India, 2011 regarding Tripuri language is given as follows:<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Census of India 2011: Language]</ref>

Tripuri '''1,011,294'''
# ''Kokborok 917,900''
# ''Reang 58,539''
# ''Tripuri 33,138''
# ''Others 1,717''

===2001 Census of India===
Tripuri '''854,023'''
# ''Kokborok 761,964''
# ''Reang 76,450''
# ''Tripuri 15,002''
# ''Others 607''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm ''Census of India 2001 language report'']</ref>

== Script ==
{{Main|Script issues of Kokborok}}

Kokborok had a script known as ''Koloma'', developed in the [[1st century|1st century AD]] and used by the Royal Family of Tripura.{{cn|date=June 2022}} The Rajratnakar is believed to have originally been written in Koloma.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} This script fell out of use after the 14th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonhams : TRIPURA [The "Rajratnakar", Chronicle of Borok Kings of Tripura], in Sanskrit |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/18061/lot/48/ |website=www.bonhams.com |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> and is widely considered to have been lost.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debbarma |first1=Khapang |title=How The Tripuris Lost Their Ancient Script To A Goat: Myth Or Reality? |url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/how-the-tripuris-lost-their-ancient-script-to-a-goat-myth-or-reality |website=Adivasi Lives Matter |access-date=17 April 2022 |language=en |date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Minahan |first1=James |title=Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific : an encyclopedia |date=2012 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598846607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>

From the 19th century, the [[Kingdom of Twipra]] used the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] to write in Kokborok, but since the independence of India and the merger with India, the Roman script is being promoted by non-governmental organizations. The [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] government made regulations in 1992 and 2000 for adoption of the Roman script in the school education system in its areas.<ref name="thestatesman.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/revival-of-tripuras-ancient-literature-1502902441.html |title=Revival of Tripura's ancient literature |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=22 June 2020}}</ref>

The script issue is highly politicized, with the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] government advocating usage of the Bengali script and all the regional indigenous parties and student organizations (INPT, IPFT, NCT, [[Twipra Students' Federation|Twipra Students Federation]], etc.) and ethnic nationalist organizations (Kokborok Sahitya Sabha, Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission, Movement for Kokborok etc.) advocating for the Roman script.<ref name="thestatesman.com"/> Both scripts are now used in the state in education as well as in literary and cultural circles.<ref name="thestatesman.com" /> Proposals have previously been made for the adoption of scripts other than the Bengali or Roman scripts, such as [[Ol Chiki]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Debnath |first1=Rupak |title=Kokborok Language Planning and Development |journal=Report of the Seminar on Language Planning for Development of Kokborok [Appendix-C] |date=1 January 2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/39701598 |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> There have also been scripts created specifically for Kokborok in modern times.<ref name="Omniglot-Aima">{{cite web |title=Aima script |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/aima.htm |website=omniglot.com |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tripuri literature]]
* [[Tripuri Manipuri language]]
* [[Kokborok drama]]
* [[Kokborok day]]
* [[Kokborok grammar]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[Kokborok Cinema|Kokborok cinema]]
* [[Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission]]
* [[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]]
* [https://www.netoday.in/basic-kokborok-phrases-used-in-daily-life/ Basic Kokborok phrases used in Daily Life]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Jacquesson |first=François |year=2003 |chapter=Kókborok, a short analysis |chapter-url=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00008042/en/ |title=Hukumu, 10th anniversary volume |publisher=[[Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission]] |pages=109–122 |oclc=801647829}}
* Jacquesson, François (2008). ''A Kokborok Grammar (Agartala dialect)''. Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC)
* Binoy Debbarma. 2002. ''Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary''. 2nd edition. Agartala: Kókborok Tei Hukumu Mission (KOHM).
* Barma, Aloy Deb. Reading Contemporary Kokborok, and Bengali Films, and Music Videos: History, Technology, and Infrastructure. 2022. Jadavpur U.
* [https://www.netoday.in/kokborok-kokni-laibuma/ Dongoino Ringdi Kokborok Koklop By Bongshi Thakur]

==External links==
* [https://www.netoday.in/google-translate-add-kokborok-language/ Google Translate App added Kokborok Language]: Google Translate Add Kokborok Language
* [https://youngkokborokwriters.kokborokkokrwbai.in Young Kokborok Writers Association]
* [https://koktipra.com KokTipra], the largest English-to-Kokbork online dictionary
*[https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in Directorate of Kokborok], Government of Tripura
{{Incubator|code= trp}}

{{Kokborok}}
{{Sal languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Tripura}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kokborok Language}}
[[Category:Kokborok| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sal languages]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]
[[Category:Tripuri culture]]

Rajini Gaang

2026-03-20T23:23:14Z

NellDarley: Started Basic Article W/ Sources

{{short description|Indian Tamil language travel horror-comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajini Gaang
| image = Rajini Gaang.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. Ramesh Baarathi
| writer = M. Ramesh Baarathi
| producer = Rajini Kiishen
| starring = Rajini Kiishen Dwivika
| cinematography = NS Sathish Kumarg
| editing = NS Sathish Kumarg
| music =
| studio = Mishri Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rajini Gaang''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language]] travel horror-comedy film written and directed by M. Ramesh Baarathi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2025-10-08 |title=‘ரஜினி கேங்’ பட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/rajini-gang-movie-first-look-released-10541521 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Nakkheeran |language=ta}}</ref>The film is produced by Rajini Kiishen under the banner Mishri Enterprises. It stars Rajini Kiishen and Dwivika in major roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2025-10-09 |title=ஹாரர் காமெடியில் ‘ரஜினி கேங்’! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1379180-rajini-gang-a-horror-comedy-film.html |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was theatrically release on 27 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2025-10-10 |title=Rajini Gang Teaser: A possessed woman turns everyone's life upside down in this horror comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/10/rajini-gang-teaser-a-possessed-woman-turns-everyones-life-upside-down-in-this-horror-comedy |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Rajini Kiishen as Rajini
* Dwivika as Myna
* [[Motta Rajendran]] as Jadamudi Jambulingam
* [[Munishkanth]] as Yogi
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Thangam
* Kalki Raja as Muthu
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]]
* Aarya Lakshmi

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by M. Ramesh Baarathi, who also handled the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2025-11-14 |title=திகில் காமெடி கதையாக உருவாகியுள்ள ‘ரஜினி கேங்’ |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1383229-rajini-gang-movie-audio-launch.html |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> It is produced by Rajini Kiishen under Mishri Enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தாரா |first=ராகேஷ் |date=2025-11-13 |title=ரஜினி கேங் படத்தின் பத்திரிகையாளர் சந்திப்பு... |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-raini-gang-press-meet-239521 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=ABP Nadu |language=ta}}</ref> The cinematography is handled by NS Sathish Kumarg and editing by RK Vinoth Kanna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2025-11-16 |title=‘ரஜினி கேங்’ திரைப்படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு...! |url=https://news7tamil.live/release-date-of-the-movie-rajini-gang-announced.html |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=News7 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Maalai Malar|''Maalai Malar'']] critic stated that "the second half is a thrilling horror film with a mix of comedy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2025-11-27 |title=ரஜினி கேங்க்- திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Rajini gang Movie review |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/rajini-gang-movie-review-799341 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

[[Hindu Tamil Thisai|''Hindu Tamil Thisai'']] wrote that "likewise, the ghost itself is a very villainous character and the pranks it plays are a good comedy horror hunt for the fans."<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதி|first=திரை |date=2025-11-28 |title=ரஜினி கேங்: திரைப் பார்வை - பேயின் புதுமையான புகலிடம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/rajini-gang-movie-review |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt38938222}}

[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy horror films]]

Amreshwar Pratap Sahi

2026-03-19T03:19:20Z

NellDarley: corrected formatting additionally and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{short description|Former Chief Justice of Madras High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice Retd.
| name = Amreshwar Pratap Sahi
| honorific_suffix =
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start = 11 November 2019
| term_end = 31 December 2020
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| predecessor = [[Vineet Kothari]] (acting)
| successor = [[Sanjib Banerjee]]
| office1 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start1 = 17 November 2018
| term_end1 = 10 November 2019
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mukesh Shah]]
| successor1 = [[Sanjay Karol]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start2 = 24 September 2004
| term_end2 = 16 November 2018
| appointer2 = [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]]
| governor1 = [[Lalji Tandon]]
| nominator2 = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|01|01|df=y}}
}}

'''Amreshwar Pratap Sahi''' (born 1 January 1959) is an Indian retired judge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://doj.gov.in/appointment-of-judges/list-high-court-judges|title=List of High Court Judges {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} Ministry of Law & Justice {{!}} GoI|website=doj.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> He is a former [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]], and [[Patna High Court]] and [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]].

==Career==
Sahi graduated in law in 1985, and enrolled as an advocate of the Allahabad high court on September 6, 1985, where he practiced civil and constitutional matters.<ref name=times2>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/justice-a-p-sahi-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-patna-hc/articleshow/66667165.cms|title=Justice A P Sahi sworn in as chief justice of Patna HC|date=November 17, 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=PTI|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> He became an additional judge of the Allahabad high court on September 24, 2004 and was confirmed as permanent judge on August 18, 2005.<ref name=times2 />

On 23 October, he was appointed senior most judge of [[Allahabad High Court]]. On 10 November 2018, he was appointed [[chief justice]] of [[Patna High Court]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/a-p-sahi-new-cj-of-patna-high-court/articleshow/66571023.cms|title=A P Sahi new Chief Justice of Patna high court|author=Debashish Karmakar|date=November 11, 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> and was sworn in on 17 November 2018.

On 11 November 2019, he took oath as chief justice of [[Madras High Court]]. He retired on 31 December 2020.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahi, Amreshwar Pratap}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

2016 Bihar school examination scandal

2026-03-10T21:44:01Z

NellDarley: Made a details - done

{{Short description|Education scandal in India}}
The '''2016 Bihar school examination scandal''' or '''topper scam''' was a corruption scandal in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]] which came to public light on 31 May 2016, when the [[Bihar School Examination Board]] (BSEB) Arts and Humanities topper (the top scholarly position in the examination) Ruby Rai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-01 |title=Stunned by video, Bihar Board orders probe into the result of Class 12 toppers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/bihar-board-toppers-11894-2016-06-01 |accessdate=6 August 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> Science topper Saurabh Shrestha<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-05 |title='Will end my life if re-examined': Bihar Science 'topper' Saurabh Shrestha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/bihar-science-topper-12447-2016-06-05 |accessdate=6 August 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2016-06-02 |title=Are you for real, Bihar asks its Class 12 toppers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/are-you-for-real-bihar-asks-its-class-12-toppers/article8678143.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710083420/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Are-you-for-real-Bihar-asks-its-Class-12-toppers/article14378663.ece |archive-date=2023-07-10 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and third topper in Science stream Rahul Kumar were interviewed by television channels and they were unable to answer to basic questions.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aarefa |last=Johari |date=2016-06-15 |title=Everything you need to know about Bihar's mind-boggling 'toppers scam' |url=http://scroll.in/article/809931/everything-you-need-to-know-about-bihars-mind-boggling-toppers-scam |website=Scroll.in |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025190413/http://scroll.in/article/809931/everything-you-need-to-know-about-bihars-mind-boggling-toppers-scam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-intermediate-exam-toppers-bihar-toppers-bihar-rank-holders-2833118/ |title=Bihar: Rank holders appear before experts team after viral video |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-06-03 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010121454/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-intermediate-exam-toppers-bihar-toppers-bihar-rank-holders-2833118/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/political-science-teaches-cooking-said-bihar-topper-new-exams-ordered-1414371 |title=Political Science Teaches Cooking, Said Bihar Topper. New Exams Ordered |website=Ndtv.com |date=2016-06-01 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011231858/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/political-science-teaches-cooking-said-bihar-topper-new-exams-ordered-1414371 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-toppers-scandal-two-more-arrested-2849419/ |title=Bihar toppers scandal: Two more arrested |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-06-12 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111075355/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-toppers-scandal-two-more-arrested-2849419/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/after-toppers-scam-bihar-grapples-with-record-failures/story-wEhWGGamIV6HOUSWLSiefN.html |title=After toppers' scam, Bihar grapples with record failures | education$high-school |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2016-07-13 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021063821/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/after-toppers-scam-bihar-grapples-with-record-failures/story-wEhWGGamIV6HOUSWLSiefN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruby Rai, a student of [[Vishun Roy College]], [[Kiratpur Raja Ram]] village in [[Vaishali district]] pronounced Political Science as ‘Prodigal Science’ and described it as a subject related to cooking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160603/jsp/frontpage/story_89109.jsp#.V43SG_l97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604132644/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160603/jsp/frontpage/story_89109.jsp#.V43SG_l97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |title=Topper cradle home truths |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-06-03 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Political-clout-may-help-topper-Rubys-college-go-scot-free/articleshow/52577969.cms |title=Political clout may help 'topper' Ruby's college go scot-free – Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-06-04 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605033621/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Political-clout-may-help-topper-Rubys-college-go-scot-free/articleshow/52577969.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/a-child-who-faces-camera-for-the-first-time-can-get-nervous-bihar-topper-ruby-rais-grandfather-2836594/ |title=A child who faces camera for the first time can get nervous: Bihar board topper's grandfather |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-06-06 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113113036/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/a-child-who-faces-camera-for-the-first-time-can-get-nervous-bihar-topper-ruby-rais-grandfather-2836594/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Science topper Saurabh Shrestha was unaware of [[electrons]] and [[protons]] and wrongly said that [[aluminium]] is the most reactive element.<ref>{{cite web |author=Chiara Palazzo |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/02/top-indian-students-in-bihar-to-sit-exams-again-as-pupil-says-po/ |title=Top Indian students in Bihar to sit exams again as pupil says political science is about cooking |website=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2016-06-02 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918092304/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/02/top-indian-students-in-bihar-to-sit-exams-again-as-pupil-says-po/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bihar-fir-against-class-12-science-toppers-saurabh-shrestha-and-rahul-kumar-arts-topper-ruby-rai-and-director-of-vr-college-357618 |title=Bihar: FIR against class 12 Science toppers Saurabh Shrestha and Rahul kumar, Arts topper Ruby Rai, and Director of VR college | |website=Abplive.in |date=2016-06-07 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011203657/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bihar-fir-against-class-12-science-toppers-saurabh-shrestha-and-rahul-kumar-arts-topper-ruby-rai-and-director-of-vr-college-357618 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Background==
The examinations in February–March 2016 were largely fair as the [[Government of Bihar|Bihar government]], stung by the photos of mass copying in the BSEB-conducted exams in 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mass-copying-in-bihar-a-social-issue/article7019487.ece |title=Mass copying in Bihar a social issue |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2015-03-22 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605114333/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mass-copying-in-bihar-a-social-issue/article7019487.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/as-bihar-checks-mass-copying-less-than-50-per-cent-students-pass/article8673781.ece |title=As Bihar checks mass copying, less than 50 per cent students pass |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-06-01 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601134223/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/as-bihar-checks-mass-copying-less-than-50-per-cent-students-pass/article8673781.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> tried its best to prevent the use of unfair means.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/bihar-topper-scam-a-well-oiled-network/20160620.htm |title=Bihar topper scam: A well-oiled network – Rediff.com India News |website=Rediff.com |date=2016-06-20 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118113820/http://www.rediff.com/news/special/bihar-topper-scam-a-well-oiled-network/20160620.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://im.rediff.com/news/2015/mar/21lead5.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image |website=Im.rediff.com |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2017-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229124659/http://im.rediff.com/news/2015/mar/21lead5.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 May 2016, the BSEB publicly declared the intermediate results, however, it released its official merit list for 10 May 2016 itself. Although, due to some issues, it made the results public at a later date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bihar-board-intermediate-arts-ia-results-declared-sharp-dip-in-pass-percentage/story-vYP0qU1EDs1cYXrzCK1MDM.html |title=Bihar board intermediate arts (IA) results declared, check it here | education$high-school |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2016-05-28 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025080628/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bihar-board-intermediate-arts-ia-results-declared-sharp-dip-in-pass-percentage/story-vYP0qU1EDs1cYXrzCK1MDM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 56.73% of students passed in arts against 86.47% in 2015. In science, 67.06% passed versus 89.32% in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Only-46-66-students-pass-Bihar-Board-Class-10-exams/articleshow/52491356.cms |title=Only 46.66% students pass Bihar Board Class 10 exams – Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-05-29 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2017-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403231321/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Only-46-66-students-pass-Bihar-Board-Class-10-exams/articleshow/52491356.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/as-bihar-checks-mass-copying-less-than-50-per-cent-students-pass/article8674478.ece |title=As Bihar checks mass copying, less than 50 per cent students pass – NATIONAL |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-06-01 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604114358/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/as-bihar-checks-mass-copying-less-than-50-per-cent-students-pass/article8674478.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Over-half-of-Bihar-board-class-X-students-fail/articleshow/52496853.cms |title=Over half of Bihar board class X students fail – Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-05-30 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603081825/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Over-half-of-Bihar-board-class-X-students-fail/articleshow/52496853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some journalists visited Ruby Rai's house on May 30. When interviewed by the [[Aaj Tak]] TV channel, Ruby Rai and Saurabh Shresth were unable to answer basic questions. The arts topper Ruby Rai named "prodigal science" (actually [[political science]]) as one of the subjects she had studied. When asked what this subject dealt with, she answered that it was about cooking. She stated that the exam was for 600 marks, while it was actually of only 500 marks. The science topper Saurabh Shresth could not describe the link between water and H2O (the chemical formula for water). He also wrongly named [[aluminium]] as the most [[reactivity series|reactive element]].<ref name="TH_real">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/are-you-for-real-bihar-asks-its-class-12-toppers/article8678143.ece |title=Are you for real, Bihar asks its Class 12 toppers |date=2 June 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Amarnath Tewary |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710083420/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Are-you-for-real-Bihar-asks-its-Class-12-toppers/article14378663.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==SIT Formation==
{{See also|Vishun Roy College}}
After the video of their interviews went [[viral video|viral]], a three-member SIT was formed by the Bihar state government to look into the fraud.<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> Manu Maharaj, [[Patna]] special SP, was the head of the special investigation team with city SP , Patna [[Chandan Kushwaha]] as one of the member.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/toppers-wrote-papers-at-night/articleshow/53547164.cms|title=Toppers wrote papers at night'|website=Times of India|date=4 August 2016 |accessdate=9 July 2023|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809182116/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Toppers-wrote-papers-at-night/articleshow/53547164.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Roshan Kumar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160610/jsp/bihar/story_90234.jsp#.V434pfl97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619095733/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160610/jsp/bihar/story_90234.jsp#.V434pfl97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 19, 2016 |title=Importance of being Lalkeshwar Singh |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-06-10 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-ruby-rai-bihar-class-xii-board-scam-2880213/ |title=Interview- Manu Maharaj, Senior SP, Patna: 'Board chief got answer-sheets out of strongroom, had students write again' |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-07-29 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020160352/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-ruby-rai-bihar-class-xii-board-scam-2880213/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruby and the other 13 rank holders were asked to appear for the test on June 3. Ruby Rai was later sent to judicial custody in remedial home for 14 days. [[Vishun Roy College]] was de-recognised thereafter. A day after retest, the results of toppers were canceled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-class-12-board-results-bseb-2016-saurav-srestha-ruby-rai-2834774/ |title=Day after retest, results of 'toppers' cancelled in Bihar |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-06-05 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025082508/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-class-12-board-results-bseb-2016-saurav-srestha-ruby-rai-2834774/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruby Rai failed the retest for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-class-xii-arts-topper-taken-into-custody-2876234/ |title=Ruby Rai flunks retest, Bihar Class XII Arts topper taken into custody |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-07-29 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126125508/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-class-xii-arts-topper-taken-into-custody-2876234/ |url-status=live }}</ref> BSEB Chairman Lalkeswar Prasad Singh was on the run after that.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bihar-vishun-rai-college-principal-bihar-102-toppers-ruby-rai-saurabh-shreshtha-on-the-run-after-fir-by-bihar-school-education-board-358109 |title=Bihar: Vishun Rai college principal, Bihar 10+2 toppers, Ruby Rai, Saurabh Shreshtha on the run after FIR by Bihar School Education Board | |website=Abplive.in |date=2016-06-08 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011074622/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bihar-vishun-rai-college-principal-bihar-102-toppers-ruby-rai-saurabh-shreshtha-on-the-run-after-fir-by-bihar-school-education-board-358109 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 6 June, Bihar government dissolved the four-member committee constituted by Bihar School Examination Board on 5 June to probe into alleged irregularities in evaluation of marks in Bihar intermediate exams and ordered registration of FIR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nitish-kumar-bihar-bseb-ruby-rai-topper-scam-fir-2838126/ |title=Bihar: CM Nitish dissolves BSEB probe committee, orders registration of FIR |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2016-06-06 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020130557/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nitish-kumar-bihar-bseb-ruby-rai-topper-scam-fir-2838126/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision to dissolve the committee was taken in a meeting when BSEB chairman Lalkeshwar Prasad Singh was also present in that.

[[Vishun Roy College]] principal Bachha Rai was arrested on 11 June.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110616/bihar-toppers-scam-vishnu-roy-college-principal-surrenders.html |title=Bihar toppers scam: 'Kingpin' college principal Bachha Rai arrested |website=Deccanchronicle.com |date=11 June 2016 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011090354/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110616/bihar-toppers-scam-vishnu-roy-college-principal-surrenders.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-examination-scam-alleged-mastermind-bachha-rai-arrested-1417956 |title=Bihar Examination Scam: Alleged Mastermind Bachha Rai Arrested |website=Ndtv.com |date=2016-06-11 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930025448/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-examination-scam-alleged-mastermind-bachha-rai-arrested-1417956 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachcha's daughter Shalini Rai is also an accused in the fraud case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/195179071/ |title=Amit Kumar @ Bachha Roy & Ors. vs State Of Bihar & Anr on 21 May, 2015 |website=Indiankanoon.org |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605033641/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/195179071/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bachcha had unsuccessfully lobbied for an RJD ticket from the [[Paroo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in [[Muzaffarpur]] district in November 2015. Bachcha's daughter Shalini had topped the state in the matriculation exams in 2010.<ref name="ToI_Shalinee">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Topper-scam-Shalinee-Roy-is-Worthy-dads-worthy-daughter/articleshow/52663144.cms |title=Topper scam: Shalinee Roy is 'Worthy' dad's 'worthy' daughter – Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-06-09 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613120740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Topper-scam-Shalinee-Roy-is-Worthy-dads-worthy-daughter/articleshow/52663144.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her name was withheld as topper in Science stream and Saurabh Shreshtha was declared the topper in science stream. Bachcha's family are said to be die-hard supporters of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ramashankar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160613/jsp/frontpage/story_90900.jsp#.V43iA_l97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613131124/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160613/jsp/frontpage/story_90900.jsp#.V43iA_l97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2016 |title=Exam scam takes on political hues |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-06-13 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ramashankar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160608/jsp/bihar/story_89828.jsp#.V43ocPl97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609150207/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160608/jsp/bihar/story_89828.jsp#.V43ocPl97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |title=Scam suspect's chequered past |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-06-08 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref> Ruby Rai's father is said to have promised six acres of land to Bachcha Rai in lieu of his "help" for his daughter.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160629/jsp/frontpage/story_93848.jsp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160629192336/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160629/jsp/frontpage/story_93848.jsp|archive-date = 2016-06-29|title = Land 'gift' for top result}}</ref>

On 8 June 2016, the BSEB chairman Lalkeshwar Prasad Singh resigned after being served a show-cause notice by the Bihar state's education department. On 25 June, Ruby Rai appeared before BSEB team for re-evaluation, and failed to answer a single question correctly.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joy Sengupta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160626/jsp/frontpage/story_93302.jsp#.V4-sI9K7ikp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627145025/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160626/jsp/frontpage/story_93302.jsp#.V4-sI9K7ikp |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 27, 2016 |title=Anatomy of a prodigal scam |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-06-26 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref> She was subsequently arrested.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ruby-rai-bihars-fake-topper-age-18-arrested-1423356?pfrom=home-lateststories |title=Ruby Rai, Bihar's Fake Class 12 Topper, Arrested |website=Ndtv.com |date=2016-06-25 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822190642/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ruby-rai-bihars-fake-topper-age-18-arrested-1423356?pfrom=home-lateststories |url-status=live }}</ref> Patna Commissioner Anand Kishore took charge as BSEB chairman.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/head-rolls-in-bihar-results-scam-bseb-chairman-resigns/article8706328.ece |title=Head rolls in Bihar results scam, BSEB chairman resigns |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2016-06-09 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath |archive-date=2016-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608220413/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/head-rolls-in-bihar-results-scam-bseb-chairman-resigns/article8706328.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 June, Bihar Deputy chief minister [[Tejashwi Yadav]] tweeted pictures of Bachcha Rai with Union minister [[Giriraj Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-toppers-scam-lalu-tejaswi-giriraj-singh-baccha-rai-13734-2016-06-12 |title=Lalu, son Tejaswi attack Giriraj Singh for links with Bihar's toppers scam mastermind Baccha Rai : India, News – India Today |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2016-06-12 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818092145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bihar-toppers-scam-lalu-tejaswi-giriraj-singh-baccha-rai/1/690173.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tejashwi said Bachha Rai had a cordial relation with a central minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lalu-prasad-yadav-attacks-bjp-alleges-giriraj-singh-close-to-bachha-rai/articleshow/52728887.cms |title=Lalu Prasad Yadav attacks BJP, alleges Giriraj Singh close to Bachha Rai |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2016-06-13 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615034109/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lalu-prasad-yadav-attacks-bjp-alleges-giriraj-singh-close-to-bachha-rai/articleshow/52728887.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bihar-toppers-row-tejaswi-yadav-says-bjps-giriraj-singh-associated-with-prime-accused-2830614.html |title=Bihar toppers row: Tejaswi Yadav says BJP's Giriraj Singh associated with prime accused |website=Firstpost.com |date=12 June 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104031537/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bihar-toppers-row-tejaswi-yadav-says-bjps-giriraj-singh-associated-with-prime-accused-2830614.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Giriraj Singh]] also tweeted pictures of Bachcha Rai with [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and Nitish Kumar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-photo-with-toppers-scam-mastermind-bachcha-rai-goes-viral-1-873842.html |title=bihar cm nitish kumar photo with toppers scam mastermind bachcha rai goes viral: राज्यवार खबरें: आज तक |website=Aajtak.intoday.in |date=13 June 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023235225/http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-photo-with-toppers-scam-mastermind-bachcha-rai-goes-viral-1-873842.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-results-scam-arrest-of-bachcha-rai-triggers-war-on-twitter/article8724934.ece |title=Bihar results scam: Arrest of Bachcha Rai triggers war on Twitter |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-06-13 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614175012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-results-scam-arrest-of-bachcha-rai-triggers-war-on-twitter/article8724934.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 June, BSEB Chairman Lalkeshwar Singh and his wife [[Usha Sinha (JD(U) politician)|Usha Sinha]] were arrested from [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/bihar-fake-toppers-scam-cheating-board-exam-ruby-rai-bseb-jdu-lalkeshwar-prasad-singh/story/1/11630.html |title=How son of Bihar fake toppers scam kingpin ended up with a promotion |website=Dailyo.in |date=2016-07-08 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806025712/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/bihar-fake-toppers-scam-cheating-board-exam-ruby-rai-bseb-jdu-lalkeshwar-prasad-singh/story/1/11630.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-toppers-scam-india-today-impact-lalkeshwar-prasad-singh-usha-sinha-arrested-15110-2016-06-20 |title=India Today Impact: Bihar topper scam kingpin Lalkeshwar Prasad, wife arrested |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2016-06-20 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231505/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bihar-toppers-scam-india-today-impact-lalkeshwar-prasad-singh-usha-sinha-arrested/1/695948.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Usha Sinha is a former MLA from [[Hilsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (2010–2015). BSEB chairman Lalkeshwar Prasad Singh confessed to having taken {{INRConvert|20|l}} from a cheating racket kingpin to help each unworthy student become a topper.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-toppers-paid-Rs-20-lakh-each-for-results-confesses-ex-BSEB-chairman/articleshow/52875583.cms |title= Bihar toppers paid Rs 20 lakh each for results, confesses ex-BSEB chairman |website= Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= 2016-06-23 |accessdate= 2016-11-23 |archive-date= 2016-06-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160627040146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-toppers-paid-Rs-20-lakh-each-for-results-confesses-ex-BSEB-chairman/articleshow/52875583.cms |url-status= live }}</ref>

In the investigation, Ruby Rai said on June 27 that she just wanted second division, but her father Avadesh Rai made her topper in collaboration with Bachcha Rai.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-topper-ruby-rai-arrested-bihar-cheating-bihar-class-xii-board-scam-2880193/ |title= Bihar topper scam: I told Papa to get me passed but they went ahead and made me topper, says Ruby Rai |newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] |date= 2016-06-28 |accessdate= 2016-11-23 |archive-date= 2016-10-31 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161031164128/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-topper-ruby-rai-arrested-bihar-cheating-bihar-class-xii-board-scam-2880193/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/never-wanted-to-top-says-arrested-school-girl-ruby-rai-to-cops-1424032 |title= 'Never Wanted To Top,' Says Arrested School Girl Ruby Rai To Cops |website= Ndtv.com |date= 2016-06-27 |accessdate= 2016-11-23 |archive-date= 2016-09-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160917192539/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/never-wanted-to-top-says-arrested-school-girl-ruby-rai-to-cops-1424032 |url-status= live }}</ref> Ruby Rai was denied bail by the juvenile court on 13 July.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-toppers-scam-rubi-rai-denied-bail-by-juvenile-court/story-CzbK2f5JzzGG0qXRMuhlEP.html |title=Bihar toppers' scam: Rubi Rai denied bail by juvenile court | india-news |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913170042/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-toppers-scam-rubi-rai-denied-bail-by-juvenile-court/story-CzbK2f5JzzGG0qXRMuhlEP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The father of the science topper was arrested from the Kanti Factory Road area in east Patna on 15 July.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bihar-intermediate-scam-father-of-science-topper-arrested-in-patna/story-CnyGBIChY5tOlUx7GrWPbI.html |title=Bihar intermediate scam: father of science 'topper' arrested in Patna | education$high-school |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025080211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bihar-intermediate-scam-father-of-science-topper-arrested-in-patna/story-CnyGBIChY5tOlUx7GrWPbI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an investigation of [[The Indian Express]] in July 2016, it was revealed that many schools are only on paper.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-school-topper-exam-scam-nitish-kumar-schools-of-scandal-2941590/ |title=At Ground Zero of Bihar toppers scam: 844 students on paper, 2 in school |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105121317/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-school-topper-exam-scam-nitish-kumar-schools-of-scandal-2941590/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Officials of G.A.Inter School Hajipur have also been interrogated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Vaishali-edu-officials-statement-recorded/articleshow/53067453.cms |title=Vaishali edu official's statement recorded – Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-07-05 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2017-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Vaishali-edu-officials-statement-recorded/articleshow/53067453.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naidunia.com/national-bihar-science-topper-of-2015-astha-shrivastava-result-is-also-under-scanner-787215 |title=Bihar Science Topper of 2015 Astha Shrivastava result is also under scanner 787215 |website=Naidunia.jagran.com |date=2016-07-28 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818090909/http://naidunia.jagran.com/national-bihar-science-topper-of-2015-astha-shrivastava-result-is-also-under-scanner-787215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Third topper Rahul Kumar was also arrested in July.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joy Sengupta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160805/jsp/bihar/story_100629.jsp#.V6QNEtJ97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806001945/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160805/jsp/bihar/story_100629.jsp#.V6QNEtJ97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |title=Night scramble for scam exam |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-08-05 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref>

On 15 July, Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] said that the topper scam is a God-sent opportunity to rectify the system in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihars-toppers-scam-god-sent-opportunity-cm-nitish-kumar-329453-2016-07-15 |title=Bihar's toppers scam is a god-sent opportunity: CM Nitish Kumar |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2016-07-15 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025150451/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bihars-toppers-scam-god-sent-opportunity-cm-nitish-kumar/1/715726.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 August 2016, Vikas Kumar, who was a clerk-cum-storekeeper of the Bihar Vidyalaya Pariksha Samiti and kingpin of the racket in connection with the Bihar intermediate exam scam was arrested by a joint team of the West Bengal CID and Bihar police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-intermediate-exam-racket-busted-kingpin-vikash-kumar-arrested-2964747/ |title=Bihar intermediate exam racket busted, Kingpin Vikash Kumar arrested |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-08-10 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020173454/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-intermediate-exam-racket-busted-kingpin-vikash-kumar-arrested-2964747/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2016, the Bihar government decided to link exams to [[aadhaar|Aadhaar numbers]] to avoid duplication and facilitate easy access to documents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-scam-Bihar-to-link-exams-to-Aadhaar/articleshow/54000108.cms |title=After scam, Bihar to link exams to Aadhaar |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-09-04 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908110644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-scam-Bihar-to-link-exams-to-Aadhaar/articleshow/54000108.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The seven-member governing board led by BSEB chairman Anand Kishor approved the creation of 135 posts (official and clerical), the construction of nine new examination halls, and the setting up of nine regional offices. The 135 posts included nine deputy secretaries, nine accountants and nine zonal officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160909/jsp/bihar/story_107082.jsp#.V9NyKvB97IV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909174850/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160909/jsp/bihar/story_107082.jsp#.V9NyKvB97IV |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 9, 2016 |title=BSEB pulls up socks to shift merit scam glare |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-09-09 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref>

