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Lehal, Patiala

2026-05-05T13:07:58Z

Nekilortashush: stub - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Context|date=October 2021}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}'''Lehal''' was a village in [[Punjab, India]], that is now part of the city of [[Patiala]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}
{{Patiala district}}

[[Category:Villages in Patiala district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

P. Samuthirakani

2026-04-25T14:04:55Z

Nekilortashush: added a entry

{{short description|Indian actor and film director (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Samuthirakani
| image = Samuthirakani at Sandamarudham Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Samuthirakani at the audio launch of ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' in 2015
| birth_name = P. Samuthirakani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|4|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Seithur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma mater = [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|Film director}}
| yearsactive = 1998-present
| spouse = Jayalakshmi
| children = 2
}}

'''P. Samuthirakani'''<ref name="tamilfilmdirectorsassociation" /> (born 26 April 1973) is an Indian actor and film director who works predominantly in [[Tamil films|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He worked as an assistant to director [[K. Balachander]], in ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in 2016 for ''[[Visaranai]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=16 October 2018 |title=Cinema must be useful to society, says Samuthirakani |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinema-must-be-useful-to-society-says-samuthirakani/article25236821.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204023829/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinema-must-be-useful-to-society-says-samuthirakani/article25236821.ece |archive-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Ramakrishnan |date=8 April 2017 |title=Samuthirakani: The angry director |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samuthirakani-on-directing-films/article17892611.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204023828/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samuthirakani-on-directing-films/article17892611.ece |archive-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> he is also a recipient of three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], a [[Filmfare Award South|Filmfare Award]] and a [[SIIMA]] award

==Early life==
Samuthirakani was born on 26 April 1973 in [[Seithur]], [[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="tamilfilmdirectorsassociation">{{Cite web |title=SAMUTHIRAKANI P. |url=http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=1504 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302103816/http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=1504 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=7 February 2015 |website=Tamilnadu Film Director's Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=21 November 2017 |title=Hunger makes you stronger: Samuthirakani |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/samuthirakanis-favourite-food/article20610357.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123005457/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/samuthirakanis-favourite-food/article20610357.ece |archive-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> He did his B.Sc. in mathematics from the Rajapalayam Rajus College and he also earned a Bachelor of Law from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Ambedkar Law College]]. However, he aimed to become an actor. He has said that people used to tell him that he did not have the physical appearance or necessary talent to be an actor.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Hindu|title=Rebel with a pause|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rebel-with-a-pause/article2662873.ece|date=26 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208213944/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rebel-with-a-pause/article2662873.ece|archive-date=8 December 2013|access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1997, he joined as an assistant director under [[Sundar K. Vijayan]].<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|access-date=1 February 2024|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-10-12/page/60/mode/2up|page=60|date=12 October 2003|title=முறுக்கு விற்றேன்!}}</ref> He was then noticed by [[K. Balachander]] and was recruited as assistant director for Balachander's 100th film ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''. He also assisted Balachander in the mega-serial ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]'' telecasted by [[Jaya TV]]. Samuthirakani recalled that the work experience he gained under Balachander helped him in many ways while shooting ''Arasi'' and ''Selvi'', the mega-serial telecasted in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], which were massive hits among housewives.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/07/success-didnt-come-easy-to-me-samuthirakani-1797565.html|title=Success didn't come easy to me: Samuthirakani|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 April 2018 |access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303174833/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/07/success-didnt-come-easy-to-me-samuthirakani-1797565.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, Samuthirakani began his career as a director. He notably launched a shelved film titled ''Uyir Nanbanukku'' starring [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], before making ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]'' (2003) for [[S. P. B. Charan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/augu/09-08-03.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041115050824/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/augu/09-08-03.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2004|title=09-08-03|date=15 November 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2003/july/08-07-03.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415130902/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2003/july/08-07-03.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2005|title=08-07-03|date=15 April 2005}}</ref>

He worked as an assistant director for [[K. Balachander]] in ''[[Parthale Paravasam]]'' (2001) and ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' (2006) and for [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] in ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-couldnt-sleep-when-i-was-shooting-visaranai-says-national-award-winner-samuthirakani-2197179|title=I couldn't sleep when I was shooting 'Visaranai', says National Award-winner Samuthirakani|first=Latha|last=Srinivasan|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=2 April 2016|access-date=19 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519043306/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-couldnt-sleep-when-i-was-shooting-visaranai-says-national-award-winner-samuthirakani-2197179|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="N"/>

However, it was the success of ''[[Naadodigal]]'' (2009) that established Samuthirakani as a director. Since then he has directed films such as ''[[Poraali]]'' (2011), ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' (2014) and ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2016). All these films have been remade in Telugu and Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thondan-kolanji-samuthirakani-birthday-special-article-tamil-news-184249|title=Happy Birthday Samuthirakani - Tamil News|date=26 April 2017|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511210646/https://www.indiaglitz.com/thondan-kolanji-samuthirakani-birthday-special-article-tamil-news-184249|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/kalidas-jayaram-requests-people-not-let-simple-movies-like-aakashamittayee/|title=Kalidas Jayaram requests people not to let down 'simple' movies like Aakashamittayee|date=23 October 2017|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215603/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/kalidas-jayaram-requests-people-not-let-simple-movies-like-aakashamittayee/|url-status=live}}</ref> He gained appreciation for his acting in ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' (2014) as [[Dhanush]]'s father and in ''[[Visaranai]]'' (2016) as a police inspector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/south-stream-dhanush-velaiyilla-pattathari-6544921/|title=South Stream: Dhanush's Velaiyilla Pattathari|author=Manoj Kumar R|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=11 August 2020|access-date=19 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519043303/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/south-stream-dhanush-velaiyilla-pattathari-6544921/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil film 'Visaranai' is India's official entry for Oscars 2017 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-visaranai-is-indias-official-entry-for-oscars-2017/articleshow/54464514.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117045326/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-visaranai-is-indias-official-entry-for-oscars-2017/articleshow/54464514.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also played important role in [[Rajinikanth]]'s film ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/samuthirakani-talks-about-his-experiences-with-rajinikanth-on-kaala-sets.html|title = Samuthirakani talks about his experiences with Rajinikanth on Kaala sets|date = 2 February 2018|access-date = 1 June 2021|archive-date = 2 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220034/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/samuthirakani-talks-about-his-experiences-with-rajinikanth-on-kaala-sets.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2020, he appeared in Telugu film, ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/oct/21/samuthirakani-interview-i-aspire-to-be-as-pure-as-my-characters-2373709.html | title=Samuthirakani interview: 'I aspire to be as pure as my characters' | date=21 October 2021 | access-date=15 March 2023 | archive-date=15 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315085330/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/oct/21/samuthirakani-interview-i-aspire-to-be-as-pure-as-my-characters-2373709.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Samuthirakani's returned to directing with ''[[Naadodigal 2]]'', a film that takes up the topic of equality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naadodigal-2-review-skip-it-review-tamil-ucdeHojjibcee.html|title=Naadodigal 2 review: Skip it|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215603/https://www.sify.com/movies/naadodigal-2-review-skip-it-review-tamil-ucdeHojjibcee.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played the main role in the Telugu film, ''[[Aakashavaani]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Y. Sunita |date=23 September 2021 |title='Aakashavaani' movie review: Definitely an original gem |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/aakashavaani-movie-review-director-ashwin-gangaraju-comes-up-with-an-endearing-original-tale/article36629927.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192745/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/aakashavaani-movie-review-director-ashwin-gangaraju-comes-up-with-an-endearing-original-tale/article36629927.ece |archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> He also directed two fantasy comedy ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]'' (2021) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vinodhaya-sitham-a-feel-good-fantasy-drama-review-tamil-vknkESgccjhff.html|title=Vinodhaya Sitham -A feel-good fantasy drama|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013222636/https://www.sify.com/movies/vinodhaya-sitham-a-feel-good-fantasy-drama-review-tamil-vknkESgccjhff.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bro/movie-review/102193766.cms | title=Bro Movie Review : Banks more on Pawan Kalyan's fame than the story | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

He also played the role of [[Vibhishana]] in the Telugu superhero film ''[[Hanu-Man]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/01/thirumanickam-teaser-samuthirakani-gets-stuck-in-the-middle-of-chaos|title = Thiru.Manickam teaser: Samuthirakani gets stuck in the middle of chaos| website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Tamil films===
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Samuthirakani Tamil film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Parthale Paravasam]]'' || Back pain patient || rowspan="4" | Uncredited role
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' || Villager
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' || Kamban's friend
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' || Ice Vendor
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'' || Kanagu || {{nom|align=left}}—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Easan]]'' || [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Sangayya || {{won|align=left}}—[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Saattai]]'' || Dayalan ||
|-
| ''[[Neerparavai]]'' || Uduman Gani ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014 || ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Car driver || {{br list | Guest appearance | {{won|align=left}}—[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Third Prize)}}
|-
| ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' || Raghuvaran's father || {{nom|align=left}}—{{br list | [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]] | Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]}}
|-
| ''[[Poovarasam Peepee]]'' || Gani || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]'' || Nandha ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2015 || ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || [[Inspector]] Thirumalai ||
|-
| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' || Radha Krishnan (RK) ||
|-
| ''[[Buddhanin Sirippu]]'' || Vettri ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Inspector Chandrasekar ||
|-
| ''[[Kamaraj (film)|Kamaraj]]'' || Corporation officer ||
|-
| ''[[Adhibar]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Selvaraj (Selvam) ||
|-
| ''[[Strawberry (film)|Strawberry]]'' || Aathi ||
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || Father || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="9" |2016 || ''[[Tharkappu]]'' || Iraianbu ||
|-
| ''[[Rajini Murugan]]''|| "Ezhrai" Mookan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Visaranai]]'' || rowspan="2" | Inspector Muthuvel || {{won|align=left}}—{{br list | [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] | Won—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]}}
|-
| {{nom|align=left}}—[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Vetrivel]]'' || Vetrivel's friend || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Amma Kanakku]]'' || Principal Ranganathan ||
|-
| ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]''|| Dhayalan ||
|-
| ''[[Achamindri]]'' || Inspector Sathya ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017 || ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' || Maha Vishnu ||
|-
| ''[[Kootathil Oruthan]]'' || Sathyamurthy (Sathya) ||
|-
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || Raghuvaran's father ||
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2018 || ''[[Nimir]]'' || Vellaiyappan || Also dialogue writer
|-
| ''[[Madura Veeran]]'' || Rathnavelu ||
|-
| ''[[Yemaali]]'' || Inspector Aravindh ||
|-
| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''|| Vaaliyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Goli Soda 2]]''|| Natesan||
|-
| ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' || S.Nallavan || Cameo
|-
| ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' || Ranga ||
|-
| ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' || Elango ||
|-
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || Gunaa ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2019 || ''[[Peranbu]]''|| Dr. Dhanapal || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Pettikadai]]'' || Physical trainer ||
|-
| ''[[Kolanji]]''|| Appasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Film Director || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kaappaan]]'' || Joseph Selvaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || Chandrabose ||
|-
| ''[[Adutha Saattai]]'' || Dayalan || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Sillu Karupatti]]''|| Dhanapal ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020 || ''[[Naadodigal 2]]'' || Bus driver || Special appearance; also voice-over
|-
| ''[[Ettuthikkum Para]]'' || Ambedkar ||
|-
| ''[[Walter (2020 film)|Walter]]'' || Bala ||
|-
| ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| rowspan="11" |2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' || Karumbalai Pandi ||[[Television film|TV film]]
|-
| ''[[Sangathalaivan]]'' || Sivalingam ||
|-
| ''[[Aelay]]''|| {{br list | Muthukkutty | Sudhakar (Imbuttu Kanji)}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vellai Yaanai]]'' || Vellai Kunju ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas Brothers]]'' || The writer ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivi]]'' || R. N. Veerappan ||
|-
| ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]'' || Time ||
|-
| ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' || Sargunam Vaathiyaar ||
|-
| ''[[MGR Magan]]''|| Agnishwaran ||
|-
| ''[[Chithirai Sevvaanam]]'' || Muthu Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[Writer (film)|Writer]]''|| Thangaraju ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022 || ''[[Kombu Vatcha Singamda]]'' || Eelam fighter ||
|-
| ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' || Palani ||
|-
| ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' || Ganesan ||
|-
| ''[[Yaanai]]'' || Ramachandran ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023 || ''[[Thunivu]]'' || Commissioner Dayalan ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Kadavul Illai]]'' || Senthooran ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaikoothal (film)|Thalaikoothal]]'' || Pazhani ||
|-
| ''[[Vaathi]]'' || Thirupathi ||
|-
| ''[[Are You Ok Baby?]]'' || Balachandhran ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2024 || ''[[Mudakkaruthaan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Siren (2024 film)|Siren]]'' || [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] S. Nagalingam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ||
|-
|''[[Singappenney (film)|Singappenney]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
|''[[Yaavarum Vallavare]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
|''[[Rathnam (film)|Rathnam]]'' || MLA Panneer Selvam ||
|-
|''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]'' || Inspector E. Muthuvel ||
|-
|''[[Hit List (2024 film)|Hit List]]'' || Vijay's father ||
|-
|''[[Indian 2]]'' || Varadharajan ||
|-
|''[[Andhagan]]'' || Manohar ||
|-
|''[[Nandhan]]'' || BDO Marudhudurai ||
|-
|''[[Rajakili]]'' || Anandan ||
|-
|''[[Thiru.Manickam]]'' || Manickam ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025 || ''[[Maargan]]'' || [[Director general of police|DGP]] Muthuvel Rajan IPS ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-27 |title=Maargan Trailer: Vijay Antony plays a cop who is after a supernatural killer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/27/maargan-trailer-vijay-antony-plays-a-cop-who-is-after-a-supernatural-killer |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Veeravanakkam'' || [[P. Krishna Pillai]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-08-15 |title=Samuthirakani-Bharath's Veeravanakkam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/15/samuthirakani-bharaths-veeravanakkam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' || Jayaraman ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/madurai/padaiyaanda-maaveeraa/ET00462890 |access-date=2025-09-19 |work= Book My Show}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Idli Kadai]]'' || Marichamy ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Idli Kadai Movie Review: Dhanush cooks a comfort meal that is warm, familiar, but slightly overcooked|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Oct/04/tamilreview2025oct01idli-kadai-movie-review-dhanush-cooks-a-comfort-meal-that-is-warm-familiar-but-slightly-overcooked |access-date=2025-10-04 |work= The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaantha]]'' || TPK "Ayya" || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Kaantha teaser: Dulquer Salmaan revives golden age cinema in tense period drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaantha-teaser-dulquer-salmaan-revives-golden-age-cinema-in-tense-period-drama-2762569-2025-07-28 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2026 || ''[[Carmeni Selvam]]'' || Selvam ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Carmeni Selvam' is a story that mirrors real life: Samuthirakani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/carmeni-selvam-is-a-story-that-mirrors-real-life-samuthirakani/articleshow/129944189.cms |access-date=2026-04-02 |work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Samuthirakani Telugu film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]'' || Car driver || Cameo
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''|| Appala Naidu || {{won|align=left}}—[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]'' || Katari Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Aakashavaani]]'' || Chandram Master || Released on [[SonyLIV]]
|-
| rowspan="7"|2022 || ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' || Jeevan Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[RRR]]''|| Venkateswarulu ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' || [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] Rajendranath ||Nominated–[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'' || [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Rajappa ||
|-
| ''[[Dongalunnaru Jaagratha]]'' || Chakravarthi ||
|-
| ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]'' ||ACP Indrajeet [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
| ''[[Panchathantram]]'' || Ramanathan ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2023 || ''[[Vaathi|Sir]]'' || Tripathi ||
|-
| ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || Shivanna ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu Student Sir]]'' || Arjun Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Vimanam (2023 film)|Vimanam]]'' || Veerayya || Partially reshot in Tamil<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-19 |title=Vimanam Teaser {{!}} Samuthirakani {{!}} Anasuya Bharadwaj {{!}} Meera Jasmine |url=https://telanganatoday.com/vimanam-teaser-samuthirakani-anasuya-bharadwaj-meera-jasmine |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528160226/https://telanganatoday.com/vimanam-teaser-samuthirakani-anasuya-bharadwaj-meera-jasmine |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' || Shankaranna || Cameo
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Hanu-Man]]'' || [[Vibhishana]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|[[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']]
|Sabha
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Padhakam Prakaram]]'' || Raghuram ||
|-
| ''[[Ramam Raghavam]]'' || Dasaradh Ramam || Partially reshot in Tamil<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-29 |title=Samuthirakani's Ramam Raghavam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/29/samuthirakanis-ramam-raghavam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Daksha: The Deadly Conspiracy'' || Chalapathi || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/daksha-the-deadly-conspiracy-set-for-summer-2025-releas-1867845|title=“Daksha – The Deadly Conspiracy” Set for Summer 2025 Release|date=19 March 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mass Jathara]]'' || Ajith Narayana ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026 || ''[[The RajaSaab]]'' || Gangaraju ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-01-12 |title=The Raja Saab Box Office Day 3: The Prabhas-starrer collects Rs 100 crores in India |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/12/the-raja-saab-box-office-day-3-the-prabhas-starrer-collects-rs-100-crores-in-india |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bad Boy Karthik]]'' || Varadha Reddy ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-12 |title=It’s a wrap for Naga Shaurya’s Bad Boy Karthik |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/12/its-a-wrap-for-naga-shauryas-bad-boy-karthik |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Malayalam films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Samuthirakani Malayalam film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"|2010 || ''[[Shikkar]]'' || Abdullah ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012 || ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Protester || Cameo in the song "Suhruth Suhruth"
|-
| ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[The Hitlist]]'' || SP Anapazhakan || Cameo
|-
| 2013 || ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'' || Chaukidar ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' || [[P. Krishna Pillai]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]'' || SP Parthasarathy IPS ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Karinkunnam 6'S]]'' || Saravanan || Cameo
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Oppam]]'' || rowspan="2" | Vasudevan || {{nom|align=left}}—[[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet film award for best actor in a negative role]]
|-
| {{won|align=left}}—[[2nd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam for performance in a negative role Malayalam]]
|-
| rowspan=1 |2024 || ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || SP Vetrivel IPS||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam trailer promises a gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-trailer-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Samuthirakani television credits as actor
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Serial
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1998|| ''Sila Nijangal Sila Nyayangal'' ||Reporter|| {{br list | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] | [[Raj TV]]}} || {{br list | Part of Jannal | TV series (episode 7)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_ytnqIXV70|title=- YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2000 || ''Kadavulukku Kobam Vanthathu'' || Smoking guy in theatre ||[[DD Podhigai]]||TV series (Episode 1)<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xh9zQr2FBJ4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Xh9zQr2FBJ4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Kadavulukku Kobam Vanthathu - Episode 1|work=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2001 || ''[[Marmadesam#Edhuvum Nadakkum|Marmadesam Edhuvum Nadakkum]]'' || A tribal man || rowspan="4" |[[Raj TV]]|| {{br list | Part of [[Marmadesam]] | TV Series (Episode 1)}}<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oSKbr6qfV0|title=Edhuvum Nadakkum — Marma Desam — Episode 1|date=26 February 2013|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramany vs Ramany|Ramany vs Ramany Part II]]'' || Sales person, Census taker, bride groom || TV series (Episode 11, 31, 51)<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XY6yGIYVWV0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/XY6yGIYVWV0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Ramani vs Ramani 2 - Episode 11|date=2 January 2020|work=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlfoiEj9aiE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hlfoiEj9aiE |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Ramani vs Ramani 2 - Episode 31|date=2 January 2020|work=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9ivVyWFKHc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/p9ivVyWFKHc |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Ramani vs Ramani 2 - Episode 51|date=2 January 2020|work=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| ''Guhan'' || Rishi's assistant || {{br list | TV series<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC_zMRiVDCc|title=Guhan Tamil TV Serial Episode - 8|date=29 March 2013|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> | also Co-director}}
|-
| ''Oru Kathavu Thirakirathu'' || Veerappan (Manikkam/Santhapandian/Pazhaniappan) || {{br list | Part of K. Balachanderin Chinnathirai: Micro Thodargal Macro Sinthanaigal<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSruRiitIeuznHMuNOizz5ejH |title=Oru Kadhavu Thirakirathu |date=2 September 2021 |work=YouTube |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083053/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSruRiitIeuznHMuNOizz5ejH |url-status=live }}</ref> | TV series}}
|-
| 2007 || ''Arasi'' || Undercover police officer (Chinna Thambi) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || TV Series
|-
| 2012 || ''[[7C (TV series)|7C]]'' || ||[[Star Vijay]] ||rowspan=2|TV Series (Special Appearance)
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Chithi – 2|Chithi 2]]''||Himself ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Live Telecast]]'' || Deva || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] || Web-series
|-
|2026
|[[Thadayam (TV series)|''Thadayam'']]
|SI Adhiyaman
|
|Web-series<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thadayam OTT release: A killer who steals symbols of marriage and clever cop Athiyamaan; how does Samuthirakani’s web series connect these two|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thadayam-ott-release-a-killer-who-steals-symbols-of-marriage-and-clever-cop-athiyamaan-how-does-samuthirakanis-web-series-connect-these-two/9980849c1c674|access-date=2026-02-25|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Samuthirakani film credits as dubbing artist
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | For actor
|-
|2009
|''[[Pasanga]]''
| Sivakumar
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Aadukalam]]'' || [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || [[Murli Sharma]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' || Madhusudhan Rao
|}

===As a director===
;Films
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under"
|+ List of Samuthirakani film credits as director
|- align="center"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]'' || Tamil || {{won|align=left}}—[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Naalo'' || Telugu || Remake of ''[[Unnai Charanadainthen]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Naadodigal]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil || {{won|align=left}}—[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director]]
|-
| {{nom|align=left}}—{{br list | [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]] | Nominated—[[Vijay Award for Best Director]] | Nominated—[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Sambho Siva Sambho]]'' || Telugu ||Remake of ''[[Naadodigal]]''
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Poraali]]'' || Tamil || {{won|align=left}}—[[6th Vijay Awards|Vijay Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]'' || Kannada || Remake of ''[[Poraali]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || Telugu ||Delayed release Simultaneously shot alongside ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aakashamittayee]]'' || Malayalam || Remake of ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'', Co-directed with [[M. Padmakumar]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Naadodigal 2]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' || Telugu || Remake of ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-24 |title='PKSDT' set to hit theatres: Pawan Kalyan and Sai Dharam Tej fans rejoice |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pksdt-set-to-hit-theatres-pawan-kalyan-and-sai-dharam-tej-fans-rejoice/articleshow/98972351.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512171519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pksdt-set-to-hit-theatres-pawan-kalyan-and-sai-dharam-tej-fans-rejoice/articleshow/98972351.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

;Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Samuthirakani television credits as director
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''Paasa Paasangugal'' || rowspan=6|[[Raj TV]] || rowspan="6" |Part of K. Balachanderin Chinnathirai: Micro Thodargal Macro Sinthanaigal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrti6VG1YJAaGe4_IPaNctgq |title=Paasa Paasangugal |publisher=YouTube |date=14 January 2021 |accessdate=21 February 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511210647/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrti6VG1YJAaGe4_IPaNctgq |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrs9SfqPslHgqpyCgLm9G02e |title=Gunangalum Ranangalum |publisher=YouTube |date=25 May 2021 |accessdate=2 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214801/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrs9SfqPslHgqpyCgLm9G02e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrvQV7Y9quCGm-XJXVQuL6q5 |title=Idho Boopalam |publisher=YouTube |date=18 November 2020 |accessdate=21 February 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307042524/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrvQV7Y9quCGm-XJXVQuL6q5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAJvFE3OmTVOxQccXl1hPY-0JMoWpbdiX |title=Theadathey Tholainthu Povai |publisher=YouTube |date=4 September 2020 |accessdate=5 March 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307082056/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAJvFE3OmTVOxQccXl1hPY-0JMoWpbdiX |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrvWqZqmXjY5DSYgYJB3-Ix7 |title=Addi Ennadi Asattu Pennea |publisher=YouTube |date=22 February 2021 |accessdate=5 March 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307095604/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrvWqZqmXjY5DSYgYJB3-Ix7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrvt4IRwoePK6WCQLoB7ikFB |title=Kodi Rubai Kealvi |publisher=YouTube |date=31 October 2020 |accessdate=21 February 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307050832/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrvt4IRwoePK6WCQLoB7ikFB |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2001 || ''Gunangalum Ranangalum''
|-
| ''Idho Boopalam''
|-
| ''Theadathey Tholainthu Povai''
|-
| ''Addi Ennadi Asattu Pennea''
|-
| ''Kodi Rubai Kealvi''
|-
| ''Ramani vs Ramani (Part 2) '' || Raj TV || As Sales person in few episodes
|-
| ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]'' || [[Jaya TV]] || Directed along with [[K. Balachander]]
|-
| 2004 || ''Engirundho Vandhal'' || [[Jaya TV]] || Directed along with [[K. Balachander]] and Ilakkiyan
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''Idhu Oru Kadhal Kadhai'' || [[STAR Vijay]] ||
|-
| ''Thangavettai'' ||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| Game Show
|-
| ''Selvi'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''Arasi'' ||
|-
| ''Thenmozhiyal'' || [[Kalaignar TV]] || Directed along with K. Balachander
|-
| 2010 || ''Alaipayuthey'' || [[Jaya TV]] || Directed along with Raja
|}

===Singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Samuthirakani film credits as singer
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Vamsam]]'' || "Suvadu Suvadu" || Taj Noor || Sang along with [[M. Sasikumar|M Sasikumar]] and [[Pandiraj]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Poraali]]'' || "Vidiya Potri" || [[Sundar C Babu]] ||
|}

===Narrator===
*''[[Eye of the Leopard]]'' (2006) - Tamil version - [[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|National Geographic]]
*''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (2012)
*''Roar of the Royals'' (2020) - Tamil version - National Geographic
*''[[Serndhu Polama]]'' (2015)
*''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]'' (2021)
*''The Way Of The Cheetah'' (2021) Tamil version - National Geographic

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708112206/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/30/stories/2007043000740100.htm Opera king]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214033002/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/18832.html His still dreams to make it]
* {{Instagram|i_am_samuthirakani}}

{{Samuthirakani}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuthirakani, P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]

Varun Kumar (field hockey)

2026-04-24T12:06:19Z

Nekilortashush: Made a biography

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Varun Kumar
| image = Varun Kumar.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|7|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]
| height = 1.72 m<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumar Varun |url=https://www.worldcup2018.hockey/men/players/kumar-varun__70524__4212 |website=www.worldcup2018.hockey |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>
| position = Defender
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Punjab
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2014–2017
| clubs2 = [[Punjab Warriors]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2017–
| clubs3 = BPCL
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 = 2014–2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2017–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 142
| nationalgoals2 = 39
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalOlympic}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalBronze|[[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Dhaka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Breda]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Chennai]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2021 Dhaka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's FIH Hockey World League|World League]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2016 Lucknow]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2015 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2015 Kuantan]]|}}
|caption=Kumar in August 2022}}
'''Varun Kumar''' (born 25 July 1995) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|defender]] for [[Punjab Warriors]] in the [[Hockey India League]] and the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]]. He was part of the Indian team that won a bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

==Career==
Born in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Kumar belongs to Dalhousie, Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh. Kumar first started to play hockey when he was in school.<ref name="BM">{{cite news|title=Santa Singh, Varun Kumar Plan to Spice Up Contests in World Cup|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/Santa-SinghVarun-Kumar-plan-to-spice-up-contests-in-World-Cup/articleshow/55516771.cms|access-date=10 December 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=20 November 2016}}</ref> He represented his home state of Punjab in the Junior National Championships in 2012 and did very well, earning a call-up to the junior national team.<ref name="BM"/> Injury soon after the tournament kept Kumar quiet for two years before he played the 2014 Junior National Championships and was recalled into the junior national team.

Kumar soon managed to sign with the [[Punjab Warriors]] in the [[Hockey India League]]. He was retained for the [[2015 Hockey India League season|2014 season]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Six Teams after Closed Bid for Hockey India League 2015|url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2014/11/17/six-teams-closed-bid-hockey-india-league-2015/id-14499.html#.WEukOaIrLBI|access-date=10 December 2016|work=The Fans of Hockey|date=15 November 2014}}</ref> After the season, he was retained for a period of two years for the 2015 and 2016 seasons of the league.<ref>{{cite news|title=Punjab warriors retain six players for next two seasons of HILs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-warriors-retain-six-players-for-next-two-seasons-of-hils/story-wHtXrMySkhVRXZhCkCmQMP.html|access-date=10 December 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> Finally he won gold medal in [[2022 Asian Games]] in Hangzhou.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games Results |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/hockey/result-men-fnl-000200-.htm |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=2022 Asian Games, Hangzhou |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008232508/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/hockey/result-men-fnl-000200-.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==International==
Kumar has represented the India junior side. He emerged as the top-scorer for India during the Four-Nations Invitational Tournament in [[Spain]] before being selected into the side for the [[2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]] side.<ref>{{cite news|title='Versatile' team picked for Junior Hockey World Cup|url=https://www.asianage.com/sports/in-other-sports/191116/versatile-team-picked-for-junior-hockey-world-cup.html|access-date=10 December 2016|work=Asian Age|date=19 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
Himachal Pradesh announced Rs.1 crore award for Kumar, for his Olympic bronze medal at Tokyo Olympics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-06 |title=Himachal Pradesh govt announces Rs 1 crore award for hockey player Varun Kumar after Olympics bronze |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/himachal-pradesh-govt-announces-rs-1-crore-award-for-hockey-player-varun-kumar-after-olympics-bronze/articleshow/85103527.cms |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/varun-kumar-profile-187 Varun Kumar] at [[Hockey India]]
*{{Sports links}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2017 Asia Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2023 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Varun}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey defenders]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Hockey India League players]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Surabhi foundation

2026-04-17T03:08:18Z

Nekilortashush: Made details

{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}

'''Surabhi Foundation''' (abbreviated as SuFo, Hindi सुरभि) is a registered<ref>{{cite book|title=additional Book No.4 Vol No 3,145|author=Sub Registrar, New Delhi{{!}}|page=106 to 120|date=2009-08-21|quote=Registration No. 7,764}}</ref> [[not-for-profit]] organisation working for improvement of socio-economic condition of farmers and artisans in rural India. SuFo works for a healthy and equitable self-reliant society. This is brought about by accomplishing rural prosperity and growth through adopting environmentally harmonious farming systems, utilizing local natural resources and availing non farming opportunities integrating indigenous and global knowledge, people-centered development and empowerment approach.<ref name="Vision and Mission">{{cite web|title=Vision and Mission|url=http://Surabhifoundation.in/index.php/who-we-are/vision-and-mission}}</ref>
{{Infobox organization
| name = Surabhi Foundation
| image =
| caption =
| founder =
| type = [[not-for-profit]]
| tax_id =
| founded = 2009
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| products =
| services =
| focus = [[Poverty Alleviation]], Health and Nutrition, [[Self-employment]]
| footnotes = Member of [[International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements]]<ref>{{cite web|title=IFOAM membership directory|url=http://www.ifoam.org/organic_world/directory/Countries/India-Members.html}}</ref>
}}

== Activities ==
Surabhi Foundation is dedicated towards its mission by conducting following activities.

Sustainable Rural Development
* Farmer Development
* Employment Generation
* Education
* Livestock Development
* Entrepreneurship Development
* Renascence

Urban Health
* Natural Food
* Desi Cow Milk

Improving socio-economic status of women

== Projects ==
* Rural Empowerment Project - Bundelkhand
* Handmade Paper Renasance Project - Kalpi Project
* Cow Breed Development - Uttarakhand Project

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|28|37|54.4|N|77|13|37.1|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]

Naira Singhania Goenka

2026-04-13T03:08:14Z

Nekilortashush: started - done

{{Short description|Fictional character}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Naira Singhania Goenka
| series = [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Shivangi Joshi at Kohira Diamond Store Launch.jpg
| photo1b = Ashnoor Kaur at Boogle Bollywood Ballistic Awards 2023 (cropped 2).jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 330
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage =
}}
| caption = [[Shivangi Joshi]] played the grown up while [[Ashnoor Kaur]] played young Naira
| first = "Naksh Has a Baby Sister" (9 February 2015)
| last = "Naira Falls to Her Death" (11 January 2021)
| creator = [[Director's Kut Productions|Rajan Shahi]]
| portrayer = [[Shivangi Joshi]] [[Ashnoor Kaur]]
| full_name = Naira Singhania Goenka
| nickname =
| gender = Female
| occupation = Dancer Jewellery designer (
| relatives =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| origin = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| lbl21 = Affiliation
| data21 = [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Singhanias|Singhanias]] [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Maheshwaris|Maheshwaris]] [[List of characters in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai#Goenkas|Goenkas]]
}}
'''Naira Singhania''' is the protagonist of the second generation of the longest-running Indian television soap ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''. Created by Rajan Shahi under [[Director's Kut Productions]], the series became a cultural phenomenon. Portrayed by [[Shivangi Joshi]] and [[Ashnoor Kaur]], Naira is known for her outspoken and fearless nature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Shivangi Joshi will play the grown-up Naira |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shivangi-joshi-will-play-the-grown-up-naira/articleshow/52075258.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Shivangi Joshi aka YRKKH's leading lady Naira bids adieu to show with a heartfelt note as makers introduce a generation leap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shivangi-joshi-bids-farewell-to-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-producer-introduces-new-cast-7593075/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>She is also known for her stylish wardrobe which is termed as most popular in indian television.

== Development ==
===Concept and creation===
Naira was introduced as the daughter of [[Akshara Maheshwari Singhania]] and Naitik Singhania.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mulla |first=Zainab |date=9 February 2015 |title=Naitik and Akshara welcome their baby girl and call her 'Naira' |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-naitik-and-akshara-welcome-their-baby-girl-and-call-her-naira-274814/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=India.com}}</ref> The character was created to represent a modern yet grounded young woman who navigates familial expectations, societal norms, and personal aspirations. Initially depicted as a carefree and rebellious teenager, Naira's evolution into a mature, loving daughter, wife, and mother became central to the narrative of the series.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2021 |title=As Bring back Kaira trends online, here's looking at some of Shivangi-Mohsin's best moments from YRKKH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/article/as-bring-back-kaira-trends-online-heres-looking-at-some-of-shivangi-mohsins-best-moments-from-yrkkh/754517 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=Times Now}}</ref> In November 2016, [[Hina Khan]] playing [[Akshara Maheshwari Singhania|Akshara]] quit as her character became monotonous for her and she was shown killed in a car accident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/heena-khan-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-4413043/|title=This is the real reason why Akshara aka Hina Khan left Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai|website=The Indian Express|date=7 December 2016|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131221218/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/heena-khan-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-4413043/|url-status=live}}</ref> While [[Shivangi Joshi|Joshi]] playing Naira, who entered in May 2016, turned into the central character as the story started focusing on her journey. Since then, the show has focused significantly on Naira and Kartik's love story in parallel with Naksh and Keerti who were secondary main characters of the show.

===Casting===
When the character of Naira Singhania was introduced, her baby years were portrayed by Mishka Jain. After the 10 year leap, [[Ashnoor Kaur]] was cast as the young Naira and played the role from 2015 to 2016. Her portrayal of Naira's innocence and rebellious streak garnered appreciation and laid the foundation for the character's popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2024 |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata's on-screen siblings Ashnoor Kaur and Rohan Mehra attend Ed Sheeran concert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlatas-on-screen-siblings-ashnoor-kaur-and-rohan-mehra-attend-ed-sheeran-concert-watch-video/articleshow/108592458.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> [[Shivangi Joshi]] was cast as Naira in 2016 after a major leap in the storyline.<ref name=":0" /> Her portrayal was widely appreciated for its depth and relatability, earning her several awards and nominations. Producer Rajan Shahi stated in interviews that Shivangi's ability to connect emotionally with the audience played a key role in the success of Naira's character.<ref name=":1" />

===Impact===
Naira was written as a multi-dimensional character, blending tradition with modernity. Her character was portrayed as a symbol of resilience and strength, tackling issues such as marital conflicts and family dynamics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Would love to be in Bollywood but right now, I'm happy with my show: Shivangi Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-would-love-to-be-in-bollywood-but-right-now-im-happy-with-my-show-shivangi-joshi/articleshow/81918278.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>In short span of time shivangi's portrayal of naira earned huge fanbase. In the show her bridal entry on bike in the grandest wedding of ITV has set huge trend. She influenced bridal entry culture in India that to this day brides copy her style of entry on bike. She has said to worn the most heavy and expensive bridal lahenga that any actress has in ITV. Clothes with the name 'Naira Cut' are hugely popular in market. When compared with other female leads of the show Shivangi Joshi as Naira most of the times emerges as fan favourite character defeating Akshara her mother as well.

== Characterization and evolution ==

===Fiction===
Naira is a fearless and out-spoken girl from [[Udaipur]]. She is born as the second child of Naitik Singhania and Akshara Maheshwari. Her parents relocate to [[Cape Town]] along with her and her brother after Kaveri Singhania (Naira's grand-aunt) blames Akshara for the death of the former's husband. Ten years later, she has grown up into a vibrant girl who shares good bond with her family and is a learning [[Kathak]] dancer. She and her family move back to India as Akshara and Kaveri reconcile. She struggles to go through changes as she enters into her teenage she misunderstands Akshara when Naira is suspected to be involved in her friend's accidental death. Naira flees to [[Rishikesh]] leaving her family unaware. Seven years later, she lives in an orphanage and hates Akshara for not trusting her. Akshara finds her out and takes her back to Udaipur. Soon, they sort out their differences, while Naira and Kartik fall for each other. Akshara dies in a car accident and the story completely shifts to Naira and Kartik, who marry shortly afterwards. Naira and Kartik's married life goes through many ups and downs, testing them everytime. A misunderstanding leads them to part ways. Five years later, an accident causes Kartik to believe that Naira is dead, while she is raising her and Kartik's son Kairav in [[Goa]]. Soon, Kartik finds out the truth and they reconcile. Naira gives birth to their daughter and names her Akshara in her late mother's memory. Shortly afterwards, she dies after falling off a cliff which concludes her character. Throughout the plot, she is shown as a determined, strong and rebellious person who never compromises with her self-respect. But, her love for her family and children is always her priority.

== See also ==
* [[Shivangi Joshi]]
* [[Ashnoor Kaur]]
* [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fictional characters from the 21st century]]
[[Category:Female characters in television]]
[[Category:Drama television characters]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people]]
[[Category:Fictional housewives]]

2025 Chennai Super Kings season

2026-04-10T11:20:57Z

Nekilortashush: new initial stub initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|csk}}
| season = [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
| image = M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023
| caption = M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, home ground of Chennai Super Kings
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| captain = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] [[MS Dhoni]]
| ground = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| comp1 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 10th place
| most runs = [[Shivam Dube]] (357)<ref name="mr"/>
| most wickets = [[Noor Ahmad]] (24)<ref name="mw"/>
| most catches = [[Dewald Brevis]] [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (6 each)<ref name="mc">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most catches|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526120926/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/fielding-most-catches-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| most dismissals = MS Dhoni (11)<ref name="md">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most dismissals|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815081448/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/keeping-most-dismissals-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2024 {{IPL Teams 1|csk}} season|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 {{IPL Teams 1|csk}} season|2026]]
}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League Teams}}

The 2025 season was the 16th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) [[cricket]] franchise [[Chennai Super Kings]]. They were one of the ten teams that competed in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025 IPL]]. Mid-season, [[MS Dhoni]] took over as the captain after [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] withdrew due to injury. The team was coached by [[Stephen Fleming]].

Chennai Super Kings had a poor season and were the first team to be eliminated from the 2025 IPL. The team lost five matches at home in a season for the first time and finished the season in last place (tenth) with four wins from 14 matches. [[Shivam Dube]] scored the most runs (357) while [[Noor Ahmad]] took the most wickets (24) for Chennai in the 2025 season.

