Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Frank William Frederick Johnson

2026-05-07T15:30:06Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new some bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|British entrepreneur and army officer (1866–1943)}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Frank William Frederick Johnson
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = June 1866
| birth_place =
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| death_date = September 1943 (aged 77)
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| allegiance =
| branch =
| branch_label = 
| service_years =
| service_years_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for =
| battles = [[First World War]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = 
| children =
| relations =
| other_work =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Frank William Frederick Johnson''' (June 1866 - September 1943) was a British Army officer and [[1924 Southern Rhodesian general election|Member of the Legislative Assembly for Salisbury South constituency]].<ref name=Zvobgo>{{cite book |last1=Zvobgo |first1=Chengetai J. M. |title=A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-1599-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgoaBwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Frank William Frederick Johnson was born in June 1866 in [[Watlington, Norfolk|Watlington]], [[Norfolk]].<ref name=Noonan>{{cite web |title=Lot 2, 8 September 2015 {{!}} Noonans Mayfair |url=https://www.noonans.co.uk/auctions/archive/lot-archive/results/265654/ |website=www.noonans.co.uk |access-date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901174900/https://www.noonans.co.uk/auctions/archive/lot-archive/results/265654/ |archive-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> He completed his early education at [[King Edward VII Academy|King Edward VII]], but decided not to study medicine and follow his father's vocation.<ref name=Noonan/>

==Early military career==
Johnson reached [[Cape Town]] in August 1882.<ref name=Noonan/> Later, he served the [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland Border Police]].<ref name=Zvobgo/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Frank William Frederick |title=Great Days: The Autobiography of an Empire Pioneer |date=1940 |publisher=G. Bell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YQhAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}

[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]

{{UK-bio-stub}}

Bharatiya Janata Party – Odisha

2026-05-07T15:18:36Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: made initial stub initial version!

{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}{{short description|Odisha affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Manmohan Samal]]
| general_secretary = Manas Mohanty {{small|(Organization)}}
| headquarters = 4R-3/2, Unit-3, Janpath, [[Bhubaneswar]]-751 001, [[Odisha]]<ref>[https://www.bjp.org/stateoffice State Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109193433/https://www.bjp.org/stateoffice |date=9 November 2023 }} bjp.org</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|20|21|hex=#FF9900}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|10|hex=#FF9900}}
| state_seats_name = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|79|147|hex=#FF9933}}
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/odisha}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start_date and years ago|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| eci = National Party
| international =
| leader = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] ([[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]) 
| name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Odisha
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Odisha''' ('''BJP Odisha''') ('''BJP'''; {{IPA|hns|bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː||Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}),
is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Odisha]]. Its head office is situated at the 4R-3/2, Unit-3, Janpath, [[Bhubaneswar]]-751 001 [[Odisha]]. The current President of BJP Odisha is [[Manmohan Samal]].<ref>[https://odisha.bjp.org/state-office-bearers/ State Office Bearers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306160145/https://odisha.bjp.org/state-office-bearers/ |date=6 March 2023 }} odisha.bjp.org</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===Lok Sabha Election===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|7|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}7
|{{Yes|[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|9|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}2
|{{Yes|[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|7|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}2
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|0|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}7
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election in Odisha|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|1|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|{{Yes|[[First Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Odisha|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|8|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}7
|{{Yes|[[Second Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Odisha|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|20|21|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}12
|{{Yes|[[Third Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|}

===Legislative Assembly Election===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Contested
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Won
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|67
|{{Composition bar|1|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{Steady}}
|2.6%
|New
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|63
|{{Composition bar|2|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}1
|3.56%
|{{increase}}0.96
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|144
|{{Composition bar|9|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}7
|7.88%
|{{increase}}4.32
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|63
|{{Composition bar|38|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}29
|18.20%
|{{increase}}10.32
|{{Yes|[[First Naveen Patnaik ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|63
|{{Composition bar|32|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{decrease}}6
|17.11%
|{{decrease}}2.06
|{{Yes|[[Second Naveen Patnaik ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|147
|{{Composition bar|6|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{decrease}}26
|15.05%
|{{decrease}}1.09
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|147
|{{Composition bar|10|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}4
|18%
|{{increase}}2.95
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|146
|{{Composition bar|23|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}13
|32.5%
|{{increase}}14.5
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|147
|{{Composition bar|78|147|hex=#FF9933}}
|{{increase}}55
|40.07%
|{{increase}}7.57
|{{Yes|[[Majhi ministry|Government]]}}
|}

==Leadership==
===Chief minister===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|-
|1
|[[File:Mohan Charan Majhi (2024 Image).jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|[[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]]
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2024|06|12}}
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
|}

=== Deputy chief minister ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
|-
|1
|[[File:Dy CM KV Singh Deo.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|[[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| rowspan="2" |12 June 2024
| rowspan="2" |''Incumbent''
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|2024|6|12|||}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|-
|2
|[[File:Dy CM Pravati Parida.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Pravati Parida]]
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
|}

===Opposition leaders in Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
|-
|1
|[[File:Pradipta Kumar Naik.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna]]
|25 June 2019
|30 July 2022
|{{Ayd|25 June 2019|30 July 2022}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|-
|2
|
|[[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
|30 July 2022
|4 June 2024
|{{Ayd|30 July 2022|4 June 2024}}
|}

=== President ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Presidents |url=https://odisha.bjp.org/state-presidents/ |access-date= |language= |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306160145/https://odisha.bjp.org/state-presidents/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" colspan="3" |Term
|-
|1
|[[File:Biswabhushan Harichandran (cropped).jpg|93x93px]]
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
|1980
|1988
|8 years
|-
|2
|
|[[Debendra Pradhan]]
|1988
|1993
|5 years
|-
|3
|
|[[Bimbadhar Kuanr]]
|1993
|1996
|3 years
|-
|(2)
|
|[[Debendra Pradhan]]
|1996
|1997
|1 year
|-
|4
|[[File:Jual Oram PIB (cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[Jual Oram]]
|1997
|1999
|2 years
|-
|5
|[[File:Image of Shri Manmohan Samal.png|75x75px]]
|[[Manmohan Samal]]
|1999
|2004
|5 years
|-
|(4)
|[[File:Jual Oram PIB (cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[Jual Oram]]
|2004
|2006
|2 years
|-
|6<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2006 |title=Suresh Pujari new president of Orissa BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/suresh-pujari-new-president-of-orissa-bjp/articleshow/358155.cms |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Suresh Pujari 2024.jpg|96x96px]]
|[[Suresh Pujari]]
|7-Nov-2006
|22-Dec-2009
|{{Ayd|7 November 2006|22 December 2009}}
|-
|(4)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2009 |title=Oram is state BJP chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oram-is-state-BJP-chief/articleshow/5367163.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Jual Oram PIB (cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[Jual Oram]]
|22-Dec-2009
|10-Mar-2013
|{{Ayd|22 December 2009|10 March 2013}}
|-
|7<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2013 |title=KV Singhdeo new president of Odisha BJP |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/odisha/kv-singhdeo-new-president-of-odisha-bjp_834419.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language= |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211130349/https://zeenews.india.com/news/odisha/kv-singhdeo-new-president-of-odisha-bjp_834419.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[File:Dy CM KV Singh Deo.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|10-Mar-2013
|14-Jan-2016
|{{Ayd|10 March 2013|14 January 2016}}
|-
|8<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Basant Panda appointed new Orissa BJP president |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/basant-panda-appointed-new-orissa-bjp-president/articleshow/50579910.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn= |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211130349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/basant-panda-appointed-new-orissa-bjp-president/articleshow/50579910.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[File:Basanta Kumar Panda.png|75x75px]]
|[[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
|14-Jan-2016
|16-Jan-2020
|{{Ayd|14 January 2016|16 January 2020}}
|-
|9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samir Mohanty elected Odisha BJP president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samir-mohanty-elected-odisha-bjp-chief-president-narendra-singh-tomar-1637543-2020-01-16 |access-date= |website=India Today |language= |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204225429/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/samir-mohanty-elected-odisha-bjp-chief-president-narendra-singh-tomar-1637543-2020-01-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[File:Samir Mohanty.jpg|75x75px]]
|Samir Mohanty
|16-Jan-2020
|23-Mar-2023
|{{Ayd|16 January 2020|23 March 2023}}
|-
|(5)<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2023 |title=Ex-minister Manmohan Samal becomes Odisha BJP president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/ex-minister-manmohan-samal-becomes-odisha-bjp-president/articleshow/98959863.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Image of Shri Manmohan Samal.png|75x75px]]
|[[Manmohan Samal]]
|24-Mar-2023
|''Present''
|{{Ayd|24 March 2023|}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Odisha}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Odisha]]
[[Category:Political parties in Odisha]]

Singur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T08:16:29Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: put up stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Singur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Singur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Singur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Arup Kumar Das
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| constituency_no = 188
| established = 1951
| electors = 205,434
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Singur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 188 Singur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Anandanagore, Bagdanga Chinamore, Baruipara Paltagarh, Beraberi, Bighati, Bouichipota, Bora, Borai Pahalampur, Gopalnagore, Mirzapur-Bankipur, Nasibpur, Singur I and Singur II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Singur (community development block)|Singur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and [[Begampur, India|Begampur]], Kapasaria and Panchghora gram panchayats of [[Chanditala II]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Singur Assembly constituency is part of No. 28 [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Sourendra Nath Saha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Ajit Kumar Basu
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="3"|Provakar Pal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Gopal Bandopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Ajit Kumar Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dr Gopal Bandopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Tarapada Sadhukhan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="3"|Bidyut Kumar Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Rabindranath Bhattacharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Becharam Manna]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Singur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Becharam Manna]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Arup Kumar Das|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Debashis Chatterjee|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Barun Kumar Malik|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sukanta Porel|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kashinath Shaw|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pallabi Roy|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Singur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Becharam Manna]]
|votes = 1,01,077
|percentage = 48.15
|change = {{decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rabindranath Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 75,154
|percentage = 35.80
|change = {{increase}}25.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Srijan Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 30,016
|percentage = 14.30
|change = {{decrease}}24.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,345
|percentage = 1.12
|change = {{decrease}}0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Shankar Jana
|votes = 1,346
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25,923
|percentage = 12.35
|change = {{increase}}1.95
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,09,938
|percentage = 85.04
|change = {{increase}}0.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Singur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rabindranath Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 96,212
|percentage = 49.23
|change = {{decrease}}8.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Rabin Deb]]
|votes = 75,885
|percentage = 38.83
|change = {{increase}}1.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Souren Patra
|votes = 14,264
|percentage = 7.30
|change = {{increase}}2.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,098
|percentage = 1.59
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dwijaprosad Bhattacharya
|votes = 2,606
|percentage = 1.33
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = FDLP
|candidate = Uma Das Paul
|votes = 1,712
|percentage = 0.88
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Shankar Jana
|votes = 1,667
|percentage = 0.85
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,327
|percentage = 10.40
|change = {{decrease}}9.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,95,444
|percentage = 84.57
|change = {{decrease}}0.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Singur<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=188|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164036/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=188| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Singur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rabindranath Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 1,00,869
|percentage = 57.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Asit Das
|votes = 66,058
|percentage = 37.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Souren Patra
|votes = 8,158
|percentage = 4.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 34,811
|percentage = 19.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,75,085
|percentage = 85.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> state assembly elections, Rabindranath Bhattacharya of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Singur assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals, Srikanta Chattopadhyay of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and Bidyut Kumar Das of CPI(M) respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Bidyut Kumar Das of CPI(M) defeated Dwijaprosad Bhattacharya of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Chandra Sekhar Back of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Tarapada Sadhukhan of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Tarapada Sadhukhan of Congress defeated Gopal Bandopadhyay of CPI(M) in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Gopal Bandopadhyay of CPI(M) defeated Tarapada Sadhukhan of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp183.htm |title =183 - Singur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Ajit Kumar Basu of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Gopal Bandopadhyay of CPI(M) won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Provaakar Pal of Congress won in 1967,<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Singoor (as spelt then) had a double seat. It was won by Sourendra Nath Saha and Ajit Kumar Basu, both of CPI.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Countess of Dufferin Fund

2026-05-04T06:44:53Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new new article basic info

The '''Countess of Dufferin Fund''' was established by [[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava]], more commonly known as Lady Dufferin, in 1885 and was dedicated to improving women's healthcare in [[India]]. The Fund was founded after [[Queen Victoria]] gave Lady Dufferin the task of improving healthcare for women in India. The Fund provided scholarships for women to be educated in the medical field as doctors, hospital assistants, nurses, and [[midwives]]. It also financed the construction of female hospitals, dispensaries, and female only wards in preexisting hospitals. The Fund marks the beginning of Western medicine for women in India and global health as a diplomatic concern.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

== History of the Fund ==

=== Background ===

During the 19th century there was a major push in India to improve healthcare for women, especially maternal health. [[Lying-in]] hospitals were built as well as training and teaching hospitals. Many hospitals were also constructing wards for women and learning to treat female-specific diseases.<ref name=Abraham>Abraham, Meera. Religion, Caste, and Gender: Missionaries and Nursing History in South India. Bangalore: B.I. Publications Pvt., 1996. Print.</ref>

=== Origins ===

In 1885, Lady Dufferin set up the Fund after being contacted by Queen Victoria who gave her the task of helping the suffering women of India. Queen Victoria had been recently contacted by [[Elizabeth Bielby]], a missionary in India who focused on women's health. During Beilby's mission, she had treated the Maharani of Puna who gave her a message to relay to the Queen of the United Kingdom. The message said that “the women of India suffer when they are sick.” In response, Queen Victoria wrote back to the Maharani saying: {{quotation|“We had no idea it was as bad as this. Something must be done for the poor creatures. We wish it generally known that we sympathize with every effort to relieve the suffering of the women of India.”<ref name=Abraham/>}} Lady Dufferin then started the Fund after being summoned to [[Windsor Castle]] by the Queen who gave her the task of improving healthcare and education for the women of India.<ref name=Nightengale>Nightingale, Florence. "The Condition of Women in India." Florence Nightingale on Social Change in India. Ed. Lynn McDonald and Gérard Vallée. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2007. 717-21. Print.</ref> A visit from [[Mary Scharlieb]], the first female British doctor to practice in India, also mobilized the Queen to act on women's poor health and suffering in India. She met with Queen Victoria and expressed a similar message as the Maharni's: the dire situation of Indian women.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

=== Establishment ===

Lady Dufferin established the Fund in 1885 and immediately began creating projects and channeling money towards women's health and teaching in India. The Countess of Dufferin Fund is also known as “The National Association for Supplying Medical Aid to the Women of India” and the “Lady Dufferin Fund.” This Fund marked one of the first diplomatic pushes to improve global health in the world, and the introduction of western medicine for women in India.<ref name=Forbes>Forbes, Geraldine Hancock. Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography. N.p.: Orient Blackswan, 2005. Print.</ref>

== Fund’s goals ==

The Fund had three primary goals: providing medical tuition, medical relief, and female nurses and midwives to assist in hospitals and private homes.<ref name=Billington>
Billington, Mary Frances.'' Woman in India''. Delhi, India: Sri Satguru Publications, 1987. Print.</ref> The Fund supplied scholarships for the medical education (medical tuition) of women in India. The education of traditional Indian midwives, called dias, was a major goal of the Fund because many western doctors observed the dais's practices and found their traditions to be harmful.<ref name=Guha>Guha, Supriya, Dr. "Midwifery in Colonial India." Welcome History. N.p., 13 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.</ref> For example, the dais's would massage the abdomen of the mother to speed up labor however that tradition caused [[uterine prolapse]], a widespread issue amongst Indian women at the time. Because the dias’ methods were viewed as violent and extremely harmful, the Fund put forth money to educate them on successful ways to help women before, during, and after childbirth. The Fund also provided medical relief by establishing dispensaries and cottage hospitals for women and children under female superintendence.<ref name=Billington/> In addition, it opened female wards in existing hospitals also under female management as well as all women hospitals called [[zenana missions|zenana]] hospitals. The Fund also supplied trained female nurses and midwives in hospitals and in private homes.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

== Projects ==

The Fund financed treatment and teaching hospitals in [[Bihar]], [[Calcutta]], [[Madras]], [[Karachi]], [[Delhi]], [[Bombay]] and in many of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (roughly present day Uttar Pradesh and [[Uttarakhand]]).<ref name=Abraham/> Most notably, the Fund sponsored the [[Lady Aitchison Hospital]] in [[Lahore]], India.<ref name=Abraham/> The Lady Aitchison Hospital, also known as the Aitchison Memorial Hospital, was a major center for training nurses and tradition midwives like the dias. Many of the hospitals the Fund financed are still functioning today. For example, the [[Lady Dufferin Hospital]] in Karachi is the largest solely female dedicated hospital today in Pakistan.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

== Funding and Administration ==

The Fund's major financial basis was donations. Many saw this as a source of instability because donations were based on the popularity of Lady Dufferin and her husband as well as the favors expected by the donors in return. The administration of the Fund consisted of a central committee of members of the Viceroy's Council and Home Department. It also included many influential Englishmen and Indians such as the Maharja Sir Jotendro Mohun Tagore, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, and Sir [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]].<ref name=Forbes/>

== Criticism of the Fund ==

There were three major criticisms of the Fund: its teaching, effectiveness, and integrity. Many believed the Fund was inefficient. Some argued that they inadequately taught doctors and employed subpar medical practitioners.<ref name=Conrad>Conrad, Lawrence I., and Anne Hardy. "Western Feminism, Western Medicine, and Colonial Medical Practice." Women and Modern Medicine. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001. 42-46. Print.</ref> By October 1908, only 43 completely qualified women medical professionals were working under the Fund however only 11 held university degrees.<ref name=Vaughan>Vaughan, Kathleen O. "The Countess of Dufferin's Fund." The British Medical Journal (1908): 1219-220. Web.</ref> The [[British Medical Journal]] wrote in 1908 that, “The Government appears to have a perfect delight in swamping the country with unqualified medical practitioners."<ref name=Vaughan/> The Fund was also criticized as ineffective for placing male doctors in Zenana hospitals. Zenana women's traditions forbade them from seeing, so they could be treated by the doctors the Fund provided. In addition, the Fund was also criticized for not giving the women they were educating enough reason to stay with learning medicine. The Fund paid for their education however their salaries were not high enough so it made more financial sense for the women to marry before they could give back to the hospital that educated them. The Fund set up this cycle of educating women who would then work for them, however, it was ineffective in some cases because the women would not stick with the medical profession for financial reasons. Because of the many criticisms of ineffectiveness, some of the Fund's highest critics like The British Medical Journal called for a reorganization of the Fund. Some also believed vanity, not philanthropy, was the source of motivation for establishing the Fund.<ref name=Conrad/> They criticized both Lady Dufferin for starting the Fund for her personal image and Queen Victoria for supporting the Fund for Britain's international image.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

== After Lady Dufferin ==

The Fund continued even after Lady Dufferin's term ended. Lady Lansdowne, who succeeded Lady Dufferin, continued to put work into the Fund which was passed down from vicereine to vicereine until 1947.<ref name=Nightengale/> In 1947, India gained independence from Great Britain and the Fund was taken over by the Central Indian Government by the Countess of Dufferin's Fund Act, 1957. Once the Fund was taken over by the Central Government, it became obsolete. In 2005 a bill was passed repealing the Countess of Dufferin's Fund Act, 1957, for unclear reasons.<ref name=GOVERNMENT>"GOVERNMENT BILLS: Discussion On The Countess Of Dufferin'S Fund ... on 5 December 2002." GOVERNMENT BILLS: Discussion On The Countess Of Dufferin's Fund ... on 5 December 2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.</ref>

The Fund was celebrated in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s poem ''[[The Song of the Women]]'', published in 1888, the final year of Lady Dufferin's term as Vicereine.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Kelley S. |date=2015 |title=Feminist and New Historicist Readings of Kipling's "The Man Who Would Be King" |url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1019/feminist-and-new-historicist-readings-of-kiplings-the-man-who-would-be-king |journal=Inquiries Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=03}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=McGivering |first=John |date=1 January 2011 |title=The Song of the Women |url=https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/readers-guide/rg_songofwomen1.htm |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=The Kipling Society |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Notable employees ==
* [[Margaret Ida Balfour]]
* [[Kadambini Ganguly]]
* [[Florence Dissent]]
* [[Charlotte Leighton Houlton]]
* [[Motibai Kapadia]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Memoirs from a woman's notebook |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001842/18880206/055/0003 |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=Eastern Evening News |date=6 February 1888 |page=3|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{ course assignment | course = Education Program:University of Pennsylvania/HSOC 59 Medical Missionaries and Community Partners (Fall 2013) | term = 2013 Q3 }}

[[Category:International medical and health organizations]]
[[Category:Medical missions]]
[[Category:Zenana missions]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1885]]

Raeesh Maniar

2026-05-01T04:22:11Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: created new article...

{{Infobox writer
| name = Raeesh Maniar
| image = File:Raeesh Maniar.jpg
| caption = Maniar in 2017
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|8|19}}
| birth_place = [[Killa Pardi]], [[Valsad]]
| occupation = poet, translator, playwright, columnist, lyricist, script writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality =
| education = [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] ([[Pediatrics]])
| alma_mater = Surat Medical College
| period =
| genres = [[ghazal]], play
| subjects =
| notableworks =
* ''[[Shabda Mara Swabhavma J Nathi]]'' (1998)
* ''Ghazal Nu Chhandovidhan'' (2008)
| spouse = Ami Patel (1989-present)
| children =
| awards ={{plainlist|
* [[Shayda Award]] (2001)
* [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (2012)
* [[Kalapi Award]] (2016)
}}
| signature = Raeesh Maniar autograph.svg
| years_active = 1981–present
| module = {{Listen |embed= yes |filename= Raeesh Maniar voice.ogg|title= Raeesh Maniar's voice |type=singing |description= [[Mareez]]'s poem recitation}}
}}{{Short description|Gujarati poet and script writer}}
'''Raeesh Maniar''' is a [[Gujarati language]] poet, translator, playwright, columnist, compere, lyricist and [[Screenwriter|script writer]] from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. His significant works include ''Kafiyanagar'' (1989), ''Shabda Mara Swabhavma J Nathi'' (1998) and ''Aam Lakhvu Karave Alakh Ni Safar'' (2011). He has written two reference books for students of ghazals, ''Ghazal: Roop ane Rang'' (2006) and ''Ghazal Nu Chhandovidhan'' (2008). The later work contains original research that may be applicable to [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] of all [[Languages of India|north Indian languages]]. He has written lyrics for several Gujarati and Hindi language movies. The Indian National Theater of [[Mumbai]] awarded him the [[Shayda Award]] for 2001 and the [[Kalapi Award]] for 2016 for his contributions to Gujarati [[ghazal]] poetry.<ref name="The Times of India 2013">{{cite web | title=Surti poet's background song in Ram-Leela makes waves | website=The Times of India | date=2013-11-17 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surti-poets-background-song-in-Ram-Leela-makes-waves/articleshow/25957398.cms| accessdate=2016-04-06}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Maniar was born on 19 August 1966 in Killa Pardi, [[Valsad district]], Gujarat. He took his secondary schooling from D.C.O. Killa in 1980 and completed higher secondary schooling at [[St. Xavier's School]], [[Surat]], in 1983. He completed his [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] ([[Pediatrics]]) in 1991 at Surat Medical College.<ref name="Gujaratilexicon.com">{{cite web | title=GL Goshthi, List Of The Wellknown Person Interviewed | website=Gujaratilexicon.com | url=http://www.gujaratilexicon.com/glgoshthi/interview/28/ | language=gu | accessdate=2016-04-06}}</ref>

He married Ami Patel in 1989. He currently lives in [[Surat]].<ref name="rm">{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Kirit |date=2013 |title=Gujarati Sahitya Kosh |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akademi |page=483 |isbn= 9789383317028 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Raeesh Maniar started to write poems in 1977 as an 11-year-old child. In December 1981, he had a poem published for the first time in a daily newspaper, ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]''. He started his career as a medical doctor in 1993 at [[Surat]]. From 2008, he restricted his practice to developmental and behavioural child psychology.

In 2013, he abandoned his clinical practice as a doctor and started to work full-time as a freelance writer, playwright, compere, lyricist and script writer.<ref name="rm" />

He has written songs for [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]], including ''[[Kevi Rite Jaish]]'' (2012), ''Aa To Prem Chhe'', ''Vishwasghat'', ''Polampol'', ''Musafir'', ''Vitamin She'' and ''Je Pan Kahish Te Sachu Kahish''. In 2013, he penned the background song "Thai Dod Dod Gali Vaat Mod" for [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''. He also wrote the script for the popular Gujarati plays ''Antim Aparadh, Ek Anokho Karar'' and ''Love You Jindagi''. All three plays were among the winners in the Chitralekha competition.<ref name="The Times of India 2013" /> The ''[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]'' newspaper published his column, "Aras-paras Ni Academy", every Sunday. Formerly, he wrote the column "Vaat Nu Vatesar", in the same newspaper from 2010 to 2014. He has also written a column called "Paraspar" for ''[[NavGujarat Samay]]'' since 2014.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}Now his humor column "Masti Amasti" is published in "Divya Bhaskar" newspaper since 2018.

== Works ==
Raeesh Maniar is known for his [[ghazal]]s and ''hazals'' (humorous ghazals) in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. ''Kafiyanagar'', his first book, was published in 1989, followed by ''[[Shabda Mara Swabhavma J Nathi]]'' (1998) and ''Aam Lakhvu Karaave Alakh Ni Safar'' (2011). He has translated major works by [[Kaifi Azmi]], [[Gulzar]], [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and [[Javed Akhtar]] and published each of them as books. His other significant works include ''Mareez: Astitva Ane Vyaktitva'' (2001; a biography and criticism of the works of [[Mareez]]), "Mahol Mushayra No" an appreciation of selected Urdu poems. ''Ghazal: Roop Ane Rang'' (2006; criticism of the form and construction of ghazals) and ''Ghazal Nu Chhandovidhan'' (2008; research articles on [[Arabic prosody|meters of ghazal]]). His work in the field of child psychology and parenting includes ''Baal Uchher Ni Barakhadi'', ''Aapne Balkone Sha Mate Bhanaviye Chhiye'' and ''Tame ane Tamaru Nirogi Balak''.<ref name= "rm"/> He also has written a novel called "Love You Lavanya" published in 2018.

His translation of Ghalib's Urdu couplets into Gujarati is widely acclaimed. These translations are published as a book "Ghalibanama"(2019) and is unique in the sense that they maintain the prosody format of Urdu in Gujarati. It has drawn attention of Gulzarji. His short story collection "Doobkikhor" was published on [[Matrubharti]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ડૂબકીખોર |url=https://www.matrubharti.com/book/10563/doobkikhor |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=Matrubharti |language=en}}</ref> Screenwriter [[Abhijat Joshi]] has written it's preface. Indian poetry anthology "A poem a day" compiled by Gulzarji features his poems translated by Gulzarji.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

== Recognition ==
He won the [[Shayda Award]] (2001) instituted by the Indian National Theater in [[Mumbai]].

In 2002, he won an award given by [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] for the best translation of [[Gulzar]]'s poetry into Gujarati. His book, ''Baal Uchher Ni Barakhadi'', was awarded a second-place B. N. Mankad Prize for 1998–1999 by Gujarati Sahitya Parishad.<ref name="Gujaratilexicon.com" />

He received the [[Kalapi Award]] in 2016. He received the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] for 2012 for his book ''Aam Lakhvu Karave Alakhni Safar''.<ref>{{cite news |title=ડો. રઈશ મનિઆરને નર્મદ ચંદ્રક એનાયત |url=https://www.nobat.com/news_detail.php?news_id=73c4fa583436363031 |access-date=11 September 2022 |agency=nobat.com |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710152031/http://www.nobat.com/news_detail.php?news_id=73c4fa583436363031 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://matrubharti.com/authors/1759/ Raeesh Maniar's books on Matrubharti]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maniar, Raeesh}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]

Mufti (film)

2026-04-25T15:17:08Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Put up first pg initial version

{{Short description|2017 Indian Kannada-language action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mufti
| image = Mufti (film).jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| director = Narthan
| producer = [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Bhogendra]]
| writer = Narthan K. Ram Sri Lakshman
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]||[[Sriimurali]]||[[Shanvi Srivastava]]}}
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cinematography = I. Naveen Kumar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/naveen-kumar-and-ravi-basrur-are-the-behind-the-screen-heroes-of-mufti/articleshow/61848264.cms|title=Naveen Kumar and Ravi Basrur are the behind-the-screen heroes of Mufti|work=The Times of India|date=30 November 2017}}</ref>
| editing = [[Harish Komme]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/state-film-award-2017-699865.html|title=Best editing: Harish Komme (film: Mufti)|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 October 2018}}</ref>
| studio = [[Jayanna Combines]]
| distributor = [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2017|12|01}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = ₹15 crores <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=6 December 2017 |title=Sriimurali has Mufti sequel in his mind |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/Dec/06/sriimurali-has-mufti-sequel-in-his-mind-1719482.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mufti''''' ({{Translation|Undercover}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[Action film|action]] [[spy thriller film]] directed by Narthan, making his debut, and produced by [[Jayanna Combines]].<ref name = "Click Cinemas">{{cite web|url=http://clickcinemas.com/mufti-kannada-movie-teaser/|title=Mufti Kannada Movie Teaser|work=Click Cinemas|date=18 December 2016|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118232937/http://clickcinemas.com/mufti-kannada-movie-teaser/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Sriimurali]], and [[Shanvi Srivastava]] in the lead roles, while [[Devaraj]], [[Chaya Singh]], [[Madhu Guruswamy]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], and Babu Hirannaiah play supporting roles. The film tells the story of an undercover cop (Sriimurali) who tracks down and confronts a crime boss (ShivaRajkumar).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/oct/19/mufti--man-on-a-mission-1529328--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112003814/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/oct/19/mufti--man-on-a-mission-1529328--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2017|title=Mufti man on a mission, to make debut in Narthan's first|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=19 October 2016}}</ref>

Production started in July 2016, and the film was released on 1 December 2017. The film received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/mufti-opens-to-a-great-response|title='Mufti' opens to a great response|publisher=News Karnataka|date=2 December 2017|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042612/https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/mufti-opens-to-a-great-response|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shiva-rajkumar-s-mufti-smash-hit-collects-rs-15-crore-five-days-73111|title=Shiva Rajkumar's 'Mufti' a smash hit, collects Rs.45 Crore in ten days |publisher=The News Minute|date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The film was declared blockbuster at the box office and was one of the highest-grossing movies in Shivarajkumar's career.

The film was remade in Tamil in 2023 as ''[[Pathu Thala]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/silambarasan-to-resume-pathu-thala-shooting-soon/articleshow/88180146.cms | title=Silambarasan to resume 'Pathu Thala' shooting soon! | newspaper=The Times of India | date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> starring [[Silambarasan]] and [[Gautham Karthik]].<ref>https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/mufti-remake-str-to-start-shooting-for-the-film-in-karnataka-414893.htm {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-and-gautham-karthik-team-tamil-remake-kannada-film-mufti-100529|title = Simbu and Gautham Karthik team up for Tamil remake of Kannada film 'Mufti'|date = 23 April 2019}}</ref> The film's prequel titled ''[[Bhairathi Ranagal|Bhairati Ranagal]]'' was released in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shiva-rajkumar-to-reprise-bhairathi-ranagals-role-from-his-2017-film-mufti-7144297.html|title= Shiva Rajkumar To Reprise Bhairathi Ranagal's Role From His 2017 Film Mufti?|access-date= 10 March 2023|website=News18.com|date= 22 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-and-narthan-team-up-for-films-prequel/articleshow/97978770.cms|title=Shivarajkumar and Narthan team up for film's prequel|date=18 February 2023|website=Times Of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=January 2022}}
Gana, an [[secret police|undercover cop]] disguised as an assassin, works at a [[crime syndicate]] in Mangalore for two years. One day, he heads to the village of Ronapura in order to serve Bhairathi Ranagal, a former lawyer and a crime boss who rules the village. Gana arrives at Ronapura under the commissioner's orders that his identity should be concealed and not known to anyone. Gana arrives in Ronapura, where he is received by Vishnu and meets Kashi, who heads Bhairathi Ranagal's cement company.

Gurukanth Bhandri is selected for the [[Chief Minister|Chief Ministerial Candidate]] in [[Karnataka]] and is targeting Ronapura for the elections, but their party member [[Member of Parliament|MP]] Ekanath Nimbalkar has died in an accident planned by Bhairathi, due to which Raghuveer Bhandri, Gurukanth's brother, meets social worker and environmentalist Ashwath Kudari to be the new candidate for the party, but Kudari refuses. Gana earns Bhairathi's left-hand man Singa and right-hand man Shabari's trust by helping the gang remove the stock [[Indian black money|black money]] from a goods train and is further asked by Shabari and Singa for the operations, while also earning Kashi's jealousy towards Gana. Kudari holds a rally against Bhairathi for polluting the environment due to his mining operations. Bhairathi orchestrates a riot at the village and burns the houses of the people who are supporting Kudari's rally; due to this, Kudari joins Raghuveer Bhandari's campaign.

Meanwhile, Kashi brings the cop (who happens to be the one who helped Gana in the undercover operation and also does not know Gana's identity) who leaked the information of unaccounted money on a goods train and tells Gana to shoot him. Gana reluctantly shoots him and feels guilty about the incident, which makes him determined to arrest Bhairathi. The next day, Bhairathi arrives at the mining where Nimbalkar's killers are caught, where it is revealed that Bhairathi did not kill Nimbalkar. Gana saves Bhairathi from a temple attack orchestrated by Pashupathi, who is running for [[Member of Parliament|MP]] nomination in elections. Bhairathi attacks Pashupathi and warns him of dire consequences. Bhairathi invites Gana to his house for dinner where he meets Bhairathi's sister Vedhavathi and daughter Avni.

While Bhairathi goes for a stroll, Gana sneaks into Bhairathi's house and collects various bank account numbers in a book named ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]'' and escapes minutes before Bhairathi arrives and reaches his hideout to find Kashi, having deduced his identity and calls Singa in front of Gana to inform him about Gana's identity, but Singa calls Gana and tells him to finish Kashi. Gana reveals that he created evidence that Kashi is in cahoots with Pashupathi to kill Bhairathi, where he kills Kashi and checks the account transfer, only to find that the money was transferred to [[orphanages]], [[old-age]] homes and [[State school|Public schools]]. Gana realizes about Bhairathi's good intentions to help the people, when he constructed houses for the villagers' welfare, and the villagers revere Bhairathi as their savior.

Bhairathi is accused of the attacking Kudari, but Bhairathi catches the culprit, who happens to be Bhairathi's driver. The driver is killed and Bhairathi gifts Kudari with plants and flowers as compensation and ask him to stand independently in the elections. It is revealed that Raghuveer Bhandari is the mastermind behind the attacks. While heading for the election office, the car in which Bhairathi and Gana are travelling explodes. It turns out that Raghuveer Bhandari bribed Shabari to kill Bhairathi in return for nominating him in the Ronapura Constituency elections. When Shabari reaches the office, Bhairathi and Gana, who survived the attack, confront Shabari, where Gana gives Shabari's watch to Shabari as he noticed Bhairathi wearing the watch and deducing his trap. Bhairathi kills Shabari, hangs him at the lamppost near Raghuveer's house, and warns him not to interfere.

Vedhavathi, who berates Bhairathi for killing her husband, listens to the conversation of Singa and Gana where she finds that her husband was involved in a [[Quackery|medical scam]] which killed hundreds of villagers, due to which Bhairathi had killed him. Gana reunites Vedhavathi and Bhairathi on the former's birthday, where he meets Bhairathi, who tells him that he is indebted to Gana, where Gana learns about Bhairathi's dark past and hatred towards the [[Government of Karnataka|Government]]. After this, Gana leaves Ronapura with the evidence as directed by the [[Commissioner of Police|commissioner]]. While heading to the commissioner's office, Gana is knocked by Raghuveer Bhandari in a car accident. Bhairathi leaves for his father's grave all alone until Raghuveer Bhandri arrives with his henchmen, intending to kill him. Gana, having survived the attack, arrives at the venue and battles with Raghuveer's henchmen, who is also joined by Bhairathi where the two finish the henchmen and kill Raghuveer Bhandari by slashing his throat.

Upon seeing Gana's integrity, Bhairathi surrenders himself to the police and finds the portrait, which he showed it to Avni as a gift from Gana. Gana is appointed as [[Superindent of Police|SP]] and joins the office where he finds the ''Sri Ramayana Darshanam'' book where he learns that Bhairathi knew about Gana's identity all along, where Bhairathi is also reading the book's copy in the prison.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as [[Bhairathi Ranagal]]
* [[Sriimurali]] as Gana
* [[Shanvi Srivastava]] as Raksha
* [[Devaraj]] as Raghuveer Bhandari
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Vedhavathi
* Nyla Pramod as Avni
* [[Madhu Guruswamy]] as Singa
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Kashi
* Babu Hirannaiah as Shabari
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Ad Hero
* [[Chikkanna]] as James Jackson
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Ashwath Kudari
* [[Bala Rajwadi]]
* Raj Surya as Ronnie
* Vinay Krishnaswamy as Lawyer
* K. S. Sridhar
* Ashok Hegde
* Manjunath Hegde
* Shekhar Rao
* Bus Kumar
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mufti
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = November 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:10
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = JBC Audio
| producer = Ravi Basrur
| prev_title = [[Kataka (film)|Kataka]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Mantram (film)|Mantram]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[Ravi Basrur]] composed two original tracks for the film and scored its background music. He previously worked with Sriimurali on ''[[Ugramm]]'' and ''[[Rathavara]]''.

'''Original tracklist'''
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Chanooranu
| extra1 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| lyrics1 = Sai Sarvesh
| length1 = 03:15
| title2 = Onti Salaga
| extra2 = Vyasraj Sosale, Mohan, Srinivas, Ravi Basrur
| lyrics2 = Narthan M
| length2 = 04:30
}}

==Reception==
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "This is definitely one of the more interesting narratives that have been told on Sandalwood screen this year and it is worth that visit to the halls if intriguing and innovative commercial dramas are what you like."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mufti/movie-review/61878108.cms|title=Mufti Movie Review {3.5/5}: This is definitely one of the more interesting narratives that have been told on Sandalwood screen this year|website=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Mufti looks promising and will be another film in Sriimurali’s hit list, and Shivarajkumar’s role will stay in the minds of moviegoers."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/dec/02/mufti-review-gritty-distinct-and-has-the-right-cast-1716244.html|title=Mufti' review: Gritty, distinct and has the right cast|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>

Karthik Keramalu of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Mufti is a multi-starrer that’s designed to cater to fans of both Shiva Rajkumar and Sriimurali."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mufti-movie-review-shiva-rajkumars-aura-sriimuralis-bravado-help-deliver-a-decent-action-flick-4237347.html|title=Mufti movie review: Shiva Rajkumar's aura, Sriimurali's bravado help deliver a decent action flick|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=December 2017 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !!Category !!Recipient !!Result !!Ref
|-
|[[2017 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]]
||Harish Komme
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms|title=Karnataka Film Awards Announced 2017 Best Editor (2017) : Harish Komme|publisher=Vijaykanataka|date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|rowspan=2|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor- Kannada]]
|Shiva Rajkumar
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2017|title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sri Murali]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Critics' Best Actor]]
|Sri Murali
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Bhairathi Ranagal}}
After the success of the film, the makers decided to explore the back story of the character played by [[Shiva Rajkumar|Shivarajkumar]] and hence the idea got into play when the movie was announced 26 May 2023. The movie is titled ''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]'', which is said to be both a prequel and sequel to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Shiva Rajkumar To Reprise Bhairathi Ranagal's Role From His 2017 Film Mufti? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shiva-rajkumar-to-reprise-bhairathi-ranagals-role-from-his-2017-film-mufti-7144297.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Shivarajkumar and Narthan team up for film's prequel {{!}} Kannada Movie News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-and-narthan-team-up-for-films-prequel/articleshow/97978770.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217221553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-and-narthan-team-up-for-films-prequel/articleshow/97978770.cms |archive-date=17 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-27 |title='Bhairathi Ranagal': Shivarajkumar's next with Narthan goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhairathi-ranagal-shivarajkumars-next-with-narthan-goes-on-floors/article66899916.ece |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Remake ==
The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' by [[Studio Green]], starring [[Silambarasan]] and [[Gautham Karthik]].<ref>https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/mufti-remake-str-to-start-shooting-for-the-film-in-karnataka-414893.htm {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simbu-and-gautham-karthik-team-tamil-remake-kannada-film-mufti-100529|title = Simbu and Gautham Karthik team up for Tamil remake of Kannada film 'Mufti'|date = 23 April 2019}}</ref> It was directed by [[Krishna (director)|Obeli N. Krishna]] and released in March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/dec/24/simbu-gautham-karthikstamil-remake-of-mufti-titled-as-pathu-thala-2240280.html|title=Simbu, Gautham Karthik's Tamil remake of 'Mufti' titled as 'Pathu Thala'|date=24 December 2020 |publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6405208}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:2010s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2017 crime action films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

Balurghat Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T18:04:10Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balurghat
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Balurghat.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Balurghat Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ashok Lahiri|Ashok Kumar Lahiri]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat]]
| constituency_no = 39
| established = 1951
| electors = 180,390
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Balurghat Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 39 Balurghat Assembly constituency covers [[Balurghat]] municipality, Amritakhand, Vatpara and Chingishpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Balurghat (Community development block)|Balurghat]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and [[Hili (Community development block)|Hilli]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2 July 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-date = 18 September 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

Balurghat Assembly constituency is part of No. 6 [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election !! Member !! colspan=2|Party

|-
|rowspan=2|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Saroj Ranjan Chattopadhyay||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153830/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|Lakhsman Chandra Handa<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Mardi Hakai<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014 | archive-date = 6 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006032945/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Dhiren Banerjee]]||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<ref name=vidhansabha1957/><ref name=f>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontierweekly.com/articles/vol-47/47-9/47-9-Leftism%20in%20Undivided%20Dinajpur.html |title=Leftism in Undivided Dinajpur [1947-1977] |author=Swapan Kumar Pain |work=Frontier Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318204935/http://frontierweekly.com/articles/vol-47/47-9/47-9-Leftism%20in%20Undivided%20Dinajpur.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Sushil Ranjan Chattopadhyay||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =9 July 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101006192934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||rowspan=2|Mukul Basu||{{Party name with color|Independent}}<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =9 July 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080357/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|1969||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =9 July 2014| archive-date =12 January 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| url-status =live}}</ref>
|-
|1971||rowspan=2|Bireshwar Roy||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf|title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date=9 July 2014 | archive-date =12 January 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052412/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|work=Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =9 July 2014 | archive-date =7 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101007094829/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|1977||rowspan=7|[[Biswanath Chowdhury]]||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=7}}<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014 | archive-date = 7 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062834/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014 | archive-date = 6 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006142613/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =9 July 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063052/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work = Constituency-wise Data| publisher = Election Commission| access-date = 9 July 2014| archive-date = 6 October 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014 | archive-date = 7 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007113156/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =9 July 2014 | archive-date =7 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101007212034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006232430/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||[[Sankar Chakraborty]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =9 July 2014| archive-date =4 April 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| url-status =live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||[[Biswanath Chowdhury]]||{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<ref name="vidhansabha2006" />
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[Ashok Lahiri|Ashok Kumar Lahiri]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Balurghat}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Bidyut Roy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arpita Ghosh|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arnab Choudhury|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, Ashok Kumar Lahiri of BJP defeated his nearest rival Sekhar Dasgupta of Trinamool Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Balurghat constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Lahiri]]
|votes = 72,129
|percentage = 47.42
|change = {{increase}}36.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sekhar Dasgupta
|votes = 58,693
|percentage = 38.59
|change = {{decrease}}2.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Sucheta Biswas
|votes = 16,153
|percentage = 10.62
|change = {{decrease}}32.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,830
|percentage = 1.20
|change = {{decrease}}1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jogesh Chandra Murmu
|votes = 1,141
|percentage = 0.75
|change = {{decrease}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Narottam Saha
|votes = 810
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Birendra Nath Mahanta
|votes = 604
|percentage = 0.40
|change = {{decrease}}0.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Dulal Barman
|votes = 379
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPPU]]
|candidate = Anup Barman
|votes = 353
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,436
|percentage = 8.83
|change = {{increase}}7.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,52,092
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, [[Biswanath Chowdhury]] of RSP defeated his nearest rival Shankar Chakraborty of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Balurghat constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=39|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Balurghat|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 8 April 2011|archive-date = 5 June 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605072325/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=39|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Biswanath Chowdhury]]
|votes = 60,590
|percentage = 42.82
|change = +3.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sankar Chakraborty]]
|votes = 59,140
|percentage = 41.79
|change = -12.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gautam Chakraborty
|votes = 15,258
|percentage = 10.78
|change = +7.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,357
|percentage = 2.37
|change = +2.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samar Kumar Mahato
|votes = 1,668
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Biren Mahanta
|votes = 1,490
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 141,503
|percentage = 88.10
|change = -1.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = #
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Shankar Chakraborty of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Bishwanath Chowdhury of RSP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Balurghat constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=39|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Balurghat|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 8 April 2011|archive-date = 5 June 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605072325/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=39|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sankar Chakraborty]]
|votes = 67,495
|percentage = 54.27
|change = #
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Biswanath Chowdhury]]
|votes = 49,204
|percentage = 39.56
|change = -7.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjan Kumar Mondal
|votes = 4,378
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Keshab Roy
|votes = 1,862
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nripen Hansda
|votes = 1,427
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 124,366
|percentage = 89.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = #
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Trinamool Congress did not contest the seat in 2006.