In October 2016, investigations revealed that Ruby Rai wrote names of movies on one answer sheet and the name of [[Tulsidas]] more than a hundred times in another and poetry in some others, which were then replaced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/movie-names-poetry-tulsidas-answers-bihar-topper-ruby-rai-wrote-1472338 |title=In Bihar Topper Ruby Rai's Answer Sheet: Movie Names, Poetry, Tulsidas |website=Ndtv.com |date=2016-10-10 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106223211/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/movie-names-poetry-tulsidas-answers-bihar-topper-ruby-rai-wrote-1472338 |url-status=live }}</ref> She wrote only 1 (home science) of 6 papers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-wrote-only-1-of-6-papers-3072982/ |title=Bihar 'topper' wrote only 1 of 6 papers |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-10-09 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116010439/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-topper-scam-wrote-only-1-of-6-papers-3072982/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Criticism==
Many argued that Ruby Rai was unfairly targeted as she was a minor (17), as she was born on 15 November 1998 and the real kingpins of the crime and low education level of Bihar Board have not yet been caught.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/ruby-rai-fake-topper-bihar-board-exam-cheating/story/1/11497.html |title=How we ruined Bihar 'fake topper' Ruby Rai's future |website=Dailyo.in |date=2016-07-01 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106145935/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/ruby-rai-fake-topper-bihar-board-exam-cheating/story/1/11497.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/ruby-rai-bihar-mass-cheating-vishun-roy-college-saurabh-shrestha/story/1/11406.html |title=Spare the 'fake' Bihar topper; hasn't she been punished enough? |website=Dailyo.in |date=2016-06-26 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023826/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/ruby-rai-bihar-mass-cheating-vishun-roy-college-saurabh-shrestha/story/1/11406.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/ruby-rai-bihar-fake-topper-cheating-education-delhi-university-cut-offs/story/1/11545.html |title=Bihar 'fake topper' Ruby Rai is being punished for being poor, not cheating |website=Dailyo.in |date=2016-07-04 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117123408/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/ruby-rai-bihar-fake-topper-cheating-education-delhi-university-cut-offs/story/1/11545.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-am-a-village-girl-don-t-know-how-i-topped-bihar-board-exam-says-ruby-rai/story-EhZEXyZZT3kvWaP0ferWAP.html |title=I am a village girl, don't know how I topped Bihar board exam, says Ruby Rai | india-news |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2016-06-26 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111045326/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-am-a-village-girl-don-t-know-how-i-topped-bihar-board-exam-says-ruby-rai/story-EhZEXyZZT3kvWaP0ferWAP.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ruby-rai-the-real-problem-lies-elsewhere-2862240.html |title=Ruby Rai & Saurabh Shrestha are victims of the system; the real problem lies elsewhere |website=Firstpost.com |date=29 June 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030165705/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ruby-rai-the-real-problem-lies-elsewhere-2862240.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Central Education Minister [[Upendra Kushwaha]] said that Ruby Rai's father, Avadesh Rai, was complicit in the conspiracy forged by Bacha Rai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patrika.com/news/patna/minister-upendra-kushwaha-told-ruby-rai-arrest-unfair-1333838/ |title=Minister Upendra Kushwaha told ruby rai arrest unfair - राज्य मंत्री उपेन्द्र कुशवाहा ने रूबी की गिरफ्तारी को बताया अनुचित – Patrika News |website=Patrika.com |date=2016-06-26 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815223846/http://www.patrika.com/news/patna/minister-upendra-kushwaha-told-ruby-rai-arrest-unfair-1333838/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Referring to the specifically targeted [[Media bias|media coverage]] of Ruby Rai and Saurabh Shrestha, [[columnist]] Shivanshu K. Srivastava wrote, "At least the news presenters should have shown some sensitivity towards these misguided children. In the context of another news wherein, a girl misbehaved in a police station, the girl’s face was blurred even when she was an adult, but these children are openly humiliated."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/letters-to-the-editor-480/308015/|title=Letters to the Editor|date=2016-07-06|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-02-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118223405/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/letters-to-the-editor-480/308015/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/letters/wrong-culprit-939|title=The wrong culprit|date=2016-07-06|newspaper=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=2017-02-18|archive-date=2017-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119052241/http://www.asianage.com/letters/wrong-culprit-939|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ruby Rai was said to be under utter stress and finding herself utterly hopeless after deserted by family within few days of her arrest.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joy Sengupta & Umakant Prasad Varma |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160703/jsp/bihar/story_94546.jsp#.V49Oofl97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703115716/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160703/jsp/bihar/story_94546.jsp#.V49Oofl97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |title=Deserted by family, Ruby fights stress |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-07-03 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Joy Sengupta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160630/jsp/bihar/story_93924.jsp#.V49Sk_l97IU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630172208/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160630/jsp/bihar/story_93924.jsp#.V49Sk_l97IU |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 30, 2016 |title=Ruby's jail stint: 'cool & brave' |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-06-30 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref> On 13 July, Ruby broke down in tears in the juvenile justice board office after seeing her grandfather Munshi Prasad Rai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Umakant Prasad Varma and Joy Sengupta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160714/jsp/frontpage/story_96635.jsp#.V49pwvm7iko |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715160326/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160714/jsp/frontpage/story_96635.jsp#.V49pwvm7iko |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 15, 2016 |title=Grandpa in court, Ruby cries for freedom |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-07-14 |accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bihar-topper-ruby-rai-breaks-down-on-seeing-family-member-380633 |title=Bihar 'Topper' Ruby Rai breaks down on seeing family member | |website=Abplive.in |date=2016-07-14 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013093338/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bihar-topper-ruby-rai-breaks-down-on-seeing-family-member-380633 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-toppers-scam-rubi-rai-denied-bail-by-juvenile-court/articleshow/53197381.cms |title=Bihar toppers' scam: Rubi Rai denied bail by juvenile court |website=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2016-07-13 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713180646/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-toppers-scam-rubi-rai-denied-bail-by-juvenile-court/articleshow/53197381.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later on, Ruby Rai was able to adjust and adapt herself inside the Juvenile Home.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raghwendra Shukla |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/TOP-bihar-ruby-rai-remand-home-5382476-PHO.html |title=Here's routine of Ruby Rai in juvenile home |website=Daily.bhaskar.com |date=2016-07-27 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904050712/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/TOP-bihar-ruby-rai-remand-home-5382476-PHO.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her bail petition was heard in Juvenile court on 1 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bail-application-of-ruby-rai-rejected-by-juvennile-court-14410575.html |title=Bail application of Ruby Rai rejected by Juvennile court 14410575 |website=Jagran.com |date=2016-07-30 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819013226/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bail-application-of-ruby-rai-rejected-by-juvennile-court-14410575.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-268-936813-pt0171-NOR.html |title=पुलिस की |website=Bhaskar.com |date=2016-07-27 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816060428/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-268-936813-pt0171-NOR.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindi.eenaduindia.com/States/Bihar/2016/07/23095300/Ruby-Roys-bail-hearing-on-July-27.vpf |title=बिहार टॉपर घोटाला: रुबी राय की जमानत पर अगली सुनवाई 27 जुलाई को |website=Hindi.eenaduindia.com |date=2016-07-23 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817045808/http://hindi.eenaduindia.com/States/Bihar/2016/07/23095300/Ruby-Roys-bail-hearing-on-July-27.vpf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ruby studied in the juvenile home to reappear in the 2017 exams.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news-keyreco/c-268-935478-pt0171-bihar-topper-scam-ruby-rai-now-focus-on-studies-NOR.html |title=रूबी रूबी |website=Bhaskar.com |date=2016-07-26 |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816045243/http://www.bhaskar.com/news-keyreco/c-268-935478-pt0171-bihar-topper-scam-ruby-rai-now-focus-on-studies-NOR.html |archive-date=2016-08-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruby was released from jail on 1 August after the court agreed to her bail plea.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-toppers-scam-rubi-wants-to-be-a-lawyer/ |title=Bihar toppers scam: Ruby wants to be a lawyer |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2016-08-04 |accessdate=2016-11-23 |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111081146/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-toppers-scam-rubi-wants-to-be-a-lawyer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
BSEB introduced multiple steps to curb cheating in subsequent exams. Candidate's applications have been linked with the Aadhaar number to prevent duplications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/bihar-board-1037362-2017-09-04|title=Bihar Board: Aadhaar card to be made compulsory for exams|date=September 4, 2017|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-date=2020-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918170255/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/bihar-board-1037362-2017-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref> To prevent impersonation, photographs were added at multiple locations, including the admit card. CrPC section 144 (curfew) was imposed at all examination centers to prevent others from roaming around the examination centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-board-bseb-intermediate-12th-exam-2019-to-begin-tomorrow-steps-taken-to-prevent-cheating-biharboardonline-bihar-gov-in-6247198/|title=Bihar Board BSEB Intermediate 12th exam 2020 today: Model exam centres, CCTV surveillance; steps taken to prevent cheating|date=2020-02-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203161446/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bihar-board-bseb-intermediate-12th-exam-2019-to-begin-tomorrow-steps-taken-to-prevent-cheating-biharboardonline-bihar-gov-in-6247198/|url-status=live}}</ref> CCTVs have been installed to prevent and identify those involved in such activities.

End-to-end digitisation was implemented: registration, form filling, evaluation, and declaration of results.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/post-topper-scam-bihar-exam-board-goes-hi-tech-to-clean-up-system/story-Q83OwZi8juxFJ1zhVATIRI.html|title=Post topper scam, Bihar exam board goes hi-tech to clean up system|website=hindustantimes.com|date=February 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09|archive-date=2020-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918234052/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/post-topper-scam-bihar-exam-board-goes-hi-tech-to-clean-up-system/story-Q83OwZi8juxFJ1zhVATIRI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Affiliations of 147 schools/colleges were canceled for not fulfilling the affiliation criteria. Some of the colleges were running in only one room.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Alleged scams in India}}

[[Category:2016 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bihar]]
[[Category:2010s in Bihar]]
[[Category:Corruption in Bihar]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Aatank Hi Aatank

2026-03-10T18:48:56Z

NellDarley: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aatank Hi Aatank
| image = Aatank Hi Aatank.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Dilip Shankar
| producer = Xavier Marquis '''(Presenter)''' Mangal
| writer = Dilip Shankar
| based_on =
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Aamir Khan]] [[Juhi Chawla]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = Ashok Gunjal
| editing = Dilip Shankar
| studio = Suyash Films Pvt.Ltd
| distributor = Goldmines Media
| released = {{Film date|1995|08|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/aatank-hi-aatank-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtm5mju|title=Aatank Hi Aatank|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aatank Hi Aatank''''' ({{translation}} ''Terror Everywhere'') is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action crime film]] written, edited and directed by Dilip Shankar. Highly inspired by ''[[The Godfather]]'', it stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Archana Joglekar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/12aamir3.htm|title=rediff.com: Aamir: Then & Now|website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref>

Released on 4 August 1995, the film was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2952|title=Aatank Hi Aatank - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/aamir-khans-top-10-flops/20181113.htm|title=Aamir Khan's Top 10 Flops|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 November 2018|author= Joginder Tuteja}}</ref> Khan eventually regretted doing the film and disliked his own performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.misskyra.com/celebs/aamir-khan-i-felt-like-i-shouldnt-have-done-aatank-hi-aatank/articleshow/61625994.cms|title=Aamir Khan: I felt like I shouldn't have done 'Aatank Hi Aatank'|website=Misskyra.com|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> The movie was later dubbed in Tamil with an added track featuring [[Ponvannan]] and [[Vadivukkarasi]] as ''Aandavan'' in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajinikanth Movies Dubbed in Other Languages |url=https://www.rajinifans.com/others/dubbed_movies.php |work=rajinifans}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shiv Charan Sharma, a farmer, moves to the city to make a life with his son Rohan, daughter Radha Seth and his wife. He meets Munna, an orphan. Shiv and Munna work hard in the underbelly of the city outside the law and go on to lead a syndicate of gangsters. Years pass by, and Shiv Charan Sharma is shown to have become an untouchable gang lord. Aslam Pathan and Billa Singh Thakur, rival crime bosses, try to kill Shiv in hopes of overtaking his territory and get rid of the opposition he was proving to be in their plans to increase drug traffic within the city.

Munna, meanwhile, falls in love with Razia, who is the daughter of Aslam Pathan. She elopes with Munna and gets married. Aslam Pathan attempts to get back at the father of the groom, by sending Gogia Advani to Shiv Charan Sharma with a drug proposition as he thinks that Shiv's acceptance of Gogia's offer would create dissent amongst the crime circles. Shiv Charan Sharma refuses, but Munna seems interested.

Shiv Charan Sharma gets shot by goons hired by Pathan and Thakur. They think that Munna will follow up on the drug deal if the father is out of the picture. However, the father survives. At this point, Rohan enters the picture with his girlfriend, Neha. He has kept away from the family business until this point. Rohan then avenges his father's shooting by taking out Gogia Advani with Munna's help. Following the shooting, Rohan is on the run, where he meets Ganga, whom he falls for too. Four years later, Rohan becomes the crime boss. In the end, Sharad Joshi takes a contract from Aslam Pathan and Billa Singh Thakur to kill Shiv, Charan Sharma, and Munna. It is to be seen how Rohan protects his brother and his father.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Munna
* [[Aamir Khan]] as Rohan Singh Thakur
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Neha
* [[Om Puri]] as Sharad Joshi
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Robert
* [[Raza Murad]] as Aslam Pathan
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as Billa Singh Thakur
* [[Ishrat Ali]] as Shiv Charan Sharma
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Mrs. Shivcharan Sharma
* [[Suhas Joshi]] as Mrs. Aslam Pathan
* [[Archana Joglekar]] as Razia Pathan
* [[Chandrashekhar Dubey]] as Durga Prasad Tiwari
* [[Kabir Bedi]] as Police Inspector Dharam Dayal
* [[Pooja Bedi]] as Ganga
* Radha Seth as Anju
* [[Firoz Irani]] as Masood Patel
* [[C. S. Dubey]] as Durga Prasad Tiwari
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Mahesh
* Girja Shankar as Raka
* [[Bharat Kapoor]] as Gogia Adwani
* [[Joginder]] as Police Commissioner Hakim Singh
* [[Amrit Pal (actor)|Amrit Pal]] as Zamindar Deva Singh
* [[Ram Mohan]] as Thakur Babu Singh
* [[Sameer Khakhar]] as Mahendra
* [[Ponvannan]] (Partial version in Tamil)
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] (Partial version in Tamil)
{{div col end}}

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| width =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = O Meri Jane Jigar
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = Naqsh Lyallpuri, Anwar Sagar, Sanam Ghazipuri
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length1 = 7:06

| title2 = Mohabbat Mitt Nahin Sakti
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Aakha Hai Bombai
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = Aparna Jha, [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Babla Mehta]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Ek Dujhe Pe Marne Wale Nahi Kisi Se Darne Wale
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Gunda Rap
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[Bali Brahmbhatt]], Arpita Raaj
| length5 =

| title6 = Tere Siva Kaun Hai Mera
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length6 =

| total_length =
}}

==References==

<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0172089|title=Aatank Hi Aatank}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Works based on The Godfather]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1995 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films based on American crime novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]

INDE Racing

2026-03-06T02:17:01Z

NellDarley: started new pg

{{Short description|India's e-motocross racing team}}
{{Infobox sports team
| name = INDE Racing
| full_name = INDE Racing
| sport = E-Motocross Racing
| first_season = 2024
| owner = Kankanala Sports Group
| league = FIM E-Xplorer World Cup
| logo = [[File:INDE Logo.png|300px]]
}}

'''INDE Racing''' is [[India]]'s first [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] licensed team and currently competes in the FIM E-Xplorer World Cup as the team representing [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-10 |title=INDE Racing Achieves Historic Podium Finish At The FIM e-xplorer World Cup |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/inde-racing-achieves-historic-podium-finish-at-the-fim-e-xplorer-world-cup-884744 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The team is currently owned by the Kankanala Sports Group and is India's first privately owned motorcycle racing team.

INDE Racing was a part of the first two legs of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup held in [[Osaka]] and [[Oslo]] respectively and recorded a podium finish in their debut race in the competition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Moto Racing Series {{!}} FIM E-XPLORER World Cup |url=https://www.fimexplorer.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=FIM E-Xplorer |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525125952/https://www.fimexplorer.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The team's riders consist of [[Sandra Gómez (motorcycle trials rider)|Sandra Gomez]], [[Aishwarya Pissay]], and Spenser Wilton,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |title=Indian team INDE Racing to compete in FIM E-Xplorer World Cup |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/indian-team-inde-racing-to-compete-in-fim-e-xplorer-world-cup-430400 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref> with Runar Sudmann joining the team for the [[Oslo]] leg.

== FIM E-Xplorer World Cup, 2024 ==
The [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] [https://www.fimexplorer.com/ E-Xplorer World Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525125952/https://www.fimexplorer.com/ |date=2024-05-25 }} is an international electric all-terrain motorcycle racing series that features global racing teams consisting of two riders each, one male and one female.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Electric Moto Racing Series {{!}} FIM E-XPLORER World Cup |url=https://www.fimexplorer.com/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=FIM E-Xplorer |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529020617/https://www.fimexplorer.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The second season of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup spans across multiple locations around the world with the first two legs of the competition being held in [[Osaka]] and [[Oslo]] respectively.<ref name=":1" /> INDE Racing participated in the first two legs of the competition alongside other global racing teams such as Team [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]], [[Robbie Maddison Racing]] and [https://ridebonnell.com/ Bonnell Racing], recording a podium finish in their debut race in the competition.

[[File:INDE Podium Finish.jpg|frameless|335x335px]]

=== Osaka ===
INDE Racing made its debut in the [[Osaka]] leg of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup, making it the first independent Indian racing team to take part in an [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] sanctioned global series.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |title=INDE Racing bags podium finish on FIM E-Xplorer debut |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/inde-racing-bags-podium-finish-on-fim-e-xplorer-debut-430723 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref> INDE Racing participated in the '''GT''' category and secured a debut podium finish, finishing third in the overall team rankings. Sandra Gómez emerged as the fastest female rider finishing first in the female race category,<ref name=":0" /> whilst Spenser Wilton finished fifth in the male rider category.

=== Oslo ===
INDE Racing took part in the second leg of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup held in Fornebu Park, [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]. This event was also the first E-Xplorer race in a [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROUND 1 Osaka, Japan |url=https://www.fimexplorer.com/round-1 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=FIM E-Xplorer |language=en}}</ref> INDE Racing secured a fourth-placed finish in the overall team standings. The race marked a second consecutive podium finish for Sandra Gómez as she finished second in the female rider category. Runar Sudmann made his debut for INDE Racing during the [[Oslo]] leg and finished sixth in the male rider category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=INDE Racing's Sandra Gomez secures second consecutive podium in FIM E-Xplorer World Cup - Saachi Baat |url=https://saachibaat.com/sports/inde-racings-sandra-gomez-secures-second-consecutive-podium-in-fim-e-xplorer-world-cup/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Current Team Standings
!S.No
!Team Name
!Nation
!Osaka Points
!Oslo Points
!Total Points
|-
|1
|Team [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]]
|{{Flagicon|Japan}}
|132
|121
|'''253'''
|-
|2
|[https://ridebonnell.com/ Bonnell Racing]
|{{Flagicon|USA}}
|101
|135
|'''236'''
|-
|3
|[https://www.inderacing.com/ INDE Racing]
|{{Flagicon|India}}
|121
|112
|'''233'''
|-
|4
|Gravity
|{{Flagicon|France}}
|118
|96
|'''214'''
|-
|5
|[https://pcr-eperformance.co.uk/ PCR-E-Performance]
|{{Flagicon|UK}}
|89
|107
|'''196'''
|-
|6
|[https://www.instagram.com/aus_eracing/ AUS-E Racing Team]
|{{Flagicon|Australia}}
|81
|84
|'''165'''
|-
|7
|[[Robbie Maddison Racing]]
|{{Flagicon|USA}}
|131
| '''-'''
|'''131'''
|-
|8
|GF Logistikk
|{{Flagicon|Norway}}
| '''-'''
|116
|'''116'''
|-
|9
|[https://www.caofen-japan.com/ Caofen with Bivouac Osaka]
|{{Flagicon|Japan}}
|85
| '''-'''
|'''85'''
|-
|10
|Seven Racing
|{{Flagicon|USA}}
| '''-'''
|74
|'''74'''
|}

== Team riders ==

=== Sandra Gómez ===
Sandra Gómez is a Spanish motorcycle rider currently racing for INDE Racing. In 2020, she completed the Red Bull Romaniacs Gold Class Finisher, making her the first female to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-11-05 |title=5 minutes: Sandra Gomez – First female to finish Romaniacs Gold Class |url=https://enduro21.com/en/features/latest/5-minutes-sandra-gomez-first-female-to-finish-romaniacs-gold-class |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Enduro21 |language=en-gb}}</ref> Some other notable achievements of hers include being a former [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Champion, World Superenduro Champion, and USA Enducross Champion.

In her debut race with INDE Racing, she was recorded as the fastest rider in the female category, finishing first in the [[Osaka]] Leg of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodapati |first=David |date=2024-02-17 |title=Indian team on podium in FIM e-Xplorer World Cup; Sandra Gomez excels for Indian team |url=https://indiainf1.com/indian-team-on-podium-in-fim-e-xplorer-world-cup-sandra-gomez-excels-for-indian-team/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=INDIA in F1 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the second leg of the competition, Sandra Gómez finished second overall in the female rider category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIM E-Xplorer World Cup: Reigning champion Sandra Gomez secures second consecutive podium finish |url=https://khelnow.com/other-sports/fim-e-xplorer-world-cup-sandra-gomez-secures-podium-finish-202405 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Spenser Wilton ===
Spenser Wilton is a Canadian professional super enduro rider and represents INDE Racing in the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup. He is a former Works Pro2 Lite Desert Racing Champion and represented INDE Racing in the first leg of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup.

In his debut race for INDE Racing, he finished fifth in the male rider category helping INDE Racing to an overall third placed podium finish.

=== Aishwarya Pissay ===
Aishwarya Pissay is a nine-time national champion from [[India]], who now represents INDE Racing in the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |title=Indian team INDE Racing to compete in FIM E-Xplorer World Cup |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/indian-team-inde-racing-to-compete-in-fim-e-xplorer-world-cup-430400 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref> She has previously won the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] Baja World Championship and is also the first-ever Indian motorsports athlete to win a world title.

=== Runar Sudmann ===
Runar Sudmann is a professional motocross racer from [[Norway]] and represented INDE Racing in the male rider category in the recently concluded [[Oslo]] leg of the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] E-Xplorer World Cup. Runar Sudmann finished sixth in the male rider category helping INDE Racing to a fourth place finish.

=== FIM E-Xplorer World Cup, Osaka ===

* '''Sandra Gómez''' – First place finish in the female rider category.
* '''INDE Racing''' – Overall third-place podium finish in the team's debut race.

=== FIM E-Xplorer World Cup, Oslo ===

* '''Sandra Gómez''' – Second place podium finish in the female rider category.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Motorcycle racing in India]]
[[Category:Motorcycle racing teams established in 2024]]

Aatish: Feel the Fire

2026-03-03T23:25:19Z

NellDarley: Article updated with latest changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aatish: Feel the Fire
| image = Aatish,_Feel_the_Fire.jpeg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[G. P. Sippy]]|Vijay Sippy}}
| writer = Kamlesh Pandey (dialogue)
| story = Robin Bhatt Sujit Sen
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Aditya Pancholi]] [[Raveena Tandon]] [[Karishma Kapoor]] [[Atul Agnihotri]]
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = Najeeb Khan
| editing = Afaq Hussain
| distributor = Sippy Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|1994|06|17}}
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/aatish-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmdczmdi|title=Aatish|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| based_on = {{plainlist|
*{{based on|''[[Deewaar]]''|[[Salim–Javed]]}}
*{{based on|''[[A Better Tomorrow]]''|[[John Woo]]}}
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}5 [[crore]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3108|title=Aatish: Feel the Fire – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}14 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Aatish: Feel the Fire''''', shortly called as '''''Aatish''''', is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action crime]] film directed by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] in his directorial debut, has an ensemble starcast [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Karishma Kapoor|Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Atul Agnihotri]] in lead roles. The supporting cast includes [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Tanuja]].

The film marked Sanjay Gupta's directorial debut in Bollywood. The film reworks and combines elements from two earlier [[crime films]], the [[Indian film]] ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975)<ref name="Chaudhuri245"/> and the [[Hong Kong action film]] ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'' (1986).<ref name="Peirse"/> Upon release, it grossed {{INRConvert|145|m|year=1994}} at the Indian box office.

==Premise==
Baba and Avinash are brothers who live in a shanty house with their widowed mother, who makes a living by working as a housemaid. When a stalker attempts to assault their mother, Baba kills him and the three, along with an orphan named Nawab, take shelter with a crime boss named Uncle. Baba would like Avinash to study and become a better person, and in order to do this, he decides to earn money in the underworld. Avinash completes his training and becomes an [[Inspector]], where his first assignment is to arrest Baba and Nawab - much to his shock as he had never associated Baba with having any criminal background. Avinash must now decide whether to proceed with apprehending Baba and Nawab or resign from the police force.

==Cast==
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Baba
*[[Aditya Pancholi]] as Nawab
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Nisha
*[[Karishma Kapoor]] as Pooja
*[[Atul Agnihotri]] as Inspector Avinash "Avi"
*[[Tanuja]] as Baba's Mother
*[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Uncle (Underworld Don)
*[[Kader Khan]] as Kadar
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Sunny
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Kaniya
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Ghulam
*[[Ram Mohan]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Aar Paar
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Jarnail Singh
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Bhiku
*[[Ghanshyam Rohera]] as Kainchi
*[[K.K.Raj]] as Tony
*[[Sumeet Pathak]] as kid Nawab
*[[Brij Gopal]]

==Production==
''Aatish'' uses elements fairly similar to ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), written by [[Salim–Javed]], with Sanjay Dutt as the older criminal brother (inspired by [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s character in ''Deewaar''), Atul Agnihotri as the younger police brother (inspired by [[Shashi Kapoor]]'s character in ''Deewaar'') and Tanuja as the mother. ''Aatish'' had a story "straight out of ''Deewar''" but added a twist, with the mother supporting the criminal brother.<ref name="Chaudhuri245">{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|date=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT245|language=en}}</ref> In addition, ''Aatish'' also unofficially reworked elements of [[John Woo]]'s [[Hong Kong film]], ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'' (1986).<ref name="Peirse">{{cite book|last=Peirse|first=Alison|title=Korean Horror Cinema|date=2013|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=9780748677658|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkurBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190|language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by Nadeem-Shravan and the lyrics were penned by Sameer. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 2,500,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's ten highest-selling.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aa Aa Mere Dilruba"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2
| "Hasratein Hain Bahut Magar"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 3
| "Kaash Tum Mujhse Ek Baar Kaho"
| Kumar Sanu
|-
| 4
| "Khaate Hain Hum Kasam"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 5
| "Dil Dil Dil Main Tere Pyar Mein"
| [[Jolly Mukherjee]], Alka Yagnik
|-
|6
|"Ya Mustafa ya Mustafa"
|Jolly Mukherjee, Mukul Aggarwal, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 7
| "Baarish Ne Aag Lagayi"
| [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
|-
| 8
| "Bolo kahan gaye the"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0267246}}

{{Sanjay Gupta}}
{{Salim-Javed}}
{{A Better Tomorrow}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aatish: Feel The Fire}}
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Robin Bhatt]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Hong Kong films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1994 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Gupta]]
[[Category:1994 action drama films]]
[[Category:1994 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:A Better Tomorrow films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Putani Agent 123

2026-03-03T22:23:45Z

NellDarley: small adjust page to improve readability further and corrected details

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Putani Agent 123
| image = Putani Agent 123.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Geethapriya]]
| producer = M. K. Balaji Singh and others
| writer =
| screenplay = H. V. Subba Rao
| starring = {{ubl|Master Ramakrishna Hegde|Master Bhanu Prakash|Baby Indira}}
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|P. S. Prakash|Kulashekar}}
| editing = K. Balu
| studio =
| distributor = Varuna Films
| released = {{Film date|1979|03|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Putani Agent 123''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಪುಟಾಣಿ ಏಜೆಂಟ್ ೧೨೩.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[children's film]] directed by [[Geethapriya]].<ref>[http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/putani-agent-123.htm Putani Agent 123]</ref> Master Rama Krishna Hegde and Master Bhanu Prakash play the lead roles, alongside the popular pairing of [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]-[[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]. The film is regularly screened at children's film festivals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/child-artists-of-yesteryears-of-kannada-cinema-star-attractions/article6594377.ece|title = Child artists' of yesteryears of Kannada cinema star attractions|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 13 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=unusual>{{cite news|title=Unusual Children's film|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/17/stories/2003101701640500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101045253/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/17/stories/2003101701640500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2004|accessdate=7 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 October 2013}}</ref> It was also dubbed in Hindi as '''''Agent 123'''''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aRlXP8HSKkc&feature=youtu.be | title=Agent 1,2,3 Hindi movie songs || Tufani Agent one two three || Baby Indira Master Ramakrishna hegde | date=October 2022 | via=YouTube }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yera41XiGgA|title = – YouTube|via = YouTube}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]
* [[Ambareesh]]
* Master Ramakrishna Hegde
* Master Bhanu Prakash
* [[Baby Indira]]
* Udaya Kumar
* [[Shakti Prasad]]
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]

==Soundtrack==
*"Putaani Agent 123" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki, Rajeshwari
*"Yeno Santhosha" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
*"Sahyaadri Saalinale" – S. Janaki

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geethapriya}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Geethapriya]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Changure Bangaru Raja

2026-03-03T09:18:22Z

NellDarley: put up details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Changure Bangaru Raja
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Satish Varma
| writer = Satish Varma
| based_on =
| producer = [[Ravi Teja]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Karthik Rathnam]]
*Goldie Nissy
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]
*[[Ravi Babu]]
}}
| cinematography = Sundar NC
| editing = Karthik Vunnava
| music = Krishna Saurabh
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|09|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Changure Bangaru Raja''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Satish Varma and produced by [[Ravi Teja]]. It stars [[Karthik Rathnam]] in the lead role. Goldie Nissy, [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] and Ravi Babu are also part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/aug/11/ravi-tejas-banner-to-back-black-comedy-changure-bangaru-raja-33644.html |title=Ravi Teja's banner to back black comedy Changure Bangaru Raja |date=11 August 2023|work=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321044336/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/aug/11/ravi-tejas-banner-to-back-black-comedy-changure-bangaru-raja-33644.html |archive-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 15 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/11/changure-bangaru-raja-trailer-unveiled-47536.html |title=Changure Bangaru Raja trailer unveiled |date=11 September 2023|work=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028145515/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/11/changure-bangaru-raja-trailer-unveiled-47536.html |archive-date=28 October 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bangarraju (Karthik Ratnam), is a bike mechanic in Duggada, Narsipatnam, a place where everyone is in pursuit of colour stones. One day, after a disagreement with Somu Naidu (Raj Tirandasu), things turn dark when Somu Naidu is found murdered. Police arrest Bangarraju, but he manages to escape. Later, he’s on a mission to find the real killer.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Karthik Rathnam]] as Bangarraju
*Goldie Nissy as Mangaratnam
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Tata Rao
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Gateelu
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as [[German Shepherd|Veerabobbili]] (voiceover)
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Sub-Inspector R. Sanyasi Rao
*[[Vasu Inturi]] as Appanna
*Raj Tirandasu as Somanaidu
*[[Ester Noronha]] as Varam
*Kushita Kallapu
*Nitya Sri
}}

