Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Poona District Football Association

2023-07-18T02:52:56Z

Neerajnegi nj: Wrote an insightful write-up.

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Poona District Football Association Pune District Football Association
| logo = PDFA - Poona District Football Association.png
| logo_size = 150px
| abbreviation = PDFA
| formation = {{start date and age|1972}}
| region_served = [[Pune]], [[western India]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Dr Vishwajeet Kadam
| main_organ =
| parent_organisation = [[All India Football Federation]]
| affiliations = [[Western India Football Association]]
| website = {{URL|https://pdfa.co.in/}}
}}

'''Poona Football Association''' ('''PDFA''') is an organisation that governs the [[association football|football]] in and around the Indian city of [[Pune]]. It is a member of the [[Western India Football Association]], which is affiliated to the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF). The PDFA organises [[Pune Football League]], overlooking promotion and development of football in the district of [[Pune district|Pune]].

The '''TRNA INDIA Pune Football League''' is an organized competitions overseen by the '''Poona District Football Association''' in [[Pune district|Pune District]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-this-fifa-season-poona-district-football-association-gets-a-football-ground-1995473 This FIFA season, Poona District Football Association gets a football ground] ''DNA India''. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</ref> It follows a ladder-based structure and includes four divisions with over 100 teams.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Football Association Profile - Pune District Football Association, Pune, India {{!}} SoccerTrac.com|url=https://soccertrac.com/organization_controller/view_organization_profile/40#|access-date=2021-08-07|website=soccertrac.com}}</ref> The league encompasses teams from various locations across Pune District, the city of [[Pune]], spanning from [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] to [[Hadapsar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |title=PDFA League Pune: Giantz ‘A', Ghorpadi Tamil United begin Super-8 with wins |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pdfa-league-pune-giantz-a-ghorpadi-tamil-united-begin-super-8-with-wins/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Football, eh!? 212 clubs aboard the Pune District Football Association jamboree |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/football-eh-212-clubs-aboard-the-pdfa-jamboree/story-ZHQWcIoq70ae94KTbeidrM.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History==
The Poona District Football Association came into inception from the year 1972 with motive of promoting, developing and popularising the game of football at grass root level. It was heard that football lovers like Robert Gabriell, Benjamin Fernandes and many more contributed in running the association for years in the Poona region and this continued till we formally launched to form the Poona District Football Association in the most concrete manner from the year 2006 under the Leadership of President – Dr. Vishwajeet Kadam. At present there are more that 230+ teams & nearly 5000+ players registers with PDFA, which is spread across 4 divisions of Boys’ Teams ( Super Division, First Division, Second Division and Third division Teams ), Women's Division Teams and Under age group teams. These 230+ teams play Pune District football league. The total of more than 1000 matches are conducted year round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PDFA About |url=https://pdfa.co.in/about}}</ref>

==Competitions==
* Men's competitions
**[[PFL Super Division]]
**[[PFL Division One]]
**[[PFL Division Two]]
**[[PFL Division Three]]

== Football grounds==
* [[Pune District Football Association Stadium]]
* [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]

== See also==
[[Pune Football League]]

== External links ==

* [https://www.pdfa.co.in/ Official Website] - Official website

== References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football leagues in India|5]]
[[Category:Football in Mumbai|League]]

Olokkhis In Goa

2023-07-15T17:03:27Z

Neerajnegi nj: Shared an engaging guide.

{{Orphan}}

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| director = Joydip Banerjee
| producer = Santanu Chatterjee
| writer = Joydip Banerjee and Soumit Deb
| genre = Comedy
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Anuradha Mukherjee, Priyanka Bhattacharjee, Avery Singha Roy, Priyanka Mondal
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| studio =
| released = {{Start date|2023|01|22|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}
'''Olokkhis In Goa''' is a 2023 [[Bengali language]] [[comedy]] [[web series]] written and directed by Joydip Banerjee. The series is produced by Santanu Chatterjee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Web series ‘Olokkhis in Goa’ to stream soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/web-series-olokkhi-in-goa-to-stream-soon/articleshow/96548772.cms |website=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=স্বপ্নের গোয়ায় কোথা থেকে এল লাশ! ‘অলক্ষ্মীজ ইন গোয়া’র ডার্ক কমেডিতে মন মজেছে |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/olokkhis-in-goa-review-klikk-otts-new-thriller-web-series-is-a-must-watch-ss-977995.html |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn }}</ref>

The series starring Anuradha Mukherjee, Priyanka Bhattacharjee, Avery Singha Roy, Priyanka Mondal are in the lead roles. The series was released on 22 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=In pics: Trailer launch of Bengali webs series Olokkhis in Goa |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2023/jan/19/in-pics-trailer-launch-of-bengali-webs-series-olokkhis-in-goa-1692.html |website=Indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olokkhis In Goa: Latest News, Photos and Videos on Olokkhis In Goa |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/topic/olokkhis-in-goa |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Anuradha Mukherjee
*Priyanka Bhattacharjee
*Avery Singha Roy
*Priyanka Mondal

== Plot ==
Hoi, Ronita, Barsha, and Titash fly to Goa on vacation as Titash's Bachelorette, living out their Bollywood dream. Past feuds, harsh feelings, and misunderstandings resurface, some unexpected connections form, and incredible adventures await. Olokkhis In Goa is the story of four misfortunate friends who have never found true riches or peace and seem to carry this misfortune with them wherever they go.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olokkhis In Goa: জমজমাট লেডিজ নাইটে লঞ্চ হল 'অলক্ষ্মীজ ইন গোয়া'র দ্বিতীয় গান, অপেক্ষা স্ট্রিমিংয়ের |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/klik-new-web-series-olokkhis-goas-second-news-song-release-special-ladies-night-500859-2023-01-21 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Olokkhis In Goa |url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/web-series-olokkhis-in-goa-2023/af83d54d07995 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by Alaap Bose, Shaoni Majumdar, Srijal Mandal, Pranjal Das and Ananya Bhattacharya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olokkhis In Goa - Play & Download All MP3 Songs @WynkMusic |url=https://wynk.in/music/album/olokkhis-in-goa/pc_8902357344672 |website=Wynk Music |language=en}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|h=00|m=13|s=21}}
| title1 = Mon Jago (The Journey Song)
| extra1 = Alaap Bose
| length1 = 02:47
| title2 = Bhashiye Dao
| extra2 = Shaoni Majumdar
| length2 = 03:22
| title3 = Olokkhis In Goa (Title track)
| extra3 = Srijal Mandal/Pranjal Das
| length3 = 02:21
| title4 = The Vindaloo
| extra4 = Pranjal Das
| length4 = 01:28
| title5 = Bhashiye Dao (Reprise)
| extra5 = Ananya Bhattacharya
| length5 = 03:23
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26542609}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Deokali, Mainpuri

2023-07-11T06:47:13Z

Neerajnegi nj: Developed an original article.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Deokali}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deokali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.03855|N|79.07687|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.90
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 805
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205268
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Deokali''' ([[Devanagari]]: देवकाली {{IAST|Devkālī}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 805, in 145 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Deokali had a population of 805, in 145 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 53.2% male (428) and 46.8% female (377). The 0-6 age group numbered 100 (51 male and 49 female), or 12.4% of the total population. 138 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 17.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Deokali as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 294 people (155 male and 139 female), in 46 households and 41 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 971 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Deokali had 3 primary schools; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Crossing the floor

2023-04-27T10:16:43Z

Neerajnegi nj: Shared an engaging publication.

{{Short description|Term for changes to political allegiance}}
{{Party politics}}
[[File:Australian Senate - Parliament of Australia.jpg|thumb|right|300px|In the [[Australian Senate]], Senators vote in favor of a motion by sitting on the benches to the president's right (left of photo), and against it by sitting on the benches to the president's left (right of photo)]]

In [[parliamentary system]]s, politicians are said to '''cross the floor''' if they [[Party switching|formally change their political affiliation]] to a different political party than which they were initially elected under (as is the case in [[Canada]] and the [[United Kingdom]]). In [[Australia]] though, this term simply refers to Members of Parliament (MPs) who dissent from the [[Party line (politics)|party line]] and vote against the express instructions of the [[Whip (politics)|party whip]] while retaining membership in their political party (at least for the time being).

Voting against party lines may lead to consequences such as losing a position (e.g., as minister or a portfolio critic) or being ejected from the party caucus. While these practices are legally permissible in most countries, crossing the floor can lead to controversy and media attention. Some countries like [[India]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/What-the-Anti-Defection-Law-says/article15777794.ece|title=What the Anti-Defection Law says|last=Venkatesan|first=J.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the [[Maldives]] and [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24624.html|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 70. Vacation of seat on resignation or voting against political party|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd}}</ref> have laws that remove a member from parliament due to floor-crossing.