===1977–2006===
[[Biswanath Chowdhury]] of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] has made it seven in a row winning the Balurghat assembly seat in all years from 1977 to [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]].<ref name="vidhansabha2006" /> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. He defeated Deboshree Choudhury of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2006, [[Sankar Chakraborty]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Biplab Khan of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Madhab Chandra Roy of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Asish Roy of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Jyotiswar Sarkar of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp38.htm | title = 38 - Balurghat Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 26 September 2010 | archive-date = 27 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120927075501/http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp38.htm | url-status = live}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Bireswar Roy of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Mukul Basu of RSP/Independent won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Sushil Ranjan Chattopadhya of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] and [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]], Balurghat was joint seat. In 1957<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Mardi Hakai of Congress and Dhirendra Nath Banerjee, Independent, won. In independent India's first election, Saroj Ranjan Chattopadhyay and Lakshman Chandra Handa, both of Congress, won.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dakshin Dinajpur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Sarvan Kumar Nishad

2026-04-21T04:29:24Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: put up a biography

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarvan Kumar Nishad
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|02|1}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Chauri-Chaura Assembly constituency|Chauri-Chaura]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sangeeta Yadav]]
| successor =
| father = [[Sanjay Nishad|Sanjay Kumar Nishad]]
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Gautam Buddha Technical University]]
| profession = Politician
| occupation = [[Engineer]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology]]
| relations = [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]] (brother)
}}

'''Sarvan Kumar Nishad''' is an Indian politician, [[engineer]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Chauri-Chaura Assembly constituency]] of [[Gorakhpur district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18326/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/sarvan-kumar-nishad/ |title=Sarvan Kumar Nishad, BJP MLA from Chauri-Chaura |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/sarvan-kumar-nishad |title=Sarvan Kumar Nishad |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sarvan Kumar Nishad was born on 1 February 1990 in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of [[Sanjay Nishad|Sanjay Kumar Nishad]].<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Sarvan Kumar Nishad completed his education with a [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[civil engineering]] at [[Gautam Buddha Technical University]], [[Lucknow]], in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3814 |title=Sarvan Kumar Nishad(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHAURI-CHAURA(GORAKHPUR) |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chauri-Chaura Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishad, Sarvan Kumar}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ladnun Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:43Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Creating new info w/ infobox!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ladnun
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-106-Ladnun.svg
| mla = [[Mukesh Bhakar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Didwana Kuchaman district|Didwana Kuchaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:269255}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 106
}}
'''Ladnun Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Hajiram Burdak
|{{Full party name with colour|Independent}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Manohar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2|[[Mukesh Bhakar]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Ladnun<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mukesh Bhakar
|votes = {{formatnum:97229}}
|percentage = 50.19
|change = +10.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Karni Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:81275}}
|percentage = 41.95
|change = +10.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Niyaj Mohammad Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:7225}}
|percentage = 3.73
|change = +1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhagirath Mal
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:5512}}
|percentage = 2.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2499}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15954}}
|percentage = 8.24
|change = +0.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193740}}
|percentage = 71.95
|change = +1.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Ladnun<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mukesh Bhakar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:65041}}
|percentage = 39.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manohar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:52094}}
|percentage = 31.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagannath Burdak
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:20063}}
|percentage = 12.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Omprakash Bagra
|votes = {{formatnum:7568}}
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tasleem Aaref
|votes = {{formatnum:6777}}
|percentage = 4.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Narendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3876}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sagar Mal Nahata
|votes = {{formatnum:2696}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1356}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12947}}
|percentage = 7.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165479}}
|percentage = 69.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nagaur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.64|74.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ran Bahadur Singh

2026-04-11T20:58:13Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: created a bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ran Bahadur Singh
| office1 = MLA Harraiya Constituency
| term1 = 1957 to 1962
| office2 = MLA Harraiya Constituency
| predecessor1 =
| successor2 = Budhi Ram
| term2 = 1962 to 1967
| office3 = MLC Basti
| term3 = 1967 to 1972
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_place = Muradipur, [[Harraiya]] (District - [[Basti district|Basti]])
| birth_date = 1921
| death_date = 1983
| parents = Shiv Harakh Singh (Father)
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| spouse = Saraswati Singh
}}

'''Ran Bahadur Singh''' was an Indian freedom fighter<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UP Legislative Assembly Member: Ran Bahadur Singh |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/3th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=224 }}</ref> and politician.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Ran Bahadur Singh, Harraiya West Assembly Elections 1962 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1962/harraiya-west/ran-bahadur-singh/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> He represented [[Indian National Congress]] in [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/|title=Uttar Pradesh 1962|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN|access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref> Singh is the founder of several educational institutions in [[Harraiya]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1947, He started [[National Inter College]]<ref name=":0" /> which is the first Senior Secondary School of [[Harraiya]] and one of the oldest in Basti district. He also founded Kisan Inter College Parashurampur, Harraiya.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Electoral history ==
Singh entered into regional politics in [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]. He contested from [[Basti District]], [[Harraiya (Assembly constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810002935/uplegisassembly.gov.in/|archive-date=10 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also a member of [[Pradesh Congress Committee|Provincial Congress Committee]]. He was two times MLA from Harraiya Constituency from 1957 to 1967.<ref name=":1" /> In 1967, Ran Bahadur Singh became the MLC from Basti Legislative Council.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Patrick Agnew (civil servant, born 1868)

2026-04-11T13:08:50Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: created new pg

{{Distinguish|Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Patrick Agnew
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Vice-Chairman and Managing Director, [[Central Prisoners of War Committee]]
| term_start = 1916
| term_end = 1919
| office2 = Officiating Judge, [[Chief Court of the Punjab]]
| term_start2 = 1913
| term_end2 = 1914
| birth_name = Patrick Dalreagle Agnew
| birth_date = 26 April 1868
| birth_place = [[Colony of Victoria]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1925|09|05|1868|04|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Oxford]], England
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| education = [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
}}
'''Sir Patrick Dalreagle Agnew''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ}} (26 April 1868 – 5 September 1925) was an Australian-born British officer and judge in the [[Indian Civil Service]].

Agnew was born in the [[Colony of Victoria]],<ref name="obit">Obituary, ''[[The Times]]'', 7 September 1925</ref> the son of William Henry and Janet Moubray Agnew.<ref name="WW">Biography, ''[[Who Was Who]]''</ref> He was educated at [[Bedford Grammar School]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]], and joined the Indian Civil Service in 1889.<ref name="obit" /> He served as assistant commissioner in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] until 1898, when he was promoted to deputy commissioner.<ref name="obit" /> He was appointed a divisional judge in 1910 and officiating judge of the [[Chief Court of the Punjab]] in 1913,<ref name="obit" /> retiring the following year and returning to the United Kingdom, where he lived at 8 Northmoor Road, [[Oxford]].<ref name="WW" />

In 1916, he was appointed vice-chairman and [[managing director]] of the [[Central Prisoners of War Committee]], run jointly by the [[British Red Cross Society]] and the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of St John]], remaining in the post until 1919.<ref name="obit" /> For this service, he was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) on 4 December 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30413|supp=|page=12680|date=4 December 1917}}</ref> and [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) in the civilian war honours of 30 March 1920.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31840|supp=y|page=3758|date=30 March 1920}}</ref>

Agnew married Elizabeth Frances Seaton, daughter of an [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] officer from [[County Tipperary]], Ireland, in 1897.<ref name="obit" /> They had one daughter.<ref name="WW" /> He died at Oxford on 5 September 1925 at the age of 57.<ref name="obit" />

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnew, Patrick}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedford School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:British charity and campaign group workers]]
[[Category:British people of World War I]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Red Cross personnel]]

Meitei clothing in Myanmar

2026-04-04T17:12:48Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Put up initial post from scratch...

{{Short description|Myanmar Meitei clothing culture}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{About|the clothing tradition of [[Meitei culture]] in Myanmar|the overall clothing tradition|Meitei clothing|the community in Myanmar|Meitei people in Myanmar}}

[[File:Manipuri horseman.jpg|thumb|Dressing of a Meitei cavalry man in Myanmar army]]

[[Meitei ethnicity]] (also known as [[Manipuris]]) have two main ways of dressing traditions in [[Myanmar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Manipuri in Myanmar 3|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Manipuri_in_Myanmar_3|access-date=2025-02-21|website=}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Khumukcham|first=Rinku|date=2018-09-18|title=Manipuri Diaspora in Myanmar: Past and Present1|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/manipuri-diaspora-in-myanmar-past-and-present1/|access-date=2025-02-21|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Men's clothing ==

When Meitei men go out, they wear a longyi. Men sometimes cover their heads with a cloth and tie a knot on the left side.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
Men wear a white [[pheijom]] for ceremonies, and boys wear a white [[dhoti]] too. Men also wear white vests without sleeves and hang a cloth around their necks during ceremonies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Manipuri Diaspora in Myanmar Part 3 By Mutua Bahadur|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Manipuri_Diaspora_in_Myanmar_Part_3_By_Mutua_Bahadur|access-date=2025-02-21|website=}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Most Myanmar Meitei men wear longyis. However, if someone living by the [[Ningthi River]] wears a longyi, they may be mocked because it looks like a woman wearing a [[sarong]]. But recently, some men have started wearing longyis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
=== Groom's dresses ===
The groom wears a white [[pheijom]] and a sacred thread. He doesn’t wear a shirt but covers his upper body with a white cloth. He also wears a white [[kokyet]], which is different from the one worn by Meitei people in India. The groom’s kokyet is the same as the one worn by a drummer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Military uniforms ===
In the late 18th century, a Meitei man, served as a general in the Myanmar army, would wear a [[pheijom]], a [[kokyet]], and a Myanmar shirt. Cavalrymen wore a [[kokyet]] kangdrum ([[turban]]) tied under their chin with cloth.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Women's clothing ==
{{See|Women in Meitei civilization|Women in Myanmar}}

Women wear a striped sarong, which they tuck in on the left side.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
Women also wear long-sleeved blouses, and sometimes wear a sarong over or under the blouse. There is not much difference in clothing between girls and married women.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Girls from the Bamon Khunjao group wear a pale pink sarong called pumngou phanek for ceremonies. Wearing pumngou phanek in [[Mandalay]] is a new tradition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
=== Married women's clothing ===
Married women do not usually wear a sarong over their chest during prayers, but they do wear it while bathing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Married women have a tradition of tying a knot of hair at the back of their heads, which is often decorated with white flowers. They wear earrings and gold necklaces. There is no tradition of wearing extra gold bangles.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
=== Bride's dresses ===
The bride wears a fancy sarong (phanek) called 'Acheik' and a long-sleeved blouse. She is covered with a thin white cloth, and her head is decorated with jewelry and white jasmine flowers. In some areas near the [[Ningthi River]], women wear embroidered sarongs at weddings.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Girls getting their ears pierced and brides wear similar clothing and jewelry. Brides don’t wear an innaphi (wrapper). Nowadays, many girls and women in [[Mandalay]] wear needle-worked sarongs with designs on the borders. Girls who dance at a mandav (a structure for ceremonies) wear mayek naiba sarongs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Religious dressings ===
During the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival in Gaave (Yekyi pauk), Meitei girls in Mandalay wear mayek naiba sarongs and extra-weft-designed wrappers. Traditionally, Meitei women in Mandalay wore 'pumthet phanek' sarongs with embroidered borders, but they don’t wear them anymore.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

A Meitei priestess ([[maibi]]) wears a striped sarong high on her chest without a shirt and covers her head with a thin cloth. Girls at the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival wear striped sarongs, blouses, and jasmine garlands on their heads.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Textiles ==
Meiteis made many types of clothes using different looms like khwang-iyong, pan-iyong, and fly-shuttle. Until 1990, the tradition of khwang-iyong continued. There was a market called 'Zecho' that sold only Meitei products. The word 'Zecho' means a market for both luxury and cheap items.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Manipuri in Myanmar 6|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Manipuri_in_Myanmar_6|access-date=2025-02-21|website=}}</ref>

In Myanmar, silk fabrics are divided into four types:<ref name=":1" />
# Bala
# [[Acheik]] or Lun
# Gaik
# Sat

Bala fabric has horizontal color stripes. The other three fabrics have designs between the stripes. The Acheik or Lun fabric was introduced by the Meiteis near the Patodas Pagoda near Amarapura in 1775, during the reign of King Alungpaya.<ref name=":1" />

The word "Iun" means spool. Acheik or lun is called "lun taya," which means "one hundred" in Burmese. This is because 100 spools are used to make an Acheik cloth. Before Acheik, during King Pagan's reign, a cloth with zigzag designs was made with three shuttles, using silk from China. Now, silk from Thailand and Bangladesh is also used.<ref name=":1" />

Myanmar people do business with Manipur and like the high-quality raw silk from there. Silk worms were found in the Kabo Valley, and Manipur grew many silk plants, according to a report from 1882. Silk production started in Manipur in the second century. Myanmar Meitei women are skilled at making silk textiles.<ref name=":1" />

During King Mindon's reign (1852-1878), Acheik was made using 120 light shuttles. Later, the number of shuttles used to weave Acheik increased to 300 (lun thone-ya) from 200 (lun hanaya). Lun taya and Acheik are high-quality silk fabrics.<ref name=":1" />

The designs in Acheik inspired other weavers. Weavers in Gangaw, Arakan, [[Inle Lake]], Chithei near Prome, and Thabyei Auk in Mandalay started making similar cloths. Lun taya and Acheik are now considered Myanmar's national clothes.<ref name=":1" />

The Acheik longyi or sarong was worn by royalty in the past, and common people were not allowed to wear it. Only the king could wear green and red Acheik. Pink Acheik was only for the women of the royal family. Other nobles and the rich could wear Acheik, but it had to be of lower quality. Classical dancers and married women also wear Acheik sarongs.<ref name=":1" />

The word "Acheik" means to connect with others. Some think the patterns on Acheik are zig-zags or loops. It doesn't have vertical designs and is not embroidered, mostly based on flowers. The design of Acheik is like a small rainbow with five to eleven layers. Meitei women weavers in Amarapura call it "thouri-mayek" (hind-pin-kyo in Burmese). The design was inspired by flowers on water waves.<ref name=":1" />
=== Types of Acheik ===
The design of Acheik can be divided into two types:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Manipuri in Myanmar 7|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Manipuri_in_Myanmar_7|access-date=2025-02-21|website=}}</ref>
# A rainbow-like design.<ref name=":2" />
# A rainbow-like design placed upside down next to each other, with the middle connected by a hook. This middle design comes from the khoi-mayek pattern, which has been used since ancient times in Manipur. It was first used on the borders of phanek (sarongs) during King Yanglou Keiphaba’s reign (969-984) and has also been used in jewelry.<ref name=":2" />

Acheik is woven horizontally with flower designs like orchids, roses, and jasmines on the top and bottom. During King Mindon’s reign, Acheik had designs of flower vases and orchids. The Meiteis have been weaving for 230 years, and over time, new designs were added to Acheik on all sides.
Old designs used on sarong borders and other Meitei products are no longer used.<ref name=":2" />

When Meitei women moved to Myanmar, they brought their textile skills, beauty ideas, and concepts, which are reflected in Acheik. The smallest area of Acheik is 2 cm, and the biggest is 11 cm.<ref name=":2" />

Acheik is made by repeating designs next to each other. The layers, colors, and spaces follow odd numbers. This tradition still continues today. Odd numbers stand for life, while even numbers stand for death. Using odd numbers is believed to bring long life and good health.<ref name=":2" />
Meitei weavers follow a color tradition. For example, if red is used, yellow naturally comes next to it.<ref name=":2" />

There are two types of Acheik. The first type uses 8,533 yarns and is 1.12 meters wide. It uses 100 to 300 small boat-like pangatems, and two women weavers sit together to make it manually.<ref name=":2" />

The second type uses 5,783 yarns (with silk yarn) and is 1.17 meters wide. The pangatem (shuttle) moves automatically when touched by hand.<ref name=":2" />
=== Production of Acheik ===
The production process has two steps:<ref name=":2" />
# The weft threads for the design are connected by hand.<ref name=":2" />
# An extra weft is added to make the design.<ref name=":2" />
The second type does not produce many Acheik. The underside of Acheik is shown when used and is covered during weaving to protect it from dust. Both sides of the Acheik look the same. The second type cannot create the lower design.<ref name=":2" />

The warp is stretched at a 14° angle from the weaver's waist. For plain cloths, it is stretched at a 10° angle. Female weavers usually make handcrafted Acheik, and male weavers use machines for Acheik and other plain cloths.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|India|Myanmar|Textile}}
* [[Meitei festivals]]
* [[Meitei martial arts]]
* [[Meitei clothing in Bangladesh]]
* [[Burmese clothing]]
* [[Traditional Thai clothing]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei clothing]]
[[Category:Burmese clothing]]

Surjya Kanta Hazarika

2026-04-01T12:00:43Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: put up article

{{Short description|Indian educationalist and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surjya Kanta Hazarika
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|05|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]]
| spouse = Eva Hazarika
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Journalist]]|[[writer]]|[[lyricist]]|[[poet]]|[[film maker]]}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2008)
| website = [http://www.drsurjyahazarika.com/ drsurjyahazarika.com]
}}

'''Surjya Kanta Hazarika''' is an [[People of Assam|Assamese]] litterateur, an eminent scholar, author, [[journalist]], [[poet]], [[Publishing|publisher]], [[playwright]], [[lyricist]], [[composer]], [[Cultural activism|cultural activist]], [[feature film]] and [[Documentary film|documentary maker]], [[social work]]er and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]]. Hazarika is a recipient of the [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri Award]] in 2008 for his contribution to Literature & Education. He was also the president of [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] from 2022 to 2024 .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Assam|website=Padma Awards, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|title=Previous Padma Awardees|language=en|access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214234/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Assam|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/119-get-padma-awards/story-ELGWvWLOP2UpyEXUSxq8GL.html |website=Hindustan Times|title=119 get Padma awards|date=25 January 2008 |language=en|access-date=25 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drsurjyahazarika.com/|title=Welcome to the Official Website of Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika|accessdate=3 February 2024}}</ref>

== Birth ==
Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika was born on 31 May 1956 in [[Dibrugarh]] in a cultured family. His father was Chandrakanta Hazarika, and his mother was Labanya Hazarika. His father, Chandrakanta Hazarika, was a teacher by profession, but he had also established a publication house named “Bani Mandir” in 1949. This became an elite publication house of Assam within a short span of time. among the seven children; three sons and four daughters.,<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com" /> Surjya Kanta Hazarika was the eldest child.

== Education ==
After finishing his school education in [[Dibrugarh University|Dibrugarh]] and [[Digboi College|Digboi]], he enrolled for pre-university classes at [[Gauhati Commerce College|Gauhati Commerce College, Guwahati]] in 1973–74. After one year of studying, he was forced to go back to Dibrugarh in order to look after the family publication business. Here, he completed his [[Pre-university course|PU]] from [[Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College|DHSK Commerce College in Dibrugarh]]. In 1978 he completed his [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]]. from the same college. He received a [[M.Com]]. degree from Dibrugarh University in 1980. After this he started pursuing a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]. in [[Gauhati University]] but could not finish it, as he was too preoccupied with newspaper publication activities. However, in 2016 he started pursuing a Ph.D. again from [[Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya|Mahapurush Srimanta Sankaradeva University, Nagaon]]. Initially, he started his research under the guidance of [[Prodip Hazarika|Dr. Pradip Hazarika]]; but after his untimely death Hazarika resumed his research work under [[Karabi Deka Hazarika|Dr. Karabi Deka Hazarika]], finishing it in 2021. His research topic was 'Publication of Assam related books in the 19th century: A survey.' This thesis has been published as a book and is a valuable treasure of information for those who study the history of Assamese language and literature.<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

== As an author ==
From an early age Surjya Kanta Hazarika started to write. When he was in ninth standard, he wrote about a Delhi trip in a popular weekly newspaper ''Asom Bani''. His first book ‘Siku Aaha Nana Katha’ (Let's Learn Many Things) was published in 1975 when he was just twenty. From an early age he edited several magazines including the college magazines. He had edited a handwritten magazine ‘Jyotirupa’ in 1976.<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

Right from the time when he was in his early twenties Surjya Kanta Hazarika has been actively taking forward his family legacy of book publication and printing. Contributing immensely to Assamese book publishing industry and literature in general, he had established Chandrakanta Press Pvt. Ltd. in [[Guwahati]] in 1987. He had shifted his base to Guwahati two years earlier in 1985. One of his biggest ambitions was his dream of publishing a daily news paper. On January 1, 1988, he started publishing an Assamese News Paper named ''‘Natun Dainik’''. ''‘Natun Dainik’'' had soon become a very popular news paper under the editorship of Chandra Prasad Saikia, Jatindra Kumar Borgohain and Dr. Rohini Kumar Barua(a retired IAS) and later Surjya Kanta Hazarika himself took the editorship of the newspaper in 1993–94 and 1997–99.<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

== As a publisher ==
As a publisher of news papers, Surjya Kanta Hazarika had introduced a few revolutionary concepts in Assamese news paper industry. He had introduced ''‘Sandhya Batori’'', an evening newspaper in 1989. ''‘Chitra Sangbad’'' a niche news paper dedicated to cinema and cultural activities in 1990 and a sports news paper ''‘Khel Sangbad’'' in 1992. Khel Sangbad was published under his own editorship. Apart from these four newspapers, he brought out a [[fortnight]]ly newspaper named ''‘Bahniman’'' from Dibrugarh. He had also published another magazine named ''‘Pratidhwani’'' with Dr. Bhupen Hazarika as the editor and himself as the [[Editor-in-chief|Associate Editor]].<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

Surjya Kanta Hazarika was only twenty when his association with ‘Asam Sahitya Sabha’ started. Since then he has been an active member of the ‘Asam Sahitya Sabha’. In 1980 he had taken the responsibility of Assistant Secretary of Dibrugarh Sahitya Sabha. He had also edited the news paper ‘Asam Sahitya Sabha Sangbad’ published by the Asam Sahitya Sabha in 1993. He was the editor of '' ‘Asam Sahitya Sabha Patrika(Viswakosh Edition)’'' in 2003. In 1993–94, 2001–03, 2010–12, 2012–14 he was a member of the executive committee of the Asam Sahitya Sabha.

Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika has published thousands of valuable books under the banner of ‘Bani Mandir’ and ‘S. H. Educational Trust’. He has also encouraged many new authors. He himself has written and edited many valuable books. In order to preserve the legacy of Assamese literature he has also reprinted many age-old books which are considered immensely valuable.

Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika has been associated with many prestigious organisations in various capacities including the All Assam Book Sellers & Publishers’ Association, as the President for the period of 2005-06 & 2006–07. He is also the adviser of All Assam Printers’ Association. During this time he took many steps to promote Assamese publishing industry at the national and international level.

One of the most valuable works of Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika is the transcription of Multi-faceted Dr. Bhupen Hazarika's autobiography ‘Moi Eti Jajabor’.<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

== As a lyricist/composer ==
As a lyricist/composer, Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika has contributed significantly to the world of Assamese music. In 1987 he became an approved lyricist of [[All India Radio]], Dibrugarh. Later All India Radio, Guwahati had also recognized him as an approved lyricist. He has written and composed songs for various audio albums, TV serials, movies and documentaries. ‘Brikodar Baruar Biya’, ‘Tore More Alokore Jatra’, ‘Ananya Prantar’, ‘Bahuttor Majot Ekotto’, ‘Ghar Sangsar’, ‘Merpak’, ‘Roopkonwar Jyotiprasad Agarwala’, ‘Rupantarar Silpi Jyotiprasad’ , ‘Jyotiprasad: A Legend of the Northeast (English)’ etc. are some of the TV serials for which he wrote songs. He has produced several audio albums. Most significant among these are – ‘Shrabya Safura’, ‘Asta Mukuta (Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika’s lyrics and Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’s composition & vocals), ‘Borluit’, ‘Jyoti Prasad’, ‘Harinam Loboloi (devotional)’, ‘Dholor Sewe Sewe (Bihu)’, ‘Adhyatmik Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’ and ‘O Mur Aponar Desh’.<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

== As a producer/director ==
Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika has produced & directed many TV serials, documentaries and has acted in several serials, movies, plays etc. Assamese TV serial ‘Brikodar Baruar Biya’, produced and directed by Dr. Hazarika was one of the most super hit and iconic Assamese TV serials of all times. It was telecast by Doordarshan Kendra, Guwahati. Apart from this, he directed and produced 9 other TV Serials namely Nirmal Bhakat, Ananya Prantar, Noi Boi Jai, Tore More Alokore Jatra, Maharathi, Dhanya Nara Tanu Bhal, The North East Today, The North East Round-up etc., 18 documentaries namely Chira Senehi Mor Bhasa Janani, Namghare Namghare, Shrimanta Sankardev aru Brindaboni Vastra, Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbarua, Rupantoror Shilpi Jyotiprashad, Bihangam Drishtit Bishnu Prashad Rabha, Bihangam Drishtit Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, Dr. Bhupen Hazarika : a living legend, Asom Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, Bahuttar Majot Ekotto, Jawahar Rojgar Yojana, Grammunayan: Mahila aru Shishu, Jyotiprashad: a legend for the North East, Kalaguru Bishnu Prashad Rabha, Mother and Child Healthcare, Places of Tourist Attraction in Assam, In search of a Lost City of Pragjyotishpur, 1 telefilm named Mitrashya Chakushya in Hindi and has assisted in the direction of a TV serial named ‘Bor Luitor Pare Pare’. Apart from that he has also acted in several TV serials, radio and stage plays as well as movies.

He produced and directed a full-length feature film name ‘Shrimanta Sankaradeva’ depicting the life and works of Shrimanta Sankaradeva, a 15th-century Assamese Vaishnavite saint, social reformer and cultural icon.

Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika has also been recognized with many prestigious awards including the ''‘Padmashri’'' in 2008.<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

==Notable works==

=== Books ===
'''‘Dr. William Carey, Atmaram Sarma Aru Asamiya Bhashar Pratham Chapa Grantha Dharmapustak’''' ''(Dr. William Carey, Atmaram Sarma and the first Assamese Printed Book ‘Dharmapustak’) 2017:''

''‘Dharmapustak’'' was the first Assamese printed book published by American Missionaries in 1813. It was the Assamese translation of the Bible done by Atmaram Sarma at the initiative of British Missionary Dr. William Carey. Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika has documented important aspects related to the publishing of the book which was significant in the development of modern Assamese publishing industry as well as Assamese literature.

'''Asamor Jatiyo Sangeet Aru Itihaas''' ''(The State Anthem of Assam and Its History), 2016:''

This research oriented book highlights the historical significance of ‘O Mur Aponar Desh’, the state anthem of Assam.

'''Anya Ek Dristikonere Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa''' ''(Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbarua from A Different Perspective) 2019:''

Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbarua, one of the stalwarts of Assamese literature and culture played a very significant role in the crusade against attempts to deprive Assamese language of its independent identity. His contribution to the field of literature and society is immense and Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika, through this 403 page book, Dr. Hazarika is trying to explore some lesser highlighted yet significant aspects of Bezbarua's persona and his contribution to Assamese society and culture.

'''Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaruar Sangbadikota''' ''(Sahityrathi Lakshminath Bezbarua’s Journalism) 2021:''

Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbarua was one of the stalwarts of Assamese literature and language. He was one of the pioneers of the struggle for the identity of Assamese language. Apart from his role in literature and culture, he was also one of the pioneers in Assamese journalism. Bezbarua gave birth to a new era in Assamese literature and journalism as the editor of newspapers ‘Jonaki’ and ‘Bahi’. These magazines, in fact, were the platforms that nourished and catapulted many Assamese authors and journalists who became famous later. Dr. Surjya Hazarika explores these aspects of Bezbarua in this book.

'''Unabingsha Satikat Prakashita Asomar Grantha Itihas''' ''(The history of Books on Assam Printed and Published during 19th Century from different Places of Assam, India and Abroad):''

Apart from books on literature, culture, history & heritage etc. Dr. Hazarika has also covered the books on geography, mathematics, dictionaries, and even school textbooks published in the period between 1801 and 1900. The book encompasses the detailed description of the process of making blocks for Assamese printing press, and historical facts related to the setting up of the printing press in Assam. This book is an historical document related to evolution of Assamese printing, and publishing industry.

'''Bhupendar Xoite Xannidhyar Kisu Mitha Sowaran''' ''(Sweet Reminiscence of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’s Association) 2022:''

This coffee table book, which includes many rare photographs, highlights the moments of interactions between Dr. Bhupen Hazarika and Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika during their 40 years long association.<ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

==== Other books ====
Spiritual/Religious books edited by Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika

* Kirtan Ghosha Aru Naam Ghosha (Kirtan Ghosha & Naam Ghosha) 2003
* Chari Shastra (Four scriptures- Kirtan Ghosha, Naam Ghosha, Bhakti Ratnavali and Dasam together) 2006
* Sri Madbhagawat (complete Bhagawat with introduction), 2014
* Srimanta Sankaradeva Bakyamrit (Complete works of Srimanta Sankaradeva), 2014
* Sri Sri Madbhabdev Bakyamrit (Complete works of Sri Sri Madhabdeva), 2015
* Sachitra Kirtan Ghosha (Illustrated Manuscript of Kirtan Ghosa), 2016
* Sachitra Bhakti Ratnavali (Illustrated Manuscript of Bhakti Ratnavali), 2016
* Sachitra Srimad-Bhagawat (8th chapter) (Illustrated Manuscript of Srimad-Bhagawata), 2016
* Sachitra Srimad-Bhagawat (11th Chapter) (Illustrated Manuscript of Srimad-Bhagawata), 2016
* Sachitra Banamalideva Charit (Illustrated Manuscript of Banamalideva Charit), 2016
* Chitra Bhagawat, (Illustrated Manuscript of Bhagawat),2017
* Sachitra Kirtan Ghosha (Illustrated Manuscript of Kirtan Ghosa), Kathbapu Satra Edition,2022
* Sachitra Kirtan Ghosha (Illustrated Manuscript of Kirtan Ghosa), Na-Burka Satra Edition,2022
* Sachitra Kirtan Ghosha (Illustrated Manuscript of Kirtan Ghosa), British Museum Edition, 2022
* Sachitra Aadi Dasam (Illustrated Manuscript of Srimad-Bhagavat's 10th Canto),2022
* Parijat Haran Naat, 2017
* Ram Vijay Naat, 2018
* Keligopal Naat, 2019
* Saptakanda Ramayan, 2022 <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

==== Compiled & Edited Books on various topics ====

* Bhupen Hazarikar Geet Samagra (Songs of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika), 1993
* Adhunik Asamiya Biswakosh, 1994
* Rasaraj Lakhsminath Bezbaruar Sishu Sahitya Sambhar, 2006
* Books From Assam (An introductory catalogue of 68 Assamese Books), 2006
* Sahityacharya Atul Chandra Hazarika Sishu Sahitya Sambhar (1st, 2nd and 3rd volume) 2007
* Bhupen Hazarika Rchanawali (1st, 2nd and 3rd volume), 2008
* Bhinnojonor Drsitit Bishnuprasad Rabha (Compilation of more than 200 articles), 2008
* Moi Eti Jajabor (Dr. Bhupen Hazarika's Transcribed Autobiography) 2008
* Dharmapustak (Reprint of the first Assamese book printed in 1813), 2012
* A Catalogue of Manuscripts Preserved at The Srimanta Shankardev Kalakshetra, 2018
* The Wandering Minstrel Dr. Bhupen Hazarika: A Jewel in the Crown of the Nation <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

==== Magazines Edited ====

* Asam Sahitya Sabha Sangbad, 1993
* Asam Sahitya Sabha Patrika, 2003
* Jyotirupa (Handwritten magazine edited during his student life), 1976–77
* Pratidhwani, (Associated Editor for the magazine edited by Dr. Bhupen Hazarika), 1985-90 <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

==== Souvenirs Edited ====

* Souvenir of Assamese Film Festival held in Dibrugarh, 1980
* Souvenir of the presentation ceremony of the Assam Ratna award given to Dr. Bhupen Hazaika by Government of Assam
* Souvenir of Srimanta Sankaradeva International Festival, 2016
* Souvenir to mark the 20th anniversary of the Srimanta Sankaradeva Kalakshetra, 2019
* Souvenir of Guwahati Literary Festival, 2012 <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

==== Newspapers & magazines edited ====

* Natun Dainik, editor (1993–94, 1997–98), total 3 years
* Sandhya Batori, Editor (1989–96), 8 years
* Chitra Sangbad, Editor, (1990-2000), 11 years
* Khel Sangbad, Editor, (fortnightly sports news paper in Assamese), 1 year
* Bahniman, editor (fortnightly newspaper) 1978–79, 2 years <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

==== Dictionaries ====

* Byabaharik Asamiya Abhidhan- Dr. Basanta Kumar Goswami
* Biparitarthak Sabdar Abhidhan- Dr. Basanta Kumar Goswami <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

===Feature film===
Srimanta Sankardeva (2010) <ref name=ssf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srimantasankardevafilm.com/director.html|website=Srimanta Sankardeva Films|title=Director Surjya Kanta Hazarika's profile|language=en|access-date=5 September 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920103745/https://www.srimantasankardevafilm.com/director.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Documentraies ===

==== Research based- ====

* Siro Senehi Mur Bhasha Janani
* Srimanta Shankardev Aru Brindabani Bastra
* Asam Rtana Dr. Bhupen Hazarika

==== Biographical- ====

* Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbarua
* Rupantarar Silpi Jyotiprasad
* Bihangam Dristit Bishnuprasad Rabha
* Bihangam Dristit Dr. Bhupen Hazarika
* Dr. Bhupen Hazarika: A Living Legend
* Syed Abdul Malik: Ek Byaktigata Sannidhyar Madhur Sowaran
* Jyotiprasad: A Legend of The North-East
* Kalaguru Bishnu Prasad Rabha <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

===Director of TV serials===

==== TV serials ====

* Brikodar Baruar Biya
* Nirmal Bhakat
* Ananya Prantar
* Noi Boi Jai
* Tore More Alokore Jatra
* Moharothi
* Dhanya Nara Tanu Bhal <ref name="drsurjyahazarika.com"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! TV serials !! Remarks
|-
| 1993 || Nirmal Bhakat || 5 Episodes in Hindi on Assam History Story by Legendary Novelist Rajanikanta Bordoloi <ref name=ssf/>
|-
| 2004 || Dhanya Nara Tanu Bhal || 8 Episodes in Hindi based on the Legendary Srimanta Sankardeva's Life & Activities <ref name=ssf/>
|-
| 2004 || Tore More Aalokore Jatra || 8 Episodes in Assamese based on Life & Activities of Cultural Icon Jyoti Prasad Agarwalla <ref name=ssf/>
|-
| 2004 || Ananya Prantar || 8 Episodes in Assamese based on Assam History <ref name=ssf/>
|-
| 2005 || Maharathi || 8 Episodes in Hindi based on Karna character of Epic Mahabharata) story by Chandra Prasad Saikia <ref name=ssf/>
|-
| 2011 || Noi Boi Jai || A serial based on cultural frictions of Assam, story by Dr.Lila Gogoi <ref name=ssf/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazarika, Surjya Kanta}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:People from Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of neighbourhoods in Bengaluru

2026-03-30T19:21:03Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Put up initial post w/ refs...

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
This is a list of areas and neighborhoods in [[Bengaluru]] by region. In recent decades, the city has witnessed rapid growth in population and urbanized area. While Central Bangalore is the commercial heart of the city, Eastern and South-Eastern Bangalore areas are major hubs for [[Information technology|IT]] and financial companies. Southern and Western parts of the city are mainly residential areas. The neighborhoods in the Northern and North-Eastern regions are both industrial and residential.

==[[Bengaluru Central Business District|Central]]==
{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = Central Bangalore
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0027|77.5703}}
| label1 = Malleswaram
| pos1 = left
| coordinates3 = {{coord|12.9732913|77.6404672}}
| label3 = Indiranagar
| coordinates4 = {{coord|13.00779|77.57963}}
| label4 = Sadashivanagar
| pos4= top
| coordinates5 = {{coord|12.9863910|77.60754164}}
| label5 = Shivajinagar
| coordinates6 = {{coord|12.9934|77.5903}}
| label6 = Vasanthnagar
| coordinates7 = {{coord|12.9778793|77.6246697}}
| label7 = Ulsoor
| pos7 = bottom
| coordinates8 = {{coord|12.9624669|77.6381958}}
| label8 = Domlur
| pos8 = bottom
| coordinates9 = {{coord|12.9678074| 77.6568367}}
| label9 = Jeevanbhima
| pos9 = right
| coordinates10 = {{coord|12.9931876|77.5753419}}
| label10 = Seshadripuram
| pos10 = left
| coordinates11 = {{coord|12.9701392|77.5775301}}
| label11 = Austin Town
| pos11 = bottom
| coordinates12 = {{coord|13.01977|77.59611}}
| label12 = R. T. Nagar
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Bangalore Cantonment|Cantonment]] area
|
| The Cantonment area in Bangalore was used as a military cantonment during the [[British Raj]] in the 19th century. After the Indian independence, the area merged with rest of the city but still retains names for localities and streets used by the British as well as the colonial architecture in many buildings. Some localities which come under this area are [[Richmond Town]], [[Austin Town]], [[Murphy Town, Bangalore|Murphy Town]], [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], and [[Cox Town, Bangalore|Cox Town]].
|-
| [[Domlur]]
| [[File:Embassy GolfLinks Business Park.jpg|180px|]]
| Formerly part of the Cantonment area, Domlur has become a major hub for IT outsourcing firms and military establishments. The Embassy GolfLinks Business Park and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] Airport are located in/near Domlur.
|-
| [[Indiranagar, Bangalore|Indiranagar]]
|
| Indiranagar is a sought-after residential and commercial neighbourhood which is located between the central and eastern parts of the city. The neighbourhood is known for its cosmopolitanism, nightlife, pubs and retail stores. The [[100 Feet Road]] which runs through Indiranagar is one of the major commercial hubs in the city.
|-
| [[Rajajinagar]]
|
| Established in 1949 on the birthday of C. Rajagopalachari .
|-
| [[Malleswaram]]
| [[File:World Trade Center Bangalore.jpg|150px|]]
|
|-
| [[Bengaluru Pete|Pete]] area
| [[File:K.R. Market.jpg|180px]]
| Established by [[Kempe Gowda I]] at the time of creation of Bangalore, the Pete area is the centre of trade and commercial activities in central Bangalore. It consists of various localities each of which are known for different markets: [[Chickpet]] (textile), Balepet (bangles), Cottonpet (cotton), Sultanpet (paper), etc. The largest flower market in Asia [[K. R. Market]] and [[Avenue Road, Bangalore|Avenue Road]] (earlier known as Doddapete) also come under the Pete area.
|-
| [[Sadashivanagar]]
|
| Sadashivanagar is an upscale neighbourhood in the heart of the city. [[Anugraha]], the residence of Karnataka's Chief Minister, is in this neighbourhood.
|-
| [[Seshadripuram]]
|
| Seshadripuram was established in 1892 to reduce the congestion in the Pete area. Known for its educational institutions which are now branched across the city, the neighbourhood is primarily a residential locality having an extension called Kumara Park.
|-
| [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]]
| [[File:Bangalore Shivaji Nagar Bus Depot 1-14-2009 3-38-20 PM.JPG|180px|]]
| Shivajinagar is one of the older areas of the city, which today acts as a major junction for transport to other parts of Bangalore. [[Russell Market]] and [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]] are important landmarks in the locality.
|-
| [[Ulsoor]]
| [[File:Ulsoor lake (5392330091).jpg|180px]]
| Ulsoor (or Halasuru) is one of the oldest areas in the city. The neighbourhood is known for the [[Ulsoor Lake]], one of the largest lakes in the city, near [[M G Road, Bangalore|M G Road]].
|-
| [[Vasanth Nagar]]
|
| Located south of [[Bangalore Palace]], Vasanth Nagar is an upscale neighbourhood in the heart of the city. One of the busiest commercial areas in the city [[Cunningham Road]] is located in Vasanth Nagar. Being near other commercial areas and luxury hotels, this locality has gained high real estate value.
|-
| [[R. T. Nagar]]
| [[File:Aerial view of the TV Tower, RT Nagar and Palace Ground.jpg|180px|]]
| Rabindranath Tagore Nagar or simply R. T. Nagar is an area in [[Bangalore]]. Famous politicians, lawyers and businessmen reside in this posh locality. Located north of the [[Bangalore Palace]] and within 7 kilometers of [[Vidhana Soudha]], this place has a high real estate value.
|}

==Eastern==
{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = Eastern Bangalore Not shown: Varthur and Whitefield
| 
| coordinates2 = {{coord|12.956194|77.701943}}
| label2 = Marathahalli
| pos2 = left
| coordinates3 = {{coord|12.995|77.68}}
| label3 = KR Puram
| pos3 = left
| coordinates4 = {{coord|12.98689|77.69254}}
| label4 = Mahadevapura
| pos4 = bottom
| coordinates5 = {{coord|12.926088|77.675778}}
| label5 = Bellandur
| coordinates6 = {{coord|12.985556|77.663889}}
| label6 = CV Raman
| pos6 = left
| coordinates7 = {{coord|12.9919|77.7162}}
| label7 = Hoodi
| pos7 = left
| 
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Bellandur]]
| [[File:Intel and RMZ Ecospace Buildings behind it 6-23-2010 8-51-02 AM.jpg|200px|]]
| Located along the [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]], Bellandur is an IT hub and home to multiple tech parks/SEZs such as RMZ Ecospace. It is also known for the [[Bellandur Lake]].
|-
| [[CV Raman Nagar]]
| [[File:Bagmane Tech Park, CV Raman Nagar, Bengaluru, India (2007).jpg|180px|]]
| CV Raman Nagar is a neighbourhood to the west of the Outer Ring Road, known for the [[Bagmane Tech Park]] located there.
|-
| [[Hoodi]]
|
| Hoodi is a locality close to Whitefield as well as the Outer Ring Road IT hubs. This has helped Hoodi grow as a residential and commercial centre.
|-
| [[Krishnarajapuram]]
| [[File:K.r.puram hanging bridge 2.jpg|180px|]]
| Krishnarajapuram is located at the northernmost part of the Outer Ring Road at its junction with the Old Madras Road. Krishnarajapuram assembly constituency is one of the largest in the state of [[Karnataka]].
|-
| [[Mahadevapura, Bangalore|Mahadevapura]]
| [[File:Phoenix Market City (21812542780).jpg|200px|]]
| Another IT hub along the Outer Ring Road, Mahadevapura was formerly a city municipal council. [[Phoenix Marketcity (Bangalore)|Phoenix Market City]], a popular shopping mall, is located in this neighbourhood.
|-
| [[Marathahalli]]
| [[File:Marathalli 1.JPG|180px|]]
| Marathahalli is located at the junction of [[Old Airport Road, Bangalore|Old Airport Road]] and the Outer Ring Road. A village until the 1990s, the area has seen rapid urbanisation due to the IT boom in the city.
|-
| [[Varthur]]
| [[File:Sigma Technology Park 8-21-2010 10-06-37 AM.JPG|180px|]]
| Varthur is a commercial and residential area located adjacent to Whitefield.
|-
| [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]]
|
|Formerly a settlement of Anglo Indians, Whitefield is a neighbourhood in the eastern part of the city which is regarded to be one of the two major IT clusters in the city. It houses [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|ITPL]], the oldest tech park in the city, as well as shopping malls such as The Forum Value.
|-
|}