==Production==
The film was announced on 11 August 2022 via a promotional poster, with official confirmation from the film's producer, actor [[Ravi Teja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-tejas-rt-teamworks-produces-karthik-rathnam-satish-varmas-crime-comedy-titled-changure-bangaru-raja/articleshow/93499144.cms |title=Ravi Teja's RT Teamworks Produces, Karthik Rathnam, Satish Varma's Crime Comedy Titled 'Changure Bangaru Raja' |date=11 August 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=28 October 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919231514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-tejas-rt-teamworks-produces-karthik-rathnam-satish-varmas-crime-comedy-titled-changure-bangaru-raja/articleshow/93499144.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> Muhurat shot and formal launch was done on the same day in Hyderabad, India. [[Principal photography]] began that day, as informed by the makers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/ravi-teja-produces-changure-bangaru-raja |title=Ravi Teja produces 'Changure Bangaru Raja' |date=11 August 2022|work=Telugucinema.com|language=en|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002054433/https://telugucinema.com/news/ravi-teja-produces-changure-bangaru-raja |archive-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Changure Bangaru Raja begins well but squanders its potential to be a quirky, madcap crime comedy. The performances and some of the humour save the day".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/changure-bangaru-raja-movie-review-this-ravi-teja-production-is-a-partly-amusing-crime-comedy/article67311098.ece |title='Changure Bangaru Raja' movie review: This Ravi Teja production is a partly-amusing crime comedy |date=15 September 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014135720/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/changure-bangaru-raja-movie-review-this-ravi-teja-production-is-a-partly-amusing-crime-comedy/article67311098.ece |archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Eenadu]]'' wrote, "Goltinissi in the role of Constable Mangaratnam, Vityashi as Satya's love interest and Esther in the role of Ravibabu's mind-stealing boon. Ajay's role as Esse lacks strength. Among the technical categories, the camera department gets good marks".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/changure-bangaru-raja-movie-review/0203/123171983 |title=Changure Bangaru Raja Review: రివ్యూ: ఛాంగురే బంగారురాజా |date=15 September 2023|work=[[Eenadu]]|language=te|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025193707/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/changure-bangaru-raja-movie-review/0203/123171983 |archive-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur from ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' said, "Changure Bangaru Raja is a largely impressive, partly inconsistent crime comedy with superb humour and fine performances. Debutant Satish Varma displays a good flair for comedy, writes quirky characters and establishes the rural backdrop with earnestness. With a better final act, it would’ve been a wholly fulfilling experience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/changure-bangaru-raja-review-karthik-rathnams-crime-comedy-works-in-parts/c34c66f53c182 |title=Changure Bangaru Raja review: Karthik Rathnam's crime comedy works in parts |date=15 September 2023|work=[[HT Media|OTT Play]]|language=en|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027143748/https://www.ottplay.com/review/changure-bangaru-raja-review-karthik-rathnams-crime-comedy-works-in-parts/c34c66f53c182 |archive-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> Saket Reddy Eleti from ''[[ABP Majha]]'' wrote, "Overall... there is no need to go to the theaters for some comedy scenes. You can watch it when it comes to OTT".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-changure-bangaru-raja-movie-review-starring-karthik-ratnam-kushita-kallapu-sunil-ajay-produced-by-raviteja-director-satish-varma-116602 |title=Changure Bangaru Raja Review: ఛాంగురే బంగారు రాజా రివ్యూ: రవితేజ నిర్మించిన క్రైమ్ కామెడీ థ్రిల్లర్ ఎలా ఉంది? |date=15 September 2023|work=[[ABP Majha]]|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027143942/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-changure-b |archive-date=27 October 2023|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|21652524}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Mundakkai, Wayanad

2026-02-28T17:37:46Z

NellDarley:

{{Short description|Village in Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mundakkai, Wayanad
| other_name = Mundakkai
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Mundakkai School, Meppady, Wayanad.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord| 11.4859333|N|76.1559113|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat Ward<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberpersondet/2020/1093/2020109301101|title=Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673 577<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/kerala/wayanad/mundakai-pincode-673577.html#:~:text=Mundakai%20Pin%20Code%20is%20673577,Mundakai%20comes%20under%20Wayanad%20district | title=Mundakai Pin Code - 673577, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search wayanad Post Office Address }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04936
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-72
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Meppadi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Wayanad
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Kalpetta
| website =
| footnotes = }}

'''Mundakkai ''' is a hillstation in [[Wayanad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/mundakkai/id/10575|title=Mundakkai, Wayanad District, Kerala, India|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref>It Is Under [[Kalpetta Assembly constituency]]

==Geography==
Mundakkai is a village located in Wayanad district of Kerala along the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Ghats: Man-Made Disasters Disguised As Natural Calamities Waiting To Happen |url=https://thesecretariat.in/article/western-ghats-man-made-disasters-disguised-as-natural-calamities-waiting-to-happen |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=The secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== Landslides at Mundakkai in 2024 ==
{{main| 2024 Wayanad landslides}}
Landslides occurred near the villages of Punjirimattom, Mundakkai, Chooralmala, and Vellarimala in July 2024 due to heavy rains that triggered the collapse of hillsides. The landslides marked one of the deadliest natural disasters in Kerala's history, with reports of at least 400 deaths.Due to this landslide the entire village was swept off in overnight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Wayanad: The scenic Indian villages devastated by deadly landslides |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckkge0pnxy3o |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> In 2025, Mundakkai was faced with landslides again but with less damage than that of 2024's

==See also==
* [[Wayanad district]]
* [[Kalpetta Assembly constituency]]
* [[2024 Wayanad landslides]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wayanad district}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]
{{improve categories|date=August 2024}}

{{Kerala-geo-stub}}

Rakesh Sinha

2026-02-11T11:12:34Z

NellDarley:

{{short description|Indian academic and former nominated member of the Rajya Sabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Sinha
| image = Dr_Rakesh_Sinha.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt = Rakesh Sinha speaking at a public event
| caption = Sinha in New Delhi, 2019
| office = Member of Rajya Sabha (nominated)
| term_start = 14 July 2018
| term_end = 13 July 2024
| constituency = Nominated
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|09|05}}
| birth_place = Manserpur, Begusarai district, Bihar, India
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] (BA, MA, MPhil, PhD)
| occupation = Academic, politician
}}
'''Rakesh Sinha''' (born 5 September 1964) is an Indian academic and politician who served as a nominated member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]], from 14 July 2018 to 13 July 2024.<ref name=PRS>{{cite web |title=Rakesh Sinha – MP Track |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/rajya-sabha/rakesh-sinha |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=8 November 2025 |quote=Start of Term: 14-07-2018; End of Term: 13-07-2024}}</ref> An ideologue of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), he has written positively on the organisation, and has authored a government-published biography of [[K. B. Hedgewar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Dhirendra K. |title=Golwalkar: The Myth Behind the Man, The Man Behind the Machine |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2024 |isbn=9788197949241 |page=86}}</ref><ref name=HedgewarPubDiv>{{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Rakesh |title=Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar |series=Builders of Modern India |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |location=New Delhi |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-230-1986-4}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sinha was born on 5 September 1964 in Manserpur, [[Begusarai district]], [[Bihar]]. He studied political science at the [[University of Delhi]] (BA, MA, MPhil, PhD). Public parliamentary records list his highest qualification as ''Doctorate''.<ref name=PRS/>

==Academic career==
Sinha has taught political science at [[Motilal Nehru College (Evening)]], University of Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |date=24 July 2018 |title=RSS ideologue Rakesh Sinha joins BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/24/rss-ideologue-rakesh-sinha-joins-bjp-1847939.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
On 14 July 2018, Sinha was nominated to the Rajya Sabha under Article 80(1)(a) of the Constitution for a six-year term; the term ended on 13 July 2024.<ref name=PRS/> During his tenure he introduced several private members’ bills, including the '''Public Credit Registry of India Bill, 2019''' (introduced 6 December 2019; lapsed at the end of term), the '''Terminated Employees (Welfare) Bill, 2020''' (introduced 7 February 2020; lapsed), and the '''Population Regulation Bill, 2019''' (introduced 12 July 2019; withdrawn on 1 April 2022).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Public Credit Registry of India Bill, 2019 (as introduced in Rajya Sabha) |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/Asintroduced/public%20credit-E-6%2012%2019.pdf?source=legislation |publisher=Parliament of India |date=6 December 2019 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Terminated Employees (Welfare) Bill, 2020 (as introduced in Rajya Sabha) |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/Asintroduced/terminat-E-7%202%2020.pdf?source=legislation |publisher=Parliament of India |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=PRS/>

In April 2021, during the [[COVID-19]] surge in Delhi, Sinha publicly urged the Union government to impose President’s Rule in the National Capital Territory; the remarks were reported by national outlets.<ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |date=30 April 2021 |title=BJP MP Rakesh Sinha seeks President’s Rule in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-mp-rakesh-sinha-seeks-presidents-rule-in-delhi/articleshow/82329386.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |date=30 April 2021 |title=Now, BJP MP Rakesh Sinha seeks President’s Rule in Delhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/30/now-bjp-mp-rakesh-sinha-seeks-presidents-rule-in-delhi-2300025.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, historian [[Meenakshi Jain]] was among four individuals nominated to the Rajya Sabha; coverage noted the appointments to the set of nominated seats, which are not constituency successions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-FS Harsh Vardhan Shringla, lawyer Ujjwal Nikam among 4 nominated to Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-fs-harsh-vardhan-shringla-lawyer-ujjwal-nikam-among-4-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/111676120.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 July 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ujjwal Nikam, Harsh Vardhan Shringla among four nominated to Rajya Sabha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ujjwal-nikam-harsh-vardhan-shringla-among-four-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/111676196.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=13 July 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

==Positions and views==
Sinha writes opinion columns in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' on constitutional and historical topics; these pieces are used only to attribute his own views.<ref>{{cite web |title=Articles by Rakesh Sinha |url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/author/rakesh-sinha/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> Positions expressed in interviews or op-eds include:
* Advocacy during the pandemic for temporary central intervention in Delhi under Article 239AB (President’s Rule).<ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |date=30 April 2021 |title=BJP MP Rakesh Sinha seeks President’s Rule in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-mp-rakesh-sinha-seeks-presidents-rule-in-delhi/articleshow/82329386.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

==Works==
In ''Understanding RSS'' (2019), Sinha presents a defence of the organisation and argues that it has been misrepresented by critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rss-can-offer-credible-alternative-to-transform-india-rakesh-sinha/articleshow/66577333.cms |title=RSS can offer credible alternative to transform India: Rakesh Sinha |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

===Books (selected)===
* {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Rakesh |title=Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar |series=Builders of Modern India |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |location=New Delhi |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-230-1986-4}}<ref name=HedgewarPubDiv/>
* {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Rakesh |title=Understanding RSS |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-88409-10-0}}

===Parliamentary (private members’ bills)===
* '''The Public Credit Registry of India Bill, 2019''' — introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 6 December 2019 (lapsed 13 July 2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Public Credit Registry of India Bill, 2019 (as introduced) |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/Asintroduced/public%20credit-E-6%2012%2019.pdf?source=legislation |publisher=Parliament of India |date=6 December 2019 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=PRS/>
* '''The Terminated Employees (Welfare) Bill, 2020''' — introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 7 February 2020 (lapsed 13 July 2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Terminated Employees (Welfare) Bill, 2020 (as introduced) |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/Asintroduced/terminat-E-7%202%2020.pdf?source=legislation |publisher=Parliament of India |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=PRS/>
* '''The Population Regulation Bill, 2019''' — introduced 12 July 2019; withdrawn 1 April 2022.<ref name=PRS/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://prsindia.org/mptrack/rajya-sabha/rakesh-sinha Parliamentary profile at PRS Legislative Research]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Rakesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalist writers]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

24 Manai Telugu Chettiars

2026-02-06T01:55:59Z

NellDarley:

{{Short description|Social group in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name = 24 Manai Telugu Chettiar (24MTC)
|populated_states = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]]
|languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]

|religions=Hinduism|country=India}}

The '''24 Manai Telugu Chettiar''' ('''24MTC''') also called as Telugu Chetty is a community who are predominantly found in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh|Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Telangana]] in India, as well as [[Sri Lanka]].

== Origin, Etymology and history ==
They were a section of [[Balija]] community that later developed into a distinct one. They usually speak Telugu. In [[North Arcot]] district they are called Telugu Chettis (Chetti). They have 24 gotras.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Rangachari |first1=Edgar Thurston (1855-1935) K. |last2=Thurston |first2=Edgar |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India: Volume II—C to J |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47735/page/n493/mode/2up |website=archive.org |pages=447, 448, 449}}</ref> They, along with many other Telugu communities have been documented to have migrated into Tamil Nadu during the period of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

Regarding their gothras the book "Balija Vamsethihasamu" (1951) by Alanduru Rajamannaru Nayudu describes:

It describes them under the title "Shetti Balija Vari Aadi Charitra" (The Origin History of Shetti Balijas) on Page 166, and explicitly refers to them as the "24 Gurindlavaru" (The people of the 24 Clans/Houses).

Here is the summary about the 24 MTC (Shetti Balija) history:

1. The "24 Clan" Origin Story
The book recounts a mythological origin for the 24 clans:

The Parents: It traces the lineage to a king named Pruthvisu and his wife Sujanabha.

The 24 Sons: They performed a Putrakameshti Yaga (sacrifice for children) and were blessed with sons. The book lists the count as 2 Kings + 22 Ministers, totaling 24 leaders. This explains their 24 Manai structure.

It specifically lists a hierarchy born from a Yaga:

2 Kings (Deshadhipathulu): This explains why some clans in the community claim "Raja" or "Desai" status.

22 Ministers (Mantrulu): This explains the structured leadership.

Total = 24: This is the origin of the "24 Manai" (24 Houses) guild structure. <ref>{{cite book |last=Venkitaraman Chettiar |first=V.P. |title=Sri Yaga Kshatriya Kula Prakasikai |year=1914 |publisher=Swadesamitran Power Press |location=Madras |language=Tamil |url=http://tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZl9l0Ay |trans-title=The Illuminator of the Yaga Kshatriya Clan}}</ref>

The Book: Irubathu Nanku Manaiyarakiya Desadhipathigal Natakam (1865)
(The Drama of the Desadhipathis - The 24 Manaiyar) Author: Thirimurthi Kaviraja Gnana Pandithar describes:

It is a dramatic retelling of the community's history, written nearly 160 years ago.

The "Gothra" Clarification (Crucial Evidence): On Page 7, the book contains a section called "Desadhipathigalin Gothra Bedha Nivarthi" (Clarification of Gothra Differences). It explains why families within the same 24 MTC gothra use different surnames:

It states that the 24 Gothras are the only true ones, but people use different names based on Reason, Symbol, Profession, or Place.

Example 1 (Mummudi Gothra):

By Reason: Thottakarakarar.

By Symbol: Errapogularar.

By Profession: Pillaiyarar.

By Place: Vandavasiyar.

By Quality: Surakarar (Valorous).

Example 2 (Kola Gothra):

By Reason: Thuppakiyar (Gun holders - indicating warrior past).

By Place: Ramagiriyar.

By Quality: Munimuthar.

Significance: This proves that families using names like "Thottakara" or "Ramagiri" are actually part of the core 24 MTC lineages like Mummudi or Kola. <ref>{{cite book |last=Pandithar |first=Thirimurthi Kaviraja |title=Irubathu Nanku Manaiyarakiya Desadhipathigal Natakam |year=1865 |publisher=Kalvikkaḷañciyam Press |location=Madras |language=Tamil |pages=7, 64 |url=https://archive.org/details/balija-vamsethihasamu-alanduru-rajamannaru-nayudu-garu-1951}}</ref>

2. The "Kerala & Sea Trade" Connection
The book explicitly validates the oral history of sea trade undertaken by the community:

The Order: A Chola king advised them to prepare ships (Odalu) and go to the Malayalam country (Kerala) for trade.

The Event: It states they traveled by the "Southern Sea Route" to trade in Kerala.

3. The "Kamakshi Devi" Connection:
The book explains why Kamakshi is the Kula Deivam (Clan Deity) for the community:

The Conflict: While trading, they protected a group of "Kapus" who were being chased by a Pandya King. In the ensuing conflict, the Pandya king beheaded the 24 MTC ancestors.

Their sincere worship and penance to Kamakshi Devi had saved their community from extinction due to this conflict. Therefore Kamakshi became their community deity.

Another Book: Desadhipathi ennum Kuladeivamalai (1912)
(The Garland of the Clan Deity Desadhipathi) Author: Chitta Ve. Seshasala Naidu Key Findings: This text focuses on the devotional aspect but provides a strict definition of who the "Chetti Balijas" are.

Definition of the Community: On Page 4, it explicitly categorizes the community under the "Pettai Balija" division (Balijas who lived in trading towns/Pettais outside the fort).

It lists 18 sub-sects including Gajuluvaru (Bangle), Muthyalavaru (Pearl), Rathnavaru (Gem), and specifically "Chetti Balija Varu".

It states: "The Chetti Balija people are the ones who call themselves the 24 Manaiyar.". <ref>{{cite book |last=Seshasala Naidu |first=Chitta Ve. |title=Desadhipathi ennum Kuladeivamalai |year=1912 |publisher=Swadeshabhimani Press |location=Salem |language=Tamil |pages=4–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/TVA_BOK_0017117 |trans-title=Garland of the Clan Deity Desadhipathi}}</ref>

The book categorizes the 24 Manai Telugu Chettiars (referred to here as Shetti Balija / 24 Gurindlavaru) as a distinct, high-status merchant warrior group within the broader framework.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nayudu |first=Alanduru Rajamannaru |title=Balija Vamsethihasamu |year=1951 |publisher=Prabhata Press |location=Nellore |pages=166–168 |language=Telugu |url=https://archive.org/details/balija-vamsethihasamu-alanduru-rajamannaru-nayudu-garu-1951 |trans-title=History of the Balija Dynasty}}</ref>

During the vijayanagar empire, they were bestowed the title of Desayis (Superintendent of all right-hand castes) along with Balija naidus. <ref>{{cite book |last=Narasimhalu Naidu |first=Selam Pagadala |title=Balija Varu Puranamu |year=1905 |publisher=Kalanidhi Press |location=Coimbatore |language=Telugu |url=https://archive.org/details/balija-varu-puranamu-sri-selam-pagadala-narasimhalu-nayudu-garu-1905 |trans-title=The Purana of the Balija People}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite book |last=Angusamy Chettiar |first=Se. Pu. Ka. |title=Mahamaga Kshatriya Kula Puranam |year=1915 |publisher=Booloka Vyasan Press |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |url=http://tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZt6lJhy |trans-title=Purana of the Great Sacrifice Warrior Clan}}</ref>

== Occupation ==

The 24MTC were involved in trading. The modern day community is predominantly involved in business, industry, and small trade. The total population of 24MTC is around 1 million in Tamil Nadu. As per Hindu Varna System, the community is categorized as Vaishyas (merchants) or Yaga Kshatriyas (Descent from Balijas). They have been listed as a section of Balijas. They are known as Desais (Superintendent of all Right-hand castes).

== Temple administration and patronage ==

Palani Copper Plate Grant (1635 AD) Historical records indicate a significant administrative relationship between the 24 Manai Telugu Chettiar community and the Palani Murugan Temple. A copper plate inscription dated to 1635 AD (Saka Era 1557), issued during the reign of King Thirumalai Nayakkar, records the grant of specific temple honors to the community.

The inscription formally recognizes the community's role in maintaining the Dharma Madalayam (pilgrim choultry) and grants them the hereditary right of Mandagapadi (first ritual honors) during the temple festivals. This grant validates the community's status as influential temple patrons and financiers within the Nayak kingdom's administration. <ref>{{cite report |title=Annual Report on Epigraphy |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1924 |location=Madras |page=112 |quote=Copper plate inscription dated Saka 1557 (1635 AD) issued by Thirumalai Nayakkar recording the grant of Mandagapadi honors to the 24 Manai Telugu Chettiar community at Palani Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple.}}</ref>

== Community Sub-divisions or clans ==
Their 24 [[gotras]] are further divided into groups of sixteen and eight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=24 manai families in Kochi, Kerala |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Santheri-Kamakshi%20Amman%20Temple/3526 |website=sahapedia.org}}</ref> Usually marriage is forbidden between members of the same group, but permitted between members of the sixteen and eight gotras.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Page:Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 2.djvu/502 - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India,_Volume_2.djvu/502 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> {{Paragraph break}} Among the names of the gōtras as per the historians, are the following: ''Vasava'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vasava|title=Vasava, Vāsava, Vashava, Vāsavā: 27 definitions|date=12 April 2009|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> ''Vamme'', ''Mummudi'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mummudi|title=Mummudi: 2 definitions|date=1 January 1970|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> ''Pilli Vankaravan'', ''Makkiduvan'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/makkiduvan|title=Makkiduvan: 1 definition|date=1 January 1970|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> ''Thallelan'', ''Gendagiri'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/gendagiri|title=Gendagiri: 1 definition|date=1 January 1970|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> ''Madalavan'', ''Piligara'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/piligara|title=Piligara: 1 definition|date=1 January 1970|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> ''Mukkanda'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mukkanda|title=Mukkanda: 1 definition|date=1 January 1970|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> ''Vadiya'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vadiya|title=Vadiya: 2 definitions|date=1 January 1970|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> ''Thonda'', ''Kōla''.

Present forms of gotras or clans<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Santheri-Kamakshi%20Amman%20Temple/3526|title=24 manai families in Kochi, Kerala|website=sahapedia.org }}</ref>{{Line break}}
16 Veedu:
''Mummudiyar, Tharishiyavar, Kolavar, Kanithiyavar, Thillaiyavar, Paluvidhiyar, Chennaiyavar, Mathalaiyavar, Kothavangavar, Rajabhairavar, Vammaiyar, Kappavar, Vachiyavar, Kenthiyavar, Naliviraiyavar, Surayavar, Gandavangavalar''{{Line break}}
8 Veedu:
''Makkadaiyar, Korahaiyar, Marattaiyar, Kavalaiyar, Pillivangavar, Thavalaiyar, Soppiyar, Kottavar, Nalabakshiyavar''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-606#:~:text=These%20merchant%20communities%20spanned%20different,and%20Khojas%20in%20western%20India. Merchantile communities of India]
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/elections-2016/2016/Apr/15/why-jothimani-did-not-stand-a-chance-against-kcp-924516.html Karur K C Palanisamy]
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NfGBYBHkhI8 24 Manai Telugu Chettiar History]
* [https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2021/05/16/key-castes-get-place-in-stalins-cabinet-but-6-dists-missing Key castes get place in Stalin’s Cabinet, but 6 dists missing]

[[Category:Chettiar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Rachel White (actress)

2026-02-01T16:51:44Z

NellDarley:

{{short description|Indian actress and artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rachel White
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rachel White
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Rachel White''' is an Indian actress, Singer Songwriter Music-Maker and Artist who works in [[Hindi]] and [[English language|Bengali]] films.<ref name="irf">{{cite news |title=Rachel White is going places |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/hollywood/news/Rachel-White-is-going-places/articleshow/20888914.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207135926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rachel-White-is-going-places/articleshow/20888914.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=7 December 2017}}</ref> She has appeared in the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Ungli]]'' (2014); and Bengali films ''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]'' (2015), ''Devi'' (2017) and ''[[One (2017 film)|One]]'' (2017).<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Rachel to scare screen with Paoli Devi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rachel--scare-screen-with-Paoli--Devi/articleshow/51895227.cms |newspaper=[[Times India]] |date=12 January 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425200329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rachel--scare-screen-with-Paoli--Devi/articleshow/51895227.cms |archivedate=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="merinews">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Atanu |title=Watch: 'Ungli' actor Rachel White flaunts her assets in a bikini |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/watch--actor-rachel-white-flaunts-her-assets--a-bikini/15927009.shtml |publisher=Merinews |date=1 September 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206201820/http://www.merinews.com/article/watch--actor-rachel-white-flaunts-her-assets--a-bikini/15927009.shtml |archivedate=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In pictures: Rachel's Greek holiday diary is gorgeous! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/In-pictures-Rachels-Greek-holiday-diary-is-gorgeous/articleshow/54308873.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 January 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918235515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/In-pictures-Rachels-Greek-holiday-diary-is-gorgeous/articleshow/54308873.cms |archivedate=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarmmah |first1=Surupasree |title='It's patience that makes me go ' |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/633921/its-patience-makes--.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=19 September 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207034600/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/633921/its-patience-makes--.html |archivedate=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=রবি - বিশেষ |url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/rachel-white-in-twenty-twenty-1.286855 |publisher=[[Ebella]] |date=17 January 2016 |language=Bengali |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206201530/https://ebela.in/entertainment/rachel-white-in-twenty-twenty-1.286855 |archivedate=6 December 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Kolkata]], [[India]], she completed her schooling from [[Loreto Schools, Kolkata|Loreto Convent School, Kolkata]] and later graduated with a degree in English (Honours) from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="merinews"/>

==Career==
In 2014, Rachel White debuted in [[Bollywood]] with [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Neha Dhupia]] in the film ''[[Ungli]]'' where she was cast opposite Emraan Hashmi. She appeared in the Bengali films ''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]'' (2015), ''Devi'' (2017) and ''[[One (2017 film)|One]]'' (2017).<ref name="toi"/><ref name="merinews"/>
White has modeled for brands such as [[Pond's]], [[Garnier]], [[MRF Tyres]], [[Axis Bank]], [[Airtel]], [[Kotak Mahindra]], [[ICICI Bank]]. White replaced [[Sonali Raut]] in the [[sitcom]] web series ''Love, Life and Screw Ups'', starring [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Dolly Thakore]] and [[Sushant Divgikar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Rahim |title=Ungli Actress Rachel White Replaced Sonali Raut In The Sit Com Web Series "Love, Life And Screw Ups" |url=http://www.viralbollywocom/-actress-rachel-white-replaced-sonali-raut-sit-com-web-series-love-life-screw-ups/ |publisher=ViralBollywood |date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203918/http://www.viralbollywocom/-actress-rachel-white-replaced-sonali-raut-sit-com-web-series-love-life-screw-ups/ |archivedate=6 December 2017}}</ref>
Rachel collaborated with a USA based fashion brand Yog The Label<ref>[https://www.yogthelabel.com "Yog The Label"]</ref> selling her pictures featured products manufactured in USA and Europe worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rachel White - Yog The Label |url=https://yogthelabel.com/collections/rachel-white |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430190717/https://yogthelabel.com/collections/rachel-white |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==MeToo activism==
On 12 October 2018, White disclosed allegations were false and also stated she doesn't know where how or when.this false information began.against film director [[***"" ***" (director)|Sajid Khan]] as part of the [[Me Too movement (India)|MeToo]] movement in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rachel-white-sajid-khan-sexual-harassment---too-movement-5399718/ |title=Rachel White Sajid Khan: I had met the creepiest man my entire life. |date=12 October 2018 |website=Express }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Another actress, [[Saloni Chopra]], and White's allegations against him led Khan to step down from directing the film ''[[Housefull 4]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/metoo-sajid-khand-akshay-kumar-mj-akbar-alok-nath-5400077/ |title=#MeToo: After Akshay Kumar cancels shoot, Sajid Khan steps down as director Housefull 4 |date=13 October 2018 |website=Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sajid-khan-accused--harassment-quits-housefull-4-till-he-can-prove-the-truth-1931167 |title=Sajid Khan, Accused Harassment, Quits Housefull 4 Till He Can "Prove The Truth" |date=12 October 2018 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> and being suspended from the Indian Film and Television Directors Association (IFTDA) for a year due to multiple sexual harassment allegations.<ref>{{cite news |title=#MeToo: Film Body Suspends Sajid Khan for One Year Over Sexual Harassment Allegations |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/metoo-film-body-suspends-sajid-khan-for-one-year-over-sexual-harassment-allegations-1971167.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=News18 |date=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Language
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
|2011
| ''[[Mankatha]]''
|Herself
|Tamil
|
|-
|2014
| ''[[Ungli]]''
|Herself
|Hindi
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]''
| Chandni
| Bengali
|
|-
|2016
| ''[[Saadey CM Saab]]''
| Herself
| Punjabi
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Love, Life and Screw Ups''
| Kashish
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Devi''
| Shaon
| Bengali
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[One (2017 film)|One]]''
| Bipasha
| Bengali
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Jihad'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Christina
| Hindi
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Bhobishyoter Bhoot]]''
|Singer
|Bengali
|
|-
||2019
| ''[[Thai Curry (film)|Thai Curry]]''
| ||Bengali ||<ref>{{cite tweet |user=taran_adarsh |author=Taran Adarsh |date=23 February 2019 |number=1099241727552937984 |title=Soham Chakraborty, Hiraan Chatterjee, Rudranil Ghosh, Saswata Chatterjee, Trina Saha, Bidya Sinha Mim and Rachel White... First look poster #Bengali film #ThaiCurry... Directed by Ankit Aditya... 1 March 2019 release... Distribution by SSR Cinemas P Ltd. https://t.co/RYtmWcacfe}}</ref>
|}

==Web series==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Series
! OTT
! Character
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Mismatch (web series)|Mismatch]]'' || Hoichoi || Sukanya
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mismatch (web series)|Mismatch Season 2]]'' || Hoichoi || Sukanya
|-
| 2020 || Mismatch (web series)|Mismatch Season 3 || Hoichoi ||
|-
| 2020 || Lips Don't Lie || Gemplex ||
|-
|2022
|[[Roohaniyat]]
|[[MX Player]]
|Megha
|-
|2024
|[[Kaantaye Kaantaye]]
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6835816}}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Rachel-sizzles-in-bikini/articleshow/51989102.cms?from=mdr Rachel White's Interview] at ''[[Times of India]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:White, Rachel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Female models from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Mangani Festival

2026-01-18T11:35:55Z

NellDarley: stub!

{{Distinguish|Karaikal Carnival}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Tamil Festivals}}
The '''Mangani''' or '''Mangani festival''' ({{Lang|ta|மாங்கனி திருவிழா}} ({{Transliteration|ta|māṅgani tiruviḻā}}) in Tamil, {{Lang|fr|Fête des mangues}} ({{Translation|Mangoes feast}}) in French) is an annual Hindu festival celebrated in the [[India|Indian]] city of [[Karaikal]], during the [[Tamil month]] of ''[[Jyeshtha (month)|Aani]]''. It is celebrated in memory of the visit of [[Shiva]] in his [[Bhikshatana|Bikshantar]] (Bikshatana) form at Karaikal, who, begging through the city, will be provided food by [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar|Karaikal Ammaiyar]]. A deed and currently a festive ritual known as {{Transliteration|ta|amudu paḍaiyal}} ({{Lang|ta|அமுது படையல்}} ({{Translation|Food offering}})) in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manganifestival.blogspot.in/|title=Mangani Festival|website=Manganifestival.blogspot.in|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-19 |title=Thousands soak in Mangani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Thousands-soak-in-Mangani/article14433406.ece |access-date=2024-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Reason of the celebration==
This festival's history relies on [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar]]'s life. One day Ammaiyar's husband, Paramathathan, had sent two mangoes to be kept for him. That day a hungry Shaiva devotee (Lord Bikshantar) came to her residence. Ammaiyar gave the devotee, curd rice and one of the two mangoes which her husband gave earlier. Later, when Ammaiyar's husband came home, Ammaiyar served him the other mango. The mango was delicious, and her husband requested that the other mango be served. Ammaiyar went inside kitchen, she didn't know what to do since the mango was already served to the shaiva devotee (Lord Bikshantar). With Lord Siva's grace a Divine Mango appeared in her palm. Ammaiyaar was very happy and served the mango to her husband.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mangani-festival-celebrated/article3600856.ece#! | title=Mangani festival celebrated | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 July 2012 }}</ref>

As this fruit was divinely sweet and was infinitely delicious compared to the previous one, her husband inquired as to how Ammaiyar obtained this mango. Subsequently, Karaikkal Ammaiyar worshiped Lord's feet and revealed the truth to her husband, who didn't believe it. He asked her to show another mango with divine help. Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva for another mango. Immediately Lord Shiva gave her a similar mango, which she gave it to her husband. The mango then disappeared, and Paramathathan realised the divine nature of his wife. He understood that Ammaiyar was worthy of worship and she cannot be treated as his wife. He then deserted Ammaiyar, becoming a trader and married the daughter of a merchant who then gave birth to their child. Paramathathan named the child with the real name of Ammaiyar, Punithavathi. When the word reached Ammaiyar's family, they decided that they must take her to him. When he saw his former wife, Paramathathan addressed her reverentially, saying that he realised Ammaiyar was no ordinary human being. He worshipped her with his wife and child. Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva asking for a boon that she may worship Lord Shiva as a disembodied wraith. She received the boon, and leaving all her beauty and her body behind. This was the reason of formation of this grand festival of Mangani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Mangani+festival&rlz=1C1AKJH_enIN724IN725&espv=2&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir5Mj3mI3TAhWHMY8KHY-dA1cQsAQIJA&biw=1440&bih=785&dpr=1|title=Mangani festival - Google Search|website=Google.co.in|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=44678|title = காரைக்கால் மாங்கனி திருவிழா: மாப்பிள்ளை அழைப்பு ஊர்வலம்!}}</ref>

==Celebration==
The celebration is celebrated in the Tamil month of Aani (June–July)lasting a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/2011/karaikal-ammaiyar-temple-mangani-festival-aid0174.html|title=காரைக்கால் அம்மைக்கு முக்தி கொடுத்த இறைவன்|website=Tamil.oneindia.com|date=14 July 2011|accessdate=18 December 2017}}</ref> Each day the Panchamurthi or the Five divine Gods idol are taken through each streets of Karaikal. On the main day of the festival the huge idol of Lord Bikshatanar is taken through the streets. On the same day, people of Karaikal throw Mangani or Mangoes from their roof towards the crowd.
Goodness of eating the Mango caught in the festival are:
* The blessings of Lord Shiva is obtained.
* Those who did not get child for long years give birth child.
In the 30 days each day is celebrated with orchestras, debates, bharathanatyam dance etc. The official song of Mangani festival is composed by S.Natarajan, son of Kalaikavalar [[Karai Subbaiya]], one of the most famous musician in [[Karaikal]], owning an orchestra named Newtone Orchestra.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Karaikal]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karaikal]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]

Sri Mani

2026-01-15T17:20:22Z

NellDarley:

{{Short description|Telugu Cinema Lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shreemani
| image = Shreemani lyricist.jpg 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|09|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chirala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Lyricist]]
| years_active = 2011–present
}}

'''Shreemani''' (born 15 September 1988), also known as '''Sri Mani''', is an Indian lyricist well known for his works in Telugu cinema and his unique style of lyrics. He won [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu]] for the film ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'', penning the song "Aaradugula Bullet".