==Etymology==
The term originates from the [[British House of Commons]], which is configured with the Government and [[Parliamentary Opposition|Opposition]] facing each other on rows of benches. In consequence, [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] who switch from the governing party to one in opposition (or vice versa) also change which side of the chamber on which they sit. A notable example of this is [[Winston Churchill]], who crossed the floor from the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] to the [[Liberal party (UK)|Liberals]] in 1904, later crossing back in 1924. The term has passed into general use in other [[Westminster System|Westminster]] parliamentary democracies even if many of these countries have semicircular or horseshoe-shaped debating chambers.

The Australia meaning on the other hand arises from the way divisions — roll call votes — are conducted.<ref>[https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1920/CrossingTheFloorFederalParliament Australian Parliamentary Library Research Papers: "Crossing the floor in the federal parliament 1950–April 2019" (Deirdre McKeown and Rob Lundie, March 12, 2020.]</ref> In Australian chambers, members move to the government benches (on the presiding officer's right) to vote in favor of a motion, and the opposition benches (on the presiding officer's left) to vote against a motion. Therefore, an MP who crosses the floor is on the opposite side of the chamber from the rest of their party, and on government motions frequently on the opposite side of the chamber than they normally sit.

In [[Nigeria]], the term "crossing the carpet" or "carpet crossing" is used.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/carpet-crossing/ |first=Dan |last=Agbese |title=Carpet Crossing |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |location=Lagos }}</ref> In India, a similar expression is "[[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]", referring to political floor-crossing.<ref name=ddd4>Paras Diwan, 1979, "Aya Ram Gaya Ram: The Politics Of Defection", ''Journal of the Indian Law Institute'', Vol. 21, No. 3, July–September 1979, pp. 291-312.</ref>

== Changing parties ==
In the United Kingdom and Canada, crossing the floor means leaving one's party entirely and joining another caucus. For example, leaving an opposition party to support the government (or vice versa), leaving or being expelled from the party one ran with at election and sitting as a clear<ref group=note>Independents are MPs who are not members of any party recognized in the House, which may happen for a range of reasons. The House may have a minimum threshold caucus size for party recognition (distinct from the Electoral oversight body), so if only one or two politicians are elected from a minor party their party is not accorded status and they are treated as independents. Another reason could relate to e.g. the death of a party's candidate after ballots were printed but before polling began, so alternate candidate runs independently but pledging to "take the whip" of party X. These examples are not "clearly" independent MPs, unlike someone who resigns from party Y declaring they can no longer in principle remain with it, or someone who ran and was elected on a platform against all the existing parties.</ref> independent, or even leaving one opposition party to join another. In both countries, the term carries only this meaning, not simply voting against the party line on a bill.

In April 2006, then-premier of Manitoba [[Gary Doer]] of the [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba]] proposed banning crossing the floor in the Manitoba legislature in response to "the concern some voters have expressed over the high-profile defections of three federal MPs from their parties in just over two years".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/cityguides/reddeer/story.html?id=3d05619e-313e-4cce-a7a2-f5beed56b228&k=3864 |title=Proposed reforms would ban floor-crossing in Man. |last=Macafee |first=Michelle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323022203/http://www.canada.com/cityguides/reddeer/story.html?id=3d05619e-313e-4cce-a7a2-f5beed56b228&k=3864 |archive-date=March 23, 2007 |publisher=Canadian Press}}</ref> The resulting legislation, which amended the provincial ''Legislative Assembly Act'', mandated that members of the legislature who quit (or are expelled from) their political party had to serve out the remainder of their term as independents.<ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=The Elections Reform Act|abbr=SM |year=2006 |chapter=15 |link=https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/2006/c01506ee.php}}.</ref> However in 2018, the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|Progressive Conservative]] government of [[Brian Pallister]] repealed the bill.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/floor-crossing-ban-law-change-1.4297517 |title=Manitoba government will change law banning floor-crossing, avoid lawsuit |first=Steve |last=Lambert |work=[[CBC News]] |agency=The Canadian Press |orig-date=September 19, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=The Legislative Assembly Amendment Act (Member Changing Parties) |abbr=SM |year=2018 |chapter=3 |link=https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/2018/c00318e.php}}.</ref>

An extraordinary example occurred in Alberta, Canada, in December 2014 by [[Danielle Smith]], the Leader of the Official Opposition. She and eight of her MLAs, all of the [[Wildrose Party]], crossed the floor together to join the governing [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1737886/danielle-smiths-move-to-pcs-unprecedented/ |title=Danielle Smith's move to PCs 'unprecedented' |first=Alyssa |last=Julie |work=Global News}}</ref> In 2019, eleven [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|British MPs]] defected from the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] parties to form the [[Change UK]] party. In September 2019, the governing Conservative party lost its working majority when [[Phillip Lee (politician)|Phillip Lee MP]] defected to the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] during the first speech of new prime minister [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49570682 |title=Tory MP defects ahead of crucial Brexit vote |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 19 January 2022, [[Christian Wakeford]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (UK)|MP]] for [[Bury South (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury South]], crossed the floor to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] benches.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tory MP Christian Wakeford defects to Labour |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-60054968 |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

==Voting against party lines==
In some countries, the phrase "crossing the floor" describes members of a government party or parties who defect by voting with the opposition against some piece of government-sponsored legislation. Political parties commonly allow their members a free vote on some matters of personal conscience. In Australia, one of the major parties, the [[Australian Labor Party]] requires its members to pledge their support for the collective decisions of the caucus,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22library%2Fprspub%2F31KH6%22 |title=Crossing the floor in the Federal Parliament 1950 – August 2004 |work=Research Note no. 11 2005–06 |publisher=Australian Parliament }}</ref> which theoretically prohibits them from "crossing the floor" in this sense; however, in practice, some Labor members disregard this pledge, despite the disciplinary action which may result. Among other parties, crossing the floor is rare, although then Senator [[Barnaby Joyce]] of the [[National Party of Australia]] crossed the floor 19 times under the Howard coalition government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/independently-inclined-20080530-2jzv.html |first=Penelope |last=Debelle |title=Independently inclined |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne }}</ref> Tasmanian Senator [[Reg Wright|Sir Reg Wright]], voted against his own party, the [[Liberal Party of Australia]], on 150 occasions, which has been claimed as a record for this form of crossing the floor in the Australian Parliament.

==See also==
*''[[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]'', a term used in India for party-switching politicians
*[[Aisle (political term)]]
*[[Conscience vote]]
*[[Crossover voting]]
*[[Floor crossing (South Africa)]]
*[[Frog (Malaysian politics)|Katak (Malaysia)]]
*[[List of British politicians who have crossed the floor]]
*[[List of Canadian politicians who have crossed the floor]]
*[[List of United States representatives who switched parties]]
*[[List of United States senators who switched parties]]
*[[Party switching]] for a similar concept
*[[Trasformismo]] for a similar concept in Italy
*[[Waka-jumping]]
*[[Whip (politics)]], in UK politics voting against the party line is known as "defying the whip"
*[[Party discipline]]

== Notes ==
<references group="note"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crossing The Floor}}
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Westminster system]]
[[Category:Party switching]]

Christians

2023-01-11T08:38:26Z

Neerajnegi nj: Wrote an insightful write-up.

{{short description|People who adhere to Christianity}}
{{redirect|Christian}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{infobox religious group
| group = Christians
| image = [[File:Raphael - The Miraculous Draft of Fishes - Google Art Project.jpg|300px]]
| caption = After the [[miraculous catch of fish]], Christ invokes his disciples to become "fishers of men" ({{bibleref|Matthew|4:19|KJV}}) by [[Raphael]]
| population = {{circa}} '''2.4 billion''' (31.1% of the global population){{increase}} (Worldwide, 2020 est.)<ref name="globalreligiousfutures.org">{{Cite web |title=Religion Information Data Explorer {{!}} GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/?subtopic=15&chartType=bar&year=2020&data_type=number&religious_affiliation=all&destination=to&countries=Worldwide&age_group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref><ref name="All Religions global totals">{{Cite web|url=https://worldreligiondatabase.org/|title=All Religions (global totals)|editor-last=Johnson|editor-first=Todd M.|editor2-last=Grim|editor2-first=Brian J.|website=World Religion Database|publisher=BRILL, Boston University|location=Leiden, Boston}}</ref><ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf |title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact |publisher=gordonconwell.edu |access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web |author=Analysis |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf|title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pewforum.org |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>
| founder = [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]], according to [[Sacred tradition#In the Catholic and Orthodox churches|sacred tradition]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |title=How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee |publisher= HarperOne |isbn= 978-0-06-177818-6|year=2014}}</ref>
| scriptures = [[Bible]] ([[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]])