== Pre-season ==
{{further|List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] was the 18th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Super Kings]] are the joint-most successful franchise with 5 title wins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadeja's last-ball four seals fifth title for CSK in rollercoaster final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/match-report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429212411/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/match-report |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-23 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> The team finished in fifth place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|previous season]].<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|title=2024 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526045213/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> The tournament featured ten teams competing in 74 matches from 22 March to 3 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Hemant |title=IPL 2025 FAQs: What's new this season? Any changes in format? |date=2023-03-20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322194040/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101|archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-03-22 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 to resume on May 17 with RCB vs KKR, final scheduled for June 3 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |access-date=14 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101323/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai played all their home matches at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adil |first=Hafsa |title=All to know about the Indian Premier League's 2025 season |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/3/20/all-to-know-about-the-ipl-2025-captains-schedule-prize-money-venues |access-date=2026-01-31 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref> except for the last one, which was moved to [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]] following the IPL's [[2025 Indian Premier League#Suspension and rescheduling|suspension and rescheduling]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Remainder of IPL 2025 to be held at six venues |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4210/remainder-of-ipl-2025-to-be-held-at-six-venues |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101854/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4210/remainder-of-ipl-2025-to-be-held-at-six-venues |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sch-chng2"/>

=== Player retention ===
Franchises were allowed to retain a maximum of six players from their squad, including a maximum of five recent international players.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2024|title=IPL 2025 mega auction salary purse, retention rules, and RTM explained|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|access-date=29 September 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015913/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 31 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deadline For Submission Of Retention List For IPL 2025 Auction Revealed |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020104/https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai retained five players, including captain [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] and former captains [[MS Dhoni]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]].<ref name="retain"/><ref name=csk-retain/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Retained players<ref name="retain">{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL 2025 retentions: List of all the retained players ahead of the mega auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |access-date=30 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=10 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=csk-retain>{{cite news |date=30 October 2024 |title=Dhoni set to be among CSK's five retained players ahead of IPL 2025 mega auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-ms-dhoni-among-csks-five-retained-players-1457660 |access-date=30 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=30 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241030140913/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-ms-dhoni-among-csks-five-retained-players-1457660 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Matheesha Pathirana]] || {{INRConvert|13|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Shivam Dube]] || {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[MS Dhoni]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Released players<ref name="retain"/><ref name="S2024">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/chennai-super-kings-squad-1413620/series-squads|title=2024 Indian Premier League, {{IPL Teams 1|csk}} squad|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529234612/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/chennai-super-kings-squad-1413620/series-squads|archive-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>
! [[Batting (cricket)|Batters]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]s || [[All-rounder]]s || [[Fast bowling|Fast bowlers]] || [[Spin bowling|Spin bowlers]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Sameer Rizvi]]
* [[Shaik Rasheed]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Aravelly Avanish Rao]]
* [[Devon Conway]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Ajay Mandal]]
* [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]
* [[Mitchell Santner]]
* [[Moeen Ali]]
* [[Nishant Sindhu]]
* [[Rachin Ravindra]]
* [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[Mukesh Choudhary]]
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
* [[Richard Gleeson]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Simarjeet Singh]]
* [[Tushar Deshpande]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
* [[Prashant Solanki]]
|}

=== Auction ===
The season's auction took place on 24 and 25 November 2024 in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2025 mega auction to be held on November 24, 25 in Jeddah|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|access-date=5 November 2024|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=16 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116185000/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|url-status=live}}</ref> The auction purse for each franchise was set at {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=on}}, with the franchises being deducted an amount from the purse for each retained player.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Report Says Franchise Purse To Increase From Rs 90 Crore to 120 Crore |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001020644/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IPL retention FAQs: What is the modified RTM rule? Has the auction purse increased?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|date=2024-09-30|access-date=2024-10-01|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429101841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai had a purse remaining of {{INR convert|55|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=IPL 2025 Auction: Purse Remaining For Each Team After Retentions |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103065133/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises that did not retain six players, were allowed [[Indian Premier League#Players|Right-to-Match]] (RTM) cards at the auction for each player not retained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Franchises can now retain record number of players ahead of IPL 2025 auction, purse size gets bigger too; check all details here |url=https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=SportsTak |date=28 September 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090833/https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai had one card available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198|title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Every IPL Team's Retentions, Auction Purse, Total Slots, RTM Available|work=[[NDTV]]|date=24 November 2024|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref> Chennai bought twenty players in the auction, including ten capped players and six overseas players.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|title=IPL 2025 teams and all squads - full players list|website=[[Olympics.com]]|date=25 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-date=24 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124172801/https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai used their RTM card to buy back [[Rachin Ravindra]] for {{INRconvert|4|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=List of RTM Buys by all Franchises at the IPL Auction 2025 |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/csk-mi-rcb-to-kkr-list-of-rtm-buys-by-all-franchises-at-the-ipl-auction-2025-323371.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps as of start of 2025 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.
* Ages are as of {{start date|2025|3|22|df=y}}.
* Withdrawn players are indicated by a dagger symbol ({{dagger}}) and placed at the bottom of the table.
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+ [[Chennai Super Kings]] squad for the [[2025 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="S2025">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-squad-1458628/series-squads|title=2025 Indian Premier League, Chennai Super Kings squad|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526044651/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-squad-1458628/series-squads|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="retain"/><ref name="List"/>
! S/N || Name || Nationality || Birth date || Batting style || Bowling style || Salary || Notes
|-
| 1 || [[Ramakrishna Ghosh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 7 || '''[[MS Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]{{efn|name="Cap"|[[MS Dhoni]] took over as the captain after [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] withdrew due to elbow injury.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 April 2025|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad ruled out of IPL 2025, MS Dhoni set to lead Chennai Super Kings|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ruturaj-gaikwad-ruled-out-of-ipl-ms-dhoni-to-lead-csk-9936775/|access-date=10 April 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411034353/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ruturaj-gaikwad-ruled-out-of-ipl-ms-dhoni-to-lead-csk-9936775/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| 8 || '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 10 || '''[[Jamie Overton]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|4|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 12 || '''[[Dewald Brevis]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2003|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; replacement{{efn|name="Gurjapneet"}}
|-
| 15 || '''[[Noor Ahmad]]''' || {{cr|AFG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2005|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|wrist-spin]] || {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 17 || '''[[Rachin Ravindra]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|11|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|slow orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 19 || [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 25 || '''[[Shivam Dube]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|6|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 27 || [[Urvil Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || Replacement{{efn|name=Bedi}}
|-
| 28 || [[Andre Siddarth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2006|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 33 || [[Mukesh Choudhary]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|7|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 47 || [[Anshul Kamboj]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 51 || '''[[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|12|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 52 || '''[[Rahul Tripathi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1991|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 56 || [[Ayush Mhatre]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2007|7|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || Replacement{{efn|name="Gaikwad"}}
|-
| 57 || '''[[Deepak Hooda]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1995|4|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]] || {{INRConvert|1.7|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 58 || '''[[Sam Curran]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|6|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 59 || '''[[Vijay Shankar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1991|1|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|1.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 66 || [[Shaik Rasheed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2004|9|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 71 || '''[[Khaleel Ahmed]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|12|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|4.8|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 72 || '''[[Nathan Ellis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|9|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 81 || '''[[Matheesha Pathirana]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || {{INRConvert|13|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 88 || '''[[Devon Conway]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1991|7|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|6.25|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 99 || '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1986|9|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]] || {{INRConvert|9.75|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 9 || [[Gurjapneet Singh]] {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}} || Withdrawn{{efn|name=Gurjapneet|[[Dewald Brevis]] replaced [[Gurjapneet Singh]], after the latter withdrew due to injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-csk-sign-dewald-brevis-as-replacement-for-injured-gurjapneet-singh-1481784|title=CSK sign Dewald Brevis as replacement for injured Gurjapneet Singh|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=18 April 2025|access-date=25 April 2025|archive-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420034447/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-csk-sign-dewald-brevis-as-replacement-for-injured-gurjapneet-singh-1481784|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| 23 || [[Vansh Bedi]] {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|12|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|55|l|lk=on}} || Withdrawn{{efn|name=Bedi|[[Urvil Patel]] replaced [[Vansh Bedi]], after the latter withdrew due to ankle injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-csk-sign-urvil-patel-as-a-replacement-for-injured-vansh-bedi-1484766|title=CSK sign Urvil Patel as a replacement for injured Vansh Bedi|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=5 May 2025|access-date=5 May 2025|archive-date=5 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505185037/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-csk-sign-urvil-patel-as-a-replacement-for-injured-vansh-bedi-1484766|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| 31 || '''[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|01|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]];{{efn|name=Cap}} withdrawn{{efn|name=Gaikwad|[[Ayush Mhatre]] replaced [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], after the latter withdrew due to elbow injury.<ref>{{cite news|title=CSK pick Ayush Mhatre as injury replacement for Ruturaj Gaikwad, SRH sign Smaran Ravichandran for the injured Adam Zampa|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4161/csk-pick-ayush-mhatre-as-injury-replacement-for-ruturaj-gaikwad-srh-sign-smaran-ravichandran-for-the-injured-adam-zampa|website=[[IPLT20.com]]|date=14 April 2025|access-date=14 April 2025|archive-date=15 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415071718/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4161/csk-pick-ayush-mhatre-as-injury-replacement-for-ruturaj-gaikwad-srh-sign-smaran-ravichandran-for-the-injured-adam-zampa|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|}
{{notelist}}

== Support staff ==
In September 2024, it was announced that Chennai's bowling coach, [[Dwayne Bravo]], would join [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in a mentorship role.<ref name=bravo>{{cite web|title=Dwayne Bravo parts ways with CSK, joins KKR as mentor for IPL 2025|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/dwayne-bravo-parts-ways-with-csk-joins-kkr-as-mentor-for-ipl-2025-1452787|access-date=2024-09-27|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009174446/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/dwayne-bravo-parts-ways-with-csk-joins-kkr-as-mentor-for-ipl-2025-1452787|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Position || Name
|-
| Head coach || [[Stephen Fleming]]
|-
| Batting coach || [[Michael Hussey]]
|-
| Bowling coach || [[Eric Simons]]
|-
| Fielding coach || [[Rajiv Kumar (cricketer)|Rajiv Kumar]]
|}
* Source: ''Wisden''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=IPL 2025: Who Are The Captains And Coaching Staff Of Each Team? |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621155521/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |url-status=live}}</ref>

== League stage ==
Chennai Super Kings began their season with a win against [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-3rd-match-1473440/match-report|title=Noor, Ravindra, Gaikwad get CSK off to winning start|date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=4 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504062511/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-3rd-match-1473440/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> They lost their next five mathces against [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-8th-match-1473445/match-report|title=Patidar, bowlers lead RCB to first win over CSK in Chennai since 2008|date=28 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref> [[Rajasthan Royals]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=CSK vs RR Highlights, IPL 2025: Rajasthan Royals beats Chennai Super Kings by six wickets |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-rr-live-score-chennai-super-kings-ipl-2025-rajasthan-royals-match-updates-streaming-highlights/article69597297.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Delhi Capitals]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Dhruva |date=2025-04-05 |title=CSK vs DC, IPL 2025: Delhi Capitals subdues Chennai Super Kings to make it three-in-three |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-dc-ipl-2025-chennai-super-kings-v-delhi-capitals-match-report-score-result/article69416623.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Punjab Kings]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sankar |date=2025-04-08 |title=PBKS vs CSK, IPL 2025: Priyansh Arya powers Punjab Kings to 18-run win over Chennai Super Kings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/pbks-vs-csk-ipl-2025-match-report-result-highlights-punjab-v-chennai-super-kings-score/article69428664.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> and Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-25th-match-1473462/match-report|title=CSK suffer fifth loss on the trot as KKR register monster win|date=11 April 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=1 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501202205/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-25th-match-1473462/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 April, Gaikwad withdrew from the season due to injury, and Dhoni took over as the captain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-ms-dhoni-csk-skipper-ruturaj-gaikwad-ruled-out-2707057-2025-04-10|title=MS Dhoni to take over as CSK captain, Ruturaj Gaikwad ruled out|date=10 April 2025|access-date=10 April 2025|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410134732/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-ms-dhoni-csk-skipper-ruturaj-gaikwad-ruled-out-2707057-2025-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai won their seventh match against [[Lucknow Super Giants]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/lucknow-super-giants-vs-chennai-super-kings-30th-match-1473467/match-report|title=Dhoni, Noor and Jadeja snap CSK's losing streak|date=14 April 2025|access-date=10 April 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=14 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414191820/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/lucknow-super-giants-vs-chennai-super-kings-30th-match-1473467/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> but lost their next four matches against Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-20 |title=MI vs CSK highlights, IPL 2025: Rohit, Suryakumar score fifties as Mumbai Indians beats Chennai Super Kings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/mi-vs-csk-live-score-ipl-2025-updates-mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-highlights-streaming-info/article69470968.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-43rd-match-1473480/match-report|title=Harshal, Kamindu lead SRH to their first win against CSK in Chennai|date=25 April 2025|access-date=10 April 2026|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Punjab<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=CSK vs PBKS, IPL 2025 Highlights: Shreyas Iyer, Prabhsimran fifties help Punjab Kings win by 4 wickets |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-pbks-live-score-chennai-super-kings-punjab-kings-info-highlights/article69508935.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> and Bengaluru;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-chennai-super-kings-52nd-match-1473489/match-report|title=Dayal trumps CSK in last over again to take RCB to the top|date=3 May 2025|access-date=10 April 2026|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> and became the first team to be eliminated from the 2025 IPL.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-csk-vs-pbks-chennai-playoffs-race-chahal-hatrick-shreyas-2717725-2025-04-30|title=IPL 2025: CSK first team out of playoffs race after home humbling by PBKS|work=[[India Today]]|date=1 May 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=1 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501045055/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-csk-vs-pbks-chennai-playoffs-race-chahal-hatrick-shreyas-2717725-2025-04-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai lost five home venue matches in a season for the first time, and was eliminated in the league stage in two consecutive seasons for the first time since the inauguration of the IPL.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-eliminated-ipl-2025-playoff-race-knocked-out/article69509087.ece|title=CSK knocked out of IPL 2025 after another Chepauk defeat|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=1 May 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=1 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501025812/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-eliminated-ipl-2025-playoff-race-knocked-out/article69509087.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> They won the next match against Kolkata,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-chennai-super-kings-live-score-ipl-2025-kkr-vs-csk-live-updates-ipl-match-today-ms-dhoni-sunil-narine-8353846 |title=Kolkata Knight Riders vs Chennai Super Kings Highlights, IPL 2025: MS Dhoni Stays Unbeaten As CSK Dent KKR's Playoff Hopes With Narrow Win |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=10 April 2026 |work=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> lost to Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=CSK vs RR Highlights, IPL 2025: Vaibhav Suryavanshi The Star As RR Push MS Dhoni's CSK Towards 1st-Ever Last-Place Finish |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/chennai-super-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-live-score-csk-vs-rr-live-updates-ipl-2025-cricket-match-today-ms-dhoni-vaibhav-suryavanshi-yashavi-jaiswal-8462335 |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> and won their last match of the season against [[Gujarat Titans]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-25 |title=GT vs CSK Highlights, IPL 2025: Chennai Super Kings thrashes Gujarat Titans by 83 runs to bow out on a high |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/gt-vs-csk-live-score-today-match-ipl-2025-gujarat-titans-chennai-super-kings-streaming-info-may-25-highlights/article69616916.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> Chennai finished at the bottom of the points table for the first time in an IPL season with eight points.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/chennai-super-kings-finish-bottom-points-table-records-gujarat-10028186/|title=IPL: Chennai Super Kings finish bottom of points table for first time in history|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 May 2025|access-date=25 May 2025|archive-date=27 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527114755/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/chennai-super-kings-finish-bottom-points-table-records-gujarat-10028186/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Points table ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|pt}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke:IndianPremierLeagueProgression | create

| W3, L8, L11, L17, L22, L25, W30, L38, L43, L49, L52, W57, L62, W67 | E

| caption = League progression<ref name="pts"/>
| teams = {{IPL Teams 1|csk}}
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = }}

=== Fixtures ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match3}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match11}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match17}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match22}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match25}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match30}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match38}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match43}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match49}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match52}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match57}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match62}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match67}}

== Statistics ==
[[File:Shivam Dube in PMO New Delhi.jpg|thumb|alt=Shivam Dube in 2024|[[Shivam Dube]] scored the most runs (357) for [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League]].]]
At the [[2025 Indian Premier League#End of season awards|IPL end of season awards]], Chennai was awarded the team fairplay award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=IPL 2025 Final Presentation: Full List Of Tournament Award Winners |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116154536/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most runs<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most runs|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053138/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 357
| [[Shivam Dube]]
|-
! scope=row | 301
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
|-
! scope=row | 240
| [[Ayush Mhatre]]
|-
! scope=row | 225
| [[Dewald Brevis]]
|-
! scope=row | 196
| [[MS Dhoni]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most wickets<ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most wickets|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wicket]]s
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 24
| [[Noor Ahmad]]
|-
! scope=row | 15
| [[Khaleel Ahmed]]
|-
! scope=row | 13
| [[Matheesha Pathirana]]
|-
! scope=row | 10
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
|-
! scope=row | 8
| [[Anshul Kamboj]]
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="sch-chng1">[[#sch1|Original 2025 IPL Schedule]] vs [[#sch3|Revised 2025 IPL Schedule]]</ref>
<ref name="sch-chng2">{{cite web |access-date=13 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 schedule: What's changed in the new fixture list vs old? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date=13 May 2025 |archive-date=13 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513064518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
</references>
=== General references ===
* {{anchor|sch1}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-02-16 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/smart-images/1739621485265_IPL%20Season%20Schedule%202025-1.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=1}}
* {{anchor|sch3}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-05-12 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202025%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=3}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/chennai-super-kings Chennai Super Kings on IPLT20 website]
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2025-1449924|title=2025 Indian Premier League}}

{{Chennai Super Kings}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2025 Indian Premier League|Chennai Super Kings]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons]]

Bal Singh

2026-04-07T01:49:27Z

Nekilortashush: new a bio w/ sources - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bal Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| office1 = Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start1 = 20 December 2024
| succeeding = 
| predecessor1 = M.K. Nandi
| successor =
| majority =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Bal Singh''' is an Indian [[communist]] politician and a tribal leader from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is currently serving as the secretary of the [[Chhattisgarh]] state unit of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thecrossbill.in/politics/bal-singh-a-tribal-leader-takes-helm-of-chhattisgarh-cpim-1607| title = Tribal Leader Bal Singh Takes Helm of Chhattisgarh CPI(M)|website = Crossbill}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी मार्क्सवादी के राज्य सचिव बने बाल सिंह|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/koriya/news/bal-singh-became-the-state-secretary-of-communist-party-of-marxist-134171864.html}}</ref> He is also one of the four permanent invitees of [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]] of CPIM since 6 April 2025, the others being Sudeep Dutta, [[John Brittas]] and Sudhanva Deshpande.<ref>https://cpim.org/leadership/</ref>

==Political career==
Bal Singh is a dedicated advocate for tribal rights, having worked closely with the Adivasi Adhikar Rashtriya Manch,<ref>{{cite web|title = Adivasi Adhikar Rashtriya Manch National Conference|url = https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2017/0702_pd/adivasi-adhikar-rashtriya-manch-national-conference}}</ref> the tribal wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cpim-adivasi-adhikar-rashtriya-manch-slam-bhupesh-baghel-governments-response-to-narayanpur-violence/article66424790.ece/ | title=CPI(M), Adivasi Adhikar Rashtriya Manch slam Bhupesh Baghel government's response to Narayanpur violence | work=The Hindu | date=23 January 2023 | last1=Sikdar | first1=Shubhomoy }}</ref> His efforts focus on addressing pressing concerns such as land rights, preservation of tribal culture, and the impact of development policies on indigenous populations. A strong proponent of social justice, Singh is committed to protecting tribal communities from exploitation and violence, ensuring their rights are respected and protected.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thecrossbill.in/politics/bal-singh-a-tribal-leader-takes-helm-of-chhattisgarh-cpim-1607| title = Singh has actively worked with the Adivasi Adhikar Manch, the tribal wing of CPI(M), to address concerns related to land rights, tribal culture, and the impact of development policies on indigenous populations. He is known for his strong stance on social justice and his efforts to protect tribal communities from exploitation and violence.|website = Crossbill}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
He contested as [[CPI(M)]] candidate from [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja constituency]] in [[2009 Indian general election]]. But he got 11,667 votes which were 1.45% of the total votes polled in that constituency and stood at 6th position.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ | title=Constituency Wise Detailed Result }}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]] : [[Sarguja]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Murarilal Singh]]
|votes = 4,16,532
|percentage = 51.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhanu Pratap Singh
|votes = 2,56,984
|percentage = 31.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dhan Singh Dhurve
|votes = 20,700
|percentage = 2.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Suraj Deo Singh Khairwar
|votes = 20,488
|percentage =2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Anoop Minj
|votes = 15,021
|percentage =1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bal Singh
|votes = 11,667
|percentage =1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Bhupnath Singh Maravi
|votes = 8,827
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Somnath Bhagat
|votes = 4,278
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kumait B.D.O.
|votes = 4,261
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,59,548
|percentage = 19.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,05,202
|percentage = 61.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bal}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Karthigai Deepam (film)

2026-03-26T03:26:59Z

Nekilortashush: enhance formatting for accuracy and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{For|the 1979 Telugu-language film|Karthika Deepam (film)}}{{Infobox film
| name = Karthigai Deepam
| image = Karthigai Deepam film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = A. Kasilingam
| writer = R. Dhayanidhi Shankar Jai Somu (Only Comedy)
| producer = A. Kasilingam P. Markandeyan
| starring = [[S. A. Ashokan]] C. Vasantha [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] K. Vijayan [[S. V. Ramadas]]
| cinematography = G. Durai
| editing = A. Sastha S. Natarajan
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = M. K. Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1965|4|30|ref1=}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Karthigai Deepam''''' is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed by A. Kasilingam and produced by P. Markendeyan and A. Kasilingam. The script was written by A. Kasilingam and the comedy parts were written by Shankar Jai Somu. The film stars [[S. A. Ashokan]], C. Vasantha, K. Vijayan and [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 May 1965 |title=A and Non-A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDVWAAAAYAAJ&q=Deepam |magazine=Link |volume=7 |issue=26–52 |page=37 |access-date=7 July 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was released on 30 April 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1965 – கார்த்திகை தீபம் – (எ) எம்.கே.மூவிஸ் |trans-title=1965 – Karthigai Deepam – (A) M. K. Movies |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails17.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707061752/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails17.asp |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=July 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Pasubathi
* C. Vasantha as Poornam
* K. Vijayan as Kanaga Sabai
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Thangam
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Namachivayam
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Dr. Sathya Bhama
* Sadhan as Venu
* [[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]] as Chandra
* Karikol Raju as Ganapathy
* Master Murali as Murali
* Baby Kala as Kala
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Mythili
* Thiruchi Kamakshi as Sivakami
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]] and lyrics were written by [[Alangudi Somu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthigai Deepam |url=https://gaana.com/album/kaarthigai-deepam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117233705/https://gaana.com/album/kaarthigai-deepam |archive-date=17 November 2018 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Enna Paravai Sirakadithu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:43
|-
| "Kaiyum Kaiyum Modhinal" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:29
|-
| "Paarkatha Ulagam" || T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari || 03:40
|-
| "Thanga Theril" || L. R. Eswari || 03:22
|-
| "Enna Paravai" – Sad || T. M. Soundararajan || 01:09
|-
| "Ungu Unnuda Selvame" || L. R. Eswari || 03:49
|-
| "Enna Paravai" – Female || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:30
|-
| "Malai Sainthu Ponal" || T. M. Soundararajan || 04:57
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the performances of Ashokan and Leelavathi, though the critic felt Ashokan was occasionally overacting.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 May 1965 |title=கார்த்திகை தீபம் |url=https://ibb.co/cxvq4Ln |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125123728/https://ibb.co/BfBYczf |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shweta Bhattacharya

2026-03-24T14:45:43Z

Nekilortashush: Made new entry

{{Short description|Indian television and film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sweta Bhattacharya
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|9|21}}
| birth_place = [[Dum Dum]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008{{dash}}present|
| notable_works = [[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]] ''[[Sindoorkhela]]'' ''[[Jamuna Dhaki]]'' ''[[Jarowar Jhumko]]''
| organization =
| spouse = [[Rubel Das]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rubel -Sweta: জল্পনাই সত্যি! বাস্তবেও প্রেম করছেন পর্দার যমুনা- সঙ্গীত, শ্বেতা- রুবেল |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/jamuna-and-sangeet-jamuna-dhaki-serial-rubel-das-sweta-bhattacharya-relationship-real-life-couple-shares-adorable-photos-social-media-new-couple-television-industry-soc-463415-2022-10-27 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |date=27 October 2022 |language=bn |access-date=30 October 2022 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030083903/https://bangla.aajtak.in/amp/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/jamuna-and-sangeet-jamuna-dhaki-serial-rubel-das-sweta-bhattacharya-relationship-real-life-couple-shares-adorable-photos-social-media-new-couple-television-industry-soc-463415-2022-10-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| children =
| relatives =
}}
'''Shweta Bhattacharya''' (born 21 September 1992) is an Indian actress who works in Bengali television and films.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Family get together made my day special: Sweta Bhattacharya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/family-get-together-made-my-day-special-sweta-bhattacharya/articleshow/71241464.cms|access-date=2022-12-05|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|date=22 September 2019|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302194126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/family-get-together-made-my-day-special-sweta-bhattacharya/articleshow/71241464.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She is best known for her roles in television soap operas ''Sindoor Khela'', ''[[Jamuna Dhaki]]'', [[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2018)|''Jay Kanhaiya Lal Ki'']] and [[Tumi Robe Nirobe (2015 series)|''Tumi Robe Nirobe'']].

In 2008, Bhattacharya began her acting career with a role in a Bengali TV series.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-08 |title=আমার মনে হয় ছবি করা হবে না: শ্বেতা ভট্টাচার্য |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bengali-tv-actress-sweta-bhattacharya-exclusive-interview-178040/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> She gained popularity after she starred in ''Sindoor Khela''.

== Works ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|''[[Prem Aamar]]''
|Riya's Friend
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Le Chakka]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|style=|''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapoti]]''
|Mala
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sweta Bhattacharya- Dev: বড় পর্দায় ডেবিউ 'যমুনা ঢাকি'র! এবার দেবের নায়িকা হবেন শ্বেতা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/sweta-bhattacharya-jamuna-dhaki-fame-television-actress-debut-bengali-movies-opposite-superstar-dev-projapoti-new-bangla-film-soc-385183-2022-06-18 |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618145105/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/sweta-bhattacharya-jamuna-dhaki-fame-television-actress-debut-bengali-movies-opposite-superstar-dev-projapoti-new-bangla-film-soc-385183-2022-06-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweta to play the lead opposite Dev in Avijit Sen's next - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sweta-to-play-the-lead-opposite-dev-in-avijit-sens-next/articleshow/92317382.cms |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619124716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sweta-to-play-the-lead-opposite-dev-in-avijit-sens-next/articleshow/92317382.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Television ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
!Language(s)
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2010 - 2012
| ''Sindoorkhela''
| Simontini Sen aka Moni
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]]
| rowspan ="4" | Bengali
| rowspan="9" | Lead Role
|
|-
| 2012 - 2014
| ''@Bhalobasha.com''
| Mithi
|<ref>{{cite news |title=I am not comfortable kissing or hugging on-screen, says actress Sweta Bhattacharya - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-am-not-comfortable-kissing-or-hugging-on-screen-says-actress-sweta-bhattacharya/articleshow/68889946.cms |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105062256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-am-not-comfortable-kissing-or-hugging-on-screen-says-actress-sweta-bhattacharya/articleshow/68889946.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 - 2016
| ''[[Tumi Robe Nirobe]]''
| Jheel Mukherjee (née Banerjee)
| rowspan=2|[[Zee Bangla]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=How will Jheel expose her mother-in-law? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/how-will-jheel-expose-her-mother-in-law/articleshow/47768198.cms |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 - 2017
| ''[[Jorowar Jhumko]]''
| Jhumko Roy
|<ref>{{cite news |title=এক বছর পূর্ণ করল 'জড়োয়ার ঝুমকো' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/jarowar-jhumko-complets-one-year-dgtl-1.663247 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=24 August 2017 |language=bn |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015121306/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/jarowar-jhumko-complets-one-year-dgtl-1.663247 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2018)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''
| Dali Chowdhury
| [[Star Bharat]]
| Hindi Debut
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Couldn't say no to 'Jai Kanhaiya...?: Sweta Bhattacharya |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/couldnt-say-no-jai-kanhaiya-sweta-bhattacharya-1502548102.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)]] |date=20 December 2017 |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015121307/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/couldnt-say-no-jai-kanhaiya-sweta-bhattacharya-1502548102.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Konok Kakon''
| Kakon
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| rowspan="5" |Bengali
|<ref>{{cite news |title=জীবনযুদ্ধে একে অপরকে ভরসা জোগাতে আসছে 'কনক কাঁকন' |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/a-new-television-serial-kanak-kakon-is-all-set-to-premiere-on-april/ |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015121305/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/a-new-television-serial-kanak-kakon-is-all-set-to-premiere-on-april/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020 - 2022
| ''[[Jamuna Dhaki]]''
| Jamuna Roy (née Das) / Jyoti Sen (in disguise) / Jhimli
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Jamuna Dhaki' completes 250 episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jamuna-dhaki-completes-250-episodes/articleshow/81603462.cms |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228225621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jamuna-dhaki-completes-250-episodes/articleshow/81603462.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022 - 2023
|''Sohag Jol''
|Juiee Chatterjee (née Paul Chowdhury)
|
|-
|2023–2025
|''[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]''
|Shyamali Mullick (née Malakar)
|
|-
|}

===Mahalaya===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Program !! Character !! Channel
|-
| 15 October 2012 || ''[[Star Jalsha#Mahalaya|Mahishasurmardini]]'' || Dance Performance on Jaya Jaya Japyaja || [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 30 September 2016 || ''[[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Matrirupeno]]'' || [[Durga|Devi Durga and Devi Satakshi/Shakambhari]] || rowspan="7"|[[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 17 September 2020 || ''[[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Durga Saptashati Sambhavami Yuge Yuge]]'' || [[Mahishasuramardini|Devi Mahishasuramardini]]
|-
| 6 October 2021 || ''[[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Nanarupe Mahamaya]]'' || [[Parvati|Devi Parvati and Devi Chinnamasta]]
|-
| 25 September 2022 || ''[[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Singhobahini Trinayani]]'' || [[Parvati|Devi Parvati and Devi Ganeshjanani]]
|-
| 14 October 2023 || ''[[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Nobopotrikaye Debiboron]]'' || [[Maheshwari|Devi Maheshwari/Shiba]]
|-
| 2 October 2024 || ''[[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Noboroope Debi Durga]]'' || [[Skandamata|Devi Skandamata]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | 21 September 2025 || ''[[Zee Bangla#Mahalaya|Jago Maa Jago Durga]]'' || [[Durga|Devi Durga]]
|-
| ''[[Telly Durga#Mahalaya|Jaya Jaya Hey Mahishasuramardini]]'' || [[Mahamaya|Devi Mahamaya and Devi Mahishasurmardini]] || [[Telly Durga]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=টেলি দুর্গার "মহিষাসুরমর্দিনী"র টিজারে দুর্গা রূপে ধরা দিলেন শ্বেতা ।|url=https://tollywoodfocuskolkata.blogspot.com/2025/07/blog-post_2.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawLp0KVleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHjTJMjQfsB_xUjX_zi58MzvF6XbYZkl7Fma8PDRW3-RFmqrwgO6fl2LS43xs_aem_O2Lx-HWRXyxmGmyyJtdkUg}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Character !! Film/TV show
|-
| 2015
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2015
| Priyo Bouma
| Jhil
|rowspan="2"|Tumi Robe Nirobe
|-
|2016
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2016
|Priyo Juti (with Subhankar Saha)
|Jhil-Sonju
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2017
|rowspan="2"|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2017
|Priyo Juti (with Subhankar Saha)
| Jhumko-Kohinoor
|[[Jorowar Jhumko]]
|-
| Priyo Bouma
| Jhumko
|[[Jorowar Jhumko]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Chitra Home |title=Watch Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2017 Winners Nominations List Performance Hd Video |url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-sonar-sansar-awards-2017-hd-video/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308032149/http://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-sonar-sansar-awards-2017-hd-video/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2021
|rowspan="2"| Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2021
| Priyo Nayika
| Jomuna
|rowspan="5"| [[Jamuna Dhaki]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-bangla-sonar-sansar-awards-2021-sera-nayak-for-karna-radhika-is-the-priyo-bou-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners/| title=Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2021: Sera Nayak for Karna; Radhika is the Priyo Bou! Check out the full list of winners}}</ref>
|-
| Priyo Bouma
| Jomuna<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ditipriya-bagged-best-actress-award-swastika-has-3-golden-trophies-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-zee-bangla-sonar-sonsar-2021-31614337259021.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301142748/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ditipriya-bagged-best-actress-award-swastika-has-3-golden-trophies-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-zee-bangla-sonar-sonsar-2021-31614337259021.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 March 2021 | title=সোনার সংসার ২০২১: বাজিমাত কৃষ্ণকলির, সেরা নায়িকা 'রানিমা', ৩টে পুরস্কার রাধিকার!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-sonar-sangsar-2021-award-winners/ | title=জি বাংলা 'সোনার সংসার'-এ জয়জয়কার 'রানিমা'র, বাজিমাত 'কৃষ্ণকলি', 'যমুনা ঢাকি'র}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2022
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2022
| Priyo Bouma
| Jomuna
|-
|Tele Academy Awards 2022
| Inspirational Character
| Jomuna
|-
|rowspan="2"|Telly Adda Awards 2022
| All Time Favourite Actress
| Jomuna ( Shweta Bhattacharya )
|-
| Golden Bonding
|
|-
| 2023
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2023
| Zee Bangla Jury's Special Award
| Jui
|Sohag Jol
|-
|2023
| Kolkata Glitz Award
| Star Performer (Female)
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2024
| Sonar Somporko
| Shyamoli
|[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]
|-
|Telly Adda Awards 2024
| Most Popular Face
| Shyamoli ( Shweta Bhattacharya )
|[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]
|-
| 2025
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2025
| Priyo Bouma
| Shyamoli
|[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]
|-
| 2026
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2026
| Sonar Somporko
|
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|nm9892358|Shweta Bhattacharya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Shweta}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]

Tanuja Kanwar

2026-03-24T11:10:32Z

Nekilortashush: Made new post - done

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Tanuja Kanwar
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Tanuja Kanwar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|1|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2024–present
| country = India

| odidebutdate = 27 December
| odidebutyear = 2024
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 151
| lastodidate = 15 January
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = Ireland
| odishirt = 32

| T20Idebutdate = 21 July
| T20Idebutyear = 2024
| T20Idebutagainst = United Arab Emirates
| T20Icap = 84
| lastT20Idate = 28 July
| lastT20Iyear = 2024
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Ishirt = 32

| club1 = [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2013–2021}}
| club2 = {{nowrap|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]}}
| year2 = {{nowrap|2022–present}}
| club3 = {{nowrap|[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]}}
| year3 = {{nowrap|2023–present}}

| columns = 4

| column1 = [[Women's One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = –
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = –
| top score1 = –
| deliveries1 = 108
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 37.50
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/31
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches2 = 4
| runs2 = –
| bat avg2 = –
| 100s/50s2 = –
| top score2 = –
| deliveries2 = 96
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 76.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/14
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–

| column3 = [[First-class cricket|WFC]]
| matches3 = 11
| runs3 = 136
| bat avg3 = 10.46
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 23[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 2,048
| wickets3 = 41
| bowl avg3 = 16.92
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/36
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/–

| column4 = [[List A cricket|WLA]]
| matches4 = 88
| runs4 = 630
| bat avg4 = 14.65
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 44[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 4,487
| wickets4 = 139
| bowl avg4 = 14.70
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 6/10
| catches/stumpings4 = 30/–

| date = 21 July 2024
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1351/1351059/1351059.html CricketArchive
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[Women's Asia Cup|2024 Sri Lanka]]|}}
}}
'''Tanuja Kanwar''' (born 28 January 1998) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] and [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tanuja-kanwar-960847 |title=Player Profile: Tanuja Kanwar |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/wpl-2024/38011-who-is-tanuja-kanwer-bio-stats-gujarat-giants-player.html |title=Who is Tanuja Kanwer {{!}} Bio {{!}} Stats {{!}} Gujarat Giants Player |work=Female Cricket |date=22 February 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> She plays as a left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wplt20.com/players/tanuja-kanwer-wpl-profile-70721 |title=Tanuja Kanwar |work=WPL |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> She made her international debut for India in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/injured-shreyanka-patil-out-of-womens-asia-cup-india-call-up-tanuja-kanwar-1444013 |title=Injured Shreyanka Patil out of Women's Asia Cup, India call up Tanuja Kanwar |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
In February 2024, she was signed by [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] at a price of ₹50 lakh to play for them in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] auction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/how-uncapped-tanuja-kanwar-made-a-big-splash-at-the-wpl-1430321 |title=How uncapped Tanuja Kanwar made a big splash at the WPL |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=TK>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/whos-tanuja-kanwer-all-you-need-to-know-about-indian-spinner-whos-making-her-debut-against-uae-8973392.html |title=Who's Tanuja Kanwer? All You Need To Know About Indian Spinner Who's Making Her Debut Against UAE |work=News18 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> She played her first WPL match against [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] on 4 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/womens-premier-league-2023-first-wicket-tanuja-kanwar-gujarat-giants-vs-mumbai-indians-yastika-bhatia-wpl/article66580620.ece |title=WPL 2023: Tanuja Kanwar of Gujarat Giants takes first wicket of Women's Premier League |work=Sportstar |date=4 March 2023 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1358929.html |title=1st Match (N), DY Patil, March 04, 2023, Women's Premier League |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> She played eight matches in the WPL 2023, where she picked up five wickets at an economy rate of 8.85.<ref name=TK1/> She took 10 wickets from eight games at an economy rate of 7.13 in WPL 2024.<ref name=TK/>

==International career==
On 21 July 2024, she was added to the India's squad as a replacement of [[Shreyanka Patil]], for the [[2024 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-women-shreyanka-patil-injured-out-of-womens-asia-cup-2024-tanuja-kanwar-replacement-team-news/article68428504.ece |title=Women's T20 Asia Cup 2024: Injured Shreyanka Patil out of India squad, call-up for Tanuja Kanwer |work=Sportstar |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=TK1>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/tanuja-kanwar-debut-womens-asia-cup-india-uae-2569770-2024-07-21 |title=Who is Tanuja Kanwar? India's debutant in clash vs UAE in Women's Asia Cup 2024 |work=India Today |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> Kanwar made her [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) debut against [[United Arab Emirates women's national cricket team|UAE]], in the same tournament on 21 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426760.html |title=5th Match, Group A, Dambulla, July 21, 2024, Women's Asia Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shreyanka-patil-out-of-womens-asia-cup-2024-following-hand-injury-india-call-up-tanuja-kanwar-101721550363599.html |title=Shreyanka Patil out of Women's Asia Cup 2024 following hand injury, India call up Tanuja Kanwar |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> She made her [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) debut [[West Indies women's cricket team in India in 2024–25|against West Indies]] on 27 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/west-indies-tour-of-india-2024/58964-tanuja-kanwar-makes-her-odi-debut-in-the-3rd-odi-against-west-indies.html |title=Tanuja Kanwar makes her ODI debut in the 3rd ODI against West Indies |work=Female Cricket |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/tanuja-kanwar-debuts-as-west-indies-women-bat-first-in-the-3rd-odi-12272024-1735272309924 |title=Tanuja Kanwar debuts as West Indies women bat first in 3rd ODI |work=Cricket.com |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.one/player-stories/who-is-tanuja-kanwer-left-arm-spinner-who-made-her-odi-debut-for-india-in-3rd-odi-vs-wi/676e5304703dbcd7d84a66cd |title=Who Is Tanuja Kanwer? Left-Arm Spinner Who Made Her ODI Debut For India In 3rd ODI vs WI |work=CricketOne |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=960847}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=1351059}}

{{Gujarat Giants WPL squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanwar, Tanuja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Shimla]]
[[Category:Gujarat Giants (WPL) cricketers]]

Provisional Government of Bangladesh

2026-03-24T03:52:32Z

Nekilortashush: updated citations for clarity based on references

{{Short description|1st Government of Bangladesh (1971–1972)}}
{{distinguish|Caretaker government of Bangladesh|Interim government Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = Provisional Cabinet of Bangladesh
| cabinet_type = [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|Council of Ministers]]
| cabinet_number = [[List of Bangladeshi governments|1st]]
| jurisdiction = Bangladesh
| flag = Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent = 10 April 1971 – 12 January 1972
| date_formed = {{Start date|1971|04|10|df=y}}
| date_dissolved = {{End date|1972|01|12|df=y}}
| state_head_title = [[President of Bangladesh|President]]
| state_head = {{Plainlist|* [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
* [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] {{small|(Acting)}}}}
| government_head_title = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime minister]]
| government_head = [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]
| image = Provisional Government of BD (2).jpg
| caption = Sculpture of the cabinet members of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh at Mujibnagar
| political_parties = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| successor = [[Second Mujib ministry|Mujib II]]
| predecessor = [[East Pakistan]]
}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}

The '''Provisional Government of Bangladesh''',{{efn|{{langx|bn|অস্থায়ী বাংলাদেশ সরকার|Ôsthaẏi Baṅladeś Sôrkar}}}} popularly known as the '''Mujibnagar Government'''{{efn|{{Langx|bn|মুজিবনগর সরকার|Mujibnôgôr Sôrkar|label=none}}}} and also known as the '''Bangladeshi government-in-exile''',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/FAQs/Swadhinata-Trust/Bangladesh-50-Timeline.aspx | title=Bangladesh 50 Timeline – the Road to Independence }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/dec-18-1971-government-s-vanguard-arrives-in-free-dhaka | title=Dec 18, 1971: Government's vanguard arrives in free Dhaka }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/independence-day-special-2018/the-liberation-war-and-the-provisional-government-1553428 | title=The Liberation War and the Provisional Government | date=26 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/259809/bangladesh-provisional-government-in-exile | title=Bangladesh Provisional Government in Exile {{pipe}} the Asian Age Online, Bangladesh }}</ref> was the first and founding government of Bangladesh that was established following the [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|proclamation of independence]] of [[East Pakistan]] as [[Bangladesh]] on 10 April 1971. Headed by prime minister [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], it was the supreme leadership of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|the liberation movement]], comprising [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|a cabinet]], a diplomatic corps, [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh|an assembly]], [[Mukti Bahini|an armed force]], and [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra|a radio service]]. It operated as a [[government-in-exile]] from [[Kolkata]]. The president of this government was [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], who is the main undisputed figure here; however, in his absence, [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] became the acting president.

