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Mangaldai Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T18:24:39Z

Ndizzy4glo: started initial details w/ refs!

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangaldai
| type = SLA
| map_image = Mangaldai Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 50
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Mangaldai Assembly constituency''' (formerly known as '''Mangaldoi''') is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Mangaldai forms part of the [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Purandar Sarma
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dandi Ram Dutta]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Md. Matlibuddin
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Anwara Taimur|Syeda Anwara Taimur]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Anil Das]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|Kartik Sarkar
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Nilamoni Das
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Nakul Chandra Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Hiren Kumar Das]]
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Basanta Das]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Rana Goswami|Hiren Kumar Das]]
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Basanta Das]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Gurujyoti Das]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Basanta Das]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Nilima Devi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangaldai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nilima Devi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rijumoni Talukdar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Harekrishna Deka|votes=|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Azizur Rahman|votes=|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Ajit Acharjya|votes=|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangaldoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gurujyoti Das]]
|votes = 73,423
|percentage = 41.31
|change = +31.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Basanta Das
|votes = 51,378
|percentage = 28.90
|change = -16.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Hiren Kumar Das]]
|votes = 48,417
|percentage = 27.24
|change = -1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jitendra Sarkar
|votes = 953
|percentage = 0.53
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Bhupen Chandra Das
|votes = 874
|percentage = 0.49
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arjun Chandra Das
|votes = 841
|percentage = 0.47
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagadish Chandra Sarkar
|votes = 466
|percentage = 0.26
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,384
|percentage = 0.77
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,045
|percentage = 12.41
|change = -4.04
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,77,736
|percentage = 88.84
|change = +10.56
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangaldoi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Basanta Das
|votes = 65,440
|percentage = 45.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Mahendra Das
|votes = 41,717
|percentage = 28.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Hiren Kumar Das]]
|votes = 21,215
|percentage = 14.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nripendra Mohan Das]]
|votes = 13,460
|percentage = 9.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Surama Das
|votes = 2,447
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,723
|percentage = 16.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,279
|percentage = 78.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Darrang district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T11:40:50Z

Ndizzy4glo: starting new info...

{{About||disambiguation|Jamalpur (disambiguation){{!}}Jamalpur|the constituency in Bihar|Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency }}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jamalpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jamalpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jamalpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| constituency_no = 262
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Alok Kumar Majhi]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 187,502
}}

'''Jamalpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 262 Jamalpur (SC) assembly constituency covers [[Jamalpur (community development block)|Jamalpur]] community development block and Mugura gram panchayat of [[Raina I (community development block)|Raina I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Jamalpur assembly segment was earlier part of [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. As per orders of Delimitation Commission it is part of No. 38 [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mrityunjoy Pramanik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Puranjoy Pramanik
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Basudeb Malik
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Kalipada Das
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Puranjoy Pramanik
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Sunil Santra
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="4"|Samar Hazra
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Ujjal Pramanik
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Samar Hazra
|{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Alok Kumar Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamalpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Bhootnath Mallick|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arun Halder|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Samar Hazra]]|party=Marxist Forward Bloc|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajib Saha|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gaurhari Patra|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Atasi Pakrey|party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raj Kumar Malik|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Biswajit Bag|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Jamalpur<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/jamalpur-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Jamalpur Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Alok Kumar Majhi|votes=96,999|percentage=46.93|change={{increase}}3.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Balaram Bapari|votes=79,028|percentage=38.23|change={{increase}}30.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Marxist Forward Bloc|candidate=[[Samar Hazra]]|votes=23,298|percentage= 11.27|change={{decrease}}33.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate=Gaurhari Patra |votes=2,024|percentage=0.98|change={{decrease}}0.01}}
{{Election box candidate||party= BMUP||candidate=Kartick Khetrapal|votes=1,291|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation||candidate=Tarun Kanti Majhi |votes=1,185|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,865|percentage=1.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 206,690|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Samar Hazra, originally belonging to the [[Marxist Forward Bloc|MFB]] party, fought in this election with the symbol of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]].

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Jamalpur<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/jamalpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Jamalpur| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Samar Hazra]]
|votes = 85,491
|percentage = 44.53
|change = -2.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ujjal Pramanik
|votes = 84,068
|percentage = 43.79
|change = -4.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pallab Kumar Roy
|votes = 15,094
|percentage = 7.86
|change = +6.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,616
|percentage = 1.36
|change = +1.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bankim Santra
|votes = 1,902
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,91,986
|percentage = 88.60
|change = -3.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Samar Hazra, originally belonging to the [[Marxist Forward Bloc|MFB]] party, fought and won in this election on [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] ticket.

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Jamalpur<ref name="Jamalpur">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25262.htm |title = Jamalpur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=empowering2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=262|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Jamalpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-10| url-status = usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223524/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=262|archive-date=May 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Jamalpur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ujjal Pramanik
|votes = 84,434
|percentage = 48.73
|change = +15.38#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marxist Forward Bloc
|candidate = [[Samar Hazra]]
|votes = 81,891
|percentage = 47.27
|change = -16.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subrata Mallick
|votes = 3,102
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People's Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Rabindranath Bag
|votes = 1,721
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Pratap Malik
|votes = 1,149
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suranjan Halder
|votes = 958
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 173,255
|percentage = 92.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Marxist Forward Bloc
|swing = +31.72#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996 and 1991, [[Samar Hazra]], [[Marxist Forward Bloc]] won the Jamalpur (SC) assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals, Shankar Chandra Mallick of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Ajay Pramanik of Trinamool Congress, Baidyanath Das of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Ajay Pramnik of Congress, in the respective years. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 1987, 1982 and 1977, Sunil Santra, MFB, defeated Puranjoy Pramanik of Congress/ ICS.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp274.htm| title = 274 – Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1962-1972===
Puranjoy Pramanik of Congress won the seat in 1972. Kalipada Das of MFB won the seat in 1971. Basudeb Pramanik of Bangla Congress won the seat in 1969. Puranjoy Pramanik of Congress won the seat in 1967. Mrityunjoy Pramanik of Congress won the seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Prior to that the seat did not exist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2010-08-29 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Christ Silva

2026-04-27T16:58:17Z

Ndizzy4glo: added a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}

'''Christ Sunjo Silva''' (born 5 October 1993) is an Indian filmmaker working in [[Konkani language]] cinema. He is known for directing films such as ''[[Connection (film)|Connection]]'' (2017) and ''Crazy Mogi'' (2023).

==Early life and education==
Silva was born in [[Margao]], [[Goa]]. He trained as a mechanical engineer before entering filmmaking. He is the son of [[tiatr]]ist [[John D' Silva]].<ref name=toi>{{cite news |last1=Azavedo |first1=Gary |title=Christ Silva's back in 'Action' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/christ-silvas-back-in-action/articleshow/53531551.cms |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=4 August 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Silva began his filmmaking career with the telefilm Limits (2013), followed by Action (2016), a Konkani feature film.<ref name=toi />

He later wrote and directed Connection, a Konkani-language thriller film employing a non-linear narrative structure with multiple character perspectives.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naik |first1=Sachi |title=Connection – a film for the Konkani thriller buffs |url=https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/PDF/2017/11/15/15112017-md-ga-17.pdf |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=Navhind Times}}</ref> The film received attention in Goan media and was screened across the state following its release.<ref name=herald>{{cite news |title=Celebrating the best in Goan Cinema – 9 May 2018 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/celebrating-the-best-in-goan-cinema/45543/ |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=Herald Cafe |date=9 May 2018}}</ref>

Silva's subsequent film ''Crazy Mogi'' (2023) was selected for screening in the Goan section of the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goes |first1=Katia |title=IFFI 2023: Red carpet rolled out for Goan films |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/iffi-2023-red-carpet-rolled-out-for-goan-films |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |date=25 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It was later screened for Konkani-speaking audiences in locations including Kuwait and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Award-winning Konkani film 'Crazy Mogi' premieres in Kuwait |last1=Fernandes |first1=John |url=https://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/award-winning-konkani-film-crazy-mogi-premieres-in-kuwait/ |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=arabtimes |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Konkani film 'Crazy Mogi' to be screened in Qatar on Dec 12 |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-inshorts/konkani-film-crazy-mogi-to-be-screened-in-qatar-on-dec-12/139718.html |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

Silva also wrote and edited the third season of Goa's popular Konkani web series 'The Malkiryads'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Konkani web series ‘The Malkiryads’ makes it to the big screen – 15 September 2022 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/konkani-web-series-the-malkiryads-makes-it-to-the-big-screen/133263/ |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=Herald Cafe |date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

==Awards==
Connection received multiple awards at the Goa State Film Festival, including awards in categories such as story and editing.<ref name=herald />

==Filmography==
* Limits (2013) - director
* Action (2016) - director
* Connection (2017) - director, writer
* ''Crazy Mogi'' (2023) - director, writer

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Silva, Christ}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Goa]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Dasarna kingdom

2026-04-21T15:31:22Z

Ndizzy4glo: added a data

{{Short description|Kingdom of Central India}}
[[Image:EpicIndia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A map of the ancient Indian kingdoms.]]

The '''Dasarna kingdom''' was one of the many kingdoms ruled by [[chandravanshi ]] kings in ancient central and western India. It lay to the south of the Chedi and Panchala kingdoms, in northern [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The [[Panchala]] prince [[Sikhandi]] married a princess from Dasarna. Sikhandi was alleged to be 'one of the neuter-gender'. This led to a dispute between the Dasarna king and the Panchala king [[Drupada]].

There was another Dasarna kingdom in the western regions along with the Sivis, Trigartas, Western-Malavas and Amvasthas. (2,31), in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province of Pakistan.

== See also ==
[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

Other kingdoms in this group include:
*[[Heheya kingdom|Heheya]] ([[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley)
*[[Surasena kingdom|Surasena]] ([[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] district [[Uttar Pradesh]])
*[[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]] ([[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]])
*[[Karusha kingdom|Karusha]] (in [[Madhya Pradesh]])
*[[Kunti kingdom|Kunti]] (in [[Madhya Pradesh]])
*[[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] (around [[Ujjain]])
*[[Malava kingdom|Malava]] (Eastern [[Rajasthan]]) (migrated from Western Malava)
*[[Gurjara kingdom|Gurjara]] (Southern [[Rajasthan]])
*[[Anarta kingdom|Anarta]] (Northern [[Gujarat]])
*[[Saurashtra kingdom|Saurashtra]] (Southern [[Gujarat]])
*[[Dwaraka kingdom|Dwaraka]] (Offshore [[Gujarat]])
*[[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidarbha]] (North East [[Maharashtra]])

== References ==
{{no footnotes|date=June 2016}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
*Mahabharata of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

==External links==

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasarna Kingdom}}
[[Category:Ancient Indian geography|*]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Yadava kingdoms]]

M. Kunjikannan

2026-04-20T01:28:30Z

Ndizzy4glo: started first entry initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M Kunhikannan Master
| birth_name = Mavilodan Kunhikannan
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|6|30|1926|7|09}}
| death_place = Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| office = Journalist, Gandhian, Educational and Social activist
| constituency =
| party =
| spouse = Kundancheri Narayani<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.wyganews.com/news/kerala/13653-m-kunjikannan-master-passes-away-
|title = M Kunjikannan Master passes away
|publisher = Wyganews
}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| children =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Mavilodan Kunhikannan''' (25 July 1926 – 30 June 2010), popularly known as '''Kunhikannan Mash''' or '''Kunhikannan Master''', was a journalist, [[Gandhian]], and educational and social activist among tribals in [[Wayanad district]] of Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news.php?id=94137
|title = M Kunjikannan Master passes away
|publisher = Mathrubhumi
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100702042909/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news.php?id=94137
|archivedate = 2 July 2010
}}</ref> He wrote for the Malayalam language newspaper ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' starting in 1970. He also worked as reporter for ''Thozhilali'', a newspaper published in [[Thrissur]], Kerala. He was president of Kalpetta Girijan Co-Operative Society, and was a member of the Kerala Tribal Board, the State Orphanage Control Board and the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073334/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=110321]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunjikannan, M.}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian activist journalists]]

Murbad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:03Z

Ndizzy4glo: started initial pg initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Murbad
| map_image = 139-Murbad.svg
| map_caption = Kisan Kathore, present MLA of Murbad
| mla = [[Kisan Kathore]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwandi]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 139
| electors = 470,124
}}
'''Murbad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Thane district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Murbad taluka]], parts of [[Kalyan taluka]] viz. revenue circles of Titwala,
Nadgaon, parts of [[Ambernath taluka]] viz. revenue circles Badlapur,
Goregaon, [[Kulgaon-Badlapur Municipal Council]], parts of Ambernath revenue circle viz. Manjarli and Kharwai Saja.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}</ref>

==List of Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="5"| Shantaram Gholap
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2"| Gotiram Pawar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Digambar Vishe
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2"| Gotiram Pawar
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Kisan Kathore]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kisan Kathore|Kisan Shankar Kathore]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 175,509 |percentage = 55.73% |change={{decrease}}21.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Gotiram Pawar |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 123,117 |percentage = 39.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sangeeta Mohan Chendvankar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,894 |percentage = 2.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,952 |percentage = 1.25% |change={{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Shantaram Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,510 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shailesh Kesarinath Wadnere |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,252 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 52,392 |percentage = 16.64% |change= {{decrease}}43.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 318,862 |percentage = 67.83% |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 314,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 470,124|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}21.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kisan Kathore|Kisan Shankar Kathore]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 174,068 |percentage = 76.99% |change={{increase}}38.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Vinayak Hindurao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 38,028 |percentage = 16.82% |change={{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Pandharinath Khambekar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,504 |percentage = 3.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 6,783 |percentage = 3.00% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Ratna Kishor Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,003 |percentage = 0.89% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pradeep Govind Rokade |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 136,040 |percentage = 60.17% |change= {{increase}}48.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 232,922 |percentage = 58.53% |change= {{decrease}}5.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 226,078}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 397,940|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}38.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kisan Kathore|Kisan Shankar Kathore]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,543 |percentage = 38.53% |change={{increase}}24.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gotiram Padu Pawar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 59,313 |percentage = 26.72% |change={{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waman Barku Mhatre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 53,496 |percentage = 24.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Capt. Ashish Anand Damle |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,705 |percentage = 4.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Rajesh Anant Gholap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 3,401 |percentage = 1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,394 |percentage = 1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thorat Shamrao Bhaga |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,781 |percentage = 0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Baban Jamdhare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,630 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,230 |percentage = 11.82% |change= {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 225,470 |percentage = 63.33% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 221,995}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 356,038|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}7.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kisan Kathore|Kisan Shankar Kathore]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 55,830 |percentage = 31.27% |change={{decrease}}13.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Gotiram Padu |party=Independent politician |votes = 49,288 |percentage = 27.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waman Barku Mhatre |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 37,080 |percentage = 20.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Narayan Vishe |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,258 |percentage = 14.15% |change={{decrease}}18.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajratna Ashok Ambedkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,666 |percentage = 2.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shoba Shudhodhan Ingale |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,837 |percentage = 1.03% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pisekar Vishnu Pandurang |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,336 |percentage = 0.75% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,542 |percentage = 3.66% |change= {{decrease}}8.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,100 |percentage = 61.54% |change= {{decrease}}12.06 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,523}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 291,042|ref = |change= {{increase}}49.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gotiram Padu Pawar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 63,763 |percentage = 44.48% |change={{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salvi Rajaram Rama |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,698 |percentage = 32.58% |change={{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Narayan Vishe |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,782 |percentage = 14.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingle Shobha Shuddhodhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,371 |percentage = 3.05% |change={{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Ramakant Narayanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,782 |percentage = 1.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhir Raut |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,110 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Telam Dashrath Nama |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,944 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,065 |percentage = 11.90% |change= {{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,414 |percentage = 73.43% |change= {{increase}}15.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,354}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,301|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gotiram Padu Pawar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 48,786 |percentage = 47.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Narayan Vishe |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,035 |percentage = 30.43% |change={{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gholap Shantram Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,979 |percentage = 20.57% |change={{decrease}}22.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,751 |percentage = 17.41% |change= {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,291 |percentage = 62.31% |change= {{decrease}}14.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,983}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,401|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vishe Digambar Narayan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,941 |percentage = 49.75% |change={{increase}}7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gotiram Padu Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,471 |percentage = 43.44% |change={{decrease}}9.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhange Ramesh Narayan Vishe |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,383 |percentage = 3.70% |change={{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingle Shobha Shuddhodhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,406 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadau Shirjan Ramkuber |party=Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,378 |percentage = 1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapu Yashwant Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 904 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,470 |percentage = 6.30% |change= {{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,074 |percentage = 74.81% |change= {{increase}}6.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,483}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,185|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gotiram Padu Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,083 |percentage = 53.06% |change={{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambar Narayan Vishe |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,700 |percentage = 42.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhange Ramesh Narayan Vishe |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,888 |percentage = 2.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Madhav Baburah |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,403 |percentage = 1.49% |change={{decrease}}16.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Lahuji Chandane |party=Independent politician |votes = 743 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,383 |percentage = 11.00% |change= {{decrease}}13.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,655 |percentage = 67.65% |change= {{increase}}7.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,383}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,875|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gotiram Padu Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,440 |percentage = 51.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gholap Raghunath Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,352 |percentage = 26.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Farde Damodar Lahu |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,116 |percentage = 17.72% |change={{decrease}}19.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ughade Dattu Kondu |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,386 |percentage = 2.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Bhuraram |party=Independent politician |votes = 622 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,088 |percentage = 24.99% |change= {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,686 |percentage = 59.62% |change= {{increase}}1.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,376}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,880|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}9.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Gopal Gholap |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,422 |percentage = 61.48% |change={{increase}}60.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnarao Dhulap |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,011 |percentage = 37.15% |change={{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Bhausaheb Balasaheb |party=Independent politician |votes = 449 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pal Devnarayan Shivsharan |party=Independent politician |votes = 361 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,411 |percentage = 24.33% |change= {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,924 |percentage = 58.96% |change= {{decrease}}12.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,243}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,335|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Gopal Gholap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,242 |percentage = 61.45% |change={{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pharde Damodar Lahu |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 24,792 |percentage = 36.07% |change={{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ughade Dattu Kondu |party=Independent politician |votes = 972 |percentage = 1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jhammanlal Saini |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 731 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,450 |percentage = 25.39% |change= {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,315 |percentage = 72.84% |change= {{increase}}13.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,737}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,908|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Gopal Gholap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,791 |percentage = 60.61% |change={{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdev Kashinath Aher |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,285 |percentage = 34.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khanderaw Narayan Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,487 |percentage = 4.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrikrishna Shankar Dighe |party=Independent politician |votes = 488 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,506 |percentage = 26.26% |change= {{increase}}12.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,599 |percentage = 59.51% |change= {{increase}}4.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,051}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,507|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Gopal Gholap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,001 |percentage = 47.06% |change={{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. B. Yadao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 14,972 |percentage = 33.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulshiram Shivram Dhotre |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,072 |percentage = 11.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. M. Dhako |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,585 |percentage = 8.03% |change={{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,029 |percentage = 13.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,148 |percentage = 58.67% |change= {{increase}}3.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,630}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,480|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Gopal Gholap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,855 |percentage = 43.74% |change={{increase}}19.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukund Kanu Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,705 |percentage = 27.48% |change={{decrease}}48.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulshiram Shivram Dhotre |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,454 |percentage = 14.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harishchandra Gopal Shelar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,886 |percentage = 9.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam Vinayak Jage |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,481 |percentage = 4.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,150 |percentage = 16.26% |change= {{decrease}}35.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,189 |percentage = 53.73% |change= {{decrease}}0.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,675}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,494|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}31.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Murbad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Thakare Shantaram Balkrishna |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,874 |percentage = 75.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shelar Harishchandra Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,339 |percentage = 24.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,535 |percentage = 51.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,213 |percentage = 48.95% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,213}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,726|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.261|73.390|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Banga Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:56Z

Ndizzy4glo: New initial entry w/ refs

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Banga
| map_image = 46-Banga.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Nawan Shahr district|Nawan Shahr]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 46
| mla = [[Sukhwinder Kumar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:165283 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Banga''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1997
|Mohan Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|2002
|Tarlochan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2007
|Mohan Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|2012
|Tarlochan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2017
|rowspan=2| [[Sukhwinder Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2022
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Banga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sukhwinder Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37338}}
|percentage = 32.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tarlochan Singh Soondh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:32269}}
|percentage = 27.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Kuljit Singh Sarhal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:32020}}
|percentage = 27.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kumar Mahal Khurd
|votes = {{formatnum:5840}}
|percentage = 5.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mohan Lal Behram
|votes = {{formatnum:3974}}
|percentage = 3.45
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Makhan Singh Taharpuri
|votes = {{formatnum:1097}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1004}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:5069}}
|percentage = 4.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:165283}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Banga<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sukhwinder Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:45256}}
|percentage = 36.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Harjot
|votes = {{formatnum:43363}}
|percentage = 35.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Satnam Singh Kainth]]
|votes = {{formatnum:13408}}
|percentage = 10.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajinder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:11874}}
|percentage = 9.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tarlochan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6294}}
|percentage = 5.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Paul Ram
|votes = 986
|percentage = 0.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Sarabjit Singh
|votes = 594
|percentage = 0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 758
|percentage = 0.62
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:159003}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }} {{Election box end}}

===Previous results===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||46||Tarlochan Singh||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||42023||Mohan Singh||SAD||38808
|-
|2007||36||Mohan Lal||SAD||36581||Tarlochan Singh||INC||33856
|-
|2002|| 37||Tarlochan Singh||INC||27574||Mohan Lal||[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]||23919
|-
|1997||37||Mohan Lal||SAD||27757||Satnam Singh Kainth||BSP||27148
|-
|1992||37||Satnam Singh Kainth||BSP||14272||Doger Ram||INC||12042
|-
|1985||37||Balwant Singh||SAD||22813||Jagat Ram||INC||20797
|-
|1980||37||[[Jagat Ram Soondh]]||INC (I)||24853||Bhagat Ram||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]||19550
|-
|1977||37||Harbans Singh||CPM||23695||[[Jagat Ram Soondh]]||INC||22083
|-
|1972||59||[[Jagat Ram Soondh]]||INC||21248||Balwant Singh Sarhal||IND||13676
|-
|1969||59||[[Jagat Ram Soondh]]||INC||20901||Nasib Chand||CPM||13500
|-
|1967||59||H. Ram||ADS||16368||Jagat Ram||INC||15293
|-
|1962||98||Dilbagh Singh||INC||27936||Haguranad Singh||AD||10424
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.18|75.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in East Punjab]]

Bhojipura Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:22Z

Ndizzy4glo: New some post with sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhojipura
| constituency_no = 120
| map_image = 120-Bhojipura.svg
| mla = [[Shazil Islam Ansari]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 289,427 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Bhojipura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bareilly district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 120.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhojipura.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bhojipura Assembly constituency is KC Shergarh, Devraniya NP & Shergarh NP of Baheri Tehsil; KCs Bhojipura, Rithora, CB Ganj, Rithora NP, Dhaura Tanda NP & Pipalsana Chaudhdhari (CT) of Bareilly Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

'''Popular Village-''' Jadounpur is a village which was established in 1873 AD by two families, one of the Bajajas (Kade Ansari) and the other of the Chaudhdharis (unknown).
Bajaj means one who sells clothes, and Chaudhdhari is interested in politics.
Both these families are Ansari by caste and Muslims by religion. It is very popular for its growing marketing and business.
According to historians of the 19th century, it was clearly observed that there were some inter-caste groups of Kurmi clans known as Jadon (Kurmi), who are similar to [[Gangwar (surname)|Gangwar]] and intermarry. These were the initial settlers in this village.
|Popular businesses|- textile;sarees, enterprises:almirah,electricals.
Nargis cloth house is the oldest and most famous cloth store whereas Shahji electricals are popular for electricals and almirahs.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bhojipura Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhojipura.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Babu Ram
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harish Kumar Gangawar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bhanu Pratap Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|[[Harish Kumar Gangawar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Hamid Raza Khan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bhanu Pratap Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Narendra Pal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Kunwar Subhash Patel
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Harish Kumar Gangawar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Bahoran Lal Maurya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Virendra Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Virendra Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shazil Islam Ansari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Ittehad-e-Millat Council}}" |
|[[Ittehad-e-Millat Council]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Bahoran Lal Maurya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Shazil Islam Ansari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhojipura<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shahzil Islam Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:119402}}
|percentage = 45.88
|change = {{increase}}15.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bahoran Lal Maurya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:109993}}
|percentage = 42.26
|change = {{increase}}0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Yogesh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:26909}}
|percentage = 10.34
|change = {{decrease}}10.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1373}}
|percentage = 0.53
|change = {{decrease}}0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9409}}
|percentage = 3.62
|change = {{decrease}}8.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:260250}}
|percentage = 68.83
|change = {{increase}}0.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bhojipura<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bahoran Lal Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:100381}}
|percentage = 42.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shazil Islam Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:72617}}
|percentage = 30.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suleman Beg
|votes = {{formatnum:49882}}
|percentage = 20.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ittehad-E-Millait Council
|candidate = Sher Ali Zafri
|votes = {{formatnum:6494}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1763}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27764}}
|percentage = 11.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:238631}}
|percentage = 68.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Bhojipura}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ittehad-e-Millat Council
|candidate = [[Shazil Islam Ansari]]
|votes = 65,531
|percentage = 32.55
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Virendra Singh Gangwar
|votes = 47,583
|percentage = 23.63
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bahoran Lal Maurya
|votes = 34,281
|percentage = 17.03
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 16 candidates
|votes = 53,932
|percentage = 26.78
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,948
|percentage = 8.91
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 201,327
|percentage = 69.56
|change = –
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Ittehad-e-Millat Council
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Bahoran Lal Maurya]] - Former MLA & Minister & Current MLC
* Yogesh Patel - Block Pramukh: After not getting ticket from BJP, he resigned and joined BSP

==See also==
*[[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bareilly district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
[[Category:Politics of Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Boudh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:28Z

Ndizzy4glo: added data

{{short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Boudh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Boudh
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 86
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Boudh district|Boudh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Saroj Kumar Pradhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,66,544{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Boudh''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Boudh district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225160413/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=86|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Boudh (86) District : Boudh|accessdate= 22 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[Boudh]], 11 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Telibandha, Khuntabandha, Mursundhi, Badhigam, Mundapada, Baghiapada, Brahmanipali, Ambajhari, Tikarapada, Padmanapur and Laxmiprasad) of Boudh block and Harbhanga block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp105.htm|title= 105 - Boudh Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.36}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.83}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.61}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.60}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.73}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|33.91}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|40.40}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|51.01}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.31}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.35}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|60.85}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 16 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Boudh constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Boudh Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/boudh.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Boudh Assembly Election Results 2024: Boudh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/boudh-constituency-result-18086 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Saroj Kumar Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Boudh Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Boudh Constituency (Seat)">{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=Boudh Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Boudh Constituency (Seat) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/boudh-election-result-s18a086/ |accessdate=11 July 2022 |date=2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711162202/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/boudh-election-result-s18a086/ |archivedate=11 July 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="5" |[[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |Satchidananda Dalal
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Sujit Kumar Padhi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Himansu Sekhar Padhi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |Natabara Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Himansu Sekhar Padhi
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Anirudha Dipa
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''1956-1960: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
||[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Himansu Sekhar Padhi
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20th May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Saroj Kumar Pradhan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Amat]] by a margin of 2,765 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Boudh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Saroj Kumar Pradhan]]
|votes = 62,494
|percentage = 46.36
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|votes = 59,729
|percentage = 44.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naba Kumar Mishra
|votes = 9,468
|percentage = 7.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,181
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,765
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,34,799
|percentage = 80.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Amat]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Susanta Kumar Pradhan by a margin of 10,448 votes.<ref name="Boudh Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Boudh Constituency (Seat)" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Boudh<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|votes = 61,536
|percentage = 49.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Susanta Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 51,088
|percentage = 41.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Abakash Sahoo
|votes = 7,119
|percentage = 5.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 908
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,448
|percentage = 8.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,23,498
|percentage = 77.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Amat]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Susanta Kumar Pradhan by a margin of 11,148 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Boudh<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Boudh|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1886.htm?ac=86|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|votes = 54,618
|percentage = 48.61
|change = {{down}}1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Susanta Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 43,470
|percentage = 38.69
|change = {{up}}22.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surya Narayan Mahapatra
|votes = 8,597
|percentage = 7.65
|change = {{up}}2.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 946
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,148
|percentage = 9.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,349
|percentage = 80.53
|change = {{up}}7.34
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,39,518
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Amat]] defeated [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] candidate Susanta Kumar Pradhan by a margin of 28,207 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=28207 |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Boudh<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
|votes = 49,439
|percentage = 50.60
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate minor party|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Susanta Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 21,232
|percentage = 21.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Panigrahi
|votes = 15,895
|percentage = 16.27
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Santanu Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 4,666
|percentage = 4.78
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,207
|percentage = 28.87{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 97,768
|percentage = 73.19
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Boudh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|20.84|84.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Boudh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

R. C. Cooper

2026-03-30T06:16:51Z

Ndizzy4glo: added new stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician and chartered accountant}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
'''Rustom Cavasjee Cooper''' (18 August 1922 – 18 June 2013) was an Indian politician and chartered accountant.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Livelaw News Network |date=2013-06-21 |title=R C Cooper, Petitioner in Bank Nationalization case passes away |url=https://www.livelaw.in/r-c-cooper-petitioner-in-bank-nationalization-case-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> He served as treasurer and general-secretary of [[Swatantra Party]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Dr Rustom C. Cooper |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/dr-rustom-c-cooper-ng6wsnkjs0w |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> Between 1963 – 1964, he also served as president of [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ICAI - The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India |url=https://www.icai.org/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=ICAI |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
R. C. Cooper got his early education from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] and University School of Economics in [[Bombay]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Later, he received his [[PhD]] from [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=":5" />