| region1 = [[United States]]
| pop1 = [[Christianity in the United States|246,790,000]]
| ref1 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region2 = [[Brazil]]
| pop2 = [[Christianity in Brazil|175,770,000]]
| ref2 =<ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region3 = [[Mexico]]
| pop3 = [[Christianity in Mexico|107,780,000]]
| ref3 =<ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region4 = [[Russia]]
| pop4 = [[Christianity in Russia|105,220,000]]
| ref4 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region5 = [[Philippines]]
| pop5 = [[Christianity in the Philippines|86,790,000]]
| ref5 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region6 = [[Nigeria]]
| pop6 = [[Christianity in Nigeria|80,510,000]]
| ref6 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region7 = [[China]]
| pop7 = [[Christianity in China|67,070,000]]
| ref7 =<ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region8 = [[DR Congo]]
| pop8= [[Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|63,150,000]]
| ref8 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region9 = [[India]]
| pop9 = [[Christianity in India|62,000,000]]
| ref9 = <ref name="Melton1">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6983-5 |pages=284–285 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&q=number+protestantism+in+india+million&pg=PA284 |language=en|quote=Today, the Christian community in India includes approximately 62 million people, about 6 percent of the population. Of these, 14 million are Roman Catholic and 3 million are Orthodox.}}</ref><ref name="Baumann1">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |pages=1399, 1401–1403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&q=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism+india&pg=PA1401 |language=en |quote=Protestants 21,100,000 Independents 18,200,000 Roman Catholics 21,700,000 (2010)}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Germany]]
| pop10 = [[Christianity in Germany|58,240,000]]
| ref10 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region11 = [[Ethiopia]]
| pop11 = [[Christianity in Ethiopia|52,580,000]]
| ref11 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region12 = [[Italy]]
| pop12 = [[Christianity in Italy|51,550,000]]
| ref12 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| region13 = [[United Kingdom]]
| pop13 = [[Christianity in the United Kingdom|45,030,000]]
| ref13 = <ref name="Global Christianity"/>
| languages = {{Plainlist|
* '''Predominant spoken languages:'''<ref name="Wiley-Blackwell1">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Grim |first2=Brian J. |title=The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |access-date=24 November 2015 |year=2013 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=10|url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> {{Hlist|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]||[[Russian language|Russian]]|[[Mandarin Chinese]]|[[French language|French]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Polish language|Polish]]|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|[[Filipino language|Filipino]]|[[Italian language|Italian]]|[[Igbo language|Igbo]]|[[Arabic]]|other [[vernacular]] languages}}}}
'''Sacred languages:''' {{Hlist|[[Ecclesiastical Latin]]|[[Koine Greek]]<ref>A history of ancient Greek by Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessalonikē, Greece) pg 436 {{ISBN|0-521-83307-8}}</ref>|[[Syriac language|Syriac]]|[[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]]|[[Aramaic]]|[[Geʽez]]|[[Coptic language|Coptic]]|[[Old Church Slavonic]] and [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]]| [[Old Georgian]]|[[Classical Armenian]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilken |first=Robert Louis |title=The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=978-0-300-11884-1 |page=26}}</ref>}}
|religions =[[Christianity]]{{unbulleted list
|50% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] ([[Latin Church]], [[Eastern Catholic Churches]])<ref name="Global Christianity"/>
|37% [[Protestantism]] ([[Adventism]], [[Anglicanism]], [[Baptists|Baptist churches]], [[Calvinism|Reformed churches]], [[Lutheranism]], [[Methodism]], [[Pentecostalism]] and other denominations)<ref name="Global Christianity"/>
|12% [[Orthodoxy]] ([[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Churches]])<ref name="Global Christianity"/>
|1% Other Christian traditions (incl. [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Latter Day Saint movement]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Unitarianism]] and [[Nondenominational Christianity|Nondenominational churches]])<ref name="Global Christianity"/>
}}
|footnotes =
}}
{{Christianity|expanded=hide}}
'''Christians''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Christian.ogg|ˈ|k|ɹ|ɪ|s|tʃ|ən|,_|-|t|i|ə|n}}) are people who follow or adhere to [[Christianity]], a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] [[Abrahamic religion]] based on the life and teachings of [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]]. The words ''[[Christ (title)|Christ]]'' and ''Christian'' derive from the [[Koine Greek]] title ''Christós'' (Χριστός), a translation of the [[Biblical Hebrew]] term ''[[mashiach]]'' (מָשִׁיחַ) (usually rendered as ''messiah'' in English).<ref>[[#Bickerman-1949|Bickerman (1949)]] p. 145, "The Christians got their appellation from 'Christus,' that is, 'the Anointed,' the Messiah."</ref> While there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict,<ref name="Woodhead 2004 n.p">{{cite book |title=Christianity: A Very Short Introduction |last=Woodhead |first=Linda |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=n.p}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Religion in America: A Very Short Introduction |last=Beal |first=Timothy |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=35, 39}} Beal states that, "Although all of them have their historical roots in Christian theology and tradition, and although most would identify themselves as Christian, many would not identify others within the larger category as Christian. Most Baptists and Fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian. In fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse ''pluribus'' of ''Christianities'' that are far from any collective unity."</ref> they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.<ref name="Woodhead 2004 n.p"/> The term ''Christian'' used as an adjective is descriptive of anything associated with Christianity or [[Christian churches]], or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like."<ref name="CCEL">{{cite book |title=History of the Christian Church |last=Schaff |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Schaff |chapter=V. St. Paul and the Conversion of the Gentiles (Note 496) |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc1.txt}}</ref> It does not have a meaning of 'of Christ' or 'related or pertaining to Christ'.

According to a 2011 [[Pew Research Center]] survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910.<ref name="Global Christianity"/> Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the [[Americas]], about 26% live in [[Europe]], 24% live in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], about 13% live in [[Asia]] and the [[Pacific]], and 1% live in the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref name="Global Christianity"/> Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories.<ref name="Global Christianity"/> 280 million Christians live as a [[Minority group|minority]]. About half of all Christians worldwide are [[Catholic]], while more than a third are [[Protestant]] (37%).<ref name="Global Christianity"/> [[Eastern Christianity|Orthodox]] communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians.<ref name="Global Christianity"/> Other Christian groups make up the remainder. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.<ref name="Global Christianity"/> According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, Christianity will remain the [[Major religious groups#Largest religious groups|world's largest religion]] in 2050, if current trends continue. In recent history, Christians have [[persecution of Christians|experienced persecution]] of varying severity, especially in the [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle-East]], North Africa, [[East Asia]], and [[South Asia]].<ref name="BBC genocide 2019 BBC">[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48146305 "Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels'".] ''[[BBC News]]''. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref><ref name="Kay 2019 NP">[https://nationalpost.com/opinion/barbara-kay-our-politicians-may-not-care-but-christians-are-under-siege-across-the-world Kay, Barbara. "Our politicians may not care, but Christians are under siege across the world".] ''[[National Post]]''. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref><ref name="Wintour 2019 Guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/02/persecution-driving-christians-out-of-middle-east-report Wintour, Patrick. "Persecution of Christians coming close to genocide' in Middle East – report".] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref>

==Etymology==
The Greek word {{lang|grc|Χριστιανός}} (''Christianos''), meaning "follower of Christ", comes from {{lang|grc|Χριστός}} (''Christos''), meaning "[[anointing|anointed]] one",<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Christ Christ] at Etymology Online</ref> with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership.<ref>[[#Bickerman-1949|Bickerman, 1949]] p. 147, "All these Greek terms, formed with the Latin suffix ''-ianus'', exactly as the Latin words of the same derivation, express the idea that the men or things referred to, belong to the person to whose name the suffix is added." p. 145, "In Latin this suffix produced proper names of the type ''Marcianus'' and, on the other hand, derivatives from the name of a person, which referred to his belongings, like ''fundus Narcissianus'', or, by extension, to his adherents, ''Ciceroniani''."</ref> In the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[Septuagint]], ''christos'' was used to translate the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] מָשִׁיחַ (''Mašíaḥ'', [[messiah]]), meaning "[one who is] anointed".<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=messiah Messiah] at Etymology Online</ref> In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as ''Chrétien'' in French and ''Cristiano'' in Spanish.

The abbreviations ''Xian'' and ''Xtian'' (and similarly formed other parts of speech) have been used since at least the 17th century: ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' shows a 1634 use of ''Xtianity'' and ''Xian'' is seen in a 1634–38 diary.<ref name="oed-x">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=X, n. 10 |work=OED Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/230945 |access-date=8 January 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTvQBBb5-skC&q=xian%20christian&pg=PA4 |title=The Diary of Samuel Rogers, 1634–1638 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843830436 |page=4 |last1=Rogers |first1=Samuel|editor1-last=Webster|editor1-first=Tom|editor2-last=Shipps|editor2-first=Kenneth W. |quote=Throughout his diary, Rogers abbreviates 'Christ' to 'X' and the same is true of 'Christian' ('Xian'), 'Antichrist' ('AntiX') and related words. |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> The word ''[[Xmas]]'' uses a similar contraction.