== Early life ==
Shreemani's parents died during his young age and he was raised by his grandparents Koniki Dathatreyulu and Koniki Ramanamma. Since the age of 8, he developed an interest in poetry and writing.

== Career ==
During his days of bachelor's degree, his grandfather died, which planted a thought of his own employment and career. He moved then to Hyderabad for the job of a lyricist, after a lot of struggles director [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] gave him the first chance to write lyrics for a song in his film ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' and later on he shot to fame for his lyrics in ''Sega'', which gave him good fame and name the great and legendary singer Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan SPBalasubramaniyam gave compliments to him for Varsham Munduga song in Sega in Padutha Theeyagaa program, which telecasts in Eenadu TV, leading him to Trivikram Srinivas to give him a chance in ''[[Julai]]'', [[Attarintiki Daaredi]], [[S/O Sathyamurthy]] and more.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/climbing-up-solo/article2783060.ece|title=Climbing up solo|date=7 January 2012|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>

In an interview with All India Radio, Shreemani mentioned that [[Varsham]] movie songs attracted him so much especially "Ee Varsham Sakshiga". After this he discovered [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and his work. After listening to his song "Niggadeesi Adugu" from [[Gaayam]], he decided to become writer.

He used to say the most memorable moment is when he got compliments for the lyrics in 100% Love from [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and [[Sukumar]]. He told never once sat down seriously with an intention to write, and his songs always used to happen spontaneously while travelling, working, with a few friends or on the move which he records in his phone immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/interviews/interview-with-shree-mani-080112.html|title=Interview With Shree Mani|website=CineGoer.net|access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Composer !! Songs !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011 || ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || A Square B Square (Male Version), A Square B Square (Female Version), Aho Balu, That is Mahalakshmi ||
|-
|''Sega'' || [[Joshua Sridhar]] || Oka Devatha, Padam Vidichi, Rani, Varsham Munduga || Telugu Dubbed Version of ''[[Veppam]]''
|-
|''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' || [[V. Selvaganesh]] || Haiyayo ||
|-
|''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] || Yevvaro ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012 || ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'' || Bheems || Oy Pilla ||
|-
|''[[Love Failure]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] || Happy Heart Attack, Inthajare Inthajare, Melukora Melukora, Parvathi Parvathi ||
|-
|''[[Vennela 1 1/2]]'' || Sunil Kashyap || Dhin Chik, Prema Gola Gola, Monalisa Monalisa ||
|-
|''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]'' || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || Cinderella ||
|-
|''[[Julai]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Chakkani Bike Undhi, Mee Intiki Mundhu, Osey Osey ||
|-
|''[[Race (2013 film)|Race]]'' || Vivek Sagar & Sanjay || Prapanchame, Yammayo ||
|-
|''[[Sarocharu]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Rachcha Rambola ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2013 || ''[[Sukumarudu]]'' || [[Anoop Rubens]] || Neelakasamlo, O Baby Naa Lokam ||
|-
|''Pelli Pusthakam'' || Sekhar Chandra || Chali Chali Ee Vedi ||
|-
|''[[DK Bose]]'' || [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]] || Maula Maula, Mr. D.K. Bose ||
|-
|''Mandodari'' || Chinni Charan || Noota Enabai ||
|-
|''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]'' || [[Anoop Rubens]] || Enduke Enduke, Ninne Ninne Chusthunte ||
|-
|''[[Kevvu Keka]]'' || Bheems || Modhal Modhal ||
|-
|''[[Yevadu]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Oye Oye, Cheliya Cheliya ||
|-
|''[[Atharintiki Daaredi]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Aaradugula Bullet ||
|-
|''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] || Pandaga Chesko, Kurrayeedu, Idhi Ranarangam ||
|-
|''[[Doosukeltha]]'' || [[Mani Sharma]] || Modati Saari, Soodimande, Tandavamade Sivudae ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014 || ''[[Aagadu]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] || Aagadu ||
|-
|''[[Run Raja Run]]'' || [[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]] || Bujjiamma Bujjiamma ||
|-
|''[[Paathshala (2014 film)|Paathshala]]'' || [[Rahul Raj]] || All songs ||
|-
|''[[Loukyam]]''
|[[Anup Rubens|Anoop Rubens]]
|Pink Lips
|
|-
|''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]'' || [[Anoop Rubens]] || O Meri jane jana ||
|-
|''[[Brother of Bommali]]'' || [[Shekar Chandra]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015 || ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Jaaruko, Seethakaalam ||
|-
|''[[Kumari 21F]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Meghalu Lekunna ||
|-
|''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] || Rama Rama, Suragani, Chal Chalona||
|-
|''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' || [[Gopi Sunder]] || Hello Hello||
|-
|''[[Bruce Lee – The Fighter]]'' || S. Thaman|| Run ||
|-
|''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' || Bheems Ceciroleo || Chupulato ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016 || ''Oka Ammai Tappa''|| [[Mickey J. Meyer|Mickey J Meyer]] || Yegireney Yegireney ||
|-
|''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' || [[Ghibran]] || Dhillunna Vade, Snehithudo ||
|-
|''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] ||Telusaa Telusaa ||
|-
|''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] ||Anu Anu ||
|-
|''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' || [[Shekar Chandra]] ||Chirunaama thana chirunaamaaaa ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2017 || ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || You & Me, Sundari ||
|-
|''[[Shatamanam Bhavati]]'' || [[Mickey J. Meyer]] || Mellaga Tellarindoila ||
|-
|[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]
|[[S. Thaman]]
|"Pichonne Airpoya"
|
|-
|''[[Nenu Local]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||Arere Yekadda, Side Please, Champesaave Nannu, Disturb Chestha Ninnu||
|-
|''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Thakita Thakajham, Bhramaramba Ki Nachesanu, Nee Vente Nenunte ||
|-
|''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Rayyi Rayyi Mantu ||
|-
|''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Let's Party All Night, Rangu Rangu Kallajodu, Just Chill Boss, Veede Veede, A For Apple||
|-
|''[[Middle Class Abbayi|MCA]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Kotha Kothaga, Family Party, Yemaindho Teliyadhu Naaku ||
|-
|''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]''
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|''All Songs''
|
|-
|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||Baitikochi Chuste, Dhaga Dhagamaney, AB Yevvaro née Baby ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || ''[[Ego (2018 film)|Ego]]'' ||[[Sai Karthik]]
|
|-
|| ''[[Tholi Prema (2018 film)|Tholi Prema]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] ||''All songs''||
|-
| ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]''||Sai Kartheek || ''All Songs'' '''Note:''' Two songs "Anthe Kadha Mari" and "Yevaipuga Naa Choopu Saagali"
penned along with [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
|
|-
|[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|"Kalyanam Vaibhogam","Ekkada Nuvvunte","Ithadena Ithadena","Something Something","Vinavamma Toorupu Chukka",
"Kalyanam Vaibhogam (Climax Version)"
|
|-
|''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
|[[Gopi Sundar]]||"What the Life", "Yenti Yenti", "Vachindamma"
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019 || ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || "Thandane Thandane", "Thassadiyya", "Ek Baar", "Rama Loves Sita" ||
|-
|''[[F2 – Fun and Frustration]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || "Entho Fun", "Honey is the Best" ||
|-
|''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' || [[S. Thaman]] || ''All songs''||
|-
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || ''All songs''||
|-
| ''[[Raagala 24 Gantallo]]'' || [[Raghu Kunche]] ||"Rebba", "Nee Chiru Navvuki Namo" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||"Mind Block", "He's So Cute" ||
|-
|''Ksheera Sagara Madhanam''
|Ajay Arasada
|"Nee Peru"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2021 || ''[[Uppena]]''|| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]|| "Nee Kallu Neeli Samudram", "Jala jala Patham", "Ranguladdukunna" ||
|-
|[[Alludu Adhurs]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|"Hola Chica", "Nandhila Nandhila", "Ramba Oorvasi Menaka"
|
|-
|''[[Naandhi]]''
|[[Sricharan Pakala]]
|"Cheli"
|
|-
|''[[Rang De]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|''All Songs''
|
|-
|''[[Ishq (2021 film)|Ishq]]''
|Mahati Swara Sagar
|''All Songs''
|
|-
|''[[Ninnila Ninnila]]''
|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]
|All Songs
|
|-
|''[[Lol Salaam]]''
|Ajay Arasada
|"LOL Salaam"
|web series
|-
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|"[[Guche Gulabi]]", "Leharaayi"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2022
|''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|"Preme Aakasamaithe", "Vesane O Nicchena", "Nuvve Na Dhairyam" (along with [[Ananta Sriram]])
|
|-
|''[[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum|Saamanyudu]]''
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|"Matthikinche Kalley"
|
|-
|''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|"Istam", "Khiladi Title Song", "Atta Sudake", "Full Kick", "Catch Me"
|
|-
|''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]''
|"Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu"
|
|-
|''[[The Warriorr (2022 film)|The Warriorr]]''
|"Dhada Dhada"
|
|-
|''[[Highway (2022 film)|Highway]]''
|[[Simon K. King]]
|"Oohicha Ledhu Kadhe"
|
|-
|''[[Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam]]''
|[[Sricharan Pakala]]
|"Lachchimi"
|
|-
|''[[18 Pages]]''
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|All Songs
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Shaakuntalam]]''
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Along with Chaitanya Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|"Ori Vaari"
|
|-
|''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]''
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|"Choti Choti", "Hola Re Hola", "What to do"
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Tiragabadara Saami]]''
|Jeevan Babu (JB)
|"Oka Poola Meghamey", "Chaala Bagunde"
|
|-
|''[[Indian 2]]'' (D)
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|"Come Back Indian"
|
|-
|''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
|G. V. Prakash Kumar
|"Srimathi Garu", "Nijamaa Kalaa"
|
|-
|''[[Aay (film)|Aay]]''
|[[Ram Miriyala]]
|"Sufiyana"
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''[[Thandel]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|"Hilesso Hilessa"
|
|-
|''[[Sri Sri Sri Raja Vaaru]]''
|[[Kailas Menon]]
|All Songs
|
|-
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|"Let's Live This Moment"
|
|-
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Ajay Arasada
|"Telusa Nee Kosame"
|
|-
|''[[Patang (2025 film)|Patang]]''
|Jose Jimmy
|"Hey Hello Namasthe", "Andala Tarakasi", "Emosanal Drama", "Tai Tai Tai"
|
|-
|''[[Dhandoraa]]''
|Mark K Robin
|"Parichayam Avakunda"
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm4468187|Sree Mani}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Shree}}
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]

Jeevlaga

2026-01-13T05:04:55Z

NellDarley: started entry

{{Short description|Marathi-language romantic drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on = Play by Chandrashekhar Phansalkar
| writer = Parag Kulkarni Swami Bal
| related =
| director = Umesh Namjoshi Bharat Gaikwad
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| composer =
| country =
| language =
| num_episodes = 80
| producer = Vidyadhar Pathare
| editor = Bhakti Mayaloo
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = Iris Productions
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|04|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|08|01|df=y}}
}}

'''Jeevlaga''' ({{translation|''Soulmate''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[romantic drama]] television series that aired on [[Star Pravah]] from 22 April 2019 to 1 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-23 |title=Jeevlaga to go off-air; Amruta Khanvilkar pens down a goodbye note |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jeevlaga-to-go-off-air-amruta-khanvilkar-pens-down-a-goodbye-note/articleshow/70344995.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-21 |title='जिवलगा'मधून अमृता खानविलकरची एक्झिट? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/amruta-khanvilkar-exit-from-jeevlaga-serial/articleshow/70357557.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> The show starred [[Swapnil Joshi]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Siddharth Chandekar]] and Madhura Deshpande and was produced by Vidyadhar Pathare under Iris Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-19 |title=Read on to know why Swapnil and Siddharth are scared of their co-stars |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jeevlaga-is-a-relatable-and-modern-story-swapnil-and-siddharth/story-XRJXyHrujeQVMHh6P3iRKI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228053232/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jeevlaga-is-a-relatable-and-modern-story-swapnil-and-siddharth/story-XRJXyHrujeQVMHh6P3iRKI.html |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-01 |title=Siddharth Chandekar bids adieu to the show Jeevlaga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/siddharth-chandekar-bids-adieu-to-the-show-jeevlaga/articleshow/70479673.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The story explores the complexities of love, trust and relationships through the lives of two married couples whose past and present intertwine in unexpected ways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swwapnil Joshi and Amruta Khanvilkar Starrer Famous Show 'Jeevlaga' Bids Adieu To The Audience {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/swwapnil-joshi-and-amruta-khanvilkar-starrer-famous-show-jeevlaga-bids-adieu-to-the-audience/5d43f035a0c20052b1b84efc |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.spotboye.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-22 |title=Amruta Khanvilkar, Siddharth Chandekar and Madhura Deshpande recall memories of Jeevlaga; share throwback pictures from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/amruta-khanvilkar-siddharth-chandekar-and-madhura-deshpande-recall-memories-of-jeevlaga-share-throwback-pictures-from-the-set/articleshow/82198722.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the show was re-telecast from 2 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-29 |title=Popular Marathi TV show Jeevlaga set for a rerun soon; Amruta Khanvilkar and others share their excitement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-tv-show-jeevlaga-set-for-a-rerun-soon-amruta-khanvilkar-and-others-share-their-excitement/articleshow/82305589.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-29 |title=चाहत्यांसाठी मनोरंजनाची मेजवानी, 'जिवलगा' पुन्हा करणार छोट्या पडद्यावर एन्ट्री |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/marathi-stars-swapnil-joshi-amruta-khanvilkar-siddharth-chandekar-starrer-serial-jeevlaga-come-back-on-tv-mhad-545376.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Swapnil Joshi]] as Vishwas
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Kavya
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]] as Nikhil
* Madhura Deshpande as Vidhi

=== Recurring ===
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Vinod
* Sneha Raikar as Kavya's mother
* Seema Deshmukh as Mai, Vidhi's mother
* Rajan Bhise as Abba, Nikhil's father
* Seema Chandekar as Nikhil's mother
* Kiran Bhalerao as Shrinivas

== Production ==
The show was announced in March 2019, featuring the four main cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=Star Pravah's Jeevlaga Stars Swapnil Joshi, Amruta Khanvilkar, Siddharth Chandekar and Madhura Deshpande |url=https://marathistars.com/tv-serial/star-pravahs-jeevlaga-stars-swapnil-joshi-amruta-khanvilkar-siddharth-chandekar-and-madhura-deshpande/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Marathi Stars}}</ref> It was originally set to premiere on 8 April 2019, but was postponed to 22 April.<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्वप्नील-अमृता, सिद्धार्थ-मधुरा ‘जिवलगा’ मधून छोट्या पडद्यावर (बघा फोटो, व्हिडिओ) |url=https://marathi.webdunia.com/marathi-cinema-news/jivalaga-marathi-serial-on-star-pravah-119032000016_1.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=marathi.webdunia.com |language=mr}}</ref> It was one of the most anticipated shows of the time due to its cast and crew, as [[Swapnil Joshi]] and [[Satish Rajwade]], the creative head of the channel, were collaborating after the success of the ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' franchise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-11 |title=Siddharth celebrates mother's birthday on Jeevlaga sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/siddharth-celebrates-mothers-birthday-on-jeevlaga-sets/articleshow/68837337.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Additionally, the show marked [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]'s debut in a fictional television series.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-23 |title=I admire Satish Rajwade’s unbiased nature: Amruta |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-admire-satish-rajwade-s-unbiased-nature-amruta/story-xW2tH9spaRxtszWoSJupqL.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405093104/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-admire-satish-rajwade-s-unbiased-nature-amruta/story-xW2tH9spaRxtszWoSJupqL.html |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Jeevlaga'' also featured [[Siddharth Chandekar]] alongside his real-life mother, Seema Chandekar, playing the same role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-27 |title=Siddharth's real mother to play his reel mother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/siddharths-mother-makes-her-tv-debut/articleshow/68602022.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The overall costume department was handled by Sampada Mahadik, while Khanvilkar's costumes were designed by Neha Chaudhari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-08 |title=Watch: Here’s how Amruta Khanvilkar turns into her onscreen character Kavya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/watch-heres-how-amruta-khanvilkar-turns-into-her-onscreen-character-kavya/articleshow/70129494.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Music ===
The title track of ''Jeevlaga'' was written and composed by Shripad Arun Joshi and sung by [[Vaishali Samant]], [[Swapnil Bandodkar]], [[Aarya Ambekar]] and [[Hrishikesh Ranade]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-22 |title=Swwapnil Joshi and Amruta Khanvilkar share throwback memories as their show Jeevlaga completes a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swwapnil-joshi-and-amruta-khanvilkar-share-throwback-memories-as-their-show-jeevlaga-completes-a-year/articleshow/75300830.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Nilesh Moharir]] composed the original songs and background score for the show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-19 |title=‘जिवलगा’ मालिकेचं काळजाला भिडणारं शीर्षकगीत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/jeevlaga-serial-title-song-hit-on-social-media-watch-song-1878821/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt10050560}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/jeevlaga/1260004608 ''Jeevlaga''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]

Jayammu Nischayammu Raa with Jagapathi

2026-01-07T09:19:01Z

NellDarley:

{{Short description|Indian television talk show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jayammu Nischayammu Raa with Jagapathi.jpg
| genre = [[Talk show]]
| presenter = [[Jagapathi Babu]]
| director = Tyagaraj Ravichandra
| theme_music_composer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| producer =
| camera =
| num_seasons =
| company = [[Vyjayanthi Movies|Vyjayanthi Television]]
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[ZEE5]]
* [[Zee Telugu]]
}}
| cinematography = Saravanan L
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Paradesi
* Pradeep Meka
* DNR Akurathi
}}
| editor = {{plainlist|
* M. V. Suresh
* Jithendra Reddy
* V. Suresh Babu
}}
| executive_producer = Gautham Pattikonda
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|15|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|11|14|df=yes}}
| developer = Paradesi
| creative_director = Pradeep Meka
| location =
| num_episodes = 14
}}

'''''Jayammu Nischayammu Raa with Jagapathi''''' ({{translation|Victory is Certain with Jagapathi}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[talk show]] hosted by [[Jagapathi Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayammu Nischayammu Raa On OTT: Nagarjuna Gets Emotional On Jagapathi Babu's Show |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/jayammu-nischayammu-raa-on-ott-nagarjuna-gets-emotional-on-jagapathi-babus-show-aa-ws-l-9512487.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The show was produced by [[Vyjayanthi Movies|Vyjayanthi Television]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Jagapati Babu to return back to small screen? |url=https://telanganatoday.com/jagapati-babu-to-return-back-to-small-screen |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> It was first released on [[ZEE5]] on 15 August 2025 and later, on [[Zee Telugu]] on 17 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-13 |title=Jayammu Nishchayammura: Jagapathi Babu's talk show set for launch; Akkineni Nagarjuna to grace the premiere episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jayammu-nishchayammura-jagapathi-babus-talk-show-set-for-launch-akkineni-nagarjuna-to-grace-the-premiere-episode/articleshow/123283135.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Each episode is then first released on ZEE5 on every Friday and later telecasted on Zee Telugu on the following Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga Reveals His Unique Filmmaking Process for Prabhas's 'Spirit' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandeep-reddy-vanga-reveals-his-unique-filmmaking-process-for-prabhass-spirit-1901925 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-24 |title=How a Kuchipudi performance by Jr NTR in his childhood led to Sreeleela learning classical dance years later |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/how-a-kuchipudi-performance-by-jr-ntr-in-his-childhood-led-to-sreeleela-learning-classical-dance-years-later-101756015721850.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes==
{{Episode table |airdate= |airdateT=Premiere |background=F4CA16 |season= |seasonT=Episode |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|15}}
|Guests=[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
|ShortSummary=Nagarjuna's siblings Akkineni Venkat and Naga Susheela were also the guests.
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|22}}
|Guests=[[Sreeleela]]
|ShortSummary= Sreeleela's mother Swarnalatha was also a guest.
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|29}}
|Guests=[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|05}}
|Guests=[[Ram Gopal Varma]], [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}
|Guests=[[Maheswari]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|19}}
|Guests=[[Teja Sajja]]
|ShortSummary=[[Gunasekhar]], [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]], [[Karthik Gattamneni]] and TG Vishwa Prasad were also the guests.
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|26}}
|Guests=[[Prabhu Deva]]
|ShortSummary= [[Jani Master]] was also the guest.
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|26}}
|Guests=[[Naga Chaitanya]]
|ShortSummary=Naga Chaitanya's friend Rahul was also a guest.
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|10}}
|Guests=[[Keerthy Suresh]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|17}}
|Guests=[[Ram Pothineni]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|24}}
|Guests=[[Ramya Krishna]]
|ShortSummary=[[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Shobu Yarlagadda]] was also a guest.
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=12
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|10|31}}
|Guests=[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=F4CA16
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2025|11|7}}
|Guests=[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=F4CA16
}} |guests=Jani Master
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jayammu-nischayammuraa-with-jagapathi/0-6-4z5785983 ''Jayammu Nischayammu Raa with Jagapathi''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian television talk shows]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Web talk shows]]

Surja Kanta Atta

2026-01-02T20:13:51Z

NellDarley: New new article

{{Short description|India politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Surja Kanta Atta''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Surja Kanta Atta(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- NARAYANGARH(PASCHIM MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=1083 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Narayangarh Assembly constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the All India Trinamool Congress.

== Early life and education ==
Atta is from [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]], Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. He is the son of Ananta Atta. He passed Class 12 in 1997. His wife is a teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Atta won from [[Narayangarh Assembly constituency]] representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 100,894 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ramprasad Giri of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 2,416 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Narayangarh, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/narayangarh-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797305-2021-05-01 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Narayangarh Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Narayangarh Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-narayangarh-constituency-225.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayangarh Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Atta Surja Kanta of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/narayangarh-election-result-2021-live-updates-narayangarh-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695285.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atta, Surja Kanta}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw

2025-12-16T08:01:54Z

NellDarley: General improvements to article content

{{short description|Indian physician}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox medical person
|name =Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw
|image =
|box_width =
|image = Kadinshaw.jpg
|image_width =
|caption =
|birth_date = 16 November 1943
|birth_place = Calcutta, India
|death_date = 26 August 2011 (aged 67)
|death_place = Mumbai, India
|profession =[[Radiation oncology]]
|specialism =
|research_field =Cancer epidemiology, radiation therapy
|known_for =
|years_active =
|education =MBBS DMRT [[Royal College of Radiologists|FRCR]]
|work_institutions =[[Tata Memorial Centre]]
|prizes =[[Padma Shri Awards (2000-2009)#2001|Padma Shri]]
|relations =
}}
'''Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw''' [[Royal College of Radiologists|FRCR]] (16 November 1943 – 26 August 2011) was a prominent personality in the field of Indian medicine and played a significant role in the evolution of modern [[cancer care]] in India, and the development of effective [[radiation therapy]]. In 2001, the [[President of India]] conferred on her the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="padmashri"/> A prominent news channel has described her as: “The ultimate hope and the last possible post to cling onto for the cancer-struck in India”.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} Over a thirty-year period, Dinshaw revolutionised cancer medicine in India, refining multi-modal treatments as the exception rather than the rule.

== Life and career ==
Born to a [[Parsi]] family in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=She fought cancer, personally & professionally - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/she-fought-cancer-personally---professionally/839012/|access-date=2020-10-11|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Dinshaw started her medical career by graduating from the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital|Christian Medical College]], [[Vellore]] in 1966. She continued her training at [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]] in [[Cambridge]], UK, from 1970 to 1973. During this period she completed her diploma in radiation therapy (DMRT), and was then enrolled as a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Radiologists]] (FRCR) in London.<ref name="interview"/>

Following this she returned to India and became a staff member at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, in 1974, and seven years later was named head of the department of radiation oncology. In 1995, she was appointed director of the Tata Memorial Hospital, and two years later was selected to oversee the [[Tata Memorial Centre]] (Tata Memorial Hospital and Cancer Research Institute) as well. She served as Director of this institute until 2008, and played a pivotal role in shaping the institute to its present-day status as one of India's leading cancer centres.<ref name="interview">[http://www.cancerjournal.net/article.asp?issn=0973-1482;year=2011;volume=7;issue=2;spage=237;epage=239;aulast=Dinshaw Conversation with Dr. K. A. Dinshaw] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830065641/https://www.cancerjournal.net/article.asp?issn=0973-1482;year=2011;volume=7;issue=2;spage=237;epage=239;aulast=Dinshaw |date=30 August 2022 }}, ''Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics''.</ref>

She has received numerous awards and recognitions, and has served as a member on numerous prestigious committees and bodies, including the [[International Union Against Cancer]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], and the Government of India. She has hundreds of publications to her name, and is on the editorial board of numerous [[scientific journal]]s. Throughout her tenure at Tata Memorial Centre, she has been a driving force in establishing the highest standards, organising and refurbishing all departments, providing modern instrumentation for diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and establishing modern management systems and computerisation in the hospital.

One of her earliest initiatives was fostering an integrated team approach to cancer treatment, encouraging radiologists and surgeons to review new patients in the [[Lymphoma]] Joint Clinic. Together, the doctors established clinical protocols, and now channel cancer patients into appropriate treatment programs according to set guidelines—in the context of ongoing clinical trials. A vibrant scientific review committee and hospital ethics committee were commissioned by her to guide all research programs in the Tata Memorial Hospital. She developed the first [[brachytherapy]] program in India at the Tata Memorial Hospital, and was the driving force towards developing modern radiation therapy techniques, such as 3DCRT, SRT, IMRT, and IGRT.<ref name="profile">[http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/00102/Dr_Ketayun_Dinshaw.html Expert profiles – Dr Ketayun Dinshaw] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102032329/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/00102/Dr_Ketayun_Dinshaw.html |date=2 January 2012 }}, Doctor NDTV.</ref>

Dinshaw has also been the force behind the establishment of the [[Tata Memorial Centre#ACTREC|Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer]] (ACTREC) in Navi Mumbai, the new Tata Clinic and Faculty block at TMH, the IGRT Facility block at TMH. She also played a key role in the development of an indigenous radiotherapy machine called Bhabhatron. The machine has since been installed in twenty other cancer centres in India, and donated to several developing countries.<ref name="toi">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106054727/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-28/mumbai/29937695_1_kharghar-tata-memorial-hospital-cancer Doctor who shaped Tata hospital dies], ''The Times of India''.</ref>

She died on 26 August 2011 of cancer.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/9747237.cms Obituary], ''The Times of India''.</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/she-fought-cancer-personally---professionally/839012.cms She fought cancer, personally & professionally], "The Indian Express".</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bansal |first1=Manishi |last2=Jindal |first2=Ankush |last3=Mohanti |first3=Bidhu Kalyan |date=May 2022 |title=Ida Belle Scudder and Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw: The two iconic women who shaped the face of radiation oncology in India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0967772020944698 |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=102–106 |doi=10.1177/0967772020944698 |pmid=32814512 |s2cid=221201616 |issn=0967-7720|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Honors and achievements ==

* [[Padma Shri]], awarded by the President of India for her contribution to the field of Science and Engineering (26 January 2001)<ref name="padmashri">[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=803 Padma Shri award winners 2001], Government of India.</ref>
* Past President, International Society for Radiation Oncology (Beijing, China 1997–2001)
* Past President, Association of Radiation Oncologists of India (1995–1996)
* Indo American Ulrich Henschke Memorial Award of Excellence, (Madras, December 1993)
* Award for Excellence in Professional Competence by Federation of the Parsi Zoroastrian Anjumans of India (June 1997)
* Life Time Achievement Award for service to the causes of cancer by the Breast Cancer Foundation of India (March 2000)
* [[FIE Foundation]] National Award for Outstanding Contribution to Medicine (1999)

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927122908/http://www.barc.ernet.in/rcaindia/3_5Dinshaw.html Dr (Ms) K.A. Dinshaw], Government of India.
* Dinshaw, Ketayun (Jan 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111002091053/http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/misc/Dr.%20Bhatura/ From the Desk of the Director], Tata Memorial Centre.
* [http://www.cancerjournal.net/text.asp?2011/7/3/393/87036/ JCRT publication]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Ghosh-Laskar S. In fond memory of a Legend: Dr. Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw. J Can Res Ther 2011;7:393-4
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Dinshaw%20KA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21887882/ PUBMED]

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinshaw, Ketayun Ardeshir}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Radiologists]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian radiologists]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]

Harman Baweja

2025-11-20T19:28:32Z

NellDarley: updated page additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian actor and producer (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harman Baweja
| image = Harman Baweja in 2024.jpg
| caption = Baweja in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|11|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|screenwriter}}
| father = [[Harry Baweja]]
| mother = Pammi Baweja
| family =
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sasha Ramchandani|2021}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Harman Baweja''' (born 13 November 1980) is an Indian actor, producer and screenwriter. The son of film director [[Harry Baweja]] and producer Pammi Baweja, he has starred in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films ''[[Love Story 2050]]'' (2008), ''[[What's Your Raashee?]]'' (2009), ''[[Victory (2009 film)|Victory]]'' (2009), and ''[[Dishkiyaoon]]'' (2014). After a hiatus, he featured in the [[Netflix]] drama series ''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]'' (2023). He has also worked in [[Punjabi cinema]].

==Early life and education==
Baweja was born to a film director [[Harry Baweja]] and producer Pammi Baweja.<ref name="Times1">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Yes-I-am-dating-Bipasha-Harman-Baweja/articleshow/30456407.cms |last=Gupta |first=shweta |title=Yes, I am dating Bipasha: Harman Baweja |work=The Times of India |date=16 February 2014 | access-date=26 February 2014 | archive-date=28 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228123805/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Yes-I-am-dating-Bipasha-Harman-Baweja/articleshow/30456407.cms | url-status=live}}</ref> Born on 13 November 1980 in [[Chandigarh]], in 1984 his family had to shift to [[Mumbai]] following the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|anti-Sikh riots]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |date=10 June 2008 |title=Meet Harman Baweja |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2008/jun/10video1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221193257/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2008/jun/10video1.htm |archive-date=21 December 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

He attended the [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]] Acting Institute in Bombay and then the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref name="gulf_Love">{{Cite web |title=Love Story 2050 |last=Paradkar |first=Shalaka |work=Gulf News |date=19 June 2008 | access-date = 2016-08-28 |url=http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/love-story-2050-1.114168 | archive-date = 13 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913164459/http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/love-story-2050-1.114168 | url-status = live}}</ref>

Before becoming an actor, he worked in [[Hotel manager|hotel management]] in [[Switzerland]] for around a year and was an [[assistant director]] to his father for some seven years.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==

=== Producer ===
Baweja was credited as a producer for [[Hansal Mehta]]'s ''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=635/ |title=Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai? - Movie - Box Office India |website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903205557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=635%2F|url-status=live}}</ref>

Over the years he has produced or co-produced numerous films, including [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]], and webseries.