After the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]], the military administration of [[Pakistan]] failed to hand over power to the elected legislators. When the Pakistan Army [[Operation Searchlight|launched operations]] against separatists, the elected political leadership of [[East Pakistan]] declared independence and founded the provisional government with the support of the [[Government of India]]. Its cabinet took oath on 17 April 1971 in the town of [[Mujibnagar]]. It attracted many defectors from the Pakistani civil, [[Diplomatic corps|diplomatic]] and military services and many leading intellectuals and cultural figures from East Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

The Mujibnagar government coordinated the war efforts of the [[Mukti Bahini]] and the nascent [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]. It had its own postal service.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lib.ewubd.edu/article_index/postal-administration-mujibnagar-government | title=Postal Administration of Mujibnagar Government | date=21 August 2017 }}</ref> Its public relations strategy featured a widely popular radio station known as [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra]]. It coordinated with the Government of India in conducting the armed resistance against the Pakistan army and also addressing the refugee crisis. It also undertook an international campaign to garner support for Bangladesh's independence, calling for stopping [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|the genocide]] and preventing a refugee crisis. It appointed [[special envoy]]s and operated representative missions in New Delhi, Washington, D.C., and London among many other cities.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Background==

The [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]], the first of its kind in Pakistan after years of military rule, was held on 7 December 1970. The [[Awami League]], led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], secured 160 out of 300 seats, becoming the majority in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]. With the elections concluded, president [[Yahya Khan]] was to inaugurate the National Assembly, and the elected legislators were to draft a new constitution. With the Awami League being in the majority in the assembly, there remained no obstacle to writing a constitution that complied with the [[Six point movement|six points]] demand. As a result, anxiety among the West Pakistani opposition parties and the military junta was on the rise.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nurul Huda |first=Muhammad |title=A look back at the historic Six Point Movement |date=7 June 2020 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/news/look-back-the-historic-six-point-movement-1909985}}</ref>

On 1 March 1971, Yahya Khan postponed the inaugural session of the National Assembly on 3 March, indefinitely. According to him, "it was imperative to give more time to the political leaders to arrive at a reasonable understanding on the issue of Constitution making".{{sfn|Hossain|1985|p=177}}{{sfn|Sobhan|1985|p=265}} Sheikh Mujib immediately called for [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-cooperation]] by his people, effectively taking control of East Pakistan.{{sfn|Sobhan|1985|pp=265–266}} Mujib kept issuing regular directives to people and party workers. Non-cooperation was an immediate success; people spontaneously defied a curfew imposed by the Army. On 3 March, Yahya Khan announced a round table conference would be held in Dhaka on 10 March to settle the disputes over the constitution.{{sfn|Hossain|1985|p=179}} On 7 March, however, in a [[7 March Speech of Bangabandhu|speech]] in front of a massive gathering, Sheikh Mujib called for an indefinite general strike, asking his people to be prepared for any emergency and issued an ultimatum to the junta.{{sfn|Hossain|1985|p=183}}

On 15 March, Yahya Khan arrived in Dhaka and met Mujib the next day. A series of meetings took place between them until late March. At Yahya's insistence, [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], leader of the West Pakistani opposition party ([[Pakistan People's Party|PPP]]), joined them from 21 March.{{sfn|Hossain|1985|pp=183–184}} Mujib assured Yahya that his party would not harm West Pakistan's interests. During those talks, news of war preparations in East Pakistan reached the Awami League leadership. Troops and arms were being concentrated from West Pakistan. Mujib urged Yahya to stop the reinforcements, warning him of the consequences. The Awami League leadership expected that on 24 March final negotiations would take place,{{sfn|Sobhan|1985|p=267}} however, that day passed with no meeting. On 25 March they learned that Yahya's delegation had secretly left Dhaka, leaving the discussions unfinished, killing any hope for a peaceful settlement.{{sfn|Sobhan|1985|p=267}}

Sheikh Mujib kept ordering his workers to escape to safety. Mujib refused to escape until 25 March, fearing it would be used as a pretext to massacre innocent Pakistanis.{{sfn|Islam|1985|pp=56–57}} On 25 March, the night Yahya secretly left Dhaka and the Pakistan Army [[Operation Searchlight|cracked down]] on the Bangladeshi population there, killing thousands of people. Like the entire nation, the Awami League's leadership was taken by surprise; they scattered, each busy finding their own path to safety, and losing contact with one another for a few days.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

It was known days later that Sheikh Mujib had been arrested on the night of 25 March. Before his arrest, he broadcast the independence of Bangladesh in a radio message.{{sfn|Karim|2005|p=204}}

==Formation==

Following the Pakistan Army crackdown on 25 March, Awami League leaders [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], general secretary of the party, and [[M Amir-ul Islam]] escaped Dhaka and crossed the Indian border on 30 March.{{sfn|Islam|1985|pp=62–67}} They were received at the border outpost by the regional head of the Indian [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), Golok Majumdar.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=67}} Majumdar immediately transported them to [[Kolkata]] with him. There, on the night of 30 March and the next day, Tajuddin and Amir had discussions with BSF chief [[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]], who had come from [[Delhi]] after learning of their arrival.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=68}} On 1 April, Tajuddin and Islam, accompanied by Majumdar, left for Delhi aboard a military cargo plane.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=69}}

In Delhi, Tajuddin met with India's Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], on 4 April.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=71}} At their second meeting the following day, Gandhi informed him that Sheikh Mujib had been arrested and transported to Pakistan though Pakistan had not made this official yet.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=73}} Asked about the Bangladesh government, he replied, having consulted with Amir-ul Islam the day before, that a provisional government had been formed with Sheikh Mujib as its president with the senior Awami League leaders who had attended the Mujib-Yahya talks as cabinet members. Tajuddin presented himself as the prime minister.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=11}} Except for Sheikh Mujib, the whereabouts of the other members was unknown. Two crucial resolutions were reached in that meeting: India opened its borders to Bangladeshi refugees saving millions of lives in the upcoming days when Pakistani aggression reached outside major cities, and India allowed the Bangladesh Government to operate within Indian territory.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=13}} The Indian government also promised to help the Bangladeshi liberation war by any means possible.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

While Tajuddin was in Delhi, part of the Awami League leadership congregated in Kolkata. Many of them, notably the youth and student leaders, viewed Tajuddin's meeting with the Indian prime minister as an outrageous act side-lining them.{{sfn|Ahmad|2014|p=44}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|As a contingency plan, the Awami League leadership was supposed to meet at the house of a former Awami League worker settled in Kolkata named Chittaranjan Sutar. Before leaving for Delhi, Tajuddin asked his BSF hosts to find Sutar's address to no avail. Tajuddin had to leave without contacting him. This added to the youth leaders' suspicions.{{sfn|Karim|2005|p=206|ps=: "One of the first things Tajuddin wanted to do after arriving in Calcutta was to get in touch with Chittaranjan Sutar. He was a Hindu Awami Leaguer from Barisal who had been asked by Mujib in the late 1960's to settle in Calcutta to maintain contact with the Indian authorities in case of any help was needed from them. He was living in Bhowanipur area of Calcutta and Tajuddin had memorised his address, instead of writing it down, for security reasons. Tajuddin mentioned the address of Chittaranjan as 26 Prasad Road to Surajit Chattapadhya, a BSF officer, who was looking after him. But there was no road called Prasad Road in Calcutta. Chittaranjan Sutar's name was not listed in the telephone directory because he had changed his name to Bhujanga Bhushan Roy. The street where Chittaranjan Sutar was living had been named after Dr. Rajendra Prasad, a former President of India, and was called Rajendra Road, not Prasad Road."}}}} On returning to Kolkata, on 8 April, Tajuddin found and met the group of leaders, including [[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]], and informed them of the Delhi meeting's outcomes, including the provisional government.{{sfn|Islam|1985|pp=74–75}}{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=14}} Some of the leadership present there questioned Tajuddin's legitimacy as prime minister.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=14}} The youth leader [[Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani|Sheikh Mani]] rejected the idea of the cabinet outright. Instead, he proposed setting up a revolutionary council dedicated to conducting armed resistance only.{{sfn|Islam|1985|pp=74–75}} Amir-ul Islam explained the inadequacy of the revolutionary council and the necessity of a legal government. After this, and following Qamaruzzaman's mediation, most of the leadership at the meeting accepted Tajuddin's proposal.{{sfn|Islam|1985|pp=74–75}}

On 10 April, Tajuddin, Amir-ul Islam, Sheikh Mani and others boarded an old [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] plane borrowed from the Indian government and set off in search of other cabinet members scattered around the borders.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=75}}{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=15}} Flying at low altitudes, the plane stopped at various airstrips at the borders.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=75}} After picking up cabinet members [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]], [[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]], and [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] from various places on the way, on 11 April, the entourage arrived in [[Agartala]], capital of the Indian state of [[Tripura]], where many other Awami League leaders had taken refuge, including [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] and Colonel [[M. A. G. Osmani]].{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=15}}

Reunited in Agartala, the Awami League leadership pondered the cabinet agenda and distributing cabinet offices. In the absence of President Sheikh Mujib, Syed Nazrul Islam served as acting president, Khondaker Mostaq took the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Qamarauzzaman was given the State Minister's office, Mansur Ali the Finance Ministry, Abdul Mannan took his responsibility as the Minister-In-Charge of Information and Broadcasting Ministry,{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=79}} and Osmani, a retired veteran of the Pakistan army, was appointed commander-in-chief of the armed forces.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=15}}{{sfn|Ahmad|2014|p=45}} The entire cabinet returned to Kolkata on 13 April, set to take oath at some yet unoccupied place in Bangladesh.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=79}}

The oath taking ceremony took place on 17 April, at a village along the India-Bangladesh border, called [[Baidyanathtala]], in [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district (currently [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]] district), on Bangladeshi soil.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=81}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|The exact site was a mango orchard, not far from the site of the [[Battle of Plassey]], in which the [[British East India Company]] defeated the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]] in 1757.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khan|first=Mozammel H|title=Genesis of Bangladesh's Constitution|website=The Daily Star|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/genesis-bangladeshs-constitution-1209718|type=Op-ed|date=17 April 2016|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226094413/http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/genesis-bangladeshs-constitution-1209718|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The ceremony was conducted by [[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]].{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=81–82}} Professor [[Muhammad Yusuf Ali]] read the [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|proclamation of independence]],{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=81–82}} drafted by Amir-ul Islam, an Awami League [[National Assembly of Pakistan|MNA-elect]] and [[barrister]] of the [[Dhaka High Court|Dacca High Court]], with the help of [[Subrata Roy Chowdhury]], a barrister of the [[Calcutta High Court]],{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=79–80}} retroactively in effect from 10 April.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=15}} Answering a journalist during the ceremony, Tajuddin named the place [[Mujibnagar]], after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=82}} Later the government-in-exile came to be popularly known as the Mujibnagar Government. Mujibnagar was abandoned quickly after the oath ceremony as participants feared a raid by Pakistani forces.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=16}} The government settled in Kolkata, in exile, for the rest of the war—briefly at a house on Ballyganj Circular Road{{sfn|Anisuzzaman|1997|p=83}} and then at 8 Theatre Road.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Batabyal |first1=Guru Saday |title=Politico-military strategy of the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |page=141 |isbn=978-0-367-32268-7}}</ref>

==Constitution==

The proclamation of independence issued on 10 April served as the interim constitution of Bangladesh until 1972 and provided the legal basis of the provisional government. It declared that as [[Pakistan]] has failed to convene its [[National Assembly of Pakistan|elected legislators]] for framing a new constitution on 3 March and instead launched an "unjust and treacherous war", [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], had fulfilled aspirations for [[self-determination]] by declaring independence of Bangladesh on 26 March:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/sbbk/documents/Proclamation%201971_M_Dalil_Vol_03_MMR.pdf |title=The Proclamation of Independence |access-date=16 April 2016 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713043011/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/sbbk/documents/Proclamation%201971_M_Dalil_Vol_03_MMR.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Whereas in the facts and circumstances of such treacherous conduct Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the undisputed leader of the 75 million people of Bangladesh, in due fulfilment of the legitimate right of self-determination of the people of Bangladesh, duly made a declaration of independence at Dacca on March 26, 1971, and urged the people of Bangladesh to defend the honour of and integrity of Bangladesh<ref name=":0" />}}

The proclamation declared formation of a constituent assembly, consisting of the elected legislators, and Bangladesh as a [[people's republic]] with "[[Equality before the law|equality]], [[human dignity]] and [[social justice]]" as its fundamental principles:

{{blockquote|We the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh, as honour bound by the mandate given to us by the people of Bangladesh whose will is supreme duly constituted ourselves into a Constituent Assembly, and having held mutual consultations, and in order to ensure for the people of Bangladesh equality, human dignity and social justice declare and constitute Bangladesh to be sovereign Peoples' Republic and thereby confirm the declaration of independence already made by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref name=":0" />}}

==Government headquarters==

According to prime minister Tajuddin's secretary Faruq Aziz Khan:

{{blockquote|The prime minister had a small office room no bigger than 10'x10'. A small secretariat table and a few chairs were all the furniture the PM's office had. An iron chest and a steel cabinet occupied most of the space of this little room ... Behind this room there was a bigger room about 25'x20' in size which was the PM's bed room cum sitting and dining room, all combined in one.{{sfn|Khan|2014|p=175}}The other wing of the building which had almost similar accommodation was occupied by the commander-in-chief of the army Col. M.A.G. Osmani while the upper floor was occupied by some M.N.As and M.Ps as a kind of a hostel. It also housed the offices of the acting president Syed Nazrul Islam, finance minister M. Mansoor Ali and home minister Mr. Qamruzzaman.{{sfn|Khan|2014|p=176}}}}

==Structure==
===Cabinet===
The following lists is the president, the vice-president, the prime minister and the cabinet members of provisional government of Bangladesh.<ref name="advisers">{{cite web |script-title=bn:১৯৭১ সাল থেকে ০৭-০১-২০১৯ গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি, উপ-রাষ্ট্রপতি, প্রধানমন্ত্রী ও মন্ত্রিপরিষদের সদস্যবৃন্দ এবং নির্দলীয় তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকারের প্রধান উপদেষ্টা ও উপদেষ্টা পরিষদের সদস্যবৃন্দের দপ্তর বন্টনসহ নামের তালিকা। |url=https://cabinet.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/cabinet.portal.gov.bd/publications/e166b4bd_012d_4abe_85fc_e72aea80d8ed/1971-07.01.2019_bn_1_182%20(1).pdf |website=
|publisher=[[Ministry Department, Government of Bangladesh]]
|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start
|hiderefcol=y
|hidepartycol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[President of Bangladesh|'''President''']]
| minister1 = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 April 1971 (Took oath on 10 January 1972)
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Vice President of Bangladesh|'''Vice President''']] and [[President of Bangladesh|'''Acting President''']]
| minister1 = [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 April 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|'''Prime Minister''']] and also in-charge of꞉{{bulleted list|[[Cabinet Division]]|[[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Defence]]|[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)|Information and Radio]]|[[Ministry of Public Administration|Establishment Division]]|[[Bangladesh Planning Commission|Planning and Economic affairs]]}}
| minister1 = [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 April 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = '''[[Commander-in-chief]]''' of the '''[[Bangladesh Forces]]'''
| minister1 = [[General (Bangladesh)|General]] [[M. A. G. Osmani]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1971
| minister1_termend = 6 April 1972
| minister1_party = Independent
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)|Finance]], [[Ministry of Commerce (Bangladesh)|Commerce]], [[Ministry of Industries (Bangladesh)|Industries]] and [[Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology|Communication]]
| minister1 = [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 April 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Foreign Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 April 1971
| minister1_termend = 29 December 1971
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
| minister2 = [[Abdus Samad Azad]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 December 1971
| minister2_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister2_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs|Law and Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 April 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief|Aid and Rehabilitation]]
| minister1 = [[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 April 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges|Road Transport and Bridges]]
| minister1 = [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz (Bangladeshi politician)|Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 December 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Food (Bangladesh)|Food]], [[Ministry of Agriculture (Bangladesh)|Agriculture]], [[Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives|Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives]]
| minister1 = [[Phani Bhushan Majumder]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 December 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Health]], [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (Bangladesh)|Labour]], [[Ministry of Social Welfare (Bangladesh)|Social Welfare]] and [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Family Planning]]
| minister1 = [[Zahur Ahmad Chowdhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 December 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Ministry of [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Education]], [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Bangladesh)|Cultural Affairs]], [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works|Housing, Public Works]], [[Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources|Power and Irrigation]]
| minister1 = [[Muhammad Yusuf Ali]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 1971
| minister1_termend = 12 January 1972
| minister1_party = Bangladesh Awami League
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}
Divisions/departments:{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=246}}

# Cabinet Secretariat
# General Administration Department
# Relief and Rehabilitation Department
# Parliamentary Affairs Division
# Agriculture Department
# Engineering Department

Autonomous bodies:{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=246}}

# Planning Commission
# Board of Trade and Commerce
# Board of Control, Youth and Reception Camps
# Relief and Rehabilitation Committee
# Evacuee Welfare Board

===Parliament===
The interim constitution converted Bengali members of Pakistan's national and provincial assemblies elected in the 1970 general election into members of the [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===Administration===

On 2 June, Bangladesh was divided into five administrative units, called Zonal Administrative Council, governed by elected legislators.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=24}} On an order (GA/810/345) issued by the prime minister on 27 July the number of zonal councils was increased to 9 and their functions were formalized.{{sfn|Imam|2010|pp=519–524}} On another order (GA/7366/500), issued on 18 September, the number was increased to eleven.{{sfn|Imam|2010|p=525}} The administrative zones were headquartered in Indian territories bordering the zones. The administrative zones were the following:{{sfn|Imam|2010|p=223}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Zone !! Headquarter
! Jurisdiction !! Chairman
|-
| 1 || South-East Zone I || [[Sabroom]]
|
# Chittagong
# Chittagong Hill Tracts
# Feni sub-division of Noakhali District
| [[Nurul Islam Chowdhury]]
|-
| 2 || South-East Zone II || [[Agartala]]
|
# Dacca
# Comilla
# Noakhali district except Feni sub-division
| [[Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury]]
|-
| 3 || East Zone || [[Dharmanagar]]
|
# Habiganj and Moulvibazar sub-divisions of Sylhet district
| [[M. A. Rab]]
|-
| 4 || North-East Zone I || [[Dawki]]
|
# Sadar and Sunamganj sub-divisions of Sylhet district
| [[Dewan Farid Gazi]]
|-
| 5 || North-East Zone II || [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]]
|
# Mymensingh
# Tangail
| [[Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan]]
|-
| 6 || North Zone || [[Coochbehar]]
|
# Rangpur
| Matiur Rahman
|-
| 7 || West Zone I || [[Balurghat]]
|
# Dinajpur
# Bogra
| Abdur Rahim
|-
| 8 || West Zone II || [[Maldah]]
|
# Rajshahi
| Ashraful Islam
|-
| 9 || South-West Zone I || [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
|
# Pabna
# Kushtia
| Abdur Rauf Chowdhury
|-
| 10 || South-West Zone II || [[Bangaon]]
|
# Faridpur
# Jessore
| [[Phani Bhushan Majumder]]
|-
| 11 || South Zone || [[Barasat]]
|
# Barishal
# Patuakhali
| M A Momen
|}

The following officers were appointed to each zone by the government:{{sfn|Imam|2010|p=523}}

# Zonal Health Officer
# Zonal Education Officer
# Zonal Relief Officer
# Zonal Engineer
# Zonal Police Officer
# Zonal Information Officer
# Zonal Accounts Officer

===Armed forces===
Since mid-March, during the Mujib-Yahya talks, East Bengal troops were being disarmed and senior East Bengal's armed forces officers were being transferred on various pretexts. As the war broke out, East Bengal soldiers serving in various Pakistan Army battalions had revolted and raised an armed resistance against Pakistan forces all over East Bangla immediately. Rebel commanders of these battalions, mostly junior officers, unaware of the establishment of a provisional government, met along with [[Colonel]] Osmani on 4 April.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=13}} At that meeting, the [[Bangladesh Forces]], was formed, with Colonel Osmani as its Commander-in-Chief. A provisional command structure and operation plan was adopted until a government could be formed. Prime Minister Tajuddin learned of the [[Bangladesh Forces]] while he was in New Delhi. In his 10 April radio speech he uniformly granted it official recognition. Subsequently, Lt. Colonel [[M. A. Rab]] took over as the Chief of Staff of Land Forces (Army). During August 1971 Group Captain [[A K Khandker]] took over as his Deputy. After November 21, 1971, Khandkar was entitled as Deputy Chief of Staff of Army (Liaison).{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Office
! Office Holder
|-
| Commander-in-Chief of Bangladesh Forces ([[Bangladesh Forces]])
| Colonel [[M.A.G Osmani]]
|-
| Principal Military Representative Provincial Government (Guerrilla Training)
| [[Squadron Leader]] [[M. Hamidullah Khan]], [[Tamgha-i-Jurat|TJ]], SH
|-
| Chief of Staff (Army)
| Lieutenant Colonel [[M. A. Rab]]
|-
| Deputy Chief of Staff (Liaison)
| Group Captain [[A K Khandker]]
|}

Initially, the Bangladesh Forces
consisted of the remnants of the five regular battalions of the [[East Bengal Regiment]] (EBR) of the Pakistan Army: 1, 3, and 8 (commanded by Major [[Ziaur Rahman]] [[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]]); 2 (commanded by Major [[K M Shafiullah]]); 4 (commanded by Major [[Khaled Mosharraf]]). In July, Osmani amalgamated the 3 battalions under Ziaur Rahman's command into a [[brigade]], called 'Z-force'.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=51}} Similarly, in August–September, two more brigades, 'S-force' and 'K-force', and 3 more battalions for them (9, 10, and 11 EBRs) were partially raised.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=51}}

Able aged citizens from across the land throughout many locations also raised armed resistance. Unable to overcome the Pakistan forces' onslaught, owing mainly to lack of heavy arms and manpower, both resistances soon retreated into Indian territory. As Pakistan land forces spread around the country, thousands of men from many parts of occupied Bangladesh crossed the border into India, seeking arms and training to join the fight against the Pakistan occupation force.

In the mid-July (11 to 17) conference of the BDF sector commanders at the Bangladesh Government's headquarters on Theatre Road in Kolkata, the regular force, comprising the rebel Bengali soldiers from the [[Pakistan Army]] and the [[East Pakistan Rifles|EPR]], was named "Regular Force" (popularly called ''Mukti Fouj'') and the irregular guerrilla warriors were named ''Gono Bahini'' (popularly called ''Muktijoddha'' or "Freedom Fighter").{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=46}} The sectors were also reorganized.

The Bangladesh Independence war guerrillas were based in camps on the East Pakistan-India border.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |date=2013 |title=The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |pages=96, 98 |isbn=978-0-307-70020-9 |quote=India worked closely with the self-declared Bangladeshi government in exile ... planned camps where the Indian army would train Bengali nationalist guerrillas ... General [J. F. R.] Jacob remembers, 'The [Indian] government asked us to train the Mukti Bahini, so we set up camps, with the BSF [Border Security Force] at the border areas.'}}</ref> On 21 November, it joined Indian forces as part of a combined Bangladesh-Indian allied [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|offensive against Pakistan]], which resulted in victory.

===Bureaucracy===
Many Bengali members of the [[Civil Service of Pakistan]] defected to the government of Bangladesh. [[Kamal Uddin Siddiqui]], [[Noorul Quader]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-12|title=Desh Garments – A pioneer's gift to his country|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/24th-anniversary-the-daily-star-part-3/desh-garments-%E2%80%93-pioneer%E2%80%99s-gift-his-country-71128|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> [[S. A. Samad]], [[Khandaker Asaduzzaman]], [[Saadat Husain]] and [[Akbar Ali Khan (economist)|Akbar Ali Khan]] were early leaders of the newly formed [[Bangladesh Civil Service]]. [[Moudud Ahmed]] served as [[Postmaster General]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Feroze |first=Shahriar |date=16 December 2014 |title=That unsung 'Philatelic war' ... |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/that-unsung-philatelic-war-55642 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409053728/http://www.thedailystar.net/that-unsung-philatelic-war-55642 |url-status=live }}</ref> The provisional government established an elaborate structure of administrative departments. [[Muhammad Yusuf Ali]] and J. G. Bhowmik served as the chief Relief Commissioners for Bangladeshi refugees. The noted artist [[Quamrul Hassan]] served as Director of Art and Design. Kolkata and Agartala were the main centres of the government-in-exile.

===Diplomacy===
On 15 April, before the Mujibnagar Cabinet took oath, Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed secretly met Hossain Ali, the Deputy High Commissioner of Pakistan in Kolkata. Tajuddin persuaded Ali, along with his Bengali staff, to switch allegiance to the Bangladesh government the day after the cabinet took their oaths.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=82}} As promised, Ali and 70 employees at the Deputy High Commission swore allegiance to the Bangladesh Government, turning the Pakistan High Commission on 9 Circus Avenue into the Bangladesh Mission in Kolkata for good.{{sfn|Islam|1985|p=83}}{{sfn|Rahman|1982}} The mission came to house part of the government's offices, most importantly, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.{{sfn|Anisuzzaman|1997|pp=84–85}}

In early April, Tajuddin commissioned economist [[Rehman Sobhan]] to stop the economic advisor to Yahya Khan, economist [[Mirza Muzaffar Ahmad]], from acquiring fresh foreign aid for Pakistan and persuade Bangladeshi officials serving at Pakistani foreign missions to switch allegiance to Bangladesh.{{sfn|Sobhan|1985|p=275}} In late May, Tajuddin charged journalist Muyeedul Hasan with communicating with the Indian political groups and also establishing liaison with the [[USSR]].{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=32–35}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Title !! Mission
|-
| [[Humayun Rashid Choudhury]] || Ambassador-at-Large || [[New Delhi]]
|-
| [[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith]] || Ambassador-at-Large || [[Washington D.C.]]
|-
| [[Rehman Sobhan]] || Special Envoy || [[Washington D.C.]]
|-
| Justice [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]] || Chief Overseas Representative<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.bd/foreign-minister/mr-abul-hassan-mahmood-ali-mp |title=Mr. Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali, M.P. |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008215751/http://www.mofa.gov.bd/foreign-minister/mr-abul-hassan-mahmood-ali-mp |archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> || [[London]]
|-
| [[Abul Fateh]] || Ambassador-at-Large || [[Calcutta]]
|}

===Cultural wing===

In May, [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra]], the official radio service of the Government of Bangladesh, began operating with a transmitter allotted by the Indian government.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=25}} It served as the cultural propaganda wing of the Bangladeshi provisional government.

==Conduct of war==
Pakistan was diplomatically assisting its ally the United States in its ''[[rapprochement]]'' with [[China|Communist China]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Sunwoo Vivian |date=October 2016 |title=Road to Rapprochement: Establishment of the 1972 United States' Visit to the People's Republic of China through the Pakistani Channel |url=https://www.globalpoliticsreview.com/publications/2464-9929_v02_i02_p058.pdf |journal=Global Politics Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=58–73}}</ref> India as a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] under the premiership of its first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s daughter Indira Gandhi. She agreed to join with the Provincial Bangladesh Government; from 21 November the Indian Army took over control from BD Forces.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=19}} 'Youth camps' were set up in border areas to train youths in guerrilla warfare. A sizable guerrilla force was raised within a few months.

From late June, the first batch of trained BD Forces guerrillas, a few hundred in number, entered and began operating within occupied Bangladesh.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=39–40}} Their repeated hit-and-run attacks on Pakistan Army bases and communication systems hampered the Pakistan Army.

During this juncture India signed a friendship treaty with the [[USSR]] in August and Russian armament supply to India began. Till then about 500 guerrillas were trained.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=67}} It was planned that the number would be increased by 10,000 more, by training 1,000 guerrillas per month.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=67}} From late August, besides limited training and supplying the [[Bangladesh Forces|BDF]], the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] of the Indian Army, headquartered in Kolkata, got involved in setting their monthly 'ops target'.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=67}} Major General B N Sarkar of the Indian Army was appointed as the military liaison between the Indian government and the Provincial Government of Bangladesh. In a naval [[Operation Jackpot|operation]], [[Bangladesh Forces|BDF]] naval commandos, blew up two Pakistan Navy ships anchored at Chittagong port in Bangladesh.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=68}}

At the beginning of the war, three divisions of the Pakistan Army were stationed in East Pakistan.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=97}}{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=97}} From 25 March to 7 April, Pakistan forces in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) were reinforced by two more divisions from Pakistan.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=17}} For a decisive offensive against Pakistan, Indian forces were reinforced with forces stationed in its northern front, securing the border with China. Indian military strategists scheduled the decisive offensive in winter.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=97}} Meanwhile, the Bangladesh Forces would destroy the border outposts, thus making it easier for the guerrillas to pour in and operate within the country.

[[Bangladesh Forces|BDF]] guerrillas kept attacking government headquarters, military check posts, bridges, railways, and power stations. As a result, land transportation capacity in occupied Bangladesh reduced to one-tenth by September.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=107}} From the second week of October, guerrilla operation intensified further.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=107}} By late October, only 90 of the 370 outposts survived.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=108}}

In early December, in the wake of a Pakistan air strike on Indian territory, India declared war with Pakistan and recognized Bangladesh. US president [[Richard Nixon]] bluffed a presence of the [[Seventh Fleet]] into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The USSR opposed the move and also deployed a single warship in the Bay of Bengal. The Pakistan forces surrendered on 16 December in Dhaka.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Dissent==

In September, 40 members of the national and provincial assemblies of the South Zone, headquartered in [[Barasat]], issued a statement expressing dissatisfaction on the provisional government's performance.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=83}} They asked for revocation of the prime minister's Zonal Administrative Council order (GA/810/345) and instead forming a committee consisting of Awami League members.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=83}} They also complained about the members of the Planning Commission as 'none of them is Awami Leaguer nor do they believe in the ideology of Awami League'.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=238}} They asked for Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmad's resignation from the cabinet and Awami League.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=239}}

The [[Chhatra League]], the student wing of the Awami League, and labour groups united under a separate force, initially called the Bangladesh Liberation Force (BLF) and later [[Mujib Bahini]]. Though initially commissioned by Osmani to recruit youths for the regular Bangladesh Forces,{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=67}} they eventually emerged as an independent armed force, under the auspices of the Indian intelligence agency [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khasru|first=B. Z.|title=The Bangladesh Military Coup and the CIA Link|publisher=[[Rupa Publications|Rupa Publications Private Limited]]|year=2014|pages=216–218|language=en|isbn=9788129129086|location=New Delhi|quote=India developed the Bangladesh Liberation Force plan after it had become aware of the power struggle within the Awami League. Many Awami League leaders opposed Tajuddin as prime minister. Some of the youth and student leaders openly expressed their displeasure with his appointment ... Aware of this tension between Mujib and Tajuddin, the youth leaders sought to exploit it to advance their own agenda with [Indira] Gandhi's blessing. General Uban Singh confirmed this account. RAW's decision to raise a separate militia stemmed from India's fear that the freedom fighters, or the Mukti Bahini, under Osmany's command included guerrillas from various political persuasions and many of those guerrillas nurtured an ambition to turn East Pakistan into a Communist nation.}}</ref>{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=64}} Mujib Bahini clashed with the regular forces at various places. Sector Commanders of the regular forces and Osmani urged the government to bring them under the same command.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=67}} Prime Minister Tajuddin himself expressed his concern about [[Mujib Bahini]] to Indian officials on occasion{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=64}} and to Prime Minister Gandhi at their meeting on 22 October.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=125}} The situation, however, never improved.

By August, Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] and his cohorts at his ministry secretly established a liaison with the [[United States]], a key ally of Pakistan, without the Government's knowledge.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=80}} With Sheikh Mujib on trial in Pakistan for high treason, the same group was also spreading the 'either freedom or Mujib' doctrine.{{sfn|Hasan|1986|p=81}} Indian intelligence agencies had discovered the fact just before Mostaq was scheduled to lead the Bangladesh delegation to the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] in [[New York City|New York]]. Tajuddin removed Mostaq from the UN delegation and sacked him later in December, after the war.{{sfn|Karim|2005|p=227}}

==See also==
* [[Government in exile]]
* [[The Jai Bangla]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Imam|first=H T|author-link=Hossain Toufique Imam|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ সরকার ১৯৭১|trans-title=Bangladesh Government 1971|publisher=[[Agamee Prakashani]]|year=2010|edition=3rd|language=bn|isbn=9789844017832|location=Dhaka}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Muyeedul|script-title=bn:মূলধারা '৭১|trans-title=Mainstream '71|publisher=[[The University Press Limited]]|year=1986|edition=2nd|language=bn|isbn=9789848815632|location=Dhaka}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2021}}
*{{Cite book|chapter=প্রথম অধ্যায়: ১২: কলিকাতাস্থ পাকিস্তানী ডেপুটি হাই কমিশনারের বাংলাদেশের পক্ষাবলম্বন|trans-chapter=First Chapter: 12: Pakistani Deputy High Commissioner in Kolkata Switches Allegiance to Bangladesh|pages=30–32|editor-last=Rahman|editor-first=Hasan Hafizur|editor-link=Hasan Hafizur Rahman|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ: দলিলপত্র|trans-title=History of Bangladesh War of Independence: Documents|volume=3|language=en|publisher=Ministry of Information, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|year=1982|isbn=9844330912|location=Dhaka|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/3/3e/বাংলাদেশের_স্বাধীনতা_যুদ্ধ_দলিলপত্র_%28তৃতীয়_খণ্ড%29.pdf}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Islam|first=Barrister Amir-ul|author-link=M Amir-ul Islam|chapter=৯: ব্যারিস্টার আমিরুল ইসলাম (সাক্ষাৎকার)|trans-chapter=9: Barrister Amir-ul Islam (Interview)|pages=51–110|editor-last=Rahman|editor-first=Hasan Hafizur|editor-link=Hasan Hafizur Rahman|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ: দলিলপত্র|trans-title=History of Bangladesh War of Independence: Documents|volume=15|language=bn|publisher=Ministry of Information, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|year=1985|isbn=9844330912|location=Dhaka|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/b/b1/বাংলাদেশের_স্বাধীনতা_যুদ্ধ_দলিলপত্র_%28পঞ্চদশ_খণ্ড%29.pdf|editor-mask=2}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hossain|first=Doctor Kamal|author-link=Kamal Hossain|chapter=১৮: ডক্টর কামাল হোসেন (সাক্ষাৎকার)|trans-chapter=18: Doctor Kamal Hossain (Interview)|pages=143–193|editor-last=Rahman|editor-first=Hasan Hafizur|editor-link=Hasan Hafizur Rahman|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ: দলিলপত্র|trans-title=History of Bangladesh War of Independence: Documents|volume=15|language=en|publisher=Ministry of Information, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|year=1985|isbn=9844330912|location=Dhaka|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/b/b1/বাংলাদেশের_স্বাধীনতা_যুদ্ধ_দলিলপত্র_%28পঞ্চদশ_খণ্ড%29.pdf|editor-mask=2}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sobhan|first=Rehman|author-link=Rehman Sobhan|chapter=৩৬: রেহমান সোবহান (সাক্ষাৎকার)|trans-chapter=36: Rehman Sobhan (Interview)|pages=263–293|editor-last=Rahman|editor-first=Hasan Hafizur|editor-link=Hasan Hafizur Rahman|script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ: দলিলপত্র|trans-title=History of Bangladesh War of Independence: Documents|volume=15|language=en|publisher=Ministry of Information, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|year=1985|isbn=9844330912|location=Dhaka|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/b/b1/বাংলাদেশের_স্বাধীনতা_যুদ্ধ_দলিলপত্র_%28পঞ্চদশ_খণ্ড%29.pdf|editor-mask=2}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Anisuzzaman|author-link=Anisuzzaman|script-title=bn:আমার একাত্তর|trans-title=My Seventy-One (Memoir)|publisher=Sahitya Prakash|year=1997|language=bn|isbn=9844651255|location=Dhaka}}{{primary source inline|date=April 2021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Faruq Aziz|title=Spring 1971|publisher=[[Agamee Prakashani]]|year=2014|isbn=9789840416332|location=Dhaka}}
*{{Cite book|last=Karim|first=S. A.|title=Sheikh Mujib: Triumph and Tragedy|publisher=[[The University Press Limited]]|year=2005|language=en|isbn=9789845061537|location=Dhaka}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Mohiuddin|script-title=bn:জাসদের উত্থান পতন: অস্থির সময়ের রাজনীতি|trans-title=Rise and Fall of JSD: Politics in the Time of Turmoil|publisher=Prothoma Prokashan|year=2014|edition=10th|language=bn|isbn=9789849074755|location=Dhaka}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mujibnagar.com/index.php/mujibnagar-government/13-mujibnagar-government Mujibnagar Government]
{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{Ministries of Bangladesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Provisional Government Of Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Former governments in exile|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politics of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:History of the Awami League]]
[[Category:Provisional Government of Bangladesh| ]]
[[Category:Awami League ministries]]
[[Category:Mujib era]]
[[Category:History of the government of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Former British protectorates]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1972]]

Sudarshan Setu

2026-03-22T12:05:19Z

Nekilortashush: Made new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox bridge
|fetchwikidata=coordinates
|name= Sudarshan Setu
|other_name =Okha–Beyt Dwarka Signature Bridge
|image=
|image_size =
|caption = Sudarshan Setu
| coordinates = {{coord|region:IN-GJ_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|official_name=
|carries= Motor vehicles, pedestrians and bicycles
|crosses= [[Gulf of Kutch]], [[Arabian Sea]]
|locale= [[Okha, India|Okha]] and [[Bet Dwarka|Beyt Dwarka]], [[Gujarat]], India
| material = Concrete, steel
| material1 =
| piers_in_water = 34
|builder = SP Singla Construction Pvt Ltd
|maint=
|id=
|design= [[Cable-stayed bridge]]
|mainspan=
|length= {{convert|2320|m|ft|0}}
|width= {{convert|27.2|m|ft|0}}
| begin = 7 October 2017
| complete = 10 December 2023
|clearance=
|below=
|traffic=
|open= 25 February 2024<ref name="ndtv1"/>
|closed=
|toll=
|cost= {{INRconvert|979|c}}<ref name="ndtv1">https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sudarshan-setu-sudarshan-bridge-gujarat-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-indias-longest-cable-stayed-bridge-in-gujarat-today-5122534</ref>
}}
The '''Sudarshan Setu''' is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] in India, connecting the [[Bet Dwarka|Beyt Dwarka]] island in the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and [[Okha, India|Okha]]. The total length of the bridge is {{convert|2320|m|ft|0}}. It was inaugurated on 25 February 2024.

==History==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the Foundation Stones laying ceremony of the bridge between Beyt Dwarka and Okha & other road development projects, in Gujarat on October 07, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|Modi observing the bridge model during the foundation stone laying ceremony in 2017|left]]
The construction of the bridge was approved by Union Transport Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] in 2016.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=Nitin Gadkari approves construction of sea-link to connect Okha, Bet Dwarka |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nitin-gadkari-approves-construction-of-sea-link-to-connect-okha-bet-dwarka-2826538/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |agency=The Indian Express |publisher=www.indianexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation stone of the bridge on 7 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Damodar Das Modi arrives in pollbound Gujarat on 2-day tour, visits Dwarkadish templa |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/oKYbZ2vGvZRj6c4vvex2gP/Narendra-Modi-arrives-in-pollbound-Gujarat-on-2day-tour-v.html |access-date=25 October 2022 |publisher=www.livemint.com |date=7 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> It was constructed at the cost of {{INRconvert|979|c}}.<ref name="ndtv1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-23 |title=Centre approves Rs 962 crore cable stayed bridge connecting Okha and Bet Dwarka |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2017/08/23/centre-approves-rs-962-crore-cable-stayed-bridge-connecting-okha-and-bet-dwarka/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

The bridge serves about 8500 people living on the island as well as about two million pilgrims visiting the temples there.<ref name=":0" /> It was inaugurated on 25 February 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="ndtv1"/>

== Architectural features ==
Sudarshan Setu is a cable-stayed bridge, with cables in a fan arrangement, built using concrete [[Tower#Transportation support|pylons]].<ref name=":1" /> The deck is made of composite steel-reinforced concrete with two carriageways. The total width of the bridge is {{convert|27.2|m|ft|0}}, with two lanes in each direction and a {{convert|2.5|m|ft|0|adj=on}}-wide footpath on each side. The solar panels atop footpath shade have capacity of 1 [[MegaWatt|MW]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

With a total length of {{convert|2320|m|ft|0}}, the cable bridge has a {{convert|900|m|ft|0|adj=on}} long central cable section, making it the longest cable stayed bridge in India. It has three spans with 500 metre-long main span, the longest in India. The other 3 spans on either sides have length of {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} and 2 span {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} each. The approaches bridge on Okha and Beyt Dwarka sides have length of {{convert|770|m|ft|0}} and {{convert|650|m|ft|0}} respectively. Two A-shaped curved pylons supporting the bridge are {{convert|129.985|m|ft|0}} tall and radius of {{convert|300|m|ft|0}} leaning in backspan up to {{convert|22|m|ft|0}} from center of pylon.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Construction of Four lane Signature Bridge between Okha and Beyt Dwarka on EPC mode in the state of Gujarat |url=https://morth.nic.in/construction-four-lane-signature-bridge |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The total length of the road is {{convert|2.8|km|ft|0}}.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Sudama Setu]]
*[[List of longest bridges in the world]]
*[[List of longest bridges above water in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okha-Beyt Dwarka Signature Bridge}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Dwarka]]
[[Category:Bridges in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]
[[Category:Road bridges in India]]
[[Category:Cross-sea bridges in Asia]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2024]]

Malabar trogon

2026-03-17T19:00:52Z

Nekilortashush: content update

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Harpactes fasciatus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22682830A92962515 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682830A92962515.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Male Malabar Trogon (crop).jpg
| image_caption = Male ''H. f. malabaricus''
| image2 = MalabarTrogon.ogv
| genus = Harpactes
| species = fasciatus
| authority = ([[Thomas Pennant|Pennant]], 1769)
| range_map=Malabar_trogon_map.png
| synonyms = ''Harpactes malabaricus''
}}
The '''Malabar trogon''' ('''''Harpactes fasciatus''''') is a species of bird in the [[trogon]] family. It is found in the forests of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. In India it is mainly found in the [[Western Ghats]], hill forests of central India and in parts of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. They are insectivorous and although not migratory, may move seasonally in response to rain in hill forest regions. Like in other trogons, males and females vary in plumage. The birds utter low guttural calls that can be heard only at close quarters and the birds perch still on a branch under the forest canopy, often facing away from the viewer making them easy to miss despite their colourful plumage.