==Early usage==
[[File:Antioch Saint Pierre Church Front.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|right|The [[Church of Saint Peter]] near [[Antioch]] (modern-day [[Antakya]]), the city where the [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]] were called "Christians".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/acts/11-26.htm|title=Acts 11:26 and when he found him, he brought him back to Antioch. So for a full year they met together with the church and taught large numbers of people. The disciples were first called Christians at Antioch.|website=biblehub.com}}</ref>]]
The first recorded use of the term (or its [[cognate]]s in other languages) is in the [[New Testament]], in [[Acts 11]] after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to [[Early centers of Christianity#Antioch|Antioch]] where they taught the [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]] for about a year, the text says that "the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch" ([[Acts 11:26]]). The second mention of the term follows in [[Acts 26]], where [[Herod Agrippa II]] replied to [[Paul the Apostle]], "Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." ([[Acts 26:28]]). The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in [[1 Peter 4]], which exhorts believers: "Yet if ''[any man suffer]'' as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf." ([[1 Peter 4:16]]).

Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term ''Christian'' to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome.<ref>[[#Wuest-1973]] p. 19. "The word is used three times in the New Testament, and each time as a term of reproach or derision. Here in Antioch, the name ''Christianos'' was coined to distinguish the worshippers of the Christ from the ''Kaisarianos'', the worshippers of Caesar."</ref> The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name ''Christians'', had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames.<ref>[[#Wuest-1973]] p. 19. "The city of Antioch in Syria had a reputation for coining nicknames."</ref> However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "Nazarenes" and the term ''Christianoi'' from [[1 Peter]] becomes the standard term in the [[Early Church Fathers]] from [[Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatius]] and [[Polycarp]] onwards.<ref>Christine Trevett '' Christian Women and the Time of the Apostolic Fathers'' 2006 "'Christians' (christianoi) was a term first coined in Syrian Antioch ([[Acts 11:26]]) and which appeared next in Christian sources in Ignatius, Eph 11.2; Rom 3.2; Pol 7.3. Cf. too Did 12.4; MPol 3.1; 10.1; 12.1–2; EpDiog 1.1; 4.6; 5.1;"</ref>

The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include [[Josephus on Jesus|Josephus]], referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;"<ref>{{cite web |author=Josephus |author-link=Josephus |url=http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-18.htm |title=Antiquities of the Jews — XVIII, 3:3}}</ref> [[Pliny the Younger]] in [[Epistulae (Pliny)|correspondence with Trajan]]; and [[Tacitus on Christ|Tacitus]], writing near the end of the 1st century. In the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tacitus |first1=Cornelius |last2=Murphy |first2=Arthur |title=The works of Cornelius Tacitus: with an essay on his life and genius, notes, supplements, &c |page=287 |year=1836 |publisher=Thomas Wardle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0vy1dAhgj0C}}</ref> and identifies Christians as [[Nero]]'s scapegoats for the [[Great Fire of Rome]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Book of the Acts |author=Bruce, Frederick Fyvie |author-link=F. F. Bruce |year=1988 |publisher=Eerdmans |page=228 |isbn=0-8028-2505-2}}</ref>

===Nazarenes===
Another [[List of Christian synonyms|term for Christians]] which appears in the New Testament is "[[Nazarene (title)|Nazarenes]]". [[Jesus]] is named as a Nazarene in [[Matthew 2:23]], while [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] is said to be Nazarene in [[Acts 24:5]]. The latter verse makes it clear that Nazarene also referred to the name of a sect or heresy, as well as the town called Nazareth.{{citation needed}}

The term Nazarene was also used by the Jewish lawyer [[Tertullus]] (''Against Marcion'' 4:8) which records that "the Jews call us Nazarenes." While around 331 AD [[Eusebius]] records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name [[Nazareth]], and that in earlier centuries "Christians" were once called "Nazarenes".<ref>''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'': Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies – 2002 "around 331, Eusebius says of the place name [[Nazareth]] that 'from this name the Christ was called a Nazoraean, and in ancient times we, who are now called Christians, were once called [[Nazarene (title)|Nazarenes]]';6 thus he attributes this designation"</ref> The Hebrew equivalent of "Nazarenes", ''Notzrim'', occurs in the [[Babylonian Talmud]], and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.

==Modern usage==
{{cleanup lang|section}}
[[File:MII (cropped)-Tacitus-chrestianos.png|thumb|''chrestianos'', first mention of Christians in [[Annals (Tacitus)|Tacitus' Annals]]. 11th century copy.]][[File:ChristianityPUA.svg|left|thumb|The [[Christian cross|Latin cross]] and [[Ichthys]] symbols, two symbols often used by Christians to represent [[Christianity|their religion]]]]

===Definition===
A wide range of beliefs and practices are found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. [[Christian denomination|Denomination]]s and sects disagree on a common definition of "Christianity". For example, [[Timothy Beal]] notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows: <blockquote>Although all of them have their historical roots in Christian theology and tradition, and although most would identify themselves as Christian, many would not identify others within the larger category as Christian. Most Baptists and fundamentalists ([[Christian Fundamentalism]]), for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian. In fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity.<ref>{{cite book |title=Religion in America: A Very Short Introduction |last=Beal |first=Timothy |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=35}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Linda Woodhead]] attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance."<ref name="Woodhead 2004 n.p"/> [[Michael Martin (philosopher)|Michael Martin]] evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the [[Apostles' Creed]], the [[Nicene Creed]] and the [[Athanasian Creed]]) to establish a set of basic Christian assumptions which include belief in [[theism]], the [[historicity of Jesus]], the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]], [[Christian soteriology|salvation]] through faith in Jesus, and [[Christian views of Jesus|Jesus]] as an ethical role model.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Case Against Christianity |author=Martin, Michael |author-link=Michael Martin (philosopher) |year=1993 |publisher=Temple University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/caseagainstchris00mich/page/12 12] |isbn=1-56639-081-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/caseagainstchris00mich/page/12}}</ref>

===Hebrew terms===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 17818 Cities in Israel.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Nazareth]] is described as the childhood home of [[Jesus]]. Many languages employ the word "Nazarene" as a general designation for those of Christian faith.<ref>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies – 2002.</ref>]]
The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] is נוֹצְרִי (''Notzri''—"Nazarene"), a [[Talmud]]ic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the [[Galilee|Galilean]] village of [[Nazareth]], today in northern Israel.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nazarene Nazarene] at Etymology Online</ref> Adherents of [[Messianic Judaism]] are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מְשִׁיחִיִּים (''Yehudim Meshihi'im''—"Messianic Jews").

===Arabic terms===

In [[Arab world|Arabic-speaking cultures]], two words are commonly used for Christians: ''Naṣrānī'' ({{lang|ar|نصراني}}), plural ''Naṣārā'' ({{lang|ar|نصارى}}) is generally understood to be derived from [[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarenes]], believers of [[Nazarene (title)|Jesus of Nazareth]] through [[Syriac language|Syriac]] (Aramaic); ''Masīḥī'' ({{lang|ar|مسيحي}}) means followers of the Messiah.<ref name="SOFIR">Society for Internet Research, [http://www.sofir.org/sarchives/005539.php The Hamas Charter], note 62 (erroneously, "salidi").</ref> Where there is a distinction, ''Nasrani'' refers to people from a Christian culture and ''Masihi'' is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus.<ref name="Tayler">[[Jeffrey Tayler]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=98dQ39WOoUUC&dq=masihi+nasrani&pg=RA1-PA41 Trekking through the Moroccan Sahara]''.</ref> In some countries ''Nasrani'' tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nasara |url=http://www.mazyanbizaf.com/mbs002 |website=Mazyan Bizaf Show|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013151448/http://www.mazyanbizaf.com/mbs002/|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is ''Ṣalībī'' ({{lang|ar|صليبي}} "Crusader") from ''ṣalīb'' ({{lang|ar|صليب}} "cross"), which refers to [[Crusades|Crusaders]] and may have negative connotations.<ref name="SOFIR"/><ref>[[Akbar S. Ahmed]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY9AAAAIAAJ&dq=salibi+crusader&pg=PA110 Islam, Globalization, and Postmodernity]'', p 110.</ref> However, ''Ṣalībī'' is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as ''al-Faranj'' or ''Alfranj'' ({{lang|ar|الفرنج}}) and ''Firinjīyah'' ({{lang|ar|الفرنجيّة}}) in Arabic.<ref>Rashid al-din Fazl Allâh, quoted in Karl Jahn (ed.) Histoire Universelle de Rasid al-Din Fadl Allah Abul=Khair: I. Histoire des Francs (Texte Persan avec traduction et annotations), Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1951. (Source: M. Ashtiany)</ref> This word comes from the name of the [[Franks]] and can be seen in the Arab history text [[Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh]] by [[Ali ibn al-Athir]].<ref>{{lang|ar|سنة ٤٩١ – "ذكر ملك الفرنج مدينة أنطاكية" في الكامل في التاريخ}}</ref><ref>"Account of ''al-Faranj'' seizing Antioch" Year 491AH, [[The Complete History]]</ref>