[[File:Harman baweja.jpg|thumb|Baweja in 2011]]

=== Actor ===

==== Films ====
Baweja's acting debut film in [[Bollywood]] was the sci-fi romance ''[[Love Story 2050]]'' produced by his mother Pammi Baweja and directed by his father Harry Baweja.<ref name="gulf_Love" /> The film was a box office failure. In 2009, he appeared in the sports film ''[[Victory (2009 film)|Victory]]'' which was based on [[cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harman Baweja plays a cricketer in Victory |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=Hindustantimes.com |date=8 October 2007 | access-date = 2016-08-28 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/harman-baweja-plays-cricketer-in-victory/story-WgGBgXsSNnlA1FYN9h0tdM.html | archive-date = 19 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919025148/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/harman-baweja-plays-cricketer-in-victory/story-WgGBgXsSNnlA1FYN9h0tdM.html | url-status = live}}</ref> The film had notable appearances by both Indian and International cricketers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm jealous of Harman Baweja: Amrita Rao |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |location=New Delhi |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2009 | access-date = 2016-08-28 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-m-jealous-of-harman-baweja-amrita-rao/story-E1LGxNldNUfjToAWRYiuDK.html | archive-date = 19 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160919031144/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-m-jealous-of-harman-baweja-amrita-rao/story-E1LGxNldNUfjToAWRYiuDK.html | url-status = live}}</ref> The film could only rake up {{INR}}1.9 crore after its release and was a failure at the box office.<ref name="boxo_Vict">{{Cite web |title=Victory - Movie - Box Office India |work=boxofficeindia.com | access-date = 2016-08-28 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=994 | archive-date = 21 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203816/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=994 | url-status = live}}</ref> Baweja next appeared in the romantic comedy ''[[What's Your Raashee?]]'' which starred him and [[Priyanka Chopra]], who performed 12 different roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/harman-baweja-on-whats-your-raashee/20090924.htm|title=Harman: Not worrying about his raashee|first=Arthur J.|last=Pais|website=Rediff}}</ref> The film received mixed responses both from critics and audience. The film performed poor at the box office.

After a 5 year long absence, he appeared in ''[[Dishkiyaoon]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2014 |title='I was at my charming best to impress Bipasha' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-i-was-at-my-charming-best-to-impress-bipasha/20140326.htm |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

His delayed release, ''[[It's My Life (film)|It's My Life]]'', released directly on television in 2020, 10 years after production, with a premiere on [[Zee TV|Zee Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=2020-11-05 |title='It's My Life': Genelia D'Souza and Harman Baweja's film to have direct-to-TV release |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-my-life-genelia-dsouza-and-harman-bawejas-film-to-have-direct-to-tv-release/article33028989.ece |access-date=2021-01-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226121306/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-my-life-genelia-dsouza-and-harman-bawejas-film-to-have-direct-to-tv-release/article33028989.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Webseries ====
After almost a decade, Baweja made his screen comeback with the role of JCP Harshavardhan Shroff in the Netflix original series [[Scoop (Indian TV series)|''Scoop'']], created and directed by Mehta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Harman Baweja opens up about rumoured relationship with Priyanka Chopra: 'Part and parcel of the industry, can't really complain'|work=[[IndianExpress.com|indianexpress]]|date=23 May 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/harman-baweja-opens-up-rumoured-relationship-priyanka-chopra-8625147/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Harman Baweja opens up about rumoured relationship with Priyanka Chopra: 'Part and parcel of our profession'|work=[[The Times of India|TOI]]|date=23 May 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/harman-baweja-reacts-to-past-link-ups-with-priyanka-chopra-and-other-rumours-says-its-part-and-parcel-of-our-profession-exclusive/articleshow/100440078.cms}}</ref>

=== Screenwriter ===
Baweja has written or co-written webseries such as ''[[Super V]]'' (2019–2020) ''and [[Bhaukaal (web series)|Bhaukaal]]'' (2020–2022) as well films such as ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]'' in 2016, ''[[Mrs. (film)|Mrs.]]'' and ''[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]'' (both released in 2024).

==Filmography==
=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|2008
|''[[Love Story 2050]]''
|Karan Malhotra
|Debut
|-
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan=3|2009
|''[[Victory (2009 film)|Victory]]''
|Vijay Shekhawat||
|-
|''[[What's Your Raashee?]]''
|Yogesh Patel||
|-
|''Echo of Eco''
|Indian industrialist
| Short film
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|2014
|''[[Dishkiyaoon]]''
||Viki Kartoos||
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|2020
|''[[It's My Life (film)|It's My Life]]''
||Abhishek "Abhi" Sharma||Delayed release, Filmed in 2007
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| 2023
| ''[[Scoop (2023 TV series)|Scoop]]''
| JCP Harshvardhan Shroff
|[[Netflix]] series
|-
|}

=== As a producer and screenwriter ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Producer
!Screenwriter
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| 2002
| ''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]''
|{{Ya}}
|
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Harman Baweja calls link-up with Priyanka Chopra 'part and parcel of the line' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/harman-baweja-calls-link-up-with-priyanka-chopra-part-and-parcel-of-the-line-101684842065652.html |website=Hindustan Times |quote=Harman had produced Hansal's film Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai? in 2002 as well as other Punjabi films like Jinne Jamme Saare Nikamme and Honeymoon.}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2016
| ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]''
|{{Ya}}
|{{Ya}}
| [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] film
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|2019–2020
| ''[[Super V]]''
|{{Ya}}
|{{Ya}}
| Creator; TV series
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|2020–2022
| ''[[Bhaukaal (web series)|Bhaukaal]]''
|{{Ya}}
|
| TV series
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2021
| ''Jinne Jamme Saare Nikamme''
|{{Ya}}
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] film<ref name="auto" />
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2022
| ''[[Honeymoon (2022 film)|Honeymoon]]''
|{{Ya}}
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2024
|''[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]''
|{{Ya}}
|{{Ya}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center" |2025
| ''Chidiya Udd''
|{{Ya}}
|
| TV series<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/chidiya-udd-trailer-jackie-shroff-sikandar-kher-headline-survival-underworld-crime-drama-watch-article-117058235|title=Chidiya Udd trailer: Jackie Shroff, Sikandar Kher headline survival underworld crime world|website=Times Now|author=Sonal Pandya}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mrs. (film)|Mrs.]]''
|{{Ya}}
|{{Ya}}
|
|-
|''[[Perusu]]''
|{{Ya}}
|
|Tamil film
|-
|''[[Bhagwat Chapter One: Raakshas]]''
|{{Ya}}
|
|Released on [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaur |first=Trisha |date=2025-09-30 |title=Bhagwat Chapter 1: Raakshas Teaser Review: Arshad Warsi & Jitendra Kumar Are Hopefully Not Living In Vikrant Massey's Sector 36! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/trailer-reviews/bhagwat-chapter-1-raakshas-teaser-review-arshad-warsi-jitendra-kumar-are-hopefully-not-living-in-vikrant-masseys-sector-36/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Haq (2025 film)|Haq]]''
|{{ya}}
|
|-
| ''Dil Ka Darwaaza Khol Na Darling''
|{{Ya}}
|
| Post-production<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/movies/jaya-bachchan-siddhant-chaturvedi-wamiqa-gabbi-begin-shooting-for-dil-ka-darwaaza-khol-na-darling-in-goa-9120314.html|title= Jaya Bachchan, Siddhant Chaturvedi, Wamiqa Gabbi Begin Shooting For Dil Ka Darwaaza Khol Na Darling In Goa|website=News18|author=Lubna Khan|date=November 14, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''[[Maharagni- Queen of Queens]]''
|{{Ya}}
|
| Post-production
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|harman-baweja}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baweja, Harman}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Switzerland]]

List of deputy speakers of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly

2025-11-01T16:22:33Z

NellDarley: new redirect

#redirect [[List of speakers of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

Siraspur

2025-10-09T04:54:50Z

NellDarley: New info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siraspur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Siraspur in Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28.76316|N|77.13312|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North West Delhi|North West]]
| established_title =  2000 years ago
| established_date =
| founder = Diksha
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14558
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Siraspur''' village is a [[census town]] in [[North West Delhi|North West district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Delhi]].

==Demographics==

{{Historical population
| source = [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|2001 | 15043
|2011 | 30445
|align = left
}}

At the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Siraspur had a population of 14,558. Males constituted 56% of the population and females 44%. It had an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with male literacy at 73% and female literacy at 55%. 17% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Yakeen

2025-09-28T19:41:01Z

NellDarley: New article

{{wikt|yəqin}}
'''Yakeen''' may refer to:

* [[Yakeen (1969 film)|''Yakeen'']], a 1969 Indian film directed by Brij
* [[Yakeen (2005 film)|''Yakeen'']], a 2005 Indian thriller film directed by Girish Dhamija

== See also ==
* [[Yakin (disambiguation)]]

{{set index|films}}

Battles and operations of the Indian National Army

2025-09-15T03:58:08Z

NellDarley: reworked intro for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

Battles and operations involving the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) during the [[Second World War]] took place in the South-East Asian theatre in the [[Southeast Asia Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian theatre]]. The INA’s involvement spanned espionage activities during the [[Malayan campaign]] in 1942, participation in the Japanese [[Operation Ha-Go|Ha-Go]] and [[Operation U-Go|U-Go]] offensives in the [[Upper Burma]] and [[Manipur]], and later defensive engagements during the Allied [[Burma campaign]].

The INA’s counterpart in [[Europe]], the [[Indische Legion]], saw limited deployment. Although it participated in duties along the [[Atlantic Wall]] and was involved in special operations in [[Persia]] and [[Afghanistan]], as well as a small deployment in [[Italy]], its overall military role remained minor.

While the INA was not considered a significant conventional military threat, it though not a significant conventional military threat, the INA posed a substantial strategic concern—particularly for the [[British Indian Army]]. As [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Wavell]] noted, it was considered a target of prime importance.<ref name=Aldrich159>{{Harvnb|Aldrich|2000|p=159}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Indian National Army]] was [[First INA|initially formed]] under [[Mohan Singh Deb|Mohan Singh]] consisting of prisoners taken by Japan in her Malayan campaign and at [[Fall of Singapore|Singapore]]. Later, after it was reorganized under [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], it drew a large number of civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. Ultimately, a force of under 40,000 was formed, although only two divisions ever participated in the battle. In 1943, intelligence and special services groups from the INA were instrumental in destabilizing the [[British Indian Army]] in the early stages of the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–1943|Arakan offensive]]. It was during this time that the [[British Military Intelligence]] began propaganda work to shield the true numbers who joined the INA, and also described stories of Japanese brutalities that indicated, falsely, INA involvement. Further, the Indian press was prohibited from publishing any accounts whatsoever of the INA.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==First INA==
{{See also|Jiffs}}
The prestige of [[The Raj]] had suffered a blow with the fall of [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and, later, the massive [[Fall of Singapore|surrender in Singapore]]. In February 1942, the Indian prisoners of war from the [[British Indian Army]] captured there came under the influence of [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalists]], notably [[Mohan Singh Deb]], and a large number volunteered to form the [[Indian National Army]] with support from [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] and had the stated aim of overthrowing [[The Raj]] from India. The formation of this army however, the British intelligence was unaware of until around July 1942, and even then, was unclear on the scale, purpose and organization of the INA.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=409}}</ref>

===Espionage in India===
Intelligence summaries initially did not believe the INA to be a substantial force or have any purpose more than propaganda and [[espionage]] purposes. However, by the end of 1942, they had become aware of trained Indian espionage agents (of the INA's [[Bahadur Group|Special services group]]) who had infiltrated into India for the purpose of collecting intelligence, subversion of the army and the subversion of civilian loyalty. This information was derived to a large extent from some of the agents themselves who gave themselves up to the authorities after reaching India. However, the intelligence was also aware at this point of misinformation being spread about the INA itself by the agents who concealed their purpose and professed to pass on intelligence from local knowledge.<ref name="Fay 1993 410">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=410}}</ref> More troubling for the military command were the activities of the INA agents in the battle fields of India's eastern frontier in [[Burma]].

===Espionage in Burma frontier===
Around this time, the [[Quit India movement]] had reached a crescendo within India, while the continuing British reversals [[Burma campaign#Allied setbacks, 1942–1943|at Burma]] further affected the morale of the army. The [[Noel Irwin|Irwin]]'s [[Burma campaign#First Arakan campaign|First Campaign]] had been contained and then beaten back by inferior Japanese forces at Donbaik. Intelligence analysis of the failure, as well as Irwin's own personal analysis of the campaign attributed significant demoralization and rising discontent amongst Indian troops due to the subversive activity of INA agents at the frontline, as well as rising nationalist (or “[[Indian National Congress|Pro-Congress]]”) sentiments.<ref name="Fay 1993 410"/> The activities of these agents were addressed at the Sepoys, and these found enough support to successfully encourage defection without attracting the attention of the officers commanding the units. Soon, defection by British Indian troops had become a problem significant and regular enough in the Burma theatre to form a regular part of the intelligence summaries in the first half of 1943.<ref name="Fay 1993 410"/>

==Second INA==
{{Main article|Operation U-Go|Burma campaign}}
[[File:Indian National Army in Rangoon, 1944.jpg|thumb|Indian National Army marching in Rangoon, 1944.]]
The strategy of operation of the [[Indian National Army]], in relation to the opening Japanese offensive, was to be of a [[guerrilla]] force that would initiate defections among the British Indian troops, as well as garner support and sympathy among the local population for the INA.

The INA's own strategy was to avoid set-piece battles for which it lacked arms, armament as well as manpower.<ref name=Fay292>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=292}}</ref><ref name=Fay298>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=298}}</ref> Initially, it sought to obtain arms as well as increase its ranks from Indian soldiers expected to defect. Once across the hills of [[North-East India]] and into the [[Gangetic plain]], it was expected to live off the land and garner support, supplies, and ranks from amongst the local populace to ultimately touch off a revolution. [[Prem Kumar Sahgal]], an officer of the INA, once Military secretary to Subhas Chandra Bose and later tried in the first [[Red Fort trials]], explained that although the war itself hung in balance and nobody was sure if the Japanese would win, initiating a popular revolution with grass-root support within India would ensure that even if Japan lost the war ultimately, Britain would not be in a position to re-assert its colonial authority,<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=138}}</ref> which was ultimately the aim of the INA and [[Azad Hind]].

The plans for operation decided between Bose and [[Masakazu Kawabe]] specified that the Japanese and INA forces were to follow a common strategy. The INA was to be assigned an independent sector of its own, and no INA unit was to operate at less than battalion strength. For operational purposes, the [[Subhas Brigade]] was assigned under the command of the Japanese general headquarters in Burma. The general operations plan envisaged the INA units pushing to Kohima and Imphal with Japanese forces, and as the latter fell, the INA was to cross the [[Brahmaputra]] and enter [[Bengal]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Chand|2005|p=226}}</ref> beginning the next phase initialing local resistance and revolts within India.

===Arakan===
{{further|Second Arakan Offensive}}

In March 1944, the Japanese forces began its offensive into India's eastern frontier. The plans for the offensive directed three divisions from [[Masakazu Kawabe|Kawabe]]'s Burma Area Army to initiate a diversionary attack at Arakan and cover the southern coast while another two divisions watched [[Joseph Stilwell|Stillwell]] and [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s forces in the north. In the center, three divisions from [[Mutaguchi Renya|Mutaguchi]]'s 15th army were pushed into Manipur to capture Imphal, scattering British forces and forestalling any offensive movements against Burma.<ref name="Fay 1993 281">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=281}}</ref>
The INA's Special Services Group, redesignated as the ''[[Bahadur Group]]'' worked with the advanced Japanese units and pathfinders in the opening stages of the Japanese offensive in the upper Burma region and into Manipur. These were tasked to infiltrate through British lines and approach units identified as consisting of significant Indian troops and encourage them to defect. Fay quotes British Intelligence sources to confirm that these units achieved some success in these early stages.<ref name=Fay296>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=296}}</ref> In early April a unit of the Bahadur Group, led by Col. [[Shaukat Malik]], broke through the British defenses on 14 April 1944 to capture [[Moirang]] in [[Manipur]]. The [[Azad Hind]] administration took control of this independent Indian territory.<ref>{{cite web
|work=[[Hindustan Times]]
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/enlisting9.htm
|title=INA's Victory & Defeat
|access-date=2007-07-08
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/Netaji/enlisting9.htm
|archive-date=30 September 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=265}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the 1st battalion of the INA's 1st Guerrilla regiment, lightly armed, was directed towards the south to participate in the diversionary attack.<ref name=Fay285>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=285}}</ref> The unit left [[Rangoon]] in early February to reach [[Prome]]. From Prome, the unit marched across the [[Chin Hills]] to reach the [[Taungup]] and then up the coast to reach [[Akyab]] in early March.<ref name=Fay285/> By this time the Arakan offensive was nearing its end, and although it had been a successful diversion,<ref name=Fay285/> Kawabe's forces had [[Battle of the Admin Box|failed to capture]] and destroy [[Frank Messervy|Messervy]]'s 17th Indian Division.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=264}}</ref> The 1st battalion marched up the Kaladan river and by middle of March approached [[Kyauktaw]], east of [[Mayu (river)|Mayu]] peninsula. Subsequently, the unit progressed slowly but successfully against [[Royal West African Frontier Force|Commonwealth African units]] before crossing the Burma-India border north of [[Akyab]], occupying Mowdok near [[Chittagong]].<ref name=Fay285/>
{{See also|Bahadur Group|Battle of the Admin Box}}

===Imphal and Kohima===
{{Main article|Battle of Imphal|Battle of Kohima}}
The Arakan offensive was intended to create a diversion for Mutaguchi's forces, while drawing out and destroying as much of the British reserves as possible.<ref name="Fay 1993 281"/> In the center, Mutaguchi's 15th Army was to be the decisive factor in the Manipur Basin. As the battle progressed, Mutaguchi's 31st Division engaged the commonwealth forces at [[Kohima]], while the 15th Division was detailed to move down Kohima road to the North-west of [[Imphal]].<ref name=Fay284>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=284}}</ref> The main force detailed to engage [[Imphal]], the 33rd Division (the ''Yamamoto'' Force, led by Yamamoto Tsunoru), however, was to approach from the south-east via the Tamu Road that had been built by the Commonwealth forces earlier.<ref name=Fay284/>
The INA's four guerrilla regiments (except for No.1 Battalion) were directed to Tamu road and detailed to push into India as Imphal falls.<ref name=Fay285/>

The 2nd and 3rd battalions, led by [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], crossed the [[Chindwin River|Chindwin]] at [[Kalewa]] and, after marching up the valley of the [[Myittha River|Myittha]], reached the edge of [[Chin Hills]] below [[Tiddim]] and [[Fort White, Burma|Fort White]] at the end of March.<ref name=Fay286>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=286}}</ref>
From this position, a unit of the 2nd battalion moved to relieve Japanese forces at [[Falam, Myanmar|Falam]] while a second company moved to [[Hakha]].<ref name=Fay286/> The 3rd battalion was meanwhile moved to [[Fort White, Burma|Fort White]]-[[Tonzang]] area in anticipation of fall of [[Frank Messervy|Messervy]]'s forces that would allow it to receive possible volunteers, as well as begin its advance into India.<ref name=Fay286/>

Among the responsibilities of Khan's forces was the protection of the southern flank of Mutaguchi's forces from [[Chin peoples|Chin]] irregulars.<ref name=Fay286/> From the bases at Falam and Hakha, Khan's forces sent out forward patrols and laid ambushes, with some successes, for the Chin [[guerrillas]] under the command of a British officer, taking a number of prisoners.<ref name=Fay286/><ref name=Fay287>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=287}}</ref> In the middle of May, a force under Khan's [[Adjutant]], Mahboob Ahmed, attacked and captured the hilltop fortress of Klang Klang.<ref name=Fay287/>

With the Messervy's 17th Indians [[Battle of the Admin Box|breaking out]], however, the 3rd battalion could not be employed in its original perceived role. It was at this time the unit, for whatever reasons, was employed at repairing roads that is widely reported when discussing the INA's role in the Japanese offensive.<ref name=Fay287/> Learning of this development, an enraged [[Shah Nawaz Khan (General)|Shah Nawaz]] ordered it back to base.<ref name=Fay287/>

With the offensive more or less stopped by mid-May in the face of fierce resistance from the commonwealth forces, Khan's forces were redirected to engage [[Kohima]]. Khan moved across the Japanese rear with the 3rd Battalion and portion of the 2nd. By the time he reached [[Ukhrul]] however, Mutaguchi's 31st division had begun withdrawing from Kohima. Khan decided to attack [[Imphal]] instead.<ref name=Fay287/>

The 2nd Guerrilla Regiment, or the Gandhi Regiment as it was called, consisted of two battalions. Led by Inayat Kiyani, it was directed along the axis of the 15th Army's offensive. Like the 1st Guerrilla, it had crossed the [[Chindwin river|Chindwin]] at Kalewa. From Kalewa, the 2nd Guerrilla turned north to reach the vicinity of [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] in late April. The INA high command was informed at this time of the Yamamoto force's impending assault on the airfield at [[Palel]]. The INA unit was still far away. Kiyani picked a force of three hundred under Maj. Pritam Singh<ref>{{cite web
|author = Bakshi A
|publisher = CUVL India
|url = http://www.film-india.com/expdtn/azadhind.htm
|title = Azad Hind Expedition: A tribute to the braves of the Indian National Army
|access-date = 2007-06-22
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083138/http://www.film-india.com/expdtn/azadhind.htm
|archive-date = 29 September 2007
|url-status = usurped
}}</ref> that could advance faster.<ref name=Fay288>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=288}}</ref>
Armed lightly and without machine guns, the unit was directed to attack the airfield from the south while Japanese forces engaged the eastern defenses.

Pritam's unit was however, walked into an ambush laid by a detachment of [[Gurkha]]s. By the end of the night, Pritam's unit made a number of counterattacks. They were soon reinforced by the rest of Kiani's men. The skirmish turned into bloody fight as the alerted British forces reinforced and called up air and artillery support. After two days of failed counterattacks and taking heavy losses, Kiani withdrew. The unit suffered nearly two hundred casualties in the assault.<ref name=Fay290>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=290}}</ref> The 2nd Guerrilla was never able to participate in further attacks up the Tamu Road after this. It was subsequently tasked to cover the left flank of the Yamamoto force, in the rough countries of the south.<ref name=Fay290/> Through June, the unit maintained aggressive patrols south of Palel-Tamu Road, mounting raids and laying ambushes against the by now advancing British forces. It started withdrawing with the Japanese in late June.<ref name=Fay290/>

The 3rd Guerrilla, or the Azad regiment, was under the command of Col. Gulzara Singh. The unit marched from Yeu through the [[Kabaw valley]] to arrive near Tamu in late May, by which time, the offensive was petering out. The unit was tasked to cover the right flank of the Yamamoto force. The unit stayed with the Yamamoto force, covering its right flank, and began retreating with it when it began withdrawing in mid-July.<ref name=Fay290/><ref name=Fay301>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=301}}</ref>

The 4th Guerrilla, or the Nehru regiment, left [[British Malaya|Malaya]] the last among the INA's 1st division, and never made it to the [[Chindwin river|Chindwin]].<ref name=Fay290/>

The initial successes in upper Burma, the engagements at Kohima, and the encirclement of Imphal was a key factor in convincing the INA that the offensive was succeeding. The forward HQ of the INA was moved to [[Maymyo]], in anticipation of moving into Indian territory and taking charge of these as they fell.

===Burma===
{{Main article|Burma campaign 1944–45}}
The commonwealth forces broke the siege of Imphal on 22 June 1944. By mid-July, the fortunes of battle had been reversed, and the Yamamoto force began a fighting withdrawal with the forces of the INA's first division protecting its flanks.
The INA forces began withdrawing two days before Mutaguchi's forces, while Shah Nawaz's forces had already reached Tamu. The withdrawing forces faced acute shortages of supply of food, ammunition and medicine, compounded by the Monsoon rains which rendered the Japanese supply chains as well as INA's own already poor logistics further incapable.<ref name=Fay300>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=300}}</ref> Disease, compounded poor sanitation, malnutrition, lack of medicine, and the inability to evacuate the worse affected due to a lack of transport took a heavy toll on both INA as well as Japanese troops.

Fay describes the retreat of the units under Shah Nawaz in some detail, holding that the other units must have gone through a similar experience.<ref name=Fay303/> The unit left from Tamu to reach Ahlow, and from there they took boats to reach Teraun. Up to Ahlow, the sick was transported by [[Bullock Cart]]s. By the time it reached Teraun, some of the troops had started dying of starvation.<ref name=Fay302>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=302}}</ref> Although some local supplies were obtained at Teraun, no boats were available to cross the Yu River. Shah Nawaz had to leave nearly four hundreds of his sick behind to reach Kuwa, half of who would die before they could be arranged to be evacuated.<ref name=Fay303>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=303}}</ref> From Kuwa, the unit was able to obtain boats, which took the remaining troops to Kalewa, fifty miles south. Critical supplies of food and medicine and limited transport arrangements could be made. The unit was dispersed between hastily constructed camps at [[Monywa]], [[Maymyo]] further south, and to some of the INA hospitals.<ref name=Fay303/> The regiments were massively depleted by the time they made it back to their stations. Only one battalion remained of the Gandhi by early July.<ref name=Fay301/>

===Preparing for defense===
Of the INA's 1st division, the elements of what remained of the 1st Guerrilla Regiment were stationed at the town of Budalin, south of Yeu through most of early Autumn, while the remaining battalion of the 2nd and the units of the 3rd (Gandhi and Azad, respectively) were stationed in [[Mandalay]] in the south and at Chaungu to the north of it respectively.<ref name=Fay316>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=316}}</ref> All the three regiments were ordered to [[Pyinmana]], south of [[Mandalay]], in November to reorganize. All three units later came under the command of (then) Maj. Gen Shah Nawaz Khan.

The 4th Guerrilla regiment, which had reached [[Mandalay]] by the time the Imphal offensive was called off, was in the meantime ordered southwest to [[Myingyan]], which it was tasked to defend. The troops, however held considerable resentment against the attitude and conduct of some of its officers, which had started souring by the time it was on the move.<ref name=Fay316/> At Mandalay, the unit suffered a mutiny, with six hundred men refusing to obey orders from officers. Although they were arrested, they were not ultimately [[court-martial]]led on [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s refusal to consent.<ref name=Fay317>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=317}}</ref> The unit was transferred to the command of [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]] at Myingyan. On 29 January 1945, the 4th under Dhillon was ordered south to Nyaungu to oppose the elements of British IV corps moving down the Gangaw valley, troops of [[William Slim|Slim]]'s South Lancashire Regiment.

Of the 2nd Division, the 1st Infantry Regiment had started for the front in May 1944 overland, while its heavy weaponry were to transported by sea. These were, however, lost when the ship carrying the weapons was [[Torpedo]]ed somewhere between [[Kawthaung|Victoria point]] and [[Mergui]]. The unit assembled in [[Rangoon]] in September to be judged unfit to proceed further until re-equipped.<ref name=Fay317/>

The 5th Guerrilla Regiment was moved in December 1944 from Malaya to Mingaladon, close to [[Rangoon]] in December, when it came under the command of [[Prem Kumar Sahgal]].<ref name=Fay319>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=319}}</ref> During this time, it drew officers from the 1st Infantry Regiment and the civilian training centre in Rangoon and was redesignated the 2nd Infantry regiment.<ref name=Fay320>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=320}}</ref> The unit left Rangoon on 26 January for [[Prome]].<ref name=Fay320/>

===Irrawaddy===
{{Main article|Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations}}
For the Commonwealth IV Corps's sector, it was vital to seize the area around [[Pakokku]] and establish a firm bridgehead quickly. Slim's 7th Indian Division's crossing was made on a wide front.

Pagan and Nyaungu were defended by two battalions (No.s 7 and 9) of the Indian National Army's 4th Guerrilla Regiment, with the 8th battalion held in reserve at Tetthe.<ref name=Fay330>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=330}}</ref> Of these, the 7th battalion, totalling about four hundred troops, was positioned to the east of Nyangu town, while Pagan was being defended by about five hundred troops of the 9th battalion at Pagan. The regiment was armed with rifles, three light mortars with sixty rounds between them, and four machineguns.

Messervy's 7th Indian division, attempting to cross the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] in broad daylight, initially suffered heavy losses as their assault boats broke down under machine-gun fire directed from the positions where the 7th battalion had dug in.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=332}}</ref> [[William Slim|Slim]] noted this in his memoirs as "the longest opposed river crossing attempted in any theatre of the Second World War"<ref name=Fay330/><ref>{{Harvnb|Slim|1961|p=425}}</ref> Eventually, however, support from tanks of the [[Gordon Highlanders]] firing across the river and massed artillery forced the nearly hundred of the defenders at Nyaungu to surrender, the rest fled. At Pagan, the defending 9th battalion also suffered a similar fate offering resistance to the 11th Sikh Regiment before it withdrew to [[Mount Popa]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=333}}</ref>

===Mount Popa===
{{Main article|Battle of Meiktila}}
[[File:Surrendered Indian National Army troops at Mount Popa.jpg|thumb|200px|Troops of the Indian National Army who surrendered at Mount Popa, April 1945.]]
The 2nd Infantry, with [[Col P.K Sahgal]] in charge, was in the meantime tasked to take defensive positions at [[Mount Popa]], which it was hoped would help secure the [[Yenangyaung]] with its oilfields.<ref name=Fay334>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=334}}</ref> Sahgal's unit was tasked to work with a unit of the 28th Army, the Kanjo force or Kanjo ''Butai'' commanded by Yamamoto Tsunoru. The unit started reaching Popa in the middle of February in bits and pieces, making their way up from [[Prome]] on foot. Popa lay east of the Messervy's 17th Indian Division's course, heading towards Myingyan-Meiktila road.

With the [[Battle of Meiktila / Mandalay|fall of Meiktila]] on 3 March, its recapture had become a priority for [[Hyotaro Kimura]], now commanding the [[Burma Area Army]], who attempted to encircle the 17th Indian Division which was isolated from the rest of Slim's VI corps. While the majority of Kimura's available forces attempted to retake Miktila, Yamamoto's 72nd Independent Mixed Brigade was tasked to recapture Nyangu as well as its western bank, while the Kanjo ''Butai'' and the INA's 2nd Infantry were tasked to secure grounds east of the town.<ref name=Fay334/>

At Popa, Sahgal's 2nd infantry regiment was reinforced with the remnants of Dhillon's 4th Guerrilla and Khan's 1st Guerrilla. Khan had in the meantime been given the command of the 2nd Division. By the last week of March, the last of Sahgals units had reached Popa. Sahgal sent out roving columns to engage the British forces. Using guerrilla tactics, his troops, along with Dhillon's, engaged British troops. For their part, the latter used similar tactics of "search and destroy" using small units of highly mobile mechanised troops.
To prevent the allied forces from identifying his actual strength while the rest of his troops arrived in small packet, Sahgal set up active and aggressive patrolling, with Dhillon ordering the same to his unit. The troops successfully laid ambushes and engaged the British troops using [[guerrilla]] tactics. Lacking heavy arms or artillery support, Sahgal's forces used guerrilla tactics, working in small units with the Kanjo Butai (a regiment detached from the Japanese 55th Division), and was successful for a considerable period of time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=341–352}}</ref>

The 7th Indian division now faced the additional task of protecting the lines of communication to the besieged 17th Indian Division through the two roads that ran through the region. Towards the end of March, the leading motorised brigade of Indian 5th Division reinforced them, and began clearing the Japanese and the INA troops from their strongholds in and around Mount Popa to clear the land route to Meiktila.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=348}}</ref> By the end of the month, Sahgal was forced to withdraw his forces further to Leygi, five miles (8 km) from Popa. By 3 April, the last of the British operations to clear resistance in and around Popa began, as Sahgals forces successfully defended their position against a number of attacks by units of the 5th motorised brigade. By the end of the 6th however, Sahgal had begun losing men to in a massive scale as his 1st battalion defected after having faced off the attacks of the 5th. As the Japanese began to withdraw on the 8th, the orders for the INA's withdrawal were issued by Shah Nawaz on the 10th.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=352–354}}</ref>

Moving only by night and under air attacks, the units at and around Popa withdrew, helped by fierce resistance from three skeleton Japanese divisions at Pyawbwe. Sahgal, with the larger number of the remnant and pursued by Slim's forces, withdrew over the Kyaukpadaung-Meiktila road towards [[Natmauk]] before it was cut off by the allied forces, while Shah Nawaz and Dhillon's forces, numbering a few hundred, turned towards the Irrawaddy at [[Magway, Burma|Magway]]. Approaching Natmauk, Sahgal learnt of the fall of Yenangyaung to the British forces, who now approached Magwe. He turned towards [[Prome]], attempting to outrun the pursuing British forces to [[Allanmyo]] and attempting a breakthrough over the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] in the direction of [[Prome]]. He, however, could not. Reaching the banks of the river on the 26th he discovered his route blocked by British forces who had outrun him. Having been identified by allied aircraft flying over the area after a brief firefight, Sahgal and his forces surrendered the next day at the village of Magyigan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=358}}</ref>

===Fall of Rangoon===
As the Japanese forces withdrew from [[Rangoon]] and the city prepared to surrender, the British PoWs were released from their captivity. The 6000 strong INA contingent in the city under [[Major Loganathan]] surrendered to the provisional British formed by these troops and helped maintain law and order in the crumbling city before forces from Slim's 14th Army entered the city.