On 19 December 1954, Cooper married Zarin Mehta. They both had two daughters.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/menofachievement0000unse_j2s8 |title=Men of achievement |location=Cambridge, Eng. |publisher= Melrose Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-948875-75-5 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Satyajit |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176016 |title=Indian Who's Who 1980-81 |year=1981 |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* 1960-65 – Member, Research Programmes Committee in [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Sham |url=http://archive.org/details/cftri.0143timesofindiadire0000sham |title=The Times Of India Directory And Yearbook |date=1973 |publisher=The Times Of India Press, Bombai |others=Servants of Knowledge |pages=749 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1960-71 – Senior Partner, ''Touche, Ross, Bailey & Smart.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kay |first=Ernest |url=http://archive.org/details/menofachievement0000unse_j2s8 |title=Men of achievement |location=Cambridge, Eng. |publisher= Melrose Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-948875-75-5 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1963-64 – President, [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
* 1964-65 – Member, Central Direct Taxes Advising Committee.<ref name=":4" />
* 1964-66 – chairman, [[Bennett, Coleman]].<ref name=":4" />
* 1966 – Vice Chairman, [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Nanporia |first=N. J. |url=http://archive.org/details/cftri.timesofindiadire0000njna |title=The Times of India Directory & Yearbook |publisher=The Times of India Press |others=Servants of Knowledge |year=1967 |pages=970 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1967 – President, [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]].<ref name=":4" />

== ''Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union of India'' ==
On 19 July 1969, Acting President [[V. V. Giri]] gave assent to the ordinance prepared by [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government to nationalize fourteen banks, which held the deposits of more than fifty crores rupees. On 20 July 1969, Cooper who was one of the shareholders in [[Central Bank of India]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Union Bank of India]] and [[Bank of India]] filed petition in [[Supreme Court of India]] challenging the ordinance and claiming violation of their rights under ''Article 14, Article 19'' and ''Article 31'' of [[Indian Constitution]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Granville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ |title=Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0195648889 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=10 February 1970 |title=Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union Of India |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/513801/ |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kidwai |first=Rasheed |date=23 July 2019 |title=The Singaporean who took Indira Gandhi to court |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-singaporean-who-took-indira-gandhi-to-court-53298/ |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kidwai |first=Rasheed |date=2019-07-24 |title=When a Singaporean critic of Marxist socialism took Indira Gandhi to court |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/when-a-singaporean-critic-of-marxist-socialism-took-indira-gandhi-to-court/267244/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 21 July 1969, [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government brought ''Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings)'' ''Act'' on the floor of [[Parliament of India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nagpal |first=Abhinav Kumar & Chetan |date=2020-06-17 |title=50 Years to Bank Nationalisation Case: Rustom Cavasjee Cooper v. Union of India |url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/50-years-to-bank-nationalisation-case:-rustom-cavasjee-cooper-v.-union-of-india-(1970)-1-scc-248-158474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617132526/https://www.livelaw.in/columns/50-years-to-bank-nationalisation-case:-rustom-cavasjee-cooper-v.-union-of-india-(1970)-1-scc-248-158474 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 1969 |title=Ordinances under Provisions of Articles 123(2) (a) of the Constitution |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/853153 |website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref> On 22 July 1969, an eight-judge bench of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] gave interim order restraining the government to remove banks chairmen and giving the direction to the banks under ''Banking Companies Act 1968,'' despite [[Attorney-General for India|Attorney-General]] [[Niren De]]'s argument that nationalization is a policy decision and not subject to court scrutiny''.''<ref name=":0" /> On 4 August 1969, [[Parliament of India]] passed ''Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings)'' ''Act'' ''1969.''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 1969 |title=Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/852943 |website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref>

On 10 February 1970, eleven-judge bench of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] with a majority judgement of ten to one struck down the Act. ''Section 15(2)(e)'' of the Act was held unreasonable by the bench which prohibited these banks from carrying on banking business. But the court ruled that the said Act is not violative of ''Article 19(1)(f)'' as the State has the right to carry absolute monopoly, giving reference to ''Akadasi Padhan vs State Of Orissa'' judgement of 1962.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Granville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ |title=Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0195648889 |pages=216–217 |language=en}}</ref> Justice [[A. N. Ray]] was the lone dissenter in this eleven-judge bench. He held that the compensation fixed by legislature cannot be questioned in court.<ref name=":02" />

In this case, Justice [[Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah]] presided over the bench. [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] recused himself from the case as he gave the assent to the Act as an Acting President.<ref name=":02" /> R. C. Cooper was represented by lawyers [[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]], [[M. C. Chagla]], J. B. Dadachanji, etc. Government side was represented by [[Attorney-General for India|Attorney-General]] [[Niren De]], [[Solicitor General of India|Solicitor General]] Jagdish Swarup, [[M. C. Setalvad]], [[C. K. Daphtary]], etc. Intervenor for the government included [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]], [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], etc.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-03 |title=Take it to the bank |url=https://punemirror.com/news/india/take-it-to-the-bank/cid5105357.htm |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Parsi descent]]

Mrinalini Sharma

2026-03-27T00:23:40Z

Ndizzy4glo: slightly refined article for consistency

{{short description|Indian model and Bollywood actress (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mrinalini Sharma
| image = Mrinalini Sharma at Kallista Spa opening (12).jpg
| caption = Mrinalini Sharma at the Kallista Spa opening
| birth_date = 27 September<ref name="DOB"/>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actress, [[Model (person)|model]]
| other names =
}}

'''Mrinalini Sharma''' (born 27 September) is an Indian model and [[Bollywood]] actress.<ref name="DOB">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-life-in-brief-Mrinalini-Sharma/articleshow/5391281.cms|title=My life in brief: Mrinalini Sharma|website=The Times of India|date=29 December 2009|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235431/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-life-in-brief-Mrinalini-Sharma/articleshow/5391281.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sharma hails from New Delhi. Mrinalini did her schooling in [[Carmel Convent School]], [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi]]. Thereafter she did her graduation from [[Jesus and Mary College]], Delhi (University of Delhi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-getting-to-know-mrinalini-sharma-1005560|title=Getting To Know... Mrinalini Sharma|website=Daily News and Analysis|date=4 January 2006|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430004211/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-getting-to-know-mrinalini-sharma-1005560|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma started her career as a model in Delhi and soon shifted to Mumbai. She has been cast in many commercial advertisements and began her career in [[Bollywood]] with an item number in [[Prakash Jha]]'s movie ''[[Apaharan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beyond items!|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/31/stories/2007123150230500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2011-06-01|date=31 December 2007|archive-date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607062615/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/31/stories/2007123150230500.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Her acting career took off with three films with [[Mahesh Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhatts-sign-mrinalini-sharma-for-a-3-film-deal/|title=Bhatts sign Mrinalini Sharma for a 3 film deal|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 March 2016|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> The first one was ''[[Awarapan]]'' in which she got to share the screen space with [[Emraan Hashmi]]. The movie also starred actress [[Shriya Saran]]. The other movie was choreographer Raju Khan's directorial debut ''[[Showbiz (2007 film)|Showbiz]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/new-bollywood-film-takes-a-dig-at-indian-media/218362/|title=New Bollywood film takes a dig at Indian media|website=The Financial Express|date=19 September 2007|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col"| Director(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Apaharan]]'' || {{---}} || [[Prakash Jha]] || [[Item number|Special appearance]] in the song "Aaiye, aao ji babu" || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/31item.htm|title=Meet Prakash Jha's girl newcomer Mrinalini Sharma|website=Rediff.com|date=7 November 2005|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107123509/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/31item.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''Beyond Purgatory'' || Sister || Peter Ausburn || English Short film||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Awarapan]]'' || Reema || [[Mohit Suri]] || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-hindi-news-31458|title=Mrinalini is Emraan's 'Maahiya'|website=IndiaGlitz|date=30 May 2007|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Showbiz (2007 film)|Showbiz]]'' || Shikha Verma || Raju Khan || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mrinalini-learns-the-showbiz-rules-1108921|title=Mrinalini learns the 'Showbiz' rules|website=Daily News and Analysis|date=8 July 2007|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''Hide N Seek'' || Jyotika Jhalani || Shawn Arranha || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20091214-model-act-741430-2009-12-03|title=Mrinalini Sharma is out to thrill. The model-turned-actor will soon be seen in Hide N Seek|website=India Today|date=3 December 2009|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Soundtrack (film)|Soundtrack]]'' || Shonali || Neerav Ghosh || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-model-mrinalini-sharma-on-her-soundtrack-role-more-1586215|title=Model Mrinalini Sharma on her 'Soundtrack'|website=Daily News and Analysis|date=12 September 2011|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Jodi Breakers]]'' || Irra || Ashwini Chaudhary || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/jodi-breakers-r-madhavan-bipasha-basu-dipanita-sharma-93615-2012-02-20|title=Meet the foodies and fitness freaks of Jodi Breakers!|website=India Today|date=20 February 2012|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[3G (2013 film)|3G]]'' || Chaima/Jasmine || [[Sheershak Anand]] Shantanu Ray Chhibber || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mrinalini-sharma-plays-the-ghost-in-3g/204481|title=Mrinalini Sharma Plays The Ghost In '3G'|website=Mid Day|date=16 March 2013|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012061805/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mrinalini-sharma-plays-the-ghost-in-3g/204481|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Ishqeria]]'' || Radhika || Prerna Wadhawan || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ishqeria-an-out-dated-and-poorly-written-love-story-ians-review-rating-118092100036_1.html|title='Ishqeria': An out-dated and poorly written love story|website=Business Standard|date=21 September 2018|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920233308/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ishqeria-an-out-dated-and-poorly-written-love-story-ians-review-rating-118092100036_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Jacob'' || || || ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2636433}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|mrinalini-sharma}}
* {{Facebook|MrinaliniSharmaOfficial}}
* {{Twitter|mrinalinisharm}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Mrinalini}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Indubala Bhaater Hotel

2026-03-23T15:43:39Z

Ndizzy4glo: starting a post

{{Short description|2023 Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Indubala Bhaater Hotel poster.jpeg
| caption = Release poster
| based_on = ''Indubala Bhaater Hotel'' by Kallol Lahiri<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Kallol Lahiri : 'ইন্দুবালা'র পোস্টারে নাম নেই কল্লোল লাহিড়ীর, বিতর্কে মুখ খুললেন পরিচালক দেবালয় |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/director-debaloy-bhattacharya-opens-up-about-not-using-name-of-kallol-lahiri-on-indubala-bhater-hotel-poster_444483.html |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=22 September 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
| creator = Kallol Lahiri
| writer = [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]] Tisha Nandy
| director = [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]]
| starring = [[Subhashree Ganguly]] Sneha Chatterjee
| screenplay = Debaloy Bhattacharya Tisha Nandy
| composer = Amit Chatterjee
| country = India
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| list_episodes =
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 8 
| language = Bengali
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|08|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Indubala Bhaater Hotel''''' is a 2023 [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] web series available on the streaming platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Indubala Bhaater Hotel teaser: Subhashree Ganguly as an elderly woman looking back at her past |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/indubala-bhaater-hotel-teaser-subhashree-ganguly-as-an-elderly-woman-looking-back-at-her-past/cid/1913054 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=30 January 2023}}</ref> Directed by [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]], the series is based on an eponymous Bengali novel by Kallol Lahiri, which revolves around the life and struggles of Indubala, the protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indubala Bhater Hotel |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/85152141 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref> Her somber life, punctuated with fleeting hopes of happiness, exemplifies a human's yearning to return to one's roots, only to be shackled by the heaviness of responsibilities and the vagaries of [[geopolitics]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maitra Chakraborty |first1=Barnini |title=With ‘Indubala Bhater Hotel’, Kallol Lahiri provides food for thought |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/kallol-lahiris-book-indubala-bhater-hotel-is-a-unique-tale-of-two-banglas/cid/1841862 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |title=Eating Through Memory: Culinary Heritage, ‘Indubala Bhaater Hotel’ And Perseverance Of Refugee Women |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2023/09/26/eating-through-memory-culinary-heritage-indubala-bhaater-hotel-and-perseverance-of-refugee-women/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=Feminism in India |date=26 September 2023}}</ref>

With music by Amit Chatterjee, the series marks the web series debut of [[Subhashree Ganguly]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhashree Ganguly’s debut OTT project 'Indubala Bhater Hotel' to stream soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/subhashree-gangulys-debut-ott-project-indubala-bhater-hotel-to-stream-soon/articleshow/96049509.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 December 2022}}</ref> While the editing was done by Sanglap Bhowmik, the cinematography was handled by Ramyadip Saha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=মাথায় পাকা চুল, চোখে চশমা, ‘ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল’ সিরিজের টিজারে শুভশ্রীকে চেনাই দায়! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/here-is-the-teaser-of-indubala-bhaater-hotel/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=29 January 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Parijat Chaudhuri, Sneha Chatterjee, Debapratim Dasgupta and Angana Roy play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=‘ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল’ সিরিজের শেষভাগেও তুরুপের তাস শুভশ্রী, পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/review-of-indubala-bhaater-hotels-last-4-episodes/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=27 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title=দেশভাগ, বিপ্লব আর ইন্দুর রান্নাঘর, ‘ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল’ সিরিজে চমক শুভশ্রীর, দেখুন ট্রেলার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/subhashree-gangulys-indubala-bhaater-hotel-trailer-out/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=21 February 2023}}</ref> The series was released to generally positive reviews from the critics as well as the audience, who particularly praised Subhashree's acting, the seasoned direction which well adapted the novel and the nostalgia evoking music.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Shuvodip |title=Indubala Bhaater Hotel: The smell of soil and a journey |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/lifestyle/entertainment/indubala-bhaater-hotel-the-smell-of-soil-and-a-journey |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]] |date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Anirban Bhattacharya’s directional debut project Mandaar to Subhashree Ganguly's Indubala Bhater Hotel: Bengali web series you can binge-watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anirban-bhattacharyas-directional-debut-project-mandaar-to-subhashree-gangulys-indubala-bhater-hotel-bengali-web-series-you-can-binge-watch/photostory/103305655.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=2 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Indubala Bhater Hotel Review: স্মৃতির যুদ্ধে ইন্দুবালা, বাল্যপ্রেমে মিশে গেল নকশী কাঁথার মাঠ, ফিরল মুক্তিযুদ্ধ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/indubala-bhater-hotel-review-part-2-it-is-a-tale-of-love-story-and-war-with-memory-31679997134359.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202122654/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/indubala-bhater-hotel-review-part-2-it-is-a-tale-of-love-story-and-war-with-memory-31679997134359.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series explores the trials and tribulations of Indubala, born in a village of [[East Pakistan]] who marries an urban man from [[Kolkata]] (in [[West Bengal]]) and leaves her ancestral village. She has to adjust to the new way of life in the city. She becomes a widow at an early age and brings up her two sons singlehandedly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=8 new Bengali web series from ZEE5 and Hoichoi in 2023 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/8-new-bengali-web-series-from-zee5-and-hoichoi-in-2023/cid/1908188 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=6 January 2023}}</ref>

With guidance from a few well-wishers, Indubala–an experienced cook–starts a home-based small restaurant mainly catering to local workers and commuters. Gradually her restaurant becomes popular thanks to word of mouth, and much later due to shares in social media from its aficionados. With the earnings from the restaurant, her life slowly stabilizes. Her children grow up and settle into their lives.

Throughout all these years, Indubala reminisces about her childhood in the village of East Bengal and yearns to return there one day, but can not because of her familial responsibilities and also because the village belongs to another country [[Bangladesh]] (stemming from the 1947 [[partition of India]] and 1971 [[independence of Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anindita |title='Just live your life!' Indubala Bhater Hotel actress Subhashree Ganguly's message for fans on Women's Day |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/indubala-bhater-hotel-actress-subhashree-ganguly-message-for-fans-on-womens-day-2343772-2023-03-08 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 March 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Source:<ref name="wall">{{cite news |title='ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল' খুললেন বৃদ্ধা শুভশ্রী! স্মৃতি ও শিল্পের মিলমিশে গুলিয়ে যায় পর্দা ও বাস্তব |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-is-acting-in-indubala-bhater-hotel/tid/96992 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=The Wall |date=6 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
*[[Subhashree Ganguly]] as Indubala Mallick<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazra |first1=Utsha |title=আমি এ বার ‘কবীর সিংহ’-এর মতো রগরগে প্রেমের গল্পে অভিনয় করতে চাই: শুভশ্রী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-subhashree-ganguly-about-her-upcoming-web-series-indubala-bhater-hotel-dgtl/cid/1411096 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=2 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
**Parijat Chaudhuri as young Indubala<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazra |first1=Utsha |title=বলতে দ্বিধা নেই, বাবা ইন্ডাস্ট্রির সঙ্গে যুক্ত ছিল বলেই আমার টলিউড যাত্রা মসৃণ হয়েছে: পারিজাত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-indubala-bhater-hotel-fame-actress-parijat-chaudhuri-dgtl/cid/1439980 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=24 June 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
*Sneha Chatterjee as Lachhmi
*Debapratim Dasgupta as Dhananjay alias Dhana
*Angana Roy as Sanchari, an amateur vlogger turned Indubala's adopted granddaughter<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marik |first1=Priyam |title=Angana Roy is Subhashree Ganguly’s ‘confidante’ in Hoichoi series Indubala Bhaater Hotel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/angana-roy-is-subhashree-gangulys-confidante-in-hoichoi-series-indubala-bhaater-hotel/cid/1921292 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
*[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Pradip, Indubala's younger son
*Pratik Dutta as Ratanlal Mallick, Indubala's husband
*Suhotro Mukhopadhyay as Alok, a [[Naxalite]]

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Pakhider Smriti
|DirectedBy = [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]]
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Ami Eka Chini.
|DirectedBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Shunyo E Bukey
|DirectedBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Dehotori Dilam Chaari
|DirectedBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|8}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Dhiki Dhiki Tarar Dafan
|DirectedBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Kothay Tomay Pai
|DirectedBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Majhi Baiya Jao Re
|DirectedBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Pawrajito Ek Bahini
|DirectedBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya
|WrittenBy = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Tisha Nandy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|24}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement and development ===
The series was announced by director [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]] on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=নতুন শুরু, রান্নাবান্নায় ঝোঁক! এবার ভাতের হোটেল চালাবেন শুভশ্রী |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-to-debut-in-ott-platform-with-indubala-bhater-hotel-series-461273/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=24 June 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> Debaloy Bhattacharya and the author of the eponymous novel, Kallol were friends. Kallol used to send him chapters from his book to read and Bhattacharya became inspired from there. He got drawn to it and started to create a suitable screen adaptation, which was completed at the end of three years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Debaloy Bhattacharya on Indubala Bhaater Hotel: Subhashree Ganguly doesn’t show off, but her performance speaks |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/debaloy-bhattacharya-on-indubala-bhaater-hotel-subhashree-ganguly-doesnt-show-off-but-her-performance-speaks/9d5abc0a57304 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| quote = When The announcement took place, some people asked if it was the right decision from my end. I see it as a natural progression. These days, we all watch fascinating works on OTT almost every day. As a creative individual, I was eager to work in OTT. I was getting offers. I told myself that I would do an OTT project as soon as I get a good character. Having said that, I did not say yes to this project to influence others. The main reason I said yes to Indubala was because of the character. I would say yes to this character even if it was a film or something else.
| author = [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
| source = during an interview with ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]''<ref name="production">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Subhashree Ganguly on Indubala Bhaater Hotel: I surely want our OTT industry to grow along with our film industry |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/subhashree-ganguly-on-indubala-bhaater-hotel-i-surely-want-our-ott-industry-to-grow-along-with-our-film-industry-exclusive/b190082a48104 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=10 March 2023}}</ref>}}

In an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', Subhashree Ganguly spoke about how she trained herself to fit into the shoes of the character and maintain a wise appearance, since she is someone who has seen and passed through all the hurdles of life. She read the script for around 100 times and used to read it at any time of the day before the filming had begun.<ref name="Indiatoday">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anindita |title=Subhashree Ganguly reveals if playing a 75-YO in Indubala Bhaater Hotel puts her in bracket |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/subhashree-ganguly-plays-75-year-old-in-indubala-bhaater-hotel-puts-her-in-bracket-exclusive-2346666-2023-03-14 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='কেউ যেন ছাপিয়ে না যায় পর্দার ইন্দুবালাকে', ডেবিউ ওয়েব সিরিজ নিয়ে মুখ খুললেন শুভশ্রী |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/subhashree-ganguly-talks-about-her-debut-web-series-indubala-bhater-hotel-in-an-interview-brd/photoshow-86e68d0?photo=1 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=11 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Pre production ===
Subhashree Ganguly took mock drills from [[Sohini Sengupta]] for 15-20 days to expertise in the role of 75 year old Indubala.<ref name="wall"></ref> Director Debaloy Bhattacharya approached Amit Chatterjee in 2022 to compose the music of the series. Chatterjee accepted the offer and made the songs of the series through a span of eleven to twelve months. To suit the series, he incorporated folk sounds with nostalgic music rhythms and various [[ragas]]. Debaloy Bhattacharya has penned the lyrics of the seven original compositions in the series along with other lyricists in a few songs. Chatterjee revealed that for many songs including "Dhiki Dhiki", he made composition around the lyrics written by Bhattacharya instead of the usual vice versa process.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Indubala Bhater Hotel: ‘ইন্দুবালা’র গান প্রথমে প্রযোজকদের পছন্দ হয়নি, বলেই দিয়েছিল চলবে না: অমিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-music-director-amit-chatterjee-about-indubala-bhater-hotel-s-song-and-music-31681120173341.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417210553/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-music-director-amit-chatterjee-about-indubala-bhater-hotel-s-song-and-music-31681120173341.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 April 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The principal filming took place in late 2022 and was done at an old ''dalan bari'' in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |title=এমন রূপে কখনও দেখেছেন শুভশ্রীকে? চমক লাগবেই |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/tollywood-actress-subhashree-ganguly-shares-her-look-from-indubala-bhater-hotel-see-in-pics-940351 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=7 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Prosenjit and Kaushik Ganguly in Kaberi Antardhan, Subhashree in Indubala Bhater Hotel, Riddhi pairing up with Ujan, Monami’s airport fashion, Sandipta’s Germany click, Dev’s jacket fashion and more: Tollywood update |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prosenjit-and-kaushik-ganguly-in-kaberi-antardhan-subhashree-in-indubala-bhater-hotel-riddhi-pairing-up-with-ujan-monamis-airport-fashion-sandiptas-germany-click-devs-j/cid/1902509 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=7 December 2022}}</ref> Filming took place throughout August 2022 till 9 September 2022. After a short break of 11 days, the next schedule started from 20 September and lasted till mid-October.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Subhashree Ganguly on Boudi Canteen: Mainstream, commercial cinema gave me fame and made me the actor I am today |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-subhashree-ganguly-on-boudi-canteen-mainstream-commercial-cinema-gave-me-fame-and-made-me-the-actor-i-am-today/5a3b86b212550 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

Parijat Chaudhuri played role of young Indubala. Shooting started three weeks after her look test. To adapt to her role, she adopted a Bangal accent, quickly learned cooking various puli pithas from her grandmother, and learned doing various household chores akin a rural Bengali girl. In an interview, she mentioned how she had first time experiences of climbing large trees and catching chingri maach with her aanchal in a village pond.<ref>{{cite news |title='দু'মিনিটে গাছে চড়া শিখেছি, পুকুরে চিংড়ি ধরেছি!' পারিজাতই যেন বইয়ের পাতার সেই ইন্দুবালা |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-parijat-chaudhuri-actress-of-indubala-bhater-hotel/tid/97508 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=The Wall |date=2 August 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

The filming of the scenes in which the elderly look of Subhashree Ganguly was portrayed was filmed for 20 days. In an interview, Subhashree Ganguly revealed that doing the make-up and taking it off while shooting for the senile Indubala scenes often took longer time than the filming scenes itself. It used to take three to three and a half hours to put on the prosthetic make-up and more than one hour to take it off.<ref name="Indiatoday"></ref> While removing make-up, the deposited sweat used to gush out like water. The heavy make up also caused a lot of breathing issues since it was summertime.<ref name="production"></ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=শুভশ্রী থেকে ইন্দুবালা হয়ে ওঠার সফর, রূপটানের অজানা গল্প শোনালেন সোমনাথ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/subhasree-ganguly-actress-subhasree-ganguly-and-makeup-artist-somnath-kundu-talks-about-the-make-up-story-for-indubala-bhater-hotel-957161 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=17 February 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Post production ===
The music composer Amit Chatterjee mentioned in an interview that during the post production phase, when the songs were first sent to the producers, they were instantly rejected. They opined that kind of songs would not work for the series. But Chatterjee and the director Debaloy Bhattacharya were adamant on their decision. After the album came out, the songs were praised for the nostalgic touch and rural essence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Indubala Bhater Hotel: ‘ইন্দুবালা’র গান প্রথমে প্রযোজকদের পছন্দ হয়নি, বলেই দিয়েছিল চলবে না: অমিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-music-director-amit-chatterjee-about-indubala-bhater-hotel-s-song-and-music-31681120173341.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417210553/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-music-director-amit-chatterjee-about-indubala-bhater-hotel-s-song-and-music-31681120173341.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 April 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
On 20 September 2022, the announcement poster of the series was released.<ref>{{cite news |title=বৃদ্ধার বেশে চমক শুভশ্রীর, 'ইন্দুবালা'র হাত ধরে 'ঘরে' ফিরলেন ১১ বছর পর |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-shares-first-look-of-her-new-web-series-indubala-bhater-hotel/tid/86747 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=The Wall |date=21 September 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Indrani |title=পরনে সাদা শাড়ি ও শরীরে বার্ধক্যের ছাপ, শুভশ্রীকে এভাবে দেখে থ নেটপাড়া! লুকিয়ে কোন কারণ ? |url=https://eisamay.com/lifestyle/fashion/bengali-actress-subhashree-ganguly-shares-her-indubala-bhater-hotel-on-screen-look/96081525.cms?botrequest=true |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=8 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> On 21 September 2022, the makers unveiled the poster of Subhashree Ganguly as the elderly Indubala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indubala Bhater Hotel New Poster: 'সে আসছে', ইন্দুবালার ছবি শেয়ার করে লিখলেন শুভশ্রী |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/subhashree-ganguly-new-project-indubala-bhater-hotel-poster-out/wb20221207100409232232531 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=7 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Subhashree Ganguly to make her OTT debut with ‘Indubala Bhater Hotel’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/subhashree-ganguly-to-make-her-ott-debut-with-indubala-bhater-hotel/articleshow/94343746.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=21 September 2022}}</ref> The teaser of the series was dropped on 29 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Teaser drop: Subhashree keeps you hooked as Indubala |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/teaser-of-subhashree-ganguly-starrer-and-kallol-lahiri-written-indubala-bhater-hotel-on-hoichoi/cid/1913607 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=2 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indubala Bhater Hotel teaser: গ্ল্যামারস শুভশ্রী এখন ৭৫ বছরের বৃদ্ধা, সামনে এল 'ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল'-র টিজার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/indubala-bhater-hotel-teaser-out-subhasree-ganguly-debut-on-ott-platform-of-this-series-sum-504604-2023-01-29 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=29 January 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> The trailer was unveiled on 20 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Roshni |title=ইতিহাসের পাতা থেকে উঠে এল ইন্দুবালার গল্প, টানটান ট্রেলারে মন কাড়লেন শুভশ্রী |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/devalaya-bhattacharya-directed-indubala-bhatar-hotel-web-series-trailer-released-957980 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=14 February 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Indubala Bhaater Hotel
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Amit Chatterjee
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2023|04|30|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 54:36
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|HIPdhVXAmz0|Indubala Bhaater Hotel - Full Album}}
}}}}

The music of the web series has been composed by Amit Chatterjee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Subhashree Ganguly- Iman Chakraborty: 'পাখিদের স্মৃতি'তে মিলেমিশে যায় অতীত ও বর্তমান, বৃষ্টিতে মেশে ইন্দুবালার কান্না |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-starrer-indubala-bhater-hotel-first-song-pakhider-smriti-sung-by-imon-chakraborty-31678000550993.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313013957/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-starrer-indubala-bhater-hotel-first-song-pakhider-smriti-sung-by-imon-chakraborty-31678000550993.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Out of the ten songs in the album of the series, seven are Chatterjee's original compositions. The remaining three are popular regional folk songs whose original creators are unknown.<ref>{{cite news |title=ইন্ডাস্ট্রিতে সিনিয়র সুরকাররা নতুনদের সাফল্য চান না, হুমকির অভিযোগ ইন্দুবালার সুরকারের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/hoichoi-web-series-indubala-bhater-hotel-music-director-amit-chatterjee-is-getting-constant-threat-calls-dgtl/cid/1414544 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=15 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title=‘বাংলা সিনেমায় কাজ করলে মি টু অভিযোগ দেওয়া হবে’ হুমকি ফোন ‘ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেলে’র সুরকারকে! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/indubala-bhater-hotels-music-director-facebook-post-goes-viral/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=15 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pakhider Smriti (orchestral Version)
| lyrics1 = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Atul Prosad
| length1 = 4:36
| extra1 = [[Iman Chakraborty]]
| title2 = Pakhider Smriti
| lyrics2 = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Atul Prosad
| length2 = 4:03
| extra2 = Ikkshita Mukherjee
| title3 = Dhiki Dhiki
| lyrics3 = Debaloy Bhattacharya, Ritam Sen
| length3 = 3:38
| extra3 = Ikkshita Mukherjee
| title4 = Dehotori
| lyrics4 = Debaloy Bhattacharya
| length4 = 5:47
| extra4 = Chakropani Dev
| title5 = Ami Eka Chini
| lyrics5 = Debaloy Bhattacharya
| length5 = 6:16
| extra5 = Jayati Chakraborty
| title6 = Shunyo E Buke
| length6 = 4:29
| extra6 =
| title7 = Kakhana Haribe Dukho Mor + Majhi Baiya Jao Re
| length7 = 5:01
| extra7 =
| title8 = Kothay Tomay Pai
| length8 = 5:23
| extra8 =
| title9 = Tore Chinono Na Jay
| length9 = 5:59
| extra9 =
| title10 = Dana Kata Pori
| lyrics10 = Debaloy Bhattacharya
| length10 = 9:58
| extra10 = [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| total_length = 54:36
}}