===Asian terms===
{{more citations needed section}}
The most common [[Persian language|Persian]] word is ''Masīhī'' ({{lang|fa|مسیحی}}), from [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Other words are ''Nasrānī'' ({{lang|fa|نصرانی}}), from [[Classical Syriac|Syriac]] for "Nazarene", and ''Tarsā'' ({{lang|fa|ترسا}}), from [[Middle Persian]] word ''Tarsāg'', also meaning "Christian", derived from ''tars'', meaning "fear, respect".<ref>[[MacKenzie, D. N.]] (1986). ''A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary''. London: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-713559-5}}</ref>

An old Kurdish word for Christian frequently in usage was ''felle'' (فەڵە), coming from the root word meaning "to be saved" or "attain salvation".<ref>Hazhar Mukriyani, (1990) ''Hanbanaborina Kurdish-Persian Dictionary'' Tehran, Soroush press p.527.</ref>

The Syriac term ''Nasrani'' (Nazarene) has also been attached to the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[Kerala]], India. In [[North India|Northern India]], Christians call themselves ''Isaai'' ({{lang-hi|ईसाई}}, {{lang-ur|عیسائی}}), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catholic priest in saffron robe called 'Isai Baba' |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Catholic-priest-in-saffron-robe-called---Isai-Baba--/402458/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113175911/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Catholic-priest-in-saffron-robe-called---Isai-Baba--/402458/ |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> This is related to the name they call Jesus, ''{{'}}Isa Masih'', and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'.

In the past, the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]]s used to call Christians in [[Malay language]] by the Portuguese loanword ''{{lang|ms|Serani}}'' (from Arabic ''Nasrani''), but the term now refers to the modern [[Kristang people|Kristang]] creoles of [[Malaysia]]. In the [[Indonesian language]], the term ''{{lang|id|Nasrani}}''" is also used alongside ''{{lang|id|Kristen}}''.

The Chinese word is {{linktext|基督|徒}} ({{transliteration|zh|pinyin|jīdū tú}}), literally "Christ follower". The name "Christ" was originally phonetically written in Chinese as 基利斯督, which was later abbreviated as 基督.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3-480274|title = 基督とは}}</ref> ''Kî-tuk'' in the southern [[Hakka dialect]], the two characters are pronounced ''Jīdū'' in Mandarin Chinese. In Vietnam, the same two characters read ''[[:wikt:Cơ đốc|Cơ đốc]]'', and a "follower of Christianity" is a {{lang|vi|tín đồ Cơ đốc giáo}}.

[[File:JapaneseChristiansInPortugueseCostume16-17thCentury.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.9|Japanese Christians ("Kurisuchan") in Portuguese costume, 16–17th century]]

In Japan, the term ''[[kirishitan]]'' (written in Edo period documents {{lang|ja|吉利支丹}}, {{lang|ja|切支丹}}, and in modern Japanese histories as {{lang|ja|キリシタン}}), from Portuguese ''{{lang|pt|cristão}}'', referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. Today, Christians are referred to in [[Standard Japanese]] as {{lang|ja|キリスト教徒}} ({{transliteration|ja|Kirisuto-kyōto}}) or the English-derived term {{lang|ja|クリスチャン}} ({{transliteration|ja|kurisuchan}}).

Korean still uses {{lang|ko|기독교도}} ([[Revised Romanization|RR]]: {{transliteration|ko|RR|Gidokkyodo}}) for "Christian", though the Portuguese loanword {{lang|ko|그리스도}} ([[Revised Romanization|RR]]: {{transliteration|ko|RR|Geuriseudo}}) now replaced the old [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]] {{lang|ko|기독}} ([[Revised Romanization|RR]]: {{transliteration|ko|RR|Gidok}}), which refers to Christ himself.

In Thailand, the most common terms are {{lang|th|คนคริสต์}} ([[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]: {{transliteration|th|khon khrit}}) or {{lang|th|ชาวคริสต์}} ([[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]: {{transliteration|th|chao khrit}}) which literally means "Christ person/people" or "Jesus person/people". The Thai word {{lang|th|คริสต์}} ([[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]: {{transliteration|th|khrit}}) is derived from "Christ".

In the [[Philippines]], the most common terms are ''{{lang|tl|Kristiyano}}'' (for "Christian") and ''Kristiyanismo'' (for "Christianity") in most [[Philippine languages]]; both derives from Spanish ''{{lang|es|cristiano}}'' and ''{{lang|es|cristianismo}}'' (also used in [[Chavacano]]) due to the country's rich history of early Christianity during the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonial era]]. Some Protestants in the Philippines uses the term ''{{lang|tl|Kristiyano}}'' (before the term "[[born again]]" became popular) to differentiate themselves from [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholics]] (''Katoliko'').

===Eastern European terms===
{{Unreferenced section}}
The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia has a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called Scythia, the geographical area of [[Scythians]] – Christians already lived there.<ref>[http://azbyka.ru/dictionary/03/kartashev_vselenskie_sobory_07-all.shtml#s19 Вселенские Соборы читать, скачать – профессор Антон Владимирович Карташёв]</ref> Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially – initially [[Armenia]] (301 AD) and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (337 AD), later [[Christianization of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] ({{circa}} 864) and [[Kievan Rus'|Kyivan Rus]] ({{circa}} 988 AD).

In some areas, people came to denote themselves as Christians ({{lang-ru|христиане, крестьяне}}; {{Lang-uk|християни|translit=khrystyiany}}) and as Russians ({{lang-ru|русские}}), [[Ruthenians]] ({{Lang-orv|русини, руснаки|translit=rusyny, rusnaky}}), or Ukrainians ({{Lang-uk|українці|translit=ukraintsi}}).

In time the Russian term "крестьяне" ({{transliteration|ru|khrest'yane}}) acquired the meaning "peasants of Christian faith" and later "peasants" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term {{lang-ru|христиане}} ({{transliteration|ru|khristiane}}) retained its religious meaning and the term {{lang-ru|русские}} ({{transliteration|ru|russkie}}) began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,{{citation needed}} which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the term "Orthodox faith" ({{lang-ru|православная вера}}, {{transliteration|ru|ISO|pravoslavnaia vera}}) or "Russian faith" ({{lang-ru|русская вера}}, {{transliteration|ru|russkaia vera}}) from earliest times became almost as known as the original "Christian faith" ({{lang-ru|христианская, крестьянская вера}} {{transliteration|ru|khristianskaia, krestianskaia}}).{{citation needed}}

Also in some contexts the term [[cossack]] ({{lang-orv|козак, казак|translit=kozak, kazak}}) was used{{by whom}} to denote "free" Christians of steppe origin and East Slavic language.

=== Other non-religious usages ===
Nominally "Christian" societies made "Christian" a default label for citizenship or for "people like us".<ref>
Compare: {{cite book |year=1957 |chapter=Christian| editor1-last = Cross| editor1-first = Frank Leslie| editor1-link = Frank Leslie Cross| editor2-last = Livingstone| editor2-first = Elizabeth A. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ |edition=3 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press| publication-date = 2005 |page=336 |isbn=9780192802903 |access-date=5 December 2016 |quote=In modern times the name Christian ... has tended, in nominally Christian countries, to lose any credal significance and imply only that which is ethically praiseworthy (e.g. 'a Christian action') or socially customary ('Christian name').}}
</ref>
In this context, religious or ethnic minorities can use "Christians" or "you Christians" loosely as a shorthand term for mainstream members of society who do not belong to their group – even in a thoroughly secular (though formerly Christian) society.<ref>
Compare: {{cite book |last1=Sandmel |first1=Samuel |title=We Jews and You Christians: An Inquiry Into Attitudes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq_qXK_ZlsMC |publisher=Lippincott| date = 1967 |access-date=6 December 2016}}
</ref>

==Demographics==
{{For|a detailed breakdown of Christian demographics|Christianity by country}}
As of 2020, [[Christianity]] has approximately 2.4 billion adherents.<ref name="globalreligiousfutures.org">{{Cite web |title=Religion Information Data Explorer {{!}} GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/?subtopic=15&chartType=bar&year=2020&data_type=number&religious_affiliation=all&destination=to&countries=Worldwide&age_group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref><ref name="All Religions global totals">{{Cite web|url=https://worldreligiondatabase.org/|title=All Religions (global totals)|editor-last=Johnson|editor-first=Todd M.|editor2-last=Grim|editor2-first=Brian J.|website=World Religion Database|publisher=BRILL, Boston University|location=Leiden, Boston}}</ref><ref name="World">33.39% of 7.174 billion world population (under "People and Society") {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/ |title=World |publisher=CIA world facts}}</ref><ref name="ForeignPolicy">{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 |title=The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions |publisher=foreignpolicy.com |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711181533/http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Major Religions Ranked by Size">{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |title=Major Religions Ranked by Size |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=29 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the [[Roman Catholic Church]], with 1.3 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/universal_church_sees_increase_in_seminarians_reports_pontifical_yearbook/ Pontifical Yearbook 2010], Catholic News Agency. Accessed 22 September 2011.</ref>