==North-Eastern==
{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = North-Eastern Bangalore
| coordinates1 = {{coord|13.015|77.652}}
| label1 = Banaswadi
| pos1 = bottom
| coordinates2 = {{coord|13.0358698|77.6323597}}
| label2 = HBR
| pos2 = left
| coordinates3 = {{coord|13.0150025|77.675079}}
| label3 = Ramamurthy
| pos3 = right
| coordinates4 = {{coord|13.0144068|77.6357383}}
| label4 = Kammanahalli
| pos4 = top
| coordinates5 = {{coord|13.0263433|77.6606178}}
| label5 = Horamavu
| pos5 = right
| coordinates6 = {{coord|13.0121427|77.6257269}}13.0117678|77.6278288
| label6 = Lingarajapuram
| pos6 = left
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Banaswadi]]
|
|
|-
| [[HBR Layout]]
|
|
|-
| [[Horamavu]]
| [[File:Tcpalya.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Kalyan Nagar]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kammanahalli]]
|
|
|-
| [[Lingarajapuram]]
|
|
|-
| [[Ramamurthy Nagar]]
| [[File:RM Nagar Main road.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
|}

==Northern==
{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = Northern Bangalore
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0236|77.5566}}
| label1 = Yeshwanthpur
| pos1 = bottom
| coordinates2 = {{coord|13.0383|77.5919}}
| label2 = Hebbal
| pos2 = top

| coordinates4 = {{coord|13.0329|77.5273}}
| label4 = Peenya
| pos4 = left
| coordinates5 = {{coord|13.0465|77.5484}}
| label5 = Jalahalli
| pos5 = left
| coordinates7 = {{coord|13.0285|77.565}}
| label7 = Mathikere
| 
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]]
| [[File:IBM Manyata office - View from Lumbini garden 3.JPG|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Jalahalli]]
| [[File:NBTPL-Jalahalli-Cross.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Mathikere]]
| [[File:MSRIT from front gate.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Peenya]]
|
|
|-
| [[Vidyaranyapura]]
|
|
|-
| [[Yelahanka]]
| [[File:Yelahanka New Town.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Yeshwanthpur]]
| [[File:YPR-Flyover-TTMC.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
|}

==South-Eastern==

{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = South-Eastern Bangalore
| coordinates = {{coord|12.85|77.67}}
| label1 = Electronic City
| pos1 = top
| coordinates2 = {{coord|12.9212|77.6180}}
| label2 = Madiwala
| coordinates3 = {{coord|12.9259|77.6229}}
| label3 = Koramangala
| pos3 = left
| coordinates4 = {{coord|12.91|77.64}}
| label4 = HSR
| coordinates5 = {{coord|12.9151|77.6103}}
| label5 = BTM
| pos5 = left
| coordinates7 = {{coord|12.9|77.63}}
| label7 = Bommanahalli
| pos7 = left
| 
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Bommanahalli]]
|
| Primarily a residential area, Bommanahalli has undergone significant commercial growth in recent years, being near to areas such as Electronic City and HSR Layout.
|-
| [[Bommasandra]]
|
|
|-
| [[BTM Layout]]
| [[File:Beautiful Park.jpg|160px|]]
| BTM Layout is a commercial and residential neighbourhood in Bangalore. It is bound by other on-demand residential areas like Jayanagar, JP Nagar, Madiwala and Bommanahalli.
|-
| [[Electronic City]]
| [[File:Infy Pyramid 40.jpg|180px|]]
| Nicknamed "IT capital of India" and "Silicon Valley of India", Electronic City is a large industrial area on the outskirts of the city. With hundreds of IT companies' offices located in the area, including the headquarters of [[Infosys]] and [[Wipro]], Electronic City also houses auto manufacturing and financial companies. A [[Bangalore Elevated Tollway|flyover]] on Hosur Road connects Bangalore with Electronic City. A metro line named [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow line]] passes through this area.
|-
| [[HSR Layout]]
| [[File:1st Sector, HSR Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India - panoramio.jpg|160px|]]
| HSR Layout is a new residential area in Bangalore located between [[Hosur Road]] and Sarjapur Road.
|-
| [[Koramangala]]
| [[File:Forum Mall DSW.jpg|200px|]]
| Koramangala is a large commercial and residential neighbourhood in Bangalore. Located along the Hosur Road, it is a highly sought after real estate area which connects different parts of the city.
|-
| [[Madiwala]]
| [[File:Madiwala Lake Bangalore Karnataka Sagar Sangamam.jpg|180px|]]
| Madiwala is a busy business centre located close to Koramangala. It is famous for the [[Madiwala Lake]].
|-
|}
{{Further|Vishwapriya Nagar}}

==Southern==
{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = Southern Bangalore
| coordinates = {{coord|12.925|77.595}}
| label1 = Jayanagar
| coordinates2 = {{coord|12.9417|77.5755}}
| label2 = Basavanagudi
| coordinates3 = {{coord|12.9097|77.5866}}
| label3 = JP Nagar
| coordinates4 = {{coord|12.9163|77.5561}}
| label4 = Padmanabhanagar
| pos4 = left
| coordinates5 = {{coord|12.9451|77.5491}}
| label5 = Banashankari
| pos5 = top
| coordinates7 = {{coord|12.9056|77.5455}}
| label7 = Uttarahalli
| pos7 = left
| coordinates8 = {{coord|12.9081|77.5553}}
| label8 = Kumaraswamy
| pos8 = bottom
| coordinates10 = {{coord|12.9401|77.5445}}
| label10 = Girinagar
| pos10 = bottom
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Banashankari]]
| [[File:Banashankari Traffic and Transit Management Centre (TTMC), Banashankari, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India (2012),.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Basavanagudi]]
| [[File:National-College-Flyover-Basavanagudi.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Girinagar]]
|
|
|-
| [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|J. P. Nagar]]
| [[File:Puttenahalli Lake, JP Nagar, Bangalore.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]]
| [[File:Jayadeva-Junction.JPG|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Kumaraswamy Layout]]
|
|
|-
| [[Padmanabhanagar]]
|
|
|-
| [[Uttarahalli]]
|
|
|-
|}

==Southern suburbs==

{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = Southern suburbs
| coordinates1 = {{coord|12.8617513|77.5584394}}
| label1 = Anjanapura
| pos1 = bottom
| coordinates2 = {{coord|12.8773|77.6028}}
| label2 = Hulimavu
| coordinates3 = {{coord|12.872347|77.632871}}
| label3 = Begur
| coordinates4 = {{coord|12.89|77.60}}
| label4 = Arekere
| pos4 = left
| coordinates5 = {{coord|12.868|77.583}}
| label5 = Kothnur
| coordinates6 = {{coord|12.855123|77.5887674}}
| label6 = Gottigere
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Anjanapura]]
|
|
|-
| [[Arekere]]
|
|
|-
| [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]]
| [[File:Naganatheshwara-Begur-temple.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Gottigere]]
| [[File:Volvo-Gottigere-Bannerghatta.jpg|180px|]]
|
|-
| [[Hulimavu]]
|
|
|-
| [[Kothnur]]
|
|
|-
|}

==Western==

{{Location map many | India Bengaluru
| relief = yes
| width = 300
| caption = Western Bangalore
| coordinates1 = {{coord|12.9718789|77.5375814}}
| label1 = Vijayanagar
| coordinates2 = {{coord|12.9882|77.5549}}
| label2 = Rajajinagar
| pos2 = right
| coordinates3 = {{coord|12.9274|77.5154}}
| label3 = RR Nagar
| coordinates4 = {{coord|12.986667|77.538611}}
| label4 = Basaveshwaranagar
| pos4 = top
| coordinates5 = {{coord|12.9664767|77.5049931}}
| label5 = Nagarbhavi
| pos5 = bottom
| coordinates6 = {{coord|12.9432495|77.5241219}}
| label6 = Nayandahalli
| coordinates7 = {{coord|13.0106887|77.5465250}}
| label7 = Mahalakshmi
| coordinates8 = {{coord|13.0114489|77.5358458}}
| label8 = Nandini
| pos8 = left
| coordinates9 = {{coord|12.9838253|77.5292941}}
| label9 = Kamakshi
| pos9 = left
| coordinates10 = {{coord|12.91379|77.48701}}
| label10 = Kengeri
| pos10 = top
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:light gray; color:black"|Name
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Image
! class="unsortable" style="background:light gray; color:black"|Summary
|-
| [[Basaveshwaranagar]]
|
| Basaveshwaranagar is a residential locality located on the western side of Chord Road. It is named after the 12th century philosopher [[Basavanna]].
|-
| [[Kamakshipalya]]
|
| Kamakshipalya is a neighbourhood which lies around the intersection of Magadi Road and Outer Ring Road
|-
| [[Kengeri]]
| [[File:Kengal Hanumathaiah Transport Junction, Kengeri, Bangalore.jpg|180px|]]
| Kengeri is a locality along the Mysore Road and an important transport hub with a [[Kengeri railway station|railway station]], a TTMC and an upcoming terminal station of the Purple Line of [[Namma Metro]]. Kengeri Satellite Town is a township developed by the [[Bangalore Development Authority]].
|-
| [[Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| [[File:ISKCON Banglaore Temple.jpg|180px|]]
| Mahalakshmi Layout is a large neighbourhood on the western part of Bangalore located near to [[Yeshwantpur]]. The area has a large number of temples including the [[ISKCON Temple Bangalore|ISKCON Temple]].
|-
| [[Nagarbhavi]]
| [[File:New-Outer-Ring-Road-Nagarbhavi-Circle.jpg|180px|]]
| Located to the south of Magadi Road and along the Outer Ring Road, Nagarbhavi is a large residential locality known for the many educational institutions in and around the area such as the [[Bangalore University]] and the [[National Law School of India University]].
|-
| [[Nandini Layout]]
|
|
|-
| [[Nayandahalli]]
|
| Nayandahalli is a transport junction in the western part of Bangalore. The [[Mysore Road Satellite Bus Station]], [[Mysore Road metro station]] and [[NICE Road]] junction are located in the area and serve as important intracity transport nodes.
|-
| [[Rajajinagar]]
|
|
|-
| [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
| [[File:Rajarajeshwari Entrance - panoramio.jpg|180px|]]
| Located in the south-western part of the city along the Mysore Road, Rajarajeshwari Nagar is a suburb named after the Rajarajeshwari Temple in the area. It is primarily a residential neighbourhood, which also has several educational institutions and the [[Global Village Tech Park]].
|-
| [[Vijayanagar, Bangalore|Vijayanagar]]
|
| Named after the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], Vijayanagar is a large residential locality bound by Magadi Road and Mysore Road with the Chord Road running through. It also consists of sublocalities like Chandra Layout and RPC Layout.
|-
|}

==Peripheral towns==
Although not technically part of Bangalore metropolitan area, these towns are considered to be part of Bangalore:

*[[Attibele]], at the junction of [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]] and [[State Highway 35 (Karnataka)|SH35]] on the Karnataka–Tamil Nadu border
*[[Anekal]], along [[SH35]]
*
*[[Chandapura]], along [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]]
*[[Thavarekere]]
*[[Chikkabanavara]], along [[State Highway 39 (Karnataka)|SH39]]
*[[Hesaraghatta]], along [[State Highway 39 (Karnataka)|SH39]]
*[[Jigani]], along [[State Highway 87 (Karnataka)|SH87]]
*[[Nelamangala]], along [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]] and [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH75]]
*[[Sarjapura]], along [[National Highway 648 (India)|NH648]] and [[State Highway 35 (Karnataka)|SH35]] on the Karnataka–Tamil Nadu border

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic Location
| Northwest =
| North = [[Doddaballapura]] / [[Devanahalli]]
| Northeast = [[Hoskote]]
| West = [[Magadi]]
| Centre = Bangalore
| East =
| Southwest = [[Bidadi]]
| South = [[Bannerghatta (town)|Bannerghatta]]
| Southeast = [[Anekal]] / [[Hosur]]
}}

[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists|neighbourhoods]]
[[Category:Lists of neighbourhoods in Indian cities|Bangalore]]

Bhaskar Bose

2026-03-28T23:38:23Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: made some post more to come!

{{short description|Indian Thriller podcast series}}
{{Infobox podcast
| title = Bhaskar Bose
| image =
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = MnM Talkies
| writer = Asif Syed, Obaidur Rahman
| director = [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Mugdh]]
| voices = [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Mugdh]], Shadaab Hashmi
| language = [[Hindi]]
| length = 12-20 minutes
| production = {{ubl|MnM Talkies|[[Spotify]]}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 378
| list_episodes =
| began = 2 December 2019
| cited_for = Golden Mikes Award 2022
New York Festival Radio Awards 2023
| network = [[Spotify]]
| website = {{URL|https://open.spotify.com/show/4BuXlpcana6xU2ctfZ3qgZ}}
}}
'''''Bhaskar Bose''''' is an Indian [[Podcast#Fiction podcast|fiction podcast]] show starring [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Mugdh]] as Bhaskar Bose and Shadaab Hashmi as Bikesh Das. It was the only fiction show to debut on [[Spotify]] India's podcast platform in 2019.

== Presentation Team ==

* Directed by [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Mugdh]]
* Written by Asif Syed, Obaidur Rahman
* Produced By [[Spotify]], MnM Talkies
* Distributed By [[Spotify]]

== Voice cast ==

* [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Mugdh]] as Bhaskar Bose.
* Shadaab Hashmi as Bikesh Das.

== Reception ==
In 2022, Bhasker Bose won Golden Mikes Awards,<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-08-07 |title=‘Bhaskar Bose’ wins Golden Mikes Awards 2022 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/bhaskar-bose-wins-golden-mikes-awards-2022-419805 |access-date=2023-11-16 |work=Tribune India}}</ref> and in 2023, won New York Festivals Radio Award.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-06-06 |title=MnM Talkies and Stone Paper Stories are Bringing the Most Refreshing Audio Drama of 2023 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/mnm-talkies-and-stone-paper-stories-are-bringing-the-most-refreshing-audio-drama-of-2023-and-now-live20230506141751/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |work=ANI News}}</ref>

== References ==
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==

* {{official website|https://open.spotify.com/show/4BuXlpcana6xU2ctfZ3qgZ}}
* {{IMDb title|tt27628825}}

[[Category:Scripted podcasts]]
[[Category:Indian podcasts]]
[[Category:Spotify exclusive podcasts]]
[[Category:Fiction podcasts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language mass media]]

Amrut Rao

2026-03-26T09:03:58Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{short description|Maratha noble}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amrut Rao
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| birth_date = c. 1770
| birth_place =
| death_date = 6 September 1824
| death_place = Secrole, [[Varanasi District]], [[Company rule in India|Company India]]
| known_for = Titular [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] in 1803,
First Maharaja of Karwi
| children = Vinayak Rao
| parents =
| mother = [[Anandibai]] (adoptive)
| father = [[Raghunathrao]] (adoptive)
}}
'''Amrut Rao''' (c. 1770 – 6 September 1824) was a [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] noble and the adopted son of [[Raghunath Rao|Raghunathrao]]. In 1803, [[Yashwant Rao Holkar]] invaded [[Pune]] and deposed his adoptive brother, Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]]. Following this, Holkar established an ad hoc council nominally headed by Amrut Rao and administered the Peshwa government in his name.

Yashwant Rao Holkar also installed Amrut Rao's son, Vinayak Rao, as Peshwa to strengthen the legal legitimacy of his administration, as Vinayak Rao had been adopted by the widow of the deceased Peshwa [[Madhav Rao II|Madhavrao II]]. However, Baji Rao II sought assistance from the [[British East India Company]], whose advance forced Amrut Rao and his son to flee Pune.

Subsequently, Amrut Rao signed a treaty with the British, agreeing to relinquish all claims to the Peshwa's office in exchange for a pension and an estate in the [[Bundelkhand Agency|Bundelkhand]] region.

== Early life ==
Amrut Rao was born around 1770. He was adopted by [[Raghunath Rao|Raghunathrao]], who served as the 11th [[Peshwa]] and allied with the [[British East India Company]] in 1775. However, the British later signed the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (1782) with Raghunathrao's rivals among the Marathas, recognizing [[Madhav Rao II|Madhavrao II]] as the Peshwa. Raghunath Rao died a year later in 1783, and his family was placed in confinement by the minister [[Nana Fadnavis]]. His wife Anandi Bai, sons [[Baji Rao II]] and Chimaji Rao II, and adopted son Amrut Rao were all imprisoned at [[Kopargaon]] until 1793. Subsequently, they were moved to Anandwali near [[Nashik]]. Later in April 1794, they were confined to [[Shivneri|Shivneri Fort]].

After the death of Madhavrao II, Nana Fadnavis and powerful nobleman [[Daulat Rao Scindia]] installed Amrut Rao's adoptive brothers—first Chimaji Rao and then Baji Rao II—as titular Peshwas in quick succession.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyELAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22
|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia, Volume 10 |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |year=1833 |page=22 }}</ref> After Fadnavis' death, Daulat Rao Scindia held the actual power, while Baji Rao II remained a puppet Peshwa.<ref name="RM_2013">{{cite book |author=Rory Muir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tc4_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |title=Wellington: The Path to Victory 1769-1814 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780300186659 |pages=107–125}}</ref>

==Conflict with Daulat Rao Scindia==

The widows of Daulat Rao Scindia's predecessor, [[Mahadji Scindia]], struggled with Amrut Rao for control of the Scindia court.<ref name="RSC_2004">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA14
|title=History of the Marathas |author=R.S. Chaurasia |publisher=Atlantic |year=2004 |isbn=9788126903948 |pages=39–40 }}</ref> In 1798, Scindia decided to transfer the widows to [[Ahmednagar]] and keep them in confinement there. However, Muzaffar Khan, an officer loyal to the widows, rescued them near [[Koregaon Bhima]] while Scindia's men were escorting them to Ahmednagar. Khan brought the widows to Amrut Rao, who happened to be nearby, and Amrut Rao granted them protection.<ref name="JGD_1826">{{cite book |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Duff3/chapter09.html
|title=A History of the Mahrattas |volume=III |author=James Grant Duff |chapter=Chapter IX – From 1798 to 1800 |date=1826 |pages=162–179 }}</ref>

On the night of 7 June 1798, Scindia sent five infantry battalions under the command of a French officer, Captain Du Prat, to retrieve the widows. However, Amrut Rao's forces repelled Scindia's troops. Scindia then initiated negotiations, offering the widows the choice of their residence. Amrut Rao arrived near [[Pune]] to meet Scindia on their behalf and set up camp on the banks of the [[Mula River (India)|Mula River]], near the [[Khadki]] bridge. Scindia's father-in-law and general, Sarji Rao Ghatge (also known as Sarjerao), led two battalions to the riverside under the pretext of maintaining order during the local [[Mourning of Muharram|Muharram]] procession. However, his men opened fire on Amrut Rao's camp with 25 [[cannon]]s. As Amrut Rao's troops dispersed, Ghatge's forces attacked and plundered the camp. The widows subsequently fled to [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]].<ref name="JGD_1826" />

==Holkar's occupation of Pune==

On 25 October 1802, [[Yashwant Rao Holkar]], a rival noble of Daulat Rao Scindia, invaded Pune and defeated the joint forces of Scindia and Peshwa Baji Rao II in the [[Battle of Hadapsar]].<ref name="RM_2013"/> After taking control of Pune, Holkar decided to install a titular Peshwa. Although the office of Peshwa no longer held actual power, removing the Peshwa entirely would have faced opposition from other Maratha nobles. Holkar therefore summoned Baji Rao II's brother, Amrut Rao, who was in [[Junnar]]. Amrut Rao arrived in Pune with his son Vinayak Rao, who had been adopted by Yasoda Bai, the widow of Baji Rao II's predecessor, [[Madhav Rao II|Madhavrao II]].<ref name="JLM_2005">{{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA618 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |publisher=Sterling |year=2005 |isbn=9781932705546 |page=618}}</ref>

Holkar established an ad hoc council headed by Amrut Rao and administered the Peshwa's government in his name.<ref name="AW_1877">{{cite book |author=Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gskNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA218 |title=A Selection from the Despatches, Treaties, and Other Papers of the Marquess Wellesley, K.G., During His Government of India |publisher=Clarendon |year=1877 |page=218}}</ref> He also attempted to legitimize his government by appointing Vinayak Rao as the new Peshwa.<ref name="JLM_2005"/>

On 13 March 1803, Holkar left Pune, leaving Amrut Rao with 1,000 soldiers.<ref name="NS_1983">{{cite book |author=Narindar Saroop |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjKURHnitt8C&pg=PA40 |title=Gardner of Gardner's Horse, 2nd Lancers, Indian Army |publisher=Palit & Palit Abhinav |year=1983 |pages=40–43}}</ref> Meanwhile, Baji Rao II had fled to [[Vasai]] and sought assistance from the British. Holkar and Amrut Rao unsuccessfully attempted to gain British support for their government.<ref name="AW_1877"/> However, the British signed the [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]] with Baji Rao on 31 December 1802. In 1803, the British dispatched an army led by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] to capture Pune and restore Baji Rao II as a titular Peshwa under British authority. Amrut Rao was forced to flee Pune with Holkar's men.

As Wellesley advanced, he received reports that Amrut Rao had plundered the city and Holkar had ordered its destruction before leaving. However, by the time Wellesley reached Pune on 20 April 1803, the city was intact.<ref name="RM_2013"/> The British restored Baji Rao II as a titular Peshwa under their control on 13 May 1803.

==After fleeing Pune==

Holkar had left his European officer [[William Linnæus Gardner]] as a liaison (and spy) in Amrut Rao's camp. Feeling betrayed after being forced to flee with a small force, Amrut Rao imprisoned Gardner. He later proposed that Gardner join him in serving Holkar's rival, Scindia, but Gardner refused. At one point, Amrut Rao's soldiers bound Gardner to the [[muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]] of a [[cannon]], though he was not executed as Amrut Rao was aware of his value as a prisoner. Gardner eventually escaped while Amrut Rao was en route to meet Scindia.<ref name="NS_1983"/>

Meanwhile, Wellesley opened correspondence with Amrut Rao, recognizing him as a potential ally who could turn into a threat if antagonized. Amrut Rao, who had joined Holkar reluctantly, saw little reason to oppose the British. Negotiations followed, despite Peshwa Baji Rao II viewing Amrut Rao as an enemy.<ref name="RM_2013"/> On 14 August 1803, Amrut Rao signed an agreement with the British, renouncing all claims to the Peshwa's office and agreeing to remain friendly. In return, he received an annual pension of {{INR}}7 lakhs and a [[jagir]] in [[Banda district (India)|Banda district]]. He settled at [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Karwi]], where he and his descendants governed the Tiroha (Kirur) estate of the [[Bundelkhand Agency]].<ref name="CUA_1892">{{cite book |author=Charles Umpherston Aitchison |author-link=Charles Umpherston Aitchison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPm13EKwB04C&pg=PA8 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1892 |volume=IV (Containing the Treaties, Etc, Relating to the Central India Agency) |location=Calcutta}}</ref>

Amrut Rao eventually became known for his religious devotion and charitable acts.<ref name="RH_1843">{{cite book |author=Reginald Heber |author-link=Reginald Heber |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn04hebegoog |title=Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay: 1824-1825 |publisher=Murray |year=1843 |page=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn04hebegoog/page/n177 163]}}</ref> He once paid off the debts of all persons imprisoned for debt in [[Benares]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qC8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69
|title=The Church Missionary Juvenile Instructor |publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday |year=1879 |page=69 }}</ref> In 1814, he undertook a sacred journey from Benaras to the Baidyanath temple in Deoghar, accompanied by nearly 2,000 armed men, including soldiers and attendants.

He died on 6 September 1824 at Secrole near [[Benares]].<ref name="RH_1843"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/f03abde4-694a-4400-85a9-514637ce5b00
|title=Death of Amrut Rao at Benares on 6 Sep 1824 |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref> His son and successor Vinayak Rao died childless in 1853. Vinayak Rao's adopted sons, Narayana Rao and Madho Rao, joined the [[1857 uprising]] after their pension was stopped by the Company. The revolt was crushed: Narayana Rao died in prison, while Madho Rao was allowed to remain a landlord due to his young age at the time.<ref name="CUA_1892"/>

Narayana Rao's daughter was later awarded a state in Banda and Chitrakoot, with guarantees from Scindia and Holkar.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Amrut}}
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1824 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages

2026-03-20T20:33:17Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: brief rework citations

{{Short description|Phonetic process}}
{{cleanup lang|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2019}}
[[File:Schwa IPA symbol.svg|thumb|upright=.45|The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol for the schwa]]
{{IPA notice}}
Schwa deletion, or schwa syncope, is a phenomenon that sometimes occurs in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and several other [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] languages with [[mid-central vowel|schwas]] that are implicit in their written scripts. Languages like [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] with increased influence from other languages through coming into contact with them also show a similar phenomenon. Some schwas are obligatorily deleted in pronunciation even if the script suggests otherwise.<ref name="hyman1988">{{Citation | title=Language, speech, and mind (Volume 1988, Part 2) |author1=Larry M. Hyman |author2=Victoria Fromkin |author3=Charles N. Li | date=1988 | isbn=0-415-00311-3 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6IOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''...The implicit /a/ is not read when the symbol appears in word-final position or in certain other contexts where it is obligatorily deleted (via the so-called schwa-deletion rule which plays a crucial role in Hindi word phonology)...''}}</ref><ref name="ref28cuzum">{{Citation | title=Indian linguistics, Volume 37 | publisher=Linguistic Society of India, 1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3ljAAAAMAAJ | quote=''...the history of the schwa deletion rule in Gujarati has been examined. The historical perspective brings out the fact that schwa deletion is not an isolated phenomenon; the loss of final -a has preceded the loss of medial -a-;...''| year=1976}}</ref> Here, ''schwa'' refers to an [[inherent vowel]] in the respective [[abugida]] scripts, not necessarily pronounced as schwa ([[mid central vowel]]).

Schwa deletion is important for intelligibility and unaccented speech. It also presents a challenge to non-native speakers and [[speech synthesis]] software because the scripts, including [[Devanagari]], do not indicate when schwas should be deleted.<ref name="bhatia1987">{{Citation | title=A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition: Hindi-Hindustani grammar, grammarians, history and problems | author=Tej K. Bhatia | year=1987 | isbn=90-04-07924-6 | publisher=BRILL | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C | quote=''...Hindi literature fails as a reliable indicator of the actual pronunciation because it is written in the Devanagari script... the schwa syncope rule which operates in Hindi....''}}</ref>

For example, the [[Sanskrit]] word "[[Rāma]]" ({{IPA|sa|raːmɐ|IPA}}, राम) is pronounced "Rām" ({{IPA|hns|raːm|IPA}}, राम्) in Hindi. The schwa ([[mid central vowel|ə]]) sound at the end of the word is deleted in Hindi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYz6AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=A Linguistics Workbook: Companion to Linguistics |edition=Sixth |author1=Ann K. Farmer |author2=Richard A. Demers |publisher=MIT Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780262514828 |page=78}}</ref> However, in both cases, the word is written राम.

==Chart==
The schwa is not deleted in ancient languages such as [[Sanskrit]], as well as the modern registers of the [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] languages. The schwa is also retained in all the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages – such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]] – since they are not part of the Indo-Aryan language family. According to Masica (1993), there has been not "any attempt to deal with it [schwa deletion] (and medial vowel loss in general) in systematic fashion either descriptively or historically across all NIA [New Indo-Aryan] languages."{{Sfn|Masica|1993|p=189}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Languages
!Mid schwa deletion
!Final schwa deletion
|-
|Assamese
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|-
|Bengali
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|-
|Gujarati
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|-
|Kashmiri
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|-
|Hindi
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|-
|Marathi
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|-
|Nepali
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|-
|Odia
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|-
|Punjabi
|style="background-color:#ffff00"|Sometimes
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|-
|Sanskrit
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|-
|Sinhala
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|style="background-color:#2ecc71; color:white"|Retains
|-
|Urdu
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|style="background-color:#ff6464; color:white"|Deletes
|}

==Schwa deletion==
Different Indian languages can differ in how they apply schwa deletion. For instance, medial [[schwa]]s from Sanskrit-origin words are often retained in Bengali even if they are deleted in Hindi.<ref name="ref88guruf">{{Citation | title=Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Indian Morphology, Phonology & Language Engineering: Simple'05, February 5th-7th, 2005, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur |author1=Anupam Basu |author2=Udaya Narayana Singh | publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2005 | isbn=978-81-7342-137-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRxiAAAAMAAJ | quote=''...The compound words derived from native words of Bengali show greater tendency towards {a} deletion than those derived from Sanskrit....''|date=2005-01-01}}</ref> An example of this is रचना/রচনা which is pronounced ''racanā'' (/rɐtɕɐnaː/) in Sanskrit, ''racnā'' (/rətʃnɑː/) in Hindi and ''rôcona'' (/rɔtʃona/) in Bengali. While the medial schwa is deleted in Hindi (because of the ə → ∅ / VC_CV rule), it is retained in Bengali.<ref name="choudhury2004" />

On the other hand, the final schwa in वेद /বেদ is deleted in both Hindi and Bengali (Sanskrit: /veːd̪ə/, Hindi: /veːd̪/, Bengali: /bed̪/).<ref name="choudhury2004" />

===Assamese===
The Assamese equivalent for [[schwa]] is the [[open-mid back rounded vowel]] or [ɔ]. Assamese deleted this vowel at the end of consonant-final words, with a few exceptions like in numerals. In clusters, it's deleted in words like কান্ধ (/kandʱ-/, shoulder), বান্ধ (/bandʱ-/, bond) while optional in the word গোন্ধ (/ɡʊnˈdʱ(ɔ)/, smell). Modern Standard Assamese developed the schwa in words like কাছ (/kaˈsɒ/, turtle), পাৰ (/paˈɹɒ/, pigeon), তই কৰ (/tɔi kɔɹɔ/, you do) which appear with different vowels in some other dialects, like কাছু /ˈkasu/, পাৰা /ˈpaɾa/, কৰাহ /ˈkɔɾaʱ/ in some [[Kamrupi dialects]]. Eastern (and its sub-dialect, Standard) and Central Assamese retained the schwa in medial positions, like নিজৰা (/niˈzɔɹa/, stream), বিচনি (/biˈsɔni/, handfan), বতৰা (/bɔˈtɔɹa/, news), পাহৰে (/paˈɦɔɹe/, forgets), নকৰে (/nɔˈkɔɹe/, doesn't do), which were deleted in some of the Kamrupi dialect, while some others kept them as /a/. Conjuncts in Sanskrit loanwords always have the schwa, and in consonants ending words (that are followed by schwa), the schwa is optionally present in words ending with suffixes, for example, শিক্ষিত from Sanskrit शिक्षित (śikṣita, "educated") is pronounced both as /ˌxikˈkʰitɔ/ and /ˌxikˈkʰit/.

===Bengali===
The Bengali equivalent for schwa is [[open-mid back rounded vowel]] or [ɔ].
Bengali deletes this vowel at the end when not ending in a consonant cluster but sometimes retains this vowel at the medial position. If the schwa is pronounced at the end of a multi-syllable word, it becomes a [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] or [o]. For example, the Sanskrit word पथ (/pɐt̪ʰɐ/, way) corresponds to the Bengali word পথ /pɔt̪ʰ/ (পথ্). But the Sanskrit word अन्त (/ɐnt̪ɐ/, end) retains the end vowel and becomes অন্‌তো (/ɔnt̪o/) in Bengali, as the schwa ends a word.

However, ''tatsama'' borrowings from Sanskrit generally retain the schwa except in word-final positions or (inconsistently and somewhat unpredictably) word-medially when a morpheme ends and except in very informal speech.

That vowel in medial position are not always retained. For instance, 'কলকাতা' is pronounced as কোল্‌কাতা (/kolkat̪a/), and not /kolɔkat̪a/ (although different pronunciations based on dialect exist, none pronounce it this way).

===Gujarati===
Gujarati has a strong schwa deletion phenomenon, affecting both medial and final schwas. From an evolutionary perspective, the final schwas appear to have been lost prior to the medial ones.<ref name="ref28cuzum"/> According to [[George Cardona|Cardona]], the word-final schwa deletion occurred during the transition from [[Middle Gujarati]] to [[Gujarati language|Modern Gujarati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Suthar |first2=Babu |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |pages=723 |chapter=Gujarati |orig-date=2003}}</ref>

===Hindi===
Although the Devanagari script is used as a standard to write [[Modern Hindi]], the schwa ('ə') implicit in each consonant of the script is "obligatorily deleted" at the end of words and in certain other contexts, unlike in Sanskrit.<ref name="hyman1988" /> That phenomenon has been termed the "''schwa syncope rule''" or the "''schwa deletion rule''" of Hindi.<ref name="hyman1988" /><ref name="bhatia1987" /> One formalisation of this rule has been summarised as ''ə → ∅ /VC_CV''. In other words, when a schwa-succeeded consonant (itself preceded by another vowel) is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted.<ref name="bhatia1987" /><ref name="choudhury2004">{{Citation | title=A Diachronic Approach for Schwa Deletion in Indo Aryan Languages | author1=Monojit Choudhury, Anupam Basu | author2=Sudeshna Sarkar | name-list-style=amp | date=July 2004 | journal=Proceedings of the Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology (SIGPHON) | publisher=Association for Computations Linguistics | url=http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W04/W04-0103.pdf | quote=''...schwa deletion is an important issue for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion of IAL, which in turn is required for a good Text-to-Speech synthesizer.... Sanskrit rəcəna, Hindi rəcna, Bengali rɔcona....'' | access-date=2011-01-30 | archive-date=2012-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304025400/http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W04/W04-0103.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> However, this rule sometimes deletes a schwa that should remain and sometimes fails to delete a schwa when it should be deleted. The rule is reported to result in correct predictions on schwa deletion 89% of the time.<ref name="choudhury2004" />

Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building [[speech synthesis|text-to-speech]] software for Hindi.<ref name="choudhury2004" /><ref name="tyson2009">{{Citation | title=Prosodic rules for schwa-deletion in Hindi text-to-speech synthesis |author1=Naim R. Tyson |author2=Ila Nagar | date=2009| journal=International Journal of Speech Technology |volume=12 |pages=15–25 |doi=10.1007/s10772-009-9040-x |s2cid=8792448 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10772-009-9040-x | quote=''... Without the appropriate deletion of schwas, any speech output would sound unnatural. Since the orthographical representation of Devanagari gives little indication of deletion sites, modern TTS systems for Hindi implemented schwa deletion rules based on the segmental context where schwa appears ...''|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As a result of schwa syncope, the Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal Sanskrit-style reading of Devanagari. For instance, राम is pronounced ''Rām'' (not ''Rāma'', as in Sanskrit), रचना is pronounced ''Rachnā'' (not ''Rachanā''), and वेद is pronounced ''Ved'' (not ''Veda'').<ref name="choudhury2004" /><ref name="tyson2009" /> The name of the script itself is pronounced ''Devnāgrī'', not ''Devanāgarī''.<ref name="ref91gufod-2">{{citation | title=The rāgs of North Indian music: their structure and evolution | author=Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy | publisher=Popular Prakashan, 1995 | isbn=978-81-7154-395-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGLRqLscf78C&q=difference&pg=PR11 |page=xi |quote=''...The Devnāgrī (Devanāgarī) script is syllabic and all consonants carry the inherent vowel a unless otherwise indicated. The principal difference between modern Hindi and the classical Sanskrit forms is the omission in Hindi of this inherent ''a'' when in final position (e.g. ''rāga'' in Sanskrit and ''rāg'' in Hindi) and frequently in medial position (e.g. ''Māravā'' in Sanskrit and ''Mārvā'' in Hindi).''| year=1995}}</ref>

Correct schwa deletion is also critical because the same letter sequence is pronounced two different ways in Hindi depending on the context. Failure to delete the appropriate schwas can then change the meaning.<ref name="choudhury2002">{{Citation | title=A Rule Based Schwa Deletion Algorithm for Hindi | author1=Monojit Choudhury | author2=Anupam Basu | date=July 2004 | journal=Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge-Based Computer Systems | url=http://www.mla.iitkgp.ernet.in/papers/schwadeletionhindi.pdf | quote=''... Without any schwa deletion, not only the two words will sound very unnatural, but it will also be extremely difficult for the listener to distinguish between the two, the only difference being nasalisation of the e at the end of the former. However, a native speaker would pronounce the former as dha.D-kan-eM and the later as dha.Dak-ne, which are clearly distinguishable ...'' | access-date=2011-01-30 | archive-date=2011-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154937/http://www.mla.iitkgp.ernet.in/papers/schwadeletionhindi.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> For instance, the letter sequence 'रक' is pronounced differently in हरकत (''har.kat'', meaning ''movement'' or ''activity'') and सरकना (''sarak.na'', meaning ''to slide''). Similarly, the sequence धड़कने in दिल धड़कने लगा (''the heart started beating'') and in दिल की धड़कनें (''beats of the heart'') is identical prior to the nasalisation in the second usage. However, it is pronounced ''dhaṛak.ne'' in the first and ''dhaṛ.kanẽ'' in the second.<ref name="choudhury2002" /> While in the word नमक the final schwa is deleted, making it ''Namak'' and not ''Namaka'', the similarly spelled word नमकीन is pronounced ''Namkīn'', also dropping the schwa in between the m and k.

While native speakers pronounce the sequences differently in different contexts, non-native speakers and voice-synthesis software can make them "sound very unnatural", making it "extremely difficult for the listener" to grasp the intended meaning.<ref name="choudhury2002" />

===Kashmiri===
In the [[Dardic languages|Dardic subbranch]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] similarly demonstrates schwa deletion. For instance, ''drākṣa'' (द्राक्ष) is the Sanskrit word for grape, but the final schwa is dropped in the Kashmiri version, which is ''dach'' (दछ् or دَچھ).

This pattern extends beyond Sanskrit borrowings and is observable in everyday vocabulary when compared with other modern Indo-Aryan languages. In Hindi, the word kela (केला ‘banana’) retains the final vowel -a, while in Kashmiri the same word undergoes final schwa deletion, surfacing as kel (केल्/کیل). Similarly, Hindi sangtārā (संतरा ‘orange’) preserves the final vowel, whereas Kashmiri deletes it, resulting in sangtar (संतर्/سَنٛگتر). Such examples illustrate that Kashmiri exhibits more extensive and regular schwa deletion than many neighboring Indo-Aryan languages, contributing to its distinct phonological profile.

===Maithili===
Maithili's schwa deletion differs from other neighbouring languages. It does not delete schwa, but shortens it, i.e. ə → ə̆ / VC_CV applies to the language. [[Maithili language|Maithili]] with increased influence of other languages through coming into contact with them has been showing the phenomenon of schwa deletion sometimes with words that traditionally pronounce schwas. For instance, हमरो is ''həməro'' (''even ours'') with schwas but is pronounced ''həmᵊro''.<ref name="ref06pehej">{{Citation | title=The Indo-Aryan languages | author=George Cardona | publisher=Psychology Press, 2003 | isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC | quote=''...The two morphophonemic alternations that are very productive and regular in Maithili are schwa deletion and replacement of a by schwa. (a) Schwa deletion:... VCəCV → VC0CV.... Schwa deletion in Maithili occurs....''| date=2007-07-26}}</ref> That is akin to the neighbouring [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] in which हमरा (meaning ''mine'') is pronounced ''həmrā'' rather than ''həmərā'' from the deletion of a medial schwa.<ref name="ref71cobic">{{Citation | title=Experiencer subjects in South Asian languages |author1=Manindra K. Verma |author2=Karavannur Puthanvettil Mohanan | publisher=Center for the Study of Language (CSLI), 1990 | isbn=978-0-937073-60-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCarNNGmOMYC | quote=''...The paradigm in Bhojpuri... hamaar in isolation is genitive and has an oblique form in -aa, which according to the general principle of vowel attenuation (schwa deletion) in this language yields the form hamraa before postpositions....''|year=1990}}</ref>

===Marathi===

Marathi exhibits extensive schwa deletion.<ref name="marathi-schwa">{{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=H.M. |title=Introduction to the Devanagari script, for students of Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, and Bengali |date=1953 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=Marathi Section: Characters of the Syllabary}}</ref>{{rp|95–111}} The schwa at the end of a word is almost always deleted, except in the case of a few [[tatsama]] words from [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="Rajeshwari1997">{{cite book | author=Rajeshwari Pandharipande | title=Marathi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JntxV7MO7cIC&pg=PA571 | access-date=26 December 2012 | year=1997 | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-0-415-00319-3 | page=571}}</ref> as well as when the word ends in a conjunct.<ref name="marathi-schwa" />{{rp|95–111}} Schwas essentially get deleted when there is an opportunity for a consonant with a schwa to turn into a coda consonant for the previous syllable, though the actual rules are more complicated and have exceptions.<ref name="marathi-schwa" />{{rp|95–111}}

However, in places where the schwa occurs in the middle of words, Marathi does exhibit a propensity to pronounce it far more regularly than Hindi. Words like प्रेरणा, मानसी, केतकी retain the schwa sound in the र, न, and त respectively, often leading to their transliteration by native Marathi speakers in the Roman script as Prerana, Manasi and Ketaki rather than Prerna, Mansi or Ketki.

Sometimes, to avoid schwa deletion, an [[anusvara]] is placed at the end of the word. For example, the word खर ({{transliteration|mr|khar}}, "roughness") is often read without the schwa. When the schwa needs to be made explicit, it is written as खरं ({{transliteration|mr|khara}}, "true"). This often happens in the case of pluralization, e.g. फूल ({{transliteration|mr|phūl}}, "flower") can be written as having the plural फुलं ({{transliteration|mr|phula}}, "flowers"). This arises from the original plural marker -एं (as in फुलें {{transliteration|mr|phulẽ}}, "flowers") having degraded to a schwa in modern speech, and the [[anusvara]] serves a purpose as a non-deleted vowel even though it is not realized as a nasal.<ref name="marathi-schwa" />{{rp|114}}

Unlike other Indo-Aryan languages like Hindi, comprehension of Marathi is not impeded if all schwas are retained. However it will be interpreted as a formal register called 'Ati Shuddha Marathi', which is only used for certain plays and poetry recitals.

===Nepali===

Nepali orthography is comparatively more phonetic than Hindi when it comes to schwa retention. Schwas are often retained within the words unless deletion is signaled by the use of a halanta ( ्). सुलोचना (a name) is pronounced ''{{transliteration|ne|sulocnā}}'' by Hindi speakers while ''{{transliteration|ne|sulocanā}}'' by Nepali speakers. Some exceptions exist, such as सरकार (government), pronounced ''{{transliteration|ne|sarkār}}'', not ''{{transliteration|ne|sarakār}}''.

The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa in a word.

# Schwa is retained if the final syllable is a conjunct consonant. {{Lang|ne|अन्त}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|anta}}, 'end'), {{Lang|ne|सम्बन्ध}} ({{Transliteration|ne|sambandha}}, 'relation'), {{Lang|ne|श्रेष्ठ}} ({{Transliteration|ne|śreṣṭha}}, 'greatest', a Newari last name). Exceptions: conjuncts such as {{Lang|Ne|ञ्च}} {{Lang|Ne|ञ्ज}} in {{Lang|ne|मञ्च}} ({{Transliteration|ne|mañc}}, 'stage') {{Lang|ne|गञ्ज}} ({{Transliteration|ne|gañj}}, 'city') and occasionally the last name {{Lang|Ne|पन्त}} ({{Transliteration|ne|panta}}/{{Transliteration|ne|pant}}).
# Although postpositions are written joined to the preceding word in Nepali (unlike Hindi), schwa cancellation treats the words as if they were written separately. For example, उसको (his, of him) is not pronounced as ''*{{transliteration|ne|usako}}''; it is pronounced as if it were written उस को: ''{{transliteration|ne|usko}}''. Similarly, रामले (Ram-ergative marker, by Ram) is pronounced ''{{transliteration|ne|rāmle}}'' rather than ''*{{transliteration|ne|rāmale}}''.
# For any verb form the final schwa is always retained unless the schwa-cancelling halanta is present. {{Lang|ne|हुन्छ}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|huncha}}, 'it happens'), {{Lang|Ne|भएर}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|bhaera}}, 'in happening so; therefore'), {{Lang|Ne|गएछ}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gaecha}}, 'he apparently went'), but {{Lang|Ne|छन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|chan}}, 'they are'), {{Lang|Ne|गईन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gain}}, 'she went'). Meanings may change with the wrong orthography: {{Lang|Ne|गईन}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gaina}}, 'she didn't go') vs {{Lang|Ne|गईन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|gain}}, 'she went').
# Adverbs, onomatopoeia and postpositions usually maintain the schwa and if they don't, halanta is acquired: {{Lang|Ne|अब}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|aba}} 'now'), {{Lang|Ne|तिर}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|tira}}, 'towards'), {{Lang|Ne|आज}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|āja}}, 'today') {{Lang|Ne|सिम्सिम}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|simsim}} 'drizzle') vs {{Lang|Ne|झन्}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|jhan}}, 'more').
# A few exceptional nouns retain the schwa such as: {{Lang|Ne|दुःख}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|dukha}}, 'suffering'), {{Lang|Ne|सुख}} ({{Transliteration|Ne|sukha}}, 'pleasure').