== Reception ==
The series was appraised and well received by the audience, who applauded Subhashree Ganguly's acting skills while portraying the senile Indubala, the use of food as a tool to evoke memories and nostalgia and the nostalgic sounding music which added an aesthetic touch to the well done, close shots amplified cinematography.<ref name="TOI"></ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Team ‘Indubala Bhater Hotel’ enjoys a success party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/team-indubala-bhater-hotel-enjoys-a-success-party/articleshow/99162908.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=1 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and termed it as "A heartwarming tale of love, sacrifice, and nurture, and a good watch." She added "Subhashree Ganguly fits herself into this role with a great deal of grace and aplomb. The music invokes an aura of nostalgic melancholia. What perhaps jars sometimes is the continual repetition of certain dialogues and the extended eating scenes."<ref>{{cite web | title=Indubala Bhaater Hotel Season 1 Review: Of melancholia and the mundane | website=The Times of India | date=9 March 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/indubala-bhaater-hotel/season-1/seasonreview/98517709.cms | access-date=27 April 2023}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote "Indubala Bhaater Hotel is a deeply emotional drama that essentially deserves to be seen at a stretch to leave a mark. Subhashree is the backbone of the narration and she is outstanding when she plays her age. The pace falters here and there due to overt melancholy and sentiments and this discontinuity is irksome."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Indubala Bhaater Hotel review: Subhashree Ganguly’s drama needs more episodes to leave a mark |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/indubala-bhaater-hotel-episode-1-4-review-subhashree-gangulys-drama-needs-more-episodes-to-leave-a-mark/558ca089bf839 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=9 March 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the series and highlighted "With food as the connecting thread, Indubala Bhaater Hotel weaves a tale of nostalgia and a sense of loss that runs deep within the protagonist even decades after being separated from her homeland." He particularly praised Subhashree's acting, the nostalgic music, crisp editing and cinematography.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Subhashree Ganguly shines in Hoichoi’s Indubala Bhaater Hotel as a refugee homemaker who starts a business |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-shines-in-hoichois-indubala-bhaater-hotel-as-a-refugee-homemaker-who-starts-a-business/cid/1925937 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 March 2023}}</ref> Archi Sengupta of ''Leisurebyte'' reviewed the series and opined "Indubala Bhaater Hotel is a heartbreaking and heartwarming story about a woman’s struggles and her empathy towards those around her – and it hits all the right notes. Not just the story – Subhashree Ganguly encompasses her role beautifully."<ref>{{cite web | title=Indubala Bhaater Hotel Part 1 Review: A Heartbreaking Tale of Food and Memories | website=Leisurebyte | date=8 March 2023 | url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/indubala-bhaater-hotel-review-subhashree-ganguly/ | access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

Suparna Majumder of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "Debaloy Bhattachrya's Indubala Bhaater Hotel will touch the heart of all those Bengalis who still have ''pakhider reeti neeti'' deep inside their heart." She praised Subhashree Ganguly's portrayal of Indubala, particularly in her octogenarian phase as well as the [[make-up artist]] Somnath Kundu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=Indubala Bhaater Hotel Review: পাওনা শুভশ্রীর অভিনয়, মানুষ আর সময়ের গল্প বলে ‘ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল’ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/subhashree-ganguly-starrer-indubala-bhaater-hotel-web-series-review/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=10 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Ranita Goswami of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed the series and highlighted "Director Debaloy Bhattacharya successfully captivates the audience with the nostalgia marred in this series, which is aptly supported by Subhashree's seasoned acting and dialogue delivery." She also praised the cinematography, dialogues and the nostalgia evoking music.<ref>{{cite web | last=Goswami | first=Ranita | title=পাখির জীবন ছেড়ে খাঁচাবন্দি, চোখের জলে ভেজে ইন্দুবালার স্মৃতিপট | website=Hindustantimes Bangla | date=12 March 2023 | url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/indubala-bhater-hotel-review-subhasree-ganguly-starrer-debaloy-bhattacharya-s-web-series-is-a-emotional-rollercoaster-31678610385988.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329223041/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/indubala-bhater-hotel-review-subhasree-ganguly-starrer-debaloy-bhattacharya-s-web-series-is-a-emotional-rollercoaster-31678610385988.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 March 2023 | language=bn | access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!{{Refh}}
|-
|2024
|NEXA Streaming Academy Awards
|Best Actor (Critics)- Series (Female) (Regional)
|[[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the NEXA Streaming Academy Awards 2024 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/winners-of-the-nexa-streaming-academy-awards-2024-1812017 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=24 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Kolkata Debi Awards
|Picture of Versatility - Actor
|[[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title=Devi awards: Saluting 13 dynamic women for their excellence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2024/Aug/18/kolkata-devi-awards-saluting-13-dynamic-women-for-their-excellence |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024
|rowspan="5"|TV9 Bangla Ghorer Bioscope Awards
|Best Actress - Web Series
|[[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|{{win}}
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV9 বাংলা ঘরের বায়োস্কোপ অ্যাওয়ার্ড 2023 |url=https://tv9bangla.com/ghorer-bioscope/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TV9 Bangla Ghorer Bioscope Awards celebrates 50 Years of DD Bangla & Feluda |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/tv9-bangla-ghorer-bioscope-awards-celebrates-50-years-of-dd-bangla-feluda-241213 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director - OTT
|[[Debaloy Bhattacharya]]
|{{win}}
|-
|Best Web Series
|Indubala Bhaater Hotel
|{{win}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer - OTT
|Ramyadeep Saha
|{{win}}
|-
|Best Editor - OTT
|Sanglap Bhowmick
|{{win}}
|}

== Sequel ==
Subhashree Ganguly mentioned in an interview that despite the success of the series, there would not be any second part to ''Indubala Bhaater Hotel''. She mentioned "It's a limited edition and bringing a second part just owing to the success of the first part would be an insult to the legacy of the character of Indubala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=With our second baby, my family will be complete: Subhashree Ganguly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/with-our-second-baby-my-family-will-be-complete-subhashree-ganguly/articleshow/101776088.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Veteran singer [[Jayati Chakraborty]] expressed her disappointment after her song was deleted from the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indubala Bhater Hotel Controversy: গোটা গানটাই বাদ, 'ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল' নিয়ে ক্ষুব্ধ জয়তী |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/singer-jayati-chakraborty-express-her-anger-on-indubala-bhater-hotel-makers-for-removing-her-song-without-her-permission-subhasree-ganguly-ott-sum-530597-2023-03-22 |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=22 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> She mentioned that she does not want to lose faith as music is a matter of faith to her. She said, if one loses one's faith, the song's word don't touch the heart, irrespective of whether it's a Tagore song or any other.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=না জানিয়ে বাদ দেওয়া হয়েছে গান, ‘ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল’ নিয়ে ক্ষুব্ধ জয়তী চক্রবর্তী |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jayati-chakraborty-fb-post-about-indubala-bhater-hotel-song/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=22 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> This sparked an online criticism against the makers. Later, the director Debaloy Bhattacharya clarified that the song sung by her has not been removed; it would be released in the next part. Subsequently, her song was released alon with full album of the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indubala Bhaater Hotel: Singer Jayati Chakraborty asks the young generation to keep faith alive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indubala-bhaater-hotel-singer-jayati-chakraborty-asks-the-young-generation-to-keep-faith-alive/f1226449e4246 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=23 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title=‘ইন্দুবালা ভাতের হোটেল’ থেকে বাদ জয়তীর গান! বিতর্ক নিয়ে মুখ খুললেন সুরকার অমিত |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/music-director-amit-chatterjee-on-indubala-bhater-hotel-song-controversy/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=22 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt26542712}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Urdu

2026-03-20T08:34:37Z

Ndizzy4glo: started a details v1!

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Vishal Khullar || ''Dhund Mein Amaan''|| ||
|-
| 2012 || Ghazanfar Iqbal || ''Mani-E-Mazmoon''|| Essays||
|-
| 2013 || Moid Rasheedi || ''Takhleeq Takheel Aur Isteara'' || Literary Criticism||
|-
| 2014 || Iltefat Amjadi || ''Chikne Paat''|| Poetry ||
|-
| 2015 || Ameer Imam || ''Naqsh-E-Pa Hawaon Ke'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2016 || Abdus Sami || ''Nagri Nagri Phira Musafir Devendra Satyarthi: Shakhsiyat Aur Aasaar'' || Literary Criticism ||
|-
| 2017 || Rasheed Ashraf Khan || ''Maulana Mohammed Husain Azad Aur Unka Shairi Safar'' || Biography ||
|-
| 2018 || Shahnaz Rahman || ''Nairang-E-Junoon'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Salman Abdus Samad || ''Lafzon Ka Lahoo'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2020 || Saquib Faridi || ''Main Apni Baat Ka Mafhoom Dusra Chahun : Bani Ki Shairi ka Motalea'' || Literary Criticism || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Umar Farhat || ''Zameen Zaad'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Maqsood Aafaque || ''Giryah'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2023 || Tauseef Bareilvi || ''Zahan Zaad'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Javed Amber Misbahi || ''Stepney'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Neha Rubab || ''Mazharul Haque: Thareek-e-Azadi-e-Hind: Hind Ka Faramosh Kardah Qaaed'' || Novel ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Urdu]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Urdu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Kumbakonam K. Bhanumathi

2026-03-14T21:01:00Z

Ndizzy4glo: starting new entry...

{{Short description|Indian dancer (1922–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kumbakonam K. Bhanumathi
| birth_name = K. Bhanumathi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1922}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|2006|1922}}
| death_place =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer
| known for =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1973)
}}
'''Kumbakonam K. Bhanumathi''' (1922–2006) was an Indian [[bharathanatyam]] dancer from [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. In 1973, she received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Bharatanatyam.

==Biography==
Kumbakonam K. Bhanumathi was born in 1922 in [[Kumbakonam]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], into a family of traditional dancers.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=Kumbakonam K. Bhanumathi |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K.%20K.%20Bhanumathi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609205907/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K.%20K.%20Bhanumathi.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.sangeetnatak.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> She was born in a [[devadasi]] (traditional temple dancer) family.<ref name="narthaki">{{cite web |title=Information - Snippets - 2023 |url=https://narthaki.com/info/snippets/snippets23.html |website=narthaki.com}}</ref> Bhanumathi received her training in Bharatanatyam from Papanasam Vadivelu Nattuvanar, and under him she had her arangetram (first stage performance) at the age of ten.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Douglas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C&dq=kumbakonam+bhanumathi&pg=PA309 |title=Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life |date=2010-06-15 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6906-6 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> Later she studied under Shanmukha Sundaram Nattuvanar<ref name=":1" /> and [[Mylapore Gowri Ammal]]<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=K. Bhānumathi |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095503570 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref> also.

Bhanumathi died in 2006.<ref name="narthaki"/>

==Career==
In her early years, Bhanumathi danced with her aunt Varalakshmi, and they were known as the 'Varalakshmi Bhanumati Duet'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=V. V. |date=2017-11-02 |title=Documentary on Kumbakonam Bhanumathy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/documentary-on-kumbakonam-bhanumathy/article19967705.ece |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2020-05-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200521162623/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/documentary-on-kumbakonam-bhanumathy/article19967705.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

She danced in many parts of the country, and also in Ceylon for 25 years.<ref name="SNA"/> In 1938, she played the female lead in the Tamil film [[Jalaja (film)|Jalaja]], which was based on Bharatanatyam.<ref name="SNA"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails34.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |last=Film News Anandan |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan |archive-url=https://archive.today/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails34.asp |archive-date=25 June 2020 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In the early 1930s, Bhanumathi was a fierce rival to [[Balasaraswathi]], another noted dancer of her time.<ref name=":1" /> Bhanumathi who studied vocal music from Balasaraswathi's mother, Jayammal, would sing while she danced.<ref name=":1" />

In 1932, [[E. Krishna Iyer]] introduced her to an American woman, who liked her dancing and offered her a two-year contract to perform in the United States.<ref name=":1" />

Kumbakonam Varalakshmi and Bhanumathi are two figures who were part of the transformation of Bharatanatyam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kabilan |first1=Kannalmozhi |title=An unequal art |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/Jul/09/an-unequal-art-2167212.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The transformation of Bharatanatyam, both before and after independence, saw many changes in the attire of the dancers. This was warmly welcomed by Kumbakonam Bhanumathi, and she began wearing the stitched attire designed by dancer [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]. Meanwhile, dancers like Balasaraswathi advocated for traditional attire.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sruthi Magazine |year=1998 |pages=66 }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Bhanumathi has been honoured by various cultural organisations, including the Tamil Nadu Sangeetha Nataka Sangham. In 1973, she received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Bharatanatyam.<ref name="Oxford"/>

==Works on her==
In 1993, Sujatha Vijayaraghavan made a documentary on Bhanumathi, as part of her senior fellowship Padavarnam project.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhanumathi, Kumbhakonam K.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Muhammad Ashraf Bukhari

2026-03-13T05:39:04Z

Ndizzy4glo: basic cleaned up references as per guidelines also and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian senior administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Muhammad Ashraf Bukhari
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| birth_place = Rangwar [[Baramulla]]
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| citizenship = [[India]]
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| alma_mater = [[St. Joseph's School (Baramulla)]]
| occupation = [[Civil Servant]]
| years_active =
| employer = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
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'''Muhammad Ashraf Bukhari''' ({{langx|Ks| مُحمد اشرف بُخاری }}), also known as ''Syed Muhammad Ashraf Bukhari'' (born 20 March 1956) is a former [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] cadre who was last posted as the chairman of the prestigious Board of professional entrance examinationJ&K<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bukhari-is-bopee-chairman-bhat-president-scrc/|title = Bukhari is BoPEE chairman, Bhat president SCRC|date = 9 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/bukhari-to-continue-as-chairman-bopee-for-another-2-years-339676.html |title=Rising Kashmir |website=www.risingkashmir.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320211535/http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/bukhari-to-continue-as-chairman-bopee-for-another-2-years-339676.html |archive-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Ashraf Bukhari has also served as Commissioner/Secretary, Agriculture Production Department [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/governance/cabinet-orders-transfers-of-36-ias-kas-officers/82304.html | title=Cabinet orders transfers of 36 IAS, KAS officers | date=18 May 2015 | newspaper=The Tribune | accessdate=1 June 2018 }}</ref> and is the longest served Commissioner/Secretary to the government GAD for as long as two years.<ref name="BioData">{{cite web| url=http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01JK807003| title=Executive Record Sheet Generator (IAS Officers) – Complete Biodata| publisher=Persmin.nic.in. [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]| accessdate=8 March 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110707/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01JK807003| archive-date=2 April 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>GAD J&K.[http://jkgad.nic.in/leftMenu/Officers_GAD.aspx "Shri Mohammad Ashraf Bukhari, IAS Commissioner/Secretary to Government"],
Srinagar 30 January.</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher=Rising Kashmir | url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/four-ias-officers-promoted-to-super-time-scale | title=Ashraf is Comm-Secy GAD, Sarita gets higher education | date=2 February 2015 | accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=GK1>{{cite web | url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Sep/16/-the-selections-are-always-fair--97.asp | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025083932/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Sep/16/-the-selections-are-always-fair--97.asp | archivedate=25 October 2011 | title=The selections are always fair | first1=Manzoor | last1=Ul-Hassan | first2=DA | last2=Rashid | date=16 September 2011 | publisher=Greater Kashmir | accessdate=1 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=PTI | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/jammusec/j-amp-k-govt-terminates-services-of-ex-bopee-chairman-as-consultant/article1-1154046.aspx | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140831142306/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/jammusec/j-amp-k-govt-terminates-services-of-ex-bopee-chairman-as-consultant/article1-1154046.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 August 2014 | title=J&K govt terminates services of EX-BOPEE chairman as consultant | date=21 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Daily Excelsior | url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/major-reshuffle-in-administration-9-ias-officers-among-18-transferred/ | title=Major reshuffle in administration; 9 IAS officers among 18 transferredShantmanu new Div Com, Bukhari Secy GAD, Mir Secy Law | date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="jkgad.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/gadDynamic/FormerAdmSecretaries.aspx|title = General Administration Department}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Ashraf Bukhari was born on 20 March 1956 in Rangwar area of [[Baramulla]] Town, of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state. He is an alumnus of the [[St. Joseph's School (Baramulla)]]. He is a post graduate and also holds a M.Phil. degree in economics.<ref name="BioData" /><ref name=GK1 /><ref>GAD J&K.[http://jkgad.nic.in/leftMenu/Officers_GAD.aspx "Shri Mohammad Ashraf Bukhari, IAS Secretary to Government"], Jammu 4 March 2014.</ref> He is the son of noted Islamic Scholar of North [[Kashmir]], Maulana Syed Muhammad Yahya Shah Bukhari.<ref>{{cite news | first=Ahmed Ali | last=Fayyaz | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/disgraced-jk-official-arrested-in-mbbs-scam/article5385150.ece | title=Disgraced J&K official arrested in MBBS scam | location=Srinagar | date=24 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=GK |url= http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Feb/4/hundreds-attend-mrs-bukhari-s-fateha-48.asp |title= Hundreds attend Mrs Bukhari's fateha |location= Baramulla |date= 4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Asem |last= Mohiuddin |url= http://www.risingkashmir.com/jk-government-to-review-interlocutors-report-today/ |title= J&K government to review interlocutors report today |date= 25 June 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==

Muhammad Ashraf Bukhari is a former senior [[bureaucrat]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state, who has served at various positions in the state bureaucracy including the prestigious position of Commissioner/Secretary General Administration Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/Bukhari-to-continue-as-chairman-BOPEE-for-another-two-years-32527|title = KNS}}</ref><ref name="jkgad.nic.in"/> Director General, Institute of Management, Public Administration & Rural Development, J&K.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirdispatch.com/headlines/150329513-cabinet-orders-transfers-postings-in-civil-administration.htm|title = Kashmir Dispatch}}</ref> Secretary Jammu and Kashmir public service commission.<ref>Greater Kashmir.[https://archive.today/20140831142250/http://www.one.in/greaterkashmir/gad-secretary-submits-report-to-govt-804746.html "GAD Secretary submits report to Govt"], Srinagar, 30 November 2013.</ref><ref>Agencies.[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir-govt-transfers-10-officers/947718 "Jammu and Kashmir govt transfers 10 officers"], Srinagar, 10 May 2012.</ref> Mohammad Ashraf Bukhari has also served as the Director, Rural development department and Secretary, Animal and Sheep Husbandry department, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and various other departments like Home and forest. He was awarded as the most outstanding performer award by [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] Government in the year 2007.<ref>Oneindia.[https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/07/five-j-and-k-official-given-award-for-outstanding-performance-1183820916.html "Five J and K official given award for outstanding performance "], Published, 7 July 2007.</ref><ref>.Scoop News.[http://scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=28663] "World Veterinary Day observed in J&K", Jammu 27 April 2013.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bukhari, Muhammad Ashraf}}
[[Category:People from Baramulla]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Alamgir Mosque

2026-03-10T21:43:34Z

Ndizzy4glo: improved article

{{Short description|Mosque in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Alamgir Mosque {{small|(Aurangzeb's Mosque)}}
| native_name = आलमगीर मस्जिद
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Alamgir Mosque by the Ganges ghats, Varanasi.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The mosque in 2009
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.31534|83.01781|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Hindu architecture|Hindu]]}}
| founded_by = [[Aurangzeb]]
| year_completed = 1670s
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Many
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two {{small|(since removed)}}
| minaret_height =
| materials =
}}
The '''Alamgir Mosque''', also known as the '''Aurangzeb's Mosque''' ({{langx|hi|आलमगीर मस्जिद}}), is a [[mosque]] in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.{{Sfn|Crowther|Raj|Wheeler|1984|p=}} The site was originally an ancient [[Hindu temple]] known as '''Bindu Madhav Temple''', originally dedicated to [[Vishnu]]. The temple was destroyed in 1673 by [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] who built the mosque on the ruins of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-30 |title=Varanasi Guru {{!}} Book Heritage Walks & Boat Rides In Kashi |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-08 |title=Controversy arises as BJP MLA Neelkanth Tiwari cleans Alamgir mosque in Varanasi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/controversy-arises-as-bjp-mla-cleans-alamgir-mosque-in-varanasi-/articleshow/120092719.cms |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-01 |title=Another plea seeking 'puja' rights at Kashi Madhav temple filed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/amid-gyanvapi-row-plea-for-puja-in-another-kashi-mosque/articleshow/91927483.cms |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The mosque is located at a prominent site above the Panchaganga Ghat. The ghat has broad steps that go down to the [[Ganges]].{{Sfn|Hussain|1999|p=70}}

== Overview ==
Aurangzeb conquered Varanasi in 1669 and constructed a mosque named Alamagir Mosque, in the name of his own honorary title "Alamgir", which he had adopted after becoming the emperor of the Mughal empire.<ref name="TempleRazedMosqueBuilt">{{cite book|author=Davenport Adams, W. H.|year=1888|title=India Pictorial and Descriptive|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.317/page/n120/mode/1up |publisher=T. Nelson and Sons|page=138}}</ref>

The [[minaret]]s could not withstand the test of time and in the 19th century, an English scholar [[James Prinsep]] had to restore them. In 1948 one of the minarets collapsed killing a few people around the time of the floods. Later the government pulled down the other minaret, for security reasons.{{Sfn|Kumar|2003|p=90}}{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=213}}

The mosque is architecturally a blend of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]] architecture.{{Sfn|Kumar|2003|p=90}} The mosque has high domes and minarets.{{Sfn|Shetty|2014|p=73}}{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=213}} Two of its minarets were damaged; one minaret collapsed killing a few people and the other was officially brought down owing to stability concerns.{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=213}} The Panchaganga Ghat where the mosque is situated is where five streams are said to join. In October lamps are lighted on top of a bamboo staff as a mark of guidance to the ancestors.{{Sfn|Shetty|2014|p=73}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Aurangzeb Mosque, Varanasi.JPG|Exterior view
Interior of Alamgir Mosque, Varanasi, India - October 2014.jpg|Interior view
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1= Betts |first1=Vanessa |last2= McCulloch |first2=Victoria |title=India – The North: Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya Dream Trip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-pUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213|date=27 September 2013|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-74-3}}
*{{cite book|last1= Crowther |first1=Geoff | author-link = Geoff Crowther |last2= Raj |first2=Prakash A. |last3= Wheeler |first3=Tony |title=India, a Travel Survival Kit|url=https://archive.org/details/indiatravelsurvi00crow|url-access= registration |year=1984|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-0-908086-54-2 }}
*{{cite book|last1= Dunlop |first1=Fiona |last2= Sykes |first2=Carol |first3=Felicity|last3=Jackson|title=Fodor's Exploring India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnLWgVtbJpoC|year=2001|publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|isbn=978-0-679-00707-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Hussain |first=Ansar |title=Rediscovery of India, The: A New Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C&pg=PA342|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1595-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Kumar |first=Brajesh |title=Pilgrimage Centres of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC&pg=PA90|year=2003|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-185-3}}
*{{cite book|last= Shetty |first=Rekha |title=Innovation Sutra: The Secret of Good Business and a Good Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6JQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|date=1 May 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-696-0}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last= Vit-Suzan |first=Dr Ilan |title=Architectural Heritage Revisited: A Holistic Engagement of its Tangible and Intangible Constituents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKv8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11|date=28 March 2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4724-2064-0}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Varanasi}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1670s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques]]
[[Category:Religion in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi]]

Satyavedu mandal

2026-03-09T13:13:31Z

Ndizzy4glo:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satyavedu mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sullurupeta revenue division|Sullurupeta]]
| subdivision_type4 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name4 = [[Satyavedu]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Satyavedu mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Sullurupeta revenue division]].
==History==
The mandal used to be a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-04 |title=Heavy rain lashes easternmandals of Chittoor dist. |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/heavy-rain-lashes-easternmandals-of-chittoor-dist/article33253567.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{Tirupati district}}

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Nonviolent resistance

2026-03-05T15:20:46Z

Ndizzy4glo: added info

{{short description|Act of protest through nonviolent means}}
{{Dmy|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|Gandhi leading his followers on the famous [[Salt March]] to abolish the [[History of the salt tax in British India|British Salt Laws]]]]
[[File:A female demonstrator offers a flower to military police on guard at the Pentagon during an anti-Vietnam demonstration. Arlington, Virginia, USA.jpg|thumb|A demonstrator offers a flower to military police at a [[National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]]-sponsored protest in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]], [[Virginia]], on October 21, 1967.]]
'''[[Nonviolent revolution|Nonviolent]] resistance''', or '''nonviolent action''', sometimes called [[civil resistance]], is the practice of achieving [[goal]]s such as social change through [[symbol]]ic [[protest]]s, [[civil disobedience]], economic or political noncooperation, [[satyagraha]], [[constructive program]], or other methods, while [[nonviolence|refraining from violence and the threat of violence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Michelle Nicholasen Weatherhead Center |date=2019-02-04 |title=Why nonviolent resistance beats violent force in effecting social, political change |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/02/why-nonviolent-resistance-beats-violent-force-in-effecting-social-political-change/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group.

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] is the most popular figure related to this type of protest; [[United Nations]] celebrates Gandhi's birthday, October 2, as the [[International Day of Non-Violence]]. Other prominent advocates include [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Étienne de La Boétie|Etienne de la Boétie]], [[Charles Stewart Parnell]], [[Te Whiti o Rongomai]], [[Tohu Kākahi]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Alice Paul]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Daniel Berrigan]], [[Philip Berrigan]], [[James Bevel]], [[Václav Havel]], [[Andrei Sakharov]], [[Lech Wałęsa]], [[Gene Sharp]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[José Rizal|Jose Rizal]], and many others. From 1966 to 1999, nonviolent civic resistance played a critical role in fifty of sixty-seven transitions from [[authoritarianism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ackerman|first1=Peter| last2=Duvall|first2=Jack|title=A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict|publisher=Palgrave|date=2001}}</ref>

The "[[Singing Revolution|Singing revolution]]" (1989–1991) in [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]], led to the three [[Baltic countries]]' restoration of independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991.{{Citation needed|reason= Dissolution of USSR in December 1991 did not involve the Baltic States|date=March 2022}} Recently,{{When|date=June 2025}} nonviolent resistance has led to the [[Rose Revolution]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Research shows that nonviolent campaigns diffuse spatially. Information on nonviolent resistance in one country could significantly affect nonviolent activism in other countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gleditsch |first1=Kristian |title=The Diffusion of Nonviolent Campaigns |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |date=2017|volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=1120–1145 |doi=10.1177/0022002715603101 |s2cid=142158335 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=RezaeeDaryakenari |first1=Babak |last2=Asadzadehmamaghani |first2=Peyman |title=Learning about principles or prospects for success? An experimental analysis of information support for nonviolent resistance |journal=Research & Politics |date=2020 |volume=7 |issue=2 |article-number=2053168020931693 |doi=10.1177/2053168020931693 |s2cid=220323282 |doi-access=free |hdl=1887/136463 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Many movements which promote philosophies of [[nonviolence]] or [[pacifism]] have pragmatically adopted the methods of nonviolent action as an effective way to achieve social or [[politics|political]] goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merriman |first=Hardy |date=2023-05-03 |title=The Trifecta of Civil Resistance: Unity, Planning, Discipline |url=https://commonslibrary.org/the-trifecta-of-civil-resistance-unity-planning-discipline/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> They employ nonviolent resistance tactics such as: [[information warfare]], [[Picketing (protest)|picketing]], [[Demonstration (protest)|marches]], [[vigil]]s, leafletting, [[samizdat]], [[magnitizdat]], [[satyagraha]], [[protest art]], [[Protest song|protest music]] and poetry, community education and [[consciousness raising]], [[lobbying]], [[tax resistance]], [[civil disobedience]], [[boycott]]s or [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]], legal/diplomatic wrestling, [[Underground Railroad]]s, principled refusal of awards/honors, and [[general strike]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=International Center on Nonviolent Conflict |last2=Beer |first2=Michael |date=2021-04-16 |title=Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century: Report and Webinar |url=https://commonslibrary.org/civil-resistance-tactics-in-the-21st-century/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Current nonviolent resistance movements include: the [[Jeans Revolution]] in Belarus, the fight of the [[Cuban dissidents]], and internationally the [[Extinction Rebellion]] and [[School Strike for Climate]].