==Description==
[[File:Malabar Trogon female.jpg|thumb|left|Female]]
Like most other trogons, these birds are brightly coloured and [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]]. The male has a slaty black head and breast with a white border to the black bib separating it from the crimson on the underside. The back is olive-brown to chestnut. The wing coverts are black with fine white vermiculations. They have 12 tail feathers that are graduated.<ref name=tcj/> The central tail-feathers are chestnut with a black tip, with the second and third pairs from the middle having more black than chestnut. The outer three pairs have long white tips. The female lacks the contrasting black and crimson and has only a slightly darker head and breast that shades into the olive brown on the back while the crimson of the underside of the male is replaced by ochre. In both sexes, the beak is bluish as is the skin around the eye. The iris is dark brown and the feet are pale bluish.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC |author2=JC Anderton |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|page=261|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions}}</ref><ref name=fbi>{{cite book|title=The Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 3|author=Blanford, WT|year=1895|pages=199–200|publisher=Taylor and Francis, London|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin025218mbp#page/n209/mode/2up}}</ref> The nostrils are covered by tufts of filoplumes. The feet are [[Dactyly|heterodactyl]], a feature unique to the trogons, with the digits I and II facing back and digits III and IV pointing forward.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mayr, Gerald|year=2003 |title= On the phylogenetic relationships of trogons (Aves, Trogonidae). |journal=J. Avian Biol. |volume=34|pages=81–88|url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/trogonphylo.pdf|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03042.x}}</ref> In most birds I, II and III face forward while IV faces back and in zygodactyly II and III face forward while I and IV face backwards.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Botelho|first1=João Francisco|last2=Smith-Paredes|first2=Daniel|last3=Nuñez-Leon|first3=Daniel|last4=Soto-Acuña|first4=Sergio|last5=Vargas|first5=Alexander O.|date=2014-08-07|title=The developmental origin of zygodactyl feet and its possible loss in the evolution of Passeriformes|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=281|issue=1788|article-number=20140765|doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.0765|issn=0962-8452|pmc=4083792|pmid=24966313}}</ref>

Several populations have been named. The central Indian subspecies ''legerli'', named by [[Walter Norman Koelz]] on the basis of a single specimen obtained from the foot of Mahendra Giri in Orissa is not always recognized,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ali, Salim |year=1949|title=The validity of ''Harpactes fasciatus legerli'' (Koelz)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=48|issue=4|pages=806–808|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732414}}</ref> but said to be slightly larger, longer winged and brighter than ''malabaricus'' of the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=52| year= 1939| title=New birds from Asia, chiefly from India| author=Koelz, Walter| pages=61–82|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofbi521939biol#page/78/mode/2up/}}</ref> The nominate race found in the central wet zone of Sri Lanka is smaller and the upperparts are brighter.<ref name=pcr/>

==Behaviour and ecology==
These birds usually perch still, especially when alarmed<ref>{{cite journal|title=Response to conspecific and heterospecific alarm calls in mixed-species bird flocks of a Sri Lankan rainforest|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=19|issue=4|doi=10.1093/beheco/arn045|author1=Goodale, Eben |author2=Sarath W. Kotagama |name-list-style=amp |year=2008| pages=1–8|doi-access=free|hdl=10.1093/beheco/arn045|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and will sometimes clinging laterally to branches. When calling they sometimes raise and lower their tail. The call is a series of guttural or purring notes. The song of the male is a series of percussive {{Not a typo|''kyau''}} calls. The breeding season in India is mainly February to May (before the [[Monsoon]]s) while it is March to June in Sri Lanka.<ref name=pcr/>
[[File:MalabarTrogonImm.jpg|thumb|upright|left|An immature male with scaly orange underparts]]
When they sit still, the appear hunched. The Hindi name used by hunters is {{Lang|hi|kafni churi}} and refers to the hunched neckless appearance as if dressed in a [[Fakir|fakir's]] {{Lang|hi|kafni}} (robe). The Marathi name is {{Lang|mr|karna}} while it is called {{Lang|kn|kakarne hakki}} in Kannada.<ref name=tcj>{{cite book|pages=201–202|author=Jerdon, TC |title=The Birds of India. Volume 1|year=1862|publisher=Military Orphan Press, Calcuttabook |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein01jerd#page/200/mode/2up}}</ref> In Kerala it is known as {{Lang|ml|theekakka}} (literally "fire-crow").<ref name=var/><ref name=layard>{{cite journal| author=Layard, EL|journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History| volume=12|issue=69|year=1853|url=https://archive.org/stream/s2annalsmagazine12londuoft#page/171/mode/1up|title=Notes on the Ornithology of Ceylon, collected during an eight years' residence on the Island|pages=165–176|doi=10.1080/03745485709495020}}</ref> In Sri Lanka, it is known as ''loha wannichcha'' in the [[Sinhala language]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Malabar trogon |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=FC98A36A9CC41391#:~:text=Other%20synonyms,Serbian:%20Malabarski%20trogon |website=[[Avibase]]}}</ref>

Malabar trogons feed exclusively on [[insect]]s and fruits have not been noted in their diet unlike in the New World trogons.<ref name=fbi/> Seeds have however been reported in the diet of Sri Lankan specimens.<ref name=layard/> In the forests of Sri Lanka, they are often found in [[mixed-species foraging flock]]s<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kotagama, Sarath W |author2=Eben Goodale |name-list-style=amp |year=2004|title=The composition and spatial organisation of mixed-species flocks in a Sri Lankan rainforest|journal=Forktail|volume=20|pages=63–70|url=http://eben.goodale.googlepages.com/Forktailarticle.pdf }}</ref> where they may sometimes be subject to [[kleptoparasitism]] by drongos.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Siyoth|volume=2|issue=1|pages=9–11|title=Foraging ecology of Crested Drongos (''Dicrurus paradiseus lophorhinus'') in the Sinharaja Reserve|author1=Sathischandra, SHK |author2=E.P. Kudavidanage |author3=E. Goodale |author4=S.W. Kotagama |name-list-style=amp |year=2009|url=http://www.fogsl.net/Prod/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/siyoth-2-pg09-11.pdf}}</ref> A study in Kerala found that they foraged mainly at 5 to 10 m with females tending to forage lower within the canopy. When foraging on bark, they propped themselves using their tail like woodpeckers, especially on decaying tree stumps. They sometimes descend to the ground and search for insects under leaf litter. They will sometimes fly and try to flush prey and then hover to pick up prey. They may also hang upside down to reach prey on vertical tree surfaces. Prey are often mashed or struck on a branch between the mandibles before feeding on them or prior to feeding young. The contact call is a series of about five low intensity {{Not a typo|''que''}} while these were of higher intensity in territorial fights. The alarm call is a {{Not a typo|''churrrr''}} and a similar call is also delivered prior to roosting.<ref name=var/> Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly. In the Nilgiri hills they are altitudinal migrants and are found in the higher reaches only during summer.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zarri, A.A.|author2=A.R.Rahmani|name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title= Malabar Trogon in the Nilgiris Upper Plateau, Tamil Nadu|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=102|issue=1|page=116|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48378799}}</ref> [[File:MalabarTrogonGould.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[John Gould]] (1854) |left|227x227px]]The nest is made in rotting trees or stumps that are easy to carve and pulverize using their bills. The male and female take turns to excavate the nest using their bills. It may take about a month to excavate the nest. The floor is made out of the wood powder and no extra lining is added. Two eggs were seen to be the normal clutch in a study in Kerala although older works suggest that the typical clutch is of three eggs.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/spoliazeylanica11nati#page/244/mode/2up|journal=Spolia Zeylanica|author=Waite, WE |year =1920|pages=197–272|title=The Picarian Birds and Parrots of Ceylon}}</ref> The eggs are laid with a gap of two days and incubated by both males and females with the females usually incubating at night. The incubation period is about 19 days. The hatchlings are fed mainly caterpillars for the initial period and later provided bugs, flies and orthopterans. The parents do not remove the excreta of the nestlings from the nest. The adults continue to feed the fledged juveniles for nearly 5 to 6 months. They are socially monogamous with pair bonds lasting more than a season.<ref name=var>{{cite book|author=Varghese, AP |year=2002|title=Ecology and behaviour of Malabar Trogon ''Harpactes fasciatus malabaricus''. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam|url=http://www.mgutheses.org/page/about_book.php?q=T%201055&search=&page=&rad=}}</ref>

Sri Lankan birds have been seen to plunge into water from an overhanging branch to bathe.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, Ripley SD |name-list-style=amp |year=1983|edition=2nd|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|volume=4|pages=61–63|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

A species of endoparasitic [[cestode]], ''Triaenorhina burti'' has been described from the species.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Georgiev BB, Gibson DI |year=2006 |title=Description of ''Triaenorhina burti'' n. sp. (Cestoda: Paruterinidae) from the Malabar trogon ''Harpactes fasciatus'' (Pennant) (Aves: Trogoniformes: Trogonidae) in Sri Lanka|journal= Systematic Parasitology |volume=63|pages=53–60|pmid=16699928|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s11230-005-9002-x|s2cid=1330540 }}</ref>

==Status==
The species is becoming rarer in many parts of India and it is thought to be sensitive to forest fragmentation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Effects of Habitat Structure and Adjacent Habitats on Birds in Tropical Rainforest Fragments and Shaded Plantations in the Western Ghats, India|author=Raman TR|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|year=2006|volume =15|issue=4|pages=1577–1607|doi=10.1007/s10531-005-2352-5|bibcode=2006BiCon..15.1577R |s2cid=44028059}}</ref> [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]] noted it as being common in some areas of the [[Surat Dangs]] where it is now rare. One of his records is from Ajwa in Vadodara district which is believed to be a typographical error for Ahwa further south.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Significant bird records and local extinctions in Purna and Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuaries, Gujarat, India |author1=Trivedi, Pranav |author2=VC Soni |name-list-style=amp |journal=Forktail |volume=22 |year=2006 |pages=39–48 |url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Trivedi-Purna.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226205502/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Trivedi-Purna.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-26 }}</ref> Tickell collected specimens from Dampara in Dholbhum.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1869.tb06894.x|title=Additional Notes on various Indian Birds|journal=Ibis|volume=11|issue=4|pages=403–426|year=1869|last1=Beavan|first1=R. C|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/403106 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Other sources==
* Inglis, CM (1944) The nesting of the Malabar Trogon. Jour. Bengal Nat. Hist. Soc. 18:101.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Harpactes fasciatus}}
{{Wikispecies|Harpactes fasciatus}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/malabar-trogon-harpactes-fasciatus? Photographs, sounds and video]
* [http://eol.org/pages/1269929 Encyclopedia of Life]

{{Trogons}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1274580}}

[[Category:Harpactes|Malabar trogon]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds of South India]]
[[Category:Birds of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1769|Malabar trogon]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Pennant]]

Desi

2026-03-16T00:51:49Z

Nekilortashush: update

{{Short description|Peoples, cultures, and products of the Indian subcontinent and their diaspora}}
{{Other uses}}

'''Desi'''{{efn|The [[tadbhava]]-form of the word is "desi", and the corresponding [[tatsama]]-form is "deshi".}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|eɪ|s|i}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|s|i}}<ref>{{Cite OED|Desi|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> {{respell|DAY|see}} or {{respell|DESS|ee}}; [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: देसी {{small|([[Devanagari]])}}, {{Nastaliq|دیسی}} {{small|([[Perso-Arabic]])}}, {{IPA|hns|deːsiː|lang}}),{{efn|The etymology of the word ''Desi'' is from the [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu language]].<ref name="Sharma2010"/> In various other South Asian languages, the word is rendered as follows: [[Bengali language|Bangla]]: দেশী; [[Sinhalese Language|Sinhala]]: දේශී; [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: தேசி; [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: దేశి; [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: દેશી;
[[Malayalam]]: ദേശി; [[Kannada]]: ದೇಸಿ; [[Odiya language|Odiya]]: ଦେଶୀ; [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]: ދޭސީ; [[Dzongkha]]: ཁ་བྱང་ཀི་དེ།; [[Burmese language|Burmese]]: ဒေစီ}} also '''Deshi''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: দেশী), is a loose term used to describe the [[ethnic groups in South Asia|peoples]], [[culture of South Asia|cultures]], and products of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and their [[South Asian diaspora|diaspora]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glenn |first=Charles L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVoDwAAQBAJ&dq=desi+loose+term&pg=PA222 |title=Muslim Educators in American Communities |date=2018-08-01 |publisher=IAP |isbn=978-1-64113-363-0 |pages=222 |language=en}}</ref> derived from [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|देश}} ({{translit|sa|deśá}}), meaning 'land' or 'country'.<ref name="Shirley2010">{{cite book |first1=Shirley R. |last1=Steinberg |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnSBRxsjn_4C&pg=PA87 |title=Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=12 March 2012 |first2=Michael |last2=Kehler |first3=Lindsay |last3=Cornish |pages=86–88 |isbn=978-0-313-35080-1}}</ref> Desi traces its origin to the people from the South Asian republics of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]],{{efn|The modern-day independent countries of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan were included within the boundaries of [[colonial India]] prior to the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947.}}<ref name="Zimmer2013">{{cite web |last1=Zimmer |first1=Ben |title=Here She Comes, 'Desi' Miss America |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304713704579095112813176666 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en |date=27 September 2013|quote=But as South Asians have built up diasporic communities around the world, 'desi' has traveled with them, used not as a put-down but as an expression of ethnic pride. Make that pan-ethnic: Anyone with heritage from the subcontinent—India, Pakistan, or Bangladesh—can identify as a 'desi' and partake in 'desi' culture.}}</ref> and may also sometimes be extended to include peoples, cultures and products of [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irani |first1=Farzin |title=Cultural Diversity in Neuropsychological Assessment|date=27 February 2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-000-51578-7 |language=en |quote=People from this region in South Asia (i.e., Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan) are broadly referred to as "Desi," meaning from this land. This is a colloquial term used by other South Asians to refer to people of their region when outside of their native land.}}</ref><ref name="CSU2023">{{cite web |title=Who is APIDA? |url=https://www.csusm.edu/apidafsa/who_is_apida/index.html#:~:text=The%20previous%20%E2%80%9CAsian%20and%20Pacific,%2C%20Pakistan%2C%20and%20Sri%20Lanka. |publisher=[[California State University San Marcos]] |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320195947/https://www.csusm.edu/apidafsa/who_is_apida/index.html |language=English |archivedate=20 March 2023 |quote=In our references, Desi countries of origin include Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conroy |first1=Colette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUDpDwAAQBAJ&dq=desi+pakistan+india+bhutan+maldives&pg=PT81 |title=On Access in Applied Theatre and Drama Education |last2=Ong |first2=Adelina |last3=Rodricks |first3=Dirk J. |date=2020-06-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-70848-6 |pages=81 |language=en |quote=Desi refers to the peoples indigenous to the precolonial Indian subcontinent, which is now {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} several nation states that include India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Maldives.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mallapragada |first= Madhavi|date=15 October 2013 |title=Virtual Homelands: Indian Immigrants and Online Cultures in the United States |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D7FXAwAAQBAJ&dq=sri+lanka+desi+country&pg=PA118|publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=117–118|isbn= 9780252096563}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/desi |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120721045611/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/desi |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 21, 2012 |title=desi |work=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2016 |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[ethnonym]] belongs in the [[endonym]]ic category (i.e., it is a self-appellation). ''[[wiktionary:Desi|Desi]]'' ({{lang|hi|देसी}}/{{lang|ur|دیسی}} ''desī'') is a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (Hindi-Urdu) word, meaning 'national', ultimately from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|deśīya}}'', derived from ''{{IAST|deśa}}'' ({{lang|sa|देश}}) 'region, province, country'.<ref name="Sharma2010">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Nitasha Tamar |title=Hip Hop Desis: South Asian Americans, Blackness, and a Global Race Consciousness |date=17 August 2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-9289-7 |language=en |quote=The lives of South Asians in America, or ''desis''—a term meaning "of the land" from the Hindi/Urdu word ''desh'', or country—are both historically constituted and circumscribed by global processes and the limitations of what is possible today.}}</ref> The first known usage of the Sanskrit word is found in the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' (~200 BCE), where it defines the regional varieties of folk performing arts, as opposed to the classical, pan-Indian ''margi''. Thus, ''{{IAST|svadeśa}}'' ({{langx|sa|स्वदेश|links=no}}) refers to one's own country or homeland, while ''{{IAST|paradeśa}}'' ({{langx|sa|परदेश|links=}}) refers to another's country or a foreign land.

==Usage==
The word ''Desi'' is widely used by South Asians, as well those of the [[South Asian diaspora]], to describe themselves; those of South Asian origin, especially Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, use the term "as a means of asserting or reclaiming a sense of pride" in being South Asian, "particularly in the face of racism, discrimination, and stigmatization" of minorities in various parts of the world.<ref name="Kim2014">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Helen |title=Making Diaspora in a Global City: South Asian Youth Cultures in London |date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75756-5 |pages=34–36 |language=en}}</ref> With regard to usage of the word ''Desi'', Helen Kim writes:<ref name="Kim2014"/>

{{blockquote|Desiness imagines a more conhesive, pan-South Asian American community that goes beyond nation, class, and religion. Instead, a 'desi' South Asian American community comes together over its shared experiences of being positioned as non-White 'others', often cutting across differences in caste, class, religion, and gender. In the UK, the term 'desi' is commonly used to describe British [South] Asian forms of cultural production such as music, literature, and television programming. For example, shows such as ''Desi DNA'', featured on the BBC and BBC Asian Network, cover all areas of current British [South] Asian popular culture such as film, music, and the visual arts, including fashion and style. Club nights that feature [South] Asian music such as bhangra and [South Asian] hip hop, as previously mentioned, are often billed as 'desi' nights. The Internet radio station DesiHits.com, rivaling the BBC Asian Network in cultural significance as well as in the number of young [South] Asian listeners, plays all the current [South] Asian hits, which allows one to browse online by artist and by genre, listing them under categories such as 'desi beats', '[[Bollywood]]', and 'hip hop'.}}

Among teenagers who have ancestral roots in the Indian subcontinent, the term ''Desi'' is "embraced to elucidate a new inclusive identity of South Asians in the US, who participate as 'public consumers and producers of a distinctive, widely circulating cultural and linguistic forms'."<ref name="Khanduri2014">{{cite book |last1=Khanduri |first1=Ritu Gairola |title=Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World |date=2 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04332-9 |page=202 |language=en}}</ref> To this end, channels such as [[MTV Desi]] have recognized "the transnational nature of Desi youth culture, writers, producers, and VJs" and have shared "a range of topics relating to life in South Asia and the South Asian diaspora worldwide".<ref name="Wilkins2013">{{cite book |last1=Wilkins |first1=Karin |last2=Straubhaar |first2=Joe |last3=Kumar |first3=Shanti |title=Global Communication: New Agendas in Communication |date=11 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-01096-6 |language=en |quote=In July 2005, MTV Networks announced the launch of MTV-Desi, a niche channel for South Asian-American youth. Launched with great fanfare, MTV-Desi sought to respond to ongoing changes in South Asian-American culture and to create a space within mainstream media that would speak to the particular experiences of Desi youth. In addition to Bollywood song sequences and Indi-pop music videos, the channel would feature US- and UK-based artists such as DJ Rekha, MIA, and Jay Sean, alongside popular American stars in order to create a "multi-ethnic, multi-genre playlist" that would resonate with Desi youth (Dev 2006). While music would remain the primary focus of programming, MTV-Desi would also develop new segments covering a range of topics relating to life in South Asia and the South Asian diaspora worldwide, including original shows such as ''LiveFrom'', which would track Desi youth culture in cities across North America and the UK, and hit shows such as ''Roadies'' from MTV-India. Recognizing the transnational nature of Desi youth culture, writers, producers, and VJs worked hard to define MTV-Desi as a unique site of cultural production that neither mainstream American television nor the India-centric programming on Dish and DirecTV could match. Declaring that MTV-Desi would soon become the "pop culture destination for desis," Nusrat Durrani, general manager and senior vice president of MTV World, explained: "But more than the music, it is also about articulating the stories from this community--young South Asian-Americans who have grown up in the country, but have not seen themselves on TV" (cited in Mozumder 2005).}}</ref>

"Desi" is sometimes perceived as offensive among some South Asian expatriates,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Sircar |first=Anisha |date=2020-12-08 |title=Is the term 'Desi' offensive? Some South Asian Americans think so |url=https://scroll.in/global/975071/is-the-term-desi-offensive-some-south-asian-americans-think-so |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> as they claim that it erases the diversity of [[South Asian ethnic groups|cultural identities within the South Asian community]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is It Time to Kill Off the Word 'Desi'? – The Aerogram |url=https://theaerogram.com/is-it-time-to-kill-off-the-word-desi/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=theaerogram.com}}</ref> and that it primarily identifies the dominant [[North India]]n community while excluding other South Asian groups.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Brown, Desi, South Asian: Diaspora reflects on the terms that represent, erase them |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/brown-desi-south-asian-diaspora-reflects-terms-represent-erase-rcna1886 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Some resist the label, citing historical Indian imperialism and cultural hegemony.<ref name=":02" /> They believe that terms like "Desi" impose a homogenous identity and fail to acknowledge the pluralistic nature of South Asian communities.<ref name=":1" /> Alternatives like "South Asian" or "Brown" have been proposed, but they also have their limitations and can be perceived as misleading or exclusive.<ref name=":1" /> While some individuals find the term "South Asian" inclusive and encompassing, others feel it does not fully capture their specific backgrounds.<ref name=":02" /> The complexity and diversity of the diaspora necessitate recognizing multiple identities and resisting the tendency to homogenize or erase particular communities.<ref name=":1" />

Among non-diasporic South Asians, the term ''Desi'' is sometimes used to indicate that a person is rural, unexposed to foreign/modern culture, and more deeply steeped in native South Asian culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shin |first1=Ryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9iYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 |title=Counternarratives from Asian American Art Educators: Identities, Pedagogies, and Practice beyond the Western Paradigm |last2=Lim |first2=Maria |last3=Lee |first3=Oksun |last4=Han |first4=Sandrine |date=2022-12-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-81369-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sircar |first=Anisha |date=2020-12-08 |title=Is the term 'Desi' offensive? Some South Asian Americans think so |url=https://scroll.in/global/975071/is-the-term-desi-offensive-some-south-asian-americans-think-so |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
The word "Desi" comes from the Sanskrit word "Desh" meaning "country". The word "Desi" is used to refer to something "from the country" and with time its usage shifted towards referring to people, cultures, and products of a specific region; for example, desi food, desi calendars, and desi dress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mughal|first=M. A. Z.|date=20 October 2014|title=Calendars Tell History: Social Rhythm and Social Change in Rural Pakistan|journal=History and the Four Nations India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Has the Same Food, Culture. Anthropology|language=en|volume=25|issue=5|pages=592–613|doi=10.1080/02757206.2014.930034|s2cid=55668409|issn=0275-7206|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/13842/1/13842.pdf}}</ref>

Desi contrasts with the Bengali and [[Hindustani language]] word ''vilāyati'' (Anglicised as "[[Blighty]]") meaning 'foreign',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/blighty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213212958/https://www.lexico.com/definition/blighty |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |title=blighty |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> which more specifically came to mean 'European', and 'British; English' during the time of the [[British Raj]] in [[colonial India]].<ref>[http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bli1.htm Entry for ''Blighty'']. World Wide Words.</ref> The word is a loan of [[Indian Persian]] {{transliteration|fa|vilāyatī}} ({{lang|fa|ولایاتی}}), from {{transliteration|fa|vilāyat}} ({{lang|fa|ولایت}}) meaning 'Iran' and later 'Europe' or 'Britain',<ref>"ولاية" in F. Steingass, ''A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary'', 1892, p. 1480.</ref> ultimately from Arabic {{transliteration|ar|[[Wilayah|wilāyah]]}} {{lang|ar|ولاية{{lrm}}}} meaning 'state, province'.

After the passage of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], the United States dramatically increased immigration from the subcontinent. As increasing numbers of students from the subcontinent arrived in the US and UK, their countries of origin were colloquially referred to as ''{{IAST|deś}}''. For example, all things Indian including Indian expatriates were referred to as "desi".

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of South Asia|South Asian diaspora#Culture}}[[File:Buckeye Mela IX - Spartan Bhangra.jpg|thumb|300px|South Asian university students celebrate Desi culture through dance at the [[Ohio State University]].]]
[[File:Surahi in samrup rachna calligraphy.jpg|thumb|300px|"Surahi" written in [[Samrup Rachna]] calligraphy used to write [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], which is widely spoken throughout the northern part of the Indian subcontinent as a ''lingua franca''.<ref name="Kazim2016">{{cite web |last1=Kazim |first1=Shehrbano |title=Drawn from the same wellspring |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1103363/drawn-from-the-same-wellspring |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en |date=14 May 2016}}</ref>]]

[[Frank Anthony]], an Anglo-Indian Christian leader who helped write the [[Constitution of India]] stated that unlike Europe, “[colonial] India had achieved a basic ethnic and cultural unity.” (The boundaries of colonial India include the modern-day republics of independent India, as well as what is now Pakistan and Bangladesh.)<ref name="Bangash2022">{{cite journal |last1=Bangash |first1=Yaqoob Khan |title=Anglo-Indians and the Punjab Partition: Identity, Politics, and the Creation of Pakistan |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=2023 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=124–155 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2022.2086202 |language=en |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the United States, as in other countries, some diaspora desis are creating a "fusion" culture, in which foods, fashions, music, and the like from many areas of South Asia are "fused" both with each other and with elements from Western culture.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} For example, Urban Desi is a genre of music formed by the fusion of traditional [[South Asian music]] and Western [[urban music]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95739927 |title=Urban Desi: A Genre on the Rise |first=Nishat |last=Kurwa |date=15 October 2008 |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> The growing demand of popular programming for South Asians caused [[MTV]] to launch the desi-targeted television channel [[MTV Desi]].

In the United Kingdom, desi communities have continued the fusion culture which first emerged during the 89 year rule of the [[British Raj]] in [[colonial India]], influencing British music, art, fashion and food. There are now dedicated radio stations catering to British-South Asians such as the [[BBC Asian Network]].

In Canada, desis have established sizable [[ethnic enclaves]] in areas such as [[Brampton]], Ontario (suburban [[Toronto]]) and [[Surrey, British Columbia]] (suburban [[Vancouver]]).

===Performing arts===
The [[Natya Shastra]] refers to the regional varieties of folk dance and music elements as ''desi'', and states that these are meant as pure entertainment for common people, while the pan-Indian ''margi'' elements are to spiritually enlighten the audience. The medieval developments of the [[classical Indian dance]] and music led to the introduction of desi gharanas, in addition to the classical [[gharana]]s codified in [[Natya Shastra]]. The ''desi'' gharanas further developed into the present-day [[adavu]]s. There is [[raga]] in Indian classical music known as "Desi".

===Food and drink===
{{Main|Desi daru|Desi cuisine}}

In regions of South Asia, ''desi'' in the context of food, implies "native" or "traditional". For example, "Desi chicken" may refer to a native breed of chicken. This word is also usually restricted to Sanskrit-derived (Indo-Aryan) languages.

[[Plant breeding|Heritage]] varieties of vegetables and other produce can also be qualified as "desi". "Desi diet" refers to a diet and food choices followed by Indians around the world. ''[[Desi daru]]'' refers to "country liquor", such as [[feni (liquor)|fenny]], [[palm wine|toddy]] and [[arrack (drink)|arrack]]. It is differentiated from [[Indian-made foreign liquor]] such as Indian-made [[whisky]], [[rum]], or [[vodka]].

===Desi pubs===
{{Main|Desi pub}}

In the United Kingdom, the term Desi pub is used to describe a pub which is owned or managed by an Indian landlord, or which serves [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] food. They developed during the 1960s and 1970s at a time when some British [[pub]]s enforced [[colour bar|color bar]]s to prevent Indians and other immigrants from drinking there. Desi pubs are especially common in the [[Black Country]] and surrounding areas of the West Midlands. As well as drinking places, they also act as community hubs and meeting places for people from different backgrounds and are considered to be an example of successful integration of Indian immigrants into British culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/desi-pubs|title=The Triumphant Story of Britain's Desi Pubs|author=Jesudason, David|work=[[Atlas Obscura]]|date=21 April 2022|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2016/08/22/raising-a-glass-to-britains-indian-pubs|title=Raising a glass to Britain's Indian pubs|author=R.V.|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=22 August 2016|access-date=12 May 2022}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[American-born confused desi]]
* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Little Bangladesh]]
* [[Little India]]
* [[Little Pakistan]]
* [[South Asian Heritage Month]]
* [[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]]
* [[Indian Arrival Day]]
* ''[[Pinoy]]'', an analogous term for Filipinos
* ''[[Habesha peoples|Habesha]]'', an analogous term for Ethiopians and Eritreans

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:Culture of Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Culture of Pakistani diaspora]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Ethnonyms]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indian slang]]
[[Category:Culture of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani slang]]
[[Category:South Asian people]]
[[Category:Culture of South Asia]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]

Puranas

2026-03-09T20:43:29Z

Nekilortashush: added references

{{Short description|Hindu scriptures}}
{{About|the Hindu texts|other uses|Purana (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 260
| footer = Purana manuscripts from 15th to 19th century CE
| image1 = Page of Text, Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) LACMA M.82.62.1 (1 of 2).jpg
| image2 = Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) Manuscript LACMA M.88.134.4 (2 of 2).jpg
| image3 = Vishnu Discoursing (recto), Prince Worshipping and Discoursing (verso); Folio from a Vaishnava manuscript LACMA M.72.53.27a-b (2 of 2).jpg
}}
{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}

'''Puranas''' ({{langx|sa|पुराण|Purāṇa|lit=Ancients}}<ref name=merriam>[https://archive.org/details/myriadworldsbudd00kons Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature] (1995 Edition), Article on "Puranas", {{ISBN|0-877790426}}, page 915</ref>) are a vast genre of Hindu literature that include a wide range of topics, especially legends and other traditional lore.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=437-439}} The Puranas are known for the intricate layers of symbolism depicted within their stories. Composed originally in [[Sanskrit]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Rajeev|title=Faith & Philosophy of Hinduism|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|url={{google books URL|S7eo6vsvkEkC}}|isbn=978-81-7835-718-8|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074547/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7eo6vsvkEkC|url-status=live}}</ref> and in other [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]],{{sfn|Bailey|2003|p=139}}<ref name="johncort185">John Cort (1993), "An Overview of the Jaina Puranas" in ''Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts,'' (Editor: Wendy Doniger), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791413821}}, pages 185-204</ref> several of these texts are named after major [[Hindus|Hindu]] deities such as [[Mahadevi|Devi]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], and [[Brahma]].{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=16, 12-21}}<ref name="Nair 2008 266">{{cite book|last=Nair|first=Shantha N.|title=Echoes of Ancient Hindu Wisdom: The Universal Hindu Vision and Its Edifice|year=2008|publisher=Hindology Books|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7|page=266|url={{google books URL|ekehXVP3W8wC|p=266}}|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513103245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ekehXVP3W8wC&pg=PA266|url-status=live}}</ref> The Puranic genre of literature is found in both [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref name=johncort185/>

The Puranic literature is encyclopedic,<ref name=merriam /> and it includes diverse topics such as [[cosmogony]], [[cosmology]], genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, queens, heroes, heroines, sages, other gods, other goddesses, folk tales, pilgrimages, temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, theology, philosophy, etc.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=437-439}}{{sfn|Bailey|2003|p=139}}{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=16, 12-21}} The content is highly inconsistent across the Puranas, and each Purana has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves inconsistent.<ref name=johncort185 /> The Hindu Mahapuranas are traditionally attributed to [[Vyasa]], but many scholars consider them likely the work of many authors over the centuries; in contrast, most Jaina Puranas can be dated and their authors assigned.<ref name=johncort185 />

There are 18 ''Mukhyapuranas'' (Major Puranas) and 18 ''Upapuranas'' (Minor Puranas),{{sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|pp=xii, 4}} with over 400,000 verses.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=437-439}} The first versions of various Puranas were likely to have been composed between 3rd and 10th century CE.<ref name="collins36"/> While the Puranas do not enjoy the authority of a scripture in [[Hinduism]]{{sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|pp=xii, 4}} and are considered [[Smṛti|Smritis]],{{sfn|Bailey|2001|p=503}} they shaped Hinduism more than the [[Vedas]], providing a "culture synthesis" in weaving and integrating the diverse beliefs of a great number of local traditions into the Vedic-Brahmanic fold.{{sfn|Bailey|2003|pp=162-167}} The Puranas praise many gods and goddesses{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=21-24, 104-113, 115-126}} and the religious practices included in them are considered ''Vaidika'' (congruent with Vedic literature).<ref>Dominic Goodall (1996), ''Hindu Scriptures,'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520207783}}, page xxxix</ref> The Puranic literature wove with the [[Bhakti movement]] in India, and both [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]] and [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] scholars have commented on the underlying Vedantic themes in the ''Maha Puranas''.<ref>BN Krishnamurti Sharma (2008), ''A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815759}}, pages 128-131</ref>

== Etymology ==
Douglas Harper, creator of the Online Etymology Dictionary, states that the etymological origins of ''Puranas'' are from [[Sanskrit]] ''Puranah'', literally "ancient, former," from ''pura'' "formerly, before," cognate with [[Greek language|Greek]] ''paros'' "before," ''pro'' "before," Avestan ''paro'' "before," Old [[English language|English]] fore, from Proto-Indo-European ''*pre-'', from ''*per-''."<ref>Douglas Harper (2015), [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Purana Purana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929171338/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Purana |date=29 September 2015 }}, Etymology Dictionary</ref>

== Origin ==
[[Vyasa]], the narrator of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', is hagiographically credited as the compiler of the Puranas. The ancient tradition suggests that originally there was but one Purana. Vishnu Purana (3.6.15) mentions that Vyasa entrusted his ''Puranasamhita'' to his disciple ''Lomaharshana'', who in turn imparted it to his disciples,{{refn|group=note| Six disciples: Sumati, Agnivarchaha, Mitrayu, Shamshapyana, Akritaverna and Savarni}} three of whom compiled their own samhitas. These three, together with Lomaharshana's, comprise the ''Mulasamhita'', from which the later eighteen Puranas were derived.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=45–}}<ref name="Coburn1988">{{cite book |author=Thomas B. Coburn |author-link=Thomas B. Coburn |title=Devī-Māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0557-6 |url={{google books URL|hy9kf7_TOHgC|p=27}} |pages=23–27 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074548/https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term ''Purana'' appears in the Vedic texts. For example, Atharva Veda mentions ''Purana'' (in the singular) in XI.7.24 and XV.6.10-11:{{sfn|Kane|1962|pp=816–821}}{{Blockquote|text="The Rig and Sama verses, the Chandas, the Purana along with the Yajur formulae, all sprang from the remainder of the sacrificial food, (as also) the gods that resort to heaven. He changed his place and went over to great direction, and Itihasa and Purana, gathas, verses in praise of heroes followed in going over."|sign= XV.6.10-11|source={{sfn|Kane|1962|p=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.5.2/page/n137 816]}}|title=[[Atharva Veda]]}}

Similarly, the Shatapatha Brahmana (XI.5.6.8) mentions ''Itihasapuranam'' (as one compound word) and recommends that on the 9th day of ''Pariplava,'' the ''hotr'' priest should narrate some Purana because "the ''Purana'' is the Veda, this it is" (XIII.4.3.13). However, states P.V. Kane, it is not certain whether these texts suggested several works or a single work with the term ''Purana''.{{sfn|Kane|1962|pp=816–817}} The late Vedic text ''Taittiriya Aranyaka'' (II.10) uses the term in the plural. Therefore, states Kane, that in the later Vedic period at least, the Puranas referred to three or more texts, and that they were studied and recited.{{sfn|Kane|1962|pp=816–817}} In numerous passages the Mahabharata mentions '''Purana''<nowiki/>' in both singular and plural forms. Moreover, it is not unlikely that, where the singular '<nowiki/>''Puranam''<nowiki/>' was employed in the texts, a class of works was meant.{{sfn|Kane|1962|pp=816–817}} Further, despite the mention of the term Purana or Puranas in the Vedic texts, there is uncertainty about the contents of them until the composition of the oldest Dharmashastra ''[[Apastamba Dharmasutra]]'' and ''[[Gautama Dharmasutra]]'', which mention Puranas that resemble the extant Puranas.{{sfn|Kane|1962|pp=816–817}}

Another early mention of the term 'Itihas-purana' is found in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] (7.1.2), translated by [[Patrick Olivelle]] as "the corpus of histories and ancient tales as the fifth Veda".<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation|url={{google books URL|Lsp18ZvstrcC}}|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535242-9|page=259|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817125024/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Thomas Colburn (2002), Devī-māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805576}}, page 24-25</ref>{{refn|group=note|The early [[Buddhist]] text ([[Sutta Nipata]] 3.7 describes the meeting between the Buddha and Sela. It has been translated by Mills and Sujato as, "(...) the brahmin Sela was visiting Āpaṇa. He was an expert in the three Vedas, with the etymologies, the rituals, the phonology and word analysis, and fifthly the legendary histories".<ref>[https://suttacentral.net/snp3.7/en/mills-sujato Sutta Nipata 3.7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054822/https://suttacentral.net/snp3.7/en/mills-sujato |date=27 July 2018 }}, To Sela and his Praise of the Buddha, Laurence Mills and Bhikkhu Sujato</ref>}} The [[Brhadaranyaka Upanishad]] also refers to purana as the "fifth Veda".<ref>[[Brhadaranyaka Upanisad]] 2.4.10, 4.1.2, 4.5.11. Satapatha Brahmana (SBE, Vol. 44, pp. 98, 369).</ref>{{sfn|Moghe|1997|pp=160, 249}}

According to Thomas Coburn, Puranas and early extra-puranic texts attest to two traditions regarding their origin, one proclaiming a divine origin as the breath of the great beings, the other as a human sage named [[Vyasa]] as the arranger of already existing material into eighteen Puranas. In the early references, states Coburn, the term Purana occurs in singular unlike the later era which refers to a plural form presumably because they had assumed their "multifarious form".<ref name="Coburn1988" />

According to the Indologists [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] and Cornelia Dimmitt, the Puranas that have survived into the modern era are ancient but represent "an amalgam of two somewhat different but never entirely different separate oral literatures: the Brahmin tradition stemming from the reciters of the Vedas, and the bardic poetry recited by Sutas that was handed down in [[Kshatriya]] circles".{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=7}} The original Puranas comes from the priestly roots while the later genealogies have the warrior and epic roots. These texts were collected for the "second time between the fourth and sixth centuries CE under the rule of the Gupta kings and queens", a period of Hindu renaissance.{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|pp=7-8, context: 4-13}} However, the editing and expansion of the Puranas did not stop after the Gupta era, and the texts continued to "grow for another five hundred or a thousand years" and these were preserved by priests who maintained Hindu pilgrimage sites and temples.{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|pp=7-8, context: 4-13}} The core of Itihasa-Puranas, states Klaus Klostermaier, may possibly go back to the 7th century BCE or even earlier.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=59–}}

==Dating==
It is not possible to set a specific date for any Purana as a whole, states [[Ludo Rocher]]. He points out that even for the better established and more coherent Puranas such as [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]] and [[Vishnu Purana|Vishnu]], the dates proposed by scholars continue to vary widely and endlessly.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=45–}} The date of the production of the written texts does not define the date of origin of the Puranas.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=247}} They existed in an oral form before being written down.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=247}} In the 19th century, [[F. E. Pargiter]] believed the "original Purana" may date to the time of the final redaction of the Vedas.{{Sfn|Pargiter|1962|pp=30–54}} [[Wendy Doniger]], based on her study of indologists, assigns approximate dates to the various Puranas. She dates [[Markandeya Purana]] to {{Circa|250 CE}} (with one portion dated to c. 550 CE), [[Matsya Purana]] to c. 250–500 CE, [[Vayu Purana]] to c. 350 CE, [[Harivamsa]] and [[Vishnu Purana]] to c. 450 CE, [[Brahmanda Purana]] to c. 350–950 CE, [[Vamana Purana]] to c. 450–900 CE, [[Kurma Purana]] to c. 550–850 CE, and [[Linga Purana]] to c. 600–1000 CE.<ref name=collins36>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Charles Dillard|title=The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta|year=1988|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-773-0|url={{google books URL|pQNi6kAGJQ4C|p=36}}|page=36|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527061905/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Texts ==

=== Mahapuranas ===
Of the many texts designated 'Puranas' the most important are the ''{{IAST|Mahāpurāṇa}}s'' or the major Puranas.{{sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|pp=xii, 4}} These are said to be eighteen in number, divided into three groups of six, though they are not always counted in the same way. The list of Mahapuranas is mentioned in the [[Vishnu Purana]], part 3, chapter 6, verses 21–24.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |date=1840 |title=The Vishnu Purana |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp080.htm |pages=283–284}}</ref> The number of verses in each Mahapurana is mentioned in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], part 12, chapter 13, verses 4–9.<ref>{{Cite book |date=1950 |title=The Bhagavata Purana |url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranamotilalenglishfull/page/n2231/mode/1up |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=2206}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No. !! Maha Purana !! Verses number !! Description
|-
| 1 || [[Brahma Purana|Brahma]] || 10,000 verses || Sometimes also called Adi Purana, because many Mahapuranas lists put it first of 18.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=154-156}} The text has 245 chapters, shares many passages with Vishnu, Vayu, Markendeya Puranas, and with the [[Mahabharata]]. Includes mythology, theory of war, art work in temples, and other cultural topics. Describes holy places in [[Odisha]], and weaves themes of Vishnu and Shiva, but hardly any mention of deity Brahma despite the title.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=154-156}}
|-
| 2 || [[Padma Purana|Padma]] || 55,000 verses || A large compilation of diverse topics, it describes cosmology, the world and nature of life from the perspective of Vishnu. It also discusses festivals, numerous legends, geography of rivers and regions from northwest India to [[Bengal]] to the kingdom of [[Tripura]], major sages of India, various Avatars of Vishnu and his cooperation with Shiva, a story of Rama-Sita that is different from the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]].{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=209-215}} The north Indian manuscripts of Padma Purana are very different from south Indian versions, and the various recensions in both groups in different languages (Devanagari and Bengali, for example) show major inconsistencies.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-61}} Like the Skanda Purana, it is a detailed treatise on travel and pilgrimage centers in India.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=209-215}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=281-283 with footnotes on page 553}}
|-
| 3 || [[Vishnu Purana|Vishnu]] || 23,000 verses || One of the most studied and circulated Puranas, it also contains genealogical details of various dynasties.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}} Better preserved after the 17th century, but exists in inconsistent versions, more ancient pre-15th century versions are very different from modern versions, with some versions discussing Buddhism and Jainism. Some chapters likely composed in Kashmir and Punjab region of South Asia. A Vaishnavism text, focused on Vishnu.<ref>{{citation|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|url={{google books URL|g6FsB3psOTIC|p=760}}|page=760|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615164214/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA760|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[Shiva Purana|Shiva]] || 24,000 verses || The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' is one of eighteen ''[[Purana]]'' genre of [[Sanskrit]] texts in [[Hinduism]], and part of the [[Shaivism]] literature corpus. It primarily centers around the Hindu god [[Shiva]] and goddess [[Parvati]], but references and reveres all gods.
The ''Shiva Purana'' asserts that it once consisted of 100,000 verses set out in twelve [[samhita]]s (books), however the Purana adds that it was abridged by sage Vyasa before being taught to Romaharshana.
|-
| 5 || [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]] || 18,000 verses || The most studied and popular of the Puranas,<ref name=richardthompson>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Richard L.|title=The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-1919-1|url={{google books URL|3TZmDSr-1msC|p=10}}|page=10|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530234350/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Monier-Williams|1899|p=752}}, column 3, under the entry ''Bhagavata.''</ref> telling of Vishnu's [[Avatar]]s, and of Vaishnavism. It contains genealogical details of various dynasties.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}} Numerous inconsistent versions of this text and historical manuscripts exist, in many Indian languages.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=139-149}} Influential and elaborated during [[Bhakti movement]].{{sfn|Hardy|2001}}{{Page needed|date=November 2023}}
|-
| 6 || [[Narada Purana|Narada]] || 25,000 verses || Also called Naradiya Purana. Discusses the four [[Veda]]s and the six [[Vedanga]]s. Dedicates one chapter each, from Chapters 92 to 109, to summarize the other 17 Maha Puranas and itself. Lists major rivers of India and places of pilgrimage, and a short tour guide for each. Includes discussion of various philosophies, soteriology, planets, astronomy, myths and characteristics of major deities including Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Krishna, Rama, Lakshmi and others.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=202-203}}
|-
| 7 || [[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]] || 9,000 verses || Describes [[Vindhya Range]] and western India. Probably composed in the valleys of [[Narmada]] and [[Tapti]] rivers, in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=70-71}} Named after sage Markandeya, a student of Brahma. Contains chapters on [[dharma]] and on Hindu epic Mahabharata.{{sfn|Hazra|1987|pp=8-11}} The Purana includes [[Devi Mahatmya]]m of [[Shaktism]].
|-
| 8 || [[Agni Purana|Agni]] || 15,400 verses || Contains encyclopedic information. Includes geography of Mithila ([[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar]] and neighboring states), cultural history, politics, education system, iconography, taxation theories, organization of army, theories on proper causes for war, diplomacy, local laws, building public projects, water distribution methods, trees and plants, medicine, Vastu Shastra (architecture), gemology, grammar, metrics, poetry, food, rituals and numerous other topics.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=134-137}}
|-
| 9 || [[Bhavishya Purana|Bhavishya]] || 14,500 verses || The Bhavishya Purana (Bhaviṣya Purāṇa, lit. "Future Purana") is one of the eighteen major works in the Purana genre of Hinduism, written in Sanskrit.The title Bhavishya means "future" and implies it is a work that contains prophecies regarding the future, however, the "prophecy" parts of the extant manuscripts are a modern era addition and hence not an integral part of the Bhavishya Purana.Those sections of the surviving manuscripts that are dated to be older, are partly borrowed from other Indian texts such as Brihat Samhita and Shamba Purana.
|-
| 10 || [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana|Brahmavaivarta]] || 18,000 verses || It is related by Savarni to Narada, and centres around the greatness of Krishna and Radha. In this, the story of Brahma-varaha is repeatedly told.<ref name="Dowson2000">{{cite book|author=John Dowson|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-24521-0|url={{google books URL|UHOPiD5LcfwC|=62}}|pages=62–|access-date=8 August 2018|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615144325/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHOPiD5LcfwC&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable for asserting that Krishna is the supreme reality and the gods Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma are incarnations of him.{{sfn|Rocher|1986 |p={{page needed|date=September 2021}}}} Mentions geography and rivers such as [[Ganga]] to [[Kaveri]].
|-
| 11 || [[Linga Purana|Linga]] || 11,000 verses || Discusses [[Lingam]], symbol of Shiva, and origin of the universe as per [[Shaivism]]. It also contains many stories of Lingam, one of which entails how Agni Lingam solved a dispute between Vishnu and Brahma.
|-
| 12 || [[Varaha Purana|Varaha]] || 24,000 verses || Primarily Vishnu-related worship manual, with large ''Mahatmya'' sections or travel guide to Mathura and Nepal.{{sfn|Hazra|1987|pp=96-97}} Presentation focuses on Varaha as incarnation of Narayana, but rarely uses the terms Krishna or Vasudeva.{{sfn|Hazra|1987|pp=96-97}} Many illustrations also involve Shiva and [[Durga]].<ref>{{citation|last=Wilson|first=Horace H.|year=1864|title=The Vishṅu Purāṅa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition Volume 1 of 4|publisher=Trübner|url={{google books URL|9Xo-AAAAcAAJ|p=PR71}}|page=LXXI|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616222917/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Xo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR71|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]] || 81,100 verses || Describes the birth of Skanda (or Karthikeya), son of Shiva. The longest Purana, it is an extraordinarily meticulous pilgrimage guide, containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories. Many untraced quotes are attributed to this text.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|pp=59–83}}
|-
| 14 || [[Vamana Purana|Vamana]] || 10,000 verses || Describes [[North India]], particularly Himalayan foothills region.
|-
| 15 || [[Kurma Purana|Kurma]] || 17,000 verses || Contains a combination of Vishnu and Shiva related legends, mythology, Tirtha (pilgrimage) and theology
|-
| 16 || [[Matsya Purana|Matsya]] || 14,000 verses || An encyclopedia of diverse topics.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=78-79}} Narrates the story of [[Matsya]], the first of ten major [[Avatar]]s of Vishnu. Likely composed in west India, by people aware of geographical details of the [[Narmada]] river. Includes legends about Brahma and Saraswati.<ref>Catherine Ludvik (2007), Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge, BRILL, {{ISBN|978-9004158146}}, pages 139-141</ref> It also contains a controversial genealogical details of various dynasties.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}}
|-
| 17 || [[Garuda Purana|Garuda]] || 19,000 verses || An encyclopedia of diverse topics.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=78-79}} Primarily about Vishnu, but praises all gods. Describes how Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma collaborate. Many chapters are a dialogue between Vishnu and the bird-vehicle [[Garuda]]. Cosmology, Describes cosmology, relationship between gods. Discusses ethics, what are crimes, good versus evil, various schools of Hindu philosophies, the theory of Yoga, the theory of "heaven and hell" with "karma and rebirth", includes Upanishadic discussion of self-knowledge as a means of [[moksha]].<ref name=mnduttgaruda /> Includes chapters on rivers, geography of Bharat (India) and other nations on earth, types of minerals and stones, testing methods for stones for their quality, various diseases and their symptoms, various medicines, aphrodisiacs, prophylactics, Hindu calendar and its basis, astronomy, moon, planets, astrology, architecture, building home, essential features of a temple, rites of passage, virtues such as compassion, charity and gift making, economy, thrift, duties of a king, politics, state officials and their roles and how to appointment them, genre of literature, rules of grammar, and other topics.<ref name=mnduttgaruda /> The final chapters discuss how to practice [[Yoga]] (Samkhya and Advaita types), personal development and the benefits of self-knowledge.<ref name=mnduttgaruda>MN Dutt, [https://archive.org/stream/garudapuranam00duttgoog#page/n4/mode/2up The Garuda Purana] Calcutta (1908)</ref>
|-
| 18 || [[Brahmanda Purana|Brahmanda]] || 12,000 verses || One of the earliest composed Puranas, it contains a controversial genealogical details of various dynasties.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}} Includes [[Lalita Sahasranamam]], law codes, system of governance, administration, diplomacy, trade, ethics. Old manuscripts of Brahmanda Purana have been found in the Hindu literature collections of [[Bali]], Indonesia.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=78-79}}<ref>H Hinzler (1993), [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22134379-90003116%3Fcrawler%3Dtrue Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001133114/http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22134379-90003116%3Fcrawler%3Dtrue |date=1 October 2015 }}, In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Landen Volkenkunde, Manuscripts of Indonesia 149 (1993), No 3, Leiden: BRILL, page 442</ref>
|}