Note that schwas are often retained in music and poetry to facilitate singing and recitation.

===Odia===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
[[Odia language|Odia]] in its standardised form retains the schwa in its pronunciation as an [[open-mid back rounded vowel]]. Both medial and final schwas are retained: in the medial case ଝରଣା ''jharaṇā'' is pronounced /dʒʱɔɾɔɳā/ (waterfall) and in the final case ଟଗର ''ṭagara'' is pronounced /ʈɔgɔɾɔ/ (crepe jasmine flower).

Sanskrit loanwords or 'tatsama' words, being more formal, always have the schwa pronounced.

However, deletion is more common in a number of non-standard dialects, as well as increasingly in the speech of urban areas as a result of exposure to English and Hindi. For example, the name of the city Bhubaneshwar can be pronounced either informally as /bʰubɔneswɔɾ/, or more formally /bʰubɔneswɔɾɔ/.

===Punjabi===
[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] has broad schwa deletion rules: several base word forms (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼, کاغز, ''kāġəz''/''paper'') drop schwas in the plural form (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ਾਂ, کاغزاں, ''kāġzāṁ''/''papers'') as well as with ablative (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ੋਂ, کاغزوں, ''kāġzōṁ''/''from the paper'') and locative (ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ੇ, کاغزے, ''kāġzé''/''on the paper'') suffixes.<ref name="ref59yilom">{{Citation | title=Punjabi: a cognitive-descriptive grammar | author=Tej K. Bhatia | publisher=Psychology Press, 1993 | isbn=978-0-415-00320-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbiwuTBjjAC | quote=''...nazar 'glance' - nazar të - nazrë. Postposition incorporation is quite productive. The stem-final schwa undergoes deletion before the vocalic postpositional elements....''| year=1993}}</ref>

==Common transcription and diction issues==
Since Devanagari does not provide indications of where schwas should be deleted, it is common for non-native learners/speakers of Hindi, who are otherwise familiar with Devanagari and Sanskrit, to make incorrect pronunciations of words in Hindustani and other modern [[North India]]n languages.<ref name="ref08pezuq">{{Citation | title=The writing systems of the world | author=Florian Coulmas | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell, 1991 | isbn=978-0-631-18028-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOywmavmZ3UC | quote=''...in the Devanagari script, the schwa vowel is not indicated in consonant-initial syllables. This is a well-known problem for those learning to read Hindi....''| date=1991-01-08}}</ref> Similarly, systems that automate [[transliteration]] from Devanagari to [[Latin script]] by hardcoding implicit schwas in every consonant often indicate the written form rather than the pronunciation. That becomes evident when [[English language|English]] words are transliterated into Devanagari by Hindi-speakers and then transliterated back into English by manual or automated processes that do not account for Hindi's schwa deletion rules. For instance, the word ''English'' may be written by Hindi speakers as इंगलिश (rather than इंग्लिश्) which may be transliterated back to ''Ingalisha'' by automated systems, but schwa deletion would result in इंगलिश being correctly pronounced as ''Inglish'' by native Hindi-speakers.<ref name="ref02foril">

An example is Google's automated transliteration of {{Citation | title=Jepī Raipiḍa korasa ṭu sapokana Iṅgalisha: including Ingalisha pronouncing dikashanarī |author1=J. P. Singh Ahluwalia |author2=Mohan Singh | publisher=Jaypee Publications, 2008 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBetPgAACAAJ | quote=''... sapokana Iṅgalisha ...''}}</ref>

Some examples are shown below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Word in Devanagari and meaning
!Pronunciation in Hindi (with schwa syncope)
!Pronunciation without schwa syncope
!Comments
|-
|लपट (''flame'')
|''ləpəṭ''
|''ləpəṭə''
|''The final schwa is deleted'' <ref name="ref94vihor">{{Citation | title=Hindi morphology: a word-based description |author1=Rajendra Singh |author2=Rama Kant Agnihotri | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1997 | isbn=978-81-208-1446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pta6m7bcQiQC | quote=''... For a pair of words eg ləpəṭ ~ ləpəṭen 'flame', one has to apply the following phonomorphological interface rules on the abstract ...''|year=1997}}</ref>
|-
|लपटें (''flames'')
|''ləpṭeṅ''
|''ləpəṭeṅ''
|''The medial schwa, ləp'''ə'''ṭ, which was retained in लपट, is deleted in लपटें'' <ref name="ref94vihor"/>
|-
|समझ (''understanding'')
|''səməjh''
|''səməjhə''
|''The final schwa is deleted'' <ref name="ref94furaf">{{Citation | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | first=Colin P. |last=Masica | date=9 September 1993 | publisher=Cambridge University Press, 1993 | isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC | quote=''... on the suffixation: H. samajhna 'to understand' > samjha 'understood'. This too produces clusters, albeit unstable ones. As noted in Chapter 6, the most recent treatment (synchronic) of this "schwa-deletion" phenomenon in Hindi ...''}}</ref>
|-
|समझा (''understood, verb masc.'')
|''səmjhā''
|''səməjhā''
|''The medial vowel also is deleted here, which it wasn't in समझ''<ref name="ref94furaf"/>
|-
|भारत (''India'')
|''bhārət''
|''bhārətə''
|''Final schwa is deleted''
|-
|भारतीय (''Indian'')
|''bhārtīy''
|''bhārətīyə''
|''Both the medial and final schwa are deleted, although the final schwa is sometimes faintly pronounced due to the 'y' glide; when pronounced without this, the word sounds close to 'bhārtī'''
|-
|देवनागरी (''Devanagari, the script'')
|''devnāgrī''
|''devənāgərī''
|''Two medial schwas (after व and after ग) are deleted''
|-
|इंगलिश (''English, the language'')
|''inglish''
|''ingəlishə''
|''Medial and final schwas (after ग and after श) are deleted''
|-
|विमला (''Vimla, a proper name'')
|''vimlā''
|''viməlā''
|''Medial schwa is deleted'' <ref name="ref77capeq">{{Citation | title=The schwa-deletion rule in Hindi: phonetic and non-phonetic determinants of rule application | author=Manjari Ohala | year=1974 | publisher=Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk0-AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... [sulochna] ~ [sulochəna] ... schwa is conditionally deleted ...''}}</ref>
|-
|सुलोचना (''Sulochna, a proper name'')
|''sulochnā''
|''sulochənā''
|''Medial schwa is deleted'' <ref name="ref77capeq"/>
|}

==Vowel nasalisation==
With some words that contain /n/ or /m/ consonants separated from succeeding consonants by schwas, the schwa deletion process has the effect of nasalising any preceding vowels.<ref name="narang1971lsa">{{Citation | title=Aspiration and nasalization in the generative phonology of Hindustani |author1=G.C. Narang |author2=Donald A. Becker | journal=Language |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=646–667 |date=September 1971 | publisher=Linguistic Society of America | jstor=412381 | doi=10.2307/412381 | quote=''... nasalized vowels are derived from underlying sequences of vowel plus nasal consonant ...''}}</ref> Here are some examples in Hindustani:
* ''sən.kī'' ({{lang|hi|सनकी}}, {{lang|ur|{{nq|سنکی}}}}, ''whimsical'') in which a deleted schwa that is pronounced in the root word ''sənək'' ({{lang|hi|सनक}}, {{lang|ur|{{nq|سنک}}}}, ''whimsy'') converts the first medial schwa into a nasalised vowel.
* ''chəm.kīlā'' ({{lang|hi|चमकीला}}, {{lang|ur|{{nq|چمکیلا}}}}, ''shiny'') in which a deleted schwa that is pronounced in the root word ''chəmək'' ({{lang|hi|चमक}}, {{lang|ur|{{nq|چمک}}}}, ''shine'') converts the first medial schwa into a nasalised vowel.

==See also==
* [[Schwa]]
* [[Hindustani language]]
* [[Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[Devanagari]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Hindi topics}}
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Language phonologies}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan phonologies]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian sound laws]]

Ramu (producer)

2026-03-17T11:50:01Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: created a data...

{{Short description|Indian film producer in Kannada films (1964–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramu
| image = Ramu (Kannada film producer).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ramu in 2010s
| birth_date = {{birth date|1964|6|20|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|04|26|1964|6|20|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|distributor}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka, India]]
| othername =
| spouse = [[Malashri]]
| children =
| website = {{url|1=ramufilms.com}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
}}

'''Ramu''' (20 June 1964 – 26 April 2021) was an Indian film producer and distributor known for his work in [[Kannada cinema]].He also acted as director,screenwriter & producer by Ramu are [[A. K. 47 (film)|''AK 47'']] (1999), ''[[Lockup Death]]'' (1994), [[Kalasipalya (film)|''Kalasipalya'']] (2004), [[Ganga (2015 film)|''Ganga'']] (2015) [[Gooli (film)|Gooli]] (2008). He died from [[COVID-19]] related complications.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-film-producer-ramu-dies-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/82261710.cms | title=Kannada film producer Ramu dies due to Covid-19 | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 April 2021 | accessdate=27 April 2021 | archive-date=26 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426152650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-film-producer-ramu-dies-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/82261710.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-film-producer-ramu-dies-covid-19-bengaluru-147909 | title=Kannada film producer Ramu dies of COVID-19 in Bengaluru | publisher=NewsMinute | date=27 April 2021 | accessdate=27 April 2021 | archive-date=27 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427081459/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-film-producer-ramu-dies-covid-19-bengaluru-147909 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Ramu produced more than 30 films from his production and distribution company, Ramu Films.<ref>{{cite web |title= About Film producer Ramu |url= http://ramufilms.com/?page_id=2722 |website= Ramufilms.com |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180120235903/http://ramufilms.com/?page_id=2722 |archivedate= 20 January 2018 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! Ref
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Arjun Gowda]]'' ||
|-
| 2019
| ''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]''||
|-
| 2017
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 2017#January–June|Mumbai]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 2016#January–June|Dandu]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 2016#July–December|Danger Zone]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Ganga (2015 film)|Ganga]]'' ||
|-
| 2014
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 2014#January —June|Shivajinagara]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Veera (2013 film)|Veera]]'' ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Election (2013 film)|Election]]'' ||
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Sagar (film)|Sagar]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Kanteerava]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Shakti (2012 film)|Shakti]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Gandedhe]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Kannadadda Kiran Bedi|Kannadadha Kiran Bedi]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Rajani (film)|Rajani]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Gooli]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Gulama]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Masti (2007 film)|Masti]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Preethigaagi]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Thavarina Siri]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Rakshasa (2005 film)|Rakshasa]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Auto Shankar (film)|Auto Shankar]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Malla (film)|Malla]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Durgi (film)|Durgi]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kiccha]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Nanjundi]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Hollywood (2002 film)|Hollywood]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2002
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 2002|Law and Order]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Baava Baamaida]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2000
| ''Chamundi'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1999
| ''[[A. K. 47 (film)|AK 47]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1997
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 1997|CBI Durga]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1997
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 1997|Lady Commissioner]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Simhada Mari]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1996
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 1996|Circle Inspector]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1995
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 1995|Hello Sister]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Mutthinantha Hendathi]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Lockup Death]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 1993
| ''[[List of Kannada films of 1993|Golibar]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of film producers]]
*[[Cinema of India]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0709128|Ramu}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180120182059/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6005805&cid=2404 Biography of Film producer Ramu ''on Sify Movies'']

[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, Thoothukkudi

2026-03-15T21:14:16Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{Short description|Bus Terminus in Thoothukkudi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox station
|name = Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus
|name_lang = en
|native_name = <hr/>Pēraṟiñar Aṇṇā Pēruntu Nilaiyam
|native_name_lang = ta
|type = {{rail-interchange|bus}} Local and Mofussil Bus Station
|image =
|caption =
|address = Meenakshipuram Pradhana Salai, [[Thoothukkudi]] – 628002, [[Tamil Nadu]], {{flag|India}}.
|coordinates = {{coord|8|48|13.284|N|78|8|25.4652|E}}
|owned = [[Thoothukkudi City Municipal Corporation]]
|operator = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|15px]] [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.]]
|platform = 1 (29 bays)
|connections = Taxi Stand and Auto Rickshaw Stand
|structure = At-grade
|parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
|accessible = {{access icon}} Yes
|status = Functioning
|zone = Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd.
|opened = {{start date and age|df=y|2023|10|08}}
}}
'''Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus''' is a central [[bus terminus]] in the city of [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located in the heart of the city, at Meenakshipuram Pradhana Salai. It comes under the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Tirunelveli) Ltd.]] division and is one of the bus termini in the city, built with extraordinary infrastructure and profuse facilities. It was named after the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[C. N. Annadurai]], who was popularly called ''Perarignar Anna''. The bus terminus provides local and mofussil services by connecting to the different parts of Thoothukkudi via town bus, the places surrounding [[Tiruchendur]], and [[Tirunelveli]] via city bus. It is at a distance of about {{convert|1.8|km|abbr=on}} from Thoothukkudi New Bus Stand, about {{convert|2.1|km|abbr=on}} from [[Tuti-Melur Railway Station]], about {{convert|2.5|km|abbr=on}} from [[Tuticorin Railway Station]], and about {{convert|16.1|km|abbr=on}} from [[Thoothukudi Airport]].

==Timeline==
On 16 February 2019, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the bus terminus by the minister for information and publicity of Tamil Nadu [[Kadambur Raju|Kadambur C. Raju]], presided over by the member of parliament [[J. Jayasingh Thiyagaraj Natterjee]], in the presence of the former ministers of Tamil Nadu [[P. Geetha Jeevan]] and [[S. T. Chellapandian]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/smart-city-project-begins-in-thoothukudi/article26291465.ece|title=Works under Smart City project begin in Thoothukudi|date=16 February 2019|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020051530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/smart-city-project-begins-in-thoothukudi/article26291465.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 October 2023, the bus terminus was opened by the minister for municipal administration of Tamil Nadu [[K. N. Nehru]], presided over by the member of parliament [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]], in the presence of the minister for social welfare and women empowerment of Tamil Nadu [[P. Geetha Jeevan]], the minister for fisheries, fishermen welfare, and animal husbandry of Tamil Nadu [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]], and the mayor of the [[Thoothukkudi City Municipal Corporation]] P. Jegan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bus-stand-stem-park-inaugurated-in-thoothukudi/article67396867.ece|title=Bus stand, STEM Park inaugurated in Thoothukudi|date=8 October 2023|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020051528/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bus-stand-stem-park-inaugurated-in-thoothukudi/article67396867.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 October 2023, after the inauguration ceremony, the bus terminus was opened for the public to use the bus service from there after completing its final touches and some official works.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/oct/12/thoothukudi-perarignar-anna-bus-stand-opened-for-public-2622998.html|title=Thoothukudi Perarignar Anna bus stand opened for public|date=12 October 2023|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 March 2025|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026080312/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/oct/12/thoothukudi-perarignar-anna-bus-stand-opened-for-public-2622998.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Building details==
The size of the land earmarked for the project is 3.36 acres. The total built-up area is 13,630 square metres with a single platform, and the height of the building is 25.3 metres. It was built under the [[Smart Cities Mission|smart cities mission]] scheme for the expenditure of ₹58.67 crore. It was built with a ground and four floors, which used the specific measurement of space for each floor: 5750 square metres on the ground floor, 4856 square metres on the first and second floors, 2380 square metres on the third floor, and 260 square metres on the fourth floor.

==Bay and destination==
The bus terminus has 29 bays on its semi-circled single platform.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Bay Number
!Destination
!District
|-
!1
|[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority|New Harbour]]
|rowspan=11|[[Thoothukkudi district|Thoothukkudi]]
|-
!2
|[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority|New Harbour]] (Camp - I)
|-
!3
|[[Tuticorin Thermal Power Station|Thermal Power Station]] (Camp - II)
|-
!4
|Arumugamangalam (Kovankadu)
|-
!5
|[[Kurumbur]] (Via [[Athur, Thoothukudi|Authoor]])
|-
!6
|Kulayankarisal
|-
!7
|[[Eral]] (Via [[Sawyerpuram]])
|-
!8
|Mela Sekkarakudi
|-
!9
|Sekkarakudi
|-
!10
|Vadakku Silukkanpatti / Perurani
|-
!11
|Sokkalingapuram (Via Thattaparai)
|-
!12
|rowspan=4|[[Tirunelveli]]
|rowspan=4|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|-
!13
|-
!14
|-
!15
|-
!16
|[[Puthiamputhur]] (Via Thattaparai)
|rowspan=14|[[Thoothukkudi district|Thoothukkudi]]
|-
!17
|[[Keelavaippar]]
|-
!18
|Kulathur / Subramaniapuram
|-
!19
|Keelamudiman (Via [[Puthiamputhur]])
|-
!20
|Vellaram / [[Governagiri]]
|-
!21
|[[Ottapidaram]] (Via Kurukkuchalai)
|-
!22
|[[Pasuvanthanai]]
|-
!23
|[[Sathankulam]]
|-
!24
|[[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]
|-
!25
|[[Tiruvaikuntam]] (Via [[Sawyerpuram]])
|-
!26
|Route: Mukkani / [[Eral]]
|-
!27
|rowspan=2|[[Tiruchendur]]
|-
!28
|-
!29
|[[Kulasekarapattinam]]
|}

==Salient features==
The bus terminus has allotted spacious places for the passengers convenience. It is equipped with a large number of seats in the waiting hall, a mother-feeding room, a cloak room, a ticket booking office, a police control room, an electrical room, and [[Automated teller machine|ATM]]s for the use of passengers in the bus terminus. It was also facilitated by two lifts for the passengers to easily access all the floors.

;Parking
The bus terminus comprises space for parking vehicles; there are parking spaces for 384 two-wheelers on the first floor and parking spaces for 45 four-wheelers on the second floor of the bus terminus.

;Shops
The bus terminus has a total of 115 shops: 36 on the ground floor, 43 on the first floor, 19 on the second floor, 17 on the third floor, and restaurants and other amenities on the fourth floor of the bus terminus.

;Water filter
A well-equipped reverse osmosis water filter has been installed at the bus terminus for the use of passengers, which provides clean and plenty of water.

;High Masts
There are four high masts set up in the necessary places at the bus terminus to diffuse the best lighting on its premises.

;Restrooms
The bus terminus is equipped with clean and tidy restrooms separate for men, women, and specially challenged people on every floor of the building.

==See also==
*[[Thoothukudi Airport]]
*[[Tuticorin Railway Station]]
*[[Transport in Thoothukudi]]
*[[Tuti-Melur Railway Station]]
*[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bus stations in India]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 2023]]

Lopamudra R.

2026-03-15T09:35:29Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Put up some details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian poet and translator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Lopa R.
| pseudonym = Lopamudra
| native_name = Lopaa
| image = Lopa-Hpd-New2024.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1978|04|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Haripad]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Translator}}
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Moore College|Bishop Moore College, Mavelikkara]]}}
| genre =
| notableworks = ''Parasparam'', ''Vykkol Pava''
| spouse = Manoj Neelakandan
| children = 1
| parents =
| awards = Kendra Sahitya Akademi Yuva Award, 2012
| website =
}}
'''Lopa R.''' is an Indian poet and translator writing in [[Malayalam language]] with the pen name '''Lopamudra.'''

==Early life and education==
Born in Ayaparampu , Cheruthana Panchayat in [[Haripad]], [[Alleppey]] in 1978, she is the daughter of N. Muraleedharan and Renuka. She inherited the literary affinity from her grandfather R. K. Kottarathil, who was a Harikatha artist, scholar and teacher. She lost her father at the age of two.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

She completed her master's degree in [[English literature|English language and literature]].

==Career==
After completing her education, Lopa focussed more on her literary works. She has written many poems in Malayalam and translated many from English.

Her works include ''Parasparam'', ''Vykkolppaava'', which have won literary awards. She began writing poems during her college days and became well known among literary circles at the age of 22 when she got first prize for Vishuppathipp poetry competition conducted by Mathrubhumi weekly in April 2000.<ref name="Malayalam literature lives on">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/121117/malayalam-literature-lives-on.html |title=Malayalam literature lives on |date=2017-11-12 |website=Decca Chronicle|access-date=2021-07-29}}</ref> She has been writing for in Malayalam periodicals since early 2000s and has translated many English poets into Malayalam.

Currently she serves as a member of the English faculty at [[Alagappa Nagar]] Government Higher Secondary School in [[Thrissur]].<ref name="Manorama Books">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/manorama-books/2020/06/17/kavithamazha-s-lopa.html |title=Manorama Books |date=2020-07-21 |website=Manorama |access-date=2021-07-29}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* Kunchu Pilla Award in 2001
* [[List_of_Malayalam_literary_awards#V._T._Kumaran_Award|V. T. Kumaran Award]] in 2002
* Geetha Hiranyan Memorial Ankanam Award
* Muthukulam Parvathy Amma Award
* Malayattoor Award
* O V Vijayan Award 2017<ref name="O V Vijayan Sahithya Puraskaram">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatambitionindia.com/2019/07/ov-vijayan-sahitya-puraskaram-winners.html|title=O.V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram Winners List 2011 -2018|date=10 July 2019}}</ref>
* [[Edasseri Award]] 2018
* Kendra Sahitya Akademi Yuva Award 2012

==Notable works==
*2011 - ''Parasparam'' - poetry collection
*2015 - ''Vykkol Pava'' - poetry collection

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ Best Current Affairs]
*[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/vaikkolpava-book-review.html# ManoramaOnline]
*[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/sch/2016/sch_jan16.pdf Recipient of Kerala Sahitya Akademic Award] (PDF)
*[https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/young-poet-lopa-r-remember-akkitham-585640 Recipient of Njanapeedam Award from Malayalam]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopamudra}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Sssshhh...

2026-03-03T11:48:44Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sssshhh...
| image = Sssshhh... poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]''|[[Wes Craven]]}}
| director = Pavan S. Kaul
| producer = Sunil Mehta
| writer = Arshad Ali Syed
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dino Morea]] [[Tanishaa]] [[Kushal Punjabi]] [[Gaurav Kapur]] [[Suvarna Jha]] [[Shivaji Satam]] [[Simone Singh]] [[Karan Nath]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]] [[Salim-Sulaiman]] (BGM)
| cinematography = Hiroo Keswani
| editing = Amit Saxena
| studio =
| distributor = Cinevistaa Films
| released = {{Film date|2003|10|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Sssshhh...''''' is a 2003 Indian [[slasher film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/08slid10.htm|title=Thai beauty beckons Bollywood|website=[[Rediff.com]]|quote=What happens when half a dozen college kids decide to make a getaway trip to Thailand? A perfect premise for a slasher flick, that's what. Tanishaa's debut, Sssshhh... belongs to this genre.|access-date=9 September 2024|archive-date=9 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909110934/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/08slid10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> written and directed by Pavan S. Kaul. It stars [[Tanishaa]] (in her debut) and [[Dino Morea]] along with [[Kushal Punjabi]], [[Gaurav Kapur]], [[Suvarna Jha]], [[Karan Nath]], [[Shivaji Satam]] and [[Simone Singh]]. It was produced by Sunil Mehta and [[Prem Kishen]], with the music directed by [[Anu Malik]] and background score by [[Salim-Sulaiman]]. It is a remake of the 1996 American film ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]''.<ref name=BD/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kalla|first=Avinash|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main5.htm|title=Bold themes and pretty faces|work=[[Tribune India]]|date=28 December 2003|access-date=23 March 2021|archive-date=29 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729195132/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Late one night, Malini Gujral and her boyfriend Sunny are brutally murdered by a killer in a clown mask on their college campus.

Six months later, in [[Shimla]], Malini's younger sister Mahek runs into police inspector Kamat Uncle. He tells her there is no progress in searching for her sister's killer, as no evidence was left behind. Mahek gets a call from the killer, which frightens her. The next day at college, she hangs out with her friends Rocky, Gehna, Rajat, Rhea, and Nikhil when she meets Suraj Rai, the man who returned her purse at the mall the other day. He is new to the campus from Delhi. It is obvious that Rocky is jealous and in love with Mahek. Over the course of the day, Mahek is stalked by the killer, who murders one of her teachers, Mrs. Roy.

There is a bloody shoe print at the crime scene, and inspectors believe it is the work of a serial killer. Rocky jokes about how he escaped having to take the psychology exam, and Kamat Uncle becomes suspicious, but Rocky's feet are bigger than the prints at the scene, eliminating him as a suspect. Suraj becomes nervous when his shoe size matches the footprint. Kamat Uncle suggests that they wait for the post-mortem report.

Mahek starts to avoid Rocky and apologizes to Suraj for his behavior. Suraj shares his close relationship with his father, and Mahek has flashbacks to when her dad left her family. She is comforted by her mom at home, who then leaves for an art convention in [[Delhi]]. Later that night, Mahek finds a window unlocked and realizes she's in the house with the killer. She notices an orange watch on the killer's wrist during the pursuit. She manages to alert Kamat Uncle and is able to fight the killer, who escapes before the police arrive. She runs outside, and Suraj is there. She notices the same orange watch on his wrist. Kamat Uncle arrives, and Suraj is arrested.

Mahek attends a party with Rocky but leaves early. On the foggy drive home, she receives a call from the killer. She is terrified because Suraj is supposed to be in jail. The killer appears on the road, causing Gehna to lose control of the car and crash into a river. Gehna is unconscious, and the killer tries to drown Mahek. Suraj arrives and fights the killer. It turns out he had an alibi. The killer escapes and is shot by Kamat Uncle. He jumps into the river, but the police are unsuccessful in recovering the killer's body.

Mahek makes amends with Suraj but continues to have visions of the killer. She has a breakdown, and her friends decide that they need to go on holiday. They go to an island and get trapped with the killer, who has followed them. They realise there is no escaping death now and argue over who cannot be trusted amongst them. Mahek is turned against Rocky as suspicious circumstances continue to surround him. Rajat, Rhea, and Nikhil are all murdered. Kamat Uncle and Rathod arrive on the island with news of Mahek's mother's death. Kamat Uncle is killed, and Suraj shoots the killer. When they remove the mask, it is Inspector Rathod. Rocky implores Mahek to accept his love, but Suraj shoots him.

Suraj reveals his identity as the killer. It is also revealed that Rajat was not killed but is alive. The killer is a duo. Heartbroken, Suraj and Rajat are brothers. Their mother was raped by Mahek and Malini's estranged father, destroying their family after she committed suicide from the shame. Following their mother's suicide, their dad shot himself. For revenge, Suraj and Rajat killed Mahek's father first, followed by Malini, then her mother, and needed to claim Mahek's life to repay the debt owed for her father ruining their lives.

Rocky shoots Suraj and Rajat, saving Mahek from the same fate as her family. Suraj dies at the hands of Mahek, who stabs him after his gunshot wound proves nonfatal. Rocky and Mahek ride back to the mainland on a boat in each other's arms.

==Cast==
* [[Dino Morea]] as Rocky
* [[Tanishaa]] as Mehek Gujral
* [[Gaurav Kapur]] as Rajat Rai
* [[Kushal Punjabi]] as Nikhil
* [[Karan Nath]] as Suraj Rai
* [[Suvarna Jha]] as Gehna
* Tina Choudhary as Riya
* [[Alyy Khan]] as Inspector Akash Rathore
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Commissioner Kamath
* [[Simone Singh]] as Malini Gujral
* Sambhavna Seth in an [[item number]]
* [[Kashmera Shah]] in an [[item number]]

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sssshhh...
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 September 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dheere Dheere Hua
| length1 = 6:33
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Adnan Sami]]
| lyrics1 = Praveen Bhardwaj
| title2 = Ishq Da Maara
| length2 = 7:09
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| lyrics2 = [[Dev Kohli]]
| title3 = Kab Mera Haal-E-Dil
| length3 = 5:16
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| lyrics3 = [[Rahat Indori]]
| title4 = Sapney
| length4 = 7:50
| extra4 = Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| lyrics4 = [[Yogesh Gaur]]
| title5 = Mohabbat Mein Ye
| length5 = 5:45
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| lyrics5 = Praveen Bhardwaj
| title6 = Tera Mera Dil
| length6 = 7:02
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| lyrics6 = Praveen Bhardwaj
}}

==Release==
===Home media===
The film is available on American streaming service [[Screambox]].<ref name=BD>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3747957/sssshhh-bollywood-remake-of-scream-becomes-a-screambox-svod-exclusive-on-february-3/|last=Squires|first=John|title='Sssshhh…' – Bollywood Remake of 'Scream' Becomes a SCREAMBOX SVOD Exclusive on February 3!|date=20 January 2023|website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|access-date=20 January 2023|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201170115/https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3747957/sssshhh-bollywood-remake-of-scream-becomes-a-screambox-svod-exclusive-on-february-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5, feeling it was stylishly executed and had ample shock value, but was also weakly written and too lengthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sssshhh/critic-review/sssshhh-movie-review/|title=Sssshhh? Movie Review: Sssshhh? Movie|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 October 2003 |access-date=24 October 2003|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707072539/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sssshhh/critic-review/sssshhh-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> While appreciative of the cinematography, [[Sukanya Verma]] from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' criticized the acting performances except Morea, the focus on romance, and the background score.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/24review.htm|title=Sheesh!|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 October 2003|archive-date=9 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909111058/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/24review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Reviewing the film in 2022, Paul Lê from ''[[Bloody Disgusting]]'' noted the film's similarities with ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]'' as well as ''[[I Still Know What You Did Last Summer]]'', feeling it still had a high amount of unpredictability, and while not as good as the original, the film was "a loud remake rich in regional charm and bold choices."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3698567/scream-got-bollywood-treatment-2003-remake-sssshhh-horrors-elsewhere/|last=Lê|first=Paul|title='Scream' Got the Bollywood Treatment in 2003 Remake 'Sssshhh…' [Horrors Elsewhere]|website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|date=14 January 2022|access-date=10 September 2024|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210084032/https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3698567/scream-got-bollywood-treatment-2003-remake-sssshhh-horrors-elsewhere/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0352830|title=Sssshhh...}}

[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2003 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Remakes of American films]]

Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)

2026-03-03T02:58:00Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Put up new details first draft...

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mandhira Punnagai 2010 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Karu Palaniappan]]
| screenplay = Karu Palaniappan
| story = Surya Karu Palaniappan
| producer = Karthic Nagarajan
| starring = Karu Palaniappan [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]]
| cinematography = Ramanath Shetty
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Indira Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2010|11|19|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mandhira Punnagai''''' ({{translation|Magical Smile}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film directed and co-written by [[Karu Palaniappan]]. The film stars Karu and [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]], with [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]], and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The film was released on 19 November 2010.

== Plot ==
Kathir is an architect who is talented but also forthright in his dealings. He does not have any girlfriends or many friends. When he is asked to design a spanking new showroom for [[Honda]] Dealership, Nandhini, one of the employees there, meets Kathir in connection with the new design and falls in love with his forthrightness. He does not pay much attention to her overtures. Kathir is approached by Shankar, Nandhini's colleague who happens to like her, to find out what it is that attracts her to Kathir, for which Kathir drags Shankar to Nandhini's house and asks him to convey his love for Nandhini himself. This increases Nandhini's attraction towards Kathir's straightforward attitude. Gradually, Kathir starts to like Nandhini but also fears that she is cheating on him. He goes to the police station, confessing his crime that he killed her. When police come to find the body in his apartment, they are unable to find the body.

Kathir's friend Manmadha Naidu says that last night, Kathir was talking to himself and breaking things in a fit of anger. It is revealed that Kathir had a troubled childhood where his mother eloped after her illegal affair with his father's friend came to light, and his father committed suicide after finding out about the affair at the same time, which made him view things in a different light. In the end, Nandhini claimed that she planned things to make him reform, but Kathir says he celebrates people dying. Later, Kathir receives a call that Nandhini had committed suicide. He immediately goes to the hospital and finds out that she did not, and she gave him shock to make him realise the wrongdoings. The film ends with Nandini and Kathir uniting and a reflection of Kathir's father giving acceptance.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Karu Palaniappan]] as Kathir
* [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]] as Nandhini
* [[Maheshwari Chanakyan]] as Hemavathy
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Senthil
* [[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]] as Shankar
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Manmadha Naidu
* Naglan Ponnusamy as Nagulan Ponnusamy
* Ammu Ramachandran as Senthil's wife
* Ramya Ramakrishnan as Ramya
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as Marudhamalai
* [[Singamuthu]]
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Police officer
* [[Chelladurai]]
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] in a guest appearance
* [[G. Dhananjayan]] in a cameo appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=20 October 2010 |title=Mandhira Punnagai (Music review), Tamil – Vidyasagar |url=https://milliblog.com/2010/10/20/mandhira-punnagai-music-review-tamil-vidyasagar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922124320/http://milliblog.com/2010/10/20/mandhira-punnagai-music-review-tamil-vidyasagar/ |archive-date=22 September 2019 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio launch took place in October 2009 at [[PVR INOX|PVR Cinemas]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2010 |title=Audio launch of 'Mandhira Punnagai' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/2010/Oct/22/audio-launch-of-mandhira-punnagai-273.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250224160209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/2010/Oct/22/audio-launch-of-mandhira-punnagai-273.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Satta Sada Sada
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Arivumathi]]
| title2 = Enna Kuraiyo
| extra2 = [[Sudha Raghunathan]]
| lyrics2 = Arivumathi
| title3 = Thanni Poda Vaapa
| extra3 = Karthik
| lyrics3 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| title4 = Anbillama Karanchadhu
| extra4 = [[Jassie Gift]], Maya
| lyrics4 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| title5 = Megam Vandhu Pogum
| extra5 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Anweshaa]]
| lyrics5 = Arivumathi
| title6 = Siththan Mugam Ondru
| extra6 = Keerthi Sagathiya
| lyrics6 = Arivumathi
| title7 = Thanni Poda Vaapa
| note7 = Club Mix
| extra7 = Karthik
| lyrics7 = Viveka
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Mandhira Punnagai'', whose powerful subject and fairly interesting treatment deserve a wide reach, would have got it very easily if Pazhaniappan had gone in for a popular face for the role. As a director, he scores. It is the actor who needs to hone his skill."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 November 2010 |title=Behind the facade – Mandhira Punnagai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Behind-the-facade-Mandhira-Punnagai/article15718345.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630161003/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Behind-the-facade-Mandhira-Punnagai/article15718345.ece |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "It's commendable that Palaniappan had taken on a challenging and an unusual theme in his first film as an actor. ''Manthira Punnagai'' comes across as promising to a film buff who's always looking for change  from the usual formula flicks".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2010 |title=Mandhira Punnagai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/nov/25/mandhira-punnagai-205555.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327190039/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/nov/25/mandhira-punnagai-205555.html |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] wrote that the film was a "bold attempt to view a man's life from a psychological perspective. It would have been a far better movie if the director had concentrated more on the script in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2010 |title=Mandhira Punnagai bold but not gripping enough |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mandhira-punnagai-bold-but-not-gripping-enough-617408 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250224160223/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mandhira-punnagai-bold-but-not-gripping-enough-617408 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Karu Palaniappan}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Karu Palaniappan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Moga Municipal Corporation

2026-03-01T01:46:56Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: fix lead further and improved wording

{{Short description|Local civic body in Moga, Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Moga Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| preceded_by = Moga Municipal Council
| foundation = 24 November 1994
| leader1_type = Minister in charge
| leader1 = [[Balkar Singh]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Local Governments, Punjab |url=http://lgpunjab.gov.in/cms/contact-us.php |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Mayor
| leader2 = Baljit Singh Channi
| party2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election2 = 2023
| leader3_type = Senior deputy mayor
| leader3 = Parveen Kumar Sharma
| party3 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election3 = 2021
| leader4_type = Junior deputy mayor
| leader4 = Ashok Dhamija
| party4 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election4 = 2021
| leader5_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]
| leader5 =
| election5 =
| seats = '''50'''
| structure1 = India Moga Municipal Corporation 2023.svg
| structure1_res = 280px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (42)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/with-9-inds-cong-gets-majority-in-moga-214365|title=With 9 Inds, Cong gets majority in Moga|date=2021-02-18|website=The Tribune|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref>
* {{Color box|#0066A4}} [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (32)
* {{Color box|#DDDDDD}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (10)
'''Opposition (8)'''
* {{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)
* {{Color box|#BD710F}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (4)
| first_election1 =
| next_election1 = 2026
| term_length = 5 Years
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = https://mcmoga.punjab.gov.in/Home
| motto =
}}
The '''Moga Municipal Corporation''' is a ''[[nagar nigam]]'' ([[urban local body|municipal corporation]]) which administers the city of [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It has 50 members elected with a [[first-past-the-post]] voting system and 1 ex-officio members which is MLA for [[Moga Assembly Constituency]]. The corporation was founded 2011, and the first elections were held in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jul 23, 2011|title=Moga, Phagwara, Pathankot to be municipal corporations {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/moga-phagwara-pathankot-to-be-municipal-corporations/articleshow/9330151.cms|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Mayor==
The '''mayor of Moga''' is the elected chief of the Municipal Corporation of Moga. The mayor is the first citizen of the city. The role is largely ceremonial as the real powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/233/Mayor.pdf|title=Mayor - Powers and Functions|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> The mayor plays a decorative role of representing and upholding the dignity of the city and a functional role in deliberating over the discussions in the corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-20|title=Directly elected mayor: An idea whose time has come|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/directly-elected-mayor-an-idea-whose-time-has-come/story-XUhycvDC7wcTCxthjsUY7O.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Ward No.
!Ref.
|-
!1
|Akhsit Jain
|10 March 2015
|12 May 2021
|{{age in years and days|2015|3|10|2021|5|12}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|35
|<ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Jain's son Akshit is Moga's first mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mla-jains-son-akshit-is-mogas-first-mayor/articleshow/46511276.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 December 2023 |date=10 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
!2
|Nitika Bhalla
|13 May 2021
|4 July 2023
|{{age in years and days|2021|5|13|2023|7|4}}
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-14|title=Nitika Bhalla becomes first woman Mayor of Moga|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/nitika-bhalla-becomes-first-woman-mayor-of-moga-7314281/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|Baljit Singh Channi
|21 August 2023
|27 November 2025
|{{age in years and days|2023|8|21|2025|11|27}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP gets first mayor in Punjab with Baljit Singh Channi’s election in Moga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/aap-loyalist-baljit-singh-channi-unanimously-elected-as-moga-mayor-boosting-party-ahead-of-punjab-civic-body-elections-101692605654242.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!-{{efn|Interim}}
|Parveen Kumar Peena
|2 December 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2025|12|2}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|36
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=Opium courier to Canada, ‘Rs 5 lakh bribe to settle case’: What’s behind Punjab’s Moga mayor’s expulsion by AAP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/behind-moga-mayor-5-lakh-bribe-case-10399399/ |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Deputy mayors==
'''Senior Deputy Mayor'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Ward No.
|-
!1
|Parveen Kumar Sharma
|13 May 2021
|1 December 2025
|{{age in years and days|2021|5|13|2025|12|1}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|36
|-
!-
|colspan=7|''Vacant''
|}

'''Junior Deputy Mayor'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Tenure
!colspan=2|Party
!Corporation
!Ward No.
|-
!-
|Ashok Dhamija
|13 May 2021
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2021|5|13|}}
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|
|
|}

== Elections ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Years
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|bgcolor=#FBB917|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
!rowspan=2| Others
!rowspan=2| Total
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|-
! 2015<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title=In 50-member Moga MC House, Congress wins just 20 seats, SAD 15|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/in-50-member-moga-mc-house-cong-wins-just-20-seats-sad-15-7193354/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
| 1
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|24
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|8
! -
| 17
! 50
|-
! 2021<ref name=":0" />
| bgcolor="lightgreen"|20
| 15
| 1
| 4
| 10
! 50
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Punjab, India]]

Trimulgherry Jail

2026-02-26T22:52:26Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox prison
| name = Trimulgherry Jail
| image = Army Military Prison - Trimulgherry - Secunderbad - In 1928.jpg
| image_size = 200
| alt =
| caption = View of the jail in 1928
| image_map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Trimulgherry jail within Hyderabad.
| pushpin_label =
| map_dot_mark =
| location = [[Tirumalagiri|Trimulgherry]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.470334092|N|78.5110753|E|display=inline,title}}
| status = Closed
| classification =
| capacity =
| population =
| population_as_of =
| opened = {{start date and age|1858}}
| closed = {{end date and age|1995}}
| former_name =
| managed_by = Indian Army
| director =
| governor =
| warden =
| street-address =
| city = Hyderabad
| county = India
| state = Telangana
| postcode =
| zip =
| country =
| website =
| prisoners =
| embedded =
}}

'''Trimulgherry Jail''' also known as ''Military Reformatory at Tirumalgiri (MRT)'' is a former Indian [[military prison]] located in [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|Secunderabad Cantonment]] at [[Tirumalagiri]], in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. The jail was commissioned by the British in 1858 and is believed to have been the blueprint for the [[Cellular Jail|cellular jail]] which was later built in Andamans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/secunderabads-forgotten-prison-reformed-british-indian-soldiers-9675632/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2024-11-18|title=Inside Secunderabad's forgotten prison that 'reformed' British-Indian soldiers|first=Rahul V|last=Pisharody|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>

The jail was built as a Gothic structure with four wings extending in cardinal directions and appears as a cross when viewed from above. In those days, it reportedly cost the authorities Rs 4.71 lakh to construct the prison. There are 40 cells on ground floor and the first floor has 35. The total area occupied by prison is {{convert|2260|yd2|m2}}. The gallows were located on the third floor and around 500 persons are reported to have been executed inside the prison premises. Today the jail is under the control of 125 Infantry Battalion of the Territorial Army of [[Indian Army]] and access to it is severely restricted. The last prisoners to be lodged here were the Army personnel who had deserted in the wake of [[Operation Blue Star]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/040921/along-with-its-history-this-cellular-jail-lies-in-oblivion.html|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Along with its history, this cellular jail in Hyderabad lies in oblivion|first=Krishnanand|last=Malladi|date=2021-09-05|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2014-06-07/Trimulgherry-Jail-Kalapani-of-the-Indian-mainland/97784|newspaper=[[Hans India]]|title=Trimulgherry Jail: Kalapani of the Indian mainland|first=Saibaba|last=Ch|date=2014-06-07|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>

In recognition of the efforts put in to maintain the historic structure, in 1997 it was honoured with ''Charminar INTACH Heritage Award'' presented by [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/historic-jail-with-many-freedom-tales-walled-up/articleshow/60251892.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Historic jail with many freedom tales walled up|first=Sunil |last=Mungara|date=2017-08-28|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Prisons in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in India]]
[[Category:Military prisons]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1850s]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in India]]

Genie (film)

2026-02-21T03:13:18Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Christmas film directed by Sam Boyd}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Genie_2023_film_poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Sam Boyd
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tim Bevan]]
* [[Eric Fellner]]
* Riva Marker
* Richard Curtis
}}
| writer = [[Richard Curtis]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Bernard and the Genie]]''|Richard Curtis}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Melissa McCarthy]]
* [[Paapa Essiedu]]
* [[Denée Benton]]
* [[Marc Maron]]
* Jordyn McIntosh
* [[Luis Guzmán]]
* [[Alan Cumming]]
}}
| music = [[Dan Romer]]
| cinematography = [[John Guleserian]]
| editing = Heather Persons
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Universal Pictures]]
* [[Working Title Films]]
}}
| distributor = [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]
| released = {{film date|2023|11|22}}
| runtime = 93 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 10, 2023|title=''Genie'' (PG)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/genie-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ndm4|access-date=November 10, 2023|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|archive-date=November 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110162450/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/genie-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ndm4|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* United States
}}
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Genie''''' is a 2023 [[Christmas film|Christmas]] [[fantasy comedy]] film directed by Sam Boyd and written by [[Richard Curtis]]. It is a remake of the 1991 British television film ''[[Bernard and the Genie]]'', also written by Curtis. The film stars [[Melissa McCarthy]], [[Paapa Essiedu]], [[Denée Benton]], [[Marc Maron]], Jordyn McIntosh, [[Luis Guzmán]] and [[Alan Cumming]]. It was released on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] on November 22, 2023.

==Plot==
Bernard is overworked and overstressed at his job with a high-end auction house in New York. In trying to satisfy the unreasonable demands of his narcissistic, greedy, cruel boss, Mr. Flaxman, Bernard misses his daughter Eve's 8th birthday (and other family time). Having failed to bring his daughter a birthday present, Bernard lamely offers her an antique box that he had sitting in their home. Bernard's disappointed wife Julie leaves him, and the next day Mr. Flaxman fires Bernard. A dejected Bernard wipes dust off the box, and swirling colorfully out of it appears a 2,000+ year-old [[genie]] named Flora, an eccentric middle-aged woman, who tells Bernard that she can grant him unlimited wishes.