Christianity remains the dominant religion in the [[Western World]], where 70% are Christians.<ref name="Global Christianity"/> According to a 2012 [[Pew Research Center]] survey, if current trends continue, Christianity will remain the [[Major religious groups#Largest religious groups|world's largest religion]] by 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman—the highest rate of all religious groups—Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for [[Christian population growth]]. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million [[Muslim]]s [[converted to Christianity]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnstone |first1=Patrick |last2=Miller |first2=Duane Alexander |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion |volume=11 |page=8 |url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087 |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Christianity is growing in [[Africa]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-20/christianity-growth-africa-europe/52125920/1 |title=Study: Christianity growth soars in Africa – |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=14 February 2015 }}</ref> Asia,<ref name="Time 2001"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/china-protestantisms-simplicity-yields-more-converts-catholicism-213465 |title=In China, Protestantism's Simplicity Yields More Converts Than Catholicism |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cmp.smu.edu.sg/perspectives/2012/06/26/understanding-rapid-rise-charismatic-christianity-southeast-asia|title=Understanding the rapid rise of Charismatic Christianity in Southeast Asia|publisher=Singapore Management University}}</ref> [[Eastern Europe]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> [[Latin America]],<ref name="Time 2001">{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156277,00.html |title=The Battle for Latin America's Soul |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=14 February 2015 |first=Richard N. |last=Ostling}}</ref> the [[Muslim world]],<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=IJRR|volume=11|issue=10|pages=1–19|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Short History of Christianity| first=Geoffrey |last=Blainey|year= 2011| isbn= 978-1-74253-416-9|publisher=Penguin Random House Australia|quote=Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial increase in the number of Muslims who have converted to Christianity}}</ref> and [[Oceania]].<ref>The Next Christendom: The Rise of Global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. 270 pp.</ref>

[[File:Percent of Christians by Country–Pew Research 2011.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|center|Percentage of Christians worldwide, June 2014]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|+ '''Christians (self-described) by region'''
|+([[Pew Research Center]], 2011)<ref>{{cite web |author=Analysis |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx |title=Europe |publisher=Pewforum.org |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Analysis |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-americas.aspx |title=Americas |publisher=Pewforum.org |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Analysis |url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-christians.aspx |title=Global religious landscape: Christians |publisher=Pewforum.org |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCCCFF
! Region
! Christians
! % Christian
|-
| [[Europe]]
|style="text-align:right;"| 558,260,000
|style="background:#5A4FCF; text-align:center;"| 75.2
|-
| [[Latin America]]–[[Caribbean]]
|style="text-align:right;"| 531,280,000
|style="background:#6F00FF; text-align:center;"| 90.0
|-
| [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]
|style="text-align:right;"| 517,340,000
|style="background:#0047AB; text-align:center;"| 62.9
|-
| [[Asia Pacific]]
|style="text-align:right;"| 286,950,000
|style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;"| 7.1
|-
| [[North America]]
|style="text-align:right;"| 266,630,000
|style="background:#6F00FF; text-align:center;"| 77.4
|-
| [[Middle East]]–[[North Africa]]
|style="text-align:right;"| 12,710,000
|style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;"| 3.7
|-
!World
!style="text-align:right;"| 2,173,180,000
!text-align:center;"| 31.5
|}

=== Socioeconomics ===
According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by [[Muslims]] (5.8%), [[Hindus]] (3.3%) and [[Jews]] (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification [[Irreligion]] or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/453467/christians-hold-largest-percentage-global.html6 |title=Christians hold largest percentage of global wealth: Report |publisher=deccanherald.com }}</ref> A study done by the nonpartisan wealth research firm New World Wealth found that 56.2% of the 13.1 million millionaires in the world were Christians.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2015/01/14/the-religion-of-millionaires-.html The religion of millionaires]</ref>

A [[Pew Center]] study about [[Religiosity and education|religion and education]] around the world in 2016, found that Christians ranked as the second most educated religious group around in the [[world]] after [[Jews]] with an average of 9.3 years of schooling,<ref name="Pew2016">{{cite web |title=Religion and Education Around the World |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> and the highest numbers of years of schooling among Christians were found in [[Germany]] (13.6),<ref name="Pew2016"/> [[New Zealand]] (13.5)<ref name="Pew2016"/> and [[Estonia]] (13.1).<ref name="Pew2016"/> Christians were also found to have the second highest number of [[Academic degree|graduate]] and [[post-graduate]] degrees per capita while in absolute numbers ranked in the first place (220 million).<ref name="Pew2016"/> Between the various [[World Christianity|Christian communities]], [[Singapore]] outranks other nations in terms of Christians who obtain a university degree in institutions of [[higher education]] (67%),<ref name="Pew2016"/> followed by the [[Christianity in Israel|Christians of Israel]] (63%),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bokra.net/Article-1155836 |title=المسيحيون العرب يتفوقون على يهود إسرائيل في التعليم |website=Bokra |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> and the [[Christianity in Georgia (country)|Christians of Georgia]] (57%).<ref name="Pew2016"/>

According to the study, Christians in [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]] and [[Asia Pacific]] regions are highly educated since many of the world's [[universities]] were built by the historic [[Christian denominations]],<ref name="Pew2016"/> in addition to the historical evidence that "Christian monks built libraries and, in the days before printing presses, preserved important earlier writings produced in Latin, Greek and Arabic".<ref name="Pew2016"/> According to the same study, Christians have a significant amount of [[gender equality]] in educational attainment,<ref name="Pew2016"/> and the study suggests that one of the reasons is the encouragement of the [[Protestant Reformers]] in promoting the [[education of women]], which led to the eradication of illiteracy among females in Protestant communities.<ref name="Pew2016"/>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Christian culture}}
[[File:Collage-Christian-culture.jpg|thumb|200px|Set of pictures showcasing [[Christian culture]] and famous Christian leaders.]]
[[Christian culture]] describes the cultural practices common to Christian peoples. There are variations in the application of Christian beliefs in different cultures and traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last= E. McGrath|first= Alister |title=Christianity: An Introduction|year=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=1405108991|page=336}}</ref> Christian culture has influenced and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] much from the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire#Culture|Byzantine]], [[Western culture]],<ref name="Caltron J.H Hayas">Caltron J.H Hayas, ''Christianity and Western Civilization'' (1953), Stanford University Press, p.2: "That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization – the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant."</ref> [[christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ&q=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East:+The+Challenge+of+the+Future|title=Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East|access-date=29 April 2016|isbn=9780198293880|last1=Pacini|first1=Andrea|year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[List of Slavic cultures|Slavic]],<ref name="Ware1993">{{cite book|last=Ware|first=Kallistos|title=The Orthodox Church|publisher=Penguin Adult|isbn=978-0-14-014656-1|page=8}}</ref> [[Caucasus|Caucasian]],<ref name="Ware1993" /> and [[Culture of India|Indian culture]]s.

Since the spread of Christianity from the [[Levant]] to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]] and [[Horn of Africa]] during the early [[Roman Empire]], Christendom has been divided in the pre-existing [[Greek East and Latin West]]. Consequently, different versions of the Christian cultures arose with their own [[rite (Christianity)|rites]] and practices, centered around the cities such as [[Rome]] ([[Western Christianity]]) and [[Archdiocese of Carthage|Carthage]], whose communities was called Western or Latin [[Christendom]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chazan |first=Robert |title=The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxJQ_98I3R0C |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=xi |isbn=9780521616645 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> and [[Constantinople]] ([[Eastern Christianity]]), [[Antioch]] ([[Syriac Christianity]]), [[Kerala]] ([[Indian Orthodox Church|Indian Christianity]]) and [[Alexandria]], among others, whose communities were called Eastern or Oriental Christendom.<ref>Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "christendom. §1.3 Scheidingen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyendorff |first=John |title=The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church |publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press |isbn=978-0-913836-90-3 |location=Yonkers |author-link=John Meyendorff|page=19}}</ref><ref name="Cameron 2006 42–49">{{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|author-link=Averil Cameron|title=The Byzantines|year=2006|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2|pages=42–49}}</ref> The [[Byzantine Empire]] was one of the peaks in [[Christian history]] and [[Christian civilization]].<ref name="Cameron 2006 42–49"/> From the 11th to 13th centuries, [[Latin Christendom]] rose to the central role of the [[Western world]] and [[Western culture]].<ref name="Crisis in Western Education">{{cite book|last1=Dawson|first1=Christopher|title=Crisis in Western Education|year=1961|isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6|edition=reprint|first2=Glenn|last2=Olsen|page=108}}</ref>