The Puranas, according to Flood, have traditionally been classified according to three qualities (''[[Guṇa|guna]]'') which are inherent in existence, namely the quality of light or purity (''[[sattva]]''), passion (''[[rajas]]''), and darkness or inertia (''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]''), with each quality having six puranas focused, but not exclusively, upon a single deity.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=109-110}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Guna
!Central deity
!Maha Puranas
|-
|[[Sattva]]
|[[Vishnu]]
|[[Vishnu Purana|Vishnu]], [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]], [[Garuda Purana|Garuda]], [[Naradiya Purana|Naradiya]], [[Padma Purana|Padma]], and [[Varaha Purana|Varaha]]
|-
|[[Rajas]]
|[[Brahma]]
|[[Brahma Purana|Brahma]], [[Brahmanda Purana|Brahmanda]], [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana|Brahmavaivarta]], [[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]], [[Bhavishya Purana|Bhavisya]], and [[Vamana Purana|Vamana]]
|-
|[[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]]
|[[Shiva]]
|[[Shiva Purana|Shiva]], [[Linga Purana|Linga]], [[Matsya Purana|Matsya]], [[Kurma Purana|Kurma]], [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]], and [[Agni Purana|Agni]]
|}

The Puranas have also been classified based on a specific deity, although the texts are mixed and revere all gods and goddesses:{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Deity
! Puranas
|-
| [[Agni]]{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-61}}
| [[Agni Purana|Agni]]{{refn|group=note|Like all Puranas, this text underwent extensive revisions and rewrite in its history; the extant manuscripts are predominantly an encyclopedia, and so secular in its discussions of gods and goddesses that scholars have classified as [[Smarta Tradition|Smartism]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]] Purana.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=20-22, 134-137}}}}
|-
| [[Brahma]]{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-61}}
| [[Brahma Purana|Brahma]]
|-
| [[Shakti]]
| [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi-Bhagavata]], [[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]], [[Brahmanda Purana|Brahmanda]], [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]]
|-
| [[Shiva]]{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-61}}
| [[Shiva Purana|Shiva]], [[Linga Purana|Linga]]
|-
| [[Surya]]{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-61}}
| [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana|Brahma Vaivarta]]{{refn|group=note|This text underwent a near complete rewrite in or after 15th/16th century CE, and almost all extant manuscripts are Vaishnava (Krishna) bhakti oriented.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=161-164}}}}
|-
| [[Vaishnava]]{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-61}}
| [[Vishnu Purana|Vishnu]], [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]], [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]], [[Naradiya Purana|Naradiya]], [[Garuda Purana|Garuda]], [[Vayu Purana|Vayu]], [[Varaha Purana|Varaha]],{{refn|group=note|name=v2|Hazra includes this in Vaishnava category.{{sfn|Hazra|1987|pp=96-97}}}} [[Matsya Purana|Matsya]], [[Bhavishya Purana|Bhavishya]],{{refn|group=note|name=v1}}{{refn|group=note|name=v2}} [[Vamana Purana|Vamana]],{{refn|group=note|name=v1|This text is named after a Vishnu avatar, but extant manuscripts praise all gods and goddesses equally with some versions focusing more on Shiva.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=35, 185, 199, 239-242}}}} [[Kurma Purana|Kurma]],{{refn|group=note|name=v1}} [[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]],{{refn|group=note|This text includes the famous Devi-Mahatmya, one of the most important Goddess-related text of the [[Shaktism]] tradition in Hinduism.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}}} [[Brahmanda Purana|Brahmanda]], [[Padma Purana|Padma]]
|}

Two puranas have "Bhagavata" in their names, the [[Bhagavata Purana]] and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], which Srivastava says both are called Mahapuranas in Sanskrit literature, where the [[Vayu Purana]], [[Matsya Purana]], and Aditya Upa Purana admit the Devi Bhagavata Purana as a Mahapurana, whereas the [[Padma Purana]], [[Garuda Purana]] and [[Kurma Purana]] consider it an Upapurana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Vishnulok Bihari |year=2009 |title=Dictionary of Indology |url={{google books URL|1eOF1klNPngC|p=55}} |location=New Delhi |publisher=Hindoology Books |pages=55 |isbn=9788122310849}}</ref> There are discussions on whether the Devi Bhagavata Purana is a Mahapurana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. |year=1920 |title=An outline of the religious literature of India |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofreligio00farqrich/page/269/mode/1up |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press]] |pages=269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |year=1927 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/page/n581/mode/1up |title=A History of Indian Literature |volume=1 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |pages=555 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazra |first=R. C. |year=1963 |title=Studies in the Upapuranas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18862/page/337/mode/1up |volume=2 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Sanskrit College |pages=337–341}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lalye |first=P. G. |year=1973 |title=Studies in Devi Bhagavata |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188896/page/n39/mode/1up |location=Bombay |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |pages=25–34 |isbn=9788171540693}}</ref>

=== Upapurana ===
[[File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg|thumb|300px|The Goddess [[Durga]] Leading the Eight [[Matrikas]] in Battle Against the Demon [[Raktabija]], Folio from [[Devi Mahatmya]]m, Markandeya Purana.]]
{{Main|Upapurana}}

The difference between Upapuranas and Mahapuranas has been explained by Rajendra Hazra: "a Mahapurana is well known, and that what is less well known becomes an Upapurana".{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=63}} Rocher states that the distinction between Mahapurana and Upapurana is ahistorical, noting that there is little corroborating evidence that either were more or less known, and that "the term Mahapurana occurs rarely in Purana literature, and is probably of late origin."{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=68}}

The ''Upapuranas'' are eighteen in number, with disagreement as to which canonical titles belong in that list of eighteen. Only a few have been critically edited.<ref>R. C. Hazra, ''Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. I'', Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1958. ''Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. II'', Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1979. ''Studies in Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs'', Delhi, Banarsidass, 1975. Ludo Rocher, ''The Puranas – A History of Indian Literature Vol. II'', fasc. 3, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986.</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Verbal Narratives: Performance and Gender of the Padma Purana|first=T.N.|last=Sankaranarayana|in=Kaushal|year=2001|pages=225–234}}</ref>

They include:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# Sanat-kumara
# [[Narasimha Purana|Narasimha]]
# Brihad-naradiya
# Shiva-rahasya
# Durvasa
# [[Kapila Purana|Kapila]]
# Vamana
# Bhargava
# Varuna
# [[Kalika Purana|Kalika]]
# [[Samba Purana|Samba]]
# Nandi
# Surya
# Parasara
# Vasishtha
# [[Ganesha Purana|Ganesha]]
# [[Mudgala Purana|Mudgala]]
# Hamsa
}}

The Ganesha and Mudgala Puranas are devoted to [[Ganesha]].{{sfn|Thapan|1997|p=304}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/purana.htm|title=Purana at Gurjari|access-date=30 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227154255/http://www.gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/purana.htm |archive-date=27 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Skanda Purana ===
The Skanda Purana is the largest Purana with 81,000 verses,<ref name=stephenknapp44>Stephen Knapp (2005), ''The Heart of Hinduism,'' {{ISBN|978-0595350759}}, pages 44-45</ref> named after the deity [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], the son of Shiva and Uma, and the brother of the deity Ganesha.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|Doniger|1993|pp=92-95}} The mythological part of the text weaves together the stories of Shiva and Vishnu, along with those featuring Parvati, Lakshmi, Rama, Krishna, Sita, Rukmini and other major gods and goddesses in the Hindu pantheon.<ref name=stephenknapp44 /> In Chapter 1.8, it declares,

{{Blockquote|
Vishnu is nobody but Shiva, and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu.
|Skanda Purana |1.8.20-21<ref>Gregor Maehle (2009), ''Ashtanga Yoga,'' New World Library {{ISBN|978-1577316695}}, page 17</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/SriSkandaPuranam-SankaraSamhitaPart1#page/n31/mode/2up Skanda Purana] Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20-21 (Sanskrit)</ref>}}

The Skanda Purana has received renewed scholarly interest ever since the late 20th century discovery of a [[Nepal]]ese Skanda Purana manuscript dated to be from the early 9th century CE. This discovery established that the Skanda Purana existed by the 9th century CE. However, a comparison shows that the 9th century CE document is entirely different from versions of Skanda Purana that have been circulating in South Asia since the colonial era.<ref name="R Andriaensen 1994 pages 325-331">R Andriaensen et al. (1994), "Towards a Critical Edition of the ''Skandapurana,''" ''Indo-Iranian Journal,'' Vol. 37, pages 325-331</ref>

== Content ==
[[File:A Thailand representation of Hindu mythology on cosmos creation.jpg|thumb|300px|The Puranas include cosmos creation myths such as the ''Samudra Manthan'' (churning of the ocean). It is represented at Bangkok airport, [[Thailand]].]]
Several Puranas, such as the Matsya Purana,<ref>''Matsya Purana'' 53.65</ref> list "five characteristics" or "five signs" of a Purana.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=437-439}} These are called the ''Pancha Lakshana'' ( {{IAST|pañcalakṣaṇa}}), and are topics covered by a Purana:{{sfn|Bailey|2001|p=438}}{{sfn|Rao|1993|pp=85–100}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=248}}
#''Sarga'': [[cosmogony]] or the creation of the world
#''Pratisarga'': cosmogony and [[cosmology]]<ref>{{harvc|first=Jonathan |last=Edelmann |year=2013 |c=Dialogues on natural theology: the Bhāgavata Purāṇa's cosmology as religious practice |in1=Gupta |in2=Valpey |pages=48-62}}</ref>
#''Vamśa'': [[genealogy]] of the gods, sages and kings and queens<ref>Vayu Purana 1. 31-2.</ref>
#''Manvañtara'': cosmic cycles,{{sfn|Hazra|1987|p=4}} the history of the world during the time of one patriarch and matriarch
#''Vamśānucaritam'': Accounts of royal dynasties, including the Suryavamshi and Chandravamshi kings and queens

A few Puranas, such as the most popular Bhagavata Purana, add five more characteristics to expand this list to ten:{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=440-443}}
#''Utaya'': [[karma|karmic]] links between the deities, sages, kings and the various living beings
#''Ishanukatha'': tales about a god
#''Nirodha'': finale, cessation
#''Mukti'': [[moksha]], spiritual liberation
#''Ashraya'': refuge

These five or ten sections weave in biographies, myths, geography, medicine, astronomy, Hindu temples, pilgrimage to distant real places, rites of passage, charity, ethics,<ref>{{harvc|first=Gopal |last=Gupta |year=2013 |c="Many calamities befall us at every step": the Bhāgavata's response to the problem of evil |in1=Gupta |in2=Valpey |pages=63-75}}</ref> duties, rights, dharma, divine intervention in cosmic and human affairs, love stories,<ref>{{harvc|first=Graham |last=Schweig |year=2013 |c=The Rāsa-Līlā of Krishna and the Gopīs: on the Bhāgavata's vision of boundless love |in1=Gupta |in2=Valpey |pages=117-132}}</ref> festivals, theosophy and philosophy.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=437-439}}{{sfn|Bailey|2003|p=139}}{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=16, 12-21}} The Puranas link gods to men, both generally and in a religious, [[bhakti]] (devotional) context.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=440-443}} Here the Puranic literature follows a general pattern. It starts with an introduction, where a future devotee is described as ignorant about the deity, yet curious. The devotee learns about the deity, and this begins their spiritual realization. The text then describes instances of this deity's grace, which inspires and deepens the devotee's devotion towards the deity. The devotee, then, shows devotion, which is rewarded by the deity. The reward is appreciated by the devotee, who, in return, performs further actions to express further devotion.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=440-443}}

The Puranas, states Flood, document the rise of the theistic traditions such as those based on Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Tridevi and include respective mythology, pilgrimage to holy places, rituals and genealogies.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=104-110}} The bulk of these texts, in Flood's view, were established by 500 CE, in the Gupta era, though amendments were made later. Along with inconsistencies, common ideas are found throughout the corpus, but it is not possible to trace the lines of influence of one Purana upon another, so the corpus is best viewed as a synchronous whole.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=109–112}} An example of similar stories woven across the Puranas, but in different versions, include the ''[[Lingodbhava]]'' – the apparition of the [[Lingam|''Linga'']]. This is a Shaiva story that features [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], the [[Trimurti]], who get together and debate about who is supreme amongst the three of them and after various incidents of the story, the glory of Shiva is established at the end by the apparition of the Linga which is a form of Shiva as Lingodbhava over Vishnu and Brahma, thus it shows that Vishnu and Brahma are secondary gods in the [[Trimurti|Trideva]] because He expanded and conquered the entire [[universe]] and them being secondary gods with lesser powers, so they cannot find his beginning and end at a single place in the universe. This story, state Bonnefoy and Doniger, appears in [[Vayu Purana]]'s chapter 1.55, [[Brahmanda Purana]]'s chapter 1.26, [[Shiva Purana]]'s Rudra Samhita's Sristi Khanda's chapter 15, [[Skanda Purana]]'s chapters 1.3, 1.16, 3.1, and other Puranas.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|Doniger|1993|pp=38-39}}

The texts are in Sanskrit as well as regional languages,{{sfn|Bailey|2003|p=139}}<ref name=johncort185 /> and almost entirely in narrative metric couplets.<ref name=merriam />

=== Symbolism and layers of meaning ===
The texts use ideas, concepts and even names that are symbolic.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|Doniger|1993|pp=38-39}} The words can interpreted literally, and at an [[axiology|axiological]] level.<ref>{{harvc|first=Graham |last=Schweig |year=2013 |c=The Rāsa-Līlā of Krishna and the Gopīs: on the Bhāgavata's vision of boundless love |in1=Gupta |in2=Valpey |pages=130-132}}</ref> The [[Vishnu Purana]], for example, recites a myth where the names of the characters are loaded with symbolism and axiological significance. The myth is as follows,

{{Blockquote|
The progeny of [[Dharma]] by the daughters of Daksha were as follows: by Sraddhá (devotion) he had [[Kama]] (desire); by Lakshmí (wealth, prosperity), was born Darpa (pride); by Dhriti (courage), the progeny was [[Niyama]] (precept); by Tusht́i (inner comfort), [[Santosha]] (contentment); by Pusht́i (opulence), the progeny was Lobha (cupidity, greed); by Medhá (wisdom, experience), Sruta (sacred tradition); by Kriyá (hard work, labour), the progeny were Dańd́a, Naya, and Vinaya (justice, politics, and education); by Buddhi (intellect), Bodha (understanding); by Lajjá (shame, humility), Vinaya (good behaviour); by Vapu (body, strength), Vyavasaya (perseverance). Shanti (peace) gave birth to [[Forgiveness#Hinduism|Kshama]] (forgiveness); Siddhi (excellence) to Sukha (enjoyment); and Kírtti (glorious speech) gave birth to Yasha (reputation). These were the sons of [[Dharma]]; one of whom, [[Kama]] (love, emotional fulfillment) had baby Hersha (joy) by his wife Nandi (delight).

The wife of Adharma (vice, wrong, evil) was Hinsá (violence), on whom he begot a son Anrita (falsehood), and a daughter Nikriti (immorality): they intermarried, and had two sons, Bhaya (fear) and Naraka (hell); and twins to them, two daughters, Máyá (deceit) and Vedaná (torture), who became their wives. The son of Bhaya (fear) and Máyá (deceit) was the destroyer of living creatures, or Mrityu (death); and Dukha (pain) was the offspring of Naraka (hell) and Vedaná (torture). The children of Mrityu were Vyádhi (disease), Jará (decay), Soka (sorrow), Trishńa (greediness), and Krodha (wrath). These are all called the inflictors of misery, and are characterised as the progeny of Vice (Adharma). They are all without wives, without posterity, without the faculty to procreate; they perpetually operate as causes of the destruction of this world. On the contrary, Daksha and the other Rishis, the elders of mankind, tend perpetually to influence its renovation: whilst the Manus and their sons, the heroes endowed with mighty power, and treading in the path of truth, as constantly contribute to its preservation.
|Vishnu Purana|Chapter 7, Translated by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]]<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm Vishnu Purana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115155747/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm |date=15 November 2017 }} Chapter 7</ref>}}

=== Puranas as a complement to the Vedas ===
[[File:Krishna and the Gopis (herdsmaids).jpg|thumb|The mythology in the Puranas has inspired many [[relief]]s and sculptures found in [[Hindu temple]]s.<ref>Sara Schastok (1997), ''The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India,'' Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004069411}}, pages 77-79, 88</ref> The legend behind the Krishna and Gopis relief above is described in the Bhagavata Purana.<ref>Edwin Bryant (2007), ''Krishna : A Sourcebook,'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195148923}}, pages 111-119</ref>]]

The relation of the Puranas with Vedas has been debated by scholars, some holding that there's no relationship, others contending that they are identical.<ref>Patton, Laurie L.(1994), ''Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation,'' SUNY Series in Hindu Studies, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0585044675}}, p. 98</ref> The Puranic literature, stated [[Max Muller]], is independent, has changed often over its history, and has little relation to the Vedic age or the Vedic literature.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=13-16}} In contrast, Purana literature is evidently intended to serve as a complement to the Vedas, states Vans Kennedy.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=16, 12-21}}

Some scholars such as Govinda Das suggest that the Puranas claim a link to the Vedas but in name only, not in substance. The link is purely a mechanical one.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=13-16}} Scholars such as Viman Chandra Bhattacharya and PV Kane state that the Puranas are a continuation and development of the Vedas.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=14-15 with footnotes}} Sudhakar Malaviya and VG Rahurkar state the connection is closer in that the Puranas are companion texts to help understand and interpret the Vedas.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=14-15 with footnotes}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Barbara Holdrege |year=1995 |title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0791416402 |pages=95–97}}</ref> K.S. Ramaswami Sastri and Manilal N. Dvivedi reflect the third view which states that Puranas enable us to know the "true import of the ethos, philosophy, and religion of the Vedas".{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=15 with footnotes}}

Barbara Holdrege questions the fifth Veda status of ''Itihasas'' (the Hindu epics) and Puranas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara Holdrege|editor=Hananya Goodman|title=Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism|url={{google books URL|XF_a3cfrcLQC|p=110}}|year=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0437-0|page=110|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074548/https://books.google.com/books?id=XF_a3cfrcLQC&pg=PA110|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|There are only four Vedas in Hinduism. Several texts have been claimed to have the status of the [[Fifth Veda]] in the Hindu tradition. For example, the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', a Sanskrit text on the performing arts, is sometimes given this status.<ref>{{cite book|author=D. Lawrence Kincaid|title=Communication Theory: Eastern and Western Perspectives|url={{google books URL|5Pq0BQAAQBAJ|p=165}}|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-8875-8|page=165|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074548/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pq0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The Puranas, states V.S. Agrawala, intend to "explicate, interpret, adapt" the metaphysical truths in the Vedas.<ref name="Coburn1988" /> In the general opinion, states Rocher, "the Puranas cannot be divorced from the Vedas" though scholars provide different interpretations of the link between the two.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=14-15 with footnotes}} Scholars have given the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' as an example of the links and continuity of the Vedic content, such as its providing an interpretation of the Gayatri mantra.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=14-15 with footnotes}}

=== Puranas as encyclopedias ===
The Puranas, states [[Kees W. Bolle|Kees Bolle]], are best seen as "vast, often encyclopedic" works from ancient and medieval India.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Kee |last=Bolle |date=Winter 1963 |jstor=1062068 |title=Reflections on a Puranic Passage |journal=History of Religions |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=286–291|doi=10.1086/462465 |s2cid=162364709 }}</ref> Some of them, such as the Agni Purana and Matsya Purana, cover all sorts of subjects, dealing with – states Rocher – "anything and everything", from fiction to facts, from practical recipes to abstract philosophy, from geographic ''Mahatmyas'' (travel guides){{Sfn|Glucklich|2008|p=146, Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}} to cosmetics, from festivals to astronomy.{{sfn|Bailey|2003|p=139}}<ref>{{harvnb|Rocher|1986|pp=1–5, 12–21, 79–80, 96–98}}; Quote: These are the true encyclopedic Puranas. in which detached chapters or sections, dealing with any imaginable subject, follow one another, without connection or transition. Three Puranas especially belong to this category: Matsya, Garuda and above all Agni.</ref> Like encyclopedias, they were updated to remain current with their times, by a process called ''Upabrimhana''.{{sfn|Inden|2000|pp=94-95}} However, some of the 36 major and minor Puranas are more focused handbooks, such as the Skanda Purana, Padma Purana and Bhavishya Purana, which deal primarily with ''Tirtha Mahatmyas'' (pilgrimage travel guides){{Sfn|Glucklich|2008|p=146, Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}} while Vayu Purana and Brahmanda Purana focus more on history, mythology and legends.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=78-79}}

=== Puranas as religious texts ===
The colonial-era scholars of Puranas studied them primarily as religious texts, with Vans Kennedy declaring in 1837 that any other use of these documents would be disappointing.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=104-106 with footnotes}} [[John Zephaniah Holwell]], who from 1732 onwards spent 30 years in India and was elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1767, described the Puranas as "18 books of divine words".<ref name=ursapp /> British officials and researchers such as Holwell, states Urs App, were [[orientalism|orientalist]] scholars who introduced a distorted picture of Indian literature and Puranas as "sacred scriptures of India" [[File:Detail of a Padmasali Purana Scroll, courtesy The Wovensouls Collection, Singapore.jpg|thumb|Detail of a Padmasali Purana Scroll, courtesy The Wovensouls Collection, Singapore]]in 1767. Holwell, states Urs App, "presented it as the opinion of knowledgeable Indians; But it is abundantly clear that no knowledgeable Indian would ever have said anything remotely similar".<ref name=ursapp>Urs App (2010),'' The Birth of Orientalism,'' University of Pennsylvania Press, {{ISBN|978-0812242614}}, pages 331, 323-334</ref>

Modern scholarship doubts this 19th-century premise.<ref>Jan Gonda (1975), ''Selected Studies: Indo-European linguistics'', Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004042285}}, pages 51-86</ref> Ludo Rocher, for example, states,

{{Blockquote|
I want to stress the fact that it would be irresponsible and highly misleading to speak of or pretend to describe the religion of the Puranas.
|[[Ludo Rocher]]|The Puranas{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=104-106 with footnotes}}}}

The study of Puranas as religious texts remains a controversial subject.{{sfn|Inden|2000|pp=87-98}} Some Indologists, in the colonial tradition of scholarship, treat the Puranic texts as scriptures, or as useful sources of religious contents.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=19-20}} Other scholars, such as Ronald Inden, consider this approach "essentialist and antihistorical" because the Purana texts changed often over time and over distance, and the underlying presumption of them being religious texts is that those changes are "Hinduism expressed by a religious leader or philosopher", or the "expressiveness of Hindu mind", or "society at large", when the texts and passages are literary works and "individual geniuses of their authors".{{sfn|Inden|2000|pp=95-96}}

==== Jainism ====

The Jaina Puranas are like Hindu Puranas encyclopedic epics in style, and are considered as ''anuyogas'' (expositions), but they are not considered [[Jain Agamas]] and do not have scripture or quasi-canonical status in Jainism tradition.<ref name=johncort185 /> They are best described, states John Cort, as post-scripture literary corpus based upon themes found in Jain scriptures.<ref name=johncort185 />

==== Sectarian, pluralistic or monotheistic theme ====
Scholars have debated whether the Puranas should be categorized as sectarian, or non-partisan, or monotheistic religious texts.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=21-24, 104-113, 115-126}}<ref name=bryant11 /> Different Puranas describe a number of stories where Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva compete for supremacy.<ref name=bryant11 /> In some Puranas, such as [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], the Goddess Devi joins the competition and ascends for the position of being Supreme. Further, most Puranas emphasize legends around one who is either Shiva, or Vishnu, or Devi.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=21-24, 104-113, 115-126}} The texts thus appear to be sectarian. However, states Edwin Bryant, while these legends sometimes appear to be partisan, they are merely acknowledging the obvious question of whether one or the other is more important, more powerful. In the final analysis, all Puranas weave their legends to celebrate pluralism, and accept the other two and all gods in Hindu pantheon as personalized form but equivalent essence of the Ultimate Reality called [[Brahman]].<ref>EO James (1997), ''The Tree of Life,'' Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004016125}}, pages 150-153</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Barbara Holdrege |year=2015 |title=Bhakti and Embodiment |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415670708 |pages=113–114}}</ref> The Puranas are not spiritually partisan, states Bryant, but "accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too".<ref name=bryant11>Edwin Bryant (2003), ''Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana,'' Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0141913377}}, pages 10-12</ref>

{{Blockquote|
[The Puranic text] merely affirm that the other deity is to be considered a derivative manifestation of their respective deity, or in the case of Devi, the ''Shakti'', or power of the male divinity. The term monotheism, if applied to the Puranic tradition, needs to be understood in the context of a supreme being, whether understood as Vishnu, Shiva or Devi, who can manifest himself or herself as other supreme beings.
|Edwin Bryant|Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana<ref name=bryant11 />}}

Ludo Rocher, in his review of Puranas as sectarian texts, states, "even though the Puranas contain sectarian materials, their sectarianism should not be interpreted as exclusivism in favor of one god to the detriment of all others".{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=23 with footnote 35}}

=== Puranas as historical texts ===
Despite the diversity and wealth of manuscripts from ancient and medieval India that have survived into the modern times, there is a paucity of historical data in them.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}} Neither the author name nor the year of their composition were recorded or preserved, over the centuries, as the documents were copied from one generation to another. This paucity tempted 19th-century scholars to use the Puranas as a source of chronological and historical information about India or Hinduism.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}} This effort was, after some effort, either summarily rejected by some scholars, or become controversial, because the Puranas include fables and fiction, and the information within and across the Puranas was found to be inconsistent.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}}

In early 20th-century, some regional records were found to be more consistent, such as for the Hindu dynasties in [[Telangana]], Andhra Pradesh. Basham, as well as Kosambi, have questioned whether lack of inconsistency is sufficient proof of reliability and [[historicity]].{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=115-121 with footnotes}} More recent scholarship has attempted to, with limited success, states Ludo Rocher, use the Puranas for historical information in combination with independent corroborating evidence, such as "epigraphy, archaeology, Buddhist literature, Jaina literature, non-Puranic literature, Islamic records, and records preserved outside India by travelers to or from India in medieval times such as in China, Myanmar and Indonesia".{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=121-127 with footnotes}}<ref>L Srinivasan (2000), [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1567807 Historicity of the Indian mythology : Some observations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001182846/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1567807 |date=1 October 2015 }}, Man in India, Vol. 80, No. 1-2, pages 89-106</ref>

== Manuscripts ==
[[File:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|thumb|300px|An 11th-century Nepalese palm-leaf manuscript in Sanskrit of Devimahatmya (Markandeya Purana).]]
The study of Puranas manuscripts has been challenging because they are highly inconsistent.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-67}}{{sfn|Bailey|2003|pp=141-142}} This is true for all Mahapuranas and Upapuranas.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-67}} Most editions of Puranas, in use particularly by Western scholars, are "based on one manuscript or on a few manuscripts selected at random", even though divergent manuscripts with the same title exist. Scholars have long acknowledged the existence of Purana manuscripts that "seem to differ much from the printed edition", and it is unclear which one is accurate, and whether conclusions drawn from the randomly or cherrypicked printed version were universal over geography or time.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-67}} This problem is most severe with Purana manuscripts of the same title, but in regional languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, and others which have largely been ignored.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59-67}}

{{Blockquote|
Modern scholarship noticed all these facts. It recognized that the extent of the genuine Agni Purana was not the same at all times and in all places and that it varied with the difference in time and locality. (...) This shows that the text of the Devi Purana was not the same everywhere but differed considerably in different provinces. Yet, one failed to draw the logical conclusion: besides the version or versions of Puranas that appear in our [surviving] manuscripts, and fewer still in our [printed] editions, there have been numerous other versions, under the same titles, but which either have remained unnoticed or have been irreparably lost.
|Ludo Rocher|The Puranas{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=63}}<ref>Rajendra Hazra (1956), "Discovery of the Genuine Agneya-purana," ''Journal of the Oriental Institute,'' Baroda, Vol. 4-5, pages 411-416</ref>}}

=== Chronology ===
Newly discovered Puranas manuscripts from the medieval centuries have attracted scholarly attention and the conclusion that the Puranic literature has gone through slow redaction and text corruption over time, as well as sudden deletion of numerous chapters and its replacement with new content to an extent that the currently circulating Puranas are entirely different from those that existed before 11th century, or 16th century.<ref name=dominicifixvii />

For example, a newly discovered palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana in [[Nepal]] has been dated to be from 810 CE but is entirely different from versions of Skanda Purana that have been circulating in South Asia since the colonial era.<ref name="R Andriaensen 1994 pages 325-331" /><ref name=dominicifixvii>Dominic Goodall (2009), ''Parākhyatantram, Vol 98,'' Publications de l'Institut Français d'Indologie, {{ISBN|978-2855396422}}, pages xvi-xvii</ref> Further discoveries of four more manuscripts, each different, suggest that document has gone through major redactions twice, first likely before the 12th century, and the second very large change sometime in the 15th-16th century for unknown reasons.<ref name=kengoharimoto /> The different versions of manuscripts of Skanda Purana suggest that "minor" redactions, interpolations, and corruption of the ideas in the text over time.<ref name=kengoharimoto>Kengo Harimoto (2004), in ''Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus'' (Editor: Hans Bakker), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120820494}}, pages 41-64</ref>

Rocher states that the date of the composition of each Purana remains a contested issue.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=249}}{{Sfn|Bailey|2003|pp=139-141, 154-156}} Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas manuscripts is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}

{{Blockquote|
As they exist today, the Puranas are stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.
|Cornelia Dimmitt and [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|J.A.B. van Buitenen]]|''Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas''{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}}}

=== Forgeries ===
Many of the extant manuscripts were written on [[palm leaf manuscript|palm leaf]] or copied during the British India colonial era, some in the 19th century.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=49-53}}<ref name="Powell2010p128" /> The scholarship on various Puranas, has suffered from frequent forgeries, states [[Ludo Rocher]], where liberties in the transmission of Puranas were normal and those who copied older manuscripts replaced words or added new content to fit the theory that the colonial scholars were keen on publishing.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=49-53}}<ref name="Powell2010p128">{{cite book|author=Avril Ann Powell|title=Scottish Orientalists and India: The Muir Brothers, Religion, Education and Empire|url={{google books URL|KOnS1X8a528C}}|year=2010|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84383-579-0|pages=130, 128–134, 87–90|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222202732/https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnS1X8a528C|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
[[Horace Hayman Wilson]] published one of the earliest English translations of one version of the Vishnu Purana in 1840.<ref>HH Wilson (1840), [https://archive.org/stream/worksbylatehorace06wils#page/n5/mode/2up Vishnu Purana] Trubner and Co., Reprinted in 1864</ref> The same manuscript, and Wilson's translation, was reinterpreted by Manmatha Nath Dutt and published in 1896.<ref>MN Dutt (1896), [https://archive.org/stream/Vishnupurana-English-MnDutt#page/n1/mode/2up Vishnupurana] Elysium Press, Calcutta</ref> The All India Kashiraj Trust has published editions of the Puranas.{{sfn|Mittal|2004|p=657}}

Marinas Poullé (Mariyadas Pillai) published a French translation from a Tamil version of the Bhagavata Purana in 1788, and this was widely distributed in Europe becoming an introduction to the 18th-century Hindu culture and Hinduism to many Europeans during the colonial era. Poullé republished a different translation of the same text as ''Le Bhagavata'' in 1795, from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref>[[Jean Filliozat]] (1968), "Tamil Studies in French Indology," in ''Tamil Studies Abroad,'' Xavier S Thani Nayagam, pages 1-14</ref> A copy of Poullé translation is preserved in [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], Paris.

== Influence ==
[[File: Bharathanatyam By Ranjitha.jpg|thumb|The Puranas have had a large cultural impact on [[Hindu]]s, from festivals to diverse arts. The dance [[Bharata natyam|Bharatanatyam]] (above) is inspired in part by the Bhagavata Purana.<ref name=katherinezubko>{{harvc|first=Katherine |last=Zubko |year=2013 |c=Krishna come soon: Bharata Natyam and the Bhāgavata Purāṇa on stage |in1=Gupta |in2=Valpey |pages=162-180}}</ref>]]
The most significant influence of the Puranas genre of Indian literature has been, stated scholars and particularly Indian scholars,{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=442-443}} in "culture synthesis", in weaving and integrating the diverse beliefs from ritualistic rites of passage to Vedantic philosophy, from fictional legends to factual history, from individual introspective yoga to social celebratory festivals, from temples to pilgrimage, from one god to another, from goddesses to tantra, from the old to the new.{{sfn|Bailey|2003|pp=162-167}} These have been dynamic open texts, composed socially, over time. This, states Greg Bailey, may have allowed the Hindu culture to "preserve the old while constantly coming to terms with the new", and "if they are anything, they are records of cultural adaptation and transformation" over the last 2,000 years.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=442-443}}

The Puranic literature, suggests Khanna, influenced "acculturation and accommodation" of a diversity of people, with different languages and from different economic classes, across different kingdoms and traditions, catalyzing the syncretic "cultural mosaic of Hinduism".<ref name=champa48>R Champakalakshmi (2012), in ''Cultural History of Medieval India'' (Editor: M Khanna), Berghahn, {{ISBN|978-8187358305}}, pages 48-50</ref> They helped influence cultural pluralism in India and are a literary record thereof.<ref name=champa48 />

Om Prakash states the Puranas served as an efficient medium for cultural exchange and popular education in ancient and medieval India.<ref name=omprakash33 /> These texts adopted, explained, and integrated regional deities such as Pashupata in Vayu Purana, Sattva in Vishnu Purana, Dattatreya in Markendeya Purana, Bhojakas in Bhavishya Purana.<ref name=omprakash33 /> Further, states Prakash, they dedicated chapters to "secular subjects such as poetics, dramaturgy, grammar, lexicography, astronomy, war, politics, architecture, geography and medicine as in Agni Purana, perfumery and lapidary arts in Garuda Purana, painting, sculpture and other arts in Vishnudharmottara Purana".<ref name=omprakash33>Om Prakash (2004), ''Cultural History of India,'' New Age, {{ISBN|978-8122415872}}, pages 33-34</ref>

; Indian Arts
The cultural influence of the Puranas extended to Indian classical arts, such as songs, dance culture such as [[Bharata Natyam]] in south India<ref name=katherinezubko /> and [[Rasa Lila]] in northeast India,<ref>{{harvc|first=Guy |last=Beck |year=2013 |c=Two braj-bhāṣā versions of the Rāsa-Līlā pañcādhyāyī and their musical performance in Vaiṣṇava worship |in1=Gupta |in2=Valpey |pages=181-201}}</ref> plays and recitations.<ref>{{harvc|first=Ilona |last=Wilczewska |year=2013 |c=Live with the text and listen to its words: Bhāgavata recitation in changing times |in1=Gupta |in2=Valpey |pages=202-220}}</ref>

; Festivals
The myths, lunar calendar schedule, rituals, and celebrations of major Hindu cultural festivities such as [[Holi]], [[Diwali]] and [[Durga Puja]] are in the Puranic literature.<ref>A Whitney Sanford (2006), "Holi Through Dauji's Eyes," in ''Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity,'' (Editor: Guy Beck), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791464168}}, pages 91-94</ref><ref>Tracy Pintchman (2005), ''Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares,'' State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791465950}}, pages 60-63, with notes on 210-211</ref>

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot|35em}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Cited sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first = Gregory |last = Bailey |editor-first = Oliver |editor-last = Leaman |title=Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000unse_d9k3 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415172813 }}
* {{cite book |first = Gregory |last = Bailey |editor-first = Arvind |editor-last = Sharma |title = The Study of Hinduism |chapter = The Puranas |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC |year = 2003 |publisher = University of South Carolina Press |isbn = 978-1-57003-449-7 |access-date = 23 October 2016 |archive-date = 24 December 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161224003448/https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC |url-status = live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Bonnefoy |first1=Yves |last2=Doniger |first2=Wendy |year=1993 |title=Asian Mythologies |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226064567}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dimmitt |first1=Cornelia |first2=J.A.B. |last2=van Buitenen |title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas |publisher=Temple University Press |orig-year=1977 |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0 |url={{google books URL|re7CR2jKn3QC}} |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804052535/https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title={{IAST|Purāṇa}} Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York |location=Albany, NY |isbn= 0-7914-1382-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43304-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo_n5j0 |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |first=Ariel |last=Glucklich |title=The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective |url={{google books URL|KtLScrjrWiAC}} |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971825-2 |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108132912/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Gupta |editor-first1=Ravi |name-list-style=and |editor-last2=Valpey |editor-first2=Kenneth |year=2013 |title=The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231149983}}
* {{cite book | last = Hardy |first = Friedhelm | title = Viraha-Bhakti – The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India | isbn = 0-19-564916-8 | year = 2001 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hazra |first=R.C. |year=1987 |orig-year=1940 |title=Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120804227}}
* {{cite book |last=Inden |first=Ronald |year=2000 |title=Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195124309}}
* {{cite book | last = Johnson |first = W.J. |title = A Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-19-861025-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |year=1962 |title=History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and mediaeval Religious and Civil Law), Vol. 5.2 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.5.2 }}
*{{cite book |editor-last = Kaushal |editor-first = Molly | title = Chanted Narratives – The Katha Vachana Tradition | isbn = 81-246-0182-8 | year = 2001 }}
* {{cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |year=2007 |title=A Survey of Hinduism |publisher=SUNY Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=75FFAgAAQBAJ First edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702225944/https://books.google.com/books?id=75FFAgAAQBAJ |date=2 July 2021 }}
* {{cite book | first = Sushil | last = Mittal | title = The Hindu World | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-415-21527-5 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Moghe |editor-first=S. G. |title=Professor Kane's Contribution to Dharmasastra Literature |year=1997 |location=New Delhi |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=81-246-0075-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31959 |year=1899 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}
* {{cite book | last = Pargiter | first = F. E. | title = Ancient Indian Historical Tradition | others = Original publisher Oxford University Press, London | publisher = Motilal Banarasidass | orig-year = 1922 | year = 1962 | location = Delhi | oclc = 1068416 }}
* {{cite book | last=Rao |first=Velcheru Narayana |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |chapter=Purana as Brahminic Ideology |isbn=0-7914-1381-0 |editor=Doniger Wendy |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY}}
* {{cite book |first=Ludo |last=Rocher |year=1986 |author-link=Ludo Rocher |title=The Puranas |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02522-5 |url={{google books URL|n0-4RJh5FgoC}} |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814163755/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Thapan |first=Anita Raina |title=Understanding {{IAST|Gaṇapati}}: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult |year=1997 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7304-195-4}}
{{Refend}}

=== Further reading ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=C. Brown |title=The Triumph of the Goddess – The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the DevI-BhAgavata PuraNa |isbn=0-7914-0363-7 |year=1990 |publisher=State University of New York Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism |year=1997 |isbn=81-7488-168-9}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Pur GRETIL] (uni-goettingen.de)

=== Translations ===
{{Commons category}}
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4023049 Agni Purana (in English)], Volume 2, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust Archives
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/index.htm Vishnu Purana] H.H. Wilson
*[https://archive.org/stream/Vishnupurana-English-MnDutt#page/n15/mode/2up Vishnu Purana], MN Dutt
*[https://archive.org/stream/BrahmandaPurana/BrahmandaPuI#page/n1/mode/2up Brahmanda Purana], GV Tagare

{{Puranas}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Religious books}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puranas| ]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]

Tarun Saikia

2026-03-06T15:57:02Z

Nekilortashush: Made new details - done

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
|name = Tarun Saikia তৰুণ শইকীয়া and Manish Kumar Deka
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name = Tarun Saikia
|fullname =
|nickname =
|nationality = {{flagicon|India}} Indian
|birth_date=
|birth_place= [[Assam]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|father = Atul Saikia (late)
|mother = Charu Saikia
| country= India
| sport =[[Mountaineering]]
| employer =
| coach =
| highestranking = Conquered [[Everest]] on 18 May 2013
| updated =
}}
'''Tarun Saikia''' (Assamese: '''তৰুণ শইকীয়া''') is a mountaineer and the first climber from [[Assam]] to scale [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First Assamese to climb Mt Everest in need of Government assistance |url=https://thebridge.in/latest/first-assamese-to-climb-mt-everest-in-need-of-government-assistance/ |work=The Bridge |date=12 February 2019}}</ref> He reached its summit on 18 May 2013. Manipur mountaineering and trekking association had organised the expedition under the leadership of Dr L Surjit Singh. In the team there were thirteen members, of which eleven summited successfully.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141223155633/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130524/sports-other-sports/article/two-assamese-mountaineers-scale-everest ''Two Assamese mountaineers scale Everest'']; 24 May 2013 article; [[Deccan Chronicle]] online; accessed December 2014.</ref>

==About Tarun Saikia==
Tarun Saikia comes from [[Guwahati]]. He is a resident of Forest Gate, Noonmati (in Guwahati). His parents are (late) Atul Saikia and Charu Saikia.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Staff Reporter |title=Assam's Tarun Saikia conquers Mt Everest |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may1913/at05 |website=The Assam Tribune Online |date=18 May 2013 |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223160058/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may1913/at05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the age of 37, Saikia climbed Mount Everest.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Two Assamese mountaineers scale Everest |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-assamese-mountaineers-scale-everest-113052400786_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=24 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=rickshaw>{{cite news |date=20 May 2013 |author=Gaurav Das |title=Auto-rickshaw driver becomes first Assamese to scale Everest {{!}} Guwahati News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Auto-rickshaw-driver-becomes-first-Assamese-to-scale-Everest/articleshow/20149305.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The expedition was sponsored by the [[North Eastern Council]] and the [[Manipur]] Government. He loved adventure sports since his schooldays and he began mountaineering with an adventure club at Gauhati College in 1989. The Govt. of Assam had announced a cash award of Rs. 20 Lakhs for his feat.<ref name=rickshaw/>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiteers by frequency]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian mountaineers}}

[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Assam]]

Duplicate (2009 film)

2026-03-03T23:35:08Z

Nekilortashush: added references

{{one source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Duplicate
| image = Duplicate (2009 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Shibu Prabhakar
| producer = Sajai Sebastian & Joji K.John
| writer = Shani Khader
| starring = [[Suraj Venjaramood]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Bheeman Raghu]]
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| cinematography = [[Shamdat|Shamdat Sainudeen]]
| editing =
| distributor = Zion International Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|2009|9|18|df=y}} (India)
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Duplicate''''' is a 2009 [[Malayalam-language]] comedy drama film directed by Shibu Prabhakar and produced by Sajai Sebastian and Joji K.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C |date=21 September 2009 |title=Duplicate takes us back to mimicry films |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/21/south-malayalam-movie-review-duplicate.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526035146/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/21/south-malayalam-movie-review-duplicate.htm |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=3 March 2026 |work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> John under the banner of Zion International Film Factory with [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] in the lead role. This is Suraj's first movie as a hero and he plays a double role in the movie. The film received mixed to negative reviews but highly positive reception from the public mainly due to the comedy and performance of the lead actors.