===Withdrawal from Burma===
With the surrender of Sahgal's forces at Irrawaddy and the remnants of Khan and Dhillon's forces a few weeks later, the INA's fighting capability was all but annihilated. Bose's government had withdrawn from Rangoon along with the Japanese forces and [[Ba Maw]]'s government. The remnants of the INA's first guerrilla regiment, the X-regiment as it came to be called then, also attempted to march to Bangkok. The [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment|Rani of Jhansi troops]], who were around Rangoon at this time, began a long march on foot through Burma in efforts to reach Singapore or the safe haven of Bangkok. Bose walked with them. Their retreat was hindered by [[Aung San]]'s Burmese guerrillas, as well as by Chinese forces who laid ambushes for the retreating Japanese troops.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Indische Legion==
The [[Indische Legion]] was an Indian armed unit raised in 1941 attached to the [[Wehrmacht]], ostensibly according to the concept of an Indian Liberation force<ref>Axis War Makes Easier Task of Indians. Chandra Bose's Berlin Speech. Chandra Bose’s Berlin Speech. ''Syonan Sinbun, 26 January 1943''.</ref> during [[World War II]] by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in [[Nazi Germany]]. The initial recruits were Indian student volunteers resident in Germany at the time, and a handful from the Indian PoWs captured by [[Rommel]] during his North Africa Campaign. It would later draw a larger number of Indian PoWs as volunteers. Indische Legion was supposed to become a pathfinder that was to precede a much larger Indo-German force in a caucasian campaign into the western frontiers of British India and was supposed to encourage public resentment of the Raj and incite the [[British Indian army]] into revolt. A majority of the troops of the Free India Legion were only ever stationed in Europe -mostly in non-combat duties- from [[Netherlands]], to [[Atlantic Wall]] duties in France till the [[invasion of Normandy|Allied invasion of France]]. A small contingent, including the leadership and the officer corps, was also transferred to [[Azad Hind]] after its formation and saw action in the INA's Burma Campaign.<ref>Kurowski, The Brandenburgers – Global Mission., p. 137</ref>

===Holland and France===

A majority of the troops of the Indian Legion, were to remain in Europe through the war and was never utilized in their original perceived role over Persia and Central Asia. The Legion was transferred to [[Zeeland]] in the [[Netherlands]] in April 1943 as part of the [[Atlantic Wall]] duties and later to France in September 1943, attached to '''344 Infanterie-Division''', and later the '''159 Infanterie-Division''' of the Wehrmacht.

From Beverloo in [[Belgium]], '''I Battalion''' was reassigned to [[Zandvoort]] in May 1943 where they stayed until relieved by [[Georgian SSR|Georgian]] troops in August. In September 1943, the battalion was deployed on the Atlantic coast of Bordeaux on the [[Bay of Biscay]]. The '''II Battalion''' moved from Beverloo to the island of [[Texel]] in May 1943 and stayed there till relieved in September of that year. From here, it was deployed to Les Sables d'Olonne in France.<ref name="Houterman">Houterman, Eastern Troops in Zeeland, The Netherlands, 1943-1945, p. 63</ref> The '''III Battalion''' remained at [[Oldebroek]] as Corps Reserve until the end of September 1943,<ref name="Houterman"/> where they gained a "wild and loathsome"<ref>BBC News, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3684288.stm</ref> reputation amongst the natives.

===Indische Freiwilligen Legion der Waffen SS===
The Legion was stationed in the [[Arrondissement of Bordeaux|Lacanau]] region of [[Bordeaux]] at the time of the [[Normandy landings]] and remained there for up to two months after D-Day. On 8 August, its control was transferred to the [[Waffen SS]] (as was that of every other volunteer unit of the [[Wehrmacht]]). Command of the legion was very shortly transferred from [[Kurt Krapp]] to [[Heinz Bertling]]. On 15 August 1944, the unit pulled out of Lacanau to make its way back to Germany. It was in the second leg of this journey, from Poitier to Chatrou that it suffered its first combat casualty (Lt Ali Khan) while engaging French Regular forces in the town of Dun. The unit also engaged with allied [[Armoured forces|armour]] at Nuits-Saint-Georges while retreating across the [[Loire]] to Dijon. It was regularly harassed by the [[Maquis (World War II)|French Resistance]], suffering two more casualties (Lt Kalu Ram and Capt Mela Ram). The unit moved from Remiremont, through [[Alsace]], to Oberhofen near the town of Heuberg in Germany in the winter of 1944,<ref>Davis, Flags of the Third Reich 2: Waffen SS, pp. 22</ref> where it stayed till March 1945.

===Italy===
The 9th Company of II Battalion of the Legion also saw action in [[Italy]]. Having been deployed in the spring of 1944, it faced the British 5th Corps and the [[Polish 2nd Corps]] before it was withdrawn from the front to be used in antipartisan operations. It surrendered to the Allied forces April 1945, still in Italy.<ref>Antonio J Munuz – The East came West</ref>

==Impact==
The INA's role in military terms is considered to be relatively insignificant, given its small numerical strength, lack of heavy weapons (it utilized captured British and Dutch arms initially), relative dependence on Japanese logistics and planning as well as its lack of independent planning. Shah Nawaz claims in his personal memoirs that the INA was a very potent and motivated force. Fay however, reinforces the argument that the INA was relatively less significant in military terms. Its special services group played a significant part in halting the [[First Arakan Offensive]] while still under Mohan Singh's command. Later, during the Japanese [[Operation U-Go|U-Go]] offensive towards Manipur in 1944, it played a crucial and successful role in the diversionary attacks in Arakan as well as in the Manipur Basin itself where it fought with Mutaguchi's 15th Army.<ref name=Sarkar411>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=411}}</ref> It qualified itself well in the Battles in Arakan, Manipur, Imphal, and later during the withdrawal through Manipur and Burma. The commanders like L.S. Mishra, Raturi, Mansukhlal, M.Z. Kiyani, and others attracted the attention of the Japanese as well as the British forces. Later, during the Burma Campaign, it did play a notable role in the Battles of [[Battle of Irrawaddy|Irrawaddy]] and [[Battle of Meiktilla|Meiktilla]] especially in the latter, supporting the Japanese offensive and tying down British troops. Fay also notes the published accounts of several veterans, including that of [[William Slim]] that portrays INA-troops as incapable fighters and untrustworthy, and points out the inconsistencies and conflicts between the different accounts to conclude that intelligence propaganda as well as institutional bias may have played a significant part in the portrayed opinions. It is however noted that the INA did indeed suffer a number of notable incidents of desertion. Fay notes the significant ones amongst these were not during the offensives into Manipur and the subsequent retreat through Burma, when incidents of desertion did occur but at a far smaller numbers than the fourteenth army told its troops. The significant desertions, Fay notes, occurred around the Battles at Irrawaddy and later around Popa. During the fall of Rangoon, 6000 INA troops manned the city to maintain order before allied troops entered the city.

Nevertheless, Fay argues, the INA was not significant enough to militarily beat the British Indian Army, and was moreover aware of this and formulated its own strategy of avoiding set-piece battles, garnering local and popular support within India and instigating revolt within the British Indian army to overthrow the Raj.
Moreover, the [[Forward Bloc]] underground within India had been crushed well before the offensives opened in the Burma-Manipur theatre, depriving the army of any organised internal support.<ref name=Sarkar411/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Aldrich
| given1 = Ricjard J
| year = 2000
| title = Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service
| url = https://archive.org/details/intelligencewara00rich
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| isbn = 0-521-64186-1
| url-access = registration
}}

*{{Citation
| surname1 = Fay
| given1 = Peter W.
| year = 1993
| title = The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945.
| publisher = Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
| ISBN = 0-472-08342-2
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Chand
| given1 = Hukam
| year = 2005
| title = History of modern India: (1885 A.D.-1947 A.D.)
| publisher = Anmol publications, New Delhi.
| isbn=81-261-2283-8 }}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sarkar
| given1 = Sumit
| year = 1983
| title = Modern India, 1885-1947
| url = https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark
| publisher = Delhi:Macmillan
| ISBN = 978-0-333-90425-1
| url-access = registration
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Slim
| given1 = W.
| year = 1961
| title = Defeat into Victory.
| publisher = New York, David McKay.
| ISBN = 1-56849-077-1
}}
{{Azad Hind Fauj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battles And Operations of the Indian National Army}}
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]

Natrampalli block

2025-08-14T06:20:59Z

NellDarley: quick update

{{onesource|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Natrampalli block''' is a revenue block in the [[Tirupattur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a total of 26 panchayat villages.

==References==
* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Vellore district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=04|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025402/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=04|url-status=dead}}

{{Tirupathur district}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Revenue blocks of Tirupathur district]]

{{Vellore-geo-stub}}

Teeyan

2025-08-12T10:16:00Z

NellDarley: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Regional name for the Punjabi festival of Teej}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Teeyan
| official_name = Teeyan Da Teohar
| image = File:Giddha dance Teeyan Punjab Teej India 3.jpg
| caption = Women celebrating Teeyan in traditional Punjabi clothing
| type = Punjabi cultural
| longtype = Monsoon festival/seasonal
| nickname = Teej
| observedby = Punjabi Women
| begins = Third day of the month of Sawan
| ends = [[Full Moon]] in the month of Sawan
| date = July/August
| observances =
| celebrations = Boliyan, Giddha
}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Teeyan''' ({{langx|pa|ਤੀਆਂ}}), also known as Teeyan Da Teohar (trans: the festival of women) or [[Teej]], is a festival celebrated throughout [[Punjab]] which is dedicated to the onset of the [[monsoon]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C_lvAAAAMAAJ&q=onset+ Good Earth Punjab Travel Guide (2006)]</ref> and focuses on daughters<ref name="teeyandamela.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.teeyandamela.com/ |title=Home |website=teeyandamela.com}}</ref><ref>Savino, Natalie (03 09 2013) Leader: New cultural group Koonj-The Flock bringing migrants together for fun, theatre and dance [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/north/new-cultural-group-koonjthe-flock-bringing-migrants-together-for-fun-theatre-and-dance/story-fnglenug-1226707632938]</ref> sisters, and mothers.

==Celebration==
The festival is celebrated during the monsoon season from the third day of the lunar month of [[Sawan]] on the bright half, up to the full moon of Sawan (about 13 days), by women. Married women go to their maternal house to participate in the festivities.<ref name="autogenerated1">Alop Ho Raha Punjabi Virsa: Harkesh Singh KehalUnistar Books PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7142-869-X}}</ref> In the past, it was traditional for women to spend the whole month of Sawan with their parents.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>Rainuka Dagar (2002) Identifying and Controlling Female Foeticide and Infanticide in Punjab [https://books.google.com/books?id=1QfaAAAAMAAJ&q=precaution]</ref>

==Gifts==
Whether or not a married woman goes to her parents, brothers take a gift set to their sisters called a 'sandhara'. A sandhara includes a Punjabi Suit/[[sari]], [[laddoo]], [[bangle]]s, [[mehndi]] (henna) and a swing.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
<gallery>
File:Boondi laddoo.JPG|[[Laddu|Boondi laddoo]]
File:"Bangles..jpg|Bangles
File:Mehandi.jpg|[[Mehandi]]
File:Shalwar kameez Colours.jpg|[[Punjabi suit]]
File:Columpio.jpg|Swing
</gallery>

==Giddha and Swings==
[[File:Peengh.jpg|thumb|Peengh]]
The festival of Teeyan centers on girls and women getting together in the village green and tying swings to the trees. Devendra Satyarthi collected folk songs related to the month of Sawan sung during the festival of Teeyan which were first published in his book Giddha, in 1936. Satyarthi observed that the festival is inaugurated by women singing songs welcoming the monsoon season and hoping for bountiful rains.<ref>Giddha (2015) Satyarthi, Devendra (2015) reprint by Navyug</ref> The festival gathers momentum in the Teeyan [[Giddha]], which is performed to the singing of traditional [[Boliyan]] such as the one below.

[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]:
<blockquote>
''ਓੁੱਚੇ ਟਾਹਣੇ ਪੀਂਘ ਪਾ ਦੇ'' 
''ਜਿਥੇ ਆਪ ਹੁਲਾਰਾ ਆਵੇ'' <ref name="autogenerated1"/>
</blockquote>Romanization:<blockquote>
''Uchay tahne peeng pa de'' 
''jithey aap hulara aavey'' 
</blockquote>

Translation
<blockquote>
''Hang my swing from a high tree branch '' 
''where the swing moves by itself '' 
</blockquote>

In the past, the festival would last for as long as the girls wished ranging from a few days to four weeks. Girls would often gather to dance [[Giddha]] every day. The festival would close by the women performing the closing dance called 'Bhallho'. Bhallho or Ballo is performed by the women standing in two rows and dancing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h_wpAAAAYAAJ&q=ballo Yash Kohli The Women of Punjab 1983]</ref> This tradition of women getting together in villages has now become mostly extinct. Brar (2007) writing about his memories of the early twentieth century Punjab, recollects that fairs were organised for the Teeyan festivities.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&dq=popularity+of+teeyan&pg=PA326 East of Indus: My memories of old Punjab: Gurnam Singh Sidhu Brar]</ref>

<gallery>
File:Haryali Teej.jpg|Woman celebrating Teeyan
File:Gidha.jpg|Women singing Boliyan
File:Giddha dance Teeyan Punjab Teej India 2.jpg|Giddha dance
File:Teean 1.jpg|Teeyan Giddha
File:Giddha dance Teeyan Punjab Teej India.jpg|Women performing [[Kikkli]]
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Food==
The food traditionally associated at Teeyan is:
* [[Kheer]] ({{langx|pa|ਖੀਰ}}) is a rice pudding<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Puri (food)|Poorhi]] ({{langx|pa|ਪੂਰ੍ਹੀ}}) is a type fried bread<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Halva|Halwa]] ({{langx|pa|ਹਲਵਾ}})
* [[malpua|Malpura]]
* Gulgullay ({{langx|pa|ਗੁਲਗੁਲੇ}}) which are made from jaggery syrup mixed with wheat flour and then made into balls, and then fried<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
* Mandey ({{langx|pa|ਮੰਡੇ}}) are made of wheat floor but the dough is thin. The flat mandey bread is not rolled out using a rolling pin but stretched with the hands and then placed on the back of both hands before being put on the griddle to bake.<ref name="autogenerated2">Alop ho riha Punjabi virsa - bhag dooja by Harkesh Singh Kehal Unistar Book PVT Ltd {{ISBN|978-93-5017-532-3}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Punjab Da Halwa.jpg|Punjab da halwa
File:Malpua- Indian sweet-dish.JPG|Malpura sweet-dish
File:MalPua.JPG|Malpura
File:Gulgula.jpg|Gulgule
File:Kheer.jpg|Kheer
</gallery>

==Observance==
Punjabis consider Teeyan, also called Sawe, as a seasonal festival. It is celebrated especially in schools and colleges as the focus of the festival is often on young women.<ref>Punjabi Tribune (12.08.2024) accessed 18.08.2024[https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/doaba/in-colleges-female-students-celebrated-it-by-wearing-giddha/]</ref> In recent years, there has been a revival of the festival. Teeyan gatherings are being held in villages and cities alike. However, the current trend is to hire banqueting halls, disc jockeys and singers. Politicians and celebrities sometimes attend such gatherings.<ref>Punjab News (12.08.2024) accessed 18.08.2024[https://punjab.news18.com/news/punjab/at-dhuri-dr-gurpreet-kaur-maan-dr-baljit-kaur-and-mla-narinder-kaur-bharaz-attended-the-festival-ak-633936.html?agreed=5]</ref> In some cases, teeyan gatherings take place in the village's open land. Women in the Punjabi diaspora organise Teeyan gatherings which provide an opportunity for women to preserve the Punjabi culture.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Punjab, India}}
{{Punjabi fairs and festivals}}
{{Punjabi festivals}}
{{Commons category|Teeyan}}

[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi festivals]]

Saqifa

2025-08-09T12:03:44Z

NellDarley: typo fix

{{Short description|Meeting on the succession to Muhammad}}
{{Muhammad}}
The '''Saqifa''' ({{langx|ar|سَقِيفَة|translit=Saqīfah}}) of the [[Banu Sa'ida]] clan refers to the location of an event in early [[Islam]] where some of the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] pledged their allegiance to [[Abu Bakr]] as the first [[Caliphate|caliph]] and successor to Muhammad shortly after his death in 11 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (632 [[Common Era|CE]]). The Saqifa meeting is among the most controversial events in early Islam, due to the exclusion of a large number of Muhammad's companions, including his immediate family and notably [[Ali]], his cousin and son-in-law. The conflicts that arose soon after Muhammad's death are considered to be the main cause of the current division among Muslims. Those who accepted Abu Bakr's caliphate were later labeled [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], while the supporters of Ali's right to caliphate were later labeled [[Shia Islam|Shia]].

== Historiography ==
The [[Arabic]] word {{Transliteration|ar|saqifa}} denotes a covered communal place for conversation but the term is synonymous in historical texts with the specific meeting immediately after Muhammad's death in which his succession was debated.{{Sfn|Lecomte|2022}}

=== Biased reports ===
The earliest reports about the Saqifa affair were put into writing in the first half of the second century AH or later. By this time, the Muslim community was already firmly divided into Sunni and Shia camps. As a result, the reports of the Sunni [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|230/845}}), [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|279/892}}), and even [[al-Tabari]] ({{Died in|310/923}}) reflect the Sunni beliefs, while those authors with Shia sympathies favored their views, including [[Ibn Ishaq]] ({{Died in|151/768}}), [[Ya'qubi|al-Ya'qubi]] ({{Died in|284/897-8}}), and [[Al-Masudi|al-Mas'udi]] ({{Died in|345/956}}).{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=|pp=23, 32}} [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri]] thus emphasizes the need for surveying all reports to obtain a sound account of the event.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=23}}

For instance, Ibn Sa'd presents a highly polemic account of the Saqifa affair in his ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-kabir'',{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=29}} where Ali is absent in particular.{{Sfn|Lecomte|2022}} Jafri regards him as a pioneer of the Sunni "pious" technique,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=29}} which preserves only the best qualities of companions and suppresses any controversial reports.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=26}} Similarly, the late works of the Shia [[Shaykh Tabarsi|al-Tabarsi]] ({{Died in|548/1153}}) and [[Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi|al-Majlesi]] ({{Died in|1699}}) are polemic in nature with little historical value, claims Jafri.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=33}}

=== Centrality of Ibn Ishaq ===
The earliest report is that of Ibn Ishaq in his ''Sirat rasul Allah'', the recension of which by the Sunni [[Ibn Hisham]] ({{Died in|218/833}}) has reached us. Uncharacteristically, Ibn Hisham refrains from modifying Ibn Ishaq's account of the Saqifa affair, which is thus a report written by a Shia author and approved by a Sunni editor-critic.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=33}} Ibn Ishaq's account is the basis of the contemporary studies of Jafri and [[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]].{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=33}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=28}}

=== Other authors ===
In his [[Genealogies of the Nobles|''Ansab al-ashraf'']],{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=29}} the Sunni al-Baladhuri partly follows Ibn Sa'd's pious technique but also retains some of the controversial material about the Saqifa event in favor of Ali.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=31}} On the other hand, the contentious content in the work of the Shia al-Ya'qubi is often dismissed by later Sunni authors as fabricated, while Jafri views his work as a valuable collection of documents which survived the tendentious efforts of the Sunni majority historians, who largely suppressed or dismissed divergent views.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=32}} Madelung similarly believes that the Shia or Sunni partiality of a report alone does not imply its fabrication.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=20}} The account of the Saqifa meeting by al-Tabari is mostly balanced and unbiased, notes Jafri,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=33}} and the most detailed, writes [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub|Ayoub]] ({{Died in|2021}}).{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=15}}

=== Ibn Abbas ===
The main narrator of the Saqifa event is [[Ibn Abbas]] ({{Died in|68/687-8}}), Muhammad's cousin and an authority in [[Medina|Medina's]] scholarly circles. He witnessed the event himself and also received the first-hand account of his father Abbas, who was politically active then.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=25-6}} Madelung accepts the authenticity of Ibn Abbas' narration, noting that it reflects his characteristic view point.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=28}} The bulk of Ibn Abbas' narration concerns a Friday sermon by Umar in 23/644.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=28}} Though this is omitted from most Sunni reports, Madelung and Jafri are confident that the second caliph delivered the speech to discourage those who might have planned to back Ali's nomination as caliph after Umar.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=29}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=34-5}}

== Event ==
[[File:Abu bakr2.jpg|thumb|Vowing to Abu Bakr at the Saqifa, with Umar on the right. Persian miniature created circa 1595.]]
During Muhammad's lifetime, Muslims in Medina were divided into two groups: the [[Muhajirun]], who had converted to Islam in [[Mecca]] and migrated to [[Medina]] with Muhammad, and the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]], who were originally from Medina and had invited Muhammad to govern their city.{{Sfn|Hawa|2017|p=47}}

=== Ansar's meeting ===
In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, a gathering of the Ansar took place at the Saqifa ({{Lit|courtyard}}) of the Banu Sa'ida clan,{{Sfn|Walker|2014|p=3}} while his close relatives prepared for the burial.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=34}} The [[conventional wisdom]] is that the Ansar met there to decide on a new leader for the [[Ummah|Muslim community]] among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun. This is also what Umar stated in his speech.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=31}} The leading candidate was possibly [[Saʽd ibn ʽUbadah|Sa'd ibn Ubada]],{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=19}} a companion of Muhammad and a chief of the [[Banu Khazraj]], the majority tribe of the Ansar, who was sick on that day.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=30}}

For Madelung, the absence of the Muhajirun instead indicates that the Ansar met to re-establish their control over Medina under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=31}} Alternatively, Jafri suspects that the Ansar met preemptively because they were fearful of Meccan domination and possibly aware of their designs for leadership.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=35}}

=== Abu Bakr at the Saqifa ===
Among three available traditions, Jafri chooses the one that appears in nearly all of his sources, according to which the news of the Saqifa meeting reached Abu Bakr, Umar, and [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah|Abu Ubaida]] when they were most likely in the house of Abu Ubaida, possibly to discuss the leadership crisis.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=36}} [[Thomas Walker Arnold|Arnold]] and Jafri are confident that Abu Bakr and Umar had earlier planned or formed an alliance in anticipation of Muhammad's death,{{sfn|Arnold|2016|p=15}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}} while Madelung attributes the planning only to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=38-40}} In Ibn Ishaq's report, someone then informs Abu Bakr and Umar about the Saqifa meeting, "If you want to have command of the people, then take it before their [the Ansar's] action becomes serious."{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=34}} The two then rushed to the Saqifa, accompanied by Abu Ubaida, perhaps to prevent any unexpected development.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=36}} Some encouraged the three men not to do so but they pressed on anyway, reports Umar.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=30}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=36}}

Umar narrates that "the Muhajirun" joined Abu Bakr, and then Umar suggested they go to the Ansar gathered at the Saqifa. Madelung rejects this, noting that Abu Bakr, Umar, and Abu Ubaida were the only members of the Muhajirun in the Saqifa meeting, possibly accompanied by a few relatives and clients. For Madelung, the near absence of the Muhajirun at the Saqifa also explains why there are no other reports about the event, arguing that the Ansar must have been reluctant to recount their defeat later.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}}

=== Abu Bakr's remarks ===
Once there, Umar says he "realized that they [the Ansar] intended to cut us off from our root [i.e., the [[Quraysh]]] and to usurp the rule from us."{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=30}} Abu Bakr then rose and warned the Ansar that Arabs will not recognize the rule of anyone outside of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh. The Muhajirun, Abu Bakr argued, were the best of Arabs in lineage and location,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=37}} as quoted by Ibn Ishaq.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=34}} Abu Bakr also noted that the Muhajirun had accepted Islam earlier and were closer to Muhammad in kinship, adds al-Baladhuri.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=37}} The Quraysh's relation with Muhammad is also noted by al-Ya'qubi{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=37}} and al-Tabari,{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=17}} and also by the contemporary [[Moojan Momen|Momen]].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=18}} Madelung, however, considers it unlikely that Abu Bakr brought up the Quraysh's kinship with Muhammad as that would have invited questions about the rights of the [[Banu Hashim]], Muhammad's clan and his closest kin.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=37-8}}

Returning to Ibn Ishaq's account, Abu Bakr then reportedly invited the Ansar to choose Umar or Abu Ubaida as Muhammad's successor. Umar reports that he was displeased with this offer because he considered Abu Bakr to be more entitled to rulership than himself.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=37}} Madelung regards this as a manoeuvre by Abu Bakr to present himself as an acceptable alternative to Umar and Abu Ubaida for the Ansar, adding that Abu Ubaida lacked prominence while Umar had apparently just discredited himself before the meeting by publicly denying Muhammad's death.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=39}}

=== Violence at the Saqifa ===
Ibn Ishaq's account continues that [[Habab ibn Mundhir]], a veteran of the [[Battle of Badr]], countered Abu Bakr with the suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar should choose their separate rulers among themselves.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=31}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=38}} A heated argument then followed, reports Umar, until he asked Abu Bakr to stretch his hand and pledged allegiance to him. Others followed suit, he claims, adding that, "Then we jumped upon Sa'd until one of them called out: 'You killed Sa'd ibn Ubada.' I said, 'May God kill Sa'd.'"{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=31}}

The outburst of violence at the Saqifa indicates that a substantial number of the Ansar must have initially refused to follow Umar's lead, writes Madelung. Otherwise, he argues, there would have been no need to beat up their chief Sa'd ibn Ubada.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|page=33}} Sa'd remained defiant until his murder by a "[[jinn]]" during the reign of Umar,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=34-5}}{{Sfn|Lecomte|2022}} possibly at the instigation of the second caliph.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=35}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=15}}

== Ali ==

=== Absence from the Saqifa ===
Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law was preparing Muhammad's body for burial, alongside other close relatives, and was likely unaware of the ongoing Saqifa meeting.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=18}} Following Umar's pledge to Abu Bakr, the Saqifa account of the [[Kufa]]n [[Ibrahim al-Nakha'i|al-Nakha'i]] ({{Died in|96/714-15}}) adds, "But the Ansar, or some of them, said: 'We will not swear allegiance to anyone but Ali.'" [[Leone Caetani|Caetani]] dismisses this report because of its Shia coloring, while Madelung accepts it, noting that al-Nakha'i is not known for Shia sympathies and his account is otherwise distinctly Sunni.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=35}} Similarly, al-Ya'qubi writes that the Ansar al-Mundhir ibn Arqam interrupted the proceedings and nominated Ali for succession.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=37-8}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=14}} The contemporary Jafri,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=37-8}} Lalani,{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=3}} and Momen{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=18}} state that some advocated the case of Ali at the Saqifa.

Madelung is not certain whether the succession of Ali was discussed at the Saqifa but considers it likely,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=35}} commenting that the Ansar would have naturally turned to Ali because of their family ties with the prophet.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=36}}{{NoteTag|Wife of [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]], mother of [[Abd al-Muttalib]], was [[Salma bint Amr]] of the [[Khazraj]] tribe.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|page=36}}}} Umar in his sermon explained that they had pressed the Ansar for an immediate oath of allegiance at the Saqifa because, he claimed, they might have had otherwise elected one of their own to succeed Muhammad.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=33}} Referring to this claim, Madelung suggests that Umar was partly fearful that the Ansar would put forward the case of Ali among themselves.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=37}} This is also a proposal entertained by McHugo.{{Sfn|McHugo|2018|loc=§1.III}}

=== The case for Ali ===

==== {{Transliteration|ar|Shura}} ====
Madelung is of the view that a broad [[shura|{{Transliteration|ar|shura}}]], in which Ali was to be on option, would have led to the election of Ali. He suggests that the Ansar would have supported Ali because of their family ties with Muhammad.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=40}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=9}} Among the Muhajirun, the candidacy of Ali would have likely been supported by the powerful Abd Shams clan of the Quraysh because of their close ties with the Banu Hashim and despite their conflicts.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=40}} Their chief [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] indeed offered his support to Ali after the appointment of Abu Bakr,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=40-1}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022}} but was turned down by Ali who said he was concerned about the unity of the nascent Islam.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=40-1}} The joint support of the Ansar and Abd Shams would have carried Ali to the caliphate, conjectures Madelung. He adds that the straightforward logic of dynastic succession would have likely prevailed in a general {{Transliteration|ar|shura}} in favor of Ali''.''{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=41-2}} Some others similarly consider it likely that Ali would have been elected in a formal assembly.{{Sfn|McHugo|2018|loc=§1.III}}

==== Merits ====
In terms of merits, the same arguments that favored Abu Bakr over the Ansar (kinship, service to Islam, lineage, etc.) would have likely favored Ali over Abu Bakr,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=|p=39}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=19}} as often evoked by Shia authors in support of Ali's right to succession.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=19}} For Jafri, the Sunni arguments that justify Abu Bakr's caliphate on the basis that he led the prayer in Muhammad's final days reflect later theological developments. He also finds the related traditions to be confused and contradictory.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}} In the same vein, Lecomte writes that Muhammad respected Abu Bakr but considers the prayer story inconclusive because it does not formally relate to the political leadership of the community.{{Sfn|Lecomte|2022}} Shaban goes further and assigns no significance to the prayer story, saying that Muhammad had frequently delegated this task to others in the past.{{Sfn|Shaban|1976|p=16}}

==== Youth ====
A common argument by Sunni and Western scholars is that the young Ali, aged about thirty at the time,{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|pp=|p=118}} could have not been a serious candidate for the caliphate.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=42}}{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|p=117}} This is the view of [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|Veccia Vaglieri]],{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022}} [[Henri Lammens|Lammens]], and also Shaban,{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|pp=117-8}} who suggests that Ali was untried for the responsibility.{{Sfn|Shaban|1976|p=16}} In contrast, [[Reza Aslan|Aslan]] argues that Ali regularly took key responsibilities despite his youth when Muhammad was alive.{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|p=118}} Alternatively, Madelung argues that Ali's youth would have only mattered if there had been an agreement on the hereditary succession to Muhammad.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=42}}

==== In the Quran ====

Families of the past prophets are given a prominent role in the Quran.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=|p=8}} After the past prophets, their kin are selected by God as the spiritual and material heirs to the prophets in the Quran.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=|p=17}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=14-16}} Muhammad's family ([[Ahl al-Bayt]]) similarly enjoys an eminent position in the Quran.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=12–16}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=16}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=58, 64–66}} As such, insofar as the Quran reflects the views of Muhammad, Madelung argues that he could have not seen his succession differently from the past prophets or considered Abu Bakr as his natural successor.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=16-7}} Jafri develops a similar line of argument.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=14-22}} This is also the Shia view.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2022|p=81}}

=== Ali's views ===
[[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|370x370px|''The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm'' in a 14th-century copy of [[al-Biruni]]'s ''[[Chronology of Ancient Nations]]'']]
Veccia Vaglieri is uncertain whether Ali actually hoped to succeed Muhammad because he made no effort in Sunni sources to seize the rule, despite being advised to do so by Abbas and Abu Sufyan.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022}} Alternatively, Ayoub describes the mild opposition of Ali in Sunni sources as apologetic.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=24}} He and some others maintain that Ali viewed himself as the most qualified person to lead the Muslim community after Muhammad by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad.{{sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=24|pp=}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=141, 253}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=113-4}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=62}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2022|p=79}} These authors argue that Ali eventually relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam in crisis when it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support his cause.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=|pp=44-5}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=19-20}} Had the Muslim community favored Ali, Madelung suggests, he would have no longer considered the caliphate just as his right, but also as his duty.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}} Indeed, in speeches and letters attributed to Ali, it is repeatedly emphasized that the leadership of the Muslim community is the prerogative of the family of Muhammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt]]).{{Sfn|Daftary|2014|p=27}}

Mavani, Madelung, and [[Reza Shah-Kazemi|Shah-Kazemi]] add that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad through a divine decree at the [[Ghadir Khumm]].{{sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=114, 117}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=253}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2022|p=79}} Ayoub disagrees,{{sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=9}} but concedes that Ali and some others indeed considered him as the most qualified to lead.{{sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=|pp=9, 24}} To support his claims, Madelung cites a Sunni statement attributed to Ali when he pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr after a long delay.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}} He also notes that Ali publicly referred to the Ghadir Khumm after his ascension to the caliphate in 656.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=253}} Mavani similarly cites some Sunni and Shia reports,{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=113-5, 131-2}} including the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} Another report by al-Tabari indicates that Ali again publicly excluded the practices of Abu Bakr and Umar from the [[Sunnah|Sunna]] (of Muhammad) when his supporters pledged their allegiance to him in [[Kufa]].{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=252-3}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2018|p=62}}