Although nonviolent movements can maintain broader public legitimacy by refraining from violence, some segments of society may perceive protest movements as being more violent than they really are when they disagree with the social goals of the movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hsiao |first1=Yuan |last2=Radnitz |first2=Scott |title=Allies or Agitators? How Partisan Identity Shapes Public Opinion about Violent or Nonviolent Protests |journal=Political Communication |date=18 August 2020 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=479–497 |doi=10.1080/10584609.2020.1793848|s2cid=225354058 }}</ref> Research also shows that the perceived violence of a movement is not only influenced by its tactics but also by the identity of its participants. For example, protests led or dominated by women are generally seen as less violent than those led by men, though this effect depends on whether female protesters conform to or challenge traditional gender norms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naunov |first1=Martin |title=The Effect of Protesters' Gender on Public Reactions to Protests and Protest Repression |journal=American Political Science Review |date=2025 |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=135–151 |doi=10.1017/S0003055424000133}}</ref> A great deal of work has addressed the factors that lead to violent mobilization, but less attention has been paid to understanding why disputes become violent or nonviolent, comparing these two as strategic choices relative to conventional politics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=K. G. |date=2013 |title=Understanding strategic choice: The determinants of civil war and nonviolent campaign in self-determination disputes |url=https://www.prio.org/publications/6911 |journal=Journal of Peace Research|doi=10.1177/0022343313475467 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Dates
!Region
!Main article
!Summary
|-
|BCE 470–391
|China
|[[Mohism]]
|The [[Mohist]] philosophical school disapproved of war. However, since they lived in a time of warring polities, they cultivated the science of [[fortification]].
|-
|Around CE 26–36
|[[Judea]]
|[[Pontius Pilate]]
|[[Jews]] demonstrated in [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] to try to convince [[Pontius Pilate]] not to set up [[Roman Empire|Roman]] standards, with images of the [[Roman emperor]] and the eagle of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], in [[Jerusalem]] (both images were considered [[Idolatry|idolatrous]] by religious Jews). Pilate surrounded the Jewish protesters with soldiers and threatened them with death, to which they replied that they were willing to die rather than see the laws of the [[Torah]] violated.
|-
|Before {{nowrap|1500–1835}}
|[[Chatham Islands]], New Zealand
|[[Moriori people|Moriori]]
|The [[Moriori people|Moriori]] were a branch of the New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] that colonized the [[Chatham Islands]] and eventually became [[hunter-gatherer]]s. Their lack of resources and small population made [[conventional war]] unsustainable, so it became customary to resolve disputes nonviolently or [[Championship|ritually]]. Due to this tradition of nonviolence, most of the population of 2000 people were killed when 900 Māori invaded the island in 1835.<ref>Who Are the Moriori? 2010 https://instructionalseries.tki.org.nz/Instructional-Series/School-Journal/School-Journal-Part-2-Number-2-2010/Who-Are-the-Moriori</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLKTa_OeoNIC&q=The+Moriori&pg=PA53 |title=Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-393-03891-0 |page=53 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=kLKTa_OeoNIC&pg=PA53&dq=The+Moriori |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXcYAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Moriori&pg=PA123 |title=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute |publisher=New Zealand Institute |year=1902 |page=124 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXcYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123&dq=The+Moriori#PPA124,M1 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rawlings-Way |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loeJXTt7Rj0C&q=chatham+island&pg=PA683 |title=New Zealand |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-816-2 |page=686 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=loeJXTt7Rj0C&pg=PA683&dq=chatham+island#PPA686,M1 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1819
|England
|[[Peterloo Massacre]]
| Famine and chronic unemployment, coupled with the lack of [[suffrage]] in [[northern England]], led to a peaceful demonstration of 60,000–80,000 persons, including women and children. The demonstration was organized and rehearsed, with a "prohibition of all weapons of offence or defence" and exhortations to come "armed with no other weapon but that of a self-approving conscience". [[Cavalry]] charged into the crowd, with [[sabre]]s drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured. Newspapers expressed horror, and [[Percy Shelley]] glorified nonviolent resistance in the poem [[The Masque of Anarchy]]. However, the [[British government]] cracked down on reform, with the passing of what became known as the [[Six Acts]].
|-
|1823–1829
|Ireland
|[[Catholic Association]]
| One of the first mass-membership political movements of Europe, the Catholic Association, was founded by [[Daniel O'Connell]] to use nonviolent means to push the British government to pass Catholic emancipation, which culminated in the passing of the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]] by the government of [[the Duke of Wellington]]
|-
|1834–1838
|[[Trinidad]]
|[[History of Trinidad and Tobago#End of slavery|End of Slavery in Trinidad]]
|The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], then the colonial power in Trinidad, first announced in 1833 the impending total [[manumission|liberation of slaves]] by 1840. In 1834 at an address by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, an unarmed group of mainly elderly people of African descent began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("No six years. Not at all six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until the passing of a resolution to abolish apprenticeship and the achievement of de facto freedom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Littell |first1=Eliakim |url=https://archive.org/details/livingage08unkngoog |title=The Living Age |last2=Littell |first2=Robert |publisher=Littell, Son and Co. |year=1846 |page=[https://archive.org/details/livingage08unkngoog/page/n411 410] |access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Capadose |first=Henry |url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Festivals/EmancipationDay_EyewitnessAccount.htm |title=Sixteen Years in the West Indies |publisher=T.C. Newby |year=1845 |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616150136/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Festivals/EmancipationDay_EyewitnessAccount.htm |archive-date=2011-06-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1838
|US
|[[Cherokee removal]]
|The majority of [[Cherokee]] refused to recognize the minority-promulgated [[Treaty of New Echota]] and therefore did not sell their livestock or goods, and did not pack anything to travel to the west before the soldiers came and forcibly removed them. That ended tragically in the [[Cherokee trail of tears]].
|-
|1848–1920
|US
|[[Women's suffrage in the United States]]
| A political movement that spanned over a century, where women protested in order to receive the right to suffrage in the United States.
|-
|1849–1867
|[[Austrian Empire]]
|[[Passive Resistance (Hungary)]]
| In the failed [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], the Hungarians tried to regain independence and were defeated by the Austrian Empire only with the aid of the [[Russian Empire]]. After 1848, the empire instituted several constitutional reforms, trying to resolve the problem, but without success. The resistance was instrumental in keeping up hope and spirit in a Hungary fully incorporated into Austria and characterized by reprisals against political dissidents, thousands of treason trials, military governance, centralization, absolutism, censorship and direct control of Vienna over every aspect of public life. Their followers carefully avoided any political agitation or criticism of the establishment, and strictly concentrated on national issues of non-political nature, such as the use of the [[Hungarian language]], development of the Hungarian economy, and protection of the legal standing of the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]].
|-
|1867–1918
|[[Austria-Hungary]]
|[[Old Czech Party]]
| Passive resistance of the [[Old Czech Party]] reacted on autonomy gained to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], but not to the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]] within the [[Austrian Empire]]. After 1874, wing of the party disagreeing with passive resistance stance, formed new [[Young Czech Party]]. Old Czechs remained with their politics, but they lost decisive influence in the politics of the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]].
|-
|1860–1894, 1915–1918
|New Zealand
|[[Waikato|Tainui-Waikato]]
|[[Māori King]] [[Tāwhiao]] forbade [[Waikato]] Māori using violence in the face of British [[colonisation]], saying in 1881, "The killing of men must stop; the destruction of land must stop. I shall bury my patu in the earth and it shall not rise again ... Waikato, lie down. Do not allow blood to flow from this time on." This was inspirational to Waikato Māori who refused to fight in [[World War I]]. In response, the [[New Zealand Government|government]] brought in [[conscription]] for the Tainui-Waikato people (other Māori [[iwi]] were exempt) but they continued to resist, the majority of conscripts choosing to suffer harsh military punishments rather than join the army. For the duration of the war, no Tainui soldiers were sent overseas.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-07-17 |title=Resistance to conscription – Maori and the First World War | NZHistory.net.nz, New Zealand history online |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/maori-in-first-world-war/resistence-to-conscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523040519/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/maori-in-first-world-war/resistence-to-conscription |archive-date=2010-05-23 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Nzhistory.net.nz}}</ref>
|-
|1879–1881
|New Zealand
|[[Parihaka]]
|The Māori village of [[Parihaka]] became the center of passive resistance campaigns against Europeans occupying confiscated land in the area. More than 400 followers of the prophet [[Te Whiti o Rongomai]] were arrested and jailed, most without trial. Sentences as long as 16 months were handed out for the acts of ploughing land and erecting fences on their property. More than 2000 inhabitants remained seated when 1600 armed soldiers raided and destroyed the village.<ref name="Cowan">{{Cite web |title=James Cowan, ''The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume II'', 1922, page 478. |url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-c43-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211065050/http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-c43-2.html |archive-date=2009-12-11 |access-date=2009-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legacy of Parihaka |url=http://www.historic.org.nz/magazinefeatures/2000aug/2000_08c_single.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511152223/http://www.historic.org.nz/magazinefeatures/2000aug/2000_08c_single.html |archive-date=2008-05-11 |access-date=2008-02-15}}</ref>
|-
|1879
|Ireland
|[[Boycott]]
| Irish nationalist leader [[Charles Stewart Parnell]], in a speech in [[Ennis]] proposed that when dealing with tenants who took farms where another tenant was evicted, rather than resorting to violence, everyone in the locality should shun them. Following this Captain [[Charles Boycott]], the land agent of an absentee landlord in [[County Mayo]], [[Ireland]], was subject to social [[ostracism]] organized by the [[Irish Land League]] in 1880. Boycott attempted to evict eleven tenants from his land. While Parnell's speech did not refer to land agents or landlords, the tactic was applied to Boycott when the alarm was raised about the evictions. Despite the short-term economic hardship to those undertaking this action, Boycott soon found himself isolated – his workers stopped work in the fields and stables, as well as in his house. Local businessmen stopped trading with him, and the local postman refused to deliver mail. The success of this led to the movement spreading throughout Ireland and gave rise to the term to [[Boycott]], and eventually led to legal reform and increased support for Irish independence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marlow|first=Joyce|title=Captain Boycott and the Irish|year=1973|publisher=[[André Deutsch]]|isbn=978-0-233-96430-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wW4uAAAAMAAJ&q=Captain+Boycott|pages=133–142}}</ref>
|-
|1903–1906
|United Kingdom
|Protest against the [[Education Act 1902]]
|This civil disobedience movement was launched against the [[Education Act 1902]] to defend the rights and influence of [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]] denominations in British school boards. Nonconformists believed this law to be calculated to support denominational (mainly [[Anglican]] and [[Catholic]]) religious teaching in the schools. [[John Clifford (minister)|John Clifford]], a [[baptist]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], led the movement, which consisted in refusing to pay the taxes established by the [[Education Act 1902]]. By 1906, over 170 men had been imprisoned for this refusal, and yet no change to the law was made.<ref>{{cite book|author=Searle, G.R.|title=The Quest for National Efficiency: a Study in British Politics and Political Thought, 1899–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AH-7yrffS-oC|year=1971|publisher=University of California Press|pages=207–16|isbn=9780520017948|access-date=2015-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=AH-7yrffS-oC|archive-date=2016-01-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The movement had a large share in the defeat of the [[Balfour Ministry|Unionist government]] in [[1906 United Kingdom general election|January 1906]] but failed to achieve its ultimate aim of getting a nondenominational act passed.<ref>Sources quoted in [[John Clifford (minister)|John Clifford]] and [[Education Act 1902]] Wikipedia pages.</ref>
|-
|1905
|Russia
|[[Bloody Sunday (1905)]]
| Unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Czar. They were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard.<ref>A History of Modern Europe 1789–1968 by Herbert L. Peacock m.a.</ref>
|-
|1908–1962
|Samoa
|[[Mau movement]]
|Nonviolent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Iain |date=2019-03-29 |title=The Mau Movement for Samoan Independence |url=https://commonslibrary.org/mau-movement/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McCarthy |first1=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYK6uvOnoOMC |title=Nonviolent action: a research guide |last2=Sharp |first2=Gene |last3=Bennett |first3=Brad |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8153-1577-3 |page=342 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYK6uvOnoOMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA342,M1 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Powers |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlRHZdWJlV4C |title=Protest, Power, and Change |last2=Vogele |first2=William |last3=Kruegler |first3=Christopher |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8153-0913-0 |page=314 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=jlRHZdWJlV4C&printsec=frontcover#PRA1-PA314,M1 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1919. 2.8, 3.1
|Korea
|[[March 1st Movement]]
|This movement became the inspiration of the later [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]'s [[Satyagraha]]—resistance and many other nonviolent movements in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Did Mao, Nehru and Tagore Applaud the March First Movement? |url=http://www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id=102423 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928102203/http://www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id=102423 |archive-date=2011-09-28 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Korea Focus}}</ref>
|-
|{{nowrap|1919–22 }}
|Egypt
|[[Egyptian Revolution of 1919]]
|A countrywide revolution against the [[British occupation of Egypt]]. It was carried out by Egyptians from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered [[exile]] of revolutionary leader [[Saad Zaghlul]] and other members of the [[Wafd Party]] in 1919. The event led to Egyptian independence in 1922 and the implementation of a new [[1923 Constitution of Egypt|constitution in 1923]].
|-
|1919–1921
|Ireland
|Irish Non-cooperation movement
|During the [[Irish War for Independence]], [[Irish nationalist]]s used many nonviolent means to resist [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British rule]]. Amongst these was [[abstentionism|abstention]] from the [[British parliament]], [[Tax resistance|tax boycotts]], and the creation of alternative local government, [[Dáil Courts]], and police.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hopkinson |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5e-uI55WN-gC |title=The Irish War of Independence |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7735-2840-6 |page=13 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=5e-uI55WN-gC&printsec=frontcover#PPA13,M1 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1919–present
|Israel/Palestine
|[[Palestinian non-violent resistance|Palestinian nonviolent resistance]]
|[[Peace camp]]s and strategic nonviolent resistance to Israeli construction of [[Israeli settlement|Jewish settlements]] and of the [[Israeli West Bank Barrier|West Bank Barrier]] have been adopted as tactics by Palestinians as part of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. For example, citizens of the Palestinian village of [[Beit Sahour]] engaged in a tax strike during the First Intifada.

In 2010, A "White Intifada" took hold in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Activities included weekly peaceful protests by Palestinian activists accompanied by Israeli human rights organization [[B'Tselem]] and Israeli academics and students against settlers and security forces. The EU, through its foreign policy chief [[Catherine Ashton]] has criticised Israel for convicting an organiser of the peaceful movement and said that she was deeply concerned about the arrest of Abdullah Abu Rahmeh. There have been two fatalities among protesters and an American peace activist suffered brain damage after being hit by a tear gas canister.<ref>{{cite news |date=2010-08-26 |title=EU rebukes Israel for convicting Palestinian protester |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11099394 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082221/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11099394 |archive-date=2018-10-18 |access-date=2018-07-21 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dajani |first=Jamal |date=2010-04-21 |title=Deporting Gandhi from Palestine |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamal-dajani/deporting-gandhi-from-pal_b_540270.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424061801/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamal-dajani/deporting-gandhi-from-pal_b_540270.html |archive-date=2010-04-24 |access-date=2011-04-25 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2010-04-14 |title=Palestinians test out Gandhi-style protest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8618868.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518081452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8618868.stm |archive-date=2014-05-18 |access-date=2011-04-25 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dana |first=Joseph |date=2010-10-25 |title=Criminalizing Peaceful Protest: Israel Jails Another Palestinian Gandhi |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-dana/criminalizing-peaceful-pr_b_693657.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111195331/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-dana/criminalizing-peaceful-pr_b_693657.html |archive-date=2012-11-11 |access-date=2011-04-25 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-24 |title=West Bank Arrest Violated International Law, Palestinian Claims |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/west-bank-arrest-violated-international-law-palestinian-claims-1.357812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425225328/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/west-bank-arrest-violated-international-law-palestinian-claims-1.357812 |archive-date=2011-04-25 |access-date=2011-04-25 |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://josephdana.com/2010/08/criminalizing-peaceful-protest-israel-jails-another-palestinian-gandhi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501034347/http://josephdana.com/2010/08/criminalizing-peaceful-protest-israel-jails-another-palestinian-gandhi/ |archive-date=2013-05-01 |access-date=2011-04-25}}</ref>
|-
|1920–1922
|India
|[[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation movement]]
|A series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, led by [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] (Mahatma Gandhi) and the [[Indian National Congress]]. In addition to bringing about independence, Gandhi's nonviolence also helped improve the status of the [[Dalit (outcaste)|Untouchables]] in Indian society.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
|-
|1929-1946
|Pakistan
|[[Khudai Khidmatgar]] (Servants of God)
|[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] along with his companions established an organization among Pashtun in the [[North Western Frontier Province]] and called it [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] (Servants of God). The organization recruited over 250,000 unarmed members. They committed daily two hours community service and practiced nonviolence resistance to British Raj occupation.
|-
|1920–1925
|[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]
|[[Akali Movement]]
|Peaceful movement to free [[Gurdwara]]s from [[Mahant]]s.
|-
|1923
|Germany
|[[Occupation of the Ruhr|The Occupation of the Ruhr]]
|With the aim of occupying the centre of German coal, iron, and steel production in the [[Ruhr valley]], France invaded Germany for neglecting some of its reparation payments after [[World War I]]. The [[occupation of the Ruhr]] was initially greeted by a campaign of passive resistance.
|-
|1930–1934
|India
|[[Civil disobedience movement]]
|Nonviolent resistance marked by rejecting British imposed taxes, boycotting British manufactured products and mass strikes, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) and the Indian National Congress.
|-
|1933–1945
|Germany
|[[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]]
|Throughout [[World War II]], there were a series of small and usually isolated groups that used nonviolent techniques against the [[Nazis]]. These groups include the [[White Rose]] and the [[Confessional Church]].
|-
|1940–1943
|Denmark
|[[Danish resistance movement]]
|During World War II, after the invasion of the [[Wehrmacht]], the Danish government adopted a policy of official co-operation (and unofficial obstruction) which they called "negotiation under protest." Embraced by many Danes, the unofficial resistance included slow production, emphatic celebration of Danish culture and history, and bureaucratic quagmires.
|-
|1940–1944
|France
|[[Le Chambon-sur-Lignon]] Jewish refuge
|During World War II, with the leadership of two [[pacifist]] local ministers [[André Trocmé]] and Edouard Theis, the citizens of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon (and of the neighbouring areas) risked their lives to hide Jews who were being rounded up by the Nazis and the collaborationist [[Vichy regime]] and sent to the [[death camp]]s. This was done in open defiance of the Vichy government's orders. It is estimated that the people of the area of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon saved between 3,000 and 5,000 Jews from certain death. A small garden and plaque on the grounds of the [[Yad Vashem]] memorial to the [[Holocaust]] in Israel was dedicated to the people of le Chambon-sur-Lignon.
|-
|1940–1945
|Norway
|[[Norwegian resistance movement]]
|During [[World War II]], Norwegian civil disobedience included preventing the [[Nazification]] of Norway's educational system, distributing of illegal newspapers, and maintaining social distance (an "ice front") from the German soldiers.
|-
|1942
|India
|[[Quit India Movement]]
|The [[Quit India Movement]] (''Bharat Chhodo Andolan'' or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence.
|-
|1945–1971
|South Africa
|[[Defiance Campaign]] [[Internal resistance to South African apartheid]]
|The [[African National Congress|ANC]] and allied [[internal resistance to South African apartheid|anti-apartheid]] groups initially carried out nonviolent resistance against pro-[[racial segregation]] and [[apartheid]] governments in South Africa.
|-
|1946–1958
|[[Territory of Hawaii]]
|[[Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954]]
|Following [[World War II]], [[general strike]]s were initiated by the large [[working poor]] against [[Racism|racial]] and [[economic inequality]] under Hawaii's [[plantation economy]]. Movement members took over most of the government in 1954 and the [[State of Hawaii]] was established in 1959.
|-
|1955–1968
|USA
|[[Civil Rights Movement]] [[Chicano Movement]] [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|Mass anti-war protests in the United States]]
|Tactics of nonviolent resistance, such as bus boycotts, [[Freedom Riders|Freedom Rides]], [[sit-in]]s, [[Selma to Montgomery march|marches]], and mass demonstrations, were used during the Civil Rights Movement. This movement succeeded in bringing about legislative change, making separate seats, drinking fountains, and schools for African Americans illegal, and obtaining full [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|voting rights]] and [[Chicago Open Housing Movement|open housing]]. [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[James Bevel]] were prominent leaders of this movement, and were inspired by the nonviolent resistance of Gandhi. One study found that nonviolent activism of the era tended to produce favorable media coverage and changes in public opinion focusing on the issues organizers were raising, but violent protests tended to generate unfavorable media coverage that generated public desire to restore law and order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dignam |first=Joel |date=2019-03-15 |title=Lessons from the Greensboro Student Sit-ins |url=https://commonslibrary.org/lessons-from-the-greensboro-student-sit-ins/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>[http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960nsm Nashville Student Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306200430/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960nsm|date=2007-03-06}} ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Arsenault |first=Raymond |url=https://archive.org/details/freedomriders1960000arse |title=Freedom Riders |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-513674-6 |format=book |quote=Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. |access-date=2009-05-12 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
|-
|1957–present
|USA
|[[Committee for Non-Violent Action]]
|Among the most dedicated to nonviolent resistance against the US arsenal of [[nuclear weapons]] has been the [[Plowshares Movement]], consisting largely of [[Catholic]] priests, such as [[Dan Berrigan]], and [[nun]]s. Since the first Plowshares action in [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania]], during the autumn of 1980, more than 70 of these actions have taken place.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garrison |first=Dee |url=https://archive.org/details/bracingforarmage00garr_0 |title=Bracing for Armageddon: why civil defense never worked |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-518319-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bracingforarmage00garr_0/page/89 89] |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Knopf |first=Jeffrey W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c01Xs99026UC |title=Domestic society and international cooperation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-62691-0 |pages=122–123 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=c01Xs99026UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA122,M1 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDJ5vXmgyRgC |title=Radical pacifism |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8156-3003-6 |pages=235–236 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDJ5vXmgyRgC&printsec=frontcover#PPA235,M1 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1959–present
|Cuba
|[[Cuban opposition since 1959]]
|There have been many nonviolent activists in opposition to Cuba's [[authoritarian]] regime. Among these are [[Pedro Luis Boitel]] (1931–1972), [[Guillermo Fariñas Hernández]] ("El Coco"), and [[Jorge Luis García Pérez]] (known as Antúnez), all of whom have performed [[hunger strike]]s.<ref name="RWB">{{cite web |date=1 September 2006 |title=Guillermo Fariñas ends seven-month-old hunger strike for Internet access |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16397 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222015833/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16397 |archive-date=22 February 2006 |access-date=1 May 2009 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amnesty International USA's Medical Action |url=http://cubacenter.org/en/get-involved/urgent-action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616012546/http://cubacenter.org/en/get-involved/urgent-action |archive-date=2009-06-16 |access-date=2009-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pérez |first=José Luis García |url=http://www.cadal.org/english/nota.asp?id_nota=1007 |title=Boitel vive: Testimonio desde el actual presidio político cubano |publisher=Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung |year=2005 |isbn=978-987-21129-3-6 |pages=7 |format=book |access-date=2009-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114090455/http://www.cadal.org/english/nota.asp?id_nota=1007 |archive-date=2013-11-14 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1965–1972
|USA
|[[Draft evasion#Vietnam War|Draft resistance]]
|During the [[Vietnam War]], many young Americans chose to resist the military [[Conscription|draft]] by refusing to cooperate with the [[Selective Service System]]. Techniques of resistance included misrepresenting one's physical or mental condition to the draft board, disrupting draft board processes, going "underground", going to jail, leaving the country, and publicly promoting such activities.<ref>Foley, Michael S. (2003). ''Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War''. University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|978-0-80782-767-3}}.</ref><ref>Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon (1991). ''Hell No, We Won't Go!: Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War''. Viking Press. {{ISBN|978-0-670-83935-3}}.</ref><ref>Williams, Roger Neville (1971). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iiLjwkLBI3wC&dq=roger+neville+williams&pg=PA404 The New Exiles: American War Resisters in Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125153352/https://books.google.com/books?id=iiLjwkLBI3wC&pg=PA404&dq=roger+neville+williams&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E9HTUJK7EMPi2gXwwYCwCA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ|date=2016-01-25}}''. Liveright Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-87140-533-3}}.</ref>
|-
|February 11, 1967
|USA
|Los Angeles [[Black Cat Tavern]] Protest
|A tense standoff and potential riot between hundreds of LAPD riot gear-laden police officers and swelling crowds of more than four hundred homosexual citizens was averted after a last minute plea from then new Governor [[Ronald Reagan]]. The resulting stand-down order directed the hundreds of [[LAPD]] officers present to cease and desist from further unprovoked harassment of homosexuals in Los Angeles. As a result, the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] ceased raiding establishments or public assemblies of homosexuals in Los Angeles for decades.<ref>Black Cat Protest (Now LeBar), [[Los Angeles|City of Los Angeles]], Historic Cultural Monument Resistance to LAPD Raids Against Homosexuals| year = 2009</ref><ref>Adair, Bill; Kenny, Moira; and Samudio, Jeffrey B., 2000, Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian History Tour (single folded sheet with text). Center for Preservation Education and Planning. {{ISBN|0-9648304-7-7}}</ref><ref>Faderman, Lillian and Timmons, Stuart (2006). Gay L.A.: a History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-02288-5}}</ref>
|-
|1967–1972
|[[Northern Ireland]]
|[[Northern Ireland civil rights movement]]
|Movement led by the [[Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] seeking an end to discrimination against [[Irish Catholics|Catholics]] in areas such as elections (which were subject to [[gerrymandering]] and property requirements), discrimination in employment, in public housing, policing; and abuse of the [[Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922|Special Powers Act]]. The movement used marches, pickets, sit-ins and protests. In the wake of rising violence ([[Battle of the Bogside]], [[1969 Northern Ireland riots]], [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday 1972]]) NICRA ceased operation and the conflict descended into the violent "[[The Troubles|Troubles]]" which lasted until 1998.
|-
|1968
|Worldwide
|[[Protests of 1968]]
|The protests that raged throughout 1968 were for the most part student-led. Worldwide, campuses became the front-line battle grounds for social change. While [[opposition to the Vietnam War]] dominated the protests, students also protested for civil liberties, against racism, for [[feminism]], and the beginnings of the [[ecology movement]] can be traced to the protests against nuclear and [[biological weapons]] during this year.<ref>Rootes, Christopher. "1968 and the Environmental Movement in Europe."</ref>
|-
|1968
||[[Czechoslovakia]]
|[[Prague Spring]]
|During the 1968 [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]], the Czechoslovak citizens responded to the attack on their sovereignty with passive resistance. Russian troops were frustrated as street signs were painted over, their water supplies mysteriously shut off, and buildings decorated with flowers, flags, and slogans like, "An elephant cannot swallow a hedgehog".
|-
|1970–1981
|France
|[[Larzac]]
|In response to an expansion of a military base, local farmers including [[José Bové]] and other supporters including [[Lanza del Vasto]] took part in nonviolent resistance. The military expansion was canceled after ten years of resistance.
|-
|1979
|Iran
|[[Iranian Revolution]]
|The [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 or 1979 Revolution (often known as the Islamic Revolution), refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].<ref>Martin, Brian. [http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Books/AchievSec_Dec04/Martin.pdf "Defending without the military"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609193534/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Books/AchievSec_Dec04/Martin.pdf|date=June 9, 2011}}</ref>
|-
|1980–1981 as movement
|Poland
|[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] [[Fighting Solidarity]] [[Orange Alternative]] etc.
|[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]], a broad [[anti-communist]] [[social movement]] ranging from people associated with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] workers and intellectuals to members of the anti-communist [[Left-wing|Left]] (minority), advocated [[non-violence|nonviolence]] in its members' activities. Additionally, the [[Orange Alternative]] offered a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements.<ref name="Manfred">{{cite book |last=Steger |first=Manfred B |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&q=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&pg=PA114 |title=Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists |date=January 2004 |publisher=Routledge (UK) |isbn=978-0-415-93397-1 |pages=114 |format=ebook |access-date=2006-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8ipY9HVHmcC&q=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&pg=PA28 |title=Justice Without Violence |date=February 1993 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-55587-491-9 |editor-last1=Wehr |editor-first1=Paul |pages=28 |format=ebook |access-date=2006-07-06 |editor-last2=Burgess |editor-first2=Guy |editor-last3=Burgess |editor-first3=Heidi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cavanaugh-O'Keefe |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/emmanuelsolidari00cava/page/68 |title=Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response |date=January 2001 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-0-7388-3864-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/emmanuelsolidari00cava/page/68 68]}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
|-
|1986
|Philippines
|[[People Power Revolution]]
|A series of nonviolent and prayerful mass street demonstrations that toppled [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and placed [[Corazon C. Aquino]] into power. After an election which had been condemned by the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines]], over two million Filipinos protested human rights violations, [[election fraud]], massive political corruption, and other abuses of the [[Marcos regime]]. Yellow was a predominant theme, the colour being associated with Corazon Aquino and her husband, [[Benigno Aquino Jr.|Benigno S. Aquino Jr.]], who was assassinated three years prior.
|-
|1988–2016
|Burma
|[[Nonviolent Movement for Freedom and Democracy]]
|Starting from 1988 Peaceful Demonstration led by [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] that caused her house arrest and thousands killed and jailed and tortured by the military, the struggle continues more than two decades. Despite many victims and painful process (including annulled winning of 1990 election), it was happily ended by the victory of opposition party on 2015 election and Aung San Suu Kyi has elected as the country first state counsellor.{{clarify|date=May 2016}} Following the restoration of military rule in 2021, civil resistance has been used as part of campaigns for democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tattersall |first1=Amanda |last2=Changemakers |last3=Myint Cho |date=2021-11-16 |title=ChangeMaker Chat with Myint Cho: Burmese Pro-Democracy Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/changemaker-chat-with-myint-cho-burmese-pro-democracy-activist/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
|1987–1989/1991
|The Baltic countries ([[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Estonia]])
|[[Singing Revolution|Singing revolution]]
|A cycle of mass demonstrations featuring spontaneous singing in the three Baltic countries. The movement eventually collected 4,000,000 people who sang national songs and hymns, which were strictly forbidden during the years of the [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic States]], as local rock musicians played. In later years, people acted as [[human shield]]s to protect radio and TV stations from the Soviet tanks, eventually regaining Lithuania's, Latvia's, and Estonia's independence without almost any blood shed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary/Observations – The 2006 State of World Liberty Index: Free People, Free Markets, Free Thought, Free Planet |url=http://www.stateofworldliberty.org/report/results.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930180917/http://www.stateofworldliberty.org/report/results.html |archive-date=2010-09-30 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Stateofworldliberty.org}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|China
|[[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]
|Nonviolence in 1989 Tiananmen protests.
|-
|1989
|Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
|[[Baltic Way]]
|Approximately two million people joined their hands on 23 August 1989 to form a human chain spanning 675.5 kilometres (419.7 mi) across the three Baltic states – [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]], which were at the time under the Soviet rule. It marked the 50th anniversary of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] between the Soviet Union and [[Nazi Germany]].
|-
|1989
|[[Czechoslovakia]]
|[[Velvet Revolution]]
|Protesters protested peacefully against the one-party rule.
|-
|1989–90
|East Germany
|[[Monday demonstrations in East Germany]]
|The [[Monday demonstrations in East Germany]] in 1989 and 1990 ({{langx|de|link=no|Montagsdemonstrationen}}) were a series of peaceful political protests against the authoritarian government of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) of East Germany that took place every Monday evening.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Engler |first1=Mark |last2=Engler |first2=Paul |date=2023-12-03 |title=From the Berlin Wall to Today — Lessons for Harnessing the Moment of the Whirlwind |url=https://commonslibrary.org/from-the-berlin-wall-to-today/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
|1990–91
|Azerbaijan SSR
|[[Black January]]
|A crackdown of [[Azerbaijanis|Azeri]] protest demonstrations by the [[Red Army]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan SSR]]. The demonstrators protested against [[ethnic violence]], demanded the ousting of communist officials and called for independence from the Soviet Union.
|-
|1996–97
|Serbia
|[[1996–1997 protests in Serbia]]
| The protests started 17 November 1996 in Niš where thousands of opposition supporters gathered to protest against election fraud. Belgrade University students joined on 19 November 1996, and protests lasted even after 11 February 1997, when [[Slobodan Milošević]] signed the "lex specialis", which accepted the opposition victory and instated local government in several cities, but without acknowledging any wrongdoing. The protests were strongest in the capital Belgrade, where they gathered up to 200,000 people, but spread over most cities and towns in Serbia.
|-
|2000
|Serbia
|[[Otpor!]]
| Otpor! (English: Resistance!) was a civic youth movement that existed as such from 1998 until 2003 in Serbia (then a federal unit within FR Yugoslavia), employing nonviolent struggle against the regime of [[Slobodan Milošević]] as their course of action. In the course of two-year nonviolent struggle against Milosevic, Otpor spread across Serbia and attracted more than 70,000 supporters. They were credited for their role in the successful overthrow of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000.
|-
|2003
|Liberia
|[[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]]
| This [[peace movement]], started by women praying and singing in a fish market, brought an end to the [[Second Liberian Civil War]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=International Center on Nonviolent Conflict |last2=Shilue |first2=James Suah |last3=Galvanek |first3=Janel B. |date=2023-06-13 |title=Working Tirelessly for Peace and Equality Civil Resistance and Peacebuilding in Liberia |url=https://commonslibrary.org/working-tirelessly-for-peace-and-equality-civil-resistance/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|Georgia
|[[Rose Revolution]]
| A pro-Western peaceful change of power in Georgia in November 2003. The revolution was brought about by widespread protests over the disputed parliamentary elections and culminated in the ousting of President [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], which marked the end of the Soviet era of leadership in the country. The event derives its name from the climactic moment, when demonstrators led by [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] stormed the Parliament session with red roses in hand.
|-
|2004–2005
|Ukraine
|[[Orange Revolution]]
|A series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election]] which was marred by massive corruption, voter [[intimidation]] and direct electoral fraud. Nationwide, the democratic revolution was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, [[sit-in]]s, and [[general strike]]s organized by the opposition movement.
|-
|2005
|Lebanon
|[[Cedar Revolution]]
|A chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital [[Beirut]]) triggered by the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]] on 14 February 2005.
|-
|2005–06, 2009
|Ukraine
|[[Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!]]
|A campaign to boycott Russian goods as a reaction to political pressure of Russian Federation to Ukraine in the [[Russia–Ukraine gas disputes|gas conflicts]] of [[2005–06 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute|2005–2006]] and [[2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute|2008–2009]] years.
|-
|2009–present
|Guatemala
|[[Escobal mine protests]]
|Protests against the construction of the [[Escobal mine]] in [[San Rafael Las Flores]], centering around environmental concerns and the land rights of the indigenous [[Xinca people]]. Protesters have used nonviolent tactics such as standing to block access to mine facilities and organizing community referendums, and they have been met with extreme violence from both the mine's private security and the Guatemalan state.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Bull |first1=Benedicte |title=Environmental politics in Latin America : elite dynamics, the left tide and sustainable development |last2=Aguilar-Stoen |first2=Mariel |date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-65379-0 |oclc=1100656471}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book |title=Dominant elites in Latin America : from neoliberalism to the 'pink tide' |date=2017 |others=Liisa North, Timothy David Clark |isbn=978-3-319-53255-4 |location=Cham |oclc=1001792913}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Weisbart |first=Caren |date=2018-10-09 |title=Diplomacy at a Canadian Mine Site in Guatemala |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-9422-y |journal=Critical Criminology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=473–489 |doi=10.1007/s10612-018-9422-y |issn=1205-8629 |s2cid=149560410 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|2010–2011
|Tunisia
|[[Tunisian Revolution]]
| A chain of demonstrations against unemployment and government corruption in Tunisia began in December 2010. Protests were triggered by the self-immolation of vegetable seller [[Mohamed Bouazizi]] and resulted in the overthrow of 24-year-ruling president [[Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali]] on 14 January 2011.
|-
|2011
|Egypt
|[[Egyptian Revolution of 2011|Egyptian Revolution]]
|A chain of protests, sit-ins, and strikes by millions of Egyptians starting 25 January 2011 eventually led to the resignation of [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] on 11 February.
|-
|2011
|Libya
|[[Libyan Civil War (2011)#Beginnings of protests|Libyan Protests]]
|Protests against the regime of Colonel [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] began on 13 January 2011. In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the [[Tunisian revolution|Tunisian]] and [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egyptian]] revolutions. He was arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers, and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty International stated that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his nonviolent political opinions, the real reason for the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.<ref name="AI_JamalH">{{cite web|title=Libyan Writer Detained Following Protest Call|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=8 February 2011|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/libyan-writer-detained-following-protest-call-2011-02-08|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209230029/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/libyan-writer-detained-following-protest-call-2011-02-08|archive-date=9 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In early February, Gaddafi, on behalf of the Jamahiriya, met with political activists, journalists and media figures and warned them that they would be held responsible if they disturbed the peace or created chaos in Libya.<ref name="awsat">{{cite news|last=Mahmoud|first=Khaled|title=Gaddafi Ready for Libya's 'Day of Rage'|date=9 February 2011|work=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]|url=http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24095|access-date=10 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223115101/http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24095|archive-date=23 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The plans to protest were inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution.<ref name="awsat" />
|-
|2011
|Syria
|[[Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian Uprising]]
|Protests against the regime of [[President of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]] began on March 15, 2011. Security forces responded with a harsh crackdown, arresting thousands of dissidents and killing hundreds of protesters. Peaceful protests were largely crushed by the army or subsided as rebels and [[Islamism|Islamist]] fighters took up arms against the government, leading to a full-blown rebellion against the Assad regime.
|-
|2011
|India
|[[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
|The movement gained momentum from 5 April 2011, when anti-corruption activist [[Anna Hazare]] began a [[hunger strike]] at the [[Jantar Mantar]] in [[New Delhi]]. The chief legislative aim of the movement was to alleviate corruption in the [[Indian government]] through introduction of the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]. Another aim, spearheaded by [[Ramdev]], was the repatriation of [[Indian black money|black money]] from Swiss and other foreign banks.
|-
|2011–2014
|Bahrain
|[[Bahraini uprising of 2011]]
|Inspired by the regional [[Arab Spring]], protests started in Bahrain on [[Day of Rage (Bahrain)|14 February]]. The government responded harshly, [[Bloody Thursday (2011)|killing]] four protesters camping in [[Pearl Roundabout]]. Later, protesters were allowed to reoccupy the roundabout where they staged [[March of loyalty to martyrs|large marches]] amounting to 150,000 participants.