== Premise ==
Shivan Kutty is a jobless village lad, who finds it difficult to pay back his increasing debts. He is in love with his cousin Meenakshi, though his uncle Keshavan doesn't quite approve her relation with a good for nothing guy. Added to his routine of mayhem are two professional killers Ronnie and Bruno, who runs after him due to a misunderstanding. But life turns to colourful patches when Sivan Kutty gets mistaken as Jeevan, a look alike wealthy businessman, following a car accident. Sivan Kutty is taken into the wealthy house of Jeevan where he lives in luxury and Jeevan is mistaken as Sivan Kutty and is taken into Sivan Kutty's house. Later, it was revealed that the car accident was well planned. The rest of the plot revolves around Sivan Kutty helping the SP Antony Rosarrio, Jeevan's friend to bring under law the killers who are after Jeevan. In the end, Sivan Kutty marries Meenakshi and clears all his debts, with Jeevan's help.

==Cast==
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] in a dual role as:
** Sivankutty
** Jeevan Raj
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as P. Suresh, Sivankutty's uncle & aide
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Pattalam Keshavan, Sivankutty's uncle
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Blade Dasappan
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as [[Superentinent of Police#India|SP]] Antony Rosarrio [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Roopashree as Meenakshi, Sivankutty's cousin & lover
* Mythili Roy as Ranjini, Jeevan's cousin & lover
* [[Riza Bava]] as Mahendran Thampi, Ranjani's father & Maya's brother
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Maya, Jeevan's stepmother, Vijay's mother
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Sivankutty's brother-in-law
* [[Reshmi Boban]] as Sivankutty's sister
* [[Rony David]] as Vijay, Jeevan's step brother
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Sivankutty's mother
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Nakulan, Jeevan's manager
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Professional Killer Ronnie (PKR)
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Professional Killer Bruno
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Mykattu Moos
* [[Machan Varghese]] as Susheelan
* Bindu Murali

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/duplicate-review-malayalam-movie-11114 ''Duplicate''] at IndiaGlitz.com
* [https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6550/malayalam/duplicate/2342/review.htm Nowrunning review]
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/duplicate-review-malayalam-movie-11114 Indiaglitz review]

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Smart City (film)

2026-03-03T21:35:06Z

Nekilortashush: updated page

{{Short description|2006 film directed by B. Unnikrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Smart City
| image = Smart City (film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| producer = G. P. Vijayakumar
| writer = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] [[Jayasurya]] [[Gopika]] [[Lakshmi Gopalaswami]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
| music = Manikanth Kadri
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]] [[Shamdat|Shamdat Sainudeen]]
| editing = [[Manoj (Malayalam film editor)|Manoj]]
| distributor = Seven Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|12|15}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
}}
'''''Smart City''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]]. The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Gopika]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswami]], [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]. This is the debut movie of Unnikrishnan as a director.

==Plot==
A 10-year-old orphan raises his hand against a police officer who commits an act of injustice. Impressed, Sekharan, the godfather-like gang leader who cares for the poor, gives him shelter. The boy grows up to be Sekharan's most trusted associate, Madhavan. Sekharan's daughter Sarada is married to Sarath Chandran, a town planning officer. A real-estate group, Kottooran Group, in collusion with finance minister Reghuram, wants to forcibly evict over 6,000 families from the land for a Smart-City-type industrial project. Sekharan is able to foil the plans of the Kottoorans with the help of the Chief Minister. Thus begins the feud between the Kottoorans and Sekharan. The real brain behind the Kottoorans and the people who remained in the background now comes out into the open.<ref>G. Jayakumar (8 January 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080605175928/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/08/stories/2007010819280200.htm "Familiar characters, usual plot"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 27 June 2013.</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Madhavan, the adopted son of Chandrashekaran
**Ashwin as Young Madhavan
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Chandrashekharan alias Shekharettan
*[[Jayasurya]] as Varun, Arun Nambiyar's younger brother
*[[Gopika]] as Devika, Madhavan's adopted sister and illicit daughter of Shekharettan
*[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Saradha, Shekharettan's biological daughter and Sharath Chandran's wife
*[[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]] as Sunil Kotturan
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Sarath Chandran alias Sharad Bhai, Town Planning Officer and the real mastermind villain behind the real estate mafia
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Commissioner of Police#India|Commissioner]] Arun Nambiyar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Shammi Thilakan]] as Minister Reghuram Vaidhyan
*[[Rajmohan Unnithan]] as Joseph Kotturan
*[[Rajan P Dev]] as Chief Minister Velayudha Kurup
*[[Santhosh Jogi]] as Jose
*[[Subair]] as Thomas Kotturan
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Divakaran
*[[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Joy Philip
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Sathyasheelan
*[[Beena Antony]] as Saleena
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunjan]] as Alphonse

== Soundtrack ==
* Neelakurinji pootha mizhiyinayil...<ref>https://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?10340</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0924297|Smart City}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{2000s-thriller-film-stub}}

Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)

2026-03-02T09:59:27Z

Nekilortashush: general enhanced article for accuracy further and improved wording

{{Short description|Film award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
The '''Screen Award for Best Actor - Popular Choice''' has been introduced in 2009 during the [[Screen Awards]]. Unlike the [[Screen Award for Best Actor]] which is chosen by the jury, this trophy is given by the viewers to the actor whose performance is judged the most popular. [[Akshay Kumar]] was the first winner for his performance in ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' in 2009 but he did not accept his award and gave it away to [[Aamir Khan]] for ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' who thought he deserved it more. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] has won five times (2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016) in the last six years thus making him the most Awarded Actor.

==Winners==
[[File:SRK_TagH.jpg|thumb|[[Shah Rukh Khan]] holds the record of maximum awards in the category, with five wins]]

{|cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Actor || Film
|-
| 2009 || [[Akshay Kumar]] || ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2010 || [[Shahid Kapoor]] || ''[[Kaminey]]''
|-
| 2011 || [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 January 2011|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141254/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> || ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2012 || [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<ref name="Screen 2012">{{cite web|title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=9 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners%2Bof%2B18th%2BAnnual%2BColors%2BScreen%2BAwards%2B2012 |archive-date=26 April 2016 }}</ref> || ''[[Ra.One]] & [[Don 2]]''
|-
| 2013 || [[Salman Khan]] || ''[[Dabangg 2]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2014 || [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2014 |title=20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards: List of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330190619/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=9 February 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> || ''[[Chennai Express]]''
|-
| 2015 || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] || ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2016 || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] || ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)| Dilwale]]''
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Screen Awards]]

{{Screen Awards}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActor}}

[[Category:Screen Awards]]

Chutney (film)

2026-03-02T06:17:07Z

Nekilortashush: improved article

{{Short description|2016 Indian short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Jyoti Kapur Das]]
| writer = Jyoti Kapur Das [[Tisca Chopra]] Avneesh Mishra
| producer = Tisca Chopra
| starring = [[Adil Hussain]] Tisca Chopra [[Rasika Dugal]]
| cinematography = [[Jay Oza]]
| editing = Monisha R Baldawa
| released = {{Film date|2016}}
| runtime = 17 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Chutney''''' is a 2016 Indian short film written by [[Jyoti Kapur Das]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/291116/watch-tisca-chopra-shines-phenomenally-in-brand-new-short-film-chutney.html|title=Chutney Short Film Review-Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[ Tisca Chopra]] and Avneesh Mishra and directed by [[Jyoti Kapur Das]]. The story is situated at Model Town where Vanita played by Tisca Chopra is shown narrating a tale to a woman who, the night before, flirts with her husband at a party. The story is sweet, and spicy, just like Chutney.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/chutney-short-film-review-rahul-desai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123150422/http://www.filmcompanion.in/article/chutney-short-film-review-rahul-desai|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2017|title=Chutney Short Film Review: Tales On A Scandal|work=filmcompanion.in|date=28 November 2016|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tisca-chopra-chutney-4398066/|title=Tisca Chopra's Chutney has left people shocked. The actor reveals why|date=27 November 2016|work=indianexpress.com|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/tisca-chopras-short-film-chutney-has-a-chilling-end-1631546|title=Tisca Chopra's Short Film Chutney Has a Chilling End - NDTV Movies|date=29 November 2016|work=ndtv.com|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref> It is produced by [[Tisca Chopra]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/822778/short-film-chutney-has-the-flavour-of-roald-dahl|title=Short film 'Chutney' has the flavour of Roald Dahl|author=Scroll Staff|work=scroll.in|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/MfmAbdU2Bq78lBYuvE4F6H/Short-film-review-Chutney.html|title=Short film review: Chutney|first=Sankhayan|last=Ghosh|date=5 December 2016|work=livemint.com|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref> starring [[Adil Hussain]], [[Tisca Chopra]] and [[Rasika Dugal]]. Additional cast- Sumit Gulati, Devesh Ranjan and Aakash Bharadwaj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tisca-chopras-short-film-chutney-is-understated-and-creepy-watch-it-here-3129990.html|title=Tisca Chopra's short film Chutney is understated and creepy: Watch it here|date=29 November 2016|work=firstpost.com|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Short Film Awards]]
|Best Short Film (Fiction)
|[[Jyoti Kapur Das]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Jio Filmfare Short Film Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/short-films-2017/winners |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor (Female) in a Short Film
|[[Tisca Chopra]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6289266}}

[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy short films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2016 short films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sanjeev Kumar Singh

2026-02-16T16:24:45Z

Nekilortashush: Made a biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjeev Kumar Singh
| image =
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency1 = ''elected from the [[Bihar Legislative Council#Elected from Teachers Constituencies (6)|Teachers Constituency]]''
| term_start = 9 May 2023
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|11|01|df=y}}<ref name="MBLC"/>
| birth_place =Madrauni Pachhiarital, Rangra chouk, [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| alma_mater = [[Bihar School Examination Board|BSEP]] (Matriculation) [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|TMBU]] (Intermediate, B.A. Hons., M.A., Ph.D.)<ref name=SKS/>
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| spouse =
| children = 1 son 1 daughter
| father = Sharda Prasad Singh<ref name="MBLC"/>
| mother =
| occupation = Teacher Politician
}}

'''Sanjeev Kumar Singh''' (born 1 November 1965) is an Indian politician, currently affiliated with the [[Janata Dal (United)]] party and serving as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] since 2023.<ref name=SKS>{{cite web|url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/election/Council%20Election%202010/Koshi/sanjeev%20kumar%20singh.pdf|title= Sanjeev Kumar Singh election information}}</ref> He was elected as MLC from the [[Bihar Legislative Council#Elected from Teachers Constituencies (6)|Teachers Constituency]].<ref name="MBLC">{{Cite web|url=https://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/SanjeevKrSingh.htm|title=Dr. Sanjeev Kr Singh|website=biharvidhanparishad.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/purnea-jdu-candiate-dr-sanjeev-singh-won-kosi-mlc-election-with-big-margin-for-straight-fourth-time-his-father-also-won-six-time-from-same-constituency-23377955.html|title=Kosi MLC Election: पिता के छक्के के बाद पुत्र का चौका, डॉ. संजीव सिंह ने प्रतिद्वंदियों को बड़े अंतर से दी मात - JDU candidate Dr Sanjeev Singh won Kosi MLC election with big margin for straight fourth time his father also won six time from same constituency|website=Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-mlc-election-result-kosi-teacher-seat-jdu-sanjeev-kumar-singh-defeated-bjp-ranjan-kumar-7993819.html|title=Bihar MLC Election Result: कोसी में जेडीयू के संजीव सिंह की बड़ी जीत, बीजेपी के रंजन कुमार की जमानत जब्त|website=Hindustan}}</ref>

==Early life==
Singh was born to Sharda Prasad Singh in 1965 in [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]], Bihar.<ref name="SKS"/>
==Education==
During his early years, Singh studied under the [[Bihar School Examination Board|BSEB]] curriculum. After his matriculation exams in 1981, he obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1984 from [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Bhagalpur University]] and then subsequently received a [[Master of Arts]] degree in 1986 from the same university.<ref name="SKS"/>

==Personal life ==
Singh has one son and one daughter.<ref name="SKS"/>
==Political career==
Singh previously won three MLC elections from the Teachers constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/purnia-bihar-mlc-election-sanjeev-kumar-singh-of-jdu-retain-koshi-seat-fourth-time-5774229.html|title=Bihar MLC Election Result: कोसी में मुरझाया कमल, लगातार चौथी बार जीते JDU के संजीव सिंह|date=5 April 2023|website=News18 हिंदी}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/purnia/news/mlc-dr-sanjeev-kumar-singh-became-senate-member-of-purnia-university-128137150.html|title=विवि: एमएलसी डॉ. संजीव कुमार सिंह बने पूर्णिया विवि के सीनेट सदस्य - Purnia News|date=19 January 2021|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nda-wins-three-council-seats-in-bihar/|title=NDA wins three Council seats in Bihar|date=14 April 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjeev Kumar}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

John Paul (screenwriter)

2026-02-07T23:06:57Z

Nekilortashush: quick update

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter (1950–2022)}}
{{tone|date=January 2010}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Paul
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = John Paul Puthusery
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|10|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|04|23|1950|10|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| other_names =
| known_for = Cinema screenwriter
| occupation = Screenwriter
| years active = 1980–1997, 2009, 2019
| spouse = Aisha Elizabeth
| children = 1
}}

'''John Paul''' (29 October 1950 – 23 April 2022) was an Indian scriptwriter, producer, author, and actor who worked in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He was best known for his work in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|author=P. K. Ajithkumar |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/29/stories/2008082950250100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916142153/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/29/stories/2008082950250100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2008|title=Writing cinema|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2008 |access-date=17 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Prema Manmathan |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/12/19/stories/2009121952840200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052129/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/12/19/stories/2009121952840200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=Scripts, books and more |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 December 2009 |access-date=17 March 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
John Paul was born on 29 October 1950 in [[Ernakulam]] to parents P.V. Paulose and Rebecca.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=M. P. |date=2022-04-23 |title=Versatile screenwriter John Paul passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/versatile-writer-john-paul-passed-away/article65347749.ece |access-date=2022-05-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After completing his BA and MA in economics from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] he joined [[Canara Bank]] in 1972. In 1983, he resigned the job to pursue film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Paul: The journey from banker to scriptwriter |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/04/23/john-paul-from-banker-to-scriptwriter.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Career==
As a scriptwriter, he wrote many films, most notably for [[Bharathan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S.R |date=2022-04-23 |title=Obituary {{!}} Malayalam screenwriter John Paul was a master storyteller |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/obituary-malayalam-screenwriter-john-paul-was-a-master-storyteller/article65348022.ece |access-date=2022-05-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He received the National Award for Best Environmentalist, the Film Critics Award For Script and Documentaries, the State Television Award, and a special jury award from [[International Federation of Film Critics]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Renowned Malayalam screenwriter John Paul, 72, no more |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/04/23/renowned-malayalam-scriptwriter-john-paul-no-more.html |publisher=onmanorama}}</ref> He was awarded the State Award For The Best Film Book for ''M.T. Oru Anuyathra''.<ref name=":1" /> He produced ''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri|Oru Cherupunchiri]],'' which won state, national and international awards.<ref name=":1" />

John Paul was the founding General Secretary for MACTA, an association for film technicians.<ref name=":1" /> In 2017 he acted in the film [[C/O Saira Banu]] along with [[Manju Warrier]]. He was also seen in a prominent role in [[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]], opposite [[Mammootty]].<ref name=":1" /> His anecdotes about many actors and actresses in the Malayalam film industry were broadcast on [[Safari TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Renowned Malayalam scriptwriter John Paul dies at 71 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/renowned-malayalam-scriptwriter-john-paul-dies-71-163191 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
John Paul was married to Aisha Elizabeth and had a daughter Jisha Jibi.<ref name=":1" /> He died in Kochi on 23 April 2022 at the age of 71.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Chamaram]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Marmaram]]''||[[Bharathan]]||Along with Vijayan Karot
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Vida Parayum Munpe]]''||[[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Kathayariyathe]]''||[[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Aarathi]]''||[[P. Chandrakumar]]||Story: Sasi Menon
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ormakkayi]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
| 1981 || [[Thenum Vayambum]]||Ashok Kumar||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Palangal]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
| 1982 || [[Alolam]]||[[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ina (film)|Ina]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]|| Adaptation of [[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)|The Blue Lagoon]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Sandhya Mayangum Neram]]''||[[Bharathan]]|| Story: Babu, Screenplay: Along with [[Bharathan]]
|-
| 1983 || [[Sagaram Santham]]||[[P. G. Viswambharan]] ||
|-
| 1983 || [[Rachana (film)|''Rachana'']]||[[Mohan (director)|Mohan]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Onnu Chirikku]]''|| [[P. G. Viswambharan]] ||
|-
| 1983 || [[Astram (film)|''Asthram'']]||[[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] || Story: [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Ithiripoove Chuvannapoove]]''||[[Bharathan]]||Story: [[Thikkodiyan]]; Dialogues: [[T. Damodaran]]
|-
|| 1984 ||'' [[Ariyaatha Veethikal]] '' || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Onnanu Nammal]]'' || [[P. G. Viswambharan]] ||
|-

| 1984 || ''[[Aarorumariyathe]]'' || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] || Story: [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Athirathram]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Aduthaduthu]]''|| [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Inakkily]]''|| [[Joshiy]] ||Story: [[Cochin Haneefa]]
|-
| 1985 || [[Ee Lokam Evide Kure Manushyar]] ||[[P. G. Viswambharan]] ||Story: Antony Eastman
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
| 1985 || [[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum]]||[[Joshiy]]||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam]]''||[[P. G. Viswambharan]]||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]'' ||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Ambada Njane!]]'' ||[[Antony Eastman]]||
|-
| 1985 || '' [[Aviduthepole Ivideyum]] '' || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Ee Thanalil Ithiri Neram]]'' || [[P. G. Viswambharan]]||
|-
| 1985 || [[Yathra]] || [[Balu Mahendra]]||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Eeran Sandhya]]'' ||[[Jeassy]]||Story: [[Dennis Joseph]]
|-
| 1986||''[[Mizhineerppoovukal]]'' ||[[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]] ||
|-
| 1986 ||''[[Ice Cream (1986 film)|Ice Cream]]''||[[Antony Eastman]]||
|-
| 1986 ||''[[Ithile Iniyum Varu]]''||[[P. G. Viswambharan]] ||Story: [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Revathikkoru Pavakkutty]]'' ||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||Story: Ravi Vallathol
|-
|1987|| ''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]'' ||[[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Vrutham]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]|| Along with [[T. Damodaran]]
|-
| 1987 || [[Neela Kurinji Poothappol]]||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Simon Peter Ninakku Vendi]]''||[[P. G. Viswambharan]]||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas]]''||[[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]''||[[Bharath Gopi]]||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Purappadu (1990 film)|Purappadu]]''||[[Jeassy]]||
|-
| 1990 ||[[Orukkam (film)|Orukkam]] ||[[K. Madhu]]||Story: Balachandran Chullikkad
|-
| 1990 || [[Randam Varavu]]||[[K. Madhu]]||
|-
| 1991 ||''[[Bhoomika]]'' ||[[I. V. Sasi]] ||
|-
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Malootty]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
|1992||''[[Soorya Gayathri]]''||Anil ||
|-
|1992||[[Pandu Pandoru Rajakumari]]||[[Viji Thampi]] ||Stoy: [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
|1993||''[[Chamayam (1993 film)|Chamayam]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
|1993||''[[Samagamam]]'' ||George Kithu||
|-

|1993||''[[Oru Kadamkadha Pole]]'' ||Joshy Mathew|| Story: [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
|1995||''[[Aksharam]]'' ||[[Sibi Malayil]]||
|-
|1997||''[[Manjiradhwani]]''||[[Bharathan]]||
|-
|2009||''[[Vellathooval]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]||
|-
|2009||''[[Nammal Thammil]]''|| [[Viji Thampi]]||Story: Alex Kadavil
|-
|2019||[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] ||
|-
|-
|2020||[[Teresa Had A Dream ]]||[[Raju Abraham (director)|Raju Abraham]]
|-
|}
*

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{Cite interview |last=Paul |first=John |interviewer=Sudhi Anna |title=CHALACHITRALOKAM |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFmyYZx-kQo&feature=youtu.be |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/YFmyYZx-kQo |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|date=2020-11-02}}{{cbignore}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, John}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney disease]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

India men's national under-19 volleyball team

2026-02-04T20:00:52Z

Nekilortashush: adding initial bio and citations...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox national volleyball team
| name = India Under-19
| gender = men
| type = U19
| image = Flag of India.svg
| federation = [[Volleyball Federation of India]]
| confederation = AVC
| coach =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_s1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_s2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_s3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| World Champs apps = 6
| World Champs first = 2003
| World Champs best = {{World2}} '''Runners–up''' ([[2003 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|2003]])
| Regional name = [[Asian Boys' U18 Volleyball Championship|AVC U19 Asian Championship]]
| Regional cup apps = 10
| Regional cup first = [[2001 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2001]]
| Regional cup best = {{Asia1}} '''Champions''' ([[2003 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2003]])
| website =
| medaltemplates =
}}

The '''India men's national under-19 volleyball team''' represents India in men's under-19 volleyball Events, it is controlled and managed by the [[Volleyball Federation of India]] (VFI) that is a member of Asian [[volleyball]] body [[Asian Volleyball Confederation]] (AVC) and the international volleyball body government the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] (FIVB).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-mens-volleyball-team-wins-bronze-in-asian-u-18-championship/articleshow/93713261.cms|title=Indian men's volleyball team wins bronze in Asian U-18 Championship|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 August 2022 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/india-defeats-south-korea-to-win-bronze-in-asian-mens-u18-volleyball-championship-2022/article65797542.ece|title=India wins bronze in Asian Men's U18 Volleyball Championship 2022; qualifies for U19 Worlds|date=22 August 2022 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/volleyball/u18-aisan-boys-india-quarterfinals-34652|title=India enters quarterfinals of U18 Asian Boys Volleyball Championships|date=18 August 2022 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>

==Tournament record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=3 style="background-color: #ddeeff;"|[[FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|World Championship]]
|-
!style="width: 70px;"| Year
!style="width: 140px;"| Host
!style="width: 70px;"| Position
|-
|'''[[2003 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|2003]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"|{{flag|Thailand}}
|style="background-color:silver"|2nd
|-
|'''[[2005 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|2005]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"|{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algeria]]
|9th
|-
|'''[[2007 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|2007]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|MEX}} Mexico
|8th
|-
|'''[[2009 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|2009]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagu|Italy}}
|7th
|-
|'''[[2021 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|2021]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flag|Iran}}
|10th
|-
|'''[[2023 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship|2023]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flag|Argentina}}
|17th
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=3 style="background-color: #ddeeff;"|[[Asian Boys' U18 Volleyball Championship|Asian Championship]]
|-
!style="width: 70px;"| Year
!style="width: 140px;"| Host
!style="width: 70px;"| Position
|-
|'''[[2001 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2001]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
|7th
|-
|'''[[2003 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2003]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"|{{flagu|India}}
|style="background-color:gold"|1st
|-
|'''[[2005 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2005]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
|style="background-color:#c96"|3rd
|-
|'''[[2007 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2007]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Malaysia]]
|style="background-color:silver"|2nd
|-
|'''[[2008 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2008]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka]]
|style="background-color:#c96"|3rd
|-
|'''[[2010 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2010]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
|style="background-color:beige"|4th
|-
|'''[[2012 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2012]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
|7th
|-
|'''[[2014 Asian Youth Boys Volleyball Championship|2014]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sri Lanka]]
|7th
|-
|'''[[2018 Asian Boys' U18 Volleyball Championship|2018]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
|7th
|-
|'''[[2022 Asian Boys' U18 Volleyball Championship|2022]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
|style="background-color:#c96"|3rd
|-
|'''[[2024 Asian Men's U18 Volleyball Championship|2024]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahrain]]
|9th
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Volleyball in India}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:National men's under-19 volleyball teams]]
[[Category:Volleyball in India]]
[[Category:National youth sports teams of India|Volleyball]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of India|Volleyball]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

2024 Mumbai crowd crush

2026-01-16T03:34:15Z

Nekilortashush:

{{Short description|2024 crowd crush
at Bandra Terminus Railway Station, Mumbai}}
{{Excessive citations|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Mumbai Bandra Terminus crowd crush
| image = File:Bandra Terminus Jan 2019.jpg
| caption = Bandra Terminus, where the crowd crush
occurred
| date = 27 October 2024
| time = 05:20a.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| place = [[Bandra Terminus]], [[Mumbai]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.062644|N|72.841089|E|display=inline,title}}
| cause = Overcrowding on platform during train boarding
| reported deaths = 0
| reported injuries = 9 (2 critical)
| inquiries = Official investigation by the Ministry of Railways
| outcome = Safety audits announced for high-density stations
}}

On 27 October 2024, a fatal [[crowd crush]] occurred at the [[Bandra Terminus|Bandra Terminus railway station]] in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stampede at Mumbai's Bandra railway station leaves at least nine injured |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bandra-station-stampede-many-injured-updates-october-27-2024/article68802425.ece/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en-IN |date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stampede at Mumbai's Bandra railway station leaves 9 injured |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/stampede-mumbai-bandra-railway-station-updates-9641039/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en |date=27 October 2024}}</ref> The crush injured nine people, with two reported to be in critical condition. The incident occurred as a crowd of passengers surged towards [[Bandra Terminus–Gorakhpur Antyodaya Express|Bandra-Gorakhpur express]] train, resulting in overcrowding and a crush on the platform.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=9 Injured In Stampede At Mumbai's Bandra Terminus Due To Diwali Rush |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/9-injured-in-stampede-at-bandra-railway-station-in-mumbai-6883360 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite web |title=Stampede at Mumbai's Bandra train station, 9 injured |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/maharashtra/story/stampede-bandra-train-terminus-mumbai-rush-injuries-passenger-express-2623848-2024-10-27 |website=India Today |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en |date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

==Incident==
The incident took place early in the morning around 5:20 a.m.([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) when a crowd at“on a platform at [[Bandra Terminus railway station]]" began rushing to board the [[Bandra Terminus–Gorakhpur Antyodaya Express|Bandra-Gorakhpur express]]. The unavailability of reserved compartments of train during the festive season and the sudden arrival of the train contributed to overcrowding, causing panic among passengers and triggering the crush.<ref name=":15" >{{cite web |title=Bandra Stampede: CCTV captures frantic scenes of pushing and shoving as passengers rush to board train - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/mumbai-news/bandra-stampede-cctv-captures-frantic-scenes-of-pushing-and-shoving-as-passengers-rush-to-board-train/articleshow/114682361.cms |website=m.economictimes.com |access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stampede at Mumbai's Bandra Terminus leaves 9 injured amid heavy rush |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-news-latest-stampede-at-bandra-terminus-leaves-9-injured-amid-heavy-rush-bmc-hospital-rush-11730002161515.html |website=livemint.com |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=":13"/><ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Nine injured in stampede at Mumbai's Bandra railway station: Civic official |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/india-news/nine-injured-in-stampede-at-mumbai-s-bandra-railway-station-civic-official-124102700210_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

==Cause==
Overcrowding at [[Bandra Terminus|Bandra Terminus Railway Station]] is a common issue, particularly during peak festive season and travel hours. On this day, the crowd swell was reportedly exacerbated by platform congestion and insufficient access to reserved compartments due to the festive season of [[Diwali]] and [[Chhath]] leading to the dangerous surge of people on the platform.<ref name=":11"/><ref name=":15"/><ref name=":10"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Stampede at Mumbai's Bandra Railway Station amid Diwali rush, 9 injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/stampede-at-mumbais-bandra-railway-station-several-injured-victims-taken-to-bhabha-hospital-101730003826303-amp.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

==Response==
===Government and Railway authority===
On the same day, i.e. 27 October 2024, [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] imposed a temporary restriction on sale of platform tickets at major stations across Maharashtra. The restrictions were imposed to manage the anticipated crowding during the upcoming [[Diwali]] and [[Chhath Puja]] festive season and to avoid such incidents happening in future. The railway stations where the restrictions were imposed included [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Kurla LTT]], [[Thane railway station|Thane]], [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]], [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]] and [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur]] stations with immediate effect. However, for the senior citizens and those with medical needs were exempted from these restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Bandra Terminus stampede, Central Railway imposes platform ticket sale restrictions to curb crowding |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/after-bandra-terminus-stampede-central-railway-imposes-platform-ticket-sale-restrictions-to-curb-crowding/article68803184.ece/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en-IN |date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

===Public reaction===
Local leaders and residents voiced criticism over the incident, pointing out longstanding issues with overcrowding and insufficient infrastructure at [[Mumbai]]'s suburban stations. Politicians, including [[Sanjay Raut]], criticised the [[Ministry of Railways]] for prioritising high-profile rail projects over essential safety measures for daily commuters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bandra Terminus Stampede: Nine injured, Shiv Sena (UBT) leader Sanjay Raut says railway minister responsible - The Economic Times Video {{!}} ET Now |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bandra-terminus-stampede-nine-injured-shiv-senal-ubt-leader-sanjay-raut-says-railway-minister-responsible/amp_videoshow/114647524.cms |website=m.economictimes.com |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Isn't the railway minister responsible for this?" Sanjay Raut on stampede at Bandra station |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isnt-the-railway-minister-responsible-for-this-sanjay-raut-on-stampede-at-bandra-station20241027151535/ |website=ANI News |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Incapable Minister': Aaditya Thackeray Slams Ashwini Vaishnaw Over Bandra Stampede |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/incapable-aaditya-thackeray-slams-reel-minister-vaishnaw-over-bandra-stampede-9100992.html |website=News18 |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Too Busy With Bullet Train, People Left To Die': Uddhav Sena Slams Railways Min Over Bandra Stampede |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/too-busy-with-bullet-train-people-left-to-die-sanjay-raut-slams-railways-min-over-bandra-stampede-2812538.html/amp |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bandra stampede: Opposition slams government over 'lack of proper arrangements' for passengers |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/bandra-stampede-opposition-slams-government-over-failure-to-ensure-passenger-safety-23418826 |website=Mid-day |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The [[Bandra Terminus]] crowd crush has led to calls for better crowd management protocols and infrastructural improvements to manage peak festive season surges safely.

A day later, after 10 persons were injured in the crush which occurred at the [[Bandra Terminus]] railway station in Mumbai, both the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] and [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] made arrangements to manage the heavy festival crowd. Two individuals, who were seriously injured in the event, continue to remain in critical condition and are on oxygen support. On 28 October 2024, [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] set up a 370 sqm waiting area at [[Bandra Terminus]], capable of accommodating 550 to 600 passengers, equipped with all necessary facilities. To address the rush, particularly in general and sleeper coaches heading towards the northern states, additional personnel from the [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) and [[Government Railway Police]] (GRP) have been deployed. Plainclothes Crime Prevention and Detection Squad teams are patrolling the stations to prevent theft and monitor suspicious activities. Vineet Abhishek, Chief Public Relations Officer of [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]], confirmed that 200 special trains are being operated during the [[Diwali]] and [[Chhath Puja]] festive season, with real-time monitoring of train waiting lists at divisional and headquarters levels. Additionally, In response to the crush, temporary restrictions have been imposed on the sale of platform tickets at select stations in the Mumbai Division, effective until 8 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mutha |first1=Snehal |title=Bandra stampede: Railways takes measures to curb rush |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/bandra-stampede-railways-takes-measures-to-curb-rush/article68807583.ece/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=28 October 2024 |language=en-IN |date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Crowd collapses and crushes]]
* [[List of fatal crowd crushes]]
* [[Stampede#Human stampedes and crushes|Human stampede]]
* [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
* [[2024 in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Human crushes}}
{{Disasters in India in 2024}}

[[Category:2024 disasters in India|Mumbai crowd crush]]
[[Category:Disasters in Maharashtra|Mumbai crowd crush]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
[[Category:October 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Urban decay in India]]

Bangalore Latha

2026-01-08T00:30:32Z

Nekilortashush: new the stub basic info

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bangalore Latha
| image = Singer Bangalore Latha.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_name = Latha
| birth_date = 1941
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore state]], (now [[Karnataka]]), India
| death_date = 26 March 1990
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer}}
| years_active = 1962–1990
| awards =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Folk music|Folk]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
* [[Bhajan]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label = Independent Artist
}}

'''B. R. Latha''', popularly known as '''Bangalore Latha''', was an Indian singer who worked in south Indian film industry, mainly in [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name="LATHA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUhQAAAAYAAJ&q=Bangalore+Latha|title='Voices of Karnataka', Kisan World Volume 12 |publisher=Shakti Sugars Limited|year=1985|pages=55, 60, 62 |access-date=31 Oct 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/bangalore-latha|title=Bangalore Latha on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo8BAAAAMAAJ&q=bangalore+latha+musician|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District Gazetteer of India Volume 20|year=1990|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press, 1990|contribution=B. N. Sri Sathyan|access-date=17 Nov 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Vijayabhaskar with singer Bangalore Latha.jpg|thumb|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]] is recording a song with Bangalore Latha]]
Latha was noticed by music composer [[G. K. Venkatesh]] at an event in Purabhavan, Bangalore and he introduced her to films through the movie [[Kantheredu Nodu]] in 1961.<ref name=LATHAA>{{cite web|url=https://chithrapatha.com/remembering-singer-bangalore-latha/|title=Remembering singer Bangalore Latha|language=Kannada|website=Chitrapatha.com|date=26 March 2021 |access-date=6 Dec 2023}}</ref> Next she recorded a song for the 1962 film ''Mahathma Kabir'', starring [[Dr. Rajkumar]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/b-r-latha|title=Mahatma Kabir films cast and crew|website=chiloka.com|access-date=13 Sep 2020}}</ref> She went on to record songs in Kannada, Telugu, [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tulu language|Tulu]].

Latha recorded her duets with [[P. B. Srinivas]],<ref name="LATHA"/> [[Mohammad Rafi]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]],<ref name="LATA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pURQAAAAYAAJ&q=Bangalore+Lata|title=Actor Tomato Somu story|work=Kisan World (Volume 9)|publisher=Shakti Sugar Limited|page=68|year=1982|access-date=31 Oct 2020}}</ref> [[M. Balamurali Krishna]], Dr. Rajkumar, [[S. Janaki]], [[Vani Jairam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[B. K. Sumitra]], [[B. R. Chaya]] and some rare duets with [[Musuri Krishnamurthy]], [[Shankar Nag]] and [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/rudranaga-1984|title=Rudranaga|website=chiloka.com|access-date=13 Sep 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Latha was born and raised in [[Bangalore]]. She was trained in music by Chintanapalli Krishnamurthy.<ref name="LATHAA" /> She married actor ''Tomato Somu''.<ref name="LATA"/> Latha committed suicide by taking sleeping pills on 26 March 1990.<ref>"Dr. Rajkumar Samagra Charithre" by Doddahulluru Rukkoji, Total Kannada, p. 256"</ref>

==Notable songs==
[[File:Singer Bangalare Latha.jpeg|thumbnail|centre]]
'''Kannada Songs''':
* ''Amba jagadamba'' (Oorigitta Kolli)
* ''Odi baa ododi baa'' (Chakra Theertha)
* ''Vanamali Vaikunthapathe'' (Parvathi Kalyana)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/parvathi-kalyana|title=Parvathi Kalyana Songs: Parvathi Kalyana MP3 Kannada Songs by Bangalore Latha Online Free on Gaana.com|via=gaana.com}}</ref>
* ''Nee modalu modalu nanna nodidaga'' (Choori Chikkanna)
* ''Cheluvaralli Cheluva'' (Gange Gowri)
* ''Chandramukhi Pranasakhi'' ([[Naandi (film)|Naandi]])<ref name="News 13">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2018 |title=ನೀವು ನೋಡಲೇ ಬೇಕಾದ ಚಿತ್ರ: ನಾಂದಿ |language=Kannada |trans-title=Naandi: A must watch |work=News 13 |url=https://news13.in/archives/108785 |access-date=14 Sep 2020 }}</ref>
* ''Neenarigadeyo Ele Manava'' (Chandavalliya Thota)
* ''Hrudaya pallavi'' (Hrudaya Pallavi)
* ''Eko Eno e nanna manavu'' ([[Jwaalamukhi]])
* ''Heluvudu ondu maduvudu innondu'' (Jwalamukhi)
* ''Aa moda banalli'' (Druva Thaare)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/artist/bangalore-latha|title=Bangalore Latha Songs: Listen Bangalore Latha Hit Songs on Gaana.com|website=Gaana}}</ref>
* ''Nada charite nenapisuva'' (Thayiya Hone)
* ''Aa rathiye Dharegilidante'' (Dhruva Thaare)
* ''Anuragada ravi udayisalu'' (Idu Namma Desha)
'''Telugu Songs''':
Latha has rendered some of her best songs in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The most famous was ''Salalitha Raga Sudharasa Saaram'' with [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]], from the 1963 classic [[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blast-from-the-blast-nartanasala-1963/article17867482.ece |title=Blast from the past-Nartanasala:Duet of Balamuralikrishna and Bangalore Latha |work=The Hindu |date=17 April 2017 |access-date=14 Sep 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170421042822/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blast-from-the-blast-nartanasala-1963/article17867482.ece |archive-date=21 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=9X3= 27 ఆణిముత్యాలు |language=Telugu |trans-title=9x3= 27 classics |work=Sakshi |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/sakshi-celebrates-9th-year-anniversary-326048 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 Sep 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502101902/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/sakshi-celebrates-9th-year-anniversary-326048 |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

* ''Amma annadi oka kammani maata'' (Bullemma Bullodu)
* ''Salalitha Raga Sudharasa Saaram'' (Narthanashala)
* ''Redu Messeeya'' (Yesu Paadamulandu) and more.