Madelung holds that Ali's views about succession mostly match the Shia beliefs today,{{Sfn|Madelung|2022}} and Lalani and [[Farhad Daftary|Daftary]] have similar opinions,{{Sfn|Lalani|2006|p=590}}{{Sfn|Daftary|2014|p=27}} whereas Veccia Vaglieri considers Shia beliefs to be fabricated because Ali "showed no inclination to legitimism."{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022}} By contrast, some others detail the public opposition of Ali to the appointment of Abu Bakr at the Saqifa.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=10}} Even though Ali most likely did not give up his claims to the caliphate, it seems that he accepted the first three caliphs as administrators and rulers.{{Sfn|Keaney|2021|p=136}} Indeed, Madelung highlights some Sunni hadiths, according to which Ali praised Abu Bakr and Umar,{{Sfn|Madelung|2022}} while some others note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad,{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2022|p=78}}{{Sfn|Lucas|2004|p=255-84}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=120}} particularly about the Saqifa affair.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=39}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=43}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=83}} In {{Transliteration|ar|Waq'at Siffin}} and some other early Shia sources, Ali contrasts the corruption of the third caliph, [[Uthman]], with the political leadership of Abu Bakr and Umar, even though he rejects their religious legitimacy.{{Sfn|Dakake|2008|p=260}} A related example is the account of the negotiations before the [[Battle of Siffin]] (657) by Ibn Muzahim ({{Died in|827-8}}), which quotes Ali as saying that Abu Bakr and Umar had governed justly, even though they had assumed the caliphate wrongfully.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=113}} Mavani and [[Maria Massi Dakake|Maria M. Dakake]] suggest that Ali viewed the succession of Abu Bakr as a digression which turned into a full-blown deviation with the rebellion of Mu'awiya during his own caliphate.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=114}}{{Sfn|Dakake|2008|p=50}} This is also the Shia view, as represented by the Shia jurist [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] ({{Died in|1989}}).{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=204n8}}

== Tribal politics ==

=== Banu Aws ===
A question can be raised as to what enabled a handful of the Muhajirun to force their will upon the Ansar at the Saqifa. Ibn Ishaq and Caetani attribute this to an earlier collusion between the Muhajirun and the [[Banu Aws]], the rival tribe of the Banu Khazraj among the Ansar. Madelung rejects this as unlikely but suggests that [[Usaid Bin Hudair|Usaid ibn Hudair]], a chief of the Banu Aws, must have backed Abu Bakr at the Saqifa and carried with him the majority of the Aws,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=33}} as also apparent from a related report by al-Tabari.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}} Jafri likewise suggests that the deep-rooted enmity between the minority Banu Aws and the majority Banu Khazraj made it preferable for the former to instead submit to the Qurayshite rule.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=38-9}} Momen has a similar opinion,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=19}} and Ayoub regards the rivalry between the Banu Khazraj and the Banu Aws as the decisive factor in the appointment of Abu Bakr,{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=23}} who reportedly reminded the Ansar about this rivalry in the Saqifa account of the Sunni [[al-Jahiz]] ({{Died in|869}}), thus rekindling their pre-Islamic conflict, according to Ayoub.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|pp=11-2}}

=== Banu Khazraj ===
The position of the Banu Khazraj was further weakened by internal rivalries, particularly between their chief Sa'd ibn Ubada and his cousin Bashr ibn Sa'd. The latter was among the first to break ranks and support Abu Bakr.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=33-4}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}} Once an agreement over Abu Bakr was nearly reached, Jafri believes that the Khazraj found it unwise to lag behind and risk losing favor with the new ruler.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}}

=== Banu Taym ===
Jafri suggests that the rivalries among the larger clans within the Muhajirun made it easier for them to accept the rule of Abu Bakr, who belonged to the small clan of [[Banu Taym]].{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=38}}

=== Banu Aslam ===
Madelung and Caetani both hold that a decisive factor for Abu Bakr was the timely arrival of the [[Banu Aslam]] tribe in Medina with great numbers that filled the streets of Medina. The Banu Aslam tribe were known for their hostility towards the Ansar and readily supported Abu Bakr's bid for power. Umar would often point out, "It was only when I saw the Banu Aslam that I became certain of [our] victory." It is not known today whether this happened by chance or the Banu Aslam were tipped off about the Ansar's ambitions.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=34}}

=== Banu Hashim ===

==== Jealousy ====
Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, and particularly his notable uncle Abbas supported the succession of Ali.{{Sfn|Lecomte|2022}}{{Sfn|Shu'ayb|2013|p=524}} Aslan suggests that the exclusion of Ali from the Saqifa affair was deliberate and reflected the fear among the Quraysh that combining the prophethood and the caliphate in the Banu Hashim would have made them too powerful.{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|pp=118-9}} A conversation to this effect between the Hashemite [[Ibn Abbas]] and Umar is cited by Momen and Madelung.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=19}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=40}} The former author voices a similar view to Aslan,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=18-9}} while the latter acknowledges the "jealousy of the Quraysh,"{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=68}} but believes that the simple logic of dynastic succession would have nevertheless prevailed in a broad {{Transliteration|ar|shura}} in favor of Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=41-2}} For Keaney, the Meccan elite were concerned that Ali's caliphate would have kept the future leadership of the community out of their hands and within the Banu Hashim.{{sfn|Keaney|2021|loc=§3.1}}

==== Hereditary succession ====
Lammens believes that Arabs disliked hereditary leadership while Madelung limits this attitude to [[Bedouin]] Arabs. Among the Quraysh, he argues, hereditary leadership was not uncommon, reflecting their belief that noble qualities were inherited. This view is echoed by Aslan.{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|p=118}} [[Asma Afsaruddin|Afsaruddin]] and [[Moshe Sharon|Sharon]] maintain that kinship was not a factor in early Islam whereas [[Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi|Amir-Moezzi]] and Mavani have challenged this point.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=34}}{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|2013|p=185}} In particular, Mavani writes that tribal values were deeply entrenched in the Arab society of that time, according to which kinship and noble lineage were the primary marks of identity and source of authority.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=34}} Keaney believes that leadership was hereditary in the traditional Arab society and something that ran in families in a broad sense of the word.{{Sfn|Keaney|2021|loc=§3.1}} [[Bernard Lewis|Lewis]] ({{Died in|2018}}) says that the Arab tradition was to choose the {{Transliteration|ar|[[sheikh]]}} from a single family. However, Ali was Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law which, he claims, carries little weight.{{sfn|Lewis|1968|p=50}}

== {{Transliteration|ar|Falta}} ==
Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham narrate that Umar in his speech famously said, "The oath of allegiance for Abu Bakr was a {{Transliteration|ar|falta}} [i.e., a precipitate and ill-considered deal],{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=22}} but God averted the evil of it."{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=30}} Alternatively, the Sunni al-Baladhuri quotes Umar in his ''Ansab'' as saying, "By God, the oath of allegiance for Abu Bakr was no {{Transliteration|ar|falta}}," adding that Muhammad had already designated Abu Bakr as his successor. In another narration by al-Baladhuri, Umar calls it a lie that the Saqifa affair was a {{Transliteration|ar|falta}}. Madelung rejects both of the reports by al-Baladhuri as highly unlikely.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=30}}

=== Legitimacy ===
Madelung suspects that Umar considered the Saqifa affair a {{Transliteration|ar|falta}} because it excluded from decision making the majority of the Muhajirun and particularly Muhammad's kin, whose participation was vital for a legitimate outcome.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=33}} Possibly because of its questionable legal authority, Umar also warned Muslims in his speech against ever following the example of Saqifa.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=2}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=41}} Similar concerns are raised by [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]] and Momen.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=93}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=19}} Walker adds that Muhammad's relatives were disgruntled by Abu Bakr's hasty appointment which denied them a voice in the matter.{{Sfn|Walker|2014|p=3}}

Jafri notes the prominence of Abu Bakr but comments that his appointment was the decision of a group of companions, hastily forced upon others, and its success was due to the delicate group conflicts in Medina.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}} Some contemporary authors have further criticized the Saqifa affair as a "backroom deal" and a "coup" which was heavily influenced by the pre-Islamic tribal politics.{{Sfn|Walker|2014|p=3}}{{Sfn|Gross|2012|p=58}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=18-9}}{{Sfn|Cooperson|2000|p=25}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=56}}{{Sfn|Lewis|1968|p=51}} The evil of the ''{{Transliteration|ar|falta}}'' which, Umar thought, had been averted by God would erupt later in the form of the [[First Fitna]], suggests Madelung.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=147}}

==Consolidation==
Umar in his sermon asserted that "the necks of all Muslims were stretched [in obedience] for Abu Bakr," though Madelung considers it more likely that his authority was highly precarious at first.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}} After the Saqifa meeting, Abu Bakr reportedly headed to the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]]{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} and gave his inaugural speech there.{{Sfn|Lecomte|2022}} Abbas and [[Lesley Hazleton|Hazleton]] comment that Muhammad was already buried by this time,{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}}{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=65}} with the exclusion of Abu Bakr from the funeral rites.{{Sfn|McHugo|2018|p=41}} With the help of the Banu Aslam and Banu Aws tribes, Umar is then said to have dominated the streets to secure the pledges of allegiance from the Medinans, according to Madelung.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}} In chronological order, Abu Bakr obtained the backing of [[Uthman]] and of the [[Umayyad dynasty|Banu Umayyad]], of Sa'd and [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], of the [[Banu Zuhrah|Banu Zuhra]], of [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]], and finally of Ali.{{Sfn|Lecomte|2022}}

=== Ali's opposition ===
Al-Baladhuri reports that the Banu Hashim and some companions gathered at Ali's house after learning about the appointment of Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=31-2}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} Among them were Muhammad's uncle Abbas and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam|Zubayr]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} These protesters held that Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad,{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at [[Event of Ghadir Khumm|Ghadir Khumm]].{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} [[Miqdad ibn Aswad|Miqdad]], [[Salman the Persian|Salman]], [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari|Abu Dharr]], [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Talha]] were also among the companions who supported Ali's cause.{{Sfn|Steigerwald|2004|p=35}}

==== Threats against Ali ====
Abu Bakr is said to have tasked Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} As noted by al-Tabari,'''{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}}''' the latter then led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.'''{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{sfn|Cortese|Calderini|2006|p=8}}''' The scene soon grew violent,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=41}} but the mob retreated without Ali's pledge after his wife [[Fatimah|Fatima]] pleaded with them,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} as reported in the Sunni ''[[Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa|al-Imama wa al-siyasa]].{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=34}}'' Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=84|pp=}} In contrast, the canonical ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died sometime later.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=86}}

==== Boycott of Ali ====
Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and also on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43-4}} As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, as related in a Sunni hadith attributed to [[Aisha]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43-4}} Those who initially supported Ali gradually turned away and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, adds Jafri.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=40-1}} At the same time, Ali turned down proposals to advance his claims by force,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=44}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022}} possibly for the unity of a nascent Islam.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=19-20}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=44-5}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=24}}

==== Attack on Ali's house and his pledge ====
While there is considerable uncertainty about the events,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=|p=43}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=40-1}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} Ali most likely did not pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr until his wife Fatima died within six months of her father Muhammad, as reported by some canonical Sunni works.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=86}} In Shia sources, the death (and miscarriage) of the young Fatima are attributed to an [[Attack on Fatima's house|attack on her house]] to subdue Ali at the order of Abu Bakr.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} Sunnis categorically reject these allegations.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} After Fatima's death and in the absence of popular support, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=44}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=19, 20}} which was facing internal and external threats, according to Mavani.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} In contrast with Muhammad's lifetime,{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman,{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}} which has been interpreted as a silent censure of the first three caliphs.{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} While he reputedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters,{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with the two caliphs is well-documented,{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=42, 52–54, 213-4}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}} but largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2022|p=78}} Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} In contrast, Shias tend to view Ali's pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency or {{Transliteration|ar|[[taqiya]]}},{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2022|p=81}} thus rejecting that Ali ever pledged.{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=22}} The charge that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr under duress appears also in [[Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa|''al-Imama wa al-siyasa'']],{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=20}} sometimes attributed to [[Ibn Qutaybah]] ({{Died in|889}}) but possibly written by another Sunni author in the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] era.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=17}} These conflicts after Muhammad's death are considered as the roots of the current division among Muslims.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=23}} Those who accepted Abu Bakr's caliphate were later labeled Sunnis, while the supporters of Ali's right to caliphate went on to form the Shia.{{Sfn|Badie|2017|p=3}}

==See also==
* [[Succession to Muhammad]]
*[[List of Sahabah who did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr]]
* [[Attack on Fatima's house]]

== Notes ==
{{notefoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Sources ==
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* {{cite book|title=The Arabs in History|author-first=Bernard | author-last= Lewis|publisher=Hutchinson & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000lewi/mode/|year=1968}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-first=I.K.|author-last= Poonawala|title=ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB I. Life|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition|year= 1982|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author1-last=Nasr|author1-first= Seyyed Hossein|author2-last= Afsaruddin|author2-first= Asma|title=ʿAlī|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Britannica|year= 2021|url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph}}
* {{cite book|title=The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam|author-first=Mahmoud M.|author-last= Ayoub|publisher=Oneworld Publications|year= 2014|isbn= 9781780746746|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|last = Dakake|first = Maria Massi|title = The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam|publisher = SUNY Press|year = 2008|isbn = 978-0-7914-7033-6}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Shi'i Islam|author-first=Farhad|author-last=Daftary|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2014|isbn= 9781780768410|url=https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=S.M.H. |url=https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |translator-first=S.H. |translator-last=Nasr |translator-link= |year=1975 |isbn=0873953908 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |url-access=registration}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{citation|last1=Ibn Hisham|authorlink1=Ibn Hisham|last2=Ibn Ishaq|authorlink2=Ibn Ishaq|translator=Alfred Guillaume|translator-link=Alfred Guillaume|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad|year=1955|publisher=Oxford University Press}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:7th-century Islam]]
[[Category:632]]

2019 elections in India

2025-07-31T22:21:04Z

NellDarley: correct citations as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2018 elections in India
| previous_year = 2018
| election_date = 2019
| next_election = 2020 elections in India
| next_year = 2020
}}
The elections held in [[India]] in 2019 includes [[2019 Indian general election|the general election]], by-elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], elections to 7 [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assemblies]] and numerous other by-elections to state legislative assemblies, councils and local bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209063033/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==General Elections==
{{main|2019 Indian General election}}[[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|200x200px]]
'''General elections''' were held in [[India]] in April to May 2019 to constitute the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. The BJP-led NDA won the elections.

The phase-wise schedule, the number of seats in each phase and their State-wise break-up:

'''Phase 1, 11 April'''
91 seats, 20 states

A.P. (all 25), Arunachal Pradesh (2), Assam (5), Bihar (4), Chhattisgarh (1) J&K (2), Maharashtra (7), Manipur (1), Meghalaya (2), Mizoram (1), Nagaland (1), Odisha (4), Sikkim (1), Telangana (17), Tripura (1), U.P. (8), Uttarakhand (5), W.B. (2), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1), Lakshadweep (1)

'''Phase 2, 18 April'''
97 seats, 13 states

Assam (5), Bihar (5), Chhattisgarh (3), J&K (2), Karnataka (14) Maharashtra (10), Manipur (1), Odisha (5), Tamil Nadu. (all 39), Tripura (1), U.P. (8), West Bengal (3), Puducherry (1)

'''Phase 3, 23 April'''
115 seats, 14 states

Assam (4), Bihar (5), Chhattisgarh (7), Gujarat (all 26), Goa (all 2), J&K (1), Karnataka (14), Kerala (all 20), Maharashtra (14), Odisha (6), U.P. (10), West Bengal (5), Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1), Daman and Diu (1)

'''Phase 4, 29 April'''
71 seats, 9 states

Bihar (5), J&K (1), Jharkhand (3), M.P. (6), Maharashtra (17), Odisha (6), Rajasthan (13), U.P. (13), West Bengal (8)

'''Phase 5, 6 May'''
51 seats, 7 states

Bihar (5), Jharkhand (4), J&K (2), M.P. (7), Rajasthan (12), U.P. (14), West Bengal (7)

'''Phase 6, 12 May'''
59 seats, 7 states

Bihar (8), Haryana (10), Jharkhand (4), M.P. (8), U.P. (14), West Bengal (8), NCR (all 7)

'''Phase 7, 19 May'''
59 seats, 8 states

Bihar (8), Jharkhand (3), M.P. (8), Punjab (all 13), West Bengal (9), Chandigarh (1), U.P. (13), Himachal Pradesh (all 4)

Date of counting: '''May 23'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Country
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Prime Minister before election
! Colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Prime Minister
|- style="text-align:center;"
| April to May 2019
| [[2019 Indian general election|India]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]

| [[Narendra Modi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]

| [[Narendra Modi]]
|}

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Remarks
|-
!1
|rowspan="2" |21 October 2019
|[[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Ram Chandra Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|[[Prince Raj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|Death of [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-21 |title=LJP MP Ram Chandra Paswan passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ljp-mp-ram-chandra-paswan-passes-away/article28627699.ece |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Shriniwas Patil|Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Resignation by [[Udayanraje Bhosale]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-15 |title=Udayanraje resigns as MP, joins BJP in presence of Fadnavis, Amit Shah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udayanraje-resigns-as-mp-joins-bjp-in-presence-of-fadnavis-amit-shah-5996123/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Legislative assembly elections ==
[[File:2019 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|300px|2019 Indian Election Result Map]]

Assembly elections of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim, were held simultaneously with the [[2019 Indian general election|general elections]]

Legislative assembly elections of Haryana, Maharashtra held on 21 October 2019.

Legislative assembly elections of Jharkhand were held between 30 November to 20 December.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 11 April 2019
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |11 April 2019
| rowspan="2" |[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pema Khandu]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pema Khandu]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 11, 18, 23, 29 April 2019
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 11 April 2019
|[[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}" |
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}" |
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 21 October 2019
| rowspan="2" |[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
|rowspan="2"width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jannayak Janata Party}}" |
|[[Jannayak Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" | 21 October 2019
| rowspan="3" |[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-shiv-sena-formally-joins-maharashtra-government-229990-2014-12-05|title=Shiv Sena formally joins BJP government in Maharashtra|date=5 December 2014|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 30 November; 7, 12, 16, 20 December 2019
| rowspan="2" |[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghubar Das]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hemant Soren]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|-
|}

== Assembly By-elections ==
===[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|21 October 2019
|[[Khonsa West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khonsa West]]
|[[Tirong Aboh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|[[Chakat Aboh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

===[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="4" |21 October 2019
|[[Ratabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratabari]]
|[[Kripanath Mallah]]
|rowspan="3"width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Bijoy Malakar]]
|rowspan="3"width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]]
|[[Pallab Lochan Das]]
|[[Rajen Borthakur]]
|-
!3
|[[Sonari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonari]]
|[[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]
|[[Nabanita Handique]]
|-
!4
|[[Jania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jania]]
|[[Abdul Khaleque]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Rafiqul Islam (Indian politician)|Rafiqul Islam]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}"|
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|-
|}

===[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|11 April 2019
|[[Nawada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nawada]]
|Rajballabh Prasad
|rowspan="2"width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[Kaushal Yadav (politician)|Kaushal Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
!2
|19 May 2019
|[[Dehri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehri]]
|Mohd. Iliyas Hussain
|[[Satyanarayan Singh (BJP politician)|Satyanarayan Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
| rowspan="5" |21 October 2019
|[[Simri Bakhtiarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simri Bakhtiarpur]]
|[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|rowspan="4"width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| rowspan="4" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Zafar Alam (Bihar politician)|Zafar Alam]]
|rowspan="2"width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
!4
|[[Belhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belhar]]
|[[Giridhari Yadav]]
|[[Ramdeo Yadav]]
|-
!5
|[[Daraunda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daraunda]]
|[[Kavita Singh (politician)|Kavita Singh]]
|Karnjeet Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!6
|[[Nathnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nathnagar]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
|[[Lakshmikant Mandal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
!7
|[[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
|[[Mohammad Jawed]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Qamrul Hoda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|-
|}

===[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|23 September 2019
|Dantewada
|[[Bhima Mandavi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Devati Karma]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|21 October 2019
|Chitrakot
|[[Deepak Baij]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Rajman Venjam
|-
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="4" |23 April 2019
|[[Dhrangadhra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharangadhra]]
|[[Parsottam Ukabhai Sabariya]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="6"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Parsottam Ukabhai Sabariya]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Jamnagar Gramya|Jamnagar Rural]]
|[[Vallabh Dharaviya]]
|[[Raghavji Patel]]
|-
!3
|[[Manavadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manavadar]]
|[[Jawaharbhai Chavda]]
|[[Jawaharbhai Chavda]]
|-
!4
|[[Unjha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Unjha]]
|[[Asha Patel]]
|[[Asha Patel]]
|-
!5
| rowspan="6" |21 October 2019
|[[Radhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Radhanpur]]
|[[Alpesh Thakor]]
|Raghubhai Merajbhai Desai
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!6
|[[Bayad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bayad]]
|[[Dhavalsinh Zala]]
|Jashubhai Shivabhai Patel
|-
!7
|[[Tharad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tharad]]
|[[Parbatbhai Patel]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Gulabsinh Pirabhai Rajput
|-
!8
|[[Kheralu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kheralu]]
|[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi]]
|[[Ajmalji Valaji Thakor]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!9
|[[Amraiwadi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amraiwadi]]
|[[Hasmukh Patel (politician)|Hasmukhbhai Patel]]
|[[Jagdish Ishwarbhai Patel]]
|-
!10
|[[Lunawada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lunawada]]
|[[Ratansinh Rathod]]
|bgcolor=#939393|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[Jigneshkumar Sevak]]

|}

=== [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="3" |23 April 2019
|[[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]]
|[[Dayanand Sopte]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Dayanand Sopte]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Siroda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siroda]]
|[[Subhash Shirodkar]]
|[[Subhash Shirodkar]]
|-
!3
|[[Mapusa (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mapusa]]
|[[Francis Dsouza]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Joshua D'Souza]]
|-
!4
|19 May 2019
|[[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
|[[Manohar Parrikar]]
|[[Atanasio Monserrate]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before elections

! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|28 January 2019
|[[Jind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jind]]
|[[Hari Chand Middha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|[[Krishan Lal Middha]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |21 October 2019
|[[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala]]
|[[Kishan Kapoor]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Vishal Nehria]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Pachhad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pachhad]]
|[[Suresh Kumar (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Suresh Kumar]]
|[[Reena Kashyap]]
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{{Main|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |23 April 2019
|[[Kundgol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kundgol]]
|[[C. S. Shivalli|Channabasappa Satyappa Shivalli]]
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="11" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kusumavati Channabasappa Shivalli]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 2
|[[Chincholi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chincholi]]
|[[Umesh. G. Jadhav]]
|[[Avinash Jadhav|Avinash Umesh Jadhav]]
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
| rowspan="15" |[[2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-elections|5 December 2019]]
|[[Athani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Athani]]
|[[Mahesh Kumathalli]]
|[[Mahesh Kumathalli]]
|-
!4
|[[Kagwad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kagwad]]
|[[Shrimant Balasaheb Patil]]
| [[Shrimant Balasaheb Patil]]
|-
!5
|[[Gokak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gokak]]
|[[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]
| [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]
|-
!6
|[[Yellapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yellapur]]
| [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]]
| [[Arbail Shivaram Hebbar]]
|-
!7
|[[Hirekerur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hirekerur]]
|[[B. C. Patil]]
| [[B. C. Patil]]
|-
!8
|[[Vijayanagara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vijayanagara]]
|[[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
| [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
|-
!9
|[[Chikkaballapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chikkaballapur]]
|Dr. [[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
| Dr. [[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|-
!10
|[[K.R. Puram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|K.R. Puram]]
| [[Byrati Basavaraj]]
| [[Byrati Basavaraj]]
|-
!11
|[[Yeshvanthapura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yeshvanthapura]]
| [[S. T. Somashekhar]]
| [[S. T. Somashekhar]]
|-
!12
|Ranibennur
| [[R. Shankar (politician)|R. Shankar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party}}" |
|[[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]]
| [[Arun Kumar Guththur]]
|-
!13
|[[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[K. Gopalaiah]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| [[K. Gopalaiah]]
|-
!14
|Krishnarajpet
| [[Narayana Gowda]]
| [[Narayana Gowda]]
|-
!15
|Hunsur
|[[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
| H. P. Manjunath
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!16
|[[Shivajinagar (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shivajinagar]]
| [[R. Roshan Baig]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Rizwan Arshad]]
|-
!17
|[[Hosakote (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hosakote]]
| [[M. T. B. Nagaraju]]
| [[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]

|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===

{{main|2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|23 September 2019
|[[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]]
|[[K. M. Mani]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}" |
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]]
|[[Mani C. Kappan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!2
| rowspan="5" |21 October 2019
|[[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]]
|[[P. B. Abdul Razak]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|[[M. C. Kamaruddin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
!3
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|[[A. M. Ariff]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Shanimol Usman]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!4
|[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
|[[Hibi Eden]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[T. J. Vinod]]
|-
!5
|[[Konni (State Assembly constituency)|Konni]]
|[[Adoor Prakash]]
|[[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
!6
|[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
|[[K. Muraleedharan]]
|[[V. K. Prasanth]]

|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|29 April 2019
|[[Chhindwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
|Deepak Saxena
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kamal Nath]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|21 October 2019
|[[Jhabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]]
|[[Guman Singh Damor]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Kantilal Bhuria]]
|}

=== [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|11 April 2019
|[[Selsella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Selsella]]
|Clement Marak
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Ferlin C. A. Sangma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
!2
|21 October 2019
|[[Shella (Assembly constituency)|Shella]]
|[[Donkupar Roy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|[[Balajied Kupar Synrem]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|}

=== [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|11 April 2019
|[[Aizawl West I (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aizawl West I]]
|[[Lalduhawma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|[[Zothantluanga]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|11 April 2019
|[[Aonglenden (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aonglenden]]
|[[Imtikumzuk Longkumer]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|[[Sharingain Longkumer]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|21 October 2019
|[[Bijepur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijepur]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[Rita Sahu]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|18 April 2019
|[[Thattanchavady (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Thattanchavady]]
|[[Ashok Anand]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}"|
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|[[K. Venkatesan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
!2
|21 October 2019
|[[Kamaraj Nagar (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Kamraj Nagar]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[A. Johnkumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="4" |21 October 2019
|[[Phagwara Assembly Constituency|Phagwara]]
|[[Som Parkash]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Mukerian Assembly Constituency|Mukerian]]
|[[Rajnish Kumar (politician)|Rajnish Kumar Babbi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Indu Bala
|-
!3
|[[Jalalabad (Punjab Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]]
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|Raminder Singh Awla
|-
!4
|[[Dakha Assembly Constituency|Dakha]]
|[[H. S. Phoolka|Harvinder Singh Phoolka]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |21 October 2019
|[[Mandawa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandawa]]
|[[Narendra Kumar (politician)|Narendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Rita Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Khinvsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khinwsar]]
|[[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
|[[Narayan Beniwal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
|}

=== [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="3" |21 October 2019
|[[Poklok-Kamrang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poklok-Kamrang]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}"|
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|-
!2
|[[Martam-Rumtek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Martam-Rumtek]]
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|
|[[Sonam Venchungpa]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
|[[Gangtok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gangtok]]
|[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}"|
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|[[Yong Tshering Lepcha]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] ===
{{main|2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="18" |18 April 2019
|[[Tiruvarur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvarur]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]]
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
!2
|Ambur
|[[R. Balasubramani]]
| rowspan="21" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| rowspan="21" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[A. C. Vilwanathan]]
|-
!3
|[[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]
|[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
|[[A. Maharajan]]
|-
!4
|[[Gudiyatham (state assembly constituency)|Gudiyattam]]
|[[C. Jayanthi Padmanabhan]]
|[[S. Kathavarayan]]
|-
!5
|[[Hosur (state assembly constituency)|Hosur]]
|[[P. Balakrishna Reddy]]
|[[S. A. Sathya]]
|-
!6
|[[Perambur (state assembly constituency)|Perambur]]
|[[P. Vetrivel]]
|[[R. D. Sekar]]
|-
!7
|[[Periyakulam (state assembly constituency)|Periyakulam]]
|[[K. Kathirkamu]]
|[[S. Saravana Kumar]]
|-
!8
|[[Poonamallee (state assembly constituency)|Poonamallee]]
|[[T. A. Elumalai]]
|[[A. Krishnaswamy]]
|-
!9
|[[Thanjavur (state assembly constituency)|Thanjavur]]
|[[M. Rangaswamy]]
|[[T. K. G. Neelamegam]]
|-
!10
|[[Tirupporur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruporur]]
|[[M. Kothandapani]]
|[[L. Idhayavarman]]
|-
!11
|[[Harur (state assembly constituency)|Harur]]
|[[R. Murugan]]
|[[V. Sampathkumar]]
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| rowspan="9" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
!12
|[[Manamadurai (state assembly constituency)|Manamadurai]]
|[[S. Mariappankennady]]
|[[S. Nagarajan (politician)|S. Nagarajan]]
|-
!13
|[[Nilakottai (state assembly constituency)|Nilakottai]]
|[[R. Thangathurai]]
|[[S. Thenmozhi]]
|-
!14
|[[Pappireddipatti (state assembly constituency)|Pappireddyppatti]]
|[[P. Palaniappan]]
|[[A. Govindasamy]]
|-
!15
|[[Paramakudi (state assembly constituency)|Paramakudi]]
|[[S. Muthiah (MLA)|S. Muthiah]]
|[[N. Sadhan Prabhakar]]
|-
!16
|[[Sattur (state assembly constituency)|Sattur]]
|[[S. G. Subramanian]]
|[[M. S. R. Rajavarman]]
|-
!17
|[[Sholinghur (state assembly constituency)|Sholinghur]]
|[[N. G. Parthiban]]
|[[G. Sampathu]]
|-
!18
|[[Vilathikulam (state assembly constituency)|Vilathikulam]]
|[[K. Uma Maheswari Reddiar]]
|[[P. Chinnappan|P. Chinnappa Reddiar]]
|-
!19
| rowspan="4" |19 May 2019
|[[Sulur (state assembly constituency)|Sulur]]
|[[R. Kanagaraj]]
|P. Kandasamy
|-
!20
|[[Aravakurichi (state assembly constituency)|Aravakurichi]]
|[[V. Senthil Balaji]]
|[[V. Senthil Balaji]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
!21
|[[Ottapidaram (state assembly constituency)|Ottapidaram]]
|[[R. Sundararaj]]
|C. Shunmugaiah
|-
!22
|[[Thirupparankundram (state assembly constituency)|Tirupparankundram]]
|[[A. K. Bose]]
|[[P. Saravanan]]
|-
!23
| rowspan="2" |21 October 2019
|[[Vikravandi (state assembly constituency)|Vikravandi]]
|[[K. Rathamani]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[R. Muthamilselvan]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
!24
|[[Nanguneri (state assembly constituency)|Nanguneri]]
|[[H. Vasanthakumar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[V. Narayanan (politician)|V. Narayanan]]
|}

=== [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|21 October 2019
|[[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar]]
|[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy|N.Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|}

=== [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|23 September 2019
|[[Badharghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badharghat]]
|[[Dilip Sarkar (Tripura politician)|Dilip Sarkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Mimi Majumder]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|29 April 2019
|[[Nighasan (Assembly constituency)|Nighasan]]
|[[Patel Ramkumar Verma]]
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="11" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Shashank Verma]]
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|19 May 2019
|[[Agra North (Assembly constituency)|Agra North]]
|[[Jagan Prasad Garg]]
|[[Purshottam Khandelwal]]
|-
!3
|23 September 2019
|[[Hamirpur (Assembly constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel]]
|[[Yuvraj Singh (politician)|Yuvraj Singh]]
|-
!4
| rowspan="11" |21 October 2019
|[[Gangoh (Assembly constituency)|Gangoh]]
|[[Pradeep Choudhary]]
|[[Kirat Singh (Politician)|Kirat Singh]]
|-
!5
|[[Iglas (Assembly constituency)|Iglas]]
|[[Rajvir Singh Diler]]
|[[Rajkumar Sahyogi]]
|-
!6
|[[Lucknow Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Cantt]]
|[[Rita Bahuguna Joshi|Dr. Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|[[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|-
!7
|[[Govind Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Govindnagar]]
|[[Satyadev Pachauri]]
|[[Surendra Maithani]]
|-
!8
|[[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]]
|[[R. K. Singh Patel]]
|[[Aanand Shukla]]
|-
!9
|[[Balha (Assembly constituency)|Balha]]
|[[Akshaibar Lal]]
|[[Saroj Sonkar]]
|-
!10
|[[Ghosi (Assembly constituency)|Ghosi]]
|[[Phagu Chauhan]]
|[[Vijay Rajbhar]]
|-
!11
|[[Zaidpur]]
|[[Upendra Singh Rawat]]
|[[Gaurav Kumar (politician)|Gaurav Kumar]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!12
|[[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur]]
|[[Mohammad Azam Khan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[Tazeen Fatma|Dr. Tazeen Fatma]]
|-
!13
|[[Jalalpur]]
|[[Ritesh Pandey]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[Subhash Rai]]
|-
!14
|[[Pratapgarh (Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
|[[Sangam Lal Gupta]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|[[Rajkumar Pal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]

|}

=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|25 November 2019
|[[Pithoragarh]]
|[[Prakash Pant]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Chandra Pant (politician)|Chandra Pant]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" |18 April 2019
|[[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Islampur]]
|Kanaiya Lal Agarwal
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Abdul Karim Chowdhury|Abdul Karim Chowdhary]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!2
|[[Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|[[Amar Singh Rai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]]
|[[Neeraj Zimba]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
|23 April 2019
|[[Habibpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Habibpur]]
|[[Khagen Murmu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Joyel Murmu]]
|-
!4
| rowspan="3" |29 April 2019
|[[Naoda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naoda]]
|[[Abu Taher Khan]]
|Rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|Rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sahina Mumtaz Begum]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!5
|[[Kandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kandi]]
|[[Apurba Sarkar]]
|Shafiul Alam Khan
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!6
|[[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]]
|[[Satyajit Biswas]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4"|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Ashis Kumar Biswas]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!7
| rowspan="2" |6 May 2019
|[[Bhatpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatpara]]
|[[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]]
|[[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Kumar Singh]]
|-
!8
|[[Uluberia Purba]]
|[[Haider Aziz Safwi]]
|[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!9
| rowspan="3" |25 November 2019
|[[Karimpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimpur]]
|[[Mahua Moitra]]
|[[Bimalendu Sinha Roy]]
|-
!10
|
[[Kaliaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kaliaganj]]
|[[Pramatha Nath Ray|Pramatha Ray]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Tapan Deb Singha]]
|-
!11
|[[Kharagpur Sadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharagpur]]
|[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Pradip Sarkar (West Bengal politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]

|}

==See also==
* [[2019 Indian Rajya Sabha elections]]
*[[2020 elections in India]]
* [[2018 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]
*[https://www.chunav2019.in/ Lok Sabha General Election 2019schedules, results and updates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502095357/https://www.chunav2019.in/ |date=2 May 2019 }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200912184443/https://www.muftjobs.com/delhi-election-result-2020-check-live-result-updates-here/ Legislative Assembly Result {{!}} Live Updates]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190325154609/https://www.loksabhaelection2019.com/ Lok Sabha General Election 2019 - Parliamentary Polls 2019 Latest News & Updates]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2019 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Distant Education Bureau

2025-06-25T11:56:52Z

NellDarley: improved article

{{Short description|Bureau of the University Grants Commission (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Distance Education Bureau
|image =
|abbreviation = DEB
|formation = {{start date|2013}}
|type = 
|status = 
|purpose = 
|headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
|location =
|coords = 
|language = 
|leader_title = 
|leader_name = [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
|main_organ = Bureau
|parent_organization = [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
|affiliations =
|website = {{url|https://deb.ugc.ac.in/}}
|chairman =
|director =
|remarks =
}}

The '''Distance Education Bureau''' ('''DEB''') is a bureau of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]], in charge of regulating [[distance education]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance Education Bureau (DEB) |url=https://deb.ugc.ac.in/ |website=deb.ugc.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> It was established in 2012, replacing the [[Distance Education Accrediting Commission|DEAC]], an organisation that was responsible for [[Open supported learning|open learning]] and distance education since 1985.