Flora encourages Bernard to solve his problems by making a plan and using his wishes to execute it. Bernard is slow to come up with a good plan, and his early wishes tend to go awry. For example, when his family comes to visit, he accidentally sends one of them briefly to a fiery hell before sending them all back home. Another involves redecorating the apartment in a way that his wife might like, including swapping the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' for a framed football jersey, which she never liked to see hanging on the wall. This ends up with Bernard and Flora being arrested and threatened with extradition to France. Nevertheless, Bernard is able to reconnect with his daughter and makes some wishes that help fulfill the Christmas dreams of children and house the homeless. Flora comes to respect Bernard's character. She also develops a romantic interest in Bernard's doorman, Lenny.

Bernard has seen that Flora is rather sad and lonely as a genie, and he uses a wish to free her. She tells him that he will still have three wishes afterwards. He uses the first wish to go back in time to the point before he had missed his daughter's birthday. He quits his job at the auction house, instead taking his wife and daughter out for her birthday, and giving her a doll house, which she had hoped for. He uses his last two wishes to make sure that they have a wonderful dinner at an exclusive restaurant. Three months later, Bernard goes out to pick up a pizza: Lenny now is running Bernard's favorite pizza joint, and Flora is making the pies.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Melissa McCarthy]] as Flora
* [[Paapa Essiedu]] as Bernard
* [[Denée Benton]] as Julie, Bernard's wife
* Jordyn McIntosh as Eve, Bernard and Julie's 7-year-old daughter
* [[Alan Cumming]] as Flaxman, Bernard's boss
* [[Marc Maron]] as Lenny, Bernard's doorman
* [[Luis Guzmán]] as Perez, a detective investigating the mysterious disappearance of the ''[[Mona Lisa]]''
* [[Tate Ellington]] as Johnny
* [[LaChanze]] as Grandma Patty
* [[Ellen Cleghorne]] as Bernard's mother
* Oberon Adjepong as Bernard's father
* [[Ego Nwodim]] as Dianna
* [[John Reynolds (actor)|John Reynolds]] as Marvin
* [[Nyasha Hatendi]] as Pete
* Emanuele Secci as Henry Hackford
* [[Ralph Brown]] as Sorcerer
}}

==Production==
In December 2022, it was reported that [[Universal Pictures]] and [[Working Title]] had cast [[Melissa McCarthy]] to star the film written by [[Richard Curtis]], which is a remake of his 1991 [[BBC]] television film ''[[Bernard and the Genie]]''.<ref name="Melissa">{{Cite web|title=Melissa McCarthy To Star In Richard Curtis-Scripted Christmas Comedy For Universal, Working Title & Peacock; Sam Boyd To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/melissa-mccarthy-stars-richard-curtis-scripted-christmas-comedy-universal-working-title-peacock-sam-boyd-directs-1235199151/|access-date=March 17, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315235431/https://deadline.com/2022/12/melissa-mccarthy-stars-richard-curtis-scripted-christmas-comedy-universal-working-title-peacock-sam-boyd-directs-1235199151/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="VarNov2023" /> In January 2023, [[Paapa Essiedu]] joined to star opposite McCarthy.<ref name="Paapa">{{Cite web|title='I May Destroy You's Paapa Essiedu Joins Melissa McCarthy In Peacock's Richard Curtis-Penned Christmas Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/paapa-essiedu-joins-melissa-mccarthy-in-peacock-christmas-film-1235240587/|access-date=March 17, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314215540/https://deadline.com/2023/01/paapa-essiedu-joins-melissa-mccarthy-in-peacock-christmas-film-1235240587/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alan Cumming]], who plays Bernard's boss, portrayed Bernard in the 1991 television film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Elizabeth |date=2021-12-23 |title=Bernard and the Genie: 1991 Richard Curtis sleeper is a Christmas cracker |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/dec/24/bernard-and-the-genie-1991-richard-curtis-sleeper-is-a-christmas-cracker |access-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102234340/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/dec/24/bernard-and-the-genie-1991-richard-curtis-sleeper-is-a-christmas-cracker |url-status=live }}</ref>

Directed by Sam Boyd, [[principal photography]] took place in [[New York City]] in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melissa McCarthy to film Christmas movie in Nyack on Monday |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/entertainment/people/suburbarazzi/2023/03/20/melissa-mccarthy-filming-bernard-and-the-genie-remake-in-nyack-ny/70026492007/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=[[The Journal News]] |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101170621/https://www.lohud.com/story/entertainment/people/suburbarazzi/2023/03/20/melissa-mccarthy-filming-bernard-and-the-genie-remake-in-nyack-ny/70026492007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
''Genie'' was released on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] on November 22, 2023.<ref name="VarNov2023">{{Cite web |last=Brew |first=Caroline |date=2023-11-01 |title=''Genie'' Trailer: Melissa McCarthy Grants Magical Wishes in ''Love Actually'' Writer-Director's New Christmas Movie |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/genie-trailer-melissa-mccarthy-love-actually-new-christmas-movie-1235776441/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102022836/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/genie-trailer-melissa-mccarthy-love-actually-new-christmas-movie-1235776441/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|32|4.7|28|Melissa McCarthy is as hard-working as ever, but her efforts aren't enough to raise ''Genie'' past the realm of blandly predictable holiday fare.|access-date=December 5, 2023|ref=y}} {{Metacritic film prose|35|7|ref=yes|access-date=December 3, 2023}}

[[Owen Gleiberman]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote "It's certainly a wholesome Christmas cookie of a movie, so if that's your thing by all means make it a holiday streaming snack. But it's my wish that Melissa McCarthy would get the great comedy she deserves."<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Owen Gleiberman|last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=2023-11-22 |title=''Genie'' Review: Melissa McCarthy Stars in a Fairy-Tale Comedy Written by Richard Curtis, but It's No ''Love Actually''. More Like ''Elf'' Meets ''Love Sort Of'' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/genie-review-melissa-mccarthy-richard-curtis-1235805146/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''{{'s}} [[Frank Scheck]] wrote, "To be fair, the film directed by Sam Boyd has its amusing moments, thanks to Curtis' well-honed comic instincts. Essiedu nicely underplays as Bernard, going more for emotion than cheap laughs, and McCarthy is such a warm, engaging presence that you'll search your home for any old-looking bottle that might contain a similarly helpful genie".<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Frank Scheck|last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=2023-11-22 |title=''Genie'' Review: Melissa McCarthy in Peacock's Ho-Hum Holiday Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/genie-review-melissa-mccarthy-peacock-1235674439/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Christmas films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://www.peacocktv.com/stream-movies/genie Genie]'' on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Peacock (streaming service)}}
{{Richard Curtis}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2023 American films]]
[[Category:2023 British films]]
[[Category:2020s Christmas comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 English-language films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:American Christmas comedy films]]
[[Category:American fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:American remakes of British films]]
[[Category:British Christmas comedy films]]
[[Category:British fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language Christmas comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Tim Bevan]]
[[Category:Films produced by Eric Fellner]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dan Romer]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Richard Curtis]]
[[Category:Genies in film]]
[[Category:Peacock (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Working Title Films films]]

Air Force Technical College, Bengaluru

2026-02-18T01:14:37Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: made a info first draft!

{{Short description|College in Bangalore, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{mcn|date=April 2025}}
{{Lead too short|date=September 2021}}
{{Sources exist|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| image =
| name = Air Force Technical College, Bangalore
| motto = Gyanen Shobhamahe
| established = 4 July 1949
| type = [[Military academy|Military college]]
| chancellor =
| head_label = Commandant
| head = [[Air commodore|Air Commodore]] '''Ashutosh Shrivastava '''
| principal =
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| staff =
| students =
| campus =
| colours =
| fightsong =
| affiliations =
| website = https://web.archive.org/web/20171227121134/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=81
| mascot =
| other_name = AFTC
| publictransit =
| coor =
| address =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Air Force Technical College''' is in [[Bangalore]], India.

==History==
Air Force Technical College (AFTC) was established on 4 July 1949, in collaboration with Air Service Training Co. (Hamble), U.K. with Gp.Capt. J Beaumont CBE, DFC, as the first Commandant. The college was then named as Technical Training College (TTC).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/TTC | title=Technical Training College, Indian Air Force - Database }}</ref> The entire staff of the college were officers and technicians from the Royal Air Force (RAF). The first principal of the college was Gp.Capt. Vaghuan Phillips, who was succeeded by Gp. Capt. Thripps. Technical staff included Sir. William Houghton - the co-inventor of Radar, Mr. B.H.Middleton of Smiths Aircraft Instruments U.K., Mr. Holbon of Rolls-Royce and Mr. Sturggeon of de Havilland. Mr.Porter headed the Department of Basic Engineering Technology.

In the early 1950s, the Indian Air Force initiated the unique “Zero Course” — a cohort of engineering officers specially selected and trained as pilots to address immediate operational needs. Many of these officers went on to serve with distinction in wars and rose to senior leadership roles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=From Engineers to Aviators: The Remarkable Story of the Indian Air Force’s Zero Course |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/10/03/from-engineers-to-aviators-the-remarkable-story-of-the-indian-air-forces-zero-course/ |website=IAFHistory |date=3 October 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

Technicians were trained for the IAF from 1949, after India became independent. The youths were aged between 15 and 17.5. The streams were divided into seven categories: airframes, aero engines, aircraft instruments, electricals, wireless, radar, and armaments, and allotted according to the individual's aptitude. The ab initio training was for a period of two years as aircraft apprentice followed by one-year practical training at the various air force flying and maintenance establishments in the country after which they returned to the college for advanced training in their disciplines for another year. However this was modified after the sixth entry of apprentices passed out and the later batches were trained for the entire four years at the A.F.T.C., after the completion of which they passed out as full aircraft technicians in Group I trades with a liability to render 15 years regular and 9 years reserve service. Some of them later qualified and rose to the position of Air Marshal in their respective branches of specialization or branched off to other flying arms like pilots, navigators, flight signalers, flight engineers, flight gunners. Many left the IAF to become engineers, technocrats and managers in civilian establishments. Some of them joined the Indian Army during the Indo-China war and rose to the rank of colonel in technical branches. The first apprentice who graduated from the college in 1951 carrying the service No. 400001 by name G.K. Pillay belonged to the Aero Engines group. Most of the graduates from AFTC during the course of employment in the IAF were trained in foreign countries like UK, US, Germany, France and Russia on specialised equipment and aircraft.

In commemoration of completion of 60 years since the passing-out of the I batch of technicians, an alumni association called "Afticans" was formed in 2011 led by G. Sivasankara Pillai (14th Rad.).Annual Reunions are held where the former Apprentices along with their family, who are now in the seventies and eighties congregate to savour their nostalgia! The 10th Reunion meeting was held at AFTC, presided over by the incumbent commandant Air.Cmde. C.R.Mohan V.S.M. when 22 octogenarian ex-apprentices were honoured, followed by a gala lunch at the aircraft hangar on 4 July 2017 coinciding with the college raising day. The speech of the commandant entailing a visionary approach for the future growth of the college was greatly appreciated by the veterans.

After TTC was renamed as AFTC on 1 January 1957,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/AFTC | title=Air Force Technical College, Indian Air Force - Database }}</ref> Gp. Capt M.J. Kriplani MBE took over as the first Indian commandant of the college. AFTC is the alma mater for all technical officers of the Indian Air Force. In December 1962, during the national emergency, the Apprentices' Training Scheme was terminated with the 22nd Entry, and the Direct Entry officers' training was accelerated. In Dec 1971 the four technical branches of Tech (Engines), Tech (Elect), Tech (Signals) & Tech (Armament) were integrated into two i.e., Aeronautical Engineering (Mechanical) and Aeronautical Engineering (Electronics) designated as AE(M) and AE(L). The first batch to graduate under this scheme commenced their training in Jan 1972. The college is equipped with many Engineering and Science laboratories, fighter, bomber, and transport aircraft, and has an airfield.

The crest of the college depicts a mechanical gear and emanating electrical waves superimposed by torch bearing an eternal flame. The President of India approved the crest on 8 Aug 1962. The motto on the crest is 'Gyanen Shobhamahe' (it is knowledge through which we find pride in ourselves). The college was awarded the "Presidential Colors" by Pratibha Patil on 12 November 2008.

Milestones:

Some of the important events in the history of AFTC are given below:-
(a) September 1951 - 1st Entry Passing out-Parade of Apprentices From T.T.C.

(b) 1 April 1954 - First Indian Chief of Staff Air Marshal Mukherjee takes salute at the Passing out Parade held in the college air field of 2nd entry Con-Course and 6th entry Apprentices.

(c) April 1956. Air Services Training Ltd.,(Hamble) hand over the training responsibilities to Indian staff.

(d)1 January 1957 - name changed to Air Force Technical College

(e) March 1958 - first Foreign Officer (Indonesian) joins

(f) August 1962 - President of India approves crest of AFTC Gyanen Shobhamahe'

(g) December 1962 - aircraft apprentices scheme comes to a close

(h) April 1993 - first batch of 25 women officers are inducted

(j) July 1999 - golden jubilee year celebrated

(k) August 2003 - establishment of Software Development Centre

(l) 26 May 2005 - Chief of Air Staff inaugurates Back- drop to Parade Ground

(m) 1 April 2006 - commencement of first distance education course

(n) 12 November 2008 - Presidential Colors awarded

(O) 14 November 2014 - surviving apprentices from 1st to 22nd entry visit. The commandant hosts a tea party in their honour

(p) 11 November 2016 - Presentation of rolling trophies and mementos for being awarded to future engineers by ex-apprentices

(q) 4 July 2017 - graduates celebrate the college raising day with a ceremonial lunch after a convention in the auditorium

(r) 4 July 2024- college celebrates its platinum jubilee. 75 years of glorious service to the nation. Air Commodore Ashutosh Shrivastava, Commandant, greeted the dignitaries, veterans and their families.

==Program==
The stated aim of the college is to produce officers of the highest class with thorough professional excellence.

==Commandants==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" width="80%"
|+Commandants of AFTC
! width="30%" | Rank !! width="40%" | Name !! width="30%" | Dates
|-
| Gp Capt
| J Beaumont CBE DFC
| July 1949 - July 1956
|-
|-
| Gp Capt
| MJ Kriplani MBE
| July 1956 - June 1961
|-
|-
| Gp Capt
| K Narshiman
| July 1961 - August 1965
|-
|-
| Gp Capt
| HD Mehra
| July 1966 - September 1966
|-
|-
| Gp Capt
| RJ Hermon
| November 1966 - January 1970
|-
|-
| Gp Capt
| JN Jungalwalla
| January 1970 - June 1972
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| SS Sehgal
| June 1972 - January 1977
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| Satinder Singh
| January 1977 - June 1981
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| SK Verma
| July 1981 - January 1983
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| S Venkatraman
| January 1983 - November 1983
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| S Roy
| December 1983 - March 1985
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| CL Kotwal
| March 1985 - September 1986
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| JP Dhir
| October 1986 - July 1988
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| S Srinivasan VSM
| August 1988 - January 1990
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| PN Bajaj
| January 1990 - April 1991
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| SS Gupta VSM
| April 1991 - February 1992
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| K Badrinarayanan VSM
| February 1992 - August 1994
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| SKS Sitaram VSM
| September 1994 - May 1996
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| DS Gotra
| November 1996 - December 1997
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| SK Jindal
| January 1998 - September 2000
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| RC Kakar VSM
| September 2000 - July 2002
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| SL Sharma VSM
| July 2002 - July 2004
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| Kamal Singh AVSM
| September 2004 - September 2006
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| Rajiv Mital VSM
| September 2006 - November 2008
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| P Kanakraj VSM
| December 2008 - August 2009
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| AK Paul VSM
| August 2009 - Feb 2012
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| Alok Singh
| Feb 2012- Dec 2013
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| MK Guleria VSM
| Dec 2013- Dec 2014
|-
|-
| Air Cmde
| PK Shrivastava VSM
| Dec 2014- Mar 2016
|-
|-
| AVM
| PK Shrivastava VSM
| Apr 2016 - Apr 2016
|-
|Air Cmde
|CR Mohan VSM
|May 2016 - Feb 2019
|-
| AVM
|CR Mohan VSM
|Feb 2019 - Feb 2019
|-
|Air Cmde
|Biji Philip VSM
|Feb 2019 - Aug 2021
|-
|-
|Air Cmde
|Sameer Kalode VSM
|Sep 2021- Nov 2022
|-
|Air Cmde
|Ratnesh Gupta VSM
|Nov2022-Dec2023
|-
|Air Cmde
|Ashutosh Shrivastava VSM
|Dec 2023 - Dec 2025

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|13|3|6.04|N|77|31|16.42|E|region:IN|display=title}}
{{Air force academies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Air force academies]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Military academies of India]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Karnataka]]

Sreelakshmy Govardhanan

2026-02-12T02:51:33Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: put up info

{{Short description|Indian dancer (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sreelakshmy Govardhanan
| native_name = ശ്രീലക്ഷ്മി ഗോവർധനൻ
| native_name_lang = ml
| caption = Govardhanan at Bogha Nandeeswara Temple, Nandi
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|06|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur]] [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Kuchipudi]], Artist, [[Choreographer]] & Teacher
| years_active = 2001–present
}}

'''Sreelakshmy Govardhanan''',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/kuchipudi-exponent-sreelakshmy-govardhanans-performance-in-kochi/article7814040.ece|title=Evocative expressions|first=V.|last=Kaladharan|date=29 October 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103557/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/kuchipudi-exponent-sreelakshmy-govardhanans-performance-in-kochi/article7814040.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/sreelakshmy-govardhanan-traces-her-journey-as-a-kuchipudi-dancer/article25390824.ece|title=Sreelakshmy Govardhanan on understanding Kuchipudi|last=M.|first=Athira|date=1 November 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> is a [[Kuchipudi]] artist from India. She is the disciple of Guru Sri Pasumarthy Rattaiaha Sarma.

She is known for her footwork and abhinaya (acting technique).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/i-exist-because-of-kuchipudi/article2614783.ece|title=I exist because of Kuchipudi|first=Liza|last=George|date=10 November 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103557/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/i-exist-because-of-kuchipudi/article2614783.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She is trained under distinguished Gurus such as Guru Sri Pasumarthy Rattaiah Sarma, Srimati Vyjayanti Kashi and Srimati Manju Barggavee, in [[Kuchipudi]]. Sreelakshmy is one of the rare artists who have gone in search of the roots of Kuchipudi,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/solo-act/article22680839.ece|title=Solo act|first=Ranjana|last=Dave|date=7 February 2018|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and has been fortunate to learn it from the most authentic artist belonging to the [[Kuchipudi]] yakshagana, Sri Pasumarthy Rattaiha Sarma. Being an artist from [[Kerala]] and travelling to Kuchipudi village to learn the classical art form of Andhra and to master it takes a lot of hard work, dedication and perseverance.
The art form to her is like second skin. Sreelakshmy Govardhanan<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kuchipudi-exponent-enthrals-students/article7363204.ece|title=Kuchipudi exponent enthrals students|first=Abdul Latheef|last=Naha|date=28 June 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> is widely acclaimed for her ability to bring alive the charm and beauty of Kuchipudi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/season-of-solos/article6269423.ece|title=Season of solos|first1=Shyamhari|last1=Chakra|date=1 August 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> She has been described as “a dancer who has harnessed the power of Abhinaya”. Sreelakshmy has been the recipient of many titles and honours such as ‘Kalashree’ from [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]- state award, Binfeild Endowment from [[Narada Gana Sabha]] Chennai, Bharatham Yuva Kalakar, Kala Ratna, Singar Mani, Natya Ratna, Nalanada Nrutya Nipuna to name a few. Sreelakshmy is an empanelled artiste in ‘established’ category of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] and a graded artiste of [[Doordarshan]]. Other than performing at various Indian dance festivals, she has performed on various international platforms in [[Netherlands]], [[Australia]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Colombia]], [[Jordan]] and Gulf countries that has earned her rave reviews. She performed in the presence of the [[Prime Minister of India]], as the lead of the Kuchipudi team at the ‘Make In India’ program at Hannoer Messe, 2015 in Germany. She was also invited to choreograph a confluence of Indian dance for the inaugural event of ‘Marhaba NaMo in Dubai’ where [[Prime Minister of India]] visited [[United Arab Emirates]] after 34 years. She also has conceived and curated many dance-related workshops and events and was the coordinator of ‘Rasavikalpam’ an annual dance workshop and National dance festival organized by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] for three consecutive years. Sreelakshmy is the founder and Director of Avantika Space for Dance, a platform dedicated to learning, performance and research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadansfestival.nl/en/production-house/choreographers/sreelakshmy-govardhanan|title=Sreelakshmy Govardhanan - India dans festival|website=Indiadansfestival.nl|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> She has choreographed dance moves for the Malayalam feature film [[Kanyaka Talkies]] and [[Priyamanasam]]. Sreelakshmy is a trained professional Psychologist utilises her proficiency in dance and psychological counselling to bring a difference in her Art and also for young minds in need.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/04/25/there-is-more-to-dance-than-performance-geeta-chandran.html|title=There is more to dance than performance, says Geeta Chandran|website=Theweek.in|accessdate=1 August 2018|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103558/https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/04/25/there-is-more-to-dance-than-performance-geeta-chandran.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Academic ==
* MSc in psychological counseling, [[Montfort College]] [[Bangalore]], 2003–04
* Advanced course in [[Hypnotherapy]] from AHAM Thrissur, 2008

==Lecture demonstrations in Kuchipudi==

* Lec dem for Haya Cultural center, [[Jordan]] (2015)
* Lec dem at School of Culture and Creative Expressions, [[Ambedkar University Delhi]], Delhi (2015
* 6 days Lec-dem and workshop series at Kota, Rajasthan for SPICMACAY in 2014
* Talk and Lec Dem for Gitaamritham on My Passion My Life, at Ettimada, [[Coimbatore]]
* 5 days lec dem series at Ramathapuram for IRCEN 2014
* Lecture Demonstration for Sambodh Foundation, Kollam, Kerala (2014)
* 6 Lecture Demonstrations and performance in Delhi for IRCEN (India International Rural Cultural Centre) 2011 and 2014
* 10 Lecture Demonstrations and performance in Murshidabad District, West Bengal for
* IRCEN (India International Rural Cultural Centre) 2012.
* 10 Lecture Demonstrations and performance at [[Wankaner|Wakaner]] in [[Gujarat]] for IRCEN (India International Rural Cultural Centre) 2011 Kuchipudi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/apr/22/minds-align-for-a-classical-conversation-1804628.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505175209/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/apr/22/minds-align-for-a-classical-conversation-1804628.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2018|title=Minds align for a classical conversation|website=Newindianespress.com|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref>

==Conducted workshops in Kuchipudi==
* Kuchipudi workshop at Mahe, under Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artindiaupdates.com/kuchipudi-workshop-by-sreelakshmi-govardhanan/|title=Kuchipudi Workshop by Sreelakshmi Govardhanan - Art India Updates|date=8 May 2016|website=Artindiaupdates.com|accessdate=1 August 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713233041/http://artindiaupdates.com/kuchipudi-workshop-by-sreelakshmi-govardhanan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kuchipudi workshop at [[Kottakkal]], Kerala for SPICMACAY in 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spaceoutkerala.blogspot.com/2016/05/sreelakshmy-govardhanans-kuchipudi.html|title=Sreelakshmy Govardhanan's Kuchipudi Workshop at Thrissur|website=Spaceoutkerala.blogspot.com|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref>
* Kuchipudi workshop at [[Ernakulam]] (2011)
* Kuchipudi workshop at [[Switzerland]] (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korzo.nl/nl/producties/natya-prapancham|title=Natya Prapancham - Korzo|website=Korzo.nl|accessdate=1 August 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713232125/http://www.korzo.nl/nl/producties/natya-prapancham|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Kuchipudi workshop at [[Calicut]] for Chinmaya Mission (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEqkd1K5NLT9H6IlPBwTMVA|title = Sreelakshmy Govardhanan - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Talks on Kuchipudi==
* Exploring the roots and elements of Kuchipudi Yakshagana. The department of Theatre Sri Sankara College [[Kalady]] (2015)
* Theatrical in Kuchipudi; Travel through Bhamakalapam. National symposium, Dept of Philosophy, Sri Sankara College Kaladi. (2015)
* Innovations and sensibilities needed when you venture into Choreography, for 'Krishnayanam' occasion of honoring scholar Sri Kanjoor Krishnan Namboothiripad. Kerala (2015)
* Women in Arts, Trail and Travail at Ammanur Gurukulam, Center for [[Koodiyattam]]. Kerala (2014)
* Guest lecture at Govt College of Fine Arts Thrissur on Indian Aesthetics and Sculpture studies based on Bharatas Natya Sastra. (2013)
* Paper presentation on Importance of Art Education in School. (2013) for SCERT Kerala. Govt of Kerala.
* Talk on Hasthas used in Kuchipudi and a comparative study of Nritta Hastas mentioned in Natya Sastra, Abhinaya Darpanam and Hasta Mukthavali. Mudra, [[Guruvayur]] Devaswam.
* Talk on Healing power of Dance for Center for Vedic Studies and Astrology, [[Irinjalakuda]]
* Art and Society talk at Govt Girls high school [[Irinjalakuda]]
* About Kuchipudi and how to tap your unattended potential for Govt High School, Puthukad

==Awards and recognition==
Sreelakshmy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/kuchipudi-is-the-very-purpose-of-my-existence/article6502972.ece|title=Kuchipudi is the very purpose of my existence|first=G. S.|last=Paul|date=16 October 2014|accessdate=1 August 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> has been the recipient of many coveted titles and honours such as ‘Kalashree’ from [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]- state award, Binfeild Endowment from [[Narada Gana Sabha]] [[Chennai]], Bharatham Yuva Kalakar, Kala Ratna, Singar Mani, Natya Ratna, Nalanada Nrutya Nipuna to name a few. Sreelakshmy is an empanelled artiste in ‘established’ category of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] and a graded artiste of [[Doordarshan]]. Other than performing at various Indian dance festivals, she has performed on various international platforms in [[Netherlands]], [[Australia]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Colombia]], [[Jordan]] and Gulf countries that has earned her rave reviews. She also performed in the presence of the [[Prime Minister of India]], as the lead of the Kuchipudi team at the ‘Make In India’ program at Hannoer Messe, 2015 in [[Germany]]. She performed in the presence of the [[Prime Minister of India]], as the lead of the Kuchipudi team at the ‘Make In India’ program at Hannoer Messe, 2015 in Germany. She was also invited to choreograph a confluence of Indian dance for the inaugural event of ‘Marhaba NaMo in Dubai’ where [[Prime Minister of India]] visited [[United Arab Emirates]] after 34 years.

==Full-length choreography and thematic productions and choreographs==
* '''Soorpanakaha'''- Woodland spirits of the forest witness the life and plight of Soorpanakha. She is angry and frustrated, as her clan is nearly wiped out, her brother Ravana is gone, her land Lanka is finished but Rama and Lakshmana still lives. She recollects how naive she was to have gotten smitten by the human strangers in Dhandaka. She is angry that her innocence and sensuality was mocked by the brothers. She wonders, what wrong did she do to be physically deformed like this by the brothers? She throws back that question to the audience.
* '''Radhe'''- It revolves around the sweetest and most submitting of loves – that of Radha for Krishna. Radha is not mentioned by name in Srimad Bhagavatam but in the later texts, such as the Gita Govinda, the story of Radha gains precedence over other kinds of love. All knowing, all pervading Krishna is the Sutradhara of the whole world and especially the life in Vrindavana. Radhe is choreographed around the concept Manmatha Dasavastha which is basically psychoanalysis of the feelings and behaviour of different stages and situations of the subject when in an amorous phase. It beautifully describes, in detail, the progress of various psycho physical states of a Man or Woman in Love. After all, when he hides himself from her, she prays that “let her die in the fire that is created from her own being, out of her love for Krishna”.
* '''Sita Swayamvaram''', a thematic production that adheres to the intricacies of [[Kuchipudi]] Yakshagana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/270518/in-the-shadows-of-misery.html|title=In the shadows of misery|date=27 May 2018|website=Deccanchronicle.com|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> This production was presented at Music Academy hall for Kalavardhini in Chennai.
* '''Silappatikaram''', A full-length solo thematic work based on the Tamil epic [[Silapathikaram]]. The work anchors around the tale of two Nayikas Kannaki and Madhavi. It deals in depth the emotion and turmoil both the women go through in different segments of their life. When one was raised as Goddess the other renounced her worldly life and joined Buddhism. The work travels through Time, Cultural and Political Scenario, Dharma, Love, Anguish,
* '''Saptagiri''' Mountains gain immense significance in any civilization, owing to their massive presence, volume and much splendour they have to offer. In India, kshetras that are on mountain-tops also play a major role in the texture of the life on that mountain. Such mountains are considered sacred, as they have become abodes to the deities on them. One such deity is Lord Venkateswara and the unique feature of the lords abode is that it is not situated on one mountain, but on seven mountains that aligned in the shape of Adiseshu, the divine serpent. The Saptagiri have gained a place of highest importance in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the Lord of [[Kali Yuga]] is revered like none other. Saptagiri brings to dance the legend, history and importance of these hills. The presentation Sapta Giri is a confluence of legend, history and present.
* '''Poothana Moksham''' is one of Sreelakshmy's most critically acclaimed choreographies based on the story of Poothana. Here she interprets the character of Poothana as a woman who gets mesmerized with the happiness of Vrindavana and forgets her intention for being there. A motherly instinct in her arouse when she meets baby Krishna but she realizes that she has no choice but to kill the baby. In the end Lord Krishnan takes her Prana and delivers her Moksha.
* '''Mandodari Sabdham''' is the story of the princess Mandodari and Ravana, the ruler of Lanka. It is the story of a frog that turns into a beautiful woman. Ravana was taken by the beauty of her and propose her to marry him. Mandodari Sabdham is a traditional sabdham and has been re-choreographed by Sreelakshmy.
* '''Rama Margam''' is a repertoire based on the epic Ramayana.
* '''Madhura Vamsi'''- A repertoire that is built around the Murali of Krishna.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KfuzvTGwbU|title=Sreelakshmy Govardhanan. Kuchipudi Profile|last=Sreelakshmy Govardhanan|date=1 August 2013|accessdate=1 August 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}>
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/Koochipudi|title=Sreelakshmy Govardhanan|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=http://indembassy-amman.org/Traditional_Kuchipudi_dance.htmli|title=Indembassy-amman.org|website=Indembassy-amman.org|accessdate=1 August 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/moving-expressions/article5426849.ece|title=Moving expressions|first=Hareesh N.|last=Nampoothiri|date=6 December 2013|accessdate=1 August 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/kuchipudi-is-the-very-purpose-of-my-existence/article6502972.ece|title=Kuchipudi is the very purpose of my existence|first=G. S.|last=Paul|date=16 October 2014|accessdate=1 August 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/|title=Dance News, Dance Reviews, Classical Dance, Bharatanatyam Dance|website=The Hindu|accessdate=1 August 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/i-exist-because-of-kuchipudi/article2614783.ece|title=I exist because of Kuchipudi|first=Liza|last=George|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=1 August 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/kuchipudi-exponent-sreelakshmy-govardhanans-performance-in-kochi/article7814040.ece|title=Evocative expressions|first=V.|last=Kaladharan|date=29 October 2015|accessdate=1 August 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/apr/22/minds-align-for-a-classical-conversation-1804628.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505175209/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/apr/22/minds-align-for-a-classical-conversation-1804628.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2018|title=Minds align for a classical conversation|date=22 April 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|last=Singh|first=Ayesha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govardhanan, Sreelakshmy}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:People from Irinjalakuda]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Sherrey

2026-02-11T07:23:19Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: brief adjust information per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sherrey
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sherrey
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|38|2011|12|5}}<ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/entertainment/news/no-malayalam-films-at-iff-kerala!/340165.html Express Buzz. 'No Malayalam films at IFF Kerala.']</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kannur]]
| other_names =
| notable_works = [[Adimadhyantham]]
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Screenwriter]]
| awards = [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)]] (2012)
}}

'''Sherrey''' is an Indian [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]] who works in [[Malayalam film]]s. He has directed several short films, but is known for his debut feature film [[Adimadhyantham]] which won a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|special reference]] in the [[59th National Film Awards]].,<ref>[https://archive.today/20120717084125/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120196192&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=183761 Malayalam films fail to impress at National Awards.]</ref> and was the only Malayalam film selected to compete in the 16th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111218181841/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/aadimadhyantham-beginning-middle-no-end-489 The Deccan Chronicle. 'Aadimadhyantham: Beginning, middle but no end.']</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''[[Adimadhyantham]]'' (2011)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]

Ek Thi Daayan

2026-01-22T03:24:34Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{short description|2013 Indian Hindi-language psychological horror film}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Thi Daayan
| image = Ek Thi Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Kannan Iyer]]
| writer = [[Mukul Sharma (writer)|Mukul Sharma]] [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Mobius Trips''|Mukul Sharma}}
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]] Vishal Bhardwaj [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| starring = [[Emraan Hashmi]] [[Huma Qureshi]] [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] [[Kalki Koechlin]]
| cinematography = Saurabh Goswami
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] '''Score:''' [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| studio = ALT Entertainment VB Pictures
| distributor = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|04|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}24–26 crore<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Thi Daayan collects Rs 18 crores|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Ek-Thi-Daayan-collects-Rs-18-crores/articleshow/19678728.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425212019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-22/box-office/38734623_1_emraan-hashmi-llb-position-horror-film|url-status=live|archive-date=25 April 2013|date=22 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="bo"/>
| gross = {{INR}}40.25 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web|title=Box-Office Verdicts Of Major Bollywood Releases Of 2013|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=388|date=19 April 2013|work=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ek Thi Daayan''''' (Once there was a [[Daayan|Dayan (witch)]]) is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[supernatural]] [[horror (genre)|horror thriller film]] directed by [[Kannan Iyer]], adapted from the short story ''Mobius Trips'' by [[Mukul Sharma (writer)|Mukul Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bollywood movies based on Short stories|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-movies-based-on-short-stories/photostory/46581369.cms|access-date=30 August 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] and [[Kalki Koechlin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Emraan Hashmi turns director for Ek Thi Daayan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Emraan-Hashmi-turns-director-for-Ek-Thi-Daayan/Article1-882163.aspx |date=2 July 2012 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113094220/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Emraan-Hashmi-turns-director-for-Ek-Thi-Daayan/Article1-882163.aspx |archive-date=13 January 2013 }}</ref> The film is co-produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Shobha Kapoor]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] and [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]. It was released on 19 April 2013 to positive reviews from critics and decent box-office collections.<ref name="Release">{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546319 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122095922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546319 | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 January 2012 | title=''Ek Thi Daayan'' has been released | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Konkona Sen Sharma]] received critical acclaim for her performance and was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] at the [[59th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Bejoy "Bobo" Charan Mathur is India's top magician, but, unknown to everyone, his life is falling apart. Hallucinations about his dead little sister, Misha, threaten his sanity. One day, he gets drawn to his old and vacant family apartment, where he opens the lid of a treasure chest, only to see a vision of Misha dead inside. He finally seeks psychiatric help from the odd Dr. Palit, who puts him under regression [[hypnosis]] to go back to the past, when Bobo was 11 and Misha was 6.

It is revealed that Bobo and Misha lived with their single father in their apartment. One day, Bobo reads a book about witchcraft, where he discovers the number 666 and uses it to travel on the elevator to an unlisted floor at the bottom of the building, which he tells Misha is the entrance to hell. According to Bobo, each building has its own hell, where the "bad people" of the building are consigned for eternity once they are dead. One day, a woman named Diana moves into their building, and Bobo is convinced that she is a [[daayan]] who surfaced following his and Misha's trip on the elevator.

Diana charms Bobo's father and marries him. Bobo then learns that a daayan's source of power is her plait. On Diana's birthday, during the night of the red moon, she sacrifices Misha to restore her dark powers. Bobo and his father discover Misha's [[corpse]] inside the trunk and a now-undisguised Diana hovering over her body. Diana kills Bobo's father with her ear-piercing screams. As she performs the rest of her ritual, the distraught Bobo finds his father's dagger and cuts off Diana's plait, destroying her source of power. Diana begins to crumble into dust, but she tells him that she will return.

Dr. Palit dismisses Bobo's visions as fantasy. Bobo and Tamara marry and adopt ten-year-old Zubin. Everything goes well until the irresistible Lisa Dutt enters their lives during a magic show. Everyone loves her, but Bobo suspects that the witch is back in the form of Lisa. Lisa buys Bobo's old apartment, adding to his suspicion. During Lisa's housewarming party, Tamara falls off the balcony and is hospitalized. Lisa visits her, but Bobo walks in and angrily tells her to get out when he finds her tinkering with the IV bag. Afraid for his family, he calls Dr. Palit for help.

Dr. Palit finds out something disturbing and calls Bobo, but the witch appears as Diana and kills him. Bobo finds Dr. Palit dead and sees a paper in his hand, on which Zubin's name is written. He looks for Zubin everywhere but finds him missing. He then rushes back to the old apartment and takes the elevator to hell.

There, he finds Zubin lying on an altar and the witch ready to sacrifice his son's life to sustain her powers. Bobo tries to save Zubin but encounters Tamara. In a twist, it is revealed that Tamara is the witch, not Lisa. Diana appears and tells him that he is a [[Pishacha]], because no average person who pushes a button in an elevator finds hell. Tamara tells him that it took her twenty years to be reborn and she will not let him kill her again, and she knocks him unconscious.

Bobo wakes up and remembers the book where he read that a Pishacha can regain his strength on the night of a red moon, and today is the night of the red moon. With his newly acquired powers, he kills Tamara and returns his powers to [[Satan]]. The witch, now in the form of Diana, reveals that only an innocent person can kill a witch, and since Bobo killed her once before, he is no longer innocent. The two fight again until Bobo kicks the sacrificial dagger at Zubin. Zubin then manages to cut off Diana's plait, but the crumbling witch promises that she will return again.

In the end, Bobo meets Lisa, and she asks him why he was so aggressive towards her in the beginning. Bobo tells her that he thought she was a witch.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Bejoy "Bobo" Charan Mathur
** Vishesh Tiwari as Young Bobo
* [[Huma Qureshi]] as Tamara
* [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Diana / Lisa Dutt (fake)
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Lisa Dutt
* [[Pawan Malhotra]] as Professor Charan Mathur (Bobo's Dad)
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Dr. Ranjan Palit (Bobo's Psychiatrist)
* Bhavesh Balchandani as Zubin Mathur
* [[Sara Arjun]] as Misha Mathur (Bobo's sister)
* [[Vikas Shrivastav]] as Police Inspector
* Pallavi Batra as Sangeeta
* Shireena Sambyal as Anna
* [[Vidyadhar Karmakar]] as Old Man
* [[Deepali Pansare]] as Old Man's Nurse
}}

==Production==
Initially [[Rani Mukerji]] was approached to portray the role of Liza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rani refused to work in Vishal Bhardwaj’s film over title! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/rani-refused-to-work-in-vishal-bhardwajs-film-over-title_89703.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

The film was shot at [[Filmcity]]. According to director Kannan Iyer, leopards entered the sets during shooting. The uninvited guest was later apparently shooed away.<ref>{{cite web|last=Leopards|first=Ek Thi Daayan|title=Leopard on 'Ek Thi Daayan' sets|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/leopard-on-ek-thi-daayan-sets_113019.htm|work=8 June 2012|date=8 June 2012|publisher=Zee News|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>

CGI VFX for the film has been done by “[[Prana Studios]]””Mumbai.

==Marketing==
[[File:Emraan Hashmi and Huma Qureshi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Hasmi and Qureshi during the promotions of the film.]]
The unique marketing campaign was carried out by the producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] for the promotion of this film. She produced a mini-series aired on the channel [[Life OK]] titled ''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]'' starring the top actress of [[Indian Television]] from her path-breaking shows, including [[Smriti Irani]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Shweta Tiwari]], [[Aamna Shariff]], [[Mouli Ganguly]], [[Ankita Lokhande]], [[Kritika Kamra]] and [[Pooja Gaur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Production News - ''Ek Thi Daayan''|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/ek-thi-daayan-2/|work=23 June 2012|date=23 June 2012|publisher=boxofficeindia.co.in|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215547/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/ek-thi-daayan-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ek Thi Daayan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt = Ek Thi Daayan
| caption = Ek Thi Daayan
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=26|s=59}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| prev_title = [[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Dedh Ishqiya]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The music of ''Ek Thi Daayan'' was composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], with lyrics written by [[Gulzar]].<ref name="lyrics">{{cite web|url=http://lyricsnext.com/movie/ek-thi-daayan/|title=Lyricsnext - Song Lyrics|website=lyricsnext.com|access-date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424055050/http://lyricsnext.com/movie/ek-thi-daayan/|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The background score was composed by [[Clinton Cerejo]]. Musicperk.com rated the album 7/10 quoting "This album does impress in parts but fails to make a lasting impression."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicperk.com/ek-thi-daayan/|title=Ek Thi Daayan - Musicperk - Trending news, analysis, reviews, ratings and exclusive content for music.|website=www.musicperk.com|access-date=19 May 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622233003/http://www.musicperk.com/ek-thi-daayan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaaram
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Totey Ud Gaye
| extra2 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Kaali Kaali
| extra3 = Clinton Cerejo
| length3 = 6:00
| title4 = Lautungi Main
| extra4 = Rekha Bhardwaj
| length4 = 6:18
| title5 = Sapna Re Sapna
| extra5 = Padmanabh Gaikwad
| total_length = 26:59
| length5 = 5:53
}}

==Release and reception==

===Critical reception===
The film received a mainly positive response with praise particularly for [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], as well as [[Huma Qureshi]] and [[Kalki Koechlin]]. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=80|count=5|average=|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=August 7, 2022}} [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave ''Ek Thi Daayan'' 4.3 stars out of 5 and called it "An imaginative and appealing supernatural thriller".<ref>{{cite web|title=Taran Adarsh Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/546319|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202055210/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/546319|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|author=Taran Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=18 April 2013}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Meena Iyer of [[The Times of India]] awarded it 3.5 out of 5 while remarking "Woven beautifully between the world of magic, occult and suspense, Ek Thi Daayan, makes for compulsive viewing, providing some spine-chilling thrills at short gaps".<ref>{{cite news|title=Meena Iyer Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ek-Thi-Daayan/movie-review/19611581.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2013}}{{Rating|4.5|5}}</ref> Raja Sen of [[Rediff]] gave it 3 out of 5 star, noting,"Ek Thi Daayan isn't the scariest of horror films. It is, though, smartly crafted, highly original in its approach and a strikingly ambitious effort for the genre".<ref>{{cite web|title=Raja Sen Review|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ek-thi-daayan-is-impressively-scary/20130419.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=18 April 2013}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Ek Thi Daayan'' opened at around 30-40% occupancy with better opening in multiplexes rather than single screens<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Thi Daayan Has Average Opening|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5596&nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref> where it collected around {{INRConvert|6.24|c}} on its first day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Thi Daayan Average Opening Chasme Baddoor Decent Second Week|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5600&nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> The film did not show any growth further and netted around {{INRConvert|15.5|c}} over the weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Thi Daayan Struggles Over Weekend |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5606&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com |access-date=22 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425072918/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5606&nCat= |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref> Despite low growth over the weekend, the film came out with good total of around {{INR}} 25 crore in its first week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aashiqui 5 Has Decent Opening Iron Man 3 Has Good Initial |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5617&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=28 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430084855/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5617&nCat= |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}</ref> ''Ek Thi Daayan'' grossed over {{INRConvert|40.25|c}} during its entire theatrical run.<ref name="bo"/>

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* {{BH movie|ek-thi-daayan}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 horror films]]
[[Category:2013 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]

Mogaveera

2026-01-17T02:12:54Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Fisherman community of South-Western India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| caption =
| group = Mogaveera
| regions = [[Tulunad]]
| languages = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kundagannada]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| total population =
| related = [[Mukkuvar]]
}}

'''Mogaveera''' is a fishermen community<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Uma K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40sG0z4x-ooC |title=Impact of Mechanization on Small Fishermen: Analysis and Village Studies |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pErOEAAAQBAJ |title=Agricultural Sector in India: Accelerating Growth and Enhancing Competitiveness |date=2023-09-06 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-95313-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MYUPSC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8auEAAAQBAJ |title=Karnataka Current Affairs Year Book 2023-2024 |publisher=R P Meena |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ys2sDwAAQBAJ |title=Unbeaten Paths: Theological Reflections on Times of Transition. Living on the Periphery, Crossing Borders, Building Bridges. Revised Edition |date=2020-03-10 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-91153-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Matilda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zVpDwAAQBAJ |title=Fisticuff of the Souls: The Deliverance |date=2017-09-29 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-0045-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfKBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=2001 |publisher=The Survey |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siraj |first=S. Anees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGiex76a5-kC |title=Karnataka State: Udupi District |date=2012 |publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department |language=en}}</ref> in the [[Tulunad]] region of South West India. They dominated the [[maritime history|maritime business]] of the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/mangalore/people-culture-festivals/mogaveeras.html | title=Mogaveeras }}</ref> Mogaveera people form a community who dominate fishing and marine activities in and around [[Mangalore]]<ref name="arrest">{{cite news |date=7 June 2014 |title=Arrest the murder accused: Mogaveera community |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/arrest-the-murder-accused-mogaveera-community/article6092396.ece |accessdate=12 September 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and Udupi. The word ''"Mogaveera"'' is believed to be derived from the words ''"Moga"'' (brave) and ''"Veera"'' (warrior), indicating their origins as courageous coastal warriors and sea navigators. Fishing has been the main occupation of the Mogaveeras for centuries. They have developed a deep understanding of the sea, tides, and [[marine ecosystem]]s. With modernization, many members of the community have also diversified into other professions such as shipping, business, and entrepreneurship, especially in coastal cities and abroad.