On 14 March, [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]]-led [[Peninsula Shield|GCC forces]] were requested by the government and entered the country, which the opposition called an "occupation". The following day, a [[state of emergency]] was declared and protests paused after a brutal crackdown was launched against protesters, including doctors and bloggers. Nearly 3,000 people have been arrested, and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody.

Protests resumed after lifting emergency law on 1 June, and several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties, including a march on 9 March 2012 attended by over 100,000. Smaller-scale protests and clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily. More than 80 people had died since the start of the uprising.<ref>Due to nature of this table, inline citations weren't used. All references can be found at [[Bahrain#2011 Bahraini protests]]</ref>
|-
|1979–present
|Saudi Arabia
|[[Saudi uprising (1979–present)]] [[1979 Qatif Uprising]] [[Saudi Arabian protests]] [[Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia#Discrimination in the workforce]] [[Execution of Nimr al-Nimr#Street protests]]
|Shiite community leaders in Qatif announced that they would publicly celebrate the Day of Ashura festival, despite the fact that celebration of Shiite festivals was banned. Despite government threats to disperse protests, on 25 November 1979, 4,000 Shiite in Safwa took to the streets to publicly celebrate the Day of Ashura. Shia are prohibited from becoming teachers of religious subjects, which constitute about half of the courses in secondary education. Shia cannot become principals of schools. Some Shia have become university professors but often face harassment from students and faculty alike. Shia are disqualified as witnesses in court, as Saudi Sunni sources cite the Shi'a practise of Taqiyya wherein it is permissible to lie while one is in fear or at risk of significant persecution. Shia cannot serve as judges in ordinary court, and are banned from gaining admission to military academies,[34] and from high-ranking government or security posts, including becoming pilots in Saudi Airlines. Amir Taheri quotes a Shi'ite businessman from Dhahran as saying "It is not normal that there are no Shi'ite army officers, ministers, governors, mayors and ambassadors in this kingdom. This form of religious apartheid is as intolerable as was apartheid based on race.<ref>[[Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2017}} In October 2011, during the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr said that young people protesting in response to the arrests of two al-Awamiyah septuagenarians were provoked by police firing at them with live ammunition. On 4 October, he called for calm, stating, "The [Saudi] authorities depend on bullets ... and killing and imprisonment. We must depend on the roar of the word, on the words of justice".[11] He explained further, "We do not accept [the use of firearms]. This is not our practice. We will lose it. It is not in our favour. This is our approach [use of words]. We welcome those who follow such [an] attitude. Nonetheless, we cannot enforce our methodology on those who want to pursue different approaches [and] do not commit to ours. The weapon of the word is stronger than the power of bullets."<ref>[[2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2017}}
|-
|2012–2013
|Mexico
|[[Yo Soy 132]]
|
|-
|2013
|Turkey
|[[Gezi Park protests]]
|Peaceful protests against reconstruction of Gezi Park at Istanbul's landmark [[Taksim Square]], turned into protests against Turkish Prime Minister [[Erdogan|Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. Over one million people nonviolently resisted police brutal force. Started in Istanbul, protests spread in 10 days to over 82 cities of Turkey. Significant violence from the police side was manifested by use of tear gas and rubber bullets. Many people were arrested, including haphazard arrests of people simply standing at the square.<ref>{{cite web |title=everywheretaksim.net – online archive of articles and data related to the Turkish protests 2013 |url=http://everywheretaksim.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619160255/http://everywheretaksim.net/ |archive-date=2013-06-19 |access-date=2013-06-18}}</ref>
|-
|2013–present
|Ukraine
|[[Do not buy Russian goods!]]
|A campaign to boycott Russian goods as a reaction to a series of Russian [[trade embargo]]s against Ukraine and [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|military invasion of Russia in Ukraine]].
|-
|2014
|Taiwan
|[[Sunflower Student Movement]]
|The activists protested the passing of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement (CSSTA) by occupying the Legislative Yuan from 18 March to 10 April 2014.
|-
|2014
|Hong Kong
|[[Umbrella Revolution]]
|Student class boycotts and public demonstrations followed by spontaneous outbreak of civil disobedience and street occupation lasting 79 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tattersall |first=Amanda |date=2019-10-22 |title=An in depth look at the Hong Kong democracy movement |url=https://commonslibrary.org/the-hong-kong-democracy-movement-an-in-depth-look-2/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Emily |date=2019-03-23 |title=Umbrella Movement Reflections |url=https://commonslibrary.org/umbrella-movement-reflections/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|-
|2016–present
|Zimbabwe
|[[#ThisFlag Movement]]
|Mass Stay Aways which were backed by a rigorous social media campaign to bring social and political change in Zimbabwe.
|-
|2017
|Tamil Nadu – India
|[[2017 pro-Jallikattu protests]]
|Peaceful demonstrations organized primarily by civilians, without any specific leaders, followed by outbreak of civil disobedience and people occupying Marina shore in Chennai and other prominent places across the state, demanding permanent solution for Jallikattu by passing permanent ordinance to support Jallikattu and to boycott foreign companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola as their water consumption is affecting local farmers.
|-
|2016–2017
|South Korea
|[[Impeachment of Park Geun-hye]]
|Peaceful demonstrations against President Park Geun-hye resulted the impeachment of the South Korean president.
|-
|2017
|Catalonia – Spain
|[[2017 Catalan independence referendum|Catalan independence referendum]]
|On 1 October 2017, an illegal referendum was held on the independence of Catalonia. 2,286,217 people participated. During the celebration the police forces acted hard against the voters.
|-
|2018–present
|Iran
|[[White Wednesdays]] [[Girl of Enghelab Street]]
|Peaceful demonstrations against compulsory [[hijab]] and [[sex discrimination]].
|-
|2018
|Tamil Nadu – India
|[[Anti-Sterlite protest]]
|100-day peaceful demonstration against Sterlite Copper Corporation in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. Despite pollution control regulatory and environmental research institute reports along with apex court orders to shut down the industry, smelting operations were continued. Public demanded state to stop further expansion plans as a continuum of response against ill effects of pollution caused by the smelter.
|-
|2018–2019
|Sudan
|[[2018–19 Sudanese protests]] [[Khartoum massacre]]
|Peaceful demonstrations and [[sit-in]]s against the regime of [[Omar al-Bashir]] and succeeding [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|military junta]].
|-
|2019–2021
|Algeria
|[[2019 Algerian protests]]
|Peaceful demonstrations and [[sit-in]]s against the regime of [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]].
|-
|2019–2020
|India
|[[Shaheen Bagh protest]]
|Peaceful protests led by Muslim ladies against [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|CAA]] among other things.
|-
|2020–2021
|Belarus
|[[2020–2021 Belarusian protests]]
|Peaceful mass demonstrations against the contested re-election of President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] and [[Human rights issues related to the suppression of the 2020 Belarusian protests|state violence]].
|-
|2020–2021
|India
|[[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]
|Peaceful protest against the three farm bills passed by parliament.
|-
|2020–2021
|Thailand
|[[2020–2021 Thai protests|2020–2021 Thai Protests]]
|Ongoing peaceful protest to reform the Thai Monarchy and coup-installed government.
|-
|2021–present
|Turkey
|[[2021 Boğaziçi University protests]]
|Ongoing peaceful protests against the rector appointment without election
|-
|2022–present
|Pakistan
|[[United States involvement in regime change|2022 Regime Change Conspiracy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-02 |title=US backed regime change as it 'wants bases in Pakistan' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2364246/us-backed-regime-change-as-it-wants-bases-in-pakistan |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|Ongoing peaceful protests all over the country and worldwide (among nonresident Pakistanis especially UK and USA) against the alleged foreign conspiracy and military backed government and demanding fresh elections.
|-
|2022
|China
|[[White Paper Protests]]
|A series of protests against COVID-19 lockdowns began in mainland China in November 2022. Protesters usually held blank sheets of paper as a symbol.
|}

==Comparison with civil disobedience==
Nonviolent resistance is often but wrongly taken as synonymous with [[civil disobedience]]. Each of these terms—nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience—has different connotations and commitments. [[Berel Lang]] argues against the conflation of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience on the grounds that the necessary conditions for an act instancing civil disobedience are: (1) that the act violates the law, (2) that the act is performed intentionally, and (3) that the actor anticipates and willingly accepts punitive measures made on the part of the state against him in retaliation for the act. Since acts of nonviolent political resistance need not satisfy any of these criteria, Lang argues that the two categories of action cannot be identified with one another.<ref name="Berel Lang, CD, NVR">{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Berel|authorlink=Berel Lang |title=Civil Disobedience and Nonviolence: A Distinction with a Difference |journal=Ethics |date=1970 |volume=80 |issue=2 |page=157 |doi=10.1086/291763 |jstor=2379879 |s2cid=154512316 }}</ref> Furthermore, civil disobedience is a form of political action which necessarily aims at reform, rather than revolution. Its efforts are typically directed at the disputing of particular laws or groups of laws while conceding the authority of the government responsible for them.<ref name="Berel Lang, CD, NVR"/> In contrast, political acts of nonviolent resistance can have revolutionary ends.<ref name="Berel Lang, CD, NVR"/> According to Lang, civil disobedience need not be nonviolent, although the extent and intensity of the violence is limited by the non-revolutionary intentions of the persons engaging in civil disobedience.<ref name="Berel Lang, CD, NVR"/> Lang argues the violent resistance by citizens being forcibly relocated to detentions, short of the use of lethal violence against representatives of the state, could plausibly count as civil disobedience but could not count as nonviolent resistance.<ref name="Berel Lang, CD, NVR"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Peace
}}[[File:Nonviolence protesters-04-16-00.JPG|thumb|Pro-nonviolence protesters at an anti-globalization protest]]
[[File:London Bridge Muslim DSCN0197.jpg|thumb|Muslims offering peace at [[London Bridge]] after the 2017 terrorist attack]]

*[[Active measures]]
*[[Everyday resistance]]
*[[Nonviolence]]
*[[Subversion]]
*[[Resistance movement]]

===Documentaries===
* ''[[A Force More Powerful]]'', directed by [[Steve York]]
* ''[[How to Start a Revolution]]'', directed by [[Ruaridh Arrow]]

===Organizations and people===
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[List of anti-war organizations]]


===Concepts===
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Christian nonviolence}}
* {{annotated link|Civilian-based defense}}
* {{annotated link|Civil disobedience}}
* {{annotated link|Civil resistance}}
* {{annotated link|Direct action}}
* {{annotated link|Erasure poetry}}
* {{annotated link|Flower power}}
* {{annotated link|Industrial action}}
* {{annotated link|Internet resistance}}
* {{annotated link|Interpassivity}}
* {{annotated link|Pacifism in Islam|Islamic nonviolence}}
* {{annotated link|Non-aggression principle}}
* {{annotated link|Nonresistance}}
* {{annotated link|Nonviolence}}
* {{annotated link|Nonviolent revolution}}
* {{annotated link|Pacifism}}
* {{annotated link|Passive obedience}}
* "{{annotated link|Pen is mightier than the sword}}"
* {{annotated link|Rebellion}}
* {{annotated link|Sex strike}}
* {{annotated link|Sit-in}}
* {{annotated link|Social defence}}
* {{annotated link|Tax resistance}}
* {{annotated link|Teach-in}}
* {{annotated link|Third Party Non-violent Intervention}}
* {{annotated link|Transarmament}}
{{div col end}}

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}

===From the 20th century===
* Case, Clarence Marsh (1923). Non-violent Coercion: A Study in Methods of Social Pressure. Century. ISBN 978-0-598-49467-2.
* [[Peter Ackerman]] and [[Jack DuVall]], ''A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict''. New York: Palgrave, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-312-24050-9}}.
* [[Clayborne Carson]], ''In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s''. (SNCC is the acronym for [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]].) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. {{ISBN|978-0674447257}}.
* [[Mohandas Gandhi|M K Gandhi]], ''Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha)''. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2001, orig. 1961. {{ISBN|978-0-486-41606-9}}.
* [[Gene Sharp]], ''[[Making Europe Unconquerable|Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defence]]''. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-85066-336-5}}/
* Gene Sharp, ''[[The Politics of Nonviolent Action]]''. Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973. {{ISBN|978-0-87558-068-5}}.

===From the 21st century===
* Michael Beer, "[https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Civil-Resistance-Tactics-in-the-21st-Century-Monograph.pdf Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century]". ICNC Press. {{ISBN|978-1-943271-40-5}}
* Michael Bröning, ''The Politics of Change in Palestine. State-Building and Non-Violent Resistance''. London: Pluto Press, 2011, Part 5. {{ISBN|978-0-7453-3093-8}}.
* [[Judith Hand]], ''A Future Without War: The Strategy of a Warfare Transition''. San Diego, CA: Questpath Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-9700031-3-3}}.
* Daniel Jakopovich, ''Revolutionary Peacemaking: Writings for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence''. Zagreb, Croatia: Democratic Thought, 2019, pp. 527. {{ISBN|978-953-55134-2-1}}
* [[Michael King (historian)|Michael King]], ''The Penguin History of New Zealand''. London: Penguin Books, 2003, pp 219–20, 222, 247–8, and 386. {{ISBN|978-0-14-301867-4}}.
* [[Mark Kurlansky]], ''Nonviolence: The History of a Dangerous Idea''. New York: Modern Library / Random House, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8129-7447-8}}.
* [[David McReynolds]], ''[http://cyberspacei.com/jesusi/peace/non_resistance/dm A Philosophy of Nonviolence]''. Originally New York: A.J. Muste Memorial Institute, 2001. No ISBN. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
* [[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]] and [[Timothy Garton Ash]], eds., ''[http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199552016 Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606163100/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199552016.do |date=2012-06-06 }}''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-19-955201-6}}. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
* [[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]], Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and [[Timothy Garton Ash]], eds., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oqXTCgAAQBAJ Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters]''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0-19-874902-8}}.
* [[Jonathan Schell]], ''[[The Unconquerable World|The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People]]''. New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt and Company, 2003. {{ISBN|9780805044560}}.
* Kurt Schock, ''Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies''. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8166-4193-2}}.
* [[Gene Sharp]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060209144939/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/FDTD.pdf From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation]''. East Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution, 4th ed. 2010, orig. 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-880813-09-6}}. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
* Mike Staresinic, ''Activism: People, Power, Plan''. Pittsburgh, PA: Breakthrough, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-6154-1790-5}}.
* [[Walter Wink]], ''Jesus and Nonviolence: A Third Way''. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-8006-3609-8}}.
* [[Srđa Popović (activist)|Srdja Popovic]], Andrej Milivojevic, Slobodan Djinovic, "Nonviolent Struggle: 50 Crucial Points". Belgrade, Serbia: DMD, 2006
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/black-power "Black Power!"]. New York Public Library. Documentary directed by [[Ruaridh Arrow]].
* [https://nonviolencenews.org/ Nonviolence News] by Rivera Sun.
* [https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/ International Center on Nonviolent Conflict]
{{anti-war}}
{{civil rights movement}}
{{Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{tax resistance}}
{{Civil defence}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Community organizing]]
[[Category:Nonviolence|Resistance]]
[[Category:Protest tactics]]

Oru Viral

2026-03-04T05:12:53Z

Ndizzy4glo: added basic info v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Viral
| image = Oru Viral.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = C. M. V. Raman
| writer = Thangam C. M. V. Raman
| producer = Salvador Fernandes
| starring = [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]] [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
| cinematography = T. G. Sekar
| music = [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
| studio = Associate Artists
| released = {{film date|1965|12|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Oru Viral''''' ({{translation|A Finger}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[mystery film]] written and directed by C. M. V. Raman. The film stars [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]] and [[Thengai Srinivasan]] in their acting debut, along with K. Kannan, Prem Anand, Pandarinath, Malaysia Radhika, V. R. Thilakam and Meenakumari.<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=15 September 2012 |title=Oru Viral 1965 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/oru-viral-1965/article3900844.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324093724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/oru-viral-1965/article3900844.ece |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=23 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was released on 17 December 1965 and emerged a success.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
A rich man, who has two sons, is murdered, and a hunt for the murderer ensues. Stories of a haunting skeleton circulate in the estate owned by the murdered man. An employee of the estate (Kannan), who is actually an absconding convict, is being chased by a CID officer (Srinivasan) who obtains work in the estate to monitor him.

== Cast ==
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]]
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as a CID officer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of titbits about Tamil cinema — Thengai Srinivasan |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/June10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Thengai_Srinivasan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011025252/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/June10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Thengai_Srinivasan.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=18 September 2017 |website=Kalyanamalai}}</ref>
* K. Kannan
* Prem Anand
* Pandarinath
* Malaysia Radhika
* V. R. Thilakam
* Meenakumari

== Production ==
''Oru Viral'' was written and directed by C. M. V. Raman. The dialogues were written by Thangam.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> At a period when murder mysteries and [[detective fiction|detective stories]] were not exploited as genres in Tamil cinema, it was a "surprise package", being made on a [[low-budget film|shoestring budget]] with artistes who were then newcomers or less popular. [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]] and [[Thengai Srinivasan]] made their acting debut with this film, and the film's title became prefixed to Krishna Rao's name. Other supporting actors included K. Kannan, Prem Anand, Pandarinath, Malaysia Radhika, V. R. Thilakam and Meenakumari.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> Salvador Fernandez, also a newcomer, produced the film under the production company Associate Pictures.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> T. G. Sekar handled the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 1965 |title=Oru Viral |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19651217&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 November 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] and the lyrics were written by [[Alangudi Somu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Viral |url=http://tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/50129 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203112523/http://www.tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/50129 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Songs4all}}</ref> Two songs from the film — "Malligai Mottu Sangetuthu" and "Ungal Thevai Ennavendru" — attained popularity.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Malligai Mottu Sangetuthu
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ungal Thevai Ennavendru
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela
| length2 =
| title3 = Badhil Ondru Tharavendum
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Oru Viral'' was released on 17 December 1965.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1965 – ஒருவிரல் – அசோசியேட் ஆர்டிஸ்ட்ஸ் |trans-title=1965 – Oru Viral – Associate Artists |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails11.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170422125100/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails11.asp |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film for its story.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 January 1966 |title=ஒரு விரல் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/jan/02-01-1966/p32.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220723071116/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1966/jan/02-01-1966/p32.jpg |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=8 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta}}</ref> Despite its low budget and lack of stars, the film was successful.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vedha (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nakshathragal Parayathirunnathu

2026-03-03T21:39:17Z

Ndizzy4glo: corrected content for clarity for consistency

{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nakshathrangal Parayathirunnathu
| image =
| caption =
| director = C S Sudhesh
| producer = Abdulla
| writer = Mohammed Ashraf
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Divya Unni]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = [[Venugopal Madathil]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| distributor = Greeshma Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|02|10}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nakshathrangal Parayathirunnathu''''' ({{Translation|What the Stars didn't Say}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by C S Sudesh. Starring [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Divya Unni]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Rajan P Dev]], [[Jayabharathi]] and [[Narendra Prasad]] in the lead roles, the film was released in the year 2001 in India. This film was one of Divya Unni's last films before her sabbatical.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/divya-unni-shares-photo-of-pookalam-varavayi-movie-location/articlecontent-pf157879-060882.html | title=ദിവ്യ ഉണ്ണിയുടെ ആദ്യ കാലത്തെ ചിത്രം! സ്‌കൂള്‍ വിദ്യാര്‍ഥിനിയുടെ ലുക്കിലുള്ള ഫോട്ടോ പങ്കുവെച്ച് നടി | date=8 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=September 2024}}
Two friends, Nandakumar and Shashaankan, are in a desperate need of money. They decide to get their hands on some cash through unfair means.

==Cast==

*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Nandakumar
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Gowrishankar
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Vasudeva Panicker
*[[Rajan P Dev]] as Rajashekharan
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Govinda Kamath
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Shashaankan
*[[Divya Unni]] as Sivaranjini
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Sivaranjini's Mother
*[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Shantha Kumari]] as Deviamma
* [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]]

==Music==
All songs were penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] and was composed by [[Mohan Sithara]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nishagandhi Poothu
| note1 = Male
| extra1 = [[K.J. Jesudas]]
| length1 = 06:04|
| title2 = Kukkoo Kukkoo Kuyile
| note2 = Female
| extra2 = [[K.S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 04:30|
| title3 = Anthimazha Mayangi
| extra3 = K.J. Jesudas
| length3 = 05:36|
| title4 = Arikathoru
| extra4 = M.G. Sreekumar
| length4 = 04:09|
| title5 = Thillai Thillai
| extra5 = [[M.G. Sreekumar]] & [[Smitha]]
| length5 = 04:10|
| title6 = Kukkoo Kukkoo Kuyile
| note6 = Male
| extra6 = [[M.G. Sreekumar]]
| length6 = 04:18|
| title7 = Anthimazha Mayangi
| note7 = Female
| extra7 = [[Radhika Thilak]]
| length7 = 05:39
| title8 = Nishagandhi Poothu
| note8 = Female
| extra8 = [[K.S. Chithra]]
| length8 = 06:05
| total_length = 40:30
}}

==Release==
The film was released during Onam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/onamrelease.html | title=ഓണത്തിന് ആറു മലയാള ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ | date=January 2004 }}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo'' wrote that "Anyhow the film is very likely to appeal to family audiences and fans of Mukesh and Divya Unni too".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/naksh.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010303020547/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/naksh.html | archive-date=3 March 2001 | title=Indiainfo: Malayalam: Movie Review - Nakshatrangal Parayaathirunnathu }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mofussil

2026-03-03T02:33:10Z

Ndizzy4glo: started the article more to come!