==Film songs==
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2020}}
Selected songs of Latha, are listed here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/b-r-latha|title=Bangalore Latha Filmography|website=Chiloka.com|access-date=13 Sep 2020}}</ref>

===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music !! Co-singers
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Mahathma Kabir]]'' || [[Kannada]] || "Andada Sundara Kandane" || A. Anasuya Devi || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| rowspan=4| 1963 || rowspan=|''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Kannada]] || "Jhana Jhana Jhanjana" || rowspan=| [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] ||rowspan=| S. Janaki
|-
| ''[[Mana Mecchida Madadi]]'' || "Yesu Nadigala Dati" ||[[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[P. B. Srinivas]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]] || rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||rowspan=| "Salalitha Raga" || rowspan=2|S. Dakshinamurthi || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
|-
| Sheelavati || solo
|-
| rowspan=4| 1964 || rowspan=|''[[Prathigne]]'' ||rowspan=2| Kannada || "Deepavaliyu Kuniyuta bantu" || rowspan=| ''[[S. Hanumantha Rao]]'' || rowspan=|
|-
| ''[[Naandi (film)|Naandi]]'' || "Chandramukhi Pranasakhi" || Vijaya Bhaskar || S. Janaki
|-
|''Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani'' || Telugu || "Konda Jathi Kondenagu" || S. P. Kondandapani || S. Janaki
|-
|[[Pathiye Daiva]]|| Kannada||"Kopaveke Ajji"||Vijayabhaskar||B. K. Sumitra
|-
| rowspan=4| 1965 ||rowspan=|''[[Mahasathi Anasuya]]'' ||rowspan=2| Kannada || "Samanaariharu enna" ||rowspan=| S. Hanumantha Rao || P. B. Srinivas, S. Janaki
|-
| ''[[Chandrahasa (1965 film)|Chandrahasa]]'' || "Yava Kaviya Shrungara Kalpaneyo" ||S. Hanumantha Rao || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| [[Dorikithe Dongalu]] || Telugu || "Sri Venkatesa Eesa" || Saluri Rajeswara Rao || M. Balamurali Krishna, [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| [[Bhoomiyile Malakha]] ||[[Malayalam]] || "Akashathambalamuttathu" || Jaya Vijaya, M. A. Madeez, P. S. Divakar || S. Janaki, [[Zero Babu]]
|-
|rowspan=8| 1966 ||rowspan=|''[[Mantralaya Mahatme]]'' ||rowspan=7| Kannada ||rowspan=| "Shravana Keerthana" ||rowspan=| [[Rajan–Nagendra]] ||rowspan=|
|-
| ''[[Mane Katti Nodu]]'' || "Chamaraja pete" || R. Rathna || [[K. S. L. Swamy]]
|-
| rowspan=2|''[[Madhu Malathi]]'' ||"Anjike Nachike Yethake" ||rowspan=2| [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||rowspan=2| S. Janaki
|-
|"Ee Bhava Ee Bhangi"
|-
| rowspan=2|''[[Dudde Doddappa]]'' ||"Mathade Eko Nalla" ||rowspan=2| [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||rowspan=| Solo
|-
|"Nodu Kannara Henna Vayyara" ||Renuka
|-
| ''[[Bala Nagamma (1966 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' ||"Kala Bandithu Ninage" || S. Rajeshwara Rao || L. R. Eshwari
|-
| ''Mohini Bhasmasura'' || Telugu || "Anaga Anaga Oka Papa Kore" || Saluri Rajeshwararao || solo
|-
| rowspan=8|1967 || rowspan=2|''[[Parvathi Kalyana]]'' || rowspan=8|Kannada || "Vanamali Vaikuntapathe" || rowspan=2| G. K. Venkatesh || P. B. Srinivas
|-
| "Maara Chittha Chora" || L. R. Eswari
|-
| ''[[Lagna Pathrike]]'' || "Illi Yaru Illa" ||Vijaya Bhaskar || P. B. Srinivas, L. R. Eswari
|-
| rowspan=3|''[[Gange Gowri]]'' || "Cheluvaralli Cheluva" ||rowspan=5| T. G. Lingappa || S. Janaki
|-
| "Tunga Bhadra Kaveri" || solo
|-
| "Minchina Holeyali Mindave" || S. Janaki
|-
| ''[[Chakra Theertha]]'' ||"Odi Baa" ||[[B. K. Sumitra]]
|-
| [[Beedi Basavanna]] || "Beda Beda Bagilu Hakabeda" ||Nageshwara Rao
|-
| rowspan=12| 1968 || rowspan=|''Sarvamangala'' ||rowspan=7| Kannada || "Shri Parvatiya" || rowspan=| C. Satyam ||rowspan=|
solo
|-
| rowspan=2|''Namma Ooru'' ||rowspan=| "Cheluvina Ganiyagi" ||rowspan=2| R. Rathna ||rowspan=3| P. B. Srinivas
|-
| "Sundara Lokake Swagathavu"
|-
| ''Lakshadheeshwara'' ||"Premakke Kannilla" || C. Satyam
|-
| rowspan=2| ''[[Chinnari Puttanna]]'' ||rowspan=| "Hoova Tandu Maridalu" ||rowspan=2| T. G. Lingappa ||rowspan=2| S. Janaki, Renuka
|-
| "Madumagalu Neenamma"
|-
| ''[[Amma (1968 film)|Amma]]'' || "Entha Cheluva Naguvo" || T. G. Lingappa || P. B. Srinivas
|-
| rowspan=2| ''[[Govula Gopanna]]'' || rowspan=4| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||rowspan=| "Ee Virithotala" || rowspan=2| [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || rowspan=| [[P. Susheela]], Raghavulu, Ghantasala
|-
| "Dum Dum Dry Cleaning" || Ghantasala
|-
| ''Devakanya'' || "Kalalanni Pulakinchu Vela"|| T. V. Raju || Ghantasala
|-
|''Rajayogam'' ||"Nacchinavadu"||Sathyam||S. Janaki
|-
| ''Anna Tamma''||Kannada|| "Iniya Kogileya" || Vijaya Bhaskar || P. Susheela, Renuka
|-
| rowspan=6| 1969 || [[Gandondu Hennaru]] ||rowspan=3|Kannada || "Muttabeda Maathadabeda" || T. G. Lingappa || Nageshwara Rao
|-
| [[Choori Chikkanna]] || "Nee Modalu Modalu" || C. Satyam || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| ''Mukunda Chandra'' || "Halu Hoovu Jonna Jenu" || G. K. Venkatesh || P. B. Srinivas
|-
| [[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]] ||rowspan=3| Telugu || "Manchivadu Maa Babayi" || T. V. Raju || P. Susheela
|-
| ''Satthekalapu Satthayya'' || "Muddu Muddu Navvu" || M. S. Vishwanathan || P. B. Srinivas
|-
| ''Pratheekaram'' || "Sinthapuvvanti Sinnadhiro" || Chellapilla Satyam || T. R. Jayadev, SPB
|-
| rowspan=2| 1970 || ''Mruthyupanjaradalli Goodhachari 555'' ||Kannada || "Kamana Billindilidu" || C. Satyam ||[[P. B. Srinivas]]
|-
| ''Yamalokapu Gudhachari'' || Telugu || "Kaanee Kaanee Sare Dhachuko" || V. Siva Reddy || Jamuna Rani
|-
| 1971 || ''Aliya Geleya'' ||Kannada || "Eri Banni Nodi" ||[[T. G. Lingappa]] ||P. Nageshwara Rao, T. G. Lingappa
|-
| rowspan=3|1972 || rowspan=|''Malathi Madhava'' ||rowspan=| Kannada || "Aha Naa Mareyalare" || rowspan=|T. G. Lingappa ||rowspan=|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| ''Bullamma Bullodu'' || rowspan=2| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||"Amma Annadi Okka Kammani" || C. Satyam || Ramana, SPB
|-
| ''Athanu Diddina Kodalu'' || "Thandaana" || Master Venu || SPB
|-
| rowspan=2| 1975 || ''[[Kaveri (1975 film)|Kaveri]]'' ||Kannada || "Shilpa Chatura Kalpna" ||[[M. Ranga Rao]] || N. S. Raman
|-
| ''Aadadani Adrushtam'' || Telugu || "Tholireyilo Pulakinthalo" || S. Hanumantha Rao || V. Ramakrishna, P. Susheela
|-
| 1976 || ''Idu Namma Desha'' ||Kannada || "Anuragada Ravi Udayisalu" ||Rathnam || solo
|-
| 1977 || ''Manasinante Mangalya'' ||Kannada ||"Ivanenammi Duddalla" ||Ramesh Naidu || solo
|-
| rowspan=3| 1978 || rowspan=|''[[Muyyige Muyyi]]'' ||rowspan=2| Kannada ||"Belli Chukki Belli Chukki" ||rowspan=|[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] ||rowspan=|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], [[P. Susheela]], [[P. B. Srinivas]]
|-
| [[Bhale Huduga]] || "Baare Baare Henne" || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| ''Prema Chesina Pelli'' || Telugu || "Thalle Daivam" || Chellapilla Satyam || S. P. Shailaja
|-
| rowspan=3| 1979 || [[Atthege Thakka Sose]] || Kannada || "Dhaanya Lakumi Bandavale" ||[[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| ''Kotha Kodalu'' || rowspan=2| Telugu || "Needhi Vayyaram" || Chellapilla Satyam || SPB
|-
| ''Lakshmi Pooja'' || "Muripale Chupi Mohale Repi" || Chellapilla Satyam || P. Susheela
|-
|rowspan=2|1980 || [[Pattanakke Banda Pathniyaru]] ||rowspan=2|Kannada || "Shankara Gangadhara" || rowspan=2|[[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[P. B. Srinivas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|''Guru Sarvabhouma Shri Raghavendra Karune''||"Oorella Belagako Deepavali"|| P. Susheela
|-
| rowspan=3|1981 || rowspan=|''Number Aidoo Ekka'' ||rowspan=3|Kannada ||"Honganasu Nanasagide"||rowspan=|[[M. Ranga Rao]] ||rowspan=|[[Musuri Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| [[Naga Kala Bhairava]] ||"Nammee Baale" || M. Ranga Rao ||[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| [[Avali Javali]] || "Baare Mankaliye" || [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] || Ramesh
|-
|rowspan=10| 1982 || rowspan=| [[Suvarna Sethuve]] || rowspan=10| Kannada ||"Venku Chinku" || rowspan=| [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || rowspan=| [[P. B. Srinivas]]
|-
|''Kempu Hori'' || "Angalada Soojimallige" ||rowspan="2"|[[M. Ranga Rao]]||rowspan="2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| ''Raga Thala'' || "O Cheluve" ||
|-
| [[Karmika Kallanalla]] || "Ninagagi Kadidde" || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]]
|-
| ''Kalasapurada Hudugaru'' || "Shirabagi Namisiro" || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[P. B. Srinivas]]
|-
| ''Guna Nodi Hennu Kodu'' || "Yavvanada Hosadada" || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| ''Bhakta Gnanadeva'' || "Dharmakshetre Kurukshetre" || G. K. Venkatesh || P. B. Srinivas
|-
| rowspan=3|''Prathishte'' || "Illa Illa Illa" ||rowspan=3| M. Rangarao ||
|-
| "Idu Prayada Mayajalavo" ||rowspan=2|solo
|-
| "Madhyakke Neenu Hodeyeke"
|-
|rowspan=2| 1983 || rowspan=|[[Kalluveene Nudiyithu]] || rowspan=2|Kannada ||"Ee Sarigamada" || rowspan=2| [[M. Ranga Rao]] || rowspan=| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]]
|-
| ''Aadarsha'' ||"Kannada Nadina Simhada Marigale" || P. B. Srinivas, Chorus
|-
|rowspan=3| 1984 || rowspan=| [[Rudranaga]] || rowspan=2| Kannada ||"Cheluvina Chenniga" || rowspan=| [[M. Ranga Rao]] || rowspan=| [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
|-
| [[Benki Birugali (1984 film)|Benki Birugali]] || "Thayi Irada Thabbali Navu" || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || Sulochana
|-
| [[Oh Maane Maane]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Abhiramiye Annaiye" || [[Ilayaraja]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|rowspan=12| 1985 || rowspan=| ''Sneha Sambandha'' || rowspan=12| Kannada ||"Eko Eno" || rowspan=| [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || rowspan=| Ramesh
|-
| rowspan=2|''Thayiya Hone'' ||rowspan=| "Sogasu Kanna Kunisiralu" ||rowspan=3| [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] ||rowspan=| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]]
|-
|"Nada Charite Nenapisuva" || [[P. Susheela]], [[B. R. Chaya]]
|-
| ''Maruthi Mahime'' || "Elli Ramano Alli Hanumano" || Solo
|-
| ''[[Mareyada Manikya]]'' || "Endu Ninu Hige Nagutha" || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Raj Seetharam, Manjula
|-
| ''Lakshmi Kataksha'' || "Bevu Bella Ondada Hage" || C. Satyam || Raj Seetharam, SPB
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Jwaalamukhi]] || "Eko Eno Ee Nanna Manavu" || rowspan=2|[[M. Ranga Rao]] || rowspan=2| [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
|-
| "Heluvudu Ondu Maduvudu" Innondu
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Dhruva Thare]] || "Aa Moda Banalli" ||rowspan=2| [[Upendra Kumar]] ||rowspan=| [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| "Aa Rathiye Dharegilidante" || [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
|-
| [[Ade Kannu]] || "Nayana Nayana Milana" || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
|-
| ''Hosa Anubhava'' || "Anubhava Hosa Anubhava" || M. Rangarao ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1986 ||rowspan=4| ''Madhura Bandhavya'' ||rowspan=5|Kannada ||rowspan=|"Aa Swargavello" ||rowspan=4|[[M. Ranga Rao]] ||rowspan=2|Raj Seetharam
|-
| "Ullasa Santhosha"
|-
| "Baro Nanna Chinna" ||rowspan=2|solo
|-
| "Nannata Nodalu Aathura"
|-
| ''Bettada Thaayi'' || "Shravanaya" || Satyam || P. B. Srinivas
|-
| rowspan=2| 1987||rowspan=2| ''Shiva Bhakta Markandeya''|| rowspan=2|Kannada ||rowspan=| "Shivane Bhayaharane"|| rowspan=2| M. Ranga Rao || rowspan=| Rajkumar Bharati
|-
| "Amma Ekaluve" || solo
|-
| 1988 || ''Oorigitta Kolli'' || Kannada || "Amba Jagadamba" || M. Ranga Rao || solo
|-
| 1990 || ''Halliya Surasuraru'' || [[Kannada]]|| "Ase Emba Aleya Mele" || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[C. Aswath]]
|-
| 1989 || ''Samsara Nouke'' || Kannada || "Adi Parashakti Jagadambe" || M. Ranga Rao || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], chorus
|-
|}

==Non-film songs==
===Devotional / Folk songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Song !! Music !! Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|1982
!rowspan="2"|''Ashtadevi Darshana''
|"Thaayi Banashankari"
|rowspan="2"|Lakshminarayana Gochi
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.wynk.in/ojkvpJJ5he|title=Ashtadevi Darshana Kannada devotional songs|website=Wynk.com|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|"Bhaktara More Keli"
|-
|rowspan="9"|1985
!rowspan="9"|''Gananayaka Gananayaka''
|"Hullina Harike"
|rowspan="9"|[[M. Ranga Rao]]
|rowspan="9"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/gananayaka-gananayaka|title=Gananayaka Gananayaka Kannada devotional songs|website=Gaana|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|"Gananayaka Gananayaka"
|-
|"Jo Jo Laali"
|-
|"Ganapathiyenuva"
|-
|"Bhagyada Bagula"
|-
|"Aarathi"
|-
|"Bandithu"
|-
|"Nadesu Namma"
|-
|"Malige Jaji"
|-
|rowspan="6"|1985
!rowspan="6"|''Nanjunda Chamundi''
|"Ambe Jagadambe"
|rowspan="6"|M. Ranga Rao
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/nanjunda-chamundi|title=Gananayaka Gananayaka Kannada devotional songs|website=Gaana|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|"Nanjunda Ninna Na"
|-
|"Nanjunda Chamundi"
|-
|"Moodana Kempaithu"
|-
|"Nanjundesha Ninna"
|-
|"Avva Nannavva"
|-
|rowspan="8"|1989
!rowspan="8"|''Janapada Geethaganga''
|"Allena Keliri"
|rowspan="8"|M. Ranga Rao
|rowspan="8"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.wynk.in/Y73FJCUzbeb|title=Janapada Geethaganga|website=Wynk|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|"Haalu Maari"
|-
|"Nellakki Haseya"
|-
|"Hasiya Betthada Kolu"
|-
|"Maralalladyane"
|-
|"Deevalige Habba"
|-
|"Male Male Maathadi"
|-
|"Suvvakka Suvvalaali"
|-
|rowspan="2"|1994
!rowspan="2"|''Sridevi Bhaktilahari''
|"Dhyaana Madu Manave" ({{small|with [[Puttur Narasimha Nayak]]}})
|rowspan="2"|B. V. Srinivas
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.wynk.in/dEghxyFHbeb |title=Sridevi Bhaktilahari songs|website=Wynk|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|"Ambe Jagadambe Thayi"
|-
|2003
!''Shiva Sthuthi''
|"Sri Manjunathane"
|Upendra Kumar
|–
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0489986}}
*[https://gaana.com/artist/bangalore-latha Bangalore Latha songs on Gaana]
*[https://wynk.in/u/J5doXvNMQ Bangalore Latha songs on Wynk]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latha, Bangalore}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]

Hemanth Muddappa

2025-12-31T20:35:08Z

Nekilortashush: new basic entry and citations

{{Short description|Indian motorsports athlete}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Hemanth Muddappa''' (born 1990)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian motorsports athlete from [[Bengaluru]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-05-01 |title=Ten-time national drag champion Hemanth Muddappa begins 2023 in style with a double |url=https://theprint.in/sport/ten-time-national-drag-champion-hemanth-muddappa-begins-2023-in-style-with-a-double/1548459/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He competes in Indian National Motorcycle Drag Racing Championship and is a 17-time National champion in different classes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-29 |title=Sports SnippetsThe Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/12/29/sports-snippets-974/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-12-24 |title='LightningR1' Hemanth Muddappa Wins 12th National Title, Becomes Most-Decorated Indian Motorsports Athlete |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/motorcycle-drag-racing-championship-2023-lightningr1-hemanth-muddappa-wins-12th-national-title-becomes-most-decorated-indian-motorsports-athlete-news-338494 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref> He is from Mantra Racing team, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Hemanth Muddappa becomes most-decorated motorsports athlete |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hemanth-muddappa-becomes-most-decorated-motorsports-athlete |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
Muddappa is from Bengaluru, Karnataka. He is from [[Kodava people|Kodava community]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Nine-time drag champ Hemanth Muddappa gunning for more National titles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/nine-time-drag-champ-hemanth-muddappa-gunning-for-more-national-titles/articleshow/93034526.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2025, Muddappa won the [[FMSCI]] National Drag Championship titles in two classes taking his career total number of Indian National Motorcycle Drag Championship titles to 17.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-12-27 |title=Hemanth Muddappa wins double at Indian Drag Nationals in Chennai |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hemanth-muddappa-wins-double-at-indian-drag-nationals-in-chennai |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> On 28 December 2025, he finished fourth in the Super Sport 4-Stroke 1051-1650cc class, and the 14 points he got were enough for winning the National title in the fourth and final round at the Madras International Circuit in Chennai. He also won a second place behind Hanuman Pawshe in the Super Sport (4-Stroke) 851-1050cc class that got him his 16th National crown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Drag Racing C'ship: Pawshe edges past Muddappa to win title in Unrestricted class -Agencies {{!}} Sports - Dailyworld.in |url=https://dailyworld.in/sports/national-drag-racing-cship-pawshe-edges-past-muddappa-to-win-title-in-unrestricted-class-655990.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Dailyworld Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> In the third round of the championship on 27 December 2025, he won a double to lead two classes and equalled the leader Pawshe in the Unrestricted class at 55 points to keep himself in race for three titles. However, an alleged jump start saw him relinquish the unrestricted class crown.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-12-28 |title=Hanuman Pawshe supreme in Unrestricted class {{!}}{{!}} Hemanth Muddappa bags two more National titles {{!}}{{!}} Lapis Lazuli tops in Girls category |url=https://motorsportingly.com/hanuman-pawshe-supreme-in-unrestricted-class-hemanth-muddappa-bags-two-more-national-titles-lapis-lazuli-tops-in-girls-category/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=MOTORSPORTINGLY |language=en-US}}</ref>

Earlier in 2024, he won the National crown in three classes and ended the year with 15 national titles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/sports/hemanth-muddappa-bags-15th-national-title-in-motorcycle-drag-racing/2145459 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> He is the first Indian motorsports athlete to win 15 national titles in any of the motorsports disciplines. In the 2024 season, he won the 4-stroke unrestricted class, 4-stroke 851 to 1050cc class and super sport 1051 to 1650cc class.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-29 |title=MOTORSPORTS {{!}} Hemanth Muddappa clinches three National titles, takes his overall tally to 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/motorsports-hemanth-muddappa-clinches-three-national-titles-takes-his-overall-tally-to-15/article69040403.ece |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He started his racing career in 2017 at the Madras Motor Racing Track, which is renamed as the [[Madras International Circuit]]. He first won the national title in the unrestricted class in 2017. He retained the unrestricted class in 2018 and won two more titles in the 851 to 1050cc class and 1050cc and above class.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2024 |title=With unparallel 15th National title Hemanth Muddappa cements his place in Indian motorsports |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/with-unparallel-15th-national-title-hemanth-muddappa-cements-his-place-in-indian-motorsports20241229201943/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he won his fifth National championship crown winning the unrestricted class for the third straight time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2019 |title=Hemanth Muddappa dominates motorcycle drag racing championship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/hemanth-muddappa-dominates-motorcycle-drag-racing-championship/article30435434.ece |access-date=14 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2020, he won two more titles in the 8051 to 1050cc class and 1051cc and above class. The unrestricted class was withdrawn from the National Championship status in 2020.<ref name=":0" /> In 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Nine-time drag champ Hemanth Muddappa gunning for more National titles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/nine-time-drag-champ-hemanth-muddappa-gunning-for-more-national-titles/articleshow/93034526.cms |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and 2022, he retained the 1051cc and above class. In 2023, he won both the Unrestricted class and 1050cc and above class to become the only Indian athlete to have a dozen championship titles in the fmsci Indian National Motorcycle Drag Racing Championship.<ref name=":0" />

On 13 April 2025, Muddappa defeated world champion Ricky Gadson of the United States at the Valley Run summer edition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davare |first=Gaurav |date=2025-04-15 |title=Hemanth Muddappa Triumphant At The Valley Run 2025 Summer Edition |url=https://bikeindia.in/hemanth-muddappa-triumphant-at-the-valley-run-2025-summer-edition/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Bike India |language=en-US}}</ref> Riding a Mantra Racing tuned [[BMW S1000RR]], he clocked a 9.477 to beat the 13 time world champion in the quarter mile race.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukumaran |first=Anand |date=2025-04-15 |title=Hemanth Muddappa beats world champion Ricky Gadson at The Valley Run drag race |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/car-bike/motorsports/2025/Apr/15/hemanth-muddappa-beats-world-champion-ricky-gadson-at-the-valley-run-drag-race |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Records ==
In 2019, he equalled the course record at MMRT in the fourth and final round of the championship. He also won a hat-trick, winning for the third year in one category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-09 |title=Hemanth Muddappa tops Drag race in record time |url=https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2019/10/08/hemanth-muddappa-tops-drag-race-in-record-time |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hat-trick for Hemant Mudappa at Round 1 of National Drag Racing Championship |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/hat-trick-for-hemant-mudappa-at-round-1-of-national-drag-racing-championship/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2021, he set a record in the "Super Sport 1051cc and above class" clocking 07,913seconds over the 302-metre [[Madras Motor Sports Club]] drag strip. He broke the record again in 27 February 2022, with a time of 07.749 seconds astride a black [[Suzuki Hayabusa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-27 |title=Muddappa sets national record in third and final round of Motorcycle Drag Racing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/muddappa-sets-national-record-in-third-and-final-round-of-motorcycle-drag-racing/articleshow/89875822.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 27 February 2022, he also broke his own record in the Super Sport 851 to 1050cc class.<ref name=":1" />

=== 17 national titles ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
* Unrestricted Super Sport class: Five titles;
* Super Sport 1051cc and above class: Seven titles in 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
* Super Sport 851 to 1050cc class: Five titles.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muddappa, Hemanth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Indian motorsport people]]
[[Category:Indian motorcycle racers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]

India–Marshall Islands relations

2025-12-31T16:33:39Z

Nekilortashush: typo fix

{{Infobox bilateral relations
|title = India–Marshall Islands relations
|party1 = India
|party2 = Marshall Islands
}}
'''India–Marshall Islands relations''' are the [[bilateral relations]] between [[India]] and the [[Marshall Islands]]. The respective embassies of the two countries in [[Tokyo]], Japan are concurrently accredited to each other. Marshall Islands maintains an Honorary Consulate in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hony. Consulates in India|url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/?a4Marshall/Islands?New/Delhi|website=Protocol Division, Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:INS Satpura visits Port Majuro, Marshall Islands (3).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[INS Satpura|INS ''Satpura'']] arrives in Majuro (August 2016)]]
[[File:INS Satpura visits Port Majuro, Marshall Islands (4).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Indian Navy]] personnel of the INS ''Satpura'' visits Majuro (August 2016)]]

Diplomatic relations between India and the Marshall Islands were established in April 1995. India was among the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with the Marshall Islands.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The country is a member of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], of which India is an official dialogue partner. Bilateral relations received a boost following the initiation of the [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation]] (FIPIC) by the [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi government]] in 2014.<ref name="JagranJosh" /> A Marshallese delegation including Foreign Minister Tony deBrum attended the first India-Forum for Pacific Island Countries (FIPIC) Summit hosted in Suva, Fiji on 19 November 2014 by Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|first1=Jyoti|title=Samoa PM Coming Here|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2014/11/17/samoa-pm-coming-here/|website=Fiji Sun|access-date=17 April 2017|location=Suva|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh">{{cite web|title=Second Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/second-forum-for-indiapacific-islands-cooperation-fipic-summit-held-in-jaipur-1440570425-1|website=Jagran Josh|access-date=16 April 2017|date=26 January 2015}}</ref>

Marshall Islands voted for India's candidature for a Non-Permanent Seat on the [[UN Security Council]] for the year 2011–12, and also supported the G-4's resolution of reforming the UN Security Council.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=India-Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI) Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Republic_Marshall_Islands_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000856/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Republic_Marshall_Islands_2016.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

==High level visits==
Speaker of the Parliament [[Kessai Note]] and a parliamentary delegation visited India in the late 1990s.<ref name="MEA2016" /> Then Ambassador of India to the Marshall Islands (resident in Manila) Amit Dasgupta led an Indian delegation to attend the Post Forum Dialogue Meetings Forum held in Majuro in September 2013.<ref name="MEA2013"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wing|first1=New Media|title=INDIA 2015|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123020068|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGT6CAAAQBAJ|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en|chapter=India and the World|date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Dasgupta also held talks with the Marshallese Foreign Minister and Speaker of Parliament. Minister of Internal Affairs [[Wilbur Heine]] visited New Delhi in October 2013 to attend the South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific, organised by the Indian Ministry of Women and Child Development.<ref name="MEA2013">{{cite web |date=December 2013 |title=India-Palau, Federated States of Micronesia and Marshal Islands Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Palau_December_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418161935/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Palau_December_2013.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> Minister for Public Works [[Hiroshi Yamamura]] and Tobolar Copra Processing Authority of RMI CEO Jemi Nashion visited Kochi in February 2015 to participate in the 51st Asia Pacific Coconut Community Session/Ministerial Meeting.<ref name="MEA2016" />

President [[Christopher Loeak]] led a Marshallese delegation to attend the 2nd FIPIC Summit held in Jaipur on 21 August 2015.<ref name="AnnualReport2015-16">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/26525_26525_External_Affairs_English_AR_2015-16_Final_compressed.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=16 April 2017|location=New Delhi|date=2016}}</ref> At the summit, Loeak spoke about the upcoming [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|UN Climate Change Conference]] and praised India's role in [[climate change mitigation|combating climate change]]. Loeak said, "No country is more central to success in Paris than India. With its booming economy, its technological ingenuity and its big appetite for clean energy, the world’s biggest democracy is well poised for strong and visible leadership on climate change. Thankfully, there are few clean energy crusaders like Prime Minister Modi."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2015 |title=India 'central to Paris success' say small island states |url=http://www.climatechangenews.com/2015/08/19/india-central-to-paris-success-say-small-island-states/ |access-date=2017-04-18 |website=Climate Change News}}</ref> He also held bilateral discussions with Prime Minister Modi on the sidelines of the summit. Loeak was the first Marshallese head of state to visit India. Speaker Kessai Note, who had visited India over a decade earlier, would go on to become the first commoner (rather than a traditional chief) to be elected to the Presidency after the visit.<ref name="MEA2016" />

==Military relations==
INS ''Satpura'' visited [[Majuro]] on 13–15 August 2016 after participating in RIMPAC-16, and was the first Indian Navy ship to visit the country. The crew of the ship met with Marshallese police forces, and senior Government and military authorities, and also held sporting and cultural interactions.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 August 2016 |title=Eastern Fleet ship visits Marshall Islands |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Eastern-Fleet-ship-visits-Marshall-Islands/article14569646.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 April 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2016 |title=Indian Naval ship visits the Marshall Islands |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-naval-ship-visits-the-marshall-islands-116081301137_1.html |access-date=17 April 2017 |newspaper=Business Standard India |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Marty |first=Isaac |date=18 August 2016 |title=Indian stealth frigate visits Majuro |url=http://marshallislandsjournal.com/Journal_WP/?p=3627 |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=The Marshall Islands Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=INS Satpura in Port Majuro on 2-day visit|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140816/ins-satpura-in-port-majuro-on-2-day-visit.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Visit of Indian warship to port Majuro, Marshall Islands 13 – 15 aug 2016|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148884|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=17 April 2017|date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

== Nuclear weapons case ==
{{see also|Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll}}
On 24 April 2014,<ref>{{cite news|title=Marshall Islands sues India, 8 others for possessing nuclear arms|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/marshall-islands-sues-india-8-others-for-possessing-nuclear-arms/article5944121.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 April 2014|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Marshall Islands filed cases against India, and eight other nations who have declared or are believed to possess nuclear weapons, at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) alleging that the countries had not fulfilled "their obligations with respect to the cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament". The Government of the Marshall Islands alleged that the countries were in breach of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT). However, India has not signed the NPT. The Marshall Islands aimed to urge nations to resume negotiations to eradicate their nuclear weapons stockpiles. Six of the nine nations did not respond to the suit and the cases against them did not proceed.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=Marshall Islands sue Britain, India and Pakistan over nuclear weapons|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/30/marshall-islands-sue-britain-india-and-pakistan-over-nuclear-weapons|website=The Guardian|access-date=17 April 2017|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

Only India, [[Pakistan]] and the [[United Kingdom]] accepted the authority of the ICJ, and responded to the suit arguing that the cases against them should be dismissed as the ICJ did not have the jurisdiction over the matter. The 16 judge ICJ bench that heard the case accepted India's argument and delivered its verdict with nine votes in favour and seven against. The case against India was dismissed on 5 October 2016; ICJ presiding judge Ronny Abraham ruled, "The court upholds the objection to jurisdiction raised by India. Therefore the tribunal cannot proceed to the merits of the case."<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 2016 |title=Nuclear arms race: World Court rejects Marshall Islands suit against India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nuclear-arms-race-World-Court-rejects-Marshall-Islands-suit-against-India/articleshow/54694623.cms |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

This was the first case involving in India at the ICJ, since a 1999 case filed by Pakistan alleging that one of its [[1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown|naval aircraft had been shot down]] by the Indian Air Force. Like the Marshall Islands case, India had successfully argued that the Pakistan case should be dismissed as the ICJ had no jurisdiction over the matter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Devirupa |date=5 October 2016 |title=World Court Rejects Marshall Islands Case on Nuclear Disarmament Against India, Pakistan, UK |url=https://thewire.in/71148/icj-world-court-marshall-islands-india-nuclear-disarmament/ |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bekker|first1=Pieter H.F.|title=World Court Rejects Jurisdiction in 1999 Aerial Incident Case brought by Pakistan against India|url=https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/5/issue/8/world-court-rejects-jurisdiction-1999-aerial-incident-case-brought|website=American Society of International Law|access-date=17 April 2017|date=10 June 2000}}</ref> This was also the first case regarding nuclear weapons heard by the ICJ since it issued an advisory opinion on the subject in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICJ HOLDS NO JURISDICTION TO HEAR MARSHALL ISLANDS CASES|url=http://www.mcnairchambers.com/client/publications/2016/ICJ%20HOLDS%20NO%20JURISDICTION%20TO%20HEAR%20MARSHALL%20ISLANDS%20CASES.pdf|website=Mc Nair Chambers|access-date=17 April 2017|date=18 October 2016}}</ref>

==Trade==
Bilateral trade between India and the Marshall Islands is constrained by the large distance between the two countries and the small size of the [[Economy of the Marshall Islands|Marshallese economy]]. Trade between the two countries totaled US$102.32 million in 2015–16, rising sharply from $130,000 the previous fiscal. India exported $101.91 million worth of goods to the Marshall Islands, and imported $410,000. The main commodity traded between India and the Marshall Islands is mineral oil and its related products.<ref>{{cite web|title=Total Trade|url=http://commerce.gov.in/EIDB.aspx|website=Department of Commerce|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Pharmaceuticals and drugs are also major Indian exports to the country.<ref name="MEA2016" />

At the 2nd FIPIC Summit, Prime Minister Modi announced that a FIPIC Trade Office would be opened at the FICCI premises in New Delhi. The trade office, named the FIPIC Business Accelerator, was officially opened on 7 September 2015. The [[Confederation of Indian Industries]] (CII) has also established a dedicated department at its headquarters in New Delhi focusing on boosting trade with Pacific Island Countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Page 1 of 3 INDIA – SAMOA BILATERAL RELATIONS|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

The two countries signed a [[tax information exchange agreement]] (TIEA) on 18 March 2016 in Majuro. The agreement went into effect from 21 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=India notifies tax info exchange pact with Marshall Islands |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/india-notifies-tax-info-exchange-pact-with-marshall-islands/article27546801.ece |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=The Hindu Business Line |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India-Marshall Islands tax data pact notified |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-marshall-islands-tax-data-pact-notified-119060600968_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=16 July 2019 |date=6 June 2019}}</ref>

==Cultural relations==
As of December 2016, around 8 families of Indian origin reside in the Marshall Islands. The community is primarily involved in the clothing, automobiles and solar power industries. One Indian works as a doctor at the Majuro Hospital.<ref name="MEA2016" />

There are some Marshallese nationals enrolled as students at various institutions in India such as the National Institute of Solar Energy in [[Gurgaon]], APTECH, near [[Delhi]], and Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology & Management in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="MEA2016" />

==Foreign aid==
India provided $242,500 to the Marshall Islands in 2005 for the procurement of solar panels and two way radio sets for the Outer Islands Health Centre, and $100,000 in June 2008 to install solar powered streetlights in [[Majuro]]. At the request of the [[Government of the Marshall Islands|Marshallese Government]], India donated two mini vans, and computers and communication equipment worth $163,000 in 2013, and also donated a set of books on contemporary Indian literature to the College of the Marshall Islands library. This was the first collection of books on India in the College's library. Later that year, following a declaration of a state of emergency and drought by the Marshallese President, India donated $100,000 towards disaster relief for a drought affecting the Marshall Islands. In September 2015, India donated a set of books on the functioning of the Indian Parliament to the Parliament of the Marshall Islands.<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref name="MEA2013"/><ref>{{cite web |date=June 2013 |title=India-Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI) Relations |url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Indo-Palau_Relations.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827183500/https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Indo-Palau_Relations.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

India announced that it would provide a grant-in-aid of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including the Marshall Islands, at the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|date=2007|publisher=The University of the South Pacific|isbn=9789820203884|page=275|language=en|last1=Crocombe|first1=R. G.|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The amount was increased to US$125,000 annually from 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2015 |title=India-Tuvalu Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113221/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> At the first FIPIC Summit on 19 November 2014, Prime Minister Modi announced numerous steps that India would take to improve relations with Pacific Island countries, including the Marshall Islands, such as easing visa policies, increase in grant-in-aid to Pacific Island Countries to $200,000 each annually, and several measures to boost bilateral trade and aid in the development of the Pacific Island countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=India – Tonga Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070313/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

Grant-in-aid of $100,570 was provided in January 2015 to fund the Marshall Island's first National Export Strategy. India extended a special grant of $150,000 in 2015–16 to help the Marshall Islands host the Annual Pacific Islands Leader’s Summit in Majuro. India provided a grant of $200,000 for an "Atoll Community Coral and Calm Project", and another grant of $100,000 towards disaster relief and recovery on 18 March 2016.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Citizens of the Marshall Islands are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016" /> Marshallese diplomats attended a special training course for diplomats from Pacific Island Countries organized by the Foreign Service Institute and held in [[Palau]] in May 2015.<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref name="AnnualReport2015-16"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Relations of India and the Marshall Islands|'''Relations of India and the Marshall Islands'''}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Marshall Islands relations}}
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Marshall Islands]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the Marshall Islands]]

Varghese Paul

2025-12-31T07:59:42Z

Nekilortashush: Made new page - done

{{Short description|Indian Jesuit priest and author (1943–2021)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Varghese Paul
| image =
| img_capt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Varghese Paul Chollamadam
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|05|31}}
| birth_place = [[Enanalloor]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]] (now in [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2021|04|10|1943|05|31}}
| death_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], English, [[Malayalam]]
| period =
| nationality = Indian
| signature =
| awards =
| website =
}}
Father '''Varghese Paul''' '''Chollamadam''' (31 May 1943 – 10 April 2021) was a writer, journalist, translator and [[Jesuit]] priest from [[Gujarat]], India. Born in South India, he was ordained a priest in 1977. He had written 53 essay books and edited a Catholic magazine [[Doot (magazine)|''Doot'']] for 14 years. He had served on various posts in several press organisations including some which he had founded.

==Biography==
Father Varghese Paul was born on 31 May 1943 in [[Enanalloor]], a village now in [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="gg">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ: 8 (ખંડ 1) સ્વાતંત્રયોત્તર યુગ - 2|last=Parmar|first=Francis|date=November 2018|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|isbn=((978-81-93884-9-4))|volume=2|location=Ahmedabad|pages=335–337|language=gu|trans-title=History of Gujarati Literature : 8 (Khand : 1) Post-independence Era - 2|editor-last=Desai|editor-first=Parul Kandarp}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He joined [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] of Gujarat on 8 June 1964. He studied theology at [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]. He was ordained a priest at [[Church of the Gesù]] in Rome on 21 June 1977.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-15|title=First South Indian who wrote fifty books in Gandhiji's language|url=https://www.livingfaith.in/faith/first-south-indian-who-wrote-fifty-books-in-gandhijis-language/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Living in Faith|language=en-US|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929075945/https://www.livingfaith.in/faith/first-south-indian-who-wrote-fifty-books-in-gandhijis-language/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2021-04-10|title=નિધન:ફાધર વર્ગીસ પોલ એસ.જે આજે સવારે પ્રભુને પ્યારા થઈ ગયા|language=gu|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/father-varghese-paul-sj-died-morning-128402733.html|access-date=2021-09-29|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929075244/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/father-varghese-paul-sj-died-morning-128402733.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He graduated in [[Gujarati literature]].<ref name=":0" /> He studied journalism in [[London School of Journalism]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He had served as the president of Gujarati Lekhak Mandal.<ref name=":0" /> He also served on the Executive Committee of Guild of Indian English Writers, Editors and Critics.<ref name=":1" />

He edited Gujarati Catholic magazine [[Doot (magazine)|''Doot'']] for 14 years.<ref name=":0" /> He was a member of Indian Catholic Press Association and International Catholic Union of the Press.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-11|title=Indian journalist priest, Varghese Paul Chollamadam, dies at 78|url=https://www.rvasia.org/asian-news/indian-journalist-priest-varghese-paul-chollamadam-dies-78|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Radio Veritas Asia|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929074443/https://www.rvasia.org/asian-news/indian-journalist-priest-varghese-paul-chollamadam-dies-78}}</ref> He founded South Asia Religious News in 1981 and served as its director. He was also the founder of Gujarat Catholic Press Association and Catholic Information Service Society (CISS) where he served as the director from 1984 to 2018.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

He died in [[Vadodara]] on 10 April 2021 following prolonged illness and [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=Writer Father Varghese Paul passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/writer-father-varghese-paul-passes-away-7269347/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927115016/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/writer-father-varghese-paul-passes-away-7269347/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Works==
Father Varghese primarily wrote in Gujarati. He had written 46 essay books in Gujarati, four in English and three in [[Malayalam]].<ref name=":0" />

He translated [[Perumbadavam Sreedharan]]'s Malayalam novel ''[[Oru Sankeerthanam Pole]]'' into Gujarati as ''Ek Strotgan Ni Jem'' (2003).<ref name="gg" /> He also translated ''Winged Reason'' by [[K. V. Dominic]] from English to Gujarati.<ref name=":1" />

His works on [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] include ''Isu Mari-Tamari Najare'' (What Does Jesus Mean to You and Me?), ''Biblena Patro'' (Personalities of the [[Bible]], 2003) and the ''Navo Karar Biblena Patro'' (Personalities of the [[New Testament]], 2012).<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Varghese}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Journalism]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Journalists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jesuits]]

Cherukad Award

2025-12-25T01:45:19Z

Nekilortashush: creating a details

{{Short description|Award given for literary works in Malayalam}}
'''Cherukad Award''' is an annual award given for literary works in [[Malayalam]]. The award was instituted in 1978 by Cherukad Smaraka Trust at [[Perinthalmanna]], [[Kerala]], India. It is named after Malayalam playwright, poet, novelist, and political activist '''[[Cherukad|Cherukad Govinda Pisharodi]]'''. The award comprises ₹25,000 and a citation.