==History==

The Mogaveeras are the fishermen community<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thurston |first1=Edgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnB3k8fx5oEC |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |last2=Rangachari |first2=K. |date=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0288-5 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Tulu Nadu]]. a warrior who after the demolition of the kingdom continued to live on river belts and coastal belts and pursue their traditional occupation of fishing.<ref name="uma">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40sG0z4x-ooC&dq=mogaveera+population&pg=PA317|title=Impact of Mechanization on Small Fishermen|last1=Uma K. Srivastava|publisher=Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Centre for Management in Agriculture|location=Ahmedabad|page=317,399|year=1986}}</ref>

== Moolasthanas ==
Mogaveeras follow the Moolasthana system of Tulu lineages (Bari system). The origin of Moolasthana. Mogaveera families have acquired lineage surnames based on Moolasthana or the place of their original settlement. Mogaveeras also follow Aliya Kattu, where inheritance of from Uncle to Nephew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-01-02 |title=Bhutala Pandya Aliyasantana [Part 1.6] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/essay/bhuta-daiva-worshipping-cult/d/doc1238887.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The following lineages based surnames are commonly found among the Mogaveera group of communities (in alphabetical order): Amin, Bangera, Chandan, Gujaran, Kanchan, Karkera, Kotian, Kunder, Maindan, Mendon, Naika, Pangal, Puthran, Rao, Salian, Sapaliga, Shriyan, Suvarna, Thingalaya, and Tholar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caste Culture and Community |url=https://www.saphalyasevasangha.com/caste-culture-and-community |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Saphalya Seva Sangha |language=en}}</ref>

Barakur region appears to be one of the early settlements of Mogaveeras in particular. Many of the Moolasthanas are located on the sea coast of [[Barkur]], around Hoogde and Bengare. Barakur was a center of royal administration since remote historical dates. Some of the Kings/chieftains that ruled from Barakur could have been from Mogaveera community. Rich Mogaveera merchants owned merchant boats/ships in the earlier days.

== The community institutions ==
The community is well-organized and governed through institutions such as the [[Dakshina Kannada]] Mogaveera Mahajana Sabha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udupi: In boost for community, majestic Mogaveera Bhavan inaugurated at Uchila |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=896171 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> and similar bodies in Udupi and other coastal regions. These organizations work to promote education, social welfare, and unity within the community. Mogaveera fishing communities traditionally lived in coastal habitations called ‘Pattana’ (=town).{{cn|date=December 2025}} The self governed fishery townships or Pattana may be an ancient feature of common to Dravida culture, since even the coasts of Tamilnadu have similar historically old habitations called Pattanas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundkur |first=Ravindra |date=2008-02-03 |title=TuLu Research & Studies: 84.The Mogaveera Community |url=https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2008/02/84the-mogaveera-community.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=TuLu Research & Studies}}</ref>

The fishing communities at Pattana level are well organized into ‘Grama-sabha’ (village council) with a group leader called ‘Gurikara’. The Gurikara was a hereditary leader and traditionally wore a steel or gold bangle around his wrist and a single ring on his ear, as insignia of the leadership. The role and authority of Gurikaras is diminishing with rise of democratically elected bodies. The group leader of a fishing team is called ‘Tandela’.

== Mogaveera Fishport Influence ==
Today, [[Malpe]] is recognized as one of the largest fishing harbors in Asia<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malpe – Karnataka Ports |url=https://karnatakamaritime.in/malpe/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> and is a major contributor to Karnataka's economy. The port is a bustling spectacle of activity, with hundreds of boats docked at any given time, constantly unloading fresh catches. The daily operations involve a significant workforce, with men venturing into the deep sea for fishing and women predominantly handling the segregation, weighing, and sale of the fish at the market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malpe Fishing Harbour {{!}} Udupi Tourism |url=https://www.udupitourism.com/explore/leisure-and-lifestyle/malpe-fishing-harbour |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.udupitourism.com |language=en}}</ref> The Mogaveera community's history is deeply intertwined with the prosperity of Malpe. Their knowledge of the sea, their resilience, and their entrepreneurial spirit have made Malpe the vibrant fishing hub it is today. They continue to be the custodians of Malpe's maritime heritage, facing the evolving challenges of the fishing industry while preserving their unique cultural identity.<ref name=":0" />

== Religion ==
The Mogaveera practice [[Hinduism]] and worshippers of tutelary deities and ''bhutas''.", ancestral spirits and heroes who have been assimilated to the ranks of minor deities.

Butas and daivas ([[Tutelary deity|tutelary deities]]) are not worshiped on a daily basis like mainstream Hindu gods. Their worship is restricted to annual ritual festivals, though daily [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] may be conducted for the ritual objects, ornaments, and other paraphernalia of the būta. and every caste in the Tulu speaking region has its own set of butas and daivas that they worship.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Tambila, in the context of Tulunadu, is a traditional ritual offering or ceremonial feast dedicated to deities, particularly local spirits (Bhootas). It's a form of thanksgiving or vow fulfillment, often performed to seek blessings, healing, or the fulfillment of wishes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating nature in the sacred groves of Tulunadu |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/celebrating-nature-in-the-sacred-groves-of-tulunadu-3141516 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Tulu people]]

=== People from Mogaveera community ===

* [[Pramod Madhwaraj]]
* [[Yashpal Anand Suvarna]]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/philanthropist-and-leader-of-mogaveera-community-g-shankar-will-turn-55-on-october-5-born-on-october-5-1955-at-gundmi-near-sastan-in-udupi-district-shankar-an-industrialist-and-class-i-contractor-reaches-out-to-the-community-around-him-through-his-acts-of-charity-handled-by-the-g-shankar-family-trust-he-is-the-recipient-of-rajyotsava-award-and-honorary-doctorate-conferred-to-him-by-mangalore-university-/articleshow/6677551.cms Dr G Shankar]
* [https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1173428 Ramesh Kanchan]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/entrepreneur-prasadraj-kanchan-is-congress-candidate-from-udupi/article66707240.ece Prasadraj Kanchan]
* [[Lalaji Mendon]]
* [[Budhi Kunderan]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tuluva]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1996

2026-01-14T09:55:40Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: created initial bio w/ sources

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Bengali films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the year '''1996'''.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.in/decadesearch.aspx?decade=1990-1999&lang=Bengali&categ=M&searchtext=1996|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208170912/http://www.gomolo.in/decadesearch.aspx?decade=1990-1999&lang=Bengali&categ=M&searchtext=1996|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-08|title=gomolo.in: Yearwise search result|publisher=www.gomolo.in|access-date=2008-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/node/19234/year/2000/0/Bengali |title=List of Fims |publisher=www.upperstall.com |access-date=2008-10-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104324/http://www.upperstall.com/node/19234/year/2000/0/Bengali |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>

==A-Z of films==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
|''Abujh Mon''|| [[Swapan Saha]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]''||[[Sandip Ray]]||[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Banaphul]]''|| [[Samit Bhanja]] || [[Samit Bhanja]], [[Indrani Haldar]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''Beadap''||Dulal Bhowmick||Arun Bannerjee, Nimu Bhowmick, Soma Chakraborty|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhai Amar Bhai]]''|| [[Swapan Saha]] ||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] ||Romance, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Bhoy (film)|Bhoy]]''||[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]||Chiranjeet Chakraborty, [[Debashree Roy]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]]||Thriller||
|-
|''[[Biyer Phool]]''||[[Ram Mukherjee]]||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rani Mukherji]], [[Indrani Haldar]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Damu (1996 film)|Damu]]''||[[Raja Sen]]||[[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]||Children's||
|-
|''Himghar''||Sandip Ray||[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Dhritiman Chatterjee, [[Dipankar De]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Jamaibabu]]''||Dulal Bhowmik||[[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]]||Drama||
|-
|''Jhinuk Mala''||Swapan Saha||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Basanti Chattopadhyay, Sumit Ganguly|| ||
|-
|''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''||[[Prabhat Roy]]||[[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]||Drama||
|-
|''Mahaan''||Pijush Bose|||[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Chumki Chowdhury]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]||Action||
|-
|''[[Mukhyamantri (1996 film)|Mukhyamantri]]''||[[Anjan Choudhury]]||[[Chumki Chowdhury]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Ranjit Mallick]]||Political Drama ||
|-
|''Naach Nagini Naach Re''||Anjan Choudhury||[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Chumki Chowdhury]], Tota Roy Choudhury||Drama||
|-
|''Parikrama''||Shantimoy Banerjee||[[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Indrani Dutta]], [[Anil Chatterjee]]||Devotional||
|-
|''Path Beepath''||Aurobinda Ghosh||Anjan Mitra, Lily Chandra, Debashish Bardan||Romance, Drama||
|-
|''Puja''||Subhash Sen||Anil Chatterjee, Manoj Mitra, Sreela Majumdar|| ||
|-
|''Rabibar''||Nitish Mukherjee||[[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]||Drama||
|-
|''Sakhi Tumi Kar''||Swapan Saha||Abhishek Chatterjee, [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''Sinthir Sindoor''||Anup Sengupta||[[Tapas Paul]], Nayna Das, Gita Dey||Devotional||
|-
|''Tarini Tarama''||Bhupen Roy||[[Sandhya Roy]], [[Papiya Adhikari]], [[Gita Dey]]||Devotional||
|-
|''Tridhara''||Prasanta Nanda||Arjun Chakraborty, Chiranjit Chakraborty, Indrani Dutta|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1996&&language=Bengali&&tv=on&&heading=9;1996;Bengali&&related=9;1996;1996;Bengali;Bengali&&nav=/Sections/Years/1996/include-bylanguage Tollywood films of 1996] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1996 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1996}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1996]]
[[Category:Lists of 1996 films by language]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian cinema]]

Kharsawan massacre

2026-01-10T09:25:09Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Creating first entry v1!

{{Short description|1948 Indian massacre}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{pov|date=January 2025}}
{{original research|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Kharsawan Massacre
| location = [[Kharsawan State]], [[Dominion of India]] (now in [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]], [[Jharkhand]])
| date = 1 January 1948
| target = [[Adivasi]] protesters
| type = [[Mass murder]]
| fatalities = 35 (official figure)
| perpetrators = [[Odisha Special Armed Police|Orissa Military Police]]
}}
The '''Kharsawan massacre''' (1 January 1948) was a [[massacre]] of [[Adivasi]]s by the [[Odisha Special Armed Police|Orissa Military Police]] in erstwhile [[Kharsawan State]] in the newly independent [[Dominion of India]], in what is now [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

Police fired on a crowd of around 50,000 mostly Adivasi civilians in the market of [[Kharsawan]], many of whom had gathered there to protest against the [[Instrument of Accession|accession]] of the princely state to India in favor of a separate Adivasi state within India. There is no consensus over the number of casualties.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kharsawan Massacre of 1948: A Tragic Chapter in Jharkhand's History | website=CivilsDaily | date=2024-01-02 | url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/kharsawan-massacre-of-1948-a-tragic-chapter-in-jharkhands-history/ | access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiro |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&dq=kharsawan+massacre&pg=PT119 |title=The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda: The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda: Remembering Jaipal Singh Munda, the Tribal Leader |date=2020-09-15 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5266-943-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Nirdosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcjrDwAAQBAJ&dq=kharsawan+massacre&pg=PA266 |title=THE MAKING OF ADIVASI MAHASABHA |date=2019-07-04 |publisher=Book Rivers |isbn=978-93-88727-08-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankaj |first=Ashwini Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIxVDwAAQBAJ&dq=kharsawan+massacre&pg=PA119 |title=ADIVASIDOM : Selected writings & speeches of Jaipal Singh Munda |date=2017-06-01 |publisher=Pyara Kerketta Foundation |isbn=978-93-81056-70-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stuligross |first=David Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6ZNAQAAMAAJ&q=kharsawan+massacre |title=A Piece of Land to Call One's Own: Multicultural Federalism and Institutional Innovation in India |date=2001 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |language=en}}</ref> The Orissa government declared 35 deaths.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sengupta | first=Arjun | title=Remembering independent India's 'Jallianwala Bagh': The Kharsawan massacre of 1948 | website=The Indian Express | date=2024-01-01 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/kharsawan-massacre-jharkhand-tribal-9090377/ | access-date=2024-10-27|quote=To date, there is no consensus regarding just how many lives were lost in the massacre. The then Orissa government confirmed only 35 dead, a number which was published in The Statesman two days later — the headline read ‘35 Adibasis Killed in Kharsavan’.}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] regimes have commemorated this event to honour the tribals who were killed in the incident. The current [[Jharkhand]] CM [[Hemant Soren]] has promised to provide jobs to the families of the people killed.<ref name="e773">{{cite book | last=Basu | first=I. | title=Reclaiming Indigeneity and Democracy in India's Jharkhand | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2024 | isbn=978-0-19-888467-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhblEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 | access-date=2024-10-31 | page=161}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Amko Simko massacre]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Massacres of protesters in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 murders in India]]
[[Category:January 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Seraikela Kharsawan district]]
[[Category:Crime in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Marketplace attacks in India]]

Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

2026-01-08T04:51:10Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{Short description|Civil resistance movement organized by Gandhi in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Kheda Satyagraha
| image = Gandhi Kheda 1918.jpg
| caption = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1918, when he led the Kheda Satyagraha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name = Khaira movement
| venue =
| date = 22 March — 5 June 1918
| location = [[Kheda district]], [[Gujarat]], [[British Raj|India]]
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as =
| type =
| theme =
| cause =
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| organisers = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[ Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Indulal Yagnik]], [[Shankarlal Banker]], [[Mahadev Desai]], [[Narhari Parikh]], [[Mohanlal Pandya]] and [[Ravi Shankar Vyas]]
| filmed_by =
| participants =
| outcome =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| reported deaths =
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| arrests =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| trial =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| sentence =
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes =
}}

The '''Kheda Satyagraha of 1918''' was a [[satyagraha]] movement in the [[Kheda district]] of [[Gujarat]] in [[British Raj|India]] organised by [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] during the period of the [[British Raj]]. It was a major revolt in the [[Indian independence movement]]. It was the second Satyagraha movement, which was launched 7 days after the Ahmedabad mill strike. After the successful Satyagraha conducted at Champaran<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/kheda-satyagraha-centenary-mahatma-gandhi-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel/210282|title=100 years of Kheda Satyagraha and Gandhi's journey from Mohandas to Mahatma {{!}} India News|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> in Bihar, Gandhi organised the movement to support peasants who were unable to pay the revenue because of famine and plague epidemic.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&q=Barharwa&pg=PA158|title=Modern India 1886-1947|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|year=2014|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9789332540859|language=en}}</ref>

== Leaders ==
In Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi was chiefly the spiritual head of the struggle. He was assisted by the newly joined Satyagraha [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and other local lawyers and advocates namely [[Indulal Yagnik]], [[Shankarlal Banker]], [[Mahadev Desai]], [[Narhari Parikh]], [[Mohanlal Pandya]] and [[Ravi Shankar Vyas]]. They toured the countryside, organised the villagers and gave them political leadership and direction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&q=Barharwa&pg=PA158|title=Modern India 1886-1947|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|year=2014|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9789332540859|language=en}}</ref>

== The struggle ==
In 1918, the British authorities had increased the taxes of Kheda region by 23% while it was hit by Chappania famine and others leading to [[cholera]] and [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. Nadiad collector refused any aid from 'Anavari' system of taxes in spite of Sardar Patel and Mahatma's meetings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kheda Satyagraha|first=Sjt. Shankarlal|last= Parikh of Kathlal}}</ref> Initially started by [[Mohanlal Pandya]] and [[Narhari Parikh]], the movement later gained the support of Gujarat Sabha and National Congress.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFTqDwAAQBAJ |title=Politics, Ideology and Nationalism: Jinnah, Savarkar and Ambedkar versus Gandhi |date=2020-06-08 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5388-386-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> Patel and his colleagues organised a major tax revolt, and all the different ethnic and caste communities of (Kheda) rallied around it. The peasants of Kheda signed a petition calling for the tax for this year to be scrapped in wake of the famine. The government in Bombay rejected the charter. They warned that if the peasants did not pay, the lands and property would be confiscated and many are arrested.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

The tax with held, the government's collectors and inspectors sent in thugs to seize property and cattle, while the police confiscated the lands and all agrarian property. The farmers did not resist arrest, nor retaliate to the force employed with violence. Instead, they used their cash and valuables to donate to the ''Gujarat Sabha'' which was officially organising the protest.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

The revolt was astounding in terms of discipline and unity. Even when all their personal property, land and livelihood were seized, a vast majority of Kheda's farmers remained firmly united in the support of Patel. Gujaratis, sympathetic to the revolt in other parts resisted the government machinery, and helped to shelter the relatives and property of the protesting peasants. Those Indians who sought to buy the confiscated lands were excluded from society. Although nationalists like [[Sardul Singh Caveeshar]] called for sympathetic revolts in other parts, Gandhi and Patel firmly rejected the idea.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Result ==
The Government finally sought to foster an honourable agreement for both parties. The tax for the year in question, and the next would be suspended, and the increase in rate reduced. {{fact|date=August 2024}}

People also worked in cohesion to return the confiscated lands to their rightful owners. The ones who had bought the lands seized were influenced to return them, even though the British had officially said it would stand by the buyers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ0npHsht_MC&q=Kheda+Satyagraha&pg=PA77|title=History And Civics|last=Basu|first=Vipu; Singh, Jasmine Dhillon, Gita Shanmugavel, Sucharita|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131763186|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Champaran Satyagraha]]
* [[Gandhism]]
* [[Indian Independence Movement]], [[Indian Nationalism]]
* ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|My Autobiography, Or The Story Of My Experiments With Truth]]'' (1929) by [[M.K. Gandhi]]
* [[Mohandas Gandhi]]
* [[Non-co-operation movement]]
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]
* [[Satyagrah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Gandhi's first step: Champaran movement'', by [[Shankar Dayal Singh]]. B.R. Pub. Corp., 1994. {{ISBN|81-7018-834-2}}.
{{Refbegin}}
*''Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat : Kheda District, 1917-1934'' by David Hardiman
*''Patel: A Life'' by [[Rajmohan Gandhi]]
* See [https://archive.today/20200105002217/https://wikilivres.org/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi/Volume_1 Day to Day with Gandhi (volume 1)], some original documents about the Kheda Satyagraha.
* [http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/NDQtMzg=#page/1/mode/2up Satyagraha in Champaran]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/kheda-satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Timeline]
* [http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/champaran-satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Timeline]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Gandhi}}
{{Tax resistance}}

[[Category:Gujarat in Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:Gandhism]]
[[Category:Kheda district]]
[[Category:1918 in India]]

Gurdwara Qila Anandgarh Sahib

2025-12-24T03:09:37Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new a entry added tags...

{{short description|Sikh gurdwara in Anandpur Sahib, India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Gurdwara Qila Anandgarh Sahib
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| image = Takhat Sri Kesgarh Sahib, Anandpur Sahib 08.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption =
| location = [[Anandpur Sahib]]
| festival = [[Hola Mahalla]]
| district = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.2317|76.5054|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| architecture_type = [[Gurdwara]] and [[Qila]]
| architecture_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
| founded_by = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Gurdwara Qila Anandgarh Sahib''', alternatively spelt as '''Anandgarh Qila''' (meaning "fort of bliss"), is a [[gurdwara]] and ''[[qila]]'' [[Fortification|fortress]] in the city of [[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Rupnagar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Exploring the Forts of Anandpur Sahib: A Historical Journey |url=https://dvnetwork.org/page/exploring-the-forts-of-anandpur-sahib |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=Dasvandh Network}}</ref> Located near [[Virasat-e-Khalsa]] museum,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Hola Mohalla Celebrations to begin with full Pomp & Show from Today |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/news/punjab/060323/hola-mohalla-celebrations-to-begin-with-full-pomp-and-show-from-today.html |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Rozana Spokesman |language=en}}</ref> it was one of the five forts of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth [[Sikh gurus|Guru of Sikhs]].

==History==
This Gurdwara was one of the five forts constructed by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at [[Anandpur Sahib]] for the defense of the [[Sikhs]]. Guru Gobind Singh spent 25 years at Anandgarh Qila. This fort was built by Guru Gobind Singh to fight battles with hill Rajas and [[Mughal Empire]] and At this place, Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought many battles with Mughals and hill Rajas. It is the highest fort of Anandpur Sahib, which is located on the hill since ancient times. The current structure of the fortress was built in the 1970s under Seva Singh.<ref name=":0" /> There is a [[Stepwell|Baoli Sahib]] (stepped-well) underneath the fort that is accessible via a passage-way.<ref name=":0" />

=== Forts ===
The ''[[Qila|Qilas]]'' (meaning "fortress"), constructed by Guru Gobind Singh at Anandpur Sahib are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdwara Qila Lohgarh Sahib Anandpur {{!}} Discover Sikhism |url=https://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurdwaras/gurdwara_qila_lohgarh_sahib_anandpur.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.discoversikhism.com}}</ref>

1. Takht Kesgarh Sahib Qila at the center (now a Takhat)

2. Anandgarh Qila (fort of bliss)

3. Lohgarh Qila (fort of steel)

4. Holgarh Qila (fort of colour)

5. Fatehgarh Qila (fort of victory)

6. Taragarh Qila (fort of stars)

All the Qilas were joined together with earthworks and tunnels. All Qila Situated at Anandpur Sahib. The original structures of the forts were destroyed by ''[[Sevā|Kar Seva]]'' renovators in the 20th century and marble [[Gurdwara|Gurdwaras]] were constructed in their former location.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Historical photograph of Qila Anandgarh.jpg|Historical photograph of Qila Anandgarh, by Dhanna Singh Chahal 'Patialvi', clicked in May 1934
File:Photograph of Qila Anandgarh Sahib in Anandpur Sahib during excavation, renovation, or demolition work.jpg|Photograph of Qila Anandgarh Sahib in Anandpur Sahib during excavation, renovation, or demolition work
File:Mural depicting Guru Gobind Singh on horseback with his retinue from within the Golden Temple shrine 02.jpg|Harmandir Sahib mural (fresco) depicting Guru Gobind Singh on horseback with his retinue from within the Golden Temple shrine, ca.1820's–1830's. As per [[Kanwarjit Singh Kang]] (1988), Guru Gobind Singh is depicted riding away from Anandpur Fort (Qila) with his retinue in this painting.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahib, Gurdwara Qila Anandgarh}}
[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sikh places]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Anandpur Sahib]]

Places of interest in Kolkata

2025-12-18T15:45:32Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: created some stub & citations

#REDIRECT [[List of tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
{{R from move}}

Mim Kût

2025-12-18T12:25:18Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{Short description|Mizo-Kuki festival for the deceased}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = {{lang|lus|Mim Kût}}
| image =
| caption =
| significance = Honoring deceased ancestors and celebrating the harvest of ''mim'' (Job’s tears)
| nickname = Festival of the Dead, Job's tears'Festival
| observedby = [[Mizo people]], [[Kuki people]], [[Zo people]] in [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], and adjoining regions
| type = Cultural, Religious
| frequency = Annual
| date = August–September (in Mizoram; sometimes January in other regions)
| longtype = [[Mizo culture|Cultural]], [[Harvest festival]], [[Ancestor worship]]
| relatedto = [[Pawl Kut]], [[Chapchar Kut]], [[Day of the Dead]]
| celebrations = Offerings to ancestors, feasting, singing, drinking rice beer, cleaning graves, ritual songs
}}

'''{{lang|lus|Mim Kût}}''' (also known as {{lang|lus|Tahna Kut}}; {{translation|Festival of weeping}}{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=103}}) is one of the principal traditional festivals of the [[Zo people]] (including the [[Mizo people]]) of [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], and adjoining regions in India and Myanmar. The festival is generally celebrated in August or September, coinciding with the harvest of maize and other "mim" crops such as Job’s tears (''Coix lacryma-jobi'') and millets.<ref name="Barthakur2003">{{cite book|last=Barthakur|first=Dilip Ranjan|title=The Music And Musical Instruments Of North Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&pg=PA55|accessdate=8 August 2012|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-881-5|page=55}}</ref><ref name="MizoramTourism">{{cite web|title=Festivals - Mizoram Tourism|url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/festivals|publisher=Department of Tourism, Mizoram|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="HumanitiesJournal">{{cite web|title=Mim Kut: Festival with enormous zeal and devotion|url=https://www.humanitiesjournal.net/archives/2023.v5.i1.A.38/mim-kut-festival-with-enormous-zeal-and-devotion|date=1 January 2025|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{lang|lus|Mim}} refers to the local [[Mizo language|Mizo]] name of the grain known as [[Job's tears]] that is harvested for the festival. {{lang|lus|Mim}} is harvested between August and September and is used as a reserve food stock in the absence of traditional rice paddies. {{lang|Lus|Kut}} means festival in Mizo. {{lang|lus|Mim Kût}} is thus named after the grains of the harvest period; otherwise, it is formally known as {{lang|lus|Tahna kut}} ({{translation|festival of weeping}}) to commemorate the spirits and ancestors of the dead.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=103}}<ref name="Themizos">{{cite web|title=Reviving Mim Kut: Celebrating Mizoram's Ancient Festival of the Dead|url=https://www.themizos.com/2023/09/reviving-mim-kut-celebrating-mizorams.html|date=26 September 2023|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref>
==Observance==
The festival does not have a fixed date. According to the traditional [[Mizo calendar]] system, the festival must be held in the month of {{lang|lus|Mim Kût thla}} ({{translation|Month of Mim Festival}}). The days of the festival were placed with discretion of the chief and his ''upas''. The date decreed would be publicly announced by the {{lang|lus|tlangau}} ({{translation|village crier}}) in order to prepare for the onset of the festival. Families would prepare rice paddies to be used in manufacturing [[Zu (beverage)|Zu]] ([[Rice beer]]). Crops for the worship of ancestors would also be arranged within this time frame.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=105}} The festival is four days long. The first day consists of rituals and offerings before partaking in the consumption of {{lang|lus|zu}}. The next three days would see no merrymaking or enjoyment, with residents of the village remaining at home for the mourning process. No work, play or arguments could be had.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=105}}

Families offer the first fruits of the harvest, rice beer (''zu''), vegetables, and other foods to the spirits of deceased relatives. A symbolic bundle called ''Thlai Chhiah'' is placed in honor of the departed.<ref name="Themizos" /> This can be further extended to giving clothes and necklaces too.{{sfn|Manglik|2023|p=58}} The food is normally cooked and is placed on a raised platform known as {{lang|lus|tuium hum hmun}} where bamboo water container were typically kept. The offering of food would normally be performed by the head of the house.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=105}} The souls of the dead would be considered to partake in the meal. An extra seat would be left for the soul at meal time and allocated meal portions were assigned to them. This festival also believed that until upon death a soul remained in the village until after the festival. A separation ceremony known as {{lang|lus|inthen}} would be performed to send the soul to [[pialral]] or Mitthi khua.{{sfn|Manglik|2023|p=58}}
While there is communal feasting, the mood is subdued, focusing on remembrance rather than merrymaking.<ref name="Barthakur2003" /> Lamentation songs are sung, and rituals are performed to honor ancestors and seek blessings for the coming year.<ref name="HumanitiesJournal" /> Families also clean and decorate the graves of their loved ones as a mark of respect.<ref name="Themizos" />
==Origin==
{{lang|lus|Mim Kût}} is widely regarded as the oldest festival of the Zo people, originally observed as a solemn ceremony in memory of deceased relatives.<ref name="Neihsial1993">{{cite book|last1=Neihsial|last2=Tualchin|title=History and Culture of the Zoumis |publisher=Manipur University |year=1993 |pages=195–196}}</ref> Traditionally, the festival was held at the end of the harvest season for these crops, marking the period when the spirits of the deceased were believed to visit their families before departing for the afterlife.<ref name="Themizos" /><ref name="HumanitiesJournal" />

The factual origin of the festival is unknown, but Mizo folklore asserts a legend regarding its beginning. The story revolves around two lovers, Tlingi and Ngama. They would meet in hillocks as lovers. However, due to tribal warfare, the lovers had to meet in secret and not give away their position in the bushes. Tlingi found a spot in the forest and waited for Ngama, staying out of view of the other tribesmen. Ngama himself sat next to Tlingi but did not observe her in the bushes. Both lovers continued to wait upon each other for months. Tlingi died of love-sickness, and Ngama planted flower-bearing trees at her grave. Ngama became thin and refused to eat in mourning for Tlingi. During an intense hunger experience, Ngama observed Tlingi in [[Pialral|Mittihi Khua]]. Tlingi's house in the afterlife required repairs and Ngama went to the forest of the afterlife to aid her with materials. Trees which were small to Ngama were seen as big to Tlingi. This led to Ngama's realisation that the mortal world's resources are multiplied for spirits. When he recovered from his hunger experience of meeting Tlingi, Ngama promised to feed Tlingi the crops from his field. According to this legend, the Mizos feed their ancestors food for this reason and legend.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=104}}

On the other hand, according to Kuki folklore, the festival’s origin is linked to the story of two brothers, Lendou and his younger sibling, who were abandoned by their mother and survived on mim grains. This narrative underscores themes of kinship, survival, and gratitude.<ref name="IndiaInsights">{{cite web|title=Cheraw Dance: A Traditional One With Bamboo Sticks|url=https://indiainsights.co.in/cheraw-dance-a-traditional-one-with-bamboo-sticks/|date=27 March 2024|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Utsav">{{cite web|title=Mim Kut Festival - UTSAV|url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/mim-kut-festival-1|publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref>
==Modern observance==
With the advent of Christianity in Mizoram in the late 19th century,{{lang|lus|Mim Kût's}} traditional rituals declined, as Christian doctrine placed less emphasis on ancestral rites.<ref name="Themizos" /> However, in recent years, there has been a revival of interest in {{lang|lus|Mim Kût}} as part of broader efforts to preserve Mizo heritage. Some churches and cultural organizations have reintroduced symbolic elements of the festival, such as bringing agricultural produce for communal sharing and cultural education.<ref name="Themizos" /><ref name="HumanitiesJournal" />

Today, {{lang|lus|Mim Kût}} is celebrated in parts of Mizoram, Nagaland, and among diaspora communities, often as a cultural or folkloric event rather than a strictly religious one.<ref name="MizoramTourism" /><ref name="HumanitiesJournal" /> The festival promotes unity, cultural identity, and the remembrance of ancestors, and is sometimes featured in tourism and cultural programs.<ref name="Utsav" />

== See also ==
*[[Chapchar Kut]]
*[[Pawl Kut]]
*[[Mizo culture]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}

*{{cite book |last=Manglik |first=Rohit |date=2023 |title=Tribal Cultures of India |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Tribal_Cultures_of_India/3Zk1EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |publisher=EduGorilla Publication|access-date=7 August 2025}}

[[Category:Festivals in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Festivals in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Harvest festivals in India]]
[[Category:Folk festivals in India]]

Gajendragad

2025-12-10T14:30:02Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Content updated and refined

{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=March 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gajendragada
| other_name = Gajendragad
| settlement_type = Town and Taluk
| image_skyline = Gajendragad Kalkaleshwara temple 3.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kalakaleshwara Temple at Gajendragad.
| nickname = Gada
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.73|N|75.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gadag district|Gadag]]
| subdivision_name3 = Gajendragad
| subdivision_name4 = [[Haveri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Hill Station
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Gajendragad Town Municipal Council
| leader_name1 = Kalakappa Bandi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 643
| population_total = 32359
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 582114
| registration_plate = KA 26
| website = {{URL|gajendragadatown.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| official_name = Gajendragada
}}

'''Gajendragad''' (also called '''Gajendragada''') is a Town Municipal Council city in [[Gadag district]], Karnataka, India, with population of 32,359 as of 2011 Census data.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Gajendragarh.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Gajendragad]. Fallingrain.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-25.</ref> It has an average elevation of 643 metres (2109 feet). It is about 55 kilometers from the district headquarters [[Gadag district|Gadag]], 110 kilometers from [[Hubli]], 200 kilometers from [[Belgaum]], and 450 kilometers from state capital [[Bangalore]]. The name Gajendragad is a combination of Elephant and a fort. Local people generally call it as ''Gada''. Gajendragad is a pilgrimage destination due to its ''Kalakaleshwara temple''.

[[File:Gajendragad Fort photo 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Gajendragad Fort]]

==History==
[[File:Gajendragad Fort photo 3.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Gajendragad Fort]]
[[File:Gajendragad Fort side view.JPG|thumb|right|200px| Gajendragad Fort]]
Gajendragad is surrounded by the historical places associated with [[Badami Chalukyas]] and [[Western Chalukya]] and the places are [[Badami]], [[Aihole]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Mahakuta]], [[Banashankari]], [[Sudi, India|Sudi]], [[Mahadeva Temple, Itagi|Mahadeva Temple at Itagi]] and [[Kudalasangama]]. Rastrakuta Monuments at [[Kuknur]]. The Gajendragad fort and town were built and renewed by [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Konkan/history_of_the_bombay_karnatak/haidar_ali_ad_1759.pdf
|title=MUSALMA'N AND MARA'THA PERIOD. Bombay Gazetteer, Maráthás and Nizám against Tipu
|access-date=2008-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=059-r2_2&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1
|title=Crown Representative's Records – Indian States Residencies
|access-date=2008-11-14}}</ref>

===Ghorpade===

The founder of the [[Ghorpade]] family was Valabhasinh Cholaraj Ghorpade and then the descended Bahirjirao Ghorpade.

The Royal families of Kapsi and Gajendragad<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.rajaofmudhol.com/history/Bird's%20eyeview.htm
|title=Raja of Mudhol, A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW
|access-date=2008-11-14}}</ref> owe their origin to Vallabhasinha and the Chiefs of Sondur are descended from the third son of Cholraj.

===Treaty of Gajendragad===
{{see also|Maratha-Mysore War}}
After the Second Mysore War, [[Tippu Sultan]] had to engage in an armed conflict (during 1786–87) with the [[Marathas]] and the [[Nizam]]. The war concluded
with the treaty of Gajendragad. Tipu Sultan ceded Badami to the Marathas.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Tippu Sultan would release Kalopant and return Adoni, Kittur, and Nargund to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas. Tippu Sultan would also pay an annual tribute of 12 lakhs per year to the Marathas. In return, Tippu Sultan would get all the places that they had captured in the war, including Gajendragarh and Dharwar. Tipu would also be addressed by the Marathas by an honorary title of "Nabob Tipu Sultan Futteh Ally Khan".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&pg=PA105|title=History of Tipu Sultan|date=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-57-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&pg=PA59|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-789-0|language=en}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Gajendragad Fort Entrance.JPG|thumb|right|200px| Gajendragad Fort]]

;Kalakaleshwara temple:
The pilgrim Kalakaleshwara temple, is a huge mountain with the temple carved into it. This is a weekend destination which could be wound up in a day's time. One can see many windmills lined on the hill opposite the hill on which the temple is located.

;Sudi:
Mallikarjuna Temple, Twin Towered Temple, Ishwara in a stone made shelter and Naga Kunda are prime attractions of [[Sudi, India|Sudi]].

;Itagi Bhimambika:
The temple of [[Itagi Bhimambika|Bhimambika]], about 13 km from Gajendragad

;Banashankari:
It is known for temple of [[Banashankari Amma Temple|Banashankari]], and Annual car festival.

;Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal and Mahakuta:
* [[Badami]]
* [[Aihole]]
* [[Pattadakal]]
* [[Mahakuta]]

[[Mahakuta]] is the source of an important [[Badami]] [[Chalukya]] inscription called [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription.

;Kuknur:
MahaMaya temple, Navalinga Temples at [[Kuknur]].

;Kudalasangama:
At [[Kudalasangama]] the rivers Krishna and Malaprabha merge (sangama) here, This place is closely associated with the 12th-century poet and social reformer [[Basavanna]]. There is a temple dedicated to Lord Sangameswara, worshipped in the form of a linga. The temple is an ancient monument built in the [[Chalukya]] style architecture. This place is well developed as one of the great tourism place.

==Kalakaleshwara temple==
[[File:Gajendragad Kalkaleshwara infront of temple nature 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Nature in front of Kalkaleshwara Temple, Gajendragad, [[Karnataka]]]]

A little known pilgrim of [[North Karnataka]]. Gajendragad is a Town Municipal Council lying amidst hills, in one of which is encapsulated Kalakaleshwara temple of Lord Shiva (known as Dakshina Kashi), who is worshipped in the form of Kalakaleshwara. There are some large steps that lead you up to the temple. It is a traditional temple with Udbhava Linga. There we can find God Veerabhadra temple also in the same premises. But one would definitely be amazed at the story in which the significance of the destination lies. Just outside the temple exit is a small square water reservoir called AntharaGange. It is an evergreen water resource that constantly falls along the roots of Peepal tree into the pond all throughout the year. It is said to be flowing even in the peaks of summer season and has an unknown root.

===Mythology===

More amazing is the story attached to this destination that has taken a few lives too. These were the daring people who wanted to try to learn more about a miracle that happens on the previous night of [[Ugadi]], New Year of [[Kannadigas]]. The pandit/pujari of the temple prepares a solution of [[limestone]], and keeps it ready for application along with a brush, inside the temple. The next morning, the jobs done. But the temple is painted on its own and this happens without fail every year. A hookah that is also kept along with it seems to be used when seen the next morning.

==MMTC's wind farm==

Minerals & Metals Trading Corporation (MMTC) Limited under the ministry of commerce and industry. MMTC's Gajendragad plant started in 2007, the plant has delivered electricity power of over 102 million units to Hubli Electricity Supply Company (HESCOM) Limited.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_mmtc-to-expand-wind-energy-project-in-karnataka_1552915
|title=MMTC to expand wind energy project in Karnataka
|publisher=Hemanth CS Bangalore DNA
|access-date=2011-06-09}}</ref> The plant generate a total capacity of 15 MW of power, with 25 wind energy generators, can each generate 600 KV.

=== Environmental issues ===

[[File:Gajendragad nature 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Windmills in front of Kalkaleshwara Temple, Gajendragad, [[Karnataka]]]]

Windmills set up to generate wind energy, are posing a threat to the very existence of rare hyenas and wolves at Gajendragad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifewatch.in/news/219|title=Windmills blowing away wolves and hyenas|access-date=2008-11-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329095216/http://www.wildlifewatch.in/news/219|archive-date=2008-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolfsongalaska.org/Wolves_South_Asia_disappearing.html|title=Endangered hyenas and wolves rapidly disappearing from Gajendragad|access-date=2008-11-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511234646/http://www.wolfsongalaska.org/Wolves_South_Asia_disappearing.html|archive-date=2008-05-11}}</ref> Earlier Gajendragad was recognized as a safe haven for highly endangered species like the Indian ''grey [[wolf]]'' and striped ''[[hyenas]]'', but wind farming and windmills with huge noisy fans and human traffic to maintain these machines have driven away these species from their habitat.

== Notable people ==
*''Raghavendra Acharya'' - scholar in [[Vedanta]], Vyakarana (Grammar), Nyaya (Law), Mimamsa and Alankar, lived in Gajendragad<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://gajendragadkar.info/
|title=Gajendra-Gad-Kar School, Raghavendra Acharya
|access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref>
* [[P. B. Gajendragadkar|Prahlad Balacharya Gajendragadkar]] - served as the [[Chief Justice of India]] from 1964 to 1966, was native to Gajendragada.

==Demographics==
As of 2011 India [[census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803076-gajendragarh-karnataka.html |title=Population Census}}</ref> Gajendragad is a Town Municipal Council city in district of Gadag, Karnataka. The Gajendragad city is divided into 23 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Gajendragad Town Municipal Council has population of 32,359 of which 16,198 are males while 16,161 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

The population of children aged 0–6 is 4418 which is 13.65% of total population of Gajendragad (TMC). In Gajendragad Town Municipal Council, the female sex ratio is 998 against state average of 973. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Gajendragad is around 921 compared to Karnataka state average of 948. The literacy rate of Gajendragad city is 79.49% higher than the state average of 75.36%. In Gajendragad, male literacy is around 89.33% while the female literacy rate is 69.74%.

Gajendragad Town Municipal Council has total administration over 6,235 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Town Municipal Council limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Gajendragad 2022 - 2023 Population==
Current estimated population of Gajendragad Town Municipal Council in 2023 is approximately 44,000. The schedule census of 2021 for Gajendragad city is postponed due to covid. We believe new population census for Gajendragad city will be conducted in 2023 and same will be updated once its done. The current data for Gajendragad town are estimated only but all 2011 figures are accurate.

==See also==

* [[Ghorpade]]
* [[Sandur (princely state)]]
* [[Mudhol State]]
* [[Gooty]]
* [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Tourism in North Karnataka]]
* [[Badami]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Aihole]], [[Mahakuta]]
* [[Kuknur]]
* [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]]
* [[Sudi, India|Sudi]]
* [[Gadag District]]
* [[Mudhol Hound]]

==Gallery==




{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border-color:transparent; width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|-
! <div style="font-size:120%; color:black; background:#ffc569; vertical-align:top;">Photo Gallery </div>
|-
|style="text-align: center; width: 100%; " |
<gallery perrow="5" widths="135px" heights="115px">
File:Gajendragad Fort near view.JPG|Gajendragad Fort
File:Fort at Gajendragad.JPG|Gajendragad Fort
File:Gajendragad Fort photo 1.jpg|Gajendragad Fort
File:Gajendragad Hill 4.jpg|Gajendragad Hill
File:Incomplete Nandi at Gajendragad.jpg| Incomplete Nandi at Gajendragad near Kalkaleshwara temple
File:Black-footed_Gray_Langur_at_Gajendragad.jpg|Black-footed Gray Langur at Gajendragad
File:Gajendragad_Car_festival_Kalakaleshwara_01.jpg|Chariot festival at Kalakaleshwara Gajendragad
</gallery>
|}



==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Forts in Karnataka}}

{{Forts in India}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

{{Gadag}}

[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gadag district]]
[[Category:Cliff dwellings]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gadag district]]

M. K. Cheriyan

2025-11-26T12:17:17Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{no footnotes|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

'''Prof. M. K. Cheriyan''' (born 13 August 1940) popularly known as [[Kozhuvalloor|Kozhuvallor]] M. K. Cheriyan is a retired Principal of [[Bishop Moore College]], an aided college in [[Mavelikara]], [[Alappuzha]] district of [[Kerala]], India. He served as the Principal of Bishop Moore College from 1989 - 1996. Prof. Cheriyan is an eminent teacher, a literarian, biblical scholar and orator.

== Biography ==
Prof. Cheriyan was born in [[Kozhuvalloor|Kozhuvallor]], near [[Chenganoor]]. He did his early education at C.M.S Middle School, [[Kodukulanji]] and J.M. High School [[Kodukulanji]]. He finished his intermediate education at [[S B College|S. B College, Changanassery]] and took his bachelor's degree in [[Zoology]] major from N. S. S College in Panthalam. Prof. Cheriyan completed his master's degree at [[S B College|S. B College, Changanassery]] majoring in [[Malayalam|Malayalam Language]] and Literature in 1962.

=== Tenure at [[CMS College Kottayam]] ===
After finishing his education he started working as Malayalam Lecturer at [[CMS College Kottayam]]. He worked at CMS College from 1962 to 1964 as lecturer in Malayalam Department. In 1964, along with two of his colleagues Prof. Cheriyan joined [[Bishop Moore College]] in [[Mavelikara]] started by [[Church of South India|Church of South India (CSI).]]

=== Tenure at [[Bishop Moore College]] ===
* Lecturer, Malayalam Department - 1964 to 1966.
* Professor, Malayalam Department - 1967 to 1975
* Head of the Department, Malayalam - 1975 to 1993
* Vice Principal - 1986 to 1989
* Principal - 1989 to 1996

After his retirement he served as the Principal of India Bible College in Paranthal.