{{short description|2022 film by N.P. Sarathy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mofussil
| image = Mofussil.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster with old title ''Nagarpuram''
| native_name = 
| director = N. P. Sarathy
| producer = D. Arumugam
| writer = 
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{ubl|[[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]]|[[Sri Divya]]}}
| narrator = 
| music = [[Mikkin Aruldev]]
| cinematography = A. Jeyanand
| editing = Kottieshwaran Suresh
| studio = G. D. Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2022|12|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mofussil''''' ({{Translation|Rural district}}) is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by N. P. Sarathy and starring [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] and [[Sri Divya]]. Having begun production in 2010, the film was released after a twelve-year delay via YouTube.

==Plot==
The film is about two brothers in a middle-class family.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2012 |title=Akhil plays a doting brother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhil-plays-a-doting-brother/articleshow/15570361.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111112856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhil-plays-a-doting-brother/articleshow/15570361.cms |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] as Surya
* [[Sri Divya]] as Priya
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Azhagu
* [[Manobala]] as Police officer
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Surya's friend
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Police Inspector
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Surya's mother
*Raviraj as Company MD
}}

==Production ==
The film began production in 2010 under the title ''Nagarpuram'' and was supposed to mark [[Sri Divya]]'s Tamil debut.<ref name="T" /> In 2014, the producers of the film complained to [[Nadigar Sangam]] that [[Sri Divya]] was "refusing to extend her cooperation [to help release the film] stating that her star status has risen considerably".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Y.S.C. |date=23 September 2012 |title=Earning respect |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/earning-respect/article3927740.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111113859/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/earning-respect/article3927740.ece |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=27 May 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Aruldev]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=2 March 2013 |title=Arul dev returns with 'Nagarpuram' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/article1484304.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305202658/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/article1484304.ece |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=27 May 2016 |publisher=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Yugabharathi]], [[Na. Muthukumar]] and Jaya Murasu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2013 |title=Nagarpuram is a youth-centric story: N.P Sarathy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYbJy90hyxc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111093541/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=AYbJy90hyxc |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Saregama Tamil |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> This was the second film Aruldev worked on after ''[[Potta Potti]]'' (2011). Initially, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] sang for "Mazhaiye Mazhaiye" (based on [[Lobo (musician)|Lobo]]'s "[[I'd Love You to Want Me]]"), but after the music director was dissatisfied with the voice's connection with the visuals, he was replaced by [[Aalap Raju]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2013 |title=Composer Aruldev tackles diverse genres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/composer-aruldev-tackles-diverse-genres/articleshow/18787414.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111113901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/composer-aruldev-tackles-diverse-genres/articleshow/18787414.cms |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In a music review of the film, a writer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that "Music composer Arul Dev has learnt the ropes of music composition from Vidyasagar. This probably explains why all the songs in his ''Nagarpuram'', irrespective of the mood it tries to establish, are high on melody".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=31 May 2013 |title=Nagarpuram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Nagarpuram/articleshow/20363531.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519060948/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Nagarpuram/articleshow/20363531.cms |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=27 May 2016 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nagarpuram
| extra1 = Arul Dev
| title2 = Mazhaiye Mazhaiye
| extra2 = [[Aalap Raju]], Sam P. Keertham
| title3 = Rupthereka (Whistle Pottu)
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], K. Rani
| title4 = Antha Devathayin (Machan)
| extra4 = Bella Raj
| title5 = Engeyum Neeye (Kokkipodu)
| extra5 =[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Vinitha
| title6 = Veyile Veyile (Siru Siru)
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
}}

==Release==
The film remained unreleased until the film was released directly via YouTube in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=10 January 2015 |title=The next big thing? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-actor-sri-divya/article6775344.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111084930/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-actor-sri-divya/article6775344.ece |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=27 May 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=Mofussil - Full Movie {{!}} NP Sarathy {{!}} Arul Dev {{!}} Akhil Farook {{!}} Sri Divya {{!}} Yogi Babu {{!}} Tamil Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHaWoqNrNKo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323011001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHaWoqNrNKo&ab_channel=NMPMovies |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=NMP Movies |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7794032|Nagarpuram}}

[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2020s-Tamil-film-stub}}
{{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Shararat (TV series)

2026-02-27T16:28:03Z

Ndizzy4glo: created post...

{{Short description|Indian sitcom youth series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shararathh.jpg
| caption =
| creator =
| director = Rajiv Mehra<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030302/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710125759/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030302/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ronnie Screwvala]]|Zarina Mehta|Deven Khote}}
| runtime = 23 minutes
| starring = {{ubl|[[Farida Jalal]]|[[Shoma Anand]]|[[Mahesh Thakur]]|[[Poonam Narula]]|[[Eva Grover]]|[[Shruti Seth]]|[[Addite Shirwaikar]]|Harsh Vashisht|[[Simple Kaul]]|[[Karanvir Bohra]]}}
| opentheme = "Shararat" by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| company = [[UTV Software Communications]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 192
| first_aired = {{start date|2003|1|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2006|11|17|df=y}}
| network = [[StarPlus]]
}}

'''''Shararat – Thoda Jaadu, Thodi Nazaakat''''' ({{translation}} Mischief – A little magic, a little fun) is an Indian [[fantasy]] [[sitcom]] which aired on [[StarPlus]] channel from 2003 to 2006. The show is loosely based on the American teen sitcom ''[[Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)|Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/will-shararat-have-a-second-season-shruti-seth-hints-so-4515813/|title=Will Shararat have a second season? Shruti Seth hints so|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=9 February 2017|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054250/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/will-shararat-have-a-second-season-shruti-seth-hints-so-4515813/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/throwback-thursday-shararat-magical-karanvir-bohra-shruti-seth-lifetv-961078-2017-02-16|title=Throwback Thursday: These naughty and cute relationships made Shararat magical|website=India Today|date=16 February 2017 |access-date=28 June 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208060822/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/throwback-thursday-shararat-magical-karanvir-bohra-shruti-seth-lifetv-961078-2017-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''Shararat'' revolves around Jiya, who is the great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Rani Devi. The show opens on the occasion of Jiya's 18th birthday. Hailing from a family of fairies, Jiya unknowingly becomes the wielder of magical powers. As a result of good deeds by ancestors, her family's first girl child of each generation is blessed with magical powers on turning 18 and so is Jiya.
Jiya lives with her family: her father Dr. Suraj Malhotra, her mother Radha, her brother Jai and her maternal grandmother Sushma. Apart from this, there are Jiya's college friends and acquaintances such as the stud basketball player Dhruv on whom Jiya secretly has a crush. Dhruv returns her ardor, while Parminder (or Pam, as she yells at everybody to call her), the latest NRI entry in the college, threatens Jiya that she will grab all of Dhruv's attention; Meeta her starry-eyed and romantic best friend and Raja, Dhruv's best friend who is always irritated with Meeta running after him.
Pam is also the niece of Shanti Saberwal the classic neighbor of Malhotra's who is convinced that everything is not normal with the Malhotra household and who always goes there to borrow something or the other. She also has a crush on Suraj. She has a son named Bittu who sometimes teases Jiya's brother Jai.
The Malhotra home with three fairies who use, or rather misuse, their magic nearly always ends up in some trouble. Suraj, who learned on his wedding day that not only his wife but also his mother-in-law is a fairy, has to deal with his mother-in-law who insists that her daughter and granddaughter practice magic for almost everything.
Midway through the series, Bebo, a 10-year-old fairy, is sent to live with the Malhotra family as she is causing mischief everywhere in Paristan, the world of fairies. Normally, a fairy cannot use her magical powers until her 18th birthday, on which Rani Devi sprays a few drops of magical potion on the fairy, thereby releasing all her magical powers. However, Bebo accidentally falls in the entire pot of potion, and that's why she can do magic when other underage fairies cannot.

Due to misunderstandings created by Jiya's duplicate between Jiya and Dhruv, Dhruv is not talking to Jiya. Nani opens Naughty Nani's cafe and also helps Jiya to get her job, a writer. On her job, she impresses her manager with her work and a coworker develops crush on her and starts sending cards to her. Shanti also opens a marriage bureau in Nani's cafe where a man wants to marry Jiya instead of Pam but Jiya is saved by Nani. To help Jiya, Nani gives Shanti and her husband's love to Jiya and Dhruv but this goes wrong and they end up having a fight. Meanwhile, when Jiya thinks that her feelings for Dhruv have changed and she isn't missing him, Neil Bajaj enters her life with the motive of acquiring the magical powers of three of them (Sushma, Radha, and Jiya). She is smitten by his charm. Elsewhere, when Dhruv gets to know that Jiya is perfectly normal from their broken friendship, he decides to meet her at Nani's cafe where he gets introduced to Neil who challenges Dhruv to win an arm-wrestling match against him. Neil let's Dhruv win the match, thus winning Jiya's heart. Neil informs his boss that their plan to separate Jiya and Dhruv is working as for the first time in life Jiya did not mind Dhruv losing any match. Jiya is confused with her feelings for Neil and Dhruv. Neil even tries to kill Dhruv and snatch Jia's powers but fails. This creates a doubt in the fairies' minds about Neil's intentions. However, Jiya still thinks he is innocent. Later, Sushma and Jiya enter a fairy tale book followed by Radha who plays a modern fairy Godmother, Jiya has to play a character resembling Cinderella, and Pam and Shanti are her step-relatives. She is extremely excited to know that Dhruv is her prince. Meanwhile, Neil uses this opportunity and decides to snatch their magical powers and burn the book. Bebo and Suraj try to stop him but in vain. In the fairy tale, Sushma and Radha's powers become weak and Jia loses consciousness. Prince Dhruv helps them reach the place from where they entered the tale. All three of them make it just in time and are able to save themselves and catch Neil but he escapes the situation by making some excuse. Afterward, he tries to kill Dhruv and gets caught by the fairies. Later, Jiya takes part in World Best Fairy Championship and wins it by giving defeat to Shani Devi and her granddaughter who try to disqualify her.

The Malhotras move into a new house, which is haunted by four stupid but paranoid ghosts: Colonel Pritam Singh, who used to attend Sushma's college and has a crush on her since then; his son Amar Prem, whose life ambition has been to get 1000 customers to make life insurance with him; Amar's wife Pritika, who wants to become a vamp (an antagonistic actress in soap operas); and their son Nidar, who has developed a crush on Jiya. The ghost family had died whilst holidaying in the Malhotra house, and hate the family as they do not want humans to stay at the house, which they now call theirs. They play many pranks on the Malhotras, and the Malhotras in turn use their magic to annoy them, with both parties trying to force the other to leave the house forever. The Malhotra eventually succeeds with the four ghosts attaining salvation and leaving the house. The story ends with Dhruv returning from Australia. He proposes to Jiya and she accepts it. Then, as per the fairy rules they need to get married in 6 hours otherwise they'll not be able to marry each other ever. Jia convinces Suraj for this marriage on the condition that they reveal their true identity of being fairies to Dhruv, who initially gets scared but agrees to marry Jiya. Also Sushma and Jiya promise Suraj that they will never use magic on Dhruv and they seem to keep their promise. But we see that Radha (who ideally never used her powers unless very urgent), uses her spell on Dhruv to make him sink halfway in the ground when he refuses to eat the heavy breakfast made by her thus following Sushma's footsteps of troubling the son-in-law of the family.

==Cast==
*[[Shruti Seth]] as Jiya Malhotra, Suraj and Radha's daughter, Jay's elder sister, Sushma's granddaughter and 3rd Indian Fairy.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/19utv.htm|title=Shararat completes three years|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903224829/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/19utv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Sushma Mehra, Radha's mother, Suraj's mother-in-law, Jiya and Jay's maternal grand-mother and 1st Indian Fairy.<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Poonam Narula]] as Radha Malhotra, Suraj's wife, Jiya and Jay's mother, Dhruv's mother-in-law, Sushma's daughter and 2nd Indian Fairy.(2003–2004)<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shararat-90s-show-cast-then-now-shruti-seth-farida-jalal-5737898/|title=The actors of Shararat: Where are they now?|date=26 December 2019|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726121832/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shararat-90s-show-cast-then-now-shruti-seth-farida-jalal-5737898/|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Eva Grover]] replaced Narula as Radha (2005–2006)
*[[Mahesh Thakur]] as Dr. Suraj Malhotra, Radha's husband, Jiya and Jay's father, Dhruv's father-in-law, Sushma's son-in-law, and Mrs. Malhotra's son.<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Karanvir Bohra]] as Dhruv, Jiya's boyfriend later husband, Jay's brother-in-law, Suraj and Radha's son-in-law.<ref name="auto2"/>
*[[Addite Shirwaikar]] as Meeta, Jia's best friend and Raja's love interest.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shararat-actors-karanvir-bohra-farida-jalal-and-simple-kaul-have-small-reunion-see-pics-1629382-2019-12-18|title=Shararat stars Karanvir Bohra, Farida Jalal, Simple Kaul have small reunion. See pics|date=December 18, 2019|magazine=India Today|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208060813/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shararat-actors-karanvir-bohra-farida-jalal-and-simple-kaul-have-small-reunion-see-pics-1629382-2019-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Harsh Vashisht as Raja, Dhruv's best friend, Meeta's love interest.<ref name="auto2"/>
*[[Shoma Anand]] as Shanti Saberwal, Pam's aunt, Monti's mother and wants to marry Suraj so Radha gets jealous.<ref name="auto"/>
*[[Simple Kaul]] as Parminder Sohni alias Pam, Shanti's niece.<ref name="auto2"/>
*Adnan Jp as Jai Malhotra, Suraj and Radha's son, Jiya's younger brother, Sushma and Mrs. Malhotra's grandson.
*Dhairya Ojha as Bittu, Shanti's son, Jai's friend.
*Vaishnavi Sharma as Bebo. An unusually young Fairy from Paristan who entails magical powers equivalent to that of Nani's is fostered by the Malhotra family on Rani Devi's request.
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Rani Devi (2003)
*[[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] as Rani Devi, the Queen of Fairyland, the Leader and Creator of Fairies (2003-2006)
*Rinku Worah as Eena, Pam's friend.
*[[Menaka Lalwani|Maneka Lalwani]] as Tina, Pam's friend.
*Sindhu Parjaat as Lovely, Pam's friend.
*[[Delnaaz Irani]] as Pritika, Amar Prem's wife, Nidar's mother, Karnal's daughter-in-law, and Bhoot of a new house of Malhotras.
*[[Sooraj Thapar]] as Amar Prem, Pritika's husband, Nidar's father, Karnal's son, and Bhoot of new house of Malhotras.
*Carran Kapoor as Neelabh alias Neel.

===Guest appearances===
*[[Parikshit Sahni]] as Khushwant Mehra, Sushma's Husband
*[[Karishma Tanna]] as Natasha
*[[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Ria
*[[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as Rocky
*[[Pushtiie Shakti]] as Monti's
*Teejay Sidhu as Stella
*[[Purab Kohli]] as Dhunketu
*[[Vishal Malhotra]] as Ranjha
*Kamini Khanna as Suraj's mother
*[[Salil Acharya]] as Prince
*[[Krishna Bhatt]] as Thief
*[[Kavi Kumar Azad]] as Lucky

==Broadcast==
The series premiered on 23 January 2003 on [[Star Plus]] and concluded on 17 November 2006 after 192 episodes. Reruns of the show also aired on [[STAR Utsav]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/may/mayrel16.htm|title=Catch some more Shararat on Star Utsav|date=8 May 2006|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124234002/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/may/mayrel16.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[TV Asia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvasiausa.com/synopsis.php?program_id=341 |title=Synopsis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119033023/http://www.tvasiausa.com/synopsis.php?program_id=341 |access-date=2019-09-11|archive-date=19 January 2008 }}</ref> [[STAR One]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app.indya.com/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916132222/http://app.indya.com/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starone|archive-date=16 September 2008|title=STAR - Programme Guide|date=16 September 2008|access-date=3 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Disney Channel India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/16disney.htm|title=Disney characters to speak Telugu|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112014059/https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/16disney.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media and streaming services===
The series was made available on [[Hotstar]] on 26 June 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/shararat-is-streaming-online/|title='Shararat' Is Now Streaming Online. My Inner Child Can't Handle This 'Binge' Down The Memory Lane|date=27 June 2019|website=ScoopWhoop|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903191315/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/shararat-is-streaming-online/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1592812}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081211172950/http://starplus.indya.com/serials/shararat/index.html Official Site on STAR Plus]

{{Children television series in India}}
{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{Sabrina the Teenage Witch}}

[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:UTV Television]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Television series about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Television shows about ghosts]]

Benoy Kumar Sarkar

2026-02-23T02:32:01Z

Ndizzy4glo: correct article for clarity per standard format

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Benoy Kumar Sarkar
| image = Benoy Kumar Sarkar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Photo of Sarkar from the March–April 1917 issue of ''The Hindusthanee Student''.
| birth_date = 26 December 1887
| birth_place = [[Malda City|Malda]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1949|11|24|1887|12|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Washington D.C.]], [[United States]]
| occupation = Social scientist
| spouse = Ida Sarkar
| father = Sudhyanya Kumar Sarkar
}}

'''Benoy Kumar Sarkar''' (sometimes '''Binoy Kumar Sarkar''') (December 26, 1887, [[Malda district|Malda, British India]] – November 23, 1949, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C., United States]]) was an Indian social scientist, professor, and nationalist.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sinha |first=Vineeta |title=Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1887–1949) |date=2017 |work=Sociological Theory Beyond the Canon |pages=303–335 |editor-last=Alatas |editor-first=Syed Farid |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41134-1_11 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |language=en |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-41134-1_11 |isbn=978-1-137-41134-1 |editor2-last=Sinha |editor2-first=Vineeta|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He founded several institutes in [[Calcutta]], including the Bengali Institute of Sociology, Bengali Asia Academy, Bengali Dante Society, and Bengali Institute of American Culture.

== Early life and education ==
Binoy Kumar Sarkar was born in Malda Town of [[Malda, West Bengal]], in [[Bengal Presidency]]. He started his early education in [[Malda Zilla School]]. Sarkar entered the [[University of Calcutta]] at the age of 13 after standing first at the entrance examination from Malda Zilla School,<ref>Suhrita Saha, "Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1887-1949): A Tryst with Destiny" in ''Sociological Bulletin'', 62 (1), January–April 2013, p. 5</ref> while he graduated in 1905, at 18, with dual degrees in English and history. The following year he received his master's degree.

== Career ==
In 1925 Sarkar started as a lecturer at the Department of Economics of [[University of Calcutta]]. He praised [[Nazism]] as "form of benevolent dictatorship", and advocated the establishment of a fascist dictatorship in India.<ref>{{Citation|title=Age of Entanglement|first=Kris|last=Manjapra|year=2014|page=209|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]}}</ref> In 1947, he became a professor and head of the department. In 1949, Sarkar went on a lecture tour in America, visiting 25 universities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bayly |first=Martin J. |date=2023 |title=Global intellectual history in International Relations: Hierarchy, empire, and the case of late colonial Indian international thought |journal=Review of International Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=428–447 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0260210522000419 |s2cid=252861083 |issn=0260-2105|doi-access=free }}</ref> During his trip to America, he interacted with scholars such as [[John Dewey]], [[Talcott Parsons]], [[Carle C. Zimmerman|Carle Zimmerman]], and [[Raymond Leslie Buell]].<ref name=":1" />

Closely involved with the national education movement of [[India]], Professor Sarkar was highly influenced by the Nationalist action of [[Sister Nivedita]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/voices/2017/oct/28/need-to-end-the-national-culture-of-selective-forgetfulness-1684056.html|title=Need to end the national culture of selective forgetfulness |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Sugata Bose writes of Sarkar's cosmopolitan visions for Asia, and his celebration of many Asian polities, "Far from harboring Hindu nationalist sentiments of the sort later propagated by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|V. D. Savarkar]] ... Sarkar was an eloquent and passionate proponent of Hindu-Muslim equality and unity.<ref>Bose, Sugata. 2024. “In Search of Young Asia.” In ''Asia after Europe.'' United States: Harvard University Press,. p. 75</ref> Sarkar warned Asians not to trust Western powers.<ref>Bose, p. 85</ref> Sarkar challenged the West's racial privileging of democracy:

{{Blockquote
|text=The New Asia wants the New Europe and the New America to admit, as principle, that their peoples must not by any means command greater privileges in the Orient than the oriental peoples can possibly possess within the bounds of the Occident. ... The doctrine of international reciprocity is the first article of faith in the gospel of Young Asia. ... Young Asia wants Eur-America to realize that democratic emotions and ideals are not the monopoly of occidental race- psychology.}} <ref>As cited in Bose, p. 86</ref>

==Selected publications==
Sarkar wrote in five languages, his native [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]] and [[Italian language|Italian]],<ref>Andrew Sartori, "Beyond Culture-Contact and Colonial Discourse: "Germanism" in Colonial Bengal" in Shruti Kapila (ed.), ''An Intellectual History for India'', Cambridge University Press (2010), p. 82</ref> publishing a large volume of work on a variety of topics, including 53 books and booklets in English alone, his written production amounting in all to some 30 000 pages.<ref>Suhrita Saha, "Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1887-1949): A Tryst with Destiny" in ''Sociological Bulletin'', 62 (1), January–April 2013, p. 4</ref> A complete list of his publications is contained in Bandyopadhyay's book ''The Political Ideas of Benoy Kumar Sarkar''.<ref>Bandyopadhyay, B. (1984) ''The Political Ideas of Benoy Kumar Sarkar'' K. P. Bagchi, Calcutta, {{ISBN|0-8364-1336-9}}, {{OCLC|12419520}}</ref>
* 1914/1921 ''The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology''<ref>published in two parts, the first in 1914 and the later in 1921: Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) ''The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology'' (Part 1) Pânini Office, Allahabad, {{OCLC|2005865}}; and Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) ''The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology'' (Part 2, with appendices by Brajendranáth Seal) Sudhindra Natha Vasu, Allahabad, {{OCLC|48121776}}</ref>
* 1916 ''The Beginning of Hindu Culture as World-Power (A.D. 300-600)''<ref>Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) ''The beginning of Hindu culture as world-power (A.D. 300-600)'' Commercial Press, Shanghai, {{OCLC|5732399}}</ref>
* 1916 ''Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes''<ref>Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) ''Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes: a study in the tendencies of Asiatic mentality'' Commercial Press, Shanghai, {{OCLC|82020}}</ref>
* 1918 ''Hindu Achievements in Exact Science: A Study in the History of Scientific Development''<ref>Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1918) ''Hindu achievements in exact science a study in the history of scientific development'' Longmans, Green and Co., New York, {{OCLC|1193853}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1919 |title=Review of Hindu Achievements in Exact Science. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2763856 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=467 |doi=10.1086/212946 |jstor=2763856 |issn=0002-9602|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 1918 "The Influence of India on Western Civilization in Modern Times" (in [[Journal of Race Development|The Journal of Race Development]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Benoy Kumar |date=1918 |title=The Influence of India on Western Civilization in Modern Times |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29738272 |journal=The Journal of Race Development |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=91–104 |doi=10.2307/29738272 |jstor=29738272 |issn=1068-3380|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 1943 ''The Equations of World-Economy in Their Bearing on Post-War Reconstruction''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tintner |first=Gerhard |date=1945 |title=Review of The Equations of World-Economy in Their Bearing on Post-War Reconstruction |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811465 |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=452–452 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref>
In 1919, he authored a study in the ''American Political Science Review'' presenting a "Hindu [[International relations theory|theory of international relations]]" which drew on thinkers such as [[Kautilya]], [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] and [[Shukra|Shookra]], and the text of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Benoy Kumar|date=1919|title=Hindu Theory of International Relations|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400015926/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=400–414|doi=10.2307/1945958|jstor=1945958 |s2cid=146956993 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Acharya|first1=Amitav|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-of-global-international-relations/FB7779C9914127CBDBE200481494BA7E|title=The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary|last2=Buzan|first2=Barry|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48017-8|pages=100–101|doi=10.1017/9781108647670|s2cid=159147042 }}</ref> In 1921, he authored a ''Political Science Quarterly'' study presenting a "Hindu Theory of the State."<ref name=":0"/> According to Barry Buzan and Amitav Acharya, Sarkar's works "may be the first major IR contributions by an Indian, and one of the first modern efforts to develop an indigenous Non-Western theory of IR."<ref name=":0"/>

== Death ==
Sarkar died on a trip to the United States in Washington, DC, in November 1949.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Behn, Wolfgang (2004) "Benoy Kumar Sarkar: 1887-1949" ''Concise Biographical Companion to Index Islamicus, 1665-1980: An international who's who in Islamic studies from its beginnings down to the twentieth century'' (Volume Three (N-Z)) Koninklijke Brill: Leiden, Netherlands. {{ISBN|90-04-14189-8}}
* Bose, Sugata. 2024. “In Search of Young Asia.” In Asia after Europe. United States: Harvard University Press.
*Sen, Satadru (2015) "Benoy Kumar Sarkar. Restoring the nation to the world", Taylor and Francis: London. {{ISBN|9781317410676}}
*Sinha, Vineeta (2007) "Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1887–1949)" ''in'' Ritzer, George (ed.) (2007) ''Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology'' Blackwell Publishing: Malden, MA. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-2433-1}}
*Sarkar, Ida (1977) "My life with Prof. Benoy Kumar Sarkar", compiled and translated from the German text by Indira Palit. Prabhat: Calcutta. (BEPI, 1994. The Natl. bibliogr. of Indian literature / gen. ed. B.S. Kesavan; V.Y. Kulkarni, 1962, vol. I, p. 246. NUC pre-1956)

==External links==
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/benoy-kumar-sarkar Benoy Kumar Sarkar materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*[https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sarkar%2C%20Benoy%20Kumar%2C%201887%2D1949 Online books by Benoy Kumar Sarkar in the University of Pennsylvania]
* [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50026207 Benoy Kumar Sarkar, WorldCat catalogue]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Benoy Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:Indian international relations scholars]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Indian fascists]]

Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary

2026-02-22T18:20:50Z

Ndizzy4glo: added entry

{{Short description|Sloth bear sanctuary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = MelursusUrsinusFemaleCub.jpg
| image_caption = A female [[sloth bear]] with cubs in the sanctuary
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Ballari district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Bellary|Ballari]], [[Ballari district]]
| coordinates = {{coords|15|14|N|76|31|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{Convert|82.72|km2|abbr=on}}
| established = 1994
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Kamalapura Wildlife Subdivision, Karnataka Forest Department
}}
[[File:Daroji Bear Sanctuary 2022 entrance board.jpg|thumb|The entrance board of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary]]'''Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary''' is located in [[Ballari district]] in [[Karnataka]]. This is Asia's first sloth bear sanctuary. It is spread over {{Convert|82.72|km2|abbr=on}}. The sanctuary was created exclusively for the conservation of the [[sloth bear]]. It is about 50 km from [[Bellary|Ballari]] and about 15 km from the World Heritage Site [[Hampi]]. The area between [[Daroji]] in Sandur taluka and Ramasagar of Hospet Taluk is host to numerous [[sloth bear]]s.

In October 1994, the Government of Karnataka, declared 5587.30 hectares of the Bilikallu Forest Reserve as Daroji Bear Sanctuary.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-06/hubli/29858728_1_tourist-inflow-hampi-kamalapura
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725220251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-06/hubli/29858728_1_tourist-inflow-hampi-kamalapura
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-07-25
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Daroji bear sanctuary not a favourite among tourists
|accessdate=2013-05-07
}}</ref> 15 years later, in October 2009, the government added 2685.50 hectares of the Bukkasagara Forest Reserve to the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aranya.gov.in/downloads/Daroji_MgmtPlan.pdf|title=Karnataka Forest Dept.: Management Plan for Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary 2011-12 - 2015-16|last=Kiran|first=M.N.|website=Karnataka Forest Dept.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014830/http://www.aranya.gov.in/downloads/Daroji_MgmtPlan.pdf|archive-date=2015-11-17|url-status=dead|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> This resulted in the overall area to increase from 5587.3 hectares to 8272.8 hectares.

The sanctuary is open between 14:00 and 18:00 every day. There is a watchtower within the sanctuary, opposite Karadikallu Gudda, that provides a vantage point to view the bears descending from the adjacent hillocks during evening hours.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.karnataka.com/tourism/sanctuary/daroji-sloth-bear-sanctuary/|title=Daroji Bear Sanctuary {{!}} Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary {{!}} Sanctuary in Hampi|date=2016-12-06|work=Karnataka.com|access-date=2017-07-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Mythology==
[[Kishkindha]], the historical kingdom of [[Sugriva]] described in [[Ramayana|the Ramayana]], is believed to be located on the bank of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. In the war against [[Ravana]], [[Kishkindha|Kishkinda]], the monkey kingdom of [[Sugriva]], was [[Rama|Rama’s]] ally. When [[Rama|Rama’s]] army crossed [[Hampi]] en route to [[Lanka]], they met [[Jambavantha]], a bear who joined the army.

==Flora and fauna==
The flora of this sanctuary is primarily dry deciduous scrub and Southern thorn forests. At the time of declaration of the sanctuary, it was a large area of barren hillocks, but persistent efforts from Karnataka Forest Department have transformed the area into lush green forest, filled with local flora.

The sanctuary's flagship species is the [[Sloth bear|Indian sloth bear (''Melursus ursinus)'']]. It has a very stable population of sloth bears and they reside in the numerous caves found in the hillocks within the sanctuary. [[leopard]]s, [[monitor lizard]]s, [[Indian grey mongoose|mongoose]], [[Indian pangolin|pangolins]], [[Indian star tortoise|star tortoises]] etc. are some of the other animals that abound in the sanctuary.