[[Western culture]], throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to [[Christian culture]], and a large portion of the population of the Western Hemisphere can be described as practicing or nominal Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and [[Christendom]]".<ref name="Crisis in Western Education"/> Outside the Western world, Christians has had an influence and contributed on various cultures, such as in Africa, the Near East, Middle East, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Politics and Asian Values|first=Michael
|last= D. Barr|year= 2012| isbn=9781136001666| page =81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

Christians have made noted contributions to a range of fields, including philosophy,<ref name="A. Spinello">{{cite book |last= A. Spinello|first= Richard |title=The Encyclicals of John Paul II: An Introduction and Commentary |year=2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|quote= ... The insights of Christian philosophy "would not have happened without the direct or indirect contribution of Christian faith" (FR 76). Typical Christian philosophers include St. Augustine, St. Bonaventure, and St. Thomas Aquinas. The benefits derived from Christian philosophy are twofold....|isbn=978-1-4422-1942-7|page=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Wilkens |first=Steve|title=Christianity and Western Thought: Journey to Postmodernity in the Twentieth Century |year=2010|publisher=InterVarsity Press|quote=|isbn=9780830868148|page=326}}</ref> [[List of Christians in science and technology|science and technology]],<ref name="Gilley">{{cite book |last1= Gilley |first1= Sheridan |last2=Stanley |first2=Brian |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote= ... Many of the scientists who contributed to these developments were Christians...|isbn=0-521-81456-1|page=164}}</ref><ref name="Steane">{{cite book |last=Steane |first=Andrew |title=Faithful to Science: The Role of Science in Religion|year=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford|quote= ... the Christian contribution to science has been uniformly at the top level, but it has reached that level and it has been sufficiently strong overall ...|isbn=978-0-19-102513-6|page=179}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Graves|first=Daniel|url=https://www.rae.org/influsci.html|title=Christian Influences in the Sciences|website=rae.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084347/https://www.rae.org/influsci.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adherents.com/people/100_Nobel.html|title=50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617072212/https://www.adherents.com/people/100_Nobel.html|archive-date=17 June 2019}} Many well-known historical figures who influenced Western science considered themselves Christian such as [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Robert Boyle]], [[Alessandro Volta]], [[Michael Faraday]], [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] and [[James Clerk Maxwell]].</ref> [[Catholic Church and health care|medicine]],<ref name="S. Kroger">{{cite book |last=S. Kroger|first= William|title=Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology|year=2016 |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|quote=Many prominent Catholic physicians and psychologists have made significant contributions to hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.|isbn=978-1-78720-304-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Porterfield|first=Amanda |title=Healing in the History of Christianity|year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=|isbn=9780195157185|page=145}}</ref> [[List of Catholic Church artists|fine arts and architecture]],<ref>{{cite book|title=How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization|first=Thomas|last= Woods Jr.|year= 2012| isbn= 9781596983281| page =2|publisher=Regnery Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Christianity for a New Millennium
|first=Scott Gambrill |last=Sinclair|year= 2008| isbn= 9781461632924| page =140|publisher=Lexington Books}}</ref> [[Christianity and politics|politics]], [[List of Catholic authors|literatures]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Picaresque Novel in Western Literature|first=J. A. |last=G. Ardila|year= 2016| isbn=9781107031654| page =16|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> [[Christian Music|music]],<ref name=" E. McGrath ">{{cite book |last= E. McGrath|first= Alister |title=Christianity: An Introduction|year=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|quote= Virtually every major European composer contributed to the development of church music. Monteverdi, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Rossini, and Verdi are all examples of composers to have made significant contributions in this sphere. The Catholic church was without question one of the most important patrons of musical developments, and a crucial stimulus to the development of the western musical tradition. |isbn=1405108991|page=336}}</ref> and [[business]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression|first=Peter|last= W. Williams|year= 2016| isbn= 9781469626987| page =176|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe|first=Sandra |last=Sider|year= 2007| isbn= 9781469626987| page =209|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> According to ''100 Years of Nobel Prizes'' a review of the Nobel Prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of [[Nobel Prizes]] Laureates, [[List of Christian Nobel laureates|have identified Christianity]] in its various forms as their religious preference.<ref name="Nobel Prize">Baruch A. Shalev, ''100 Years of Nobel Prizes'' (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. Most (65.4%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. {{ISBN|978-0-935047-37-0}}</ref>

==Persecution==
{{Main|Persecution of Christians}}
{{See also|Anti-Christian sentiment}}
In 2017, [[Open Doors]], a [[List of Christian human rights non-governmental organisations|human rights NGO]], estimated approximately 260 million Christians are subjected annually to "high, very high, or extreme persecution",<ref name="Weber 2017 CT">[https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/january/top-50-countries-christian-persecution-world-watch-list.html Weber, Jeremy. "'Worst year yet': the top 50 countries where it's hardest to be a Christian".] ''[[Christianity Today]]''. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> with North Korea considered the most hazardous nation for Christians.<ref name="Enos 2017 NK">[https://www.forbes.com/sites/oliviaenos/2017/01/25/north-korea-is-the-worlds-worst-persecutor-of-christians/#36250678318e Enos, Olivia. "North Korea is the world's worst persecutor of Christians".] ''[[Forbes]]''. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.opendoorsusa.org/ |title=Serving Persecuted Christians – Open Doors USA |last=Worldwatchlist2020 |first=Most dangerous countries for Christians |website=www.opendoorsusa.org|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, a report<ref name="Mounstephen 2019 FCO interim rep">[https://christianpersecutionreview.org.uk/storage/2019/05/interim-report.pdf Mounstephen, Philip. "Interim report".] ''Bishop of Truro's Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians''. April 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref><ref name="Mounstephen 2019 FCO final rep"/> commissioned by the United Kingdom's [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Secretary of State]] of the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] (FCO) to investigate global persecution of Christians found [[religious persecution]] has increased, and is highest in the Middle East, North Africa, India, China, North Korea, and Latin America, among others,<ref name="Kay 2019 NP"/> and that it is global and not limited to Islamic states.<ref name="Mounstephen 2019 FCO final rep">[https://christianpersecutionreview.org.uk/storage/2019/07/final-report-and-recommendations.pdf Mounstephen, Philip. "Final Report and Recommendations".] ''[[Philip Mounstephen|Bishop of Truro's]] Independent Review for the Foreign Secretary of FCO Support for Persecuted Christians''. July 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> This investigation found that approximately 80% of persecuted believers worldwide are Christians.<ref name="Wintour 2019 Guardian"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Christianity}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Christendom]]
* [[Conversion to Christianity]]
* [[Cultural Christian]]
* [[Early Christianity]]
* [[List of Christian denominations]]
* [[List of Christian denominations by number of members]]
* [[List of Christian synonyms]]
* [[List of religions and spiritual traditions]]
* [[List of religious organizations]]
* [[Lists of Christians]]
* [[Saint John Christians]]{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
'''Etymology'''
* {{cite journal |last=Bickerman |first=Elias J. |title=The Name of Christians |journal=The Harvard Theological Review |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=109–124 |jstor=1507955 |ref=Bickerman-1949 |doi=10.1017/s0017816000019635|s2cid=164195885 }} (from which page numbers are cited) also available in {{cite book |last=Bickerman |first=Elias J. |year=1986|volume=2|pages=794–808 |isbn=90-04-04395-0 |title=Studies in Jewish and Christian history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqQfAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |author=Wuest, Kenneth Samuel |title=Wuest's word studies from the Greek New Testament |year=1973 |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-8028-2280-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHhK3AKkc9EC |ref=Wuest-1973}}

{{Christianity footer|uncollapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christians| ]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:New Testament Greek words and phrases]]
[[Category:Religious identity]]

Mohandas Gandhi

2022-07-16T10:29:22Z

Neerajnegi nj: Finished writing a new contribution.

#Redirect [[Mahatma Gandhi]]

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BRICS Cable

2022-07-03T18:59:37Z

Neerajnegi nj: Published a well-researched resource.