== History ==
Distance education in India started in 1962 with a pilot project correspondence courses, which led to the birth of [[University of Delhi]]'s School of Correspondence Courses and Continuing Education (now [[School of Open Learning|DU-SOL]]). The success of the project led to introduction of correspondence course institutes (later renamed as directorates or centres of distance education) in more universities. In 1982 [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University]] was established, the first [[open university]] in India. This was followed by the establishment of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] at the national level in 1985.<ref name=what>{{cite web |title=Distance Education What? Why? How? |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/deb/pdf/ODLwhatwhyandhow.pdf |website=ugc.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> Although the [[statutory authority]] for regulating higher education in India is the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), the responsibility for promotion and coordination of open and distance learning (ODL) was bestowed on IGNOU under the ''Indira Gandhi National Open University Act (1985)''.<ref name="EvansHaughey2008">{{cite book|author1=Terry Denis Evans|author2=Margaret Haughey|author3=David Murphy|title=International Handbook of Distance Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bboryEytOs0C&pg=PA727|access-date=31 May 2013|year=2008|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-0-85724-515-1|page=72–}}</ref><ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|author=Amrik Singh|title=Fifty Years of Higher Education in India: The Role of the University Grants Commission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zX_GewVIXDoC&pg=PA16|access-date=31 May 2013|year=2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3216-1|pages=16–}}</ref> The Distance Education Council (DEC) was set up by IGNOU in 1991 and became operational in 1992.<ref name=what/> with the [[Vice Chancellor]] of IGNOU acting as the ''ex officio'' chairperson of DEC.<ref name="GoelGoel2010">{{cite book|author1=Aruna Goel|author2=S. L. Goel|title=Encyclopaedia of higher education in the 21st century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Cllr5Zi5tcC&pg=PA161|access-date=31 May 2013|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-584-0|page=161}}</ref>

In August 2010, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD) constituted a committee for investigating distance education standards in India. The committee recommended the creation of a new regulatory body, the Distance Education Council of India (DECI). It also recommended that until such body is established, the DEC may be shifted to UGC. On 29 December 2012, the MHRD published an Order transferring the regulatory authority of distance education from IGNOU to UGC.<ref name=what/> In May 2013 IGNOU dissolved the DEC and the UGC took over the entire assets and manpower,<ref>{{cite news | title = Now, UGC takes over Distance Education Council | date = 5 Jun 2013 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-05/news/39763195_1_ugc-distance-education-council-odl | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615061313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-05/news/39763195_1_ugc-distance-education-council-odl | url-status = dead | archive-date = 15 June 2013 | work= [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2013-06-05}}</ref> establishing the Distance Education Bureau.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.ugc.ac.in/deb/}}

{{Higher education in India}}
{{Open Education in India}}
{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:College accreditors in India]]
[[Category:Higher education in India]]
[[Category:Distance education in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2012]]

Indian locomotive class YG

2025-06-22T16:39:56Z

NellDarley: started article

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Indian locomotive class YG
| image = 763 IndiaBareilly 19931227.jpg
| caption = YG 3543 at Bareilly City sheds
| powertype = Steam
| builder = [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] [[Canadian Locomotive Company]] [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] [[Skoda Works]] [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] [[Montreal Locomotive Works]] [[Nippon Sharyo]] [[Tata Motors]] [[Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf]]
| builddate = 1949–1972
| totalproduction = 1074
| whytetype = {{whyte|2-8-2}}
| gauge = {{track gauge|1000 mm}}
| coupleddiameter = {{convert|1219|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|16333|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| engine total = {{convert|9068|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| coupled = {{convert|4038|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| over buffers = {{convert|19088|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|3404|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|10.5|t|abbr=on}}
| serviceweight = {{convert|58|t|abbr=on}}
| firearea = {{convert|2.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|14.5|bar|psi|abbr=on}}
| totalsurface = {{convert|103.1|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| superheaterarea = {{convert|30.6|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|413|x|610|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| maxspeed = {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| t/e starting = {{convert|104.8|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = See table
| notes = Sources:<ref name=terminal>{{Cite web |url=https://jdhsmith.math.iastate.edu/term/slinigr.htm |title=Indian Government Railways steam locomotives |last=Smith |first=Jonathan |date= |website=The terminal: Standard steam locomotives |publisher=[[Iowa State University]] |access-date=15 November 2024 |quote=}}</ref>{{sfn|Hughes|1996|page=48}}
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class YG''' were a class of {{whyte|2-8-2}} [[Metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] [[Locomotive#Use|goods]] [[Locomotive|locomotives]] introduced by [[Indian Railways]] around 1949. It was one of several standardised locomotive designs developed as further additions to the Indian Railway Standard (IRS) design locomotives built for the [[Metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] [[Rail transport in India|railways]] of [[India]].

==History==
The YG class was the most mass-produced metre-gauge freight locomotive in India after the [[partition of India]]. Between 1949 and 1972, a total of 1,074 locomotives were built by nine different manufacturers.{{sfn|Hughes|1977|page=23}}

Although designed as goods engines, the YG was often used on passenger trains. It replaced the 1927-built [[Indian locomotive class YD|YD class]].

YG 3573, completed on 5 February 1972 by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], was the last steam locomotive built in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |title=Indian Railways History: 1970 - 1994 |last= |first= |date= |website=Indian Railways Fan Club |publisher= |access-date=23 November 2024 |quote=}}</ref>

Many of the locomotives were in use until the end of the 1990s. The last three examples, 3318, 3334 and 3360 were in regular service with [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]] in 1999, being used on freight and passenger trains from [[Wankaner]] to Navlakhi via [[Morbi]] on the [[Gulf of Kutch]].<ref name="irfca">{{cite web|access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=IRFCA |title=Steam in India |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-steam.html#mg}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Builder
!Built date
!Number
!Serial number
!Running number
|-
|[[Baldwin Locomotive Works]]
|1949/50
|120
|74474–74592
| rowspan="3" |3000–3149
|-
|[[Montreal Locomotive Works]]
|1950
|20
|77606–77625
|-
|[[Canadian Locomotive Company]]
|1950
|10
|2624–2633
|-
|[[Tata Motors|Tata Engineering and Locomotive Co.]] (TELCO)
|1952/53
|50
|1–50
|3150–3199
|-
|[[Nippon Sharyo]]
|1954/55
|75
|1619–1693
|4001–4075
|-
|[[Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf|Wiener Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf]]
|1956
|50
|17776–17825
|4076–4125
|-
|[[Škoda Works|Lenin Works]] (Škoda)
|1956
|50
|3434–3483
|4126–4175
|-
|Nippon Sharyo
|1956
|46
|1706–1751
|4276–4321
|-
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|1956
|39
|880–918
|4322–4360
|-
|TELCO
|1956–66
|554
|151–200, 291–760, 831–844, 936–955
|3200–3513, 3690–3749, 4176–4275, 4361–4440 ''Not in order''
|-
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (CLW)
|1969–72
|60
|N/A
|3514–3573
|-
| colspan="5" |{{Small|Source:{{sfn|Hughes|1977|page=24}}}}
|}

== Design ==
The YG class was designed as a metre-gauge variant of the broad-gauge [[Indian locomotive class WG|class WG]], but externally, they were broadly similar to the [[Indian locomotive class YP|class YP]] passenger locomotives. The biggest difference between YG class and the preceding YD class was the use of bar frames, which were lighter and easier to manufacture than the plate frames.{{sfn|Hughes|1977|page=23}}

In addition, the YGs had the latest technical features in a steam locomotive of its era, such as steel fire grates, rapidly heating boiler tubes, combustion chambers and large-area superheaters. Improved boiler conditions allowed the combustion of low-grade Indian coal with high ash content.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-01-18 |title=YG 2-8-2 |url=http://sundar.altervista.org/YG.htm |website=The Indian Steam Locomotive Page}}</ref>

==Allocations==
The YG class was widely used throughout India. By 1976, 1,059 locomotives were still rostered on the following zones of [[Indian Railways]]:{{sfn|Hughes|1977|page=96}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Region
!Number
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Central Railways]]
|24
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Northern Railways]]
|165
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[North Eastern Railways]]
|293
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |Northern Frontier Railway
|106
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
|159
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[South Central Railways]]
|151
|- style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" |[[Western Railways]]
|161
|-
|}

==East African exports==
In 1976, five locomotives, numbers 3563, 3564, 3551, 3550, and 3549, were sold to [[East African Railways and Harbours Corporation|East African Railways]]. These were manufactured in 1971 and 1972, and were overhauled in India beforehand. Differences include the absence of smoke deflectors and some other minor adjustments. The five locomotives were placed in the 2701-2705 numbering sequence, being designated as '''Class 27II''', and were passed on to [[Tanzania Railways Corporation|Tanzania Railways]] after the breakup of the EAR, before being withdrawn and scrapped in 1993.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaer |first=Roel |title=Gari la Moshi - Steam Locomotives of the East African Railways |publisher=Stenvalls |year=2009 |isbn=978-91-7266-172-1 |location=Malmö, Sweden |pages=156–157}}</ref>{{sfn|Hughes|1996|page=48}}

==Preservation==
At least 50 locomotives have been preserved.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-01-20 |language=en |title=Steam locomotives in India |url=https://www.steamlocomotive.info/country.cfm?which=india |website=steamlocomotive.info}}</ref> In 2000, two more examples were sold to private individuals in the United States, although their subsequent fate is unknown.<ref name="irfca">{{cite web|access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=IRFCA |title=Steam in India |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-steam.html#mg}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Location
!Status
|-
|3011
|[[Saharsa]]
|Inactive
|-
|3040
|[[Tinsukia]]
|Inactive
|-
|3042
|Thana Bihpur
|Inactive
|-
|3174
|Tinsukia
|Inactive
|-
|3212
|[[Dibrugarh]]
|Inactive
|-
|3213
|Mariani
|Static display
|-
|3218
|Dibrugarh
|Operational
|-
|3261
|[[Ambala]]
|Static display
|-
|3318
|[[Lucknow]]
|Static display
|-
|3334
|Lucknow
|Static display
|-
|3358
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|Static display
|-
|3360
|[[Dwarka]]
|Static display
|-
|3382
|[[Cooch Behar|Koch Bihar]]
|Static display
|-
|3403
|[[Kolkata]]
|Static display
|-
|3415
|[[Rewari]]
|Operational
|-
|3430
|[[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]]
|Static display
|-
|3437
|[[Chandigarh]]
|Static display
|-
|3438
|Rewari
|Operational
|-
|3474
|[[Gorakhpur]]
|Inactive
|-
|3490
|Saharsa
|Inactive
|-
|3509
|[[Chittorgarh|Chittaurgarh]]
|Static display
|-
|3526
|[[Wankaner]]
|Inactive
|-
|3532
|Tinsukia
|Inactive
|-
|3534
|Chittaranjan
|Static display
|-
|3721
|Tinsukia
|Inactive
|-
|4028
|[[Indore]]
|Static display
|-
|4029
|Tinsukia
|Inactive
|-
|4091
|[[Lumding]]
|Static display
|-
|4092
|Saharsa
|Inactive
|-
|4101
|Badarpur
|Operational
|-
|4119
|[[Guwahati]]
|Static display
|-
|4121
|Badarpur
|Operational
|-
|4124
|Tinsukia
|Inactive
|-
|4129
|[[Etawah]]
|Static display
|-
|4136
|[[Chennai]]
|Static display
|-
|4138
|Wankaner
|Inactive
|-
|4143
|[[Guna, Madhya Pradesh|Guna]]
|Static display
|-
|4159
|Wankaner
|Inactive
|-
|4182
|Wankaner
|Inactive
|-
|4205
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|Static display
|-
|4232
|Rewari
|Operational
|-
|4252
|Rewari
|Operational
|-
|4310
|Tiruchirappalli
|Static display
|-
|4330
|Saharsa
|Inactive
|-
|4367
|Lumding
|Static display
|-
|4369
|Wankaner
|Operational
|-
|4371
|Saharsa
|Inactive
|-
|4379
|[[Neemuch]]
|Static display
|-
|4405
|[[Bhopal]]
|Static display
|-
|4422
|Tinsukia
|Inactive
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |author-link= |date=1977 |title=Steam Locomotives in India, Part 2 - Meter Gauge |url= |location= |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |page= |isbn=0-9503469-3-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |title=Indian Locomotives, Part 4 1941–1990 |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |year=1996 |isbn=0-9521655-1-1 |pages=}}

==External links==
* [https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/WienerLokomotivFabrikFloridsdorfAG Pictures of the locomotives manufactured by the Vienna Locomotive Factory for India]
{{commons category|Indian locomotive class YG}}

{{Metre gauge locomotives of India}}

[[Category:MLW locomotives]]
[[Category:CLC locomotives]]
[[Category:Baldwin locomotives]]
[[Category:Floridsdorf locomotives]]
[[Category:2-8-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:1′D1′ h2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Nippon Sharyo locomotives]]
[[Category:Chittaranjan Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Škoda locomotives]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India|YG]]
[[Category:Metre-gauge steam locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1949]]

Dalel Singh

2025-03-05T01:47:00Z

NellDarley: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{No footnotes|article|date=January 2008}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Apji Dalel Singh
| image =
| imagesize =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start = 9 December 1946
| term_end = 24 January 1950
| birth_date = 18 March 1909
| birth_place = [[Palaitha]] – Rajasthan, India
| death_date = 8 March 1984
| death_place = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] – Rajasthan, India
| nationality = [[Demographics of India|Indian]]
| party =
| spouse = Smt. Sajan Kumari
| children = 2 Sons, 4 Daughters
| residence = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] – Rajasthan, India
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[Lieutenant Colonel]] '''Apji Dalel Singh''' ({{langx|hi|ले. कल. आप्जी दलेल सिंह}}) (18 March 1909 – 8 March 1984) was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]].
He hails from Thikana "Palaitha", a premier principality of the erstwhile [[Kotah]] State in [[Rajasthan]].
He represented [[Kotah]] state in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from 1946 to 1950.

==Education and early life==
Apji Dalel Singh completed his schooling from Herbert School at [[Kotah]] and then went on to [[Banaras Hindu University]], one of the most prestigious Universities in India of that time and even of today. He studied [[Political Science]] and earned his [[Master of Arts]] in the same subject in 1932.

An ardent cricketer, he played on the University Cricket team as 1 of the 2 opening batsmen. Story goes that during his master's degree, he played on behalf of the university staff against the students' team where the staff made 121 runs and lost. Alas, his "modest" score of 110 not out couldn't help them to win the match.

After his University studies, he travelled to London to study for the [[Indian Civil Service]] Exam. On narrowly missing the opportunity, he travelled back to India and decided to work for his cousin, the Maharaja of [[Jaipur]], HH [[Sawai Man Singh II]] in the state government, where he served as Secretary in various ministries.

In 1945, the Maharao of [[Kotah]], [[HH Bhim Singh II]] asked him to return to [[Kotah]] and represent the state at New Delhi in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]].

==The years as a Member of Parliament==
During the late 1940s he was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and got the opportunity to live in Delhi and see firsthand the process of Indian Independence. His work brought him in close proximity to [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], Pt. [[Heera Lal Shastri]] and Sir [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] amongst others.

Representing the States in the Assembly he often spoke on behalf of and for the rights of the States. Therefore, at times he was at opposing end of the views of Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. Some of these incidences disillusioned him with Indian Politics.

==Later life==
After the end of term of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in January 1950, Pt. [[Heera Lal Shastri]] invited him to join his ministry in [[Jaipur]] after he became the [[Chief Minister]] of [[Rajasthan]]. But having been disillusioned with politics, he politely declined and decided to work for the state of [[Kotah]], which he did even after the merger of the States in the Republic in 1952.

==Illness and death==
During the last two years of his life, Apji Dalel Singh suffered from ill health. On 8 March 1984, he suffered a heart attack and died in his sleep. He was cremated at [[Kotah]].

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160512103250/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/members.htm Official Website for Parliament of India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041208050919/http://164.100.24.208/ls/condeb/vol7p15.htm Excerpts from the debates in the Constituent Assembly of India]
*[[Banaras Hindu University]]
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/p/palaitha.html Genealogical Gleanings of Indian Princley States]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Lt. Col. Apji Dalel}}
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1909 births]]

National Highway 361 (India)

2025-02-27T16:47:48Z

NellDarley: fix intro further and added references

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = NH
|route = 361
|length_km = 548
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q55670096|title=National Highway 361|zoom = 6 |frame-lat=19.46|frame-long=77.52 |text= Map of National Highway '''361''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 61
|direction_a = South
|terminus_a = [[Tuljapur]]
|junction =
:{{jct|NH|63|country=IND}} Latur
:{{jct|NH|548B|country=IND}} Latur
:{{jct|NH|752K|country=IND}} Latur
:{{jct|NH|548D|country=IND}} Ahmedpur
:{{jct|NH|61|country=IND}} Nanded
:{{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}} Nanded
:{{jct|NH|752I|country=IND}} Ardhapur
:{{jct|NH|161|country=IND}} Waranga
:{{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}} Dhanoda
:{{jct|NH|361B|country=IND}} Kalamb
:{{jct|NH|353I|country=IND}} Pavnar
|direction_b = North
|terminus_b = [[Butibori]], Nagpur
|destinations= [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]] - [[Latur]] - [[Nanded]] - [[Yavatmal]] - [[Wardha]] - [[Nagpur]]
|states = [[Maharashtra]]
|previous_type =NH
|previous_route=52
|next_type =NH
|next_route=44
}}
'''National Highway 361''', commonly called '''NH 361''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]] that runs entirely within the state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/E_707_2013_014.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2013 |website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=28 Sep 2018}}</ref> Its western terminal is in [[Tuljapur]] near the intersection of [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH 52]] and the eastern terminal is in [[Butibori]] near [[Nagpur]] at the intersection of [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]. The total length of the highway NH-361 is 548 km. It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 61 (India)|National Highway 61]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=29 Sep 2018}}</ref>

The highway passes through the [[Western Ghats]] (Sahyadri mountains) and is an important arterial road connecting the [[Konkan]] region with Western Maharashtra, [[Marathwada]] and [[Vidharbha]] regions in the state of Maharashtra.

In 2009, [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]] has announced the extension of existing NH 52 to [[Nagpur]] via [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]]-[[Latur]]-[[Nanded]]-[[Yavatmal]]-[[Wardha]] and connect it to the [[National Highway 61 (India)|NH 61]] at [[Ardhapur]] near [[Nanded]].

== Route ==
The most important cities on this highway are: Tuljapur, Ausa, Latur, Chakur, Ahmedpur, Loha, Nanded, Umarkhed, Mahagaon, Arni, Yavatmal, Wardha, Buti Bori near Nagpur.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=29 Sep 2018}}</ref>

==Junction list==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
:{{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} Terminal near Tuljapur <ref name=":1" />
:{{jct|NH|63|country=IND}} near Latur, Ashtamod.
:{{jct|NH|548B|country=IND}} near Latur, Ausa
:{{jct|NH|752K|country=IND}} near Latur
:{{jct|NH|548D|country=IND}} near Ahmedpur
:{{jct|NH|61|country=IND}} near Nanded
:{{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}} near Nanded
:{{jct|NH|752I|country=IND}} near Ardhapur
:{{jct|NH|161|country=IND}} near Waranga Phata
:{{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}} near Dhanoda
:{{jct|NH|361B|country=IND}} near Kalamb
:{{jct|NH|353I|country=IND}} near Pavnar
:{{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} Terminal near Butibori, Nagpur <ref name=":1" />

== Project development ==
The entire NH 361 highway has been included in the national highway mega projects for upgradation to 4-lane. Out of this, the work for 4 planning of Nagpur-Wardha stretch of 76.4 km has been initiated by Maharashtra government at a cost of INR 145 crores (INR 1.45 Billion).The Highway has been converted into 4 lane from Mahagaon to Wardha which is 216 km long.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/dilip-buildcon-bags-projects-worth-rs-3269-cr/article9607343.still the work between mahagaom to waranga phta is going on with no progress since last three years.ece|title=Four-laning of NH 361|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=29 Sep 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Four Laning of Ausa - Chakur Section of NH-361|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_71117125112171Projectdescription.pdf|title=Detailed Project Report for Up-gradation of Ausa – Waranga & Wardha – Butibori Section of NH361|website=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] - [[Government of India]]|access-date=29 Sep 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3869591 NH 361 on OpenStreetMap]
* [https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Nagpur,+Maharashtra/Tuljapur,+Maharashtra+413601/@19.582083,76.4581564,8z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bd4c0a5a31faf13:0x19b37d06d0bb3e2b!2m2!1d79.0881546!2d21.1458004!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bc5be0a40876f91:0x57fb8af728b88e9d!2m2!1d76.0710681!2d18.010037!5i1 Google map]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH61 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra|361]]
[[Category:Latur]]
[[Category:Latur district]]

Jayati Ghosh

2024-11-25T10:19:30Z

NellDarley:

{{short description|Indian economist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox economist
| name = Jayati Ghosh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| school_tradition =
| image = Jayati Ghosh.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ghosh in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|09|16}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_co-ordinates =
| nationality =
| institution = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]]|[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]}}
| field = [[Development economics]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[MPhil]])|[[University of Cambridge]] ([[PhD]])}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Terence J. Byres]], [[Geoffrey C. Harcourt]]
| influenced =
| contributions =
| awards =
| memorials =
| spouse = [[Abhijit Sen]]
| signature = 
| module =
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}}
'''Jayati Ghosh''' (born 16 September 1955) is an Indian [[development economics|development economist]]. She taught economics at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi for nearly 35 years, and since January 2021 she has been Professor of Economics at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], USA. Her core areas of study include [[international economics]] and globalisation, employment patterns in [[developing countries]], [[macroeconomic policy]], and [[gender and development]].

== Early life ==
Jayati Ghosh was born on 16 September 1955.<ref name="cv">{{cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/jayati/CV.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae|publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> Ghosh attended [[Miranda House]], [[Delhi University]] for her undergraduate and got her MA in economics from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. She joined [[Cambridge University]] for her MPhil and PhD after winning the [[Inlaks Scholarship]].<ref name="jnu">{{cite web|url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/jayati|title=Jayati Ghosh|publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> Her 1984 doctoral thesis at [[Cambridge University]] was entitled ''The Non capitalist Land Rent: Theories and the Case of North India'' under the supervision of [[Terence J. Byres|Dr. Terence J. Byres]], [[Geoffrey Harcourt|Geoffrey C. Harcourt]] and [[Suzy Paine|Suzanne Paine]].

==Career==
In addition to her teaching, Ghosh has authored and/or edited 21 books and more than 220 scholarly articles. Recent books include ''The making of a catastrophe: Covid-19 and the Indian economy'', Aleph Books 2022; ''When governments fail: Covid-19 and the economy'', Tulika Books and Columbia University Press 2021 (co-edited); ''Women workers in the informal economy'', Routledge 2021 (edited); ''Never Done and Poorly Paid: Women’s Work in Globalising India'', Women Unlimited, New Delhi 2009; co-edited ''Elgar Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development'', 2014; co-edited ''After Crisis'', Tulika 2009; co-authored ''Demonetisation Decoded'', Routledge 2017.

Ghosh has advised governments in India and other countries, including as Chairperson of the Andhra Pradesh Commission on Farmers’ Welfare in 2004, and Member of the National Knowledge Commission of India (2005–09). She was the Executive Secretary of International Development Economics Associates, an international network of heterodox development economists, from 2002 to 2021. She has consulted for international organizations including [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|UNCTAD]], [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|UN-DESA]], [[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development|UNRISD]] and [[UN Women]] and is member of several international boards and commissions, including the UN High-Level Advisory Board on Economic and Social Affairs, the Commission on Global Economic Transformation of INET, and the International Commission for the Reform of International Corporate Taxation ([https://www.icrict.com/ ICRICT]). In 2021 she was appointed to the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Council on the Economics of Health for All, chaired by [[Mariana Mazzucato]]. She's a member of the [[Club of Rome]]. In March 2022, she was appointed to the UN Secretary General's High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism, mandated to provide a vision for international cooperation to deal with current and future challenges. She also writes regularly for popular media, including newspapers, journals and blogs, including ''[[Project Syndicate]]'', ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'' and ''[[Hindu BusinessLine]]''.

== Awards and recognitions ==
Ghosh has received a number of awards, including:
* John Kenneth Galbraith award, 2023 from the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, "in recognition of breakthrough discoveries in economics and outstanding contributions to humanity through leadership, research and service."
* International Economic Association Fellow Award, 2023.
* [[Malcolm Adiseshiah|Adiseshaiah]] Award for distinguished contributions to the social sciences in India, 2015.
* Conference President, Indian Society for Labour Economics, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/jayati|title=Jayati Ghosh|website=www.jnu.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref>
* Satyendranath Sen Award, Asiatic Society, [[Kolkata]], 2012.
* [[International Labour Organization|ILO Decent Work Research Prize]], [[Geneva]], 2011.
* [[North–South Prize|NordSud Prize for Research]] in Social Sciences, Fondazione Pescarabruzzo, Italy, 2010.
* Ava Maiti Memorial Prize, [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]], [[Kolkata]] 2006.
* [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] Award for Excellence in Analysis, (for West Bengal Human Development Report), New York 2006.

==Personal life==
Ghosh was married to [[Abhijit Sen]], an economist who was a member of the disbanded [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]. He died in 2022. She has one daughter, Jahnavi Sen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Chandan |date=2022-08-30 |title=Saluting Abhijit Sen, one of India's greatest experts on rural economy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Aug/30/saluting-abhijit-sen-one-of-indias-greatest-experts-on-rural-economy-2493100.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* Ghosh, Jayati. ''[https://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/the-making-of-a-catastrophe-the-disastrous-economic-fallout-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-india/ The making of a catastrophe: the disastrous economic fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic in India]''. Aleph Books (2022).
* Dixson-Declève, Sandrine, Owen Gaffney, Jayati Ghosh, Jorgen Randers, Johan Rockstrom, and Per Espen Stoknes. ''[https://earth4all.life/the-book/ Earth for All: A survival guide for humanity]''. New Society Publishers, 2022.
* Rawal, Vikas, Jayati Ghosh, and C. P. Chandrasekhar. ''[https://tulikabooks.in/catalog/product/view/id/22365 When governments fail: a pandemic and its aftermath]''. Tulika (2021).
* Ghosh, Jayati, ed. ''[https://www.routledge.com/Informal-Women-Workers-in-the-Global-South-Policies-and-Practices-for-the/Ghosh/p/book/9780367545987 Informal women workers in the Global South: Policies and practices for the formalisation of women's employment in developing economies]''. Routledge, 2021.
* Reinert, Erik S., Jayati Ghosh, and Rainer Kattel, eds. [https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-alternative-theories-of-economic-development-9781782544678.html ''Handbook of alternative theories of economic development''.] Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.
* Ghosh, Jayati (ed.), ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/35868 Economics: Volume 2: India and the International Economy]'', ICSSR Research Surveys and Explorations (Delhi, 2015).
* {{cite book | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = Jayati | last2 = Chandrasekhar | first2 = C.P. | title = Crisis as conquest: learning from East Asia | publisher = [[Orient Longman]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2001 | isbn = 9788125018988 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = Jayati | last2 = Chandrasekhar | first2 = C.P. | title = The market that failed: neoliberal economic reforms in India | publisher = [[LeftWord Books]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2004 |orig-year=1st. pub. LeftWord Books:2002 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 9788187496458 }} Also reprinted January 2008, January 2009, July 2011.
* {{cite book | last = Ghosh | first = Jayati | title = Never done and poorly paid: women's work in globalising India | publisher = [[Women Unlimited]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2009 | isbn = 9788188965441 }}
* {{cite book | last = Ghosh | first = Jayati | title = After crisis: adjustment, recovery, and fragility in East Asia | publisher = [[Tulika Books]] | location = New Delhi | year = 2009 | isbn = 9788189487584 }}

== See also ==
* [[Feminist economics]]
* [[List of feminist economists]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927141503/http://www.jnu.ac.in/FacultyStaff/ShowProfile.asp?SendUserName=jayati Faculty profile] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528030200/http://knowledgecommission.gov.in/about/profile.asp?id=jg Profile] at National Knowledge Commission
* [http://www.asianage.com/content/jayati-ghosh Column archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106181020/http://www.asianage.com/content/jayati-ghosh |date=6 January 2012 }} at ''[[The Asian Age]]''
* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/jayatighosh Column archive] at ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/09/23/stories/2006092303471900.htm AP implements Jayati Ghosh suggestions], ''[[The Hindu Business Line]]'', 23 September 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110219111257/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/12/stories/2011021266671900.htm Jayati Ghosh awarded ILO prize], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 12 February 2011
* [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Jayati+Ghosh&aq=f Videos on YouTube]

{{Globalization}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Biography |portal2=Economics |portal3=Feminism |portal4= Education |portal5= India }}
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[[Category:1955 births]]
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[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Feminist economists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
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[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
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Krishna Paksha Kilikal

2024-03-12T21:36:37Z

NellDarley: redirect

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List of cultural festivals in Indian colleges

2023-09-07T12:25:42Z

NellDarley: adjusted layout

#REDIRECT [[List of festivals in Indian colleges]]

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Bisalpur (Assembly constituency)

2022-05-23T09:18:50Z

NellDarley: brief expanded intro per sources

#REDIRECT [[Bisalpur Assembly constituency]]

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