Prof. M. K. Cheriyan authored and published 15 books. His latest book "Gaveshana Swaryabham" won the first Njananikshepam Award in the year 2000.

On his 60th birthday in the year 2000, one of his students Thomas Neelaarmadam published a book named "Gaveshana Saraniyude Upaasakan" about Prof. M. K. Cheriyan and his contributions.

== External links ==
* [http://www.puzha.com/e-arcade/dcb/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=1296/ Gaveshana Swaryabham]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111120225758/http://www.bishopmoorecollege.in/about_bmc.html Former Principals of Bishop Moore College]
*{{Citation
|publisher = kōppikaḷkkȧ; Ḍayōsisan Bukk Ḍippō
|location = [Kōṭṭayaṃ
|title = Bhāṣācaritr̲acintakaḷ
|author = M. K. Cheriyan
|edition = Bhāṣācaritr̲acintakaḷ.
|date = 1970
|ol = 19431830M
}}
*{{Citation
|publisher = Christian Literature Society, Malayalam Branch
|location = Tiruvalla
|title = Snēhadhāra
|author = M. K. Cheriyan
|edition = Snēhadhāra.
|date = 1964
|oclc = 19869839
|ol = 6435M
}}
*{{Citation
|author = M. K. Cheriyan
|title = Kallūr Umman Philippōs
|edition = Kallūr Umman Philippōs.
|date = 1971
|oclc = 31122670
|ol = 5398714M
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheriyan, M K}}

[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]

Villukuri

2025-11-15T02:37:54Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: minor cleaned up references per standard format and corrected details per sources

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
Villukuri is a small village in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India.
[[File:Villukury water duct.JPG|thumb|]]

==Demographics==
As identified in the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>2011 Indian Census https://www.censusindia2011.com/</ref> Villukuri was divided into 15 wards. The Villukuri [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] has a population of 15,304, in which 7,534 were males and 7,770 were females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803911-villukuri-tamil-nadu.html|title=Villukuri City Population Census 2011 - Tamil Nadu|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>

The population of children between the ages of 0-6 was 1,525, 9.96% of the total population. The female sex ratio was 1,031 while the state average was about 996. Moreover, the child sex ratio was 890 compared to the [[Tamil Nadu]] state average of 943. The literacy rate was 90.52% which was higher than the state average of 80.09%. In Villukuri, male literacy was around 92.73% while the female literacy rate about 88.41%.

Postal code 629180

==History==

Villukuri was once used as an Army Training Camp in the [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]]. "Villu" meaning "arrow" while "Kuri" meaning "aiming it". Villukuri was the place where [[Marthanda Varma|Marthandavarma]] stored weapons for the [[Battle of Colachel]].

Villukuri Fort was used for training soldiers. After a defeat by the Dutch, captain Dilenoy trained the Travancore army in this fort with specific training on the use of cannons, guns, etc. The fort fell into ruins due to lack of protective measures by the government.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Villages in Villukuri
|-
! Village Name !! Special Notes
|-

| Villukuri Junction|| A famous st. Sebastian kurusady is located
|-
| Villukury RC Street & Simon Nagar || A small village, Known for Fish market and evening market. St. Alosious church is the Sub parish of St. Sebastian church, Madathattuvilai
|-
|
| Thiruvidaikode || Famous for the Lord Siva Temple called Chadaiyappar temple.
|-
| [[Madathattuvilai]]|| Madam stands for Houses, known for the [[St.Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai|St.Sebastian Church]] and the Kurusadi
|-
| Kuthiraipanthivilai || Stands for Horse resting area.
|-
| Karavilai, || A small village in the Villukuri panchayat, known for its 300 years ancient Sri Bathrakali temple and once in 12 years, the temple celebrates the festival in a grand manner. Villukuri(saralvilai) has a famous Sudalai Madan Swami temple called The Mother Temple for all other Sudalai Madan Swami temples situated around Saralvilai. In Villukuri, there is a Siva Temple called the "Chadaiyappar temple".
|-
|Kulumaikadu
|A small village in villukuri panjayath. Famous temple's Sri sakthi vinayagar temple, Sri Bramasakthi Amman temple, sriman Narayanaswami Temple.
|-
| Melapallam ||
|-
| Keelapallam ||
|-
| Villukuri(saralvilai)|| A famous Sudalai Madan Swami temple called The Mother Temple for all other Sudalai Madan Swami temples situated around Saralvilai, also has famous Siva Temple called the Chadaiyappar temple. On Sivalaya Ottam is an additional temple. Kumara Kovil and the great Murugan temple are also nearby.

|}

== Education ==
Villukuri hosts many schools:
* St. Lawrence Higher Secondary School, Madathattuvilai
* Adline Matric Higher Secondary School, Madathattuvilai & kuzhumaikadu.
* St. Aloysious Primary School, Madathattuvilai
* Government Higher Secondary School, Villukuri
* GPS,L.M.Gps.Area School, Villukuri
* GPS School - Villukuri
* New National Nursery & Primary School, Villukuri
* Theresa Nursery & Primary School, Villukuri
* St.Sebastian Matriculation School, Madathattuvilai
* St.Sebastian Computer Education, Madathattuvilai
* [[Mother Gnanamma Catholic College of Education]], Madathattuvilai
* Viyakula Annai Primary School, Konnakuzhivilai
* Desiya Vidya Kindergarten, Nursery & Primary School, Villukuri
*
*

== Facilities ==
Other facilities include:
* Ezhil Theatre (estd in 1982, now Ezhil Thirumana Mandapam (Heritage Centre))
* Mampalaithuriaru Reservoir
* SBI Bank Villukuri branch (with ATM)
* Ezhil Thirumana Mandapam( First established marriage hall in villukuri, serves the surrounding people)
* TATA Indicash ATM (With two ATMs)
* KDCC Co-operative society also serves the people around
* Post office
* Saint Sebastian Benefit Fund Limited
* Market (Very big Fish market runs by St. Sebastian church parish, Madathattuvilai and St. Alosious church parish, Villukury which serves the surrounding villagers)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|8|14|02|N|77|22|13|E|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}}

https://ezhil-thirumana-mandapam.business.site/

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

Disciples of Ramakrishna

2025-10-26T17:28:11Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new basic article needs work

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
[[File:Alambazar Math 1896.jpg|thumb|180px|Alambazar Math, 1896 (farewell to [[Swami Abhedananda]] leaving for the US) (from left) standing: [[Swami Adbhutananda]], [[Swami Yogananda]], [[Swami Abhedananda]], [[Swami Trigunatitananda]], [[Swami Turiyananda]], [[Swami Nirmalananda]], and [[Swami Niranjanananda (Niranjan Maharaj)|Swami Niranjanananda]](The Senior); sitting: [[Swami Subodhananda]], [[Swami Brahmananda]] (on chair), and [[Swami Akhandananda]]]][[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramhansa Deva]] had sixteen direct disciples (other than [[Swami Vivekananda]]) who became monks of the [[Ramakrishna Order]]; they are often considered his apostles. In the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda movement, the apostles have played an important role. Apart from Swami Vivekananda, the direct disciples or apostles of Ramakrishna were as follows.

==Monastic disciples==

===Swami Vivekananda===
{{Main|Swami Vivekananda}}
[[File:Swami Vivekananda Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Swami Vivekananda]]

===Swami Brahmananda===
[[File:Swami brahmananda.png|thumb|Swami Brahmananda]]
[[File:Raja maharaj.png|thumb|Swami Brahmananda]]

'''Swami Brahmananda''' (1863–1922), whose original name was '''Rakhal Chandra Ghosh''', was son of a [[zamindar]] in the [[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat area]]. He was born on 21 January 1863 at Sikra Kulingram, 36 miles to the North west of Kolkata.<ref>Swami Chetanananda, God Lived With Them, (1997) Vedanta Society of St.Louis, USA, p.76</ref> Rakhal was devoted to God and used to practice meditation even in boyhood. At the age of 12 he was brought to Kolkata for his studies.<ref>Swami Chetanananda, God Lived With Them, (1997) Vedanta Society of St.Louis, USA, p.76</ref>

Before that, the Master ([[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]) had a vision in which he saw the Divine Mother showing him a child who would be his son. As soon as Rakhal came to [[Dakshineswar]], Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa recognised him to be that child, and treated him like a son.<ref>Hans Torwesten, ''Ramakrishna and Christ or The Paradox of the Incarnation'' (1999), The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Calcutta, p. 131</ref> After a few visits, Rakhal came to Dakshineswar to live permanently with Sri Ramakrishna. Under the Master's guidance, he practiced intense spiritual disciplines, and attained high levels of spiritual illumination. After the Master died in 1886 when the new Monastic brotherhood was formed at Baranagar, Rakhal joined it. He underwent sannyasa ordination and assumed the name Brahmananda. Two years later he left [[Baranagar Math]] and was a wandering monk for some time, living an intensely contemplative life at Varanasi, Omkarnath, Vrindaban, Hardwar and other places. During this period he is said to have scaled the highest peak of non-dualistic experience and used to remain absorbed in Samadhi for days together. In 1890, he returned to the Math. When Swami Vivekananda, who was just nine days older to him, after his return to India in 1897, wanted to give a new turn to monastic life, Swami Brahmananda whole-heartedly supported him. There was deep love between these two monastic brothers.
[[File:Rakhal maharaj.png|thumb|Swami Brahmananda]]
[[File:Swami brahmananda alias rakhal chandra ghosh.png|thumb|Swami Brahmananda]]
When [[Ramakrishna Mission]] was formed as an Association on 1 May 1897, at Baghbazar in Calcutta (now Kolkata) Swami Vivekananda was elected its General President and Swami Brahmananda was elected the first and only ever Calcutta President. After establishing Belur Math monastery when Swami Vivekananda got [[Ramakrishna Math]] registered as a Trust, Swami Brahmananda became its president. He held this post till the end of his life.

During his tenure as president, the Ramakrishna Order underwent great expansion, and several new branch centres were opened in India and abroad. The Ramakrishna Mission, which had been founded by Swami Vivekananda as an Association, was revived and registered during his time. His stress on contemplative life served to counterbalance the activities undertaken by the monks. During those difficult formative years, he gave great stability to the Sangha. For his kingly qualities of administration, Swami Vivekananda gave him the appellation ‘Raja’, and since then he was respectfully referred to as ‘Raja Maharaj’ by all. He was one of the six disciples of Sri Ramakrishna whom the Master regarded as Ishvarakotis.

He spent a good portion of his lifetime at Puri and Bhubaneswar. He was main instrument responsible for setting up of Ramakrishna Ashramas at Puri and Bhubaneswar.<ref>https://rkmbbsr.org/centenary-celebration/</ref>

He gave up his body, after a brief illness, on 10 April 1922. At the place where his body was cremated in Belur Math, a temple now stands in his memory.<ref>https://belurmath.org/swami-brahmananda-temple/</ref>

Source:
The Eternal Companion: Teachings of Swami Brahmananda by Swami Yatiswarananda and Swami Prabhavananda
God Lived with Them by Swami Chetanananda

===Swami Turiyananda===
{{Main|Swami Turiyananda}}
[[File:Ramakrishna Monastic Disciples 1899.jpg|thumb|Some Monastic Disciples (L to R): [[Trigunatitananda]], [[Shivananda]], [[Vivekananda]], [[Swami Turiyananda|Turiyananda]], [[Swami Brahmananda|Brahmananda]]. Below [[Swami Saradananda|Saradananda]], 1899]]
'''Swami Turiyananda''' (1863–1922), whose original name was '''Harinath Chattopadhyay''', was born on 3 January 1863 at North Calcutta (Now Kolkata) in a well known family. Hari lost his parents in boyhood and grew up under the care of his eldest brother. After passing the school final examination, he did not go to college. Instead, he devoted his time to meditation and the study of Sankara's Advaita Vedanta. When he was about 17 years old he visited Sri Ramakrishna at Dakshineswar for the first time in the ancestral home of Kalinath Bose in Baghbazar, and after that he started going to the Master frequently. The Master regarded him as a yogi. Hari was a member of the team of youngsters who served Sri Ramakrishna during his last illness at Cossipore. After the Master's death, Hari joined Baranagar Math and underwent sannyasa ordination, assuming the name Turiyananda. After three years he left the monastery and spent his time doing tapasya at different places, sometimes alone, sometimes in the company of his brother monks. When Swami Vivekananda went to the West for the second time, he took Swami Turiyananda with him. When Swamiji went back to India, Turiyananda continued his work, first in New York and Boston and later in California. However, his health deteriorated, and he left America in June 1902.
On his arrival in India, he was shocked to hear of the death of Swami Vivekananda. Turiyananda spent the next several years practicing intense contemplation in Vrindavan, in different places in the Himalayas, in Dehra Dun, Kankhal, Almora, etc. He finally settled down in Varanasi in February 1919. During the last few years he suffered much from diabetes. He died on 21 July 1922 at Varanasi. Moments before dying he repeated the Upanishadic mantra 'Satyam, Jnanam Anantham Brahma' meaning 'God is Truth, Wisdom and Infinity' along with his brother disciple [[Swami Akhandananda]] after which he was heard muttering in Bengali 'Brahma Satya, Jagat Satya; Sab Satya. Satye Pran Pratishtitha' which means `God is Truth, the World is also Truth, Everything is Truth. Life is based on Truth'. This was radically different from the orthodox '[[Brahma Satyam Jagad Mithya]]' meaning God is Truth and the World is false. These unorthodox last words, which were spoken impromptu, has generally been taken as the vision seen by an illumined sage who sees God everywhere.<ref>''Swami Turiyananda'' by Swami Ritajananda.</ref><ref>''God Lived with Them'' by Swami Chetanananda.</ref>

===Swami Abhedananda===
{{Main|Swami Abhedananda}}
[[File:Swami Abhedananda portrait 2.jpg|thumb|160px|Swami Abhedananda, c. 1910]]

===Swami Adbhutananda===
{{Main|Swami Adbhutananda}}
'''Adbhutananda''' (died 1920), born '''Rakhturam''', was a direct monastic disciple of [[Ramakrishna]], a [[Yogi]] of nineteenth century [[Bengal]]. He is familiarly known as '''Latu Maharaj''' among the followers of Ramakrishna. Adbhutananda was the first monastic disciple to come to Ramakrishna. While most of Ramakrishna's direct disciples came from the Bengali intelligentsia, Adbhutananda's lack of formal education made him unique amongst them. He was a servant boy of a devotee of Ramakrishna, and he later became his [[Monasticism|monastic]] disciple. Though unlettered, Adbhutananda was considered as a monk with great spiritual insight by Ramakrishna's followers, and [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] regarded him as "the greatest miracle of Ramakrishna".

===Swami Advaitananda===
{{Main|Swami Advaitananda}}
'''Swami Advaitananda''' (1828–1909) was the oldest of the Ramakrishna's disciples. His original name was '''Gopal Chandra Ghosh'''. He came to Ramakrishna at the age of 55 sometime in March or April 1884, for solace when his wife died. At this first meeting, there seemed no connection between Ramakrishna and Gopal Ghosh. It was only after some persuasion by a friend that he paid a second visit. It was on this visit that Ramakrishna spoke to him about detachment. On the third visit, Gopal recalled, "The Master possessed me. I would think of him day and night. The pang of separation from the Master gave me chest pain. No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't forget his face."<ref>Swami Chetananda, ''God Lived with Them'' Advaita Vedanta 1997 {{ISBN|81-7505-198-1}} p 515</ref>

Ramakrishna accepted Gopal as his disciple and addressed him as "the elder Gopal" or "Overseer" because he was eight years older than Ramakrishna. The other disciples called him "Gopal-da" (''da'' denotes elder brother). He soon became a close attendant of Ramakrishna and assistant of Holy Mother. Ramakrishna praised his management of household matters and his sweet behavior with people. Several years later it was Gopal that gave Ramakrishna the ochre cloth which Ramakrishna used to initiate several of his disciples (including Gopal) into monastic life.<ref>M., ''The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna'' Vol 1 Sri Ramakrishna Math, {{ISBN|81-7120-109-1}} p 56</ref> In September 1885, when Ramakrishna moved to Shyampukur in Calcutta for treatment of his cancer and then in December to Cossipore, Gopal moved with him to attend him, giving him the medicine, washing the cancerous sores and assisting Holy Mother.

After the death of Ramakrishna in 1886 Gopal took sannyasa vows and became Swami Advaitananda. He had no place to go and, due to the kindness of a devotee, Surendra, a place was rented for him and the other monks to stay or visit at Baranagore, in the Calcutta suburbs. He was the first to take up residence in what became the first Math.<ref>Mahendranath Gupta (M)., ''The Gospel of Ramakrishna'' Vol 2, Sri Ramakrishna Math, {{ISBN|81-7120-185-7}} pp 975-976</ref> He then lived with the other monks at the Baranagore Monastery but left in 1887 and went first to Varanasi then Kedarnath, Badrinath and Vrindaban. In 1890, he accompanied Holy Mother as she performed holy rites for ancestors at Gaya, and then he met up with Swami Vivekananda and six other monastic disciples in Meerut, staying together for a few weeks.

In 1887 Swami Advaitananda moved to Alambazar and then Nilambar Babu's garden house, joining Swami Vivekananda and other monastic disciples in building and developing the newly purchased site at Belur on the banks of the Ganges. He took responsibility for closely supervising the workers in leveling and clearing the former dock site. He also started a vegetable garden and dairy farm, despite the fact that he was the eldest of the monks.

Swami Turiyananda once said,
<blockquote>"We are much indebted to Gopal-da, because we learned the secret of work from him. He was organised and concentrated on everything he did. And he was very methodical in his habits. Until his last day he regularly practiced meditation."</blockquote>

In 1901, he was made one of the trustees of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission, later becoming the vice president. Even in his old age, he declined any personal assistance, believing that monks should be self-reliant. He chanted the Gita daily and accompanied the other monks on tabla when they sang.

Swami Advaitananda died on 28 December 1909 at the age of 81, chanting the name of Shri Ramakrishna.

===Swami Akhandananda===
{{Main|Swami Akhandananda}}
'''Swami Akhandananda''' (1864–1937), whose original name was '''Gangadhar Ghatak''', had met Paramahamsadev at Bosepara when he was just 13 years old. Later, he introduced him to Swami Vivekananda. As a boy he performed strict spiritual disciplines, bathing four times a day in the Ganges, he cooked his own vegetarian food and practiced so much pranayama (breathing exercise) that his body perspired and shook. He also practiced kumbhaka (retaining the breath) by diving in the Ganges and holding a stone. When he was eight, he had an abscess between his eyebrows, but ordered the doctor to cut it without anesthetic. His intelligence allowed him to memorise the English alphabet in one day, but he was not much interested in formal education. Later he memorised the Gita and Upanishads. Even as a child, he was compassionate by nature, and he gave his shirt to a school friend when his got ripped and frequently gave food to beggars secretively, so his parents would not know.

At the age of twelve he was given the sacred thread and afterwards repeated the Gayatri Mantra three times per day, and often made a clay image of Lord Shiva and worship him. Gangadhar and his friend Harinath met Sri Ramakrishna at Dinanath Basu's house in Baghbazar in 1877. Ramakrishna was in Samadhi and this intensified his spiritual longing. It was at the same age he disappeared with a monk without telling his parents and only returned home to his anxious parents when the monk suggested he was too young.

He met Ramakrishna for the second time at age nineteen in May 1883 at Dakshineswar, staying overnight and returning and staying overnight a few days later again. After that he regularly visited, usually during the week to avoid crowds. Later he observed that Ramakrishna had said most of his habits – eating only food cooked by himself, vegetarianism, practicing austerities – were for old people. Why, he thought, shouldn't he give them up? But later Ramakrishna explained to some visitors that it was due to his habits in previous lives that he acted so, after which Gangadhar maintained his practices.

On one occasion, a beggar asked Ramakrishna for money. Ramakrishna called Gangadhar and told him to give the beggar some coins, but to wash his hands in Ganges water afterwards. Afterwards he viewed money as dirty, and later wandered as a mendicant for fourteen years around India without touching money.

Once Ramakrishna moved to Cossipore for treatment of his throat cancer, Gangadhar would spend as much time as possible helping there, otherwise meditating on the banks of the Ganges with his friend Harinath. His father accepted his son was not going to complete his education and so arranged for him to work in an office. Gangadhar gave this up after a few days and fully engaged himself in serving Ramakrishna.

After Ramakrishna gave up his body Gangadhar went, on Christmas Eve 1886 to Antpur, and took vows of renunciation, just a few weeks later, in February 1887, he took the ochre cloth that the Master had previously given him and left the Math without telling the other monks and traveled around the Himalayas and into Tibet several times only returning after three years to the Baranagore Monastery in June 1890. The following month, Swami Vivekananda persuaded him to take the final monastic vows before Ramakrishna's picture and became Swami Akhandananda. Soon after, Swami Vivekananda took him back to the Himalayas as his guide, so he could fulfill his own longing to travel and practice there. At one point, both Vivekananda and Akandananda became sick and traveled to join Turiyananda at Dehradun to recover. Later they met again in Meerut and were joined by Brahmananda and Advaitananda, so that Meerut became a second Baranagore Monastery.

He continued his travels, ending up in Rajpur as a guest of a wealthy disciple of Vivekananda's. He was distressed to see how poor so many of the inhabitants of Rajasthan were, while a few rulers and landowners were very wealthy. He wrote to Vivekananda, who replied,
<blockquote>
"No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes and saying 'Ramakrishna, O Lord!' unless you can do some good for the poor...It is preferable to live on grass for the sake of doing good for others. The ochre robe is not for enjoyment. It is the banner for heroic work...The poor, the illiterate, the ignorant, the afflicted – let these be your God. Know that service to these alone is the highest religion." </blockquote>

In 1894, he began his campaign. He realised the main cause of the problem was lack of education, so he went door to door in Khetri encouraging people to get their children educated. As a result, the enrollment at the local school soared from only 80 to 257. He also established five primary schools in the surrounding villages. He then went on to Jaipur, Chittor, Udaipur and many Rajpur villages asking local rulers to establish schools, distribute food and support local cottage industries. This was not always well-received and some threatened his life, but he continued regardless.

On 15 May 1897 Akhandananda began famine relief work in Mahula – it was the first organised relief work of the Mission that Vivekananda had started only two weeks before in Calcutta. He opened an orphanage and started schools as well. In Sargachi his work for the poor created unhappiness amongst some wealthy villagers who wrote letters of complaint to Vivekananda against him. In response, Vivekananda told him to continue his work, adding, "Criticisms are like ornaments to a pioneer." Other friends from his previous years told him a monk should travel, meditate and study scriptures. Akhandananda replied, those days were gone. He raised money and built an ashram and orphanage instead, often discarding his ocher monk robes and wearing the clothes of a poor farmer to till the land and grow food for the orphans. He taught the children during the day and the adults in the evening. Gradually, over many years, the ashram and orphanage grew, and he bought more land and increased the scope, adding an industrial school which taught many skills and crafts. It also had a library, dispensary and later a temple.

On the death of Brahmananda in 1922 Shivananda became president and Akhandananda vice-president, and on the death of Shivananda, was President of the Ramkrishna Mission from 1934 to 1937 when he died on 7 February aged 72.

===Swami Trigunatitananda Maharaj===
{{Main|Swami Trigunatitananda}}

===Swami Subodhananda===
{{Main|Swami Subodhananda}}
'''Swami Subodhananda''' (1867–1933), whose original name was '''Subodh Chandra Ghosh''', was also known as '''Khoka Maharaj'''. He belonged to the family of Shankar Ghosh, who owned the famous [[Thanthania Kalibari|Kali Temple at Thanthania]], in Kolkata and had tremendous power of meditation even in his younger days and that improved since he met Paramahamsadev in 1884.

===Swami Vijnanananda===
{{Main|Swami Vijnanananda}}
'''Swami Vijnanananda''' (1869–1938), whose original name was '''Hari Prasanna Chaterjee''', was an engineer and had met Paramahamsadev early in life, but family commitments kept him away. He prepared it in consultation with a noted European architect of Kolkata, and Swamiji approved of the same. However, due to the sudden demise of Swamiji and lack of funds, the project had to wait for a long time to be taken up. It was completed and dedicated by Swami Vijnananda himself on 14 January 1938. He was President of the Ramkrishna Mission in 1937–38. He established Ramakrishna Sevasram at Allahabad.

===Swami Ramakrishnananda===
{{Main|Swami Ramakrishnananda}}

'''Swami Ramakrishnananda''' (13 July 1863 – 21 August 1911) was the main pillar of the Math, according to Swami Vivekananda. He was responsible for initiating all the formal ritual worships conducted at the Ramakrishna Order. He was also a Sanskrit scholar.<ref>''Swami Ramakrishnananda (Shashi Maharaj) A Portrait in Pictures'', Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai</ref>

===Swami Premananda===
{{Main|Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)}}

'''Swami Premananda''' (10 December 1861 – 30 July 1918) was a direct disciple of Ramakrishna. He was born Baburam Ghosh.. He was given the name of Premananda or "joy of divine love" by disciple Vivekananda. He played a key role during the early days of Ramakrishna Mission as he managed the whole affairs of Belur Math from 1902 to 1916.

==Householder disciples==
The following are among Ramakrishna's [[Grihastha|householder]] disciples and devotees:
* Purna Chandra Ghosh — introduced to Sri Ramakrishna by Shri Mahendra Gupta, publisher of ''Kathamrita''
*[[Adhar Sen]] — Deputy Magistrate, Fellow and member of Faculty of Arts of Calcutta University<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Mahendranath|title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita|publisher=Udbodhan Karyalaya|date=Feb 2004|pages=170|isbn=81-8040-040-9}}</ref>
* Baidyanath — Advocate High Court, Calcutta<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Mahendranath|title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita|publisher=Udbodhan Karyalaya|date=Feb 2004|pages=174|isbn=81-8040-040-9}}</ref>
*[[Ram Chandra Datta]], Chemical Examiner at Calcutta Medical College and Professor of Chemistry at Science Association<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Mahendranath|title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita|publisher=Udbodhan Karyalaya|date=Feb 2004|pages=192|isbn=81-8040-040-9}}</ref>
*[[Manomohan Mittra]]
*[[Mahendranath Gupta]]
*[[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
*[[Yogin Ma]] — Yogindra Mohini Biswas Born as Yogindra Mohini Mitra
*[[Pratap Chandra Majumdar]]
*[[Sivanath Sastri]]
*[[Girish Chandra Sen]]
*[[Brahmabandhab Upadhyay|Upadhyay Brahmabandhav]]
*[[Balaram Bose]]
*[[Surendra Nath Mittra]]
*[[Durga charan Nag (Nag Mahasaya)]]
*[[Akshay Kumar Sen]]
*Vishwanath Upadhyaya — Ambassador of the Nepalese Govt. to the Viceroy of India<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Mahendranath|title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita|publisher=Udbodhan Karyalaya|date=Feb 2004|pages=252|isbn=81-8040-040-9}}</ref>
* Ishaan Chandra Mukhopadhyay — Superintendent of Accountant General's Office, Bengal<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Mahendranath|title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita|publisher=Udbodhan Karyalaya|date=Feb 2004|pages=267|isbn=81-8040-040-9}}</ref>
* Sri Amulyaratn Bhattacharya

==Others==
Ramakrishna's wife, [[Sarada Devi]], is the first disciple of Sri Ramakrishna paramahamsa.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
#''Ramakrishna and His Disciples'' by [[Christopher Isherwood]], Advaita Ashram, 9th impression, 2001.
#''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) in Bengali edited by Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose
#''God lived with them'' by Swami Chetanananda {{ISBN|0-916356-80-9}}
#''The Gospel of Ramakrishna'' by Mahendranath Gupta (M), {{ISBN|81-7120-185-7}}
#''Swami Ramakrishnananda (Shashi Maharaj) A Portrait in Pictures'' Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai [https://istore.chennaimath.org/products/swami-ramakrishnananda-a-portrait-in-pictures/1309294000102339580?srsltid=AfmBOoomzkNDCrvrITVLF1FAJLMPwBcMUR-pYLRMZ2xu%20A8jWyETjjPA 8178234009]

==External links==
{{commons category|Disciples of Ramakrishna}}
* [https://belurmath.org/holy-lives/ Detailed information on Monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna]

{{Ramakrishna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Disciples Of Ramakrishna}}
[[Category:Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Monastic disciples of Ramakrishna|*]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]

Ghanshyam Binani

2025-10-22T18:03:05Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new new post and citations

{{primary sources|date=April 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

'''Ghanshyam Das Binani''' (born 1932 – died 1998) was an Indian Marwari industrialist,<ref name=":0" /> and was the President of [[Indian Non-Ferrous Metal Manufacturers Association]]. His company, Cominco Binani Zinc Ltd. became the first producer of primary [[zinc]] metal in India. As a tribute to his works, an Academy of Management Sciences associated with the [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]] has been named after him. There is also an award, Ghanshyam Binani Children's Bravery Award, named after him<ref name=":1" /> and it is awarded by Binani's company [[Binani Industries Ltd.|Braj Binani]].<ref name=":2" />

== Life history ==

Binani (1932–1998) was an Indian Marwari industrialist,<ref name=":0">Madhav Vittal Kamath: [https://books.google.com/books?id=OCtGQwAACAAJ The many-splendoured Ghanshyam Binani]</ref> playing an active role in his father's ancestral business of trading in [[non-ferrous metal]]s. He had been the President of [[Indian Non-Ferrous Metal Manufacturers Association]] and had also been on the committees of [[Indian Merchants Chambers]] and [[Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]. He, along with his father, set up [[joint venture]]s with [[Revere Copper]] and [[Brass for Copper]] and [[Copper Alloy Extrusions]] and with [[Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company Ltd.]], [[Canada]] for manufacture of Electrolytic Zinc. With this came the birth of [[Cominco Binani Zinc Ltd.]], on 2 August 1962, promoted by [[Binani Metals Limited]] in [[Binanipuram]] on the banks of [[Periyar River]] in [[Kerala]]. Cominco Binani Zinc Ltd. became the first producer of primary [[zinc]] metal in the country and the first slab was cast on 21 April 1967. In line with their overall worldwide policy, [[Cominco Ltd.]] also withdrew as financial collaborators of the company on 3 May 1991, and the company was rechristened Binani Zinc Ltd.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

There is an Academy of Management Sciences associated with the [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]] named after him. There is also an award, Ghanshyam Binani Children's Bravery Award, named for him<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Six-children-receive-Ghanshyam-Binani-Childrens-Bravery-Award-for-2014/articleshow/47301107.cms|title=Sic children receive Ghanshyam Binani Children's Bravery Award for 2014|date=15 May 1015|publisher=timesofindia.com|access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref> and it is awarded by Binani's company [[Binani Industries Ltd.|Braj Binani]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Braj-Binani-Group-honours-six-young-bravehearts-at-the-14th-Ghanshyam-Binani-Childrens-Bravery-Award-in-Mumbai/articleshow/47387139.cms|title=Braj Binani Group honours six young bravehearts at the 14th Ghanshyam Binani Children's Bravery Award in Mumbai|date=22 May 2015|publisher=timesofindia.com|access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gbbraveryaward.com Award website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801175434/http://gbbraveryaward.com/ |date=1 August 2015 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binani, Ghanshyam}}
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1932 births]]

Debashree Mazumdar

2025-10-17T09:29:47Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new the post and citations...

{{Short description|Indian sprinter (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Debashree Mazumdar
| image = Women's 4x400m Debashree Mazumdar Of India (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = Debashree in 2017
| birth_name = 
| fullname = 
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|04|06}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| weight = 53
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]
| event = Sprint Athlete
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team = India
| turnedpro =
| coach = Mr. Tapan Kumar Bhandari
| retired =
| coaching = Mr.Amit Khanna
| worlds = 1.Gold medalist – Asian championship in 4*400 meters relay races in 2017 at Bhubaneswar in India .
2. Silver medalist – Asian championship in 4*400 meters relay races in 2015 at Wuhan China.
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| medaltemplates = 
| show-medals =
}}

'''Debashree Mazumdar''' (born 6 April 1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/debashree-mazumdar |title=Debashree Mazumdar |website=Rio2016.com |accessdate=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817091431/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/debashree-mazumdar |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> is an Indian [[sprint (running)|sprint]] athlete from Kolkata who specializes in [[4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 metres relay races]].

== Career ==
Debashree Mazumdar works for the Income Tax department as an Income Tax Inspector in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Know more about I-T dept employee Debashree Mazumdar, a member of Indian women's relay team in Rio Olympics |url=http://www.babusofindia.com/2016/08/know-more-about-i-t-dept-employee.html |accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>

In 2017 she was part of the winning 4 × 400 m relay team at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] along with [[M. R. Poovamma]], [[Jisna Mathew]] and [[Nirmala Sheoran]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/asian-athletics-championships-2017-deconstruction-of-the-gold-standard-4746739/|title=Asian Athletics Championships 2017: Deconstruction of the gold standard|date=2017-07-12|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Athletics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Debashree}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Indian women hurdlers]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Bengali sportspeople]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]

1885 Kashmir earthquake

2025-10-01T14:52:36Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Short description|Earthquake in South Asia}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 1885 Kashmir earthquake
| pre-1900 = yes
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = {{Location map+ | Pakistan
| places =
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.12|long=74.61|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 250
| float = center
| caption =
| relief = yes }}
| timestamp = 1885-05-29
| local-date = 30 May 1885
| local-time = 02:24
| duration =
| magnitude = {{M|w|link=y}} 6.3–6.8
| depth = {{cvt|12|km}}
| location = {{Coord|34.12|74.61|type:event_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Fault (geology)#thrust fault|Thrust]]
| affected = [[Pakistan]]
| damages =
| intensity = {{MSK-64|8}}
| pga = 
| tsunami =
| landslide = Yes
| foreshocks = 1
| aftershocks = Many, continued into August 1885
| casualties = 3,081–3,500 dead
}}
The '''1885 Kashmir earthquake''', also known as the '''Baramulla earthquake''' occurred on 30 May in [[Srinagar]]. It had an estimated [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of {{M|w}} 6.3–6.8 and maximum [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]] intensity of VIII (''Damaging''). At least 3,081 people died and severe damage resulted.

==Tectonic setting==
{{See also|Geology of the Himalaya}}
[[Northern Pakistan]] and India is situated at the corner of an active [[destructive plate boundary]] that separates the [[Indian Plate]] from the [[Eurasian Plate]]. The boundary is defined along the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] where the Indian Plate is colliding with the Eurasian Plate. The slightly oblique convergence occur at a rate of 17 ± 2 mm/yr along the Main Himalayan Thrust while the nearby [[Karakoram fault system]] accommodates right-lateral [[strike-slip]] movement at 5 ± 2 mm/yr.<ref name="Kundu">{{cite journal |author1=Bhaskar Kundu |author2=Rajeev Kumar Yadav |author3=Bikram Singh Bali |author4=Sonalika Chowdhury |author5=V. K. Gahalaut |title=Oblique convergence and slip partitioning in the NW Himalaya: Implications from GPS measurements |journal=Tectonics |date=2014 |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=2013–2024 |doi=10.1002/2014TC003633|bibcode=2014Tecto..33.2013K |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The high convergence rate means many of the plate boundary faults are accommodating strain while locked, frequently releasing them in moderate-sized earthquakes, and sometimes in very large events. The occurrence of large earthquakes makes the Kashmir region vulnerable to deadly earthquakes. The region has hosted many large and destructive earthquakes since the beginning of records in 2082–2041 BCE. The most destructive is thought have occurred in [[1555 Kashmir earthquake|1555]], and was the last major event in the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref name="Yousuf">{{cite journal |author1=Maqbool Yousuf |author2=Syed Kaiser Bukhari |author3=Ghulam Rasool Bhat |author4=Aamir Ali |title=Understanding and managing earthquake hazard visa viz disaster mitigation strategies in Kashmir valley, NW Himalaya |journal=Progress in Disaster Science |date=2020 |volume=5 |article-number=100064 |doi=10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100064 |publisher=[[Elsevier]]|bibcode=2020PrDS....500064Y |s2cid=213250120 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Earthquake==
The earthquake was associated with a [[earthquake rupture|rupture]] on a shallow [[thrust fault]], part of the Himalaya convergent boundary.<ref name="Yousuf" /> It is located east of the rupture areas of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|2005 earthquake]], and west of the 1555 earthquake. The 2005 and 1555 earthquakes are the most catastrophic events in the region with magnitudes estimated at 7.6 {{M|w}}.<ref name="Dasgupta" />

Southeast of the Kashmir Valley are two very large thrust faults; the Main Boundary Thrust and Panjal Thrust. To the northeast of the valley, lies the Main Mantle Thrust. The closest faults to the valley are two out-of-sequence reverse faults known as the Kolbug and Balapur faults. The {{cvt|40|km}} long Balapur Fault dips northeast at a steep angle of 60°. The parallel Kolbug Fault produced a {{M|w}} 5.5 earthquake in 1963.<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite journal |author1=Bashir Ahmad |author2=Hamid Sana |author3=Akhtar Alam |title=Macroseismic intensity assessment of 1885 Baramulla Earthquake of northwestern Kashmir Himalaya, using the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) |journal=Quaternary International |date=2014 |volume=321 |pages=59–64 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.043 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618213009774|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|bibcode=2014QuInt.321...59A |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The mainshock generated a [[surface rupture]] measuring {{cvt|54|km}}, with a maximum ground offset of {{cvt|0.6|km}}. The seismogenic structure responsible is named the Baramula-Loridor Fault.<ref name="Yousuf" />

==Damage and casualties==
At 02:24 [[Time in Pakistan|local time]] on Sunday, 30 May, the [[Kashmir Valley]] was rocked by a strong earthquake with varying [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli]] intensities of VI (''Strong'') to VIII (''Severe''). An assessment of the maximum [[Seismic intensity scales|seismic intensity]] on the [[Environmental Seismic Intensity scale]] indicate a degree of X. A minor [[foreshock]] occurred the night before and was felt by several residents. The mainshock was followed by damaging [[aftershock]]s that continued till August 1885. On 15 June, a strong aftershock was felt.<ref name="Dasgupta">{{cite journal |author1=Sujit Dasgupta |author2=Basab Mukhopadhyay |title=Revisiting Two Damaging Indian Earthquakes of 1885: Kashmir and Bengal |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=2019 |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=263–268 |doi=10.1007/s12594-019-1172-2 |bibcode=2019JGSI...93..263D |s2cid=135421388 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331476486}}</ref>

A total of 3,081 people were killed. In [[Srinagar]] with a population of 51,000, the city lost 2,000 residents. In the book ''[[The Valley of Kashmir]]'' by [[Walter Roper Lawrence]], the death toll was 3,500. Heavy damage and great losses occurred due to the poor quality of homes. Poorly constructed huts collapsed completely onto sleeping residents. An estimated 75,000 huts were destroyed. Livestock losses were also heavy; 25,000 sheep and goats, as well as 8,000 cattle, died. Many residents at a village were killed when a landslide measuring 800 meters was triggered.<ref name="NGDC">{{cite web |title=Significant Earthquake Information |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2348 |website=ngdc.noaa.gov |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> Liquefaction events including [[sand boil]]s and [[fissure]]s occurred on the banks of the [[Jhelum River]] at [[Pattan]]. Water flow also increased in [[natural springs]].<ref name="Dasgupta" />

The towns of [[Baramulla]] and [[Sopore]] were destroyed. An estimated 67.33% of Baramulla's population was killed. Some 300 to 500 well-constructed wood and brick homes collapsed. Great devastation occurred in Barmulla where many people and cattle were fatally crushed. Vegetation on the nearby hillsides was wiped out by landslides. Many homes were buried. Large scarps formed on the slopes. One such landslide buried Laridura; only seven of the 47 residents survived.<ref name="Dasgupta" />

==See also==
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Pakistan]]
* [[List of historical earthquakes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Himalayan earthquakes}}
{{Earthquakes in Pakistan}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}

[[Category:May 1885]]
[[Category:1885 in Asia]]
[[Category:1885 in India]]
[[Category:1885 earthquakes]]
[[Category:1880s disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]
[[Category:History of Srinagar]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Geology of the Himalaya]]

Roselina Tirkey

2025-09-26T09:48:17Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: quick enhanced formatting for clarity and added references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Roselina Tirkey
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1 May 1982}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Working President of Assam PradeshCongress Committee
| term_start1 = 26 May 2025

| office2 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Sarupathar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarupathar]]
| term_start2 = 19 May 2016
| term_end2 = 21 May 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Aklius Tirkey]]
| successor2 = [[Biswajit Phukan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty =
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| parents = Aklius Tirkey (Father) Mary Grace Tirkey (Mother)
}}

'''Roselina Tirkey''' (born 1 May 1982)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-03-13 |title=Roselina Tirkey from Sarupathar: Early Life, Education, Career & Politics - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/roselina-tirkey-from-sarupathar-biography-528467 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from the state of [[Assam]]. She was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sarupathar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarupathar]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2016-women.html | title=WOMEN MEMBERS OF 14th LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY | publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly | accessdate=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/amid-reports-of-defection-congress-mps-mlas-hold-closed-door-meet-in-guwahati/articleshow/79938517.cms | title=Amid reports of defection, Congress MPs, MLAs hold closed-door meeting | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Kangkan Kalita | date=24 December 2020 | accessdate=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/dec/18/pre-poll-tamasha-brewing-in-assam-as-some-congress-mlas-likely-to-cross-over-to-the-bjp-2238053.html | title=Pre-poll tamasha brewing in Assam as some Congress MLAs likely to cross over to the BJP | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=18 December 2020 | accessdate=4 January 2021}}</ref> She contested the [[2024 Indian general election in Assam|2024 Indian General Election in Assam]] for the prestigious [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga Lok Sabha Constituency]] for [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/congress-candidate-roselina-tirkey-files-nomination-from-kaziranga-parliamentary-constituency20240326195121/</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tirkey was born in [[Golaghat]] town, Assam. Her parents are Aklius Tirkey and late Mary Grace Tirkey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-03-13 |title=Roselina Tirkey from Sarupathar: Early Life, Education, Career & Politics |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/roselina-tirkey-from-sarupathar-biography-528467 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref> Her father Aklius was a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. Tirkey did her B.C.A. from Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Mass Communication, Bhopal. Later, she completed her M.B.A. from [[Indian Institute of Planning and Management]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know Your Candidate: Roselina Tirkey, Congress Nominee From Kaziranga |url=https://guwahatiplus.com/assam/know-your-candidate-roselina-tirkey-congress-nominee-from-kaziranga |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>

Earlier, she served as Golaghat Zilla Parishad from 2007 to 2012. Thereafter, she was a member of Morangi Zilla Parishad constituency from 2012 to 2016. She also worked as the Assistant Secretary, Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha (ACMS), at their Golaghat branch.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Tirkey won the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assam Legislative Assembly Election]] from [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar Assembly Constituency]] on Indian National Congress ticket defeating Binod Gowalla of [[Asom Gana Parishad]] by a margin of 2927 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=Assam Assembly election 2021, Sarupathar profile: Congress' Roselina Tirkey won seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/assam-assembly-election-2021-sarupathar-profile-congress-roselina-tirkey-won-seat-in-2016-9301191.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> But she lost the 2021 election to Biswajit Phukan of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirkey, Roselina}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award

2025-09-17T23:52:34Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: put up page

{{short description|Indian adventure sports award}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award
| image = Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| subheader = Civilian award for achievements in the field of adventure
| awarded_for = Highest adventure sports honour in India
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1994
| lastawarded = 2020
| reward = {{INRConvert|15|l}}
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 139
| website ={{URL|https://yas.nic.in/tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-awards|www.yas.nic.in}}
| same = [[Arjuna Award]]
}}

The '''Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award''', formerly known as the '''National Adventure Awards''' is the highest adventure sports honour of the [[India|Republic of India]]. The award is named after [[Tenzing Norgay]], one of the first two individuals to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]] along with [[Edmund Hillary]] in 1953. It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. The recipients are honoured for their "outstanding achievement in the field of adventure activities on land, sea and air" over the last three years. The lifetime achievement is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated excellence and have devoted themselves in the promotion of adventure sports. {{As of|2020}}, the award comprises "a [[bronze]] [[statuette]] of Tenzing Norgay along with a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}."<ref>{{cite web |title=तेनजिंग नॉर्गे राष्ट्रीय साहसिक कार्य पुरस्कार |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1830752#:~:text=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF,%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%20%22%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

Instituted in 1993–1994, the first awards were given for the year 1994. The status of this award is considered to be equivalent to the [[Arjuna Award]] conferred in the field of sport. Since the year 2004, this award along with all the other six [[National Sports Awards]] are conferred in the same [[President of India|presidential ceremony]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] usually on 29 August each year. The nominations for a given year are accepted till 20 June. Typically one award in each of the four categories: Land adventure, Water (Sea) adventure, Air adventure and Lifetime achievement are given. The number may increase in a particular year for appropriate reasons and after approval. A five-member committee evaluates the achievements of a person in a particular category of adventure taking into consideration their last three years of performance for the first three categories. The committee later submits their recommendations to the [[Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]] for further approval.