==List of awardees==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Recipient !! Work(s) !! Ref.
|-
| 1978
| K. S. Namboodiri
| ''Pathanam''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/k-s-namboodiri-passes-away/603389 "K S Namboodiri passes away"]. ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1979
| A. P. Kalaikkadu
| ''Sankranti''
|
|-
| 1980
| K. M. Raghava Warrier
| ''Usha Sandhya''
|
|-
| 1981
| A. S. Devadas
| ''Marxist Vimarshanam''
|
|-
| 1982
| [[K. Thayat]]
| ''Katha Urangunna Vazhikaliloode''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/kannur/--611027 "തായാട്ടിന്റെ ഓർമക്ക് ഒമ്പതാണ്ട്"]. ''[[Madhyamam]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 4 December 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1983
| [[C. V. Sreeraman]]
| ''Vasthuhara''
|
|-
| 1984
| [[P. M. Taj]]
| ''Kudukka Athava Vishakkunnavante Vedantam''
|
|-
| 1985
| [[N. N. Kakkad]]
| ''Kavitha''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/nn-kakkad-birth-anniversary-1.4904504 "എന്‍.എന്‍ കക്കാട്; സഫലമായ കാവ്യജീവിതം"]. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 14 July 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1986
| [[M. K. Gangadharan]]
| ''Kooduvittavar Kootam Thettiyavar''
|
|-
| 1987
| [[Asokan Charuvil]]
| ''Suryakantikalude Nagaram''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/author/ashokan-charuvil-736 "അശോകന്‍ ചരുവില്‍"] (in [[Malayalam]]). Chintha Publishers. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1988
| K. K. Krishnakumar
| ''Sastram Jeevitham''
|
|-
| 1989
| [[N. Prabhakaran]]
| ''Pulijanmam''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.dcbooks.com/n-prabahakaran-theeyoor-rekhakal-author-in-focuz.html "കാണാതാകുന്നവരുടെയും ആത്മഹത്യ ചെയ്യുന്നവരുടെയും ഗ്രാമമായ തീയൂരിന്റെ ചരിത്രം"]. [[DC Books]] (in [[Malayalam]]). 16 December 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1990
| K. C. Umesh Babu
| ''Kavithakal''
|
|-
| 1991
| [[P. V. K. Panayal]]
| ''Thalamurakalude Bhaaram''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/author/p-v-k-panayal-546 "പി വി കെ പനയാല്‍"] (in [[Malayalam]]). Chintha Publishers. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1992
| [[Vaisakhan]]
| ''Noolppalam Kadakkunnavar''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/vaishakhan-malayalam-news-1.1256955 "സാഹിത്യത്തിലെ സാധാരണക്കാരന്‍"]. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 5 August 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1993
| M. Vijayan
| ''Kuttapoo''
|
|-
| 1994
| Satheesh K. Satheesh
| ''Karutha Pakshiyude Pattu''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>Haris M. V. (17 January 2021). [https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/398501/sunday-plus "അരങ്ങിലെ അഗ്നിജ്വാല"]. ''Malayalam News'' (in [[Malayalam]]). Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1995
| P. P. Ramachandran
| ''Mittayitheruvu''
|
|-
| 1996
| [[T. V. Kochubava]]
| ''Vridhasadanam''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>Williams George (26 November 2003). [https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/malayalam-novelist-remembered "Malayalam novelist remembered"]. ''[[Khaleej Times]]''. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1997
| Prabhakaran Pazhassi
| ''Magic Man''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/16662 "ഡോ.പ്രഭാകരന്‍ പഴശ്ശി സാസ്‌കാരിക ഉന്നതസമിതി സെക്രട്ടറി"]. Information and Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]] (in [[Malayalam]]). 6 July 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 1998
| N. Sasidharan E. P. Rajagopalan
| ''Kelu''
|
|-
| 1999
| S. Ramesan
| ''Karutha Kurippukal''
|
|-
| 2000
| [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]]
| ''[[Aalahayude Penmakkal]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://malayalam.oneindia.com/culture/2000/20001021sara.html "ചെറുകാട് അവാര്‍ഡ് സാറാജോസഫിന്"]. ''[[Oneindia]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 2 October 2000. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2001
| [[Santhosh Echikkanam]]
| ''Ottavaathil''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://janayugomonline.com/santhosh-echikanam-for-padma-prabhas/ "പത്മപ്രഭാപുരസ്കാരം സന്തോഷ് ഏച്ചിക്കാനത്തിന്"]. ''[[Janayugom]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2002
| M. S. Kumar
| ''Aanameesha''
|
|-
| 2003
| K. C. Sreeja
| ''Ororo Kalathilum''
|
|-
| 2004
| [[Ambikasuthan Mangad]]
| ''Marakkappile Theyyangal''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/node/15 "അംബികാസുതൻ മങ്ങാട്"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213085437/https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/node/15 |date=2020-12-13 }} (in [[Malayalam]]). Chintha Publishers. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2005
| [[Manamboor Rajan Babu]]
| ''Kavithayude Pettakam ''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/cherukad-award-presented/article27501271.ece "Cherukad Award presented"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 30 October 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2006
| T. P. Venugopalan
| ''Anunasikam''
|
|-
| 2007
| [[P. K. Warrier]]
| ''Smrithiparvam''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://malayalam.webdunia.com/retro-2007/2007-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-107122600072_1.htm "2007 ലെ ചില സാഹിത്യ അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍"]. ''Webdunia Malayalam'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 26 December 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2008
| Dr. K. Sreekumar
| ''Ozhivukalam''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/author/dr-k-sreekumar-262 "ഡോ. കെ ശ്രീകുമാര്‍"] (in [[Malayalam]]). Chintha Publishers. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2009
| P. Gangadharan
| Overall contribution
|
|-
| 2010
| [[Khadija Mumtaz]]
| ''[[Barsa (novel)|Barsa]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.chinthapublishers.com/ml/author/dr-khadija-mumthas-911 "ഡോ. ഖദീജ മുംതാസ"] (in [[Malayalam]]). Chintha Publishers. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2011
| [[N. K. Desam]]
| ''Mudra''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-30-10-2016/599391 "80ന്റെ നിറവില്‍ എന്‍ കെ ദേശം"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 30 October 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2012
| [[Susmesh Chandroth]]
| ''Bar Code''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/saarthakammasika/sanskkarikam/cerukatavadsusmescantreattin "ചെറുകാട് അവാർഡ് സുസ്മേഷ് ചന്ത്രോത്തിന്‌"]. ''Saarthakam'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 2 November 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2013
| [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
| ''Katha Thudarum''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/general-news/369850 "ചെറുകാട് അവാര്‍ഡ് കെപിഎസി ലളിതക്ക്"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 25 October 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2014
| [[U. K. Kumaran]]
| ''Thakshankunnu Swaroopam''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/cherukad-award-for-u-k-kumaran-1.9659 "Cherukad award for U K Kumaran"]. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2015
| C. Vasudevan
| Overall contribution
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/518346 "ചെറുകാട് അവാര്‍ഡ് സി വാസുദേവന് ഇന്ന് സമര്‍പ്പിക്കും"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 21 November 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2016
| [[Karivellur Murali]]
| ''Ee Bhoomi Aarudeth''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/literature/879 "ചെറുകാട് പുരസ്കാരം ഈ വര്‍ഷം നാടകത്തിന്"]. ''East Coast Daily'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2017
| Prof. [[K. P. Sankaran]]
| Overall contribution
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-24-10-2017/680491 "ചെറുകാട് അവാര്‍ഡ് പ്രൊഫ. കെ പി ശങ്കരന്"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 24 October 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2018
| O. P. Suresh
| ''Taj Mahal''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/cherukad-award-for-op-suresh/article25244454.ece "Cherukad Award for O.P. Suresh"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2019
| M. K. Manoharan
| ''Alakkukallukalude Pranayam''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/article-1.4188408 "ചെറുകാട് അവാർഡ് എം.കെ. മനോഹരന്"]. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 12 October 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[M. P. Parameswaran]]
| ''Kaalaharanamillatha Swapnangal''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/cherukadu-award-dr-m-p-parameswaran/901090 "ചെറുകാട് അവാർഡ് ഡോ. എം പി പരമേശ്വരന്"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 17 October 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</ref>
|-
| 2021
| Sheela Tomy
| ''Valli''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.gulf-times.com/story/702894/doha-based-author-wins-kerala-award "Doha-based author wins Kerala award"]. ''Gulf Times''. 23 October 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2022
| Suresh Babu Sreestha
| {{—}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/suresh-babu-sreestha-won-the-cherukad-award-1084090 "ചെറുകാട് പുരസ്കാരം സുരേഷ് ബാബു ശ്രീസ്ഥക്ക്"]. ''[[Madhyamam]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 13 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| 2023
| Vinod Krishna
| ''9mm Beretta''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.dcbooks.com/cherukad-award-to-vinod-krishna.html "ചെറുകാട് അവാർഡ് വിനോദ് കൃഷ്ണയ്ക്ക്"]. [[DC Books]] (in [[Malayalam]]). 14 October 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Indrans]]
| ''Indradhanussu''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/cherukad-award-indrans/1142775 "കണ്ണീർക്കണങ്ങളിൽ മഴവില്ല് വിരിയിയ്ക്കുന്ന ഇന്ദ്രജാലം; ചെറുകാട് പുരസ്‌കാരം ഇന്ദ്രൻസിന്റെ ഇന്ദ്രധനുസിന്‌"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 11 October 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1978]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala awards]]

Indian National Congress (R)

2025-12-08T14:22:53Z

Nekilortashush: rd

#REDIRECT [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

William Moses (bishop)

2025-11-05T18:52:39Z

Nekilortashush: Made new info - done

{{Short description|Passed away on 20.07.2024}}
'''William Moses'''<ref>"[[The Church of England Newspaper]]", April 8, 2010</ref> was the fourth [[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|Bishop of Church of South India, Coimbatore Diocese]] (1987–2000) and the [[Moderator of the General Assembly|Moderator]] (1998–2000)<ref>[https://www.anglicannews.org/news/1999/09/church-of-south-india-contributes-to-anglican-communion.aspx ACNS]</ref> of the [[Church of South India]].

== Early life ==
Moses was born on 29 July 1937 to William Kari and Janaki William Kari as the first son among 10 siblings. Died on 20.07.2024{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Vasant P. Dandin]]
| title = Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]]
| after = [[Kunnumpurathu Samuel]]
| years = 1998 - 2000
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Christianity |portal3= India|display=Most Rev. William Moses}}

{{Moderators of the Church of South India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moses, William}}
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Indian Christian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Moderators of the Church of South India]]

{{India-Anglican-bishop-stub}}

Tetramorium mayri

2025-10-06T03:36:12Z

Nekilortashush: Made a details

{{Short description|Species of ant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Tetramorium
| species = mayri
| authority = ([[Auguste-Henri Forel|Forel]], 1912)
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Tetramorium mayri''''' is a species of [[ant]] in the genus ''[[Tetramorium]]''. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Social Insects Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Rhoptromyrmex mayri'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T19692A9003763 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19692A9003763.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5463659}}

[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Tetramorium|mayri]]
[[Category:Hymenoptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1912]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] 

{{myrmicinae-stub}}

Anthony Lancelot Dias

2025-10-04T21:37:20Z

Nekilortashush: improved section based on references

{{Short description|Indian politician and ICS officer (1910–2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. L. Dias
| image = Anthony Lancelot Dias.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Dias
| birth_name = Anthony Lancelot Dias
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|ICS officer}}
| birth_date = 14 March 1910
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|9|22|1910|3|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| nationality = [[British Indian]] (1910-1947) [[Indian people|Indian]] (1947-2002)
| office = 7th [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 21 August 1971
| term_end = 6 November 1979
| predecessor = [[Shanti Swaroop Dhavan]]
| successor = [[Tribhuvana Narayana Singh]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1970)
}}

'''Anthony Lancelot Dias''' (14 March 1910 — 22 September 2002),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lives in Brief |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/london-travel/lives-in-brief-vmgkphcmvnp |access-date=2022-10-02 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref name="Obituary">[http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@goacom.com/msg03213.html Anthony Lancelot Dias' obituary]</ref> also known as '''A. L. Dias''' was an [[Indian Civil Service]] officer and politician of [[Goan]] origin. Dias was born in [[Bombay]] and was in the [[Maharashtra Public Service Commission|Maharashtra cadre]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1970 for his management of a drought in [[Bihar]]. He also played a role in the [[liberation of Goa]] from the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]]. Dias was the Lieutenant governor of [[Tripura]] from 1969 to 1971. He was the Governor of [[West Bengal]] from 1971 to 1977.<ref name="The Indian Express 2002 t999">{{cite web | title=Ex-Bengal Governor Dias dies | website=The Indian Express | date=24 Sep 2002 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ex-bengal-governor-dias-dies/ | access-date=25 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2002 x008">{{cite web | title=A L Dias passes away | website=The Times of India | date=23 Sep 2002 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/a-l-dias-passes-away/articleshow/23003233.cms | access-date=25 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/html/pastgov1912_new.htm |title=Raj Bhavan Kolkata |access-date=2012-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109072725/http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/html/pastgov1912_new.htm |archive-date=2013-11-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://rulers.org/indstat4.html West Bengal Governors]</ref><ref name="Anon. r695">{{cite web | title= Raj Bhavan, Kolkata Governor Anthony Lancelot Dias | url=https://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/writereaddata/PDF/occasionalpaper3.pdf | access-date=25 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="Vaz 1997 p. 158">{{cite book | last=Vaz | first=J.C. | title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-7022-619-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&pg=PA158 | access-date=25 Nov 2023 | page=158}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Governors of West Bengal}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Anthony Lancelot}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Utthita Padangusthasana

2025-09-27T08:46:31Z

Nekilortashush: created new entry!

{{short description|Standing balancing posture in yoga as exercise}}
[[File:Utthita-Hasta-Padangusthasana Yoga-Asana Nina-Mel.jpg|thumb|Utthita Padangusthasana I]]
[[File:Yoga (9704390405).jpg|thumb|Utthita Padangusthasana II]]

'''Utthita Hasta Padangusthasana''' ({{Langx|sa|उत्थित हस्त पादाङ्गुष्ठासन}}, {{IAST-hi1|Utthita Hasta Pādāṅguṣṭhāsana}}), '''Standing Big Toe Hold''' or '''Extended Hand-to-Big-Toe Pose''' is a [[standing asanas|standing]] balancing [[asana]] in modern [[yoga as exercise]].

==Etymology and origins==

The name comes from the Sanskrit words {{lang|sa-Latn|Utthita}} ({{lang|sa|उत्थित}}) meaning "extended", {{lang|sa-Latn|Hasta}} ({{lang|sa|हस्त}}) meaning "hand", {{lang|sa-Latn|Pada}} ({{lang|sa|पद}}) meaning "foot", {{lang|sa-Latn|Angustha}} ({{lang|sa|ङ्गुष्ठ}}) meaning "thumb" or "toe", and {{lang|sa-Latn|Asana}} ({{lang|sa|आसन}}) meaning "posture" or "seat".{{sfn|Mehta|1990|p=20}}
<nowiki>{{efn|The name "Padangusthasana" (without "Utthita") is used with a different meaning in Bikram Yoga. "Toe Stand Pose" is number 12 in </nowiki>[[Postures of Bikram Yoga|its asana sequence]]; it is a squatting pose with one leg lightly crossed over the standing leg, which is bent so that the buttocks approach or rest on the heel; despite the etymology there is no contact between hand and foot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikramyogaposesguide.com |title=26 Bikram Yoga Poses |publisher=www.bikramyogaposesguide.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vivek |first=Singh |date=27 September 2025 |title=The 26 Poses of Bikram Yoga |url=https://www.bikramyogaposesguide.com/ |accessdate=20 November 2019 |publisher=DoYouYoga }}</ref>

The pose however does not appear to be Indian in origin, and it is not found in the medieval [[hatha yoga]] texts. A similar pose was described in [[Niels Bukh]]'s early 20th century Danish text ''Primitive Gymnastics'', which in turn was derived from a 19th century Scandinavian tradition of gymnastics. The pose had arrived in India by the 1920s. [[Swami Kuvalayananda]] incorporated it into his system of exercises, from where it was taken up by the influential yoga teacher [[Tirumalai Krishnamacharya]].<ref name="Singleton 2011">{{cite web |last1=Singleton |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga teacher) |title=The Ancient & Modern Roots of Yoga |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/yoga-s-greater-truth |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

==Description==

Utthita Padangusthasana is a pose with the body standing straight, on one leg; the other leg is stretched out straight, and the foot of the raised leg is grasped by the hand on the same side of the body. It is entered from the standing pose [[Tadasana]].{{sfn|Iyengar|1979|pp=76-78}} The pose has two forms: I, with the raised leg to the front, and the opposite hand to the hip; II, with the raised leg to the side, and the opposite hand stretched out straight to the other side.{{sfn|Mehta|1990|p=20}}{{sfn|Saraswati|1996|pp=300-302}}<ref name="YJ 2007">{{cite news |author=Anon |title=Extended Hand-to-Big-Toe Pose |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/extended-hand-to-big-toe-pose |newspaper=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=28 August 2007}}</ref> Students can practise the pose using a strap to hold the extended foot, or a ledge or wall for support;{{sfn|Mehta|1990|p=20}}<ref name="YJ 2016">{{cite web |last1=Maze |first1=Noah |title=3 Ways to Modify Extended Hand-to-Big-Toe Pose |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/modify-extended-hand-big-toe-pose |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=1 August 2016}}</ref> or may keep the knee bent.<ref name="YP">{{cite web |title=Utthita Hasta Padangusthasana |url=https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/6540/utthita-hasta-padangusthasana |publisher=Yogapedia |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> The pose is at the start of the Primary Series of [[Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga]].<ref name="AY">{{cite web |title=Primary Series of Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga |url=https://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/primary-series-yoga-chikitsa/item/utthita-hasta-padangushthasana/ |publisher=Ashtanga Yoga |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

==Variations==

[[File:Bird of Paradise Pose (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Svarga Dvijasana (Bird of Paradise pose) is a bound variant of Utthita Padangusthasana II.]]

Utthita Ekapadasana is a milder form of the same pose, the leg not lifted far enough for the toes to be grasped.

Utthita Parshvasahita has the raised leg out to the side and the head turned away from the raised leg.

Svarga Dvijasana (Bird of Paradise pose) has the raised leg out to the side, the hands clasped under the thigh with the arm on the raised leg side in front, the other arm behind.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bird of Paradise: 5 Steps to Master this Standing Pose |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/bird-of-paradise-5-steps-to-master-this-standing-pose |website=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=12 April 2017 |orig-year=2014}}</ref>

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite book | last=Iyengar | first=B. K. S. |author-link=B. K. S. Iyengar | year=1979 | orig-year=1966 | title=[[Light on Yoga|Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika]] | publisher=Unwin Paperbacks }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Silva; Mehta, Mira; Mehta, Shyam |date=1990 |title=[[Yoga: The Iyengar Way]] |publisher=Dorling Kindersley }}
* {{cite book |first=Swami Satyananda |last=Saraswati |author-link=Swami Satyananda Saraswati |title=Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha |url=http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-86336-14-4 }}

{{Asanas}}
{{Yoga as exercise}}

[[Category:One-legged asanas]]

Viluppuram district

2025-09-24T14:28:24Z

Nekilortashush:

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Viluppuram district
| official_name = Vizhuppuram district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image_skyline = Kalyana Mahal from Rajagiri.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Gingee Fort]]
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Vizhuppuram district'''
|type=shape |id=Q15205
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Vizhuppuram district of Tamil Nadu
|type2=line|id2=Q1445|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tamil Nadu
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|57|16.92|N|79|31|39.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = 
| subdivision_type3 = Municipalities
| subdivision_name3 = [[Viluppuram]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Kottakuppam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1993
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Gingee taluk|Gingee]], [[Kandachipuram taluk|Kandachipuram]], [[Marakkanam taluk|Marakkanam]], [[Melmalayanur taluk|Melmalayanur]], [[Tindivanam taluk|Tindivanam]], [[Tiruvennainallur taluk|Tiruvennainallur]], [[Vanur taluk|Vanur]], [[Vikravandi taluk|Vikravandi]], [[Viluppuram taluk|Villupuram]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Viluppuram]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Collector
| leader_name1 = C. Palani, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], N. Shreenatha IPS (SP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3,725
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,093,003
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 11
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = Sex Ratio (Per 1000)
| blank_info_sec1 = 987
| blank_name_sec2 = Literacy Rate
| blank_info_sec2 = {{percentage|71.88|100|2}}
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = '''604xxx, 6056xx, 6062xx'''
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04146, 04147, 04149, 04151, 04153
| registration_plate = '''TN-16, TN-32'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf |title=www.tn.gov.in |access-date=2011-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912173047/http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 
| blank2_name_sec1 = Central location:
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|http://viluppuram.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Viluppuram district''', also known as '''Villupuram district''' or '''Vizhuppuram district''', is one of the [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|38 districts]] that make up the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It was founded on 30 September 1993, prior to which it was part of the [[Cuddalore District|Cuddalore district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://viluppuram.nic.in/about-district/history/|title=History {{!}} Viluppuram District, Govt of Tamil Nadu {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-21}}</ref> Vizhuppuram district lies in the way of the national highway connecting [[Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Chennai]], and contains historical landmarks like the 500 year-old [[Gingee Fort]].

__TOC__

==History==
Vizhuppuram district was once a part of the [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot district]] along with the [[Cuddalore District|Cuddalore district]]. Later, the Cuddalore district was bifurcated and Vizhuppuram district came into existence on 30 September 1993. As a result, the Vizhuppuram district's history closely resembles that of Cuddalore's.

The [[Chola Dynasty|Cholas]] were among the earliest rulers. [[Karikala Chola]] was the most influential. [[Simhavishnu|Simhavishnu Pallava]] overthrew the Cholas, and the region came under the [[Pallava Dynasty|Pallava]] rule. [[Vijayalaya Chola]] restored the rule of Chola, marking the beginning of the [[Chola Dynasty|Chola Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-chola-empire-195485|title=History of India's Chola Empire|publisher=ThoughtCo|access-date=24 September 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The entire district became a war zone during the [[Carnatic Wars|Anglo-French rivalry]] and it came under the control of the [[East India Company]]. It remained under [[British Raj|British]] authority until the independence of India in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viluppuram.nic.in/historypage.htm|title=History of Viluppuram|publisher=Viluppuram Municipality|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103143515/http://www.viluppuram.nic.in/historypage.htm|archive-date=3 November 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The district shares borders with the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]] district of the union territory [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in the southeast and the districts [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] and [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]] in the north, [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] in the south and [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]] in the west.
== Politics ==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Viluppuram district}}
|}

==Economy==
In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Vizhuppuram one of the 250 most backward districts (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]) in the country.<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the six districts in Tamil Nadu currently receiving funding from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Program]] (BRGFP).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Taluks==
Viluppuram district is composed of 9 [[taluk]]s:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://viluppuram.nic.in/about-district/maps/|title = Maps | Viluppuram District, Govt of Tamil Nadu | India}}</ref>
* [[Gingee taluk|Gingee]]
* [[Kandachipuram taluk|Kandachipuram]]
* [[Marakkanam]]
* [[Melmalayanur]]
* [[Tindivanam taluk|Tindivanam]]
* [[Thiruvennainallur taluk|Tiruvennainallur]]
* [[Vanur taluk|Vanur]]
* [[Vikravandi]]
* [[Viluppuram taluk|Villupuram]]

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=12,37,061|13=1911|14=13,87,893|15=1921|16=13,62,937|17=1931|18=14,41,904|19=1941|20=15,32,516|21=1951|22=16,31,216|23=1961|24=17,47,460|25=1971|26=20,48,400|27=1981|28=23,73,952|29=1991|30=27,55,674|31=2001|32=29,60,373|33=2011|34=34,58,873|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the Viluppuram district had a population of 3,458,873 with a sex-ratio of 987 females per 1,000 males, which is well above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A total of 404,106 residents were under the age of six, constituting 208,246 males and 195,860 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 29.37% and 2.16% of the population, respectively.

The average literacy of the district was 63.48%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard" /> The district had a total of 800,368 households. There were a total of 1,703,249 workers, including 322,900 farmers, 537,581 farm workers, 23,961 in household industries, 376,360 other workers, 442,447 marginal workers, 46,746 marginal farmers, 294,632 marginal farm workers, 14,276 marginal workers in household industries and 86,793 other marginal workers.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Viluppuram district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=683112|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144249/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=683112|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

After bifurcation, the residual Viluppuram district had a population of 2,111,669. The residual district had a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. 321,703 (15.23%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 28.60% and 1.16% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Viluppuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1104/download/3430/DH_2011_3306_PART_A_DCHB_VILUPPURAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Viluppuram district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|3.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|3.63}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
}}

Hindus are the majority religion, with 92.27% of the population. Christians and Muslims are in minority with 3.71% and 3.63% of the population respectively.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Tamil Nadu|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Viluppuram district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 97.08 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 1.61 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 0.93 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.38 |color4 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the predominant language, spoken by 97.08% of the population. [[Urdu]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] are minority languages spoken by 1.61% and 0.93% of the population respectively.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://viluppuram.nic.in/ Official website]
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1819599#map=9/12.4027/79.2426&layers=C Viluppuram district] marked on OpenStreetMap

{{Viluppuram district}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Viluppuram district| ]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]

Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)

2025-09-10T22:55:14Z

Nekilortashush: new new stub needs work

{{Short description|2016 TV series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Long plot|date=July 2025}}
{{Notability|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| based_on = {{Based on|''Krishnadasi''|[[Indra Soundar Rajan]]}}
| image =
| alt_name = Krishndasi
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| creator = [[Kutty Padmini]] Vipul D. Shah
| story = Sonali Jaffar Priyali Saxena [[Kovid Gupta]]
| screenplay = Manish Paliwal Manoj Tripathi
| director =
| creative_director = Mukta Dhond/Nishtha Yadav/Ram Dixit
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 188<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XDO7PzZXdc|title=Krishnadasi episodes|publisher=Krishnadasi|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=24 November 2017}}</ref>
| producer = [[Kutty Padmini]] Vipul D. Shah
| location = Krishnavathi [[Pune]] [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2016|1|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2016|10|12}}
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
}}

'''''Krishnadasi''''' ({{Translation|''Krishna's Devotee''}}) is an Indian [[fiction]] television series. It premiered on 25 January 2016 on [[Colors TV]]. It is based on the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial ''[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|of the same name]]'' which itself is based on a book of the same name written by the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] author [[Indra Soundar Rajan]] which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/big-ticket-shows-that-failed-in-2016/articleshow/56001339.cms|title=Big-Ticket shows that failed in 2016|last=|first=|date=16 December 2016|website=The Times of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Produced by [[Kutty Padmini]] and Optimystix Entertainment, it starred [[Shravan Reddy]] and [[Sana Amin Sheikh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Sun-TV-serial-Krishnadasi-to-be-aired-on-Colors/articleshow/50451611.cms|title=Sun TV serial Krishnadasi to be aired on Colors|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 January 2016|accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref>

The series revolves around the life of a young girl Aradhya, known as the daughter of Tulsi a [[Devdasi]] but turns out to be a granddaughter of Pradyumna Vidhyadhar Rao and Rao family which is the biggest rival of the Devdasis.Aryan was known as son of Rao family turns out to be son of Tulsi and Tulsi's mother Kumudini who's also a [[Devdasi]] had swapped Aryan and Aradhya on their birth to take revenge from Pradyumna. ''Krishnadasi'' describes the harsh realities and truths of religious Devdasi customs in a remote village of Krishnavati in [[Pune]] district and the lives of Devdasis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shravan-Reddy-opposite-Sana-in-Krishnadasi/articleshow/50437969.cms|title=Shravan Reddy opposite Sana in 'Krishnadasi'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2016|accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

''Krishndasi'' is a love story told in the backdrop of hatred and conflict due to Aradhya's lineage of a Devdasi family and her connection with Aryan's Rao family, whose family holds a grudge against Aradhya's family due to some hidden past. It is set in the small hamlet of Krishnavati, where Devdasi custom prevails amid poverty.

After initially hating each other, Aradhya and Aryan fall in love with each other and get married. It is later revealed that Aradhya is in fact the Rao family's daughter and Aryan is the Devdasi family's son. Devdasi Kumudini had swapped Aradhya and Aryan at their birth. Aradhya and Aryan try to unite their families. They separate due to misunderstandings but soon reunite. Somehow completing its journey this show ends.

==Plot==

The story starts with an angry mob chasing Krishnadasi Kumudini, her daughter Tulsi and a newborn Aradhya. The trio escapes with great difficulty while the mob warns them not to set foot in Krishnavati in the next 21 years as punishment.

21 years later, Kumudini is shown standing at the border of Krishnavati. She vows to settle scores with everyone who had wronged her and returns to her present home in Pune. Tulsi is reluctant to go back as she doesn't want her daughter Aradhya to learn about their lineage.

Aradhya is shown to have grown up as a strong young woman. She goes for a college camp near Krishnavati and gets into an argument with Pradhyumna Vidyadhar Rao/Aaba Saheb – the head of the village, when he forces a girl to become a Krishnadasi. Aaba Saheb's goons abduct Aradhya and attempt to publicly disrobe her for insulting their age old tradition. A mysterious guy comes riding a horse and saves her.

Aradhya returns home but hides her abduction truth from Tulsi. Kumudini fakes her medical report and emotionally blackmails Tulsi to accompany her to Krishnavati. They get Aradhya admitted into a hostel and leave for their village. On the first day itself, Aradhya gets into a fight with Aryan. Aryan is the same guy who had rescued her. But Aradhya couldn't see his face clearly due to Bhang's effect while Aryan didn't recognize her due to the color and vermillion on her face. Soon, Aradhya learns about Aryan being her savior and befriends him. She pays a surprise visit to Krishnavati, where she learns about Tulsi and Kumudini's identity. Shattered at first, Aradhya accepts the truth. She returns to her college and resumes her normal life. During a debate competition, her identity is revealed and she realizes how educated people also point finger only at the victims of Devdasi custom and try to exploit the helpless women. She decides to return to her village so she can initiate the necessary changes at her locality. Perplexed at Aradhya's sudden departure, Aryan too leaves for his home. It is later revealed that Aryan is Aaba Saheb's grandson and the heir of Rao family. Seeing the ongoing feud between their families, Aryan and Aradhya request their mothers to tell them the truth about their family dispute.

Aaba Saheb's brother in law, Maharaj Keshav Pratap was the patron of Kumudini. He fell in love with her and wanted to marry her. But Kumudini refused to his proposal as a Krishnadasi cannot marry her patron. Besides, she didn't want to break off his marriage and left his palace with Tulsi – their daughter. However, deeply tormented by her husband's infidelity, Aaba Saheb's sister committed suicide. This enraged Aaba Saheb and he pledged revenge from Kumudini. Aaba Saheb's younger daughter Saras and Tulsi grew up to become best friends. When Saras fell in love with Michael, Shashwat and Tulsi tried to prevent her from taking any wrong step. But Pavitra suspected Shashwat to have an affair with Tulsi. Later, Saras eloped with Michael on her wedding day and everyone blamed Tulsi. Unable to bear the humiliation, Aaba Saheb's wife Bhamini committed suicide. Using this opportunity, Aaba Saheb threw Kumudini and Tulsi out of their village.

After learning the truth, Aryan develops hatred for Aradhya's family and continuously insults them. Although he saves her multiple times on different occasions, he refuses to acknowledge his feelings for her. His annoyance increases further when Kumudini traps Gayatri and orchestrates her marriage with David - Saras's brother in law. However, both Aradhya and Aryan realize that both of the families are at fault and join hands to end the enmity between their families.

Kumudini and Aaba Saheb continue their plotting to destroy each other. Pavitra realizing Aryan's growing feelings for Aradhya, invites his childhood friend Purva. But circumstances lead to Aryan publicly declaring that he would marry Aradhya. At first, Aradhya refuses thinking Aryan is marrying her just to save her from the villagers. When Aryan finally confesses his love to Aradhya, she also reciprocates.

Aaba Saheb fakes a heart attack to stop the marriage. To counterattack, Kumudini drugs Aradhya and alleges Aryan of molesting her. Then she forces Aradhya and Aryan to get married.
Aryan and Aradhya are deeply hurt by each other's actions and start hating each other. Pavitra and Purva try to separate the two. However, these difficulties only bring them closer. They get to know about Purva and her brother Jayraj's intention of taking over Rao's wealth and stop them. However, Kumudini makes a shocking revelation that Aradhya is Aaba Saheb's granddaughter and Aryan is her grandson.

This again brings a storm in Aryan and Aradhya's life. Aaba Saheb threatens Aradhya about Tulsi and forces her to insult her and Kumudini. Aryan and Kumudini become shocked at her sudden change of behavior but Tulsi understands Aradhya's helplessness. Kumudini uses this situation to provoke Aryan against Rao family. Yashwant Chimaji – Aryan's father, accepts Tulsi in front of everyone and they both decide to leave Krishnavati with Aryan and Aradhya. Jayraj returns and shoots at Aryan. But Tulsi comes in between and dies. Aryan holds Aaba Saheb responsible for his mother's death and vows to punish him. In the court, Aradhya speaks in favor of Aaba Saheb which further infuriates Aryan. He divorces Aradhya and throws her along with Rao family out of his house.

Aradhya becomes her family's strength while trying her best to make Aryan realize the truth. She also brings a change in Aaba Saheb's thinking. After a series of events, Aryan realizes Aradhya's innocence and reunites with her. Blinded by her hatred for Aaba Saheb and Aradhya, Kumudini vows to separate them.

A new character Shravani is introduced. She is Jayraj's wife and partner in crime. She takes shelter in Aryan's house. Kumudini uses her to create misunderstanding between Aryan and Aradhya. However, Shravani falls in love with Aryan and fools Jayraj and Kumudini. She drugs Aryan and alleges him of sleeping with her. Aradhya is heartbroken and meets with a fatal accident.
A month later, Aryan spots Aradhya in an orphanage and brings her home. Shravani further complicates the situation saying she is pregnant. Aradhya severs all ties with Aryan and urges him to marry Shravani. Soon it is revealed that Shravani is Aradhya's long lost twin sister and Bhamini is alive.

Gayatri and David bring their friend Uday to reunite Aryan with Aradhya. However, Aradhya is adamant on her decision and fakes a marriage with Uday to persuade Aryan to marry Shravani. Realizing Shravani's deceit, Jayraj breaks into her room and Aradhya accidentally shoots him. Police take her away but before leaving, she requests Aryan to marry Shravani. Soon after Aryan's marriage, Aradhya learns the truth about Shravani and realizes her mistake. She breaks down recalling her misbehavior with Aryan and requests Uday to pass her letter to Aryan so that she can apologize to him. To conceal the truth, Shravani poisons her own family members and ignites fire in Aradhya's jail. Kumudini finally learns about Aradhya' sacrifices and goes to apologize to her. Aryan gets to know about the fire incident and rushes to save Aradhya. However he finds another woman dressed as Aradhya and assumes her to be dead.

In the hospital, Aaba Saheb regains consciousness but all his family members are declared dead. After rescuing Aradhya, he reaches to Aryan's house with Uday but misunderstands Aryan to be involved with Shravani. They leave Krishnavati with Aradhya.

A leap of 6 months is shown. Aradhya returns with a new identity of Aruna Devi and vows revenge from Aryan and Shravani. Kumudini is shown to be suffering from a mental disorder after Aradhya's death. Soon all their misunderstandings get cleared. Aryan reveals how he had saved Rao family and kept acting before Shravani to make her confess her crimes. Together, they bring out Shravani's truth. Finally, Aryan and Aradhya get married with everyone's blessing. Kumudini and Aaba Saheb join hands and decide to eradicate Devdasi custom from Krishnavati. The show ends on a happy note.

==Cast==

===Main===
* [[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Aradhya Rao Chima- Aryan’s wife, Shashwant and Pavitra’s biological daughter, Gayatri and Shravani’s sister, Pradhyumna’s biological granddaughter
* [[Shravan Reddy]] as Aryan Yashwant Chima- Aradhya’s husband, Tulsi and Yashwant’s biological son, Kumudini’s biological grandson

===Recurring===
* Indira Krishnan as Krishnadasi Kumudini- Aryan's biological grandmother
*[[Chhavi Mittal]]/Jaya Binju as Tulsi Chima- Aryan's biological mother, Aradhya’s former adoptive mother
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Pradhyumna Vidyadhar Rao- Aradhya's biological grandfather
* [[Neha Bam]] as Bhamini Vidyadhar Rao- Aradhya's biological grandmother, Pradhyumna’s wife
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Shashwat Vidhayadhar Rao- Aradhya, Shravani and Gayatri's father, Aryan’s former adoptive father
* Shweta Mahadik as Pavitra Vidyadhar Rao- Aradhya, Shravani and Gayatri's mother, Aryan’s former adoptive mother
* [[Mihir Mishra]] as Yashwant Chima- Aryan's father
* Tasha Kapoor as Gayatri Fernandes- Shashwat and Pavitra’s eldest daughter, Aradhya and Shravani’s elder sister, David's wife
* [[Achherr Bhaardwaj]] as David Fernandes- Gayatri's husband
* Diya Makhija as Shravani Rao- Shashwat and Pavitra’s youngest daughter, Gayatri’s sister and Aradhya’s twin sister
* Sonal Handa as Jairaj Deshmukh, Purva’s brother
* Sneha Jain/[[Priyanka Purohit]] as Purva Deshmukh- Aryan's ex-fiancée
* Samya Mahadkar as Damini Lokhande
* Anjali Ujawane as Naku
* [[Kaivalya Chheda]] as Ganesh Deshmukh
* Nikki Sharma as Shivani
* Vishal Bhardwaj as Varun
* Siddharth Shivpuri as Uday- Aradhya's ex-fiancée
* [[Tejasswi Prakash]] as Ragini
* [[Anita Hassanandani]]
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]]
* [[Shakti Arora]]
* [[Ahmad Harhash]] as Laksh Malhotra

==Integration episodes==
''Krishnadasi'' (2016 TV series) had two integration episodes with ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnadasi}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Tamil-language novels]]

Jaipur, Hingoli

2025-05-14T23:09:11Z

Nekilortashush: new first info w/ infobox

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2025}}

'''Jaipur''' is a village in [[Hingoli district]], Maharashtra, India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It belongs to the [[Marathwada]] region. It is located 47 km west of [[Hingoli, Maharashtra|Hingoli]] and 540 km from the [[states of India|state]] capital Mumbai. The village is small, 27 square km having a population near about 9000 living and 2000 households.

The village is known for its Esai Mata [[Temple]]. Most of the Peoples living this village belong to the Jire Mali Samaj.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Villages in Hingoli district]]

{{Hingoli-geo-stub}}

Susna

2025-05-02T18:00:30Z

Nekilortashush: further fix layout per standard format and added references

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Susna
| affiliation = [[Asura]]
| texts = [[Vedas]]
}}{{short description|Serpentine Hindu demon of drought}}
'''Susna''' ({{Langx|sa|शुष्ण|translit=Śuṣṇa}}) is an [[asura]] described in [[Hindu]] texts. Normally associated with drought, Susna is often described as possessing a snake-like form with horns. He is an enemy of the deity [[Indra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vinogradov |first1=A. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbr8DwAAQBAJ&dq=shushna+vritra&pg=PA66 |title=The mysteries of Aryan civilization |last2=Zharnikova |first2=S. V. |publisher=WP IPGEB |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Susna means "drought" from the root Sus, which translates to "dry up".<ref name=":3" /> The similar "sosna" is an old Slavic word for the pine tree.

== Literature ==
In [[Hinduism]], Susna is an asura commonly associated with drought, famine, and hoarding.<ref name=":3">Chakravarty, U. (1994). INDRA'S PROTÉGÉS IN THE ṚGVEDA. ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute,'' ''75''(1/4), 51-64. Retrieved from {{JSTOR|41694405}}</ref> An enemy of Indra, the asura makes multiple appearances across a number of [[Vedas|Vedic]] texts. He is often associated with [[Vritra]], another asura which obstructs the rivers of the world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRpLAQAAMAAJ&q=Susna+demon&pg=PA254|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1917|publisher=American Oriental Society.|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Rigveda]], Susna is described as being a "child of mists" similar to Vritra, a massive dragon who blocks the rivers of the world.<ref name="mahavidya.ca" /> Like Vritra, Susna is seen as a causer of drought and as a foe of Indra. However, while Indra is able to kill Vritra with a [[thunderbolt]], Susna must be destroyed by returning water to the land. To defeat the asura, Indra destroys Susna's fortress, and, at the request of his follower [[Kutsa]], sends rains to end the drought, defeating the asura.<ref name=":2" /> One passage from the text notes Indra "made flow the springs restrained by the season through killing Susna, the child of mists."<ref name=":2" />

In the [[Brahmana]] and [[Yajurveda]] texts within the [[Vedas]], Susna is described as being a bitter enemy (''[[dasa]]'')<ref name="mahavidya.ca">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahavidya.ca/2008/04/14/demons-in-vedic-literature/|title=Demons in Vedic Literature {{!}} Mahavidya|website=www.mahavidya.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> of the god [[Indra]]. Susna, who is described as a horned serpent-asura, aids the [[Asura]]s in their war against Indra and his fellow [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]. Whenever an asura is killed in battle, Susna uses his mystical breath (which contains the essence of the [[Amrita|amrta]], the elixir of immortality) to restore the fallen warrior to life. Indra discovers these resurrections and plots to steal the amrta for himself and his fellow devas. Thus, Indra turns himself into a globule of honey and allows the asura to consume him. Once inside of Susna's stomach, Indra turns into a falcon<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Af7TFlN5hmsC&q=Susna+demon&pg=PA281|title=Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook|date=1975|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780140443066|language=en}}</ref> (or eagle),<ref name=":1" /> snatches the amrta from the asura's mouth, and escapes to deliver the prize to the other devas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZe2BQAAQBAJ&q=Susna+demon&pg=PA18|title=Intoxication in Mythology: A Worldwide Dictionary of Gods, Rites, Intoxicants and Places|last=Abel|first=Ernest L.|date=2014-12-09|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476606378|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBvHzornoMwC&q=Susna+demon&pg=PA266|title=Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts|last=O'Flaherty|first=Wendy Doniger|date=1982-11-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226618500|language=en}}</ref>{{Portal|Hinduism}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Rigveda}}

[[Category:Legendary serpents]]
[[Category:Asura]]
[[Category:Indian dragons]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shushna}}

Bad Friend

2024-12-23T15:00:58Z

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#REDIRECT [[Frenemy]]

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South Indian snacks

2024-03-18T08:19:41Z

Nekilortashush:

{{More citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Indian cuisine}}

This is a list of [[snack]]s common in [[South India]].
[[File:Punugulu1.JPG|thumb|Punugulu]]
* [[Achappam]]<ref name="Advani 1995">{{Cite journal|journal=The India Magazine of Her People and Culture|date=1995|publisher=A. H. Advani}}</ref>
* [[Avalose unda]]
* [[Bajji]]
* [[Bonda (snack)|Bonda]]
* [[Dahi Vada]]
* [[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]
* [[Jhangri]]
* [[Kozhalappam]]
* [[Murukku]]
* [[Pakkavada]]
* [[Pesarattu]]
* [[Poori]]
* [[Punugulu]]
* [[Pazhampori]]
* [[vada (food)|Vada]]
** Uzhunnuvada
** Parippuvada
** Ullivada
* [[Upma]]
* [[Uttapam]]
* [[Vattayappam]]<ref name="Advani 1995" />

==See also==
* [[List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Indian Snacks}}
[[Category:Indian snack foods| ]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine-related lists|Snacks, South India]]

List of destroyers of India

2023-11-04T16:13:10Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of destroyer classes of the Indian Navy]]

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Catholicos of India (title)

2023-03-15T07:43:18Z

Nekilortashush: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Catholicos of India]]

Pune Solapur Intercity Express

2020-01-08T14:29:15Z

Nekilortashush: adding basic location more to come...

#REDIRECT [[Pune–Solapur Intercity Express]]

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