==Threats==
The bears are threatened due to illegal mining in fragmented areas of the adjoining forests. The forest department and NGOs have also rescued many domestic bears from [[Daroji]] and surrounding areas. The age old practice of capturing a bear cub (claws are pulled out and male cubs are castrated) and domestication by Kalandars has reduced to a great extent, due to laws declaring them illegal. The domesticated bears were taken from home to home across villages and made to dance according to the direction of the Kalandars.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/56936/meet-sloth-bear-daroji.html
|title=Meet the sloth bear at Daroji..
|publisher=
|accessdate=2013-05-07
}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary}}
* http://www.junglelodges.com/sloth-bear-resort {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809191724/http://www.junglelodges.com/sloth-bear-resort |date=9 August 2013 }}
* https://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0330.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160225062532/http://jresearchbiology.redolences.com/documents/RA0331.pdf

== References ==
{{Reflist}}"An assessment of Floristic Diversity of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India". https://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0330.pdf

"Butterfly fauna of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka". https://web.archive.org/web/20160225062532/http://jresearchbiology.redolences.com/documents/RA0331.pdf

{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wildlife Of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ballari district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1984]]

Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar

2026-02-22T14:38:49Z

Ndizzy4glo: New some entry first draft

{{Short description|Roman Catholic archdiocese in Orissa, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archdiocese
| name = Cuttack-Bhubaneswar
| latin = Archidioecesis Cuttackensis-Bhubanesvarensis
| local =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| province = Cuttack-Bhubaneswar
| territory = {{ubl|Kandhamal (entire district)|Bhubuneswar |Cuttack |Jajpur}}
| rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| cathedral = Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary, Cuttack
| cocathedral = St. Vincents De Paul pro Cathedral, Bhubuneswar
| patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
| parishes = 38
| area_km2 = 32,440
| population = 13,540,000
| population_as_of = 2021
| catholics = 75,275
| catholics_percent = 0.6
| pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
| metro_archbishop = [[John Barwa]], [[S.V.D.]]
| coadjutor =
| emeritus_bishops = [[Raphael Cheenath]] Archbishop Emeritus (1985-2011)
| auxiliary_bishops = Fr. Rabindra Kumar Ranasingh(Bishop elect)
| website = [http://cuttackbbsrad.org/index.html Website of the Archdiocese]
| map = Map of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar.png
| denomination = }}

The '''Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar''' ({{langx|la|Cuttacken(sis)-Bhubanesvaren(sis)}}) is an [[archdiocese]] located in the cities of [[Cuttack]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and covering the entire Kandhamal district in India.

==History==
* 18 July 1928: Established as [[Mission “sui iuris”]] of Cuttack from the [[Diocese of Vizagapatam]]
* 1 June 1937: Promoted as Diocese of Cuttack
* 24 January 1974: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cuttack–Bhubaneswar

==Leadership==
* Arch[[bishop]]s of Metropolitan See of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** [[John Barwa|Archbishop John Barwa SVD]]
** Archbishop Raphael Cheenath, S.V.D. (1 July 1985 – 14 August 2016)
** Archbishop [[Henry Sebastian D'Souza]] (24 January 1974 – 29 March 1985)
* Bishops of Cuttack (Latin Rite)
** Bishop [[Pablo Tobar Gonzáles]], [[Lazarists|C.M.]] (10 March 1949 – 18 April 1971)
** Bishop [[Florencio Sanz Esparza]], C.M. (11 November 1932 – 4 March 1948)
*Ecclesiastical Superiors of Cuttack (Latin Rite)
** Fr. [[Valeriano Guemes Rodriguez]], C.M. (2 July 1929 – 1932)

==Suffragan dioceses==
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Balasore|Balasore]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Berhampur|Berhampur]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rayagada|Rayagada]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rourkela|Rourkela]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sambalpur|Sambalpur]]

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Blessed [[Odoric of Pordenone]], a Franciscan friar who visited [[Puri]] and wrote about the [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Rath Yatra]].
* Servant of God [[Marian Żelazek|Marian Zelazek]], SVD<ref>https://www.svdcuria.org/public/infonews/provinces/20nn/201n/1808ine.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224180100/https://www.svdcuria.org/public/infonews/provinces/20nn/201n/1808ine.pdf |date=24 February 2020 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* Bernard Digal and 6 Lay Companions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2018-09/india-martyrs-kandhamal-odisha-catholic-church.html|title=Indian archdiocese gathering evidence on martyrs of Kandhamal - Vatican News|date=18 September 2018|website=www.vaticannews.va|accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref>

==Sources==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cutt0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcubh.html Catholic Hierarchy]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|20.4802|N|85.8643|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuttack-Bhubaneswar}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1928]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Odisha]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Cuttack]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Sri Vengateswaraa Matriculation Higher Secondary school

2026-02-21T09:49:54Z

Ndizzy4glo: created data...

{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sri Vengateswaraa Matriculation Higher Secondary school
| image =
| logo =
| motto = அன்பு.அறிவு.ஆற்றல்.
| coordinates = {{coord|11|30|32.03|N|78|04|58.1|E|display=it}}
| established = 2007
| closed = 2019
| type = Private
| language = [[English language|English]]
| chairman = S.B.Yuvaraj; BA.
| headmaster =
| colours = Green, Merun
| location = [[Vennanthur]]
| district = [[Namakkal district]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| affiliations = Department of School Education, Tamilnadu Government.<ref name = "DeptSE">{{cite web |url =http://tnschools.gov.in/organaisation/dse/| title = DeptSE}}</ref>
| website = http://www.srivengatesh.org/
}}
Sri Vengateswaraa Matriculation Higher Secondary school<ref name = "SVMHSS">{{cite web |url =https://schoolteachersjobs.wordpress.com/category/vennandur/| title = SVMHSS}}</ref> is located in [[Vennanthur]], [[Namakkal district]]. Near to '''[[Sri Vengateswaraa Polytechnic College]]''' and it was founded in 2007 with the goal of educating poor students.<ref name = "School">{{cite web |url =https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/11%C2%B030'32.2%22N+78%C2%B004'58.1%22E/@11.5086175,78.0817629,225m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d11.5089322!4d78.0828089?hl=en| title = School}}</ref>

==Management==
The school is run by the Sri Ragavendra educational trust.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.srivengatesh.org/}}

[[Category:Vennandur block]]
[[Category:Schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Namakkal district]]

Northern Zonal Council

2026-02-17T16:13:22Z

Ndizzy4glo: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Zonal council in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}

[[File:Zonal Councils.svg|thumb|300px|States under North Indian Zonal Council in ''Orange'']]
{{Politics of India}}

'''Northern Zonal Council''' is a [[zonal council]] that comprises the states and union territories of [[Chandigarh]], National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/genesis/|title=Genesis | ISCS|accessdate=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/states_reorganisation_act.pdf |title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (Act No.37 Of 1956)|accessdate=16 November 2020}}</ref>

The States have been grouped into six zones having an Advisory Council to foster cooperation among these States. Five Zonal Councils were set up vide Part-III of the [[States Reorganisation Act]], 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://necouncil.nic.in/ |title=NEC -- North Eastern Council |accessdate=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001111/http://necouncil.nic.in/ |archivedate=15 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

== See also ==
* [[North-Eastern Zonal Council]]
* [[Central Zonal Council]]
* [[Eastern Zonal Council]]
* [[Western Zonal Council]]
* [[Southern Zonal Council]]
* [[Northwest India]], similar grouping of states

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Zonal Councils]]

Rajendra Rathore (chemist)

2026-02-10T02:49:56Z

Ndizzy4glo: added first stub added tags

{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rajendra Rathore
| image = Rathore in Lab.png
| caption = Rathore in his chemistry lab
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1961|12|12}}
| birth_place = [[Kannauj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2018|02|16 |1961|12|12}}
| death_place = [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], USA
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| fields = [[Organic chemistry]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]
* [[University of Western Ontario]]
* [[University of Houston]]
* [[Marquette University]]}}
| education =
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[University of Western Ontario]]|[[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]}}
| thesis_title = Stereoelectronic Effects, Mechanism, and Synthesis in Sulfonyl Chemistry
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1990
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ublist|Pfeltschinger-Habermann Chaired Professor of Organic Chemistry|Helen Way Klingler College of Arts and Sciences Scholar of the Year, 2017–2018}}
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajendra Rathore''' (12 December 1961 – 16 February 2018) was an [[Organic chemistry|organic]] chemist and professor at [[Marquette University]] in [[Milwaukee]], Wisconsin as Pfletschinger-Habermann professor of organic chemistry.<ref>[http://www.marquette.edu/chem/Rathore.shtml/about/ Rajendra Rathore Biography]. [[Marquette University]]</ref> He made important contributions in the area of [[supramolecular chemistry]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rathore|first1=Rajendra|last2=Burns|first2=Carrie L.|title=A Practical One-Pot Synthesis of Soluble Hexa-''peri''-hexabenzocoronene and Isolation of Its Cation-Radical Salt|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|date=May 2003|volume=68|issue=10|pages=4071–4074|doi=10.1021/jo034271e|pmid=12737593}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Navale|first1=Tushar S.|last2=Ivanov|first2=Maxim V.|last3=Hossain|first3=Mohammad M.|last4=Rathore|first4=Rajendra|title=FHBC, a Hexa-''peri''-hexabenzocoronene-Fluorene Hybrid: A Platform for Highly Soluble, Easily Functionalizable HBCs with an Expanded Graphitic Core|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|date=15 January 2018|volume=57|issue=3|pages=790–794|doi=10.1002/anie.201711739|pmid=29194947|doi-access=free}}</ref> synthesis of novel electro-active molecules,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rathore|first1=Rajendra|last2=Abdelwahed|first2=Sameh H.|last3=Guzei|first3=Ilia A.|title=Synthesis, Structure, and Evaluation of the Effect of Multiple Stacking on the Electron-Donor Properties of π-Stacked Polyfluorenes|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=July 2003|volume=125|issue=29|pages=8712–8713|doi=10.1021/ja035518s|pmid=12862451 |bibcode=2003JAChS.125.8712R }}</ref> and drug discovery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramchandran |first1=Ramani |last2=Sem |first2=Daniel |last3=Rathore |first3=Rajendra |title=US Patent Application for SMALL MOLECULE ANTAGONISTS OF DUSP5 AND METHODS OF USE Patent Application (Application #20180000778 issued January 4, 2018) – Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/20180000778 |website=patents.justia.com |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milwaukee doctor imagines better umbilical cord clamp |url=http://archive.jsonline.com/business/local-doctor-imagines-better-umbilical-cord-clamp-b99719387z1-378170651.html/ |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref> Rathore died on 16 February 2018, after complications from chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Klingler College of Arts and Sciences 2018 Awards |url=https://medium.com/@MUArtsSciences/klingler-college-of-arts-and-sciences-2018-awards-4a8a72c64d10 |website=medium.com |accessdate=31 May 2018 |date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajendra Rathore – Krause Funeral Home |url=https://www.krausefuneralhome.com/obituary/rajendra-rathore/ |website=www.krausefuneralhome.com}}</ref>

== Education ==
Rathore received his M.Sc. from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] in 1986, under the mentorship of [[Srinivasan Chandrasekaran|S. Chandrasekaran]]. He earned his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the [[University of Western Ontario]] in London, Canada in 1990. He was a post-doctoral research associate and then a visiting assistant professor during 1992–2000 at the [[University of Houston]] under the supervision of [[Jay Kochi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rathore|first1=Rajendra|title=Jay Kazuo Kochi (1927–2008)|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|date=17 November 2008|volume=47|issue=48|pages=9186|doi=10.1002/anie.200805187|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rajendra Rathore joined the faculty at Marquette University in 2000.

== Research ==
Rathore was the Pfletschinger-Habermann Professor of Organic Chemistry at Marquette University. He was also nominated for the Helen Way Klingler College of Arts and Sciences Scholar of the Year for 2017–2018, in recognition of outstanding scholarly contributions over the past three years, which he was awarded and received posthumously.<ref>{{cite web |title=KLINGLER COLLEGE AWARDS |url=https://www.marquette.edu/arts-sciences/about-college-awards.php |website=Marquette University}}</ref> Rathore made key contributions to the areas of organic supramolecular and materials chemistry. His interests focused in rational design and synthesis of novel electro-active molecules with applications in molecular recognition, photovoltaics, molecular electronics, and drug discovery. In particular, Rathore was well known for his contributions to studies of the Scholl reaction mechanism, syntheses of cofacially arrayed polyfluorenes, and applications of nitric oxide complexes with aromatic donors. His recent work was focused on elucidating the application of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) in the rational design of novel charge-transfer materials.

=== Synthesis of pillarene ===
In 1995 Rathore and Kochi reported a synthetic procedure to produce various diarylmethanes from their corresponding benzyl methyl ethers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rathore|first1=Rajendra|last2=Kochi|first2=Jay K.|title=Radical-Cation Catalysis in the Synthesis of Diphenylmethanes via the Dealkylative Coupling of Benzylic Ethers|journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry|date=November 1995|volume=60|issue=23|pages=7479–7490|doi=10.1021/jo00128a020}}</ref> They showed that transformation of ''bis''(methoxymethyl)-''p''-hydroquinone ether yields corresponding diarylmethane and a polymeric-like material. A reanalysis of this polymeric material showed that it consisted mainly from [[pillararene]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ivanov|first1=Maxim V.|last2=Wang|first2=Denan|last3=Navale|first3=Tushar S.|last4=Lindeman|first4=Sergey V.|last5=Rathore|first5=Rajendra|title=From Intramolecular (Circular) in an Isolated Molecule to Intermolecular Hole Delocalization in a Two-Dimensional Solid-State Assembly: The Case of Pillarene|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|date=19 February 2018|volume=57|issue=8|pages=2144–2149|doi=10.1002/anie.201712159|pmid=29327390|url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1881&context=chem_fac|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A full characterization of pillararene was first reported in 2008 by Tomoki Ogoshi et al.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ogoshi|first1=Tomoki|last2=Kanai|first2=Suguru|last3=Fujinami|first3=Shuhei|last4=Yamagishi|first4=Tada-aki|last5=Nakamoto|first5=Yoshiaki|title=-Bridged Symmetrical Pillar[5]arenes: Their Lewis Acid Catalyzed Synthesis and Host–Guest Property|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=April 2008|volume=130|issue=15|pages=5022–5023|doi=10.1021/ja711260m|pmid=18357989}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rajendra Rathore was born in Kannauj, India in 1961. In college in Kanpur, India, he met his wife, Rajni. They had two girls.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In October 2018, Marquette University held the Rajendra Rathore Memorial Symposium,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marquette.edu/chem/RathoreSymposium.shtml|title=Rathore Symposium {{!}} Department of Chemistry {{!}} Marquette University|website=www.marquette.edu|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> where friends and colleagues of Rathore spoke about their research and Rathore's influence on their science and lives.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Marquette University faculty]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:University of Western Ontario alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Deaths from sarcoidosis]]

Healthcare in Chennai

2026-01-31T14:10:58Z

Ndizzy4glo: starting post...

{{Short description|Healthcare in Chennai, India}}
{{Update|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
[[File:GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG|thumb|273x273px|Façade of the Government General Hospital. Catering to about 40 percent of domestic and 45 percent of international health tourists arriving in the country, [[Chennai]] is termed the ''Health Capital of India''.]]
'''Healthcare in Chennai''' is provided by both government-run and private hospitals. [[Chennai]] attracts about 45 percent of health tourists from abroad arriving in the country and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists.<ref name="Health capital">{{cite web
| last = National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers
| title = Chennai – India's Health Capital
| publisher = India Health Visit
| url = http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm
| access-date = 1 September 2012
| archive-date = 18 August 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818222035/http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The city has been termed '''Health Capital of [[India]]'''.<ref name="Health capital"/><ref name="CityGetsMostForeignTourists">{{cite news
| title = Chennai High: City gets most foreign tourists
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 August 2010
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/-Chennai-High-City-gets-most-foreign-tourists-/articleshow/6442393.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104021442/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-27/chennai/28314945_1_tourist-arrivals-foreign-tourists-tamil-nadu-tourism-development
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 4 November 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 11 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="MedicalCapitalsPlaceInHistory">{{cite news
| last = Hamid
| first = Zubeda
| title = The medical capital's place in history
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 August 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3796305.ece
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> Multi- and super-specialty hospitals across the city bring in an estimated 150 international patients every day.<ref name="MedicalCapitalsPlaceInHistory"/> Factors behind the tourists' inflow in the city include low costs, little to no waiting period,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Porecha
| first = Maitri
| title = Long wait makes patients head south
| newspaper = Daily News & Analysis
| location = Mumbai
| publisher = DNAIndia.com
| date = 8 August 2012
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_long-wait-makes-patients-head-south_1725254
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> and facilities offered at the speciality hospitals in the city.<ref name="MedicalCapitalsPlaceInHistory"/>

==History==
[[Image:Mmc-new.jpg|thumb|right|214x214px|Madras Medical College]]
The medical lineage of the city began with the first hospital of India set up at [[Fort St. George]] on 16 November 1664 by [[Sir Edward Winter]] to treat sick soldiers of the [[East India Company]].<ref name="PublicHealthInBritishIndia"/> The hospital grew, expanded, and moved out of the fort to its present location in 1772, where it stands today as the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital]], and was opened to Indians in 1842.<ref>{{cite web| title =History: 1639 A.D. TO 1700 A.D.| publisher =ChennaiBest.com| url =http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/sightseeing/history/1639.asp| access-date =19 September 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121009120706/http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/sightseeing/history/1639.asp| archive-date =9 October 2012}}</ref> In 1785, medical departments were set up in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay presidencies]] with 234 surgeons.<ref name="PublicHealthInBritishIndia">{{cite journal
| last = Mushtaq
| first = Muhammad Umair
| title = Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India
| journal = Indian Journal of Community Medicine
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 6–14
| publisher = Medind.nic.in
| date = January 2009
| doi = 10.4103/0970-0218.45369
| pmid = 19876448
| pmc = 2763662
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

Although the [[Western medicine|Western system of medicine]] was brought to India by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], the base for a systematised and widespread network of government-run hospitals began with the hospital in Madras, as the city was known then. Throughout the [[British Raj|colonial era]], doctors from Europe and [[Eurasia]] trained and practised at the first hospital. Between 1800 and 1820, about four hospitals were formed in Madras.<ref name="PublicHealthInBritishIndia"/> In 1835, [[Madras Medical College]] was set up, making it one of the oldest colleges of European medicine in [[Asia]]. In 1854, when the [[British Raj|British government]] agreed to supply medicines and instruments to the growing network of minor hospitals and dispensaries, government store depots were established in [[Calcutta]], Madras, [[Bombay]], and [[Rangoon]].<ref name="PublicHealthInBritishIndia"/> In 1900, the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore|Christian Medical College]], [[Vellore]] was established, attracting some of the best talents in the [[United States]]. By 1933, [[Dr. Mehta's Hospital|Dr. Mehta’s Hospitals]] was established. The Madras Public Health Act, the first of its kind in the country, was passed in 1939.<ref name="PublicHealthInBritishIndia"/>

In the later half of the twentieth century, many prominent institutions began to appear in the city. The [[Adyar Cancer Institute|Cancer Institute]] in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]] was set up in 1954, '''[[Voluntary Health Services hospital, Chennai]] was established in 1958''' and [[Sankara Nethralaya]] was founded in 1976, adding to the city's reputation. Along with the Government General Hospital they served as renowned centres for diagnosis, treatment and research for decades. The establishment of the Apollo Hospital in the city in 1983 marked the advent of corporate hospitals in the country.<ref name="MedicalCapitalsPlaceInHistory"/> The city is where one of the earliest paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) was established in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Govil
| first = Y. C.
| title = Pediatric intensive care in India: Time for introspection and intensification
| journal = Indian Pediatrics
| volume = 43
| issue =8
| pages = 675–676
| date = August 2006
| url = http://indianpediatrics.net/aug2006/aug-675-678.htm
| pmid = 16951431
| access-date = 31 March 2014}}</ref>

Today, Chennai is the hub of [[Medical tourism in India|medical tourism in the country]], an industry that is expected to grow at an estimated 30% per year, which is expected to become worth about {{INR}} 95,000 million by 2015, according to the [[Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India]].<ref name="MedicalCapitalsPlaceInHistory"/>

==Healthcare institutes==

The government-aided hospitals in the city include [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]], [[Government multi-super speciality hospital, Chennai|Government multi-super speciality hospital]], [[Kilpauk Medical College|Government Kilpauk Hospital]], [[Government Royapettah Hospital]], [[Stanley Medical College|Government Stanley Hospital]], [[Adyar Cancer Institute]], [[TB Sanatorium, Chennai|TB Sanatorium]], and [[National Institute of Siddha]]. The National Institute of Siddha is one of the seven apex national-level educational institutions that promote excellence in Indian system of medicine and [[Ayurveda]].<ref>{{cite book|last=De|first=Barun Kumar
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLBwsuW26oMC&q=national+institute+of+siddha&pg=PA39
|title=Public System Management
|isbn=81-224-1767-1
|publisher=New Age International Publishers|location=New Delhi
|year=2006
|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> Non-profit hospitals in the city include [[Voluntary Health Services hospital, Chennai|'''Voluntary Health Services hospital, Chennai''']] [[Hindu Mission Hospital, Chennai|the Hindu Mission Hospital]]. Some of the popular private-run hospitals in Chennai are [[Rela Institute & Medical Centre|Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre]], [[Apollo Hospitals]], SIMS Hospital, Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospitals,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://drkmh.com/|title=Best Multispecialty Hospital in Chennai {{!}} Dr.Kamakshi Memorial Hospital|website=drkmh.com|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref> Chettinad Health City, [[Billroth Hospitals]], [[Madras Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology|MIOT Hospital]], [[Global Health City]], [[SRM Hospital]], Vasan Healthcare, Kauvery Hospital, [[Deepam Pallavaram Hospital]], [[Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre]] and OneHealth Super Speciality Hospital. The prime [[NABH]]-accredited hospitals includes Chennai Apollo Speciality Hospital, Dr Mehta Hospitals, Frontier Lifeline Hospital, Global Hospitals & Health City, Sankara Nethralaya, and Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust.<ref>{{cite web
|last = National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers
|title = NABH Accredited Hospitals
|publisher = NABH
|date = March 2012
|url = http://nabh.co/main/hospitals/accredited.asp
|access-date = 1 September 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105839/http://nabh.co/main/hospitals/accredited.asp
|archive-date = 23 July 2012
}}</ref> Apollo Hospitals Group has five hospitals in the city, including a main hospital and a speciality oncology hospital, with a total bed count of 1,100.<ref>{{cite news
| title = EBITDA to cross 4% next year: Apollo Hospitals
| newspaper = Money Control
| location = Chennai
| publisher = MoneyControl.com
| date = 20 November 2012
| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ebitda-to-cross-4-next-year-apollo-hospitals_784874-0.html
| access-date = 20 November 2012}}</ref> The city has about seven palliative care units.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Raj
| first = Manish
| title = Healthcare gaps leave elders in distress
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 March 2013
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/03/18&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213936/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/03/18&PageLabel=7&EntityId=Ar00700&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 March 2016
| access-date = 24 March 2013}}</ref> [[Poonamallee High Road, Chennai|Poonamallee High Road]], one of the arterial roads of the city, has more hospitals than any other roads in the city and is known as the city's 'Med street'.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramkumar
| first = Pratiksha
| title = Hospitals go in for specialty makeover
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 February 2013
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Hospitals-go-in-for-specialty-makeover/articleshow/18409743.cms
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411033732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-09/chennai/37007034_1_specialty-hospitals-general-hospitals-beds
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 11 April 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 11 February 2013}}</ref>[[File:Tamil Nadu-Secretariat-Assembly-New-Building.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Government multi-super speciality hospital|left]]As of 2012, the city had an estimated 12,500 hospital beds, of which only half is used by the city's population with the rest being shared by patients from other states of the country and foreigners.<ref name="CityToGet3000MoreBeds"/> It is estimated that the number of beds in multi-specialty hospitals in the private sector in the city is in the range of 5,000 beds, whereas in the public sector it is over 6,000 beds.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kannan
| first = Ramya
| title = What the new hospital and college mean for Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 August 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2374703.ece
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> This works to 2.1 beds per 1,000 population against the national average of less than 1 bed per 1,000 population, making the city better than other cities in the country, viz., [[Delhi]] (1.4), [[Mumbai]] (0.8), [[Kolkata]] (0.8), [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] (1.5) and [[Bangalore]] (2.1). However, this still does not fulfil [[World Health Organization]] norms of three beds per 1,000 persons.<ref name="CityToGet3000MoreBeds">{{cite news
| title = Country's med capital to get 3,000 more beds
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 July 2011
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Countrys-med-capital-to-get-3000-more-beds/articleshow/9243427.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130429200224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-16/chennai/29781077_1_global-hospitals-bed-strength-nj-gowrishankar
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 29 April 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref> By mid-2012, with the addition of at least 3,000 beds in four leading hospitals in the city, the private hospital sector in the city is expected to increase its bed strength by nearly 25 percent.<ref name="CityToGet3000MoreBeds"/> As of 2019, four government hospitals have pay wards, namely, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital (198 beds), Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Government Hospital for Women and Children (46 beds), Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children (32 beds), and Gastrointestinal Bleed Centre of Government Stanley Medical College Hospital (58 beds). The occupancy rates in these pay wards was 90 to 100 percent.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Josephine M.
| first = Serena
| title = In-demand pay wards in govt. hospitals to get a facelift
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 3
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 3 December 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/in-demand-pay-wards-in-govt-hospitals-to-get-a-facelift/article30143187.ece
| access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>