{{As of|2020}}, there have been one hundred and thirty-nine recipients. In the first year 1994, twenty-two awards were given, out of which nineteen were given to the Indian members of the [[Indian summiteers of Mount Everest#1993|1993 Indo-Nepalese Women's Everest Expedition]]. In 2017, ten awards were given, out of which six were given to the members of [[Navika Sagar Parikrama]], an all-woman [[sailing]] team for the [[circumnavigation]] of the globe. [[Chandraprabha Aitwal]] is the only double recipient of the award, once in 1994 for land adventure and second time in 2009 for lifetime achievement.

==History==

Before the creation of this award, the Arjuna award was given for outstanding performance in the field of adventure. Ten individual and one team Arjuna awards were given in the years 1965 to 1986 in the field of either mountaineering or adventure sports. The first and only team Arjuna award to date was presented in 1965 to the twenty mountaineers of the successful [[1965 Indian Everest Expedition|Indian Everest expedition of 1965]].<ref name="EverestNews" /><ref name="Everest" /> Individually, four mountaineers in 1981, two mountaineers in 1984 including [[Bachendri Pal]], India's first woman to scale Mount Everest,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bachendri Pal |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bachendri-Pal |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530001433/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bachendri-Pal |url-status=live }}</ref> and three adventurers in 1986 were awarded the [[List of Arjuna award recipients (1980–1989)|Arjuna award]].<ref name="ArjunaAward" />

In 1993, the Union Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports, [[Mukul Wasnik]] announced the creation of a separate National Adventure Awards which was to be instituted as the "highest national recognition for outstanding achievement in the field of adventure activities on land, sea and air."<ref>{{cite press release|title=Shri Wasnik felicitates NCC girls expedition to baby Shivling peak|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1993-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1993-06-11_156.pdf|access-date=26 September 2020|date=11 June 1993|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112949/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1993-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1993-06-11_156.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Since its inception, it has been considered on par with Arjuna awards matching the same cash prize money.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Adventure Awards being Introduced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1994-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1994-12-06_086.pdf|access-date=26 September 2020|date=6 December 1994|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112950/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1994-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1994-12-06_086.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Committe" /> The award is given in four categories; land, water, air and lifetime achievement. They were first presented in 1995 for the awarding year of 1994.<ref name="t1994" /> They are considered the highest honour in the field of adventure sports in India.<ref name="CircumNews" /> The awards were presented simultaneously in 2001 for the awarding years of 1997 and 1998,<ref name="t1997-98" /> in 2003 for the awarding years of 1999, 2000 and 2001,<ref name="t1999-01" /> and in 2005 for the awarding years of 2003 and 2004.<ref name="t2003-04" /> In 2003 the awards were renamed after [[Tenzing Norgay]], a Nepali-Indian Sherpa mountaineer and one of the first two individuals to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]] along with [[Edmund Hillary]] in 1953,<ref name="The Observer">{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Ed |title=Secret past of the man who conquered Everest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/24/books.booksnews |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=24 December 2000 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826130643/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/24/books.booksnews |url-status=live }}</ref> commemorating the golden jubilee of his first scaling of Everest.<ref name="t1999-01" /> Since the awarding year of 2002, the national adventure awards are presented along with all the other National Sports Awards in the same presidential ceremony at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.<ref name="t2002" /> The cash prize started with {{INRConvert|50|k}} in 1994,<ref name="t1994" /> was revised to {{INRConvert|1.5|l}} in 1999,<ref name="LoveRaj" /> to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2002,<ref name="t2002" /> and to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2008.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Several initiatives undertaken for transformation of sports|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=26 September 2020|date=22 December 2009|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001163838/http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|url-status=live}}</ref> The award statuette was redesigned in 2009, measuring {{convert|15|in|cm}} in height and weighing nearly {{convert|1.5|kg|lb}}. It is made of bronze and polished to highlight the age of Tenzing Norgay along with the ice axe he used when climbing Everest.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Sports Ministry unveils new look Sports Awards/ Trophies|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=26 September 2020|date=26 August 2009|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112951/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the award comprises "a bronze statuette of Tenzing Norgay, certificate, blazer with silken tie/saree, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|5|l}}."<ref name="Scheme" />

==Nominations==
The nominations for the award are filled through an online application form. The provision for giving away award posthumously exists however no award can be given to the same person in the same category more than once. The application has to be either recommended by the Youth or Sports Department of the State Governments or by recognized adventure institutes representing the specific category in which application is made. The application can also be recommended by the Adventure Promotion Cell of various [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] or other paramilitary forces. All the serving personnel in the Armed Forces: Army, Navy and Air Force have to be recommended directly through their Directorate or adventure cells. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports can also seek nominations from different organizations and nominate on its own. The nominations in a particular year are accepted till 20 June. The recognized institutes in the land adventure category are [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]], [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] and [[Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports]], in the water (sea) adventure category is [[National Institute of Water Sports]] and in the air adventure category is [[Aero Club of India]].<ref name="Scheme" /><ref name="NPYADScheme" />

==Selection process==
All the nominations are sent to the three umbrella bodies in their respective categories: Indian Mountaineering Foundation for land, National Institute of Water Sports for water, and Aero Club of India for air. These bodies verify the achievements of the applicants and confirm from their official records, within a month of the receipt of the nominations. The achievements of the last three calendar years are taken into account for all the categories except for lifetime achievement.<ref name="Scheme" />

The valid nominations are vetted and scrutinized by the selection committee constituted by the Government. This five member committee consists of a chairperson, usually the Secretary of Youth Affairs, Joint Secretary of Youth Affairs and one representative from each of three categories: land, water (sea) and air. The recommendations of the selection committee are submitted to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval. The provision is usually just for one award in each category but the Ministry with the approval of the Minister may increase the awardees in a particular year.<ref name="Scheme" />

The recipients are selected by a committee and are honoured for their "excellent performance, outstanding qualities of leadership, sense of adventure discipline and continuous achievement in one particular field of adventure viz. Land, Air or Water (Sea)" over the last three years. The lifetime achievement award is bestowed to recipients who "besides individual excellence have devoted themselves to the cause of promotion of adventure."<ref name="Scheme" /><ref name="Committe" />

==Recipients==
{{main|List of Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award recipients}}

{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" |
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 56
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 1994–1999
| data1 = 45
| label2 = 2000–2009
| data2 = 38
| label3 = 2010–2019
| data3 = 56
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by gender{{efn|name=a}}
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 89
| label_type = Gender
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = Male
| data1 = 89
| label2 = Female
| data2 = 44
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by category{{efn|name=a}}
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 63
| label_type = Category
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = Land Adventure
| data1 = 63
| label2 = Water Adventure
| data2 = 26
| label3 = Air Adventure
| data3 = 17
| label4 = Lifetime Achievement
| data4 = 28
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by discipline{{efn|name=a}}
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 83
| label_type = Category
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 =Mountaineering
| data1 =83
| label2 =Open water swimming
| data2 =14
| label3 =Sailing
| data3 =12
| label4 =Skydiving
| data4 =16
| label5 =Others{{efn|Includes caving (1 recipient), cross-country skiing (1 recipient), hang gliding (2 recipients), microlight aviation (2 recipients) and white water rafting (1 recipient)}}
| data5 =7
}}
|}

[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award-2009 to Ms. Chandraprabha Aitwal for Life Time Achievement, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhawan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2010.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chandraprabha Aitwal]] receiving lifetime achievement award in 2009]]
Broadly the awards in the land adventure category have been given to [[mountaineering]], in the water adventure category to [[open water swimming]] and [[sailing]], and in the air adventure category to [[skydiving]]. The exceptions include [[caving]], [[cross-country skiing]] including [[Reena Kaushal Dharmshaktu]], the first Indian woman to ski to the [[South Pole]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi girl becomes first Indian woman to ski to South Pole |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Delhi-girl-becomes-first-Indian-woman-to-ski-to-South-Pole/articleshow/5401479.cms |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |issue=1 January 2010 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416144402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Delhi-girl-becomes-first-Indian-woman-to-ski-to-South-Pole/articleshow/5401479.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[hang gliding]], [[microlight aviation]] including businessman [[Vijaypat Singhania]], the pilot of world record-setting flight from the UK to India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adventure award for Vijaypat Singhania |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030521/ncr3.htm#4 |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=The Tribune |date=20 May 2003 |archive-date=8 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708090745/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030521/ncr3.htm#4 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[white water rafting]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Shyam G. |title=A caver's sojourn |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/A-cavers-sojourn/article15973501.ece |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=10 September 2010 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113017/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/A-cavers-sojourn/article15973501.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="t2012" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Relu RamThakur |url=http://wateradventureacademy.blogspot.com/2011/12/relu-ramthakur.html |website=Water Adventure Academy |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112949/http://wateradventureacademy.blogspot.com/2011/12/relu-ramthakur.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Navika_Sagar_Parikrama_-_Tarini_Departs_Cape_Town,_South_Africa_(2).jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[INSV Tarini]] with members of [[Navika Sagar Parikrama]] leaving [[Cape Town]]]]
Usually, the award is conferred upon three to six people in a year, a few exceptions have been made in the years 1994, 1995, 2017 and 2019, when more than six recipients were awarded in a year. In its initial year, twenty-two awards were presented, the highest so far for a single year. Nineteen of these awards were given to the [[Indian summiteers of Mount Everest#1993|1993 Indo-Nepalese Women's Everest Expedition]] led by Bachendri Pal.<ref name="t1994" /> The expedition created four world records at the time including the largest number of mountaineers (eighteen) from a single expedition and the largest number of women (seven) from a single country to scale Everest.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Col. Rajyavardhan Rathore flags off an all-women expedition to Mt. Manirang|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1541894|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=26 September 2020|date=7 August 2018|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826175639/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D1541894|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Padma Bhushan awardee Bachendri Pal to lead a trek to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of 1993 Indo Nepalese Women's Everest Expedition|url=https://www.tatasteel.com/media/newsroom/press-releases/india/2019/padma-bhushan-awardee-bachendri-pal-to-lead-a-trek-to-commemorate-the-silver-jubilee-of-1993-indo-nepalese-womens-everest-expedition/|publisher=Tata Steel|access-date=26 September 2020|date=13 April 2019|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920020350/https://www.tatasteel.com/media/newsroom/press-releases/india/2019/padma-bhushan-awardee-bachendri-pal-to-lead-a-trek-to-commemorate-the-silver-jubilee-of-1993-indo-nepalese-womens-everest-expedition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Everest Summits 1993 |url=https://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits93.htm |website=EverestHistory.com |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502154426/http://www.everesthistory.com/everestsummits/summits93.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, ten awards were presented, out of which six were given to the members of ''[[Navika Sagar Parikrama]]'' (circumnavigation of the globe). They were an all women [[Indian Navy]] officers [[sailing]] team for the [[circumnavigation]] of the globe, on board the Indian Navy Sailing Vessel [[INSV Tarini|Tarini]] ''(pictured)'', led by Lieutenant Commander Vartika Joshi.<ref name="CircumNews" /><ref name="t2017" /> [[Chandraprabha Aitwal]] ''(pictured)'' is the only double recipient of the award, once in 1994 in the category of land adventure for being part of the 1993 Indo-Nepalese Women's Everest Expedition and the second time in 2009 in the category of lifetime achievement in the discipline of mountaineering.<ref name="t1994" /><ref name="t2009" /> Before this award was introduced, the Arjuna award was also given for adventure sports and mountaineering; eight people have won both awards. Five expedition members of India's first successful bid to [[1965 Indian Everest Expedition|Mount Everest in 1965]], [[Nawang Gombu]], [[Gurdial Singh (mountaineer)|Gurdial Singh]], [[Mohan Singh Kohli]], [[H. P. S. Ahluwalia]] and [[Sonam Wangyal]] were awarded the lifetime achievement awards in 2005,<ref name="t2005" /> 2006,<ref name="t2006" /> 2007,<ref name="t2007" /> 2008,<ref name="t2008" /> and 2017<ref name="t2017" /> respectively. They were all awarded the team Arjuna award in 1965.<ref name="Everest" /> [[Bula Choudhury]] was awarded the Arjuna award in 1990 in the field of swimming and was presented with the adventure award in 2002 for lifetime achievement in the disciple of open water swimming.<ref name="ArjunaAward" /><ref name="t2002" />

Over the years, a number of firsts and records in the adventure activities have been awarded. In the field of mountaineering, [[Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu]] (awarded in 1999)<ref name="CM" /> has gone on to climb Everest seven times, the highest for an Indian.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Seema |title=Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu sets national record by scaling Everest 7th time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/love-raj-singh-dharmshaktu-sets-national-record-by-scaling-everest-7th-time/articleshow/64248955.cms |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/love-raj-singh-dharmshaktu-sets-national-record-by-scaling-everest-7th-time/articleshow/64248955.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Arunima Sinha]] (awarded in 2014)<ref name="t2014" /> became the world's first female amputee to scale Everest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunima Sinha: Compensation for India's Everest climbing amputee |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42855944 |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=BBC |date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220234417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42855944 |url-status=live }}</ref> Twins [[Tashi and Nungshi Malik]] (awarded in 2015)<ref name="t2015" /> became the first twins in the world to complete [[Seven Summits]] and [[Explorers Grand Slam]].<ref name="Records2015">{{cite book|author=Guinness World Records|title=Guinness World Records 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f896CgAAQBAJ&dq=guinness+world+records+2016+tashi+nungshi+seven+summits&pg=PA195|date=10 September 2015|publisher=Guinness World Records|isbn=978-1-910561-03-4|page=195|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112950/https://books.google.com/books?id=f896CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195&dq=guinness+world+records+2016+tashi+nungshi+seven+summits|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anshu Jamsenpa]] (awarded in 2017)<ref name="t2017" /> is the fastest female double summiteer of Everest, doing so in five days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal's Anshu Jamsenpa Becomes The First Woman To Scale Mt Everest Twice In 5 Days |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/21/arunachals-anshu-jamsenpa-becomes-the-first-woman-to-scale-mt-e_a_22102600/ |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=HuffPost India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=22 May 2017 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902122836/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/21/arunachals-anshu-jamsenpa-becomes-the-first-woman-to-scale-mt-e_a_22102600/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the field of sailing, [[Dilip Donde]] (awarded in 2010)<ref name="t2010" /> became the first Indian to circumnavigate the globe under sail solo and unassisted.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dilip Donde becomes first Indian to circumnavigate the world solo |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dilip-donde-becomes-first-indian-to-circumnavigate-the-world-solo-1386270 |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=DNA India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=22 May 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711234320/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dilip-donde-becomes-first-indian-to-circumnavigate-the-world-solo-1386270 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Abhilash Tomy]] (awarded in 2012)<ref name="t2012" /> bettered the record by being the first Indian to do it non-stop.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Indian Navy Commander Abhilash Tomy? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/who-is-what-is/story/who-is-naval-commander-abhilash-tomy-1347440-2018-09-24 |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=India Today |date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109010924/https://www.indiatoday.in/who-is-what-is/story/who-is-naval-commander-abhilash-tomy-1347440-2018-09-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the field of skydiving, [[Rachel Thomas (skydiver)|Rachel Thomas]] (awarded in 1994)<ref name="t1994" /> became India's first female skydiver and [[Shital Mahajan]] (awarded in 2005)<ref name="t2005" /> was the youngest woman to jump over both the poles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamal |first1=Hassan M |title=A Candid Chat With International Skydiver Padma Shri Shital Mahajan |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-candid-chat-with-international-skydiver-padma-shri-shital-mahajan/15581187 |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=Midday |date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221200940/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-candid-chat-with-international-skydiver-padma-shri-shital-mahajan/15581187 |url-status=live }}</ref> The award for lifetime achievement for year 2023 was awarded to [[Umesh Zirpe]], for leading eight successful expeditions to eight 8000 m high mountains and for dedicating his life for mountaineering.<ref name="award1">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/V7txFf_Pv1g?si=OomeWwl2T44_U_I-&t=3268 |title=President Droupadi Murmu presents National Sports and Adventure Awards 2024 at Rashtrapati Bhavan |language=en |access-date=2025-08-22 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zirpe to receive Tenzing Norgay Adventure Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/zirpe-to-receive-tenzing-norgay-adventure-award/articleshow/117096572.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2023 |access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.mensxp.com/marathi/latest/trending/174941-mountaineer-umesh-zirpe-will-get-prestigious-tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-award-2023-for-lifetime-achievement-in-the-field-of-adventure-news-in-marathi.html | title=अनुभवी गिर्यारोहक उमेश झिरपे यांचा सर्वोच्च सन्मान; राष्ट्रपतींच्या हस्ते मिळाला मानाचा तेनझिंग नॉरगे नॅशल अॅडव्हेंचर पुरस्कार | language=marathi | work=MENSXP | date=17 January 2025}}</ref>

==Controversies==
The initial publication on 21 August 2020 of the 2019 awardees list had the name of mountaineer [[Narender Singh Yadav]] in the category of land adventure.<ref name="t2019" /> His name in the list of awardees created controversy in the mountaineering circles in India and abroad. On 23 August, the Katmandu-based daily [[Kantipur (daily)|Kantipur]] published the photo that Singh had submitted to the authorities in Nepal as proof of reaching the Everest summit in 2016. The article explained how the photo in question was morphed. Several mountaineers pointed out the inaccuracies in the photo including the oxygen mask not having a pipe, no reflections on his sunglasses, flags he carried being still despite the high winds, no headlamps on his head and him wearing a helmet which is not worn by climbers on their summit day.<ref name="Wire" /> His team leader Naba Kumar Phukon, rescue team member Lakhpa Sherpa and senior mountaineer Debashis Biswas attested to the fact that Singh never made it to the top of Everest and had to be helped down after getting stranded at the [[Mount Everest#Southeast ridge|Balcony]] at 8,400 m (27,600 ft).<ref name="Wire" /><ref name="Midday1" /> Tenzing Norgay's son [[Jamling Tenzing Norgay|Jamling Norgay]] took up the matter and raised the issue with Indian Mountaineering Foundation.<ref name="IE" /> Soon after that, the Sports Ministry opened a probe into the claims, withholding the award on 28 August and in the list of awardees attending next day's ceremony, Singh's name was omitted.<ref name="HT" /> Jamling Norgay and [[Bachendri Pal]] expressed displeasure that such a person was even considered for the award in the first place.<ref name="Midday2" /> Jamling further noted that the awards should not be simply awarded to the Everest climbers, but to those who inspire other adventure seekers by scaling new peaks, exploring new routes and promoting adventure in general.<ref name="IE" />

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=a|The names and complete data of four award recipients is missing, two recipients from 1997 and two from 1998. The partial data for three recipients is missing, Lalneihsenga (1996) – discipline missing, Ratnamani Roy (1999) – gender, category and discipline missing and Chalti Debarma (2000) – gender, category and discipline missing. Hence the total in the graphs may not match the total number of recipients.}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="t1994">{{cite press release|title=Scindia to present Adventure Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JULY-DEC-MO-HRD-NO-8/PDF/HRD-1995-11-20_177.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=20 November 1995|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112952/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JULY-DEC-MO-HRD-NO-8/PDF/HRD-1995-11-20_177.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Adventure Awards Announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-07-20_034.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=20 July 1995|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112955/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-07-20_034.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t1997-98">{{cite press release|title=Special Cash awards to International Sports Events winners, their coaches and National Adventure Awards presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rjun2001/28062001/r2806200114.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=28 June 2001|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113000/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rjun2001/28062001/r2806200114.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t1999-01">{{cite press release|title=Prime Minister Inaugurates Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the first assent of Mount Everest|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rmay2003/20052003/r200520039.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=20 May 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050106163533/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rmay2003/20052003/r200520039.html|archive-date=6 January 2005}}
*{{cite news |title=Vajpayee to inaugurate celebrations marking Everest conquest |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/vajpayee-to-inaugurate-celebrations-marking-everest-conquest_99615.html |access-date=18 September 2020 |work=Zee News |date=20 May 2003 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113031/https://zeenews.india.com/home/vajpayee-to-inaugurate-celebrations-marking-everest-conquest_99615.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="t2002">{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Award and Dronacharya Award for the year 2003 announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=3871|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=15 September 2004|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113002/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=3871|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |title=Anju bags Khel Ratna, Rathore Arjuna Award |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/anju-bags-khel-ratna-rathore-arjuna-award/249520 |access-date=18 September 2020 |work=Outlook India |date=15 September 2004 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112955/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/anju-bags-khel-ratna-rathore-arjuna-award/249520 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="t2003-04">{{cite press release|title=Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards 2003 – 04|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=11551|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=25 August 2005|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112957/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=11551|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2005">{{cite press release|title=Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=20213|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=24 August 2006|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113002/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=20213|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2006">{{cite press release|title=President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=30609|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 August 2007|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113003/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=30609|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2007">{{cite press release|title=President gives away Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awards, Arjuna Awards, Dronacharya Awards and National Adventure Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=42087|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 August 2008|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113028/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=42087|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2008">{{cite press release|title=President gives away Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52239|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 August 2009|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113029/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52239|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2009">{{cite press release|title=President Gives Away Sports and Adventure Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=65420|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 August 2010|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113056/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=65420|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2010">{{cite press release|title=President Gives Away Sports and Adventure Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=75167|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 August 2011|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113022/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=75167|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2012">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards Presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99021|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=31 August 2013|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112951/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99021|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=Achievements and Initiatives of Department of Youth Affairs During 2013|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=103114|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=6 February 2014|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112952/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=103114|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2014">{{cite press release|title=National Sports and Adventure Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=126456|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 August 2015|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=126456|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2015">{{cite press release|title=President Shri Pranab Mukherjee Confers National Sports & Adventure Awards – 2016|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149321|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 August 2016|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113105/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149321|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2017">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2018 and National Adventure Awards 2017 conferred|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1547242|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=25 September 2018|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113036/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1547242|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="t2019">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2020 announced – Rohit Sharma, Mariyappan T., Manik Batra, Ms Vinesh and Ms Rani bag the Khel Ratna|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=21 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922022445/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647633|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Scheme">{{cite web|title=Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award 2019 Calling for Applications|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/TNNAA.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=26 September 2020|date=14 May 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113025/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/TNNAA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NPYADScheme">{{cite web|title=National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development Scheme Guidelines|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/NPYAD%20Scheme%20Guidelines%202014-15.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227132739/http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/NPYAD%20Scheme%20Guidelines%202014-15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Committe">{{cite press release|title=Constitution of Committees for Selection of Awardees for Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards 2007|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=40782|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 September 2020|date=29 July 2008|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113026/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=40782|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CircumNews">{{cite news |title=All-Women Crew Of INSV Tarini Receives Tenzing Norgay Award |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-women-crew-of-insv-tarini-receives-tenzing-norgay-award-1918304 |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=NDTV |agency=ANI |date=18 September 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109011528/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-women-crew-of-insv-tarini-receives-tenzing-norgay-award-1918304 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Everest">{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Award for Everest Team|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1965-MAY-AUG-EDUCATION/PDF/EDU-1965-06-26_124.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=20 September 2020|date=26 June 1965|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001205634/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1965-MAY-AUG-EDUCATION/PDF/EDU-1965-06-26_124.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EverestNews">{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Team spirit at its peak for Arjuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |access-date=22 September 2020 |work=Telegraph India |date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001205604/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="LoveRaj">{{cite news |title=Way to go |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/vivacity/way-to-go.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=The Pioneer |date=1 May 2014 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113025/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/vivacity/way-to-go.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Wire">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Snigdhendu |title=Tenzing Norgay Award Winner Accused of Falsely Claiming He Reached Mt Everest Summit |url=https://thewire.in/sport/narender-singh-yadav-tenzing-norgay-award-false-claim-mt-everest-summit |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=The Wire |date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926014509/https://thewire.in/sport/narender-singh-yadav-tenzing-norgay-award-false-claim-mt-everest-summit |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Midday1">{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Anusha |title=Man Who Faked Summiting Mount Everest To Be Awarded |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/man-who-faked-summiting-mount-everest-to-be-awarded/22956228 |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=Midday |date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906160241/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/man-who-faked-summiting-mount-everest-to-be-awarded/22956228 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Midday2">{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Anusha |title=Mid-Day Impact: Probe Ordered In Fake Everest Summit Row |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/probe-ordered-in-fake-everest-summit-row/22957289?ref=component_article_infinitescroll_1&fbclid=IwAR0lbDec143AfWrYoPJxhboynzk_QMaU5RQFWPZmFPNbW4m24KAhiGwhPQw |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=Midday |date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113031/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/probe-ordered-in-fake-everest-summit-row/22957289?ref=component_article_infinitescroll_1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Tenzing Norgay Award withheld due to doubts over claims |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/narender-singh-yadav-tenzing-norgay-award-withheld-due-to-doubts-over-claims-6574470/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829110218/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/narender-singh-yadav-tenzing-norgay-award-withheld-due-to-doubts-over-claims-6574470/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Duggal |first1=Saurabh |title=Haryana mountaineer's Narender Singh Yadav award held for 'fake' Everest climb claim |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/haryana-mountaineer-s-narender-singh-yadav-award-held-for-fake-everest-climb-claim/story-ZhoMbHmOiKjSqNTRCUukLM.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926063952/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/haryana-mountaineer-s-narender-singh-yadav-award-held-for-fake-everest-climb-claim/story-ZhoMbHmOiKjSqNTRCUukLM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ArjunaAward">{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=12 September 2020|df=dmy-all|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CM">{{cite book |title=The Competition Master |page=586 |edition=January 2004 |url=https://inba.info/competition-master_5829cabab6d87f829c8b4daf.html |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113033/https://inba.info/competition-master_5829cabab6d87f829c8b4daf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award}}
* {{official website|url=https://yas.nic.in/tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-awards}} (Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, India)

{{National Sports Awards}}

[[Category:Awards established in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award| ]]
[[Category:Tenzing Norgay]]

Alekhitola

2025-09-17T05:51:58Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: made some post w/ sources

{{Short description|Village in Bhojpur district in the Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Alekhi Tola''', also historically documented as '''Ulekhi Tolah''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=J. H. |date=1874-06-01 |title=Report on Cholera in the Shahabad District |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=146–147 |issn=0019-5863 |pmc=5128170 |pmid=28995022}}</ref> is a village in the [[Barhara|Barahara]] block of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] in the [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Survey |first=India Great Trigonometrical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22alekhi+tola%22&pg=RA1-PA31 |title=Synopsis of the Results of the Operations |date=1883 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIJi8qP7XfoC&q=%22alekhi+tola%22 |title=The Indian Law Reports: Patna series |date=1987 |publisher=Published under the Authority of the Governor of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO0rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%22 |title=Bhojapurī Akādamī nibandhamālā: Sāhityika nibandha saṅkalana |date=1995 |publisher=Bhojapurī Akādamī |language=bh}}</ref>

== History ==
The earliest mention of the village is found in 1873 in a report, by Dr. J. H. Thornton, the then [[Civil surgeon|Civil Surgeon]] of [[Shahabad district]], dated 28 July 1873. This report was submitted to the Deputy Surgeon-General, talked about [[cholera epidemic]] that swept through the region.<ref name=":0" />

According to the account, the outbreak in Alekhi Tola (spelled as Ulekhi Tolah) occurred in June 1873. The epidemic had a significant impact on the village's small population, leading to 25 recorded cases of the disease and 9 deaths from it. This event was part of the [[1863–1875 cholera pandemic|fourth cholera pandemic]], which affected the Indian subcontinent between 1863 and 1875.<ref name=":0" />

== Geography ==
Alekhi Tola is a village in the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]]. It falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the [[Barhara|Barahara]] block. The region is characterized by a flat, alluvial plain typical of the Gangetic basin in Bihar.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Demographics and civic amenities ==
As of the 21st century, Alekhi Tola remains a populated village. It is served by the P.S. Alekhi Tola (East), a primary school established in 1956 and managed by the Department of Education, Government of Bihar. The school caters to grades 1 through 5.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhojpur district, India]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2025}}

Lavanya Nalli

2025-08-19T01:53:16Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Put up first pg added tags

{{short description|Indian businesswoman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=January 2017}}
'''Lavanya Nalli''' is an Indian businesswoman. She is vice-chairman of her family's business, the [[Nalli Group of Companies]], which manufactures [[sari]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nalli.com|title=Buy latest collection of Sarees Online at Nalli.com|website=www.nalli.com|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/Z7urbj4aBvOBAaXDobVCXJ/Lavanya-Nalli--When-the-pie-grows-bigger-you-don8217t-n.html|title=Lavanya Nalli {{!}} When the pie grows bigger, you don't need to worry who gets a bigger slice - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

== Education ==
Nalli has an engineering degree in computer science at [[Anna University, Chennai|Anna University]] in [[Chennai]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36886693|title=The Indian woman transforming her family's sari firm|last=Pandya-Wagh|first=Kinjal|date=2016-08-29|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> She is a graduate from [[Harvard Business School]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
After graduation, Nalli moved to [[Chicago]] and took a job with [[McKinsey & Company]] from 2011 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2016/04/06/lavanya-nalli-wants-to-make-her-silks-business-the-no-1-global-sari-destination/#6220f01027dd |title=Lavanya Nalli Wants Family Silks Business To Be No.1 Global Sari Destination |work=Forbes}}</ref>

In 2014 Nalli returned to India and joined [[Myntra|Myntra.com]] where she was vice president for revenue and shopping experience.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalli, Lavanya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:McKinsey & Company people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Erode–Palani line

2025-08-04T08:05:30Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new new stub added tags...

{{Short description|Proposed railway lines in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Erode–Dharapuram-Palani line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = 60The South Indian Railway.jpg
| caption = South Indian Railway Pink Book, 1909. Masterplan created by S.I.R.
| type =
| system =
| status = Proposed
| locale = [[Tamilnadu]]
| start = [[Erode Junction|Erode]] [[Kangeyam]] [[Dharapuram]]
| end = [[Palani]]
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|91.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification =
| speed = up to {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The '''Erode–Kangeyam-Dharapuram-Palani line''' is a proposed railway line from [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]] (via) [[Kangeyam]], [[Dharapuram]] to [[Palani]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a part of [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. This line upon construction will improve rail connectivity of the Pilgrimage center with [[Chennai]] and other states of the country. It was a revised version of the original pre-independence proposal by the British.

==History==
The revived proposal was initially prepared way back in 1915 to link [[Palani]] and [[Nanjangud]] via [[Erode]] and [[Chamrajanagar]]. The route was planned via [[Dharapuram]], [[Kangeyam]], [[Erode]], [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Sathyamangalam]] and [[Chamrajanagar]]. The British had conducted surveys in 1922, 1936 and 1942 and survey stones were also laid for the proposed railway line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Line through Sathyamangalam forest opposed|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 February 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/locals-protest-rail-line-through-forest-suggest-alternative-route/articleshow/18721256.cms}}</ref> But after that the Erode-Chamarajanagar project pre-independence proposal did not take off.<ref>{{cite web|title=Erode-Chamarajanagar line project not undertaken|url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/defunct-ropeway.html}}</ref> In 2005 it was split into two different projects. One being the Erode–Palani line and the other [[Erode]]-[[Chamarajanagar]] line. The later one connecting Erode with Chamarajanagar has been split up into two sectors namely Erode-Sathyamangalam and the Sathyamangalam-Chamarajanagar section which is covered in the South Western Railway Zone's recent proposal of [[Bangalore]]-[[Chamarajanagar]]-[[Sathyamangalam]] line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru-Chamarajanagar-Sathyamangalam line|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 October 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/activists-want-work-on-bluru-cnagar-rail-line-to-begin/articleshow/78580741.cms}}</ref>

The recent Survey has been completed for the proposed Erode-Palani Rail link in the financial year 2006-2007 and estimated a sum of Rupees 289 crores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Railways survey details|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/2014/Survey_10Years_270814.pdf}}</ref>

==Route==
The proposed 91.5 km line goes through [[Erode Junction]]-[[Chennimalai]]-[[Kangeyam]]-[[Uthiyur]]-[[Dharapuram]]-[[Palani]] in the districts of [[Erode district|Erode]], [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]] and [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]].

==Timeline==
* The original revived proposal taken up in the year 1915
* British Rule surveys done in 1922, 1936 and 1942
* In 1996 new proposal by South Western Railway connecting [[Bengaluru]]-[[Kollegal]]-[[Chamarajanagar]]-[[Sathyamangalam]] and so the Erode-Satyamangalam line proposal dealt separately.
* Modified proposal for Erode–Palani line announced in 2005-2006 financial year<ref>{{cite web|title=Erode-Palani Rail Project new proposal announced in 2005-2006| date=25 May 2011 |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=246576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529122051/http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=246576|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>
* In 2007, fresh survey has been conducted for the proposed line and estimated to have 9 stations, 157 Bridges and 477hectare land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Erode-Palani Rail Project pursue in the original surveyed route| date=25 May 2011 |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=246576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529122051/http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=246576|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref> The project cost was estimated to be Rupees 600 crore with a sum of Rupees 289 crores towards the preliminary works including land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Erode-Palani Rail link issue|url=http://www.railnews.in/people-of-kongu-region-to-make-erode-dharapuram-palani-rail-link-a-poll-issue/}}</ref>
* In 2008 foundation stone laid for the project and the preliminary works commenced.
* In 2008-2009 financial year Rupees 40 crores sanctioned as an initial amount towards preliminary works land acquisition and fund got released in 2010.
* In 2009-2010 financial year another sum of Rupees 33 crores has been sanctioned which got released in 2011.
* In 2012 a sum of Rupees 12 crore has been allotted for this project all in a total of Rupees 87 crore.<ref>{{cite news|title=Erode-Palani Rail Project - a raw deal|newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 March 2012 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/raw-deal-in-budget-to-erodepalani-rail-project/article3026928.ece}}</ref>
* After 2012, in every annual budget, the project is being allotted a minimal amount by Central Government to keep it active on the shelves mentioning the reason that the State Government contribution of 50 percent share has not been approved yet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Erode-Palani shelved expecting State Government contribution|date=10 February 2020 |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/central-government-allocetes-only-rs1000-for-new-railway-projects-tamilnadu-vin-tami-253215.html}}</ref>
* As per 2020 reports, the project cost is estimated to be Rupees 1140 crores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Erode-Palani New line Revised estimate at Rs.1140 crores|url=https://newprojectstracker.com/iem-projects-demo/projects/new-projects-by-new-erode-palani-railway-line-project-in-pgg24316}}</ref>
*In 2021, Union minister [[L. Murugan]] asked railway minister to start this project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ஈரோடு-பழனி ரயில் பாதை அமைக்கும் திட்டத்திற்கு நடவடிக்கை: எல்.முருகன்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-coimbatore/tiruppur/2021/aug/17/action-for-construction-of-erode-palani-railway-line-l-murugan-3681603.html|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Dinamani|language=ta}}</ref>
* In 2023-25 Budget, a sum of rupees 50 crores has been allotted for this project.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erode-Palani line}}
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Erode]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

Mohan Singh of Narwar

2025-06-28T20:10:10Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: Put up a bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian prince}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
'''Mohan Singh''' was a prince of [[Narwar]] and briefly served as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] from 21 November 1818 to 25 April 1819.

== Biography ==
He was born to Manohar Singh, the [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Narwar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AQPAAAAQAAJ |title=The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century: A.D. 1494-1894 |date=1913 |publisher=J. Grant |pages=311–312 |language=en}}</ref> His father was removed from [[Narwar]] by the [[House of Scindia|Scindia]] of [[Gwalior]].<ref name=":1" /> Though [[Narwar]] was the parent house of the [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] royal family, it was left without an heir at one point.<ref name=":1" /> As a result, a son of [[Prithviraj Singh I|Prithvi Singh I]] was adopted into Narwar, and the lineage continued through him.<ref name=":1" /> Mohan was the fourteenth in line of descent from [[Prithviraj Singh I|Prithvi Singh I]].<ref name=":0" /> When [[Jagat Singh of Amber|Jagat Singh]] died on 21 November 1818 without a male heir by birth or adoption, and with no close male relative to succeed him, the throne of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] became vacant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ghosha |first=Lokanātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVQOAAAAQAAJ |title=The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zamindars, & C: The native states |date=1879 |publisher=J.N. Ghose |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w60NAAAAIAAJ |title=The Rajput States and the East India Company |date=1951 |publisher=A. Mukherjee |pages=153,163 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=865–866 |language=en}}</ref> However, according to the political and religious laws of [[Rajputana]] at the time, in the absence of a natural heir, the funeral pyre had to be lit by an adopted child.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Tod |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYVIAQAAMAAJ |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India |date=1832 |publisher=Smith, Elder and Company |pages=376–377,382,384–385 |language=en}}</ref> Therefore, selecting a successor to the deceased became necessary.<ref name=":1" /> Mohan Ram Nazir, an [[eunuch]] at the [[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]] in [[Jaipur]], wielded influence both within the Zenana Deorhi and in politics beyond it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Varsha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Polygamy and Purdah: Women and Society Among Rajputs |date=1995 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-275-6 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref> Along with a group of courtiers, he proclaimed Mohan as the deceased successor.<ref name=":2" /> They placed him on the vacant throne of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] and crowned him [[Maharaja]] with the [[regnal name]] Sawai Man Singh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Batra |first=H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0LRAAAAMAAJ |title=The Relations of Jaipur State with East India Company, 1803-1858 |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=54–58 |language=en}}</ref> He was nine years old at the time.<ref name=":1" /> He later led the funeral procession of [[Jagat Singh of Amber|Jagat Singh]] and lit his funeral pyre.<ref name=":1" /> His succession caused great discontent among the state's nobles and its people.<ref name=":0" /> When Mohan Ram Nazir sought the support of [[Man Singh of Marwar|Man Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], to recognize Mohan Singh as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], [[Man Singh of Marwar|Man]] replied that he would gladly do so once the Bara Kotri ({{Translation|twelve chambers}}) consented.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.K Gupta |url=https://archive.org/details/rajasthan-through-the-ages-set-of-4-vol/Rajasthan%20Through%20The%20Ages%20Vol%203%20%20Bakshi%20S.R./ |title=Studies In Indian History Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs Set Of 4 Vols. by R.K. Gupta |date=2008 |pages=138–139}}</ref> He also requested [[David Ochterlony]], the British resident in [[Rajputana]], to reach [[Jaipur]] immediately or at least send his deputy to personally verify his contention and recognize Mohan's succession, but the resident declined.<ref name=":3" /> After some time, it was announced that [[Jagat Singh of Amber|Jagat Singh]]'s widow, Bhatianiji, was pregnant.<ref name=":3" /> To legitimize Mohan's claim, the Nazir attempted to arrange a marriage between Mohan and the granddaughter of the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Meanwhile, Mohan Ram Nazir kept urging [[David Ochterlony]] to visit [[Jaipur]], assuring him that he was prepared to face punishment if he had acted unjustly or dishonorably.<ref name=":3" /> [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] arrived in [[Jaipur]] on 9 April 1819.<ref name=":3" /> When [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] arrived in [[Jaipur]], negotiations for the marriage were underway.<ref name=":3" /> [[David Ochterlony|Ochterlony]] informed [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]'s agent, Ajit Singh, that if a son was born to Bhatianiji, Mohan would lose his claim to the throne.<ref name=":3" /> On 25 April 1819, when Bhatianiji gave birth to a son, Mohan Singh was removed from the throne, and the infant was placed on it as [[Jai Singh III]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]

Comedy Premium League

2025-06-15T01:49:06Z

Neeharikareddyiasacademy: new initial stub basic info...

{{Short description|Standup comedy television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Comedy_Premium_League_poster.jpg
| director = Sakshi Khanna
| presenter = Prajakta Koli
| country = India
| language = Hindi and English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = [[Only Much Louder]]
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|08|20|df=y}}
}}

'''''Comedy Premium League''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[Netflix]] "reality-meets-stand-up-meets-variety show" series<ref name="Express">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Ektaa |date=21 August 2021 |title=Comedy Premium League review: The closest India will get to a Saturday Night Live |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/comedy-premium-league-review-the-closest-india-will-get-to-a-saturday-night-live-7463321/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> produced by OML Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|first=Lata|last=Jha|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-announces-new-comedy-series-comedy-premium-league-11628403516515.html|title=Netflix announces new comedy series 'Comedy Premium League'|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=2021-08-08|language=en|access-date=2022-11-27}}</ref> and directed by Sakshi Khanna,<ref name="GlamSham">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=Comedy Premium League: The Fun Is In The Extempore Banter |url=https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-review/comedy-premium-league-the-fun-is-in-the-extempore-banter-ppians-rating |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=GlamSham |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Prajakta Koli]] hosts sixteen Indian comics who compete in four different teams.<ref name=Express/><ref name="Quint">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2021-08-25 |title=Comedy Premium League Review: Sparse Jokes Don't Make Up for the Puzzling Format |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/comedy-premium-league-netflix-review-tanmay-bhat-mallika-dua-rahul-subramaniam-kenny-sebastian |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> Four 45-minute episodes were available on Netflix on 20 August 2021,<ref name="GlamSham" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Netflix drops trailer of Comedy Premium League premiering on August 20 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/netflix-drops-trailer-comedy-premium-league-premiering-august-20/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> while the final two episodes streamed on 27 August 2021.<ref name="Second">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=Netflix's Comedy Premium League Brings Together India's Best Comics And Here's A Short Review |url=https://thesecondangle.com/netflixs-comedy-premium-league/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Second Angle |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Teams ==
The sixteen comedians were split into four teams with a captain for each team. According to Rohan Joshi, each team in balanced so that it had an actor, a writer and someone who could sing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |date=2021-08-20 |title=India's top comic talents come together for Comedy Premium League |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/indias-top-comic-talents-come-together-for-comedy-premium-league/cid/1827225 |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

The teams compete in various formats, including standup, "In Slide" (sketch comedy), "Tu Tu Main Main" (debate), presentation, and [[Roast (comedy)|roasts]].<ref name="GlamSham" /><ref name="Cinema">{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2021-08-20 |title=Netflix's Comedy Premium League Review: Short on laughs |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2021/aug/20/netflixs-comedy-premium-league-review-short-on-laughs-26174.html |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Shot during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], they are voted on by a masked-up, socially distanced audience with the results put on a scoreboard,<ref name="GlamSham" /><ref name="Cinema" /> with points for performance and participation points if they stayed on time.<ref name="GlamSham" /><ref name="Second" /> The final episode featured a special appearance by filmmaker [[Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tanmay Bhat, Rohan Joshi, Mallika Dua, Sumukhi Suresh among others roast each other in Netflix's Comedy Premium League |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-tanmay-bhat-rohan-joshi-mallika-dua-sumukhi-suresh-among-others-roast-netflixs-comedy-premium-league/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Naazuk Nevles ===
* [[Mallika Dua]] (captain)
* [[Rahul Dua]]
* [[Urooj Ashfaq]]
* [[Rahul Subramanian]]

=== Lovable Langoors ===
* [[Amit Tandon (comedian)|Amit Tandon]] (captain)
* Aadar Malik
* [[Samay Raina]]
* [[Rytasha Rathod]]

=== IDGAF Iguanas ===
* [[Sumukhi Suresh]] (captain)
* [[Tanmay Bhat]]
* [[Rohan Joshi]]
* Sumaira Shaikh

=== Gharelu Gilaharis ===
* [[Kenny Sebastian]] (captain)
* [[Aakash Gupta]]
* [[Prashasti Singh]]
* [[Kaneez Surka]]

== Reception ==
The show had moderate to positive reviews. ''GlamSham'' gave a largely positive review, reflecting on the "honesty" of host Koli calling them "India's 16 biggest comics – at least those who were available" and saying that the best thing is that the series "lets the comics explore a wide range, from team work to solo performances."<ref name="GlamSham" /> ''The Second Angle'' called the first four episodes "a decent way to spend your time," finding the scoring complicated and the audience result nonsensical, but said the series ultimately had just moments of laughter "relevant only when the audience is aware of the niche that these comedians work in."<ref name="Second" />

Ektaa Malia of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the first four episodes 3 stars, calling the series "the closest [Indians] will get to having our very own ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''."<ref name="Express" /> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated it 2.5/5.0, finding the format problematic, saying it "cages the performers," and noted that "the interactions (especially the banter) between the comics off-stage is sometimes funnier than the performances."<ref name="Quint" /> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 2/5, calling the timing and jokes "all too precise," but ultimately critical that there were no big laughs.<ref name="Cinema" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.netflix.com/title/81324386 Comedy Premium League]'' on [[Netflix]]
* {{IMDb title|14167428}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]