{{short description|Planned optical fibre submarine communications cable system}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

The '''BRICS Cable''' is a planned [[optical fibre]] [[submarine communications cable]] system that carries telecommunications between the [[BRICS]] countries, specifically [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], [[China]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0|title=Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> The cable was announced in 2012<ref name="bloomberg"/> but was still under construction as of 2015.<ref name="diplomat"/> The project aims to provide bandwidth around the [[Southern Hemisphere]] of the globe, and to "ensure that [[developing nation]]s’ communications are not all in the hands of the nations of the North".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/workspace/brics-cable-brazil-russia-india-china-south-africaties-73173|title=BRICS To Cable The Southern Hemisphere|publisher=Tech Week Europe|first=Max|last=Smolaks}}</ref>

The cable is approximately {{convert|34000|km}} long, and contains a 2-fibre pair with a 12.8 Tbit/s capacity.<ref name="bloomberg"/><ref name="fon"/> The cable will be the third-longest cable in the world by the time of its completion.<ref name="bp1">{{cite web|url=http://thebricspost.com/brazil-europe-internet-cable-to-cost-185-million/|title=Brazil-Europe Internet cable to cost $185 million|publisher=The BRICS Post}}</ref> It will interconnect with the [[WACS (cable system)|WACS]] cable on the West coast of Africa, and the [[EASSy]] and [[SEACOM (African cable system)|SEACOM]] cables on the East coast of the continent.<ref name="fon">{{cite web|url=http://www.yourfibreopticnews.com/brics+cable+unveiled+for+direct+and+cohesive+communications+services+between+brazil,+russia,+india,+china+and+south+africa_31525.html|title=BRICS Cable unveiled for direct and cohesive communications services between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa|publisher=Your Fibre Optic News|access-date=2015-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119214406/http://www.yourfibreopticnews.com/brics+cable+unveiled+for+direct+and+cohesive+communications+services+between+brazil,+russia,+india,+china+and+south+africa_31525.html|archive-date=2015-11-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to [[The Diplomat]], there is a growing wariness among the BRICS countries that when their data traffic goes through hubs in [[Europe]] or the [[United States]], it incurs a greater "risk of potential interception of critical financial and security information by non-BRICS entities".<ref name="diplomat">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/|title=A Fiber-Optic Silk Road|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]|first=Nadège|last=Rolland}}</ref>

The BRICS cable is intended "to circumvent the U.S. and [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|NSA spying]] through ports in Russia, China, Singapore, India, Mauritius, South Africa, and Brazil".<ref name="Lee">{{cite web|author=Stacia Lee|title=International Reactions to U.S. Cybersecurity Policy: The BRICS undersea cable|url=https://jsis.washington.edu/news/reactions-u-s-cybersecurity-policy-bric-undersea-cable/|publisher=[[Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies]], University of Washington}}</ref>

According to The BRICS Post, Brazilian former President [[Dilma Rousseff]] considers the [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|US spying regimen]] "unacceptable", and postponed an official visit to the US in protest. She has also pushed a new internet bill that would force Google, Facebook, and other networks to store locally gathered data in the country within Brazil, data which would then be governed by Brazilian privacy laws.<ref name="bp1"/>

The [[Cable landing point|landing points]] are [[Miami]] (U.S.), [[Fortaleza]] (Brazil), [[Cape Town]] (South Africa), [[Mauritius]], [[Chennai]] (India), [[Singapore]], [[Shantou]] (China), and [[Vladivostok]] (Russia).

==See also==
*[[WACS (cable system)|WACS]]
*[[EASSy]]
*[[SEACOM (African cable system)|SEACOM]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Submarine communications cables in the Atlantic Ocean}}
{{Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean}}

{{telecommunications-stub}}

[[Category:Internet in Brazil]]
[[Category:Internet in Russia]]
[[Category:Internet in India]]
[[Category:Internet in China]]
[[Category:Internet in Africa]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Wide area networks]]
[[Category:BRICS]]

Sikhism in Scotland

2022-01-25T09:32:36Z

Neerajnegi nj:

{{Short description|All aspects of Sikh life and Sikhism in Scotland}}
{{Historical populations
| title = Sikh Population History in [[Scotland]]

| type = Scotland
| align = right
| footnote = ''Source: [[Office of National Statistics]]'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies) |url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011 |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225122750/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Summary: Religious Group Demographics|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig|publisher=scotland.gov.uk|access-date=18 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071712/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig|archive-date=22 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]] | 6,572
|[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]] | 9,055
}}
{{ReligionScotland}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Sikhism in Scotland''' includes all aspects of [[Sikh]] life and Sikhism in [[Scotland]]. Sikhs have been present in Scotland for over a century, with the first documented Sikh, Maharaja Daleep Singh, arriving in [[Perthshire]] in 1855. The next wave of migration was in early-to-mid 1920s when prominent Sikhs of the Bhat/[[Bhatra]] community established themselves in Glasgow and Edinburgh. However, the bulk of Sikhs in Scotland come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century. In Scotland Sikhs represent 0.2% of the population (9,055).<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCb.pdf |title=Scotland's Census 2011 – Table KS209SCb |publisher=scotlandscensus.gov.uk |access-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref>

==History==
The first documented Sikh in Scotland was Maharajah Duleep Singh, who moved to Scotland in 1854, taking up residence at the Grandtully estate in [[Perthshire]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7644716.stm On the trail of the Sikh heritage] BBC News, 30 September 2008</ref> According to the Scottish Sikh Association, the first [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] settled in [[Glasgow]] in the early 1920s with the first [[Gurdwara]] established in South Portland Street.<ref name="Introduction">[http://www.scottishsikhs.com/resources/sikhs_in_scotland.asp Introduction] scottishsikhs.com, accessed 13 January 2009</ref> However, the bulk of Sikhs in Scotland come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century.

==21st century==
According to the 2011 Census, 0.2% of Scotland's population identifies Sikhism as their religion.<ref name="2011census"/> [[Glasgow]] is the area with the most significant Sikh population in the country. Of the seven [[Gurdwara]]s in Scotland, four are in Glasgow, one in [[Edinburgh]], one in [[Dundee]] and one in [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]].
Plans are also in place to open a Gurdwara in [[Aberdeen]].<ref>[http://www.aberdeensikhsangat.co.uk/Projects.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111233502/http://www.aberdeensikhsangat.co.uk/Projects.html }} aberdeensikhsangat.co.uk, accessed 20 February 2013</ref>

==Tartan==
Scottish Sikhs have their own [[tartan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=7f259e00-d322-4729-b4da-ed5b1172a0f7 |title=Scotland's minorities adopt the kilt |access-date=2008-12-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105172129/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=7f259e00-d322-4729-b4da-ed5b1172a0f7 |archive-date=2012-11-05 }} ''Scotland's minorities adopt the kilt''</ref> and can be seen wearing kilts made from the material.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nls.uk/news/pop_ups/sikh_tartan.html |title=Leith Sikh tartan |access-date=2008-12-13 |archive-date=2007-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313221931/http://www.nls.uk/news/pop_ups/sikh_tartan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=87&cat=8| title = sikhchic.com {{!}} The Art and Culture of the Diaspora {{!}} Lord Iqbal Singh of Butley Manor}}</ref>

==Gurdwaras in Scotland==

*Guru Nanak Gurdwara,<ref>[https://dundeegurdwara.wordpress.com/about Dundee Gurdwara]</ref> Dundee
*Guru Nanak Gurdwara,<ref>[http://edinburghsikhs.com/ Edinburgh Gurdwara]</ref> Edinburgh
*Guru Nanak Gurdwara,<ref>[https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/world-gurudwaras/otago-street-gurdwara Otago Street Gurdwara]</ref> Glasgow (West End)
*Central Gurdwara Singh Sabha,<ref>[http://gurdwaar.com/Central+Gurdwara+Singh+Sabha/49641889 Central Gurdwara Singh Sabha]</ref> Glasgow (Central)
*Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur Gurdwara,<ref>[https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/world-gurudwaras/st-andrews-drive-gurudwaraglasgow St. Andrews Drive Gurudwara]</ref> Glasgow (South Side)
*Gurdwara Guru Granth Sahib Sikh Sabha,<ref>[http://www.glasgowgurdwara.org/VisitUs Glasgow Gurdwara]</ref> Glasgow (South Side)
*Guru Nanak Gurdwara Irvine,<ref>[http://www.glasgowgurdwara.org/VisitUs Guru Nanak Gurdwara Irvine]</ref> Irvine

==Notable Scottish Sikhs==
*[[Pam Gosal]] - Member of Scottish Parliament for West Scotland
*[[Hardeep Singh Kohli]] - Actor, comedian, presenter
*[[Sanjeev Kohli]] - Actor, comedian, presenter
*[[Tigerstyle]] - Music band of brothers Raj Singh and Pablo Singh
*[[Tony Singh (chef)|Tony Singh]] - Chef

==See also==
*[[Religion in Scotland]]
*[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom]]
*[[List of British Sikhs]]
*[[Sikhism by country]]
* [[Demographics of Scotland]]
* [[Asian-Scots]]
* [[New Scots]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sikhsinscotland.org/ Sikhs in Scotland]
*[http://www.glasgowgurdwara.org/ Glasgow Gurdwara]
*[http://www.centralgurdwaraglasgow.org/ Central Gurdwara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054406/http://centralgurdwaraglasgow.org/ }}
*[http://www.edinburghsikhs.com/ Edinburgh Gurdwara]

{{Scottish religion}}
{{Scotland topics}}
{{Europe topic|Sikhism in}}
{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikhism In Scotland}}
[[Category:Sikhism in Scotland| ]]
[[Category:Immigration to Scotland]]