According to [[Corporation of Chennai|Chennai Corporation]] sources, there are about 250 registered laboratories in the city, although there are almost thrice as many unregistered ones.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Srinivasan
| first = Meera
|author2=Deepa H. Ramakrishnan
| title = Labs need a monitoring agency
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 February 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2910805.ece
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> The city has six units of the state government's co-operative drug stores across the state known as Kamadhenu co-operative medical stores, where a wide range of 13,000 important medicines would be sold, including 6,000 medicines available on any given day. The government is planning to add 10 more stores in the city.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Krishnan
| first = Pramila
| title = 100 cooperative medical stores in state on anvil
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 January 2012
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/100-cooperative-medical-stores-state-anvil-337
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In May 2011, Corporation of Chennai initiated an online direct health-reporting system under which all the hospitals in the city are required to provide details of the patients on a daily basis to the corporation.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Direct Health Reporting System all set to go online
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2027220.ece
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" width=align=
|+ '''List of major hospitals in Chennai'''
|-
!Institute
!Hospital type
!Locality
!Established
!Chief specialty
!Number of beds
!width=270px | Notes
|-
|[[Voluntary Health Services hospital, Chennai]]
|[[Non-profit hospital]]
|[[Tharamani]] [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]] [[Chennai]]
|1958
|[[Multi-Speciality Hospital]] & [[Research institute]]
|218
|Pioneers in many healthcare research
|-
|
[[Government General Hospital, Chennai|Government General Hospital]]
|Government
|[[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
|1664
|General medicine
|2,029<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals">{{cite web
| last = National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers
| title = Government Hospitals attached to Directorate of Medical Education
| publisher = Government of Tamil Nadu
| url = http://www.tnhealth.org/mehospitals.htm
| access-date = 28 April 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620170043/http://www.tnhealth.org/mehospitals.htm
| archive-date = 20 June 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
|The first medical institution in India
|-
|[[Dr. Mehta's Hospital]]s
|Private
|[[Chetpet]], [[Velappanchavadi]]
|1933
|Multi Specialty Tertiary Care
|
|
|-
|[[Rela Institute & Medical Centre|Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre]]
|Private
|[[Chromepet]]
|2018
|Multi Specialty
|450
|A quaternary care hospital known for its expertise in liver transplantation and oncology

|-
|Vijaya Hospital
|Private
|Vadapalani
|1972
|Multi Specialty
|750
|Multi Specialty Hospital in Chennai
|-
|SIMS Hospital
|Private
|Vadapalani
|2014
|Multi Super Specialty Quaternary Care
|345
|Corporate Hospital established by SRM Group
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex|Government multi-super speciality hospital]]
|Government
|[[Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai|Government Estate]]
|2014
|General medicine
|400
|Originally built as an assembly complex but later converted into a hospital
|-
|[[Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre]]
|Private
| Gopalapuram
|1991
|Diabetes<ref>{{cite news|url=http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200901/50pathfinders43.shtml|title= Hope for Diabetics - Founder of Dr Mohans Diabetes Specialities Centres|date=January 2009|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Government Royapettah Hospital]]
|Government
|[[Royapettah]]
|1911
|General medicine
|712<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Government Stanley Hospital]]
|Government
|Vallalar Nagar
|1799
|General medicine
|1,271<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Kilpauk Medical College Hospital]]
|Government
|[[Kilpauk]]
|1960
|General medicine
|515<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Perambur railway hospital]]
|Government
|[[Ayanavaram]]
|1928
|General medicine
|505
|
|-
|[[Institute of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Hospital for Women & Children]]
|Government
|[[Egmore]]
|
|Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Paediatrics
|752<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Institute of Child Health & Hospital for Children]]
|Government
|[[Egmore]]
|1948
|Paediatrics
|537<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Government Institute of Mental Health, Chennai|Government Institute of Mental Health]]
|Government
|[[Kilpauk]]
|1794
|Neurology
|1,800<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|Second largest mental health institute in India
|-
|[[Government Peripheral Hospital, K. K. Nagar, Chennai|Government Peripheral Hospital, K. K. Nagar]]
|Government
|[[K. K. Nagar, Chennai|K. K. Nagar]]
|1977
|General medicine
|100<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Government Peripheral Hospital, Tondiarpet, Chennai|Government Peripheral Hospital, Tondiarpet]]
|Government
|[[Tondiarpet]]
|1979
|General medicine
|100<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Government Peripheral Hospital, Anna Nagar, Chennai|Government Peripheral Hospital, Anna Nagar]]
|Government
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|1979
|General medicine
|100<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Chennai|Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital]]
|Government
|[[Egmore]]
|1819
|Ophthalmology
|478<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Government Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chennai|Government Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine]]
|Government
|[[K. K. Nagar, Chennai|K. K. Nagar]]
|1979
|
|60<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai|Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine]]
|Government
|[[Tambaram Sanatorium]]
|1920
|Thoracic medicine
|776<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Raja Sir Ramasamy Mudaliar Lying-In Hospital]]
|Government
|[[Royapuram]]
|1880
|
|510<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Voluntary Health Services]]
|Private
|[[Taramani]]
|1958
|
|465
|
|-
|[[Government Kasthuribai Gandhi Hospital, Chennai|Government Kasthuribai Gandhi Hospital]]
|Government
|[[Chepauk]]
|
|
|695<ref name="TNHealth_DMEHospitals"/>
|
|-
|[[Institute of Thoracic Medicine, Chetput]]
|Government
|[[Chetput]]
|1916
|
|
|
|-
|[[Thiruvetreeswarar Hospital for Thoracic Medicine, Otteri]]
|Government
|[[Otteri]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Government Dental Hospital and College, Chennai|Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital]]
|Government
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|1953
|
|
|
|-
|[[Adyar Cancer Institute]]
|
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|1954
|Oncology
|423
|Rated by the [[World Health Organization]] as the top-ranking centre in the country
|-
|[[Apollo Hospitals]]
|
|[[Greams Road]]
|1983
|
|
|First corporate hospital in the country
|-
|Chettinad Health City
|Corporate
|[[Kelambakkam]]
|2007
|
|600
|
|-
|[[Fortis Malar Hospital]]
|Corporate
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|
|
|161
|
|-
|[[Hindu Mission Hospital, Chennai|Hindu Mission Hospital]]
|NGO
|[[Tambaram]]
|1982
|
|220
|
|-
|[http://limakeyholesurgery.com LIMA (Lifeline Institute of Minimal Access) Keyhole Surgery]
|Corporate
|[[Kilpauk]]
|1932
|Keyhole Surgery (since 1997)
|100
|Started as an individual-owned clinic
|-
|[[MGM Healthcare, Chennai|MGM Healthcare]]
|Private
|[[Aminjikarai]]
|
|General medicine
|400
|
|-
|[[Madras Medical Mission]]
|
|[[Mugappair]]
|1987
|
|207
|
|-
|[[National Institute of Siddha]]
|
|[[Tambaram]]
|2005
|
|120
|
|-
|OneHealth Super Speciality Hospital
|Private
|[[Vandalur]]
|2022
|[[Multi Speciality Tertiary Care]]
|65
|
|-
|[[Sankara Nethralaya]]
|
|
|1978
|
|
|
|-
|[[Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital]]
|
|[[Ambattur]]
|1966
|
|212
|
|-
|[[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute|Sri Ramachandra Medical College]]
|
|[[Porur]]
|1985
|
|>1,500
|
|-
|[[Sundaram Medical Foundation]]
|
|[[Anna Nagar]]
|1990
|
|
|
|-
|[[Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospitals]]
|Corporate
|[[Pallikaranai]], Velachery & [[Chennai]]
|2005
|
|300
|Performed more than 45000+ critical surgeries{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
|-
|[[MIOT Hospital]]
|Private
|[[Manapakkam]]
|1999
|Orthopaedics and Traumatology
|1000 <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/honorary-degree-for-miot-md/article5056372.ece Honorary degree for MIOT MD – The Hindu]</ref>
|Performed more than 30,000 joint replacement surgeries<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-celebration-of-chennais-orthopaedic-milestones/article5923201.ece A celebration of Chennai's orthopaedic milestones - The Hindu]</ref>
|-
|[[Billroth Hospitals]]
|Corporate
|[[Shenoy Nagar]], RA Puram and [[Tiruvallur]]
|1990
|
|600
|
|-
|[[Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital]]
|
|[[Teynampet]]
|1994
|
|25
|
|-
|[[Deepam Pallavaram Hospital]]
|
|[[Pallavaram]]
|1995
|[[Major trauma|Trauma Care]]
|>135 to 250
|
|-
|[[Apollo Hospitals]]
|Private
|21 Greams Lane, Off, Greams Road, Thousand Lights
|1983
|Multi Specialty Tertiary Care
|560
|
|-
|}

==Home healthcare==
Home healthcare and home nursing are also a growing phenomena in India. [[India Home Health Care]] is one such service provider, based in Chennai and Bangalore with over 300 nurses. Now, on-demand platforms like "Treat at Home" app are providing services like doctor home visit, nursing, caretaking and physiotherapy to patients at home by connecting them with their nearest available providers.<ref>{{cite news | title=Doorstep Healthcare Service picks up in Chennai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/doorstep-healthcare-service-picks-up-in-chennai/article5726740.ece | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 February 2014 | access-date= 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Home Health Care expands|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/home-health-care-expands/article5729962.ece | publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] | date=26 February 2014 | access-date= 2 August 2014}}</ref>

==Medical education==
The city has four government medical colleges and one ESI medical college, apart from private medical colleges. The four government-run colleges include Madras Medical College, Stanley Medical College, Kilpauk Medical College, and Omandurar Government Medical College.<ref>{{cite news
| title = சென்னையில் மேலும் ஒரு அரசு மருத்துவ கல்லூரி
| newspaper = Maalai Malar
| location = Chennai
| language = ta
| date = 21 May 2014
| url = http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/05/21030939/one-more-government-medical-co.html
| access-date = 22 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140523232302/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/05/21030939/one-more-government-medical-co.html
| archive-date = 23 May 2014
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Medical tourism==
[[File:Apollo Proton Cancer Centre, Chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai]]
With people from across the country and abroad preferring to get treated in the hospitals in Chennai, the city is increasingly becoming a hub of [[medical tourism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240318/chennai-emerging-as-cheap-medical-tourism-hub.html|title=Chennai emerging as cheap medical tourism hub|last=TRIPATHI|first=SHWETA|date=24 March 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> According to a study by Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), Chennai attracts about 40 percent of the country's medical tourists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/40-of-medical-tourists-to-india-visit-tamil-nadu-minister/article29534102.ece|title=40% of medical tourists to India visit Tamil Nadu: Minister|author=Staff Reporter|date=27 September 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 December 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of 2013, the city receives up to 200 foreign patients every day.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai remains favourite destination of medical tourists
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 April 2013
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chennai-remains-favourite-destination-of-medical-tourists/articleshow/19641239.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426020913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-20/india/38692142_1_health-tourism-medical-tourists-cii
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 26 April 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 28 April 2013}}</ref> The Coromandel Express, which plies between [[Kolkata]] and Chennai, is nicknamed 'Ambulance Express' in [[Howrah]] since it regularly ferries a chunk of patients from the eastern region for medical treatment at hospitals in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kabirdoss
| first = Yogesh
| title = 'Ambulance' Express chugs in to Central after a 'sick' journey
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 7 November 2012
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1330517.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108132626/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1330517.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 November 2012
| access-date = 7 November 2012}}</ref> Foreigners, especially those from developing and underdeveloped countries such as [[Nigeria]], [[Kenya]], [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Healthcare in Malawi|Malawi]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Oman]] and [[Iraq]], come to the city for advanced medical care.<ref name="AHubOfMedicalTourism"/> About 150 [[Maldivian people|Maldivian]] patients arrive at the city every day for medical treatment, which resulted in [[Maldivian Airlines]] launching a thrice-a-week direct flight from [[Malé|Male]] to Chennai.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramkumar
| first = Pratiksha
| title = Maldivians fly to Chennai hospitals, but face rule hitch
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 November 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/chennai/35227765_1_maldivians-bandhu-ibrahim-saleem-chennai
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130128015512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/chennai/35227765_1_maldivians-bandhu-ibrahim-saleem-chennai
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 28 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 20 November 2012}}</ref> From [[Malawi]], numerous patients are travelling to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imtj.com/country/MW/|title=Medical tourism profile for Malawi: Statistics and data {{!}} IMTJ|website=imtj.com|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> Their most preferred destination is Chennai & Medobal healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/indias-medobal-health-opens-branch-in-malawi/|title=India's Medobal Health opens branch in Malawi|date=26 February 2019|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-US|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> However, there are no consolidated statistics about the number of foreign patients that the city receives. Most leading hospitals, which receive a steady stream of patients from other states of India and abroad every day, have separate wings for international patients. [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute|Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre]] receives up to 100 overseas patients a month. [[Dr.Kamakshi Memorial Hospital]] receives 10 to 15 foreign patients in a month. [[Fortis Malar Hospital]] receives 15 to 20 foreign patients a month. [[Madras Medical Mission]] receives 14 foreign medical tourists every month, mainly from East African nations. [[Sankara Nethralaya]] receives nearly 500 overseas patients a month.<ref name="AHubOfMedicalTourism">{{cite news
| last = Ashok
| first = Sowmiya
|author2=K. Lakshmi
| title = A hub of medical tourism
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 July 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2237677.ece
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref> MIOT Hospitals receives nearly 300 foreign patients every month.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Miot plans hospital in Sudan
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 14 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/miot-plans-hospital-in-sudan/article3996957.ece
| access-date = 18 October 2012}}</ref> The Medical Tourism Industry in India is expected to reach US$9 billion by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/pandemic-bolsters-case-for-telemedicine-across-asia-pacific|title = Pandemic Bolsters Case for Telemedicine Across Asia-Pacific| date=23 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Special certifications==
With more than 75 percent of the medical tourists being from the Middle East, hospitals in the city are vying for '[[halal]]' certification. On 14 May 2012, the city-based Global Health City became the first in the country to receive the halal certification from the Halal Development Authority.<ref name="HospitalsEyeHalalCertification">{{cite news
| last = Narayan
| first = Puspha
| title = Hospitals eye 'halal' certification to attract patients from Middle East
| location = Chennai
| date = 15 May 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/india/31710590_1_halal-meat-halal-certification-prayer-hall
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120621165906/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/india/31710590_1_halal-meat-halal-certification-prayer-hall
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 June 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> Other hospitals in the city that have applied for the certification include Dr. Mehta's Hospitals and Lifeline Hospitals.<ref name="HospitalsEyeHalalCertification"/> Halal-friendly medical tourism services include food, prayer hall, 'quiblah' (the direction of [[Mecca]]) signs in every room, prayer mat, copies of [[Quran]] and appointments of woman physicians for woman patients.<ref>{{cite web
| last = National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers
| title = India's Halal Hospital
| publisher = On Islam
| date = 4 June 2012
| url = http://www.onislam.net/english/news/asia-pacific/457439-indias-halal-hospital.html
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref>

==Supportive infrastructure==
In January 2010, Aloka Trivitron Medical Technologies Park, the country's first medical technological park, was inaugurated in the SIPCOT complex at [[Irungattukottai]] in [[Sriperumbudur]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = IANS
| title = India gets its first medical technology park in Tamil Nadu
| newspaper = My News.in
| location = Chennai
| publisher = MyNews.in
| date = 25 January 2010
| url = http://www.mynews.in/News/India_gets_its_first_medical_technology_park_in_Tamil_Nadu_N36282.html#
| access-date = 4 October 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100128033916/http://www.mynews.in/News/India_gets_its_first_medical_technology_park_in_Tamil_Nadu_N36282.html
| archive-date = 28 January 2010
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Spread across 25 acres, the medical technology park, a facility to produce high-tech medical equipment, is designed to house 10 international medical technology manufacturers, in addition to Trivitron's own manufacturing units. The range of products to be manufactured at the medical technology park include ultrasound systems, X-ray machines/C-arm, in-vitro diagnostic reagents, modular operating theatres, operating room tables and lights, molecular diagnostic products, hemodialysis products, ECG/cardiac diagnostic instruments, critical care instruments and implantable medical devices.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Deputy CM inaugurates Trivitron Park at SIPCOT
| newspaper = News Today Net
| location = Chennai
| publisher = NewsTodayNet.com
| date = 28 January 2010
| url = http://newstodaynet.com/printer.php?id=21130
| access-date = 15 September 2012
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130129220304/http://newstodaynet.com/printer.php?id=21130
| archive-date = 29 January 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Trivitron Health to invest Rs 100 cr in capacity expansion, buys
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 12 August 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article2350513.ece
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref>

==NGOs and Non-Profits==
Chennai has a strong base of healthcare non-profit organisations and non-government organisations. One such example is the [[Indian Heart Association]], focused on cardiovascular health prevention.<ref name="Indian Heart">Indian Heart Association Why South Asians Facts. Web. 26 April 2015. <http://indianheartassociation.org/why-indians-why-south-asians/overview/>.</ref>

Other NGO example includes [[MOHAN Foundation]] that works for awareness for cadaver donation since 1997 and creating an organ sharing registry in the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/11/Dr_Sunil_Shroff.html |title=Expert Talk - Dr Sunil Shroff » DoctorNDTV for the better health of Indians |publisher=Doctor.ndtv.com |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408145106/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expertinterview/ndtv/expertintid/11/Dr_Sunil_Shroff.html |archive-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Facts and records==
A former superintendent of the [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Chennai|Regional Institute of Ophthalmology]] in the city, Kirk Patrick, was the first to have found the [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]] that caused [[conjunctivitis]], leading to the name ''Madras eye'' for the disease.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai's medical history unveiled
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 August 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/chennai/29918443_1_eye-government-hospitals-museum
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514105909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/chennai/29918443_1_eye-government-hospitals-museum
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 14 May 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref>

The city is preeminent in transplant surgery, with several city-based hospitals creating records in such surgeries. Chennai recorded the first ever liver transplant in the country in the Government Stanley Medical College in the 1990s.<ref name="PioneerInTransplants"/>

In May 2011, the Madras Medical College opened the first-of-its-kind Orthopaedic Cadaveric Skills Lab in any government college in the country to train post graduate students in cadaveric dissection.<ref>{{cite news
| title = MMC gets first of its kind ortho lab in country
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| date = 3 May 2011
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article466017.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095221/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article466017.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 3 May 2011}}</ref>

In March 2012, the Government General Hospital performed its 1,000th [[kidney transplant]], the highest in any government hospital in the country, of which about 90 were cadaver transplants.<ref name="PioneerInTransplants">{{cite news
| last = Kumar
| first = G. Pramod
| title = Once capital of illegal kidney trade, Chennai now a pioneer in transplants
| newspaper = Firstpost.com
| publisher = Firstpost.India
| date = 21 March 2012
| url = http://www.firstpost.com/india/once-capital-of-illegal-kidney-trade-chennai-now-a-pioneer-in-transplants-251460.html
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref>

In 2008, the state government established a cadaver transplant programme at the Chennai Medical College.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kannan
| first = Ramya
| title = Sharp dip in cadavers at government hospitals a worry
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 31 January 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/health/policy-and-issues/article2845641.ece
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> The programme has a regular transplant-coordinator and a computerised network linking government and private hospitals.<ref name="PioneerInTransplants"/> Apollo Hospitals and the Government General Hospital continues to be the two main sources of cadaveric organs in the city. With the organ donor rate in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] standing at 1.2 per million population, which is 15 times the national average, Chennai acts as a hub of deceased organ donation in India.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ravi
| first = Thilaka
| title = Renowned US Organ Transplant Surgeon in Chennai to Support Deceased Organ Donation
| newspaper = Med India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = MedIndia.net
| date = 29 June 2011
| url = http://www.medindia.net/news/Interviews/Renowned-US-Organ-Transplant-Surgeon-in-Chennai-to-Support-Deceased-Organ-Donation-87071-1.htm
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref>

Tamil Nadu has been the number one state in deceased donation. It has been awarded the best performing state in organ donation and transplantation in India by the Indian government for 2015 and 2016.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kannan
| first = Ramya
| title = Centre lauds TN's efforts in organ donation
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 28 November 2015
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/centre-lauds-tns-efforts-in-organ-donation/article7925736.ece
| access-date = 14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| title = Tamil Nadu leads country in organ donation
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| date = 1 October 2015
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Nadu-leads-country-in-organ-donation/articleshow/49175351.cms
| access-date = 14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Cadaver Transplant Tamilnadu Tops India
| newspaper = The News Today
| location = Chennai
| publisher = NewsTodayNet.com
| date = 2015
| url = https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/cadaver-transplant-tamilnadu-tops-india/
| access-date = 14 September 2018}}</ref>

In 2009, a group of doctors and specialists in [[Chennai]] and [[Coimbatore]] registered the successful treatment of thalassemia in a child using a sibling's umbilical cord blood.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105144533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-17/chennai/28111025_1_cord-blood-thalassaemia-blood-transfusion His sister's keeper: Brother's blood is boon of life], [[Times of India]], 17 September 2009</ref>

==Future projects==
In August 2011, the state government decided to convert the much controversial, half-constructed [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex|Assembly-Secretariat complex]] in the city, built at an estimated {{INR}} 10,920 million, into a multi-specialty hospital.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kumar
| first = B. Aravind
|author2=T. Ramakrishnan
| title = It's going to be a multi-super specialty hospital for the poor
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 August 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2372798.ece
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref>

The city-based KM Cherian–promoted Frontier Lifeline has proposed a {{INR}} 10,000-million medicity project named Frontier Mediville on 350 acres of land of which 42 acres had received [[special economic zone]] (SEZ) status from the central government in 2009. Located at [[Elavur]] village, 40 km from the city centre, the project will be executed in three phases. The {{INR}} 1,600-million first phase will comprise a medical science park in the SEZ zone. It also includes a research and training centre and an animal laboratory to house clinical research organisations (CROs). The second will costing {{INR}} 5,000 million includes a {{INR}} 1,440-million bio hospital with 200 beds in the SEZ. The bio hospital is expected to be the first of its kind in India, designed as tertiary care in all sub-specialities of medicine supported by modern basic sciences including [[stem cell]] technology, [[tissue engineering]] and [[nanotechnology]], which would also focus on integration of [[Traditional medicine|traditional]] and [[Alternate medicine|alternate medicinal technologies]] such as [[ayurveda]], [[naturopathy]], and [[siddha]] to the services. The second phase also includes another 750-bed multispeciality general hospital to be developed outside the SEZ.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Babu
| first = Gireesh
| title = Frontier Mediville to raise Rs 20 cr via Private equity
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 July 2011
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/frontier-mediville-to-raise-rs-20-cr-via-private-equity/442343/
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, the Indian government decided to establish a regional centre for organ transplant in Chennai, which would be one of the five regional centres in the country. The regional centres would collect data and send it to the national registry. The Chennai centre would cover the southern states of Tamil Nadu, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and [[Andaman and Nicobar]] and [[Lakshadweep]] islands.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Regional centre for organ transplant to be set up in Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 11 August 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/regional-centre-for-organ-transplant-to-be-set-up-in-chennai/article6305555.ece
| access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref>

==Criticisms==
Despite being known as the 'Mecca' of healthcare, only six private hospitals in the city have been accredited by the National Board for Accreditation of Hospitals and Healthcare Providers (NABH) as of 2012.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramkumar
| first = Pratiksha
| title = Healthcare Mecca not world class?
| location = Chennai
| date = 13 February 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Healthcare-Mecca-not-world-class/articleshow/11867415.cms
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103071025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-13/chennai/31054897_1_accreditation-quality-council-hospitals-and-healthcare-providers
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Sujatha
| first = R.
|author2=Sowmiya Ashok
| title = Making a mark in offering quality treatment
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 February 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2910799.ece
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> However, per a release by National Board for Accreditation of Hospitals and Healthcare Providers, over 23 hospitals in the city were NABH accredited as of 2017.<ref>{{cite news
| last = National Board for Accreditation of Hospitals and Healthcare Providers
| first = constituent of Quality council of India
| title = NABH Accredited Hospitals
| location = Chennai
| pages = www.nabh.co
| language = en
| publisher = NABH
| date = 29 April 2017
| url = https://www.nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx
| access-date = 9 December 2019
| archive-date = 15 March 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150315022234/http://nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Per a research published in the August 2011 issue of the ''[[Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics]]'', there was no evidence of falsification of medicines in a sampling study carried out in the city, though 43 percent of drugs were substandard.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Taylor
| first = Phil
| title = Researchers find no evidence of counterfeiting in India's Chennai
| newspaper = Securing Industry
| location = Chennai
| publisher = SecuringIndustry.com
| date = 13 July 2011
| url = http://www.securingindustry.com/pharmaceuticals/researchers-find-no-evidence-of-counterfeiting-in-india-s-chennai/s40/a983/
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[List of hospitals in India]]
* [[Medical tourism in India]]
* [[Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[https://tnhealth.tn.gov.in Health & Family Welfare Department]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Asia topic|Health in}}

[[Category:Healthcare in Chennai| ]]
[[Category:Healthcare in India|C]]

U. Ray and Sons

2026-01-26T17:53:22Z

Ndizzy4glo: created a details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

'''U. Ray and Sons''' was a privately held blockmaking, printing and publishing firm in [[Calcutta]], India founded by [[Upendrakishore Ray]] in 1895. At its inception the firm was named U. Ray after its owner; ''and Sons'' was added in 1900 when his son [[Sukumar Ray]] joined the firm. It was notable for internationally pioneering work in [[halftone]] process work. The firm became bankrupt in 1926, but the business was revived under a new owner in 1929. The Successor of this printing press is Ayan Banerjee.

==Blockmaking Business==

[[File:Upendra kishore Ray chowdhury.jpg|thumb|Upendra kishore Ray chowdhury, Founder]]

U. Ray and Sons was primarily set up as an initiative to remedy the lack of cost-effective metal blocks for the printing of illustrations in Calcutta in spite of the existence of good printing presses in the early 1890s. Upendrakishore, a versatile genius, excelling in the fields of children's literature, music, painting and printing technology could not therefore have first grade illustrations published for his ''Children’s Ramayan''. A lack of skill in graphic arts and photo-processes resulted in ruined print illustrations. 'At that time, only a few local firms like Thacker and Spincks (of [[Thacker's Indian Directory]]) took commercial orders for halftone blocks but they were very costly. Being of an inventive and mechanical turn of mind, Upendrakishore ordered the necessary equipment from A.W. Penrose & Co., of 109 Farringdon Street, [[London]], and began to study the technical nature of the subject.

'A camera and various pieces of half-tone equipment [arrived] from Britain [...] by bullock cart; soon after that, they moved out of 13 Cornwallis Street to a house not far away at Shibnarain Dass Lane, which Upendrakisore had made into a residence-cum-business premises, including a studio.

The firm first advertised in 1895 that they were undertaking [[bromide]] enlargements and half-tone [[printmaking]]. Within two years of the establishment of the firm, advertisements appeared in the [[Amrita Bazar Patrika]] on 25 November 1896 (the leading daily newspaper of its time) stating the undertaking of 'half-tone block bromide enlargements of the highest quality only'<ref>''Amrita Bazar Patrika'', 25 November 1986. Print.</ref> and 'half-tone block from photograph etc. at Rupee One.'<ref>Amrita Bazar Patrika, 25 November 1986. Print.</ref> Another advertisement appeared in the same newspaper on 2 July 1897 and provides more details-

<blockquote>
'''HALF-TONE BLOCKS''' :

''U. Ray'' begs leave to state that by his new method of half-tone engraving
he is prepared to give result as very few persons in the world have
hitherto produced. He can now undertake to make half-tone blocks
of the following degrees of fineness of grain : 75, 85, 120, 133, 170,
240 and 266 lines to the inch. The patterns he can produce are simply
innumerable. Price for the ordinary kind of grains up to 133 lines—
Zinc blocks at Re 1 per sq. inch.
Copper blocks at Re 1-8 per sq. inch.
Price for more artistic work on application to:
''U. Ray, B.A., Artist.''
''38-1 Shibnarain Dass Lane, Calcutta''.

</blockquote>

==Technical Innovation==

The studies on block-making technology led him to investigate the theoretical basis of the [[process camera]] and arrive at conclusions which standardises the hitherto empirical practices at [[process work]].’<ref name=autogenerated1>Robinson, Andrew. ''The Inner Eye''. New York: I.B. Tauris and Co. Ltd., 2004. Print.</ref>

Experimentations began immediately and the firm's reputation was aided by its owners contribution to his chosen field. Starting in 1897, Upendrakishore wrote a number of articles in the best-known British printing journal of the time, [[Penrose Annual]], based on his researches. Their titles, though technical, are self-explanatory: 'Focussing the Screen' (1897), 'The Theory of the Half-Tone Dot' (1898),'The Half-Tone Theory Graphically Explained' (1899), 'Automatic Adjustment of the Half-Tone Screen' (1901), 'Diffraction in Half-Tone' (1902–3), 'More About the Half-Tone Theory' (1903–4), 'The 60° Cross-Line Screen' (1905–6), 'Multiple Stops' (1911–12). Upendrakishore's papers about the [[Diaphragm (optics)|diaphragm]] systems, his invention of the sixty-degree screen, his original methods of colour reproduction, his studies in [[diffraction]] and his contributions towards standardising half-tone camera work were all intimately connected with the progress of the photographic method of reproducing [[illustrations]]. While Siddhartha Ghosh<ref name=autogenerated2>Ghosh, Siddhartha. "Abol Tabol: The Making of a Book." ''Print Areas: Book History in India''. Ed. Abhijit Gupta & Swapan Chakravarty. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004. Print.</ref> in his essay on [[Sukumar Ray]]'s [[Abol Tabol]] tells us that Upendrakishore patented a gadget known as the 'automatic screen adjustment indicator' which was sold as an optional accessory to the Penrose company's process camera, [[W. Andrew Robinson|Andrew Robinson]] quotes a [[Penrose Annual]] issue in which its London editor explains a lack of articles by Mr. U. Ray as an outcome of ill health and further informs the printing trade that U. Ray had anticipated by some years the important screen just patented by someone in Britain'<ref name=autogenerated1 /> and that 'unable to prove his theory in Calcutta for lack of resources, Upendrakisore had appealed to his colleagues in Britain for help and one of them had plagiarised his ideas.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

By 1910, the firm was undertaking 'original designs in black and white in colours for tables, books, magazines and catalogue illustrations, show cards, letterheads etc.'<ref>''[[Prabasi]]'' (Various issues), June 1910. Print.</ref>

==Sukumar Ray Going Abroad==

The growth of the firm coincided to Upendrakishore's son [[Sukumar Ray]] going abroad on the Guruprasanna Ghosh Scholarship at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Calcutta in 1911 to study at the [[London County Council]] School of [[Photoengraving]] and [[Lithography]]. An integral part of the firm, Sukumar was to take over the running of the press when his father fell ill and his knowledge and technical expertise regarding latest printing techniques, half-tones and multiple stops picked up at LCC and later at the School of Technology at the [[University of Manchester]] (where he took the [[City and Guilds of London Institute]] Examination and was awarded the first prize) stood him in good stead. Letters exchanged between father and son during this period explore the possibility of producing and patenting a colour camera. His return to Calcutta saw the firm advertising, stressing, among other things, 'the unique results of twenty years' experience and research and two years' intimate study of European methods'.<ref>''[[Prabasi]]'', June 1914. Print.</ref>
[[File:Sukumar Ray in London.jpg|thumb|Sukumar Ray in London]]
Around the same time, when [[Ramananda Chatterjee]]'s ''[[Prabasi]]'' (sister to the [[Modern Review (London)|Modern Review]]) became the first ever periodical in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] to feature a reproduction of a photograph on its cover purely for the sake of illustration, the block was turned out by U. Ray and Sons and the photograph taken by [[Sukumar Ray]].

==Publications==

=== ''Tuntunir Boi'' or ''The Tailor Bird's Book'' ===

Although U. Ray and Sons started initially as a half-tone process firm and did not have a printing press of its own till 1913, it moved onto publishing in 1910 with its first book, written by Upendrakishore himself, a subsequent all-time [[Bengali language|Bengali]] classic ''Tuntunir Boi'' or ''The Tailor Bird's Book''. Published by [[Sukumar Ray]] from ''Sukia Street'' it was printed by Haricharan Manna at the ''Kantik Press'' on ''Cornwallis Street'' and priced at ''8 annas''. Illustrated by line drawing sketches by the author it is a collection of twenty-seven folk tales for children. 'In his brief preface to the volume, Raychaudhuri writes of a story-telling habit prevalent among household women in certain parts of eastern Bengal [the author probably refers to Mymensingh which had been his desh or native region and a province particularly rich in folklore]. At the end of the day, when little children tend to drop off to sleep before having their suppers, affectionate nurses, mothers, aunts or grandmothers try to keep their sleepy-eyed wards amused with pleasing stories. The enchantment of the tales help keep the children diverted while the women feed them playfully. The tales of the book are drawn from that treasury of oral nursery lore, from a tradition steeped in the tenderness of motherly affection. The stories are short and entertaining – as would suit the patience and understanding of little folks - and peopled with a stock of native characters: the sprightly tailor-bird, the stupid tiger, the little sparrow, the wily fox, the clever cat, the hunch-back woman or the foolish weaver.'<ref>Gangopadhyay, Gargi. "Children's Books from Bengal : A Documentation." http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/TuntunirBoi.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112158/http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/TuntunirBoi.php |date=25 April 2012 }}. 27 October 2011. Web.</ref>

Samples of the [http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/TuntunirBoi.php Title Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112158/http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/TuntunirBoi.php |date=25 April 2012 }} and [http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/TuntunirBoi.php Page 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112158/http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/TuntunirBoi.php |date=25 April 2012 }} of the text show us how its form was.

=== ''Abol Tabol'' ===

[[Abol Tabol]], an anthology of poems by [[Sukumar Ray]], was first published in ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'' magazine in parts. The book was first published on 10 September 1923, 9 days after the author's death.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> The book had a unique design – the book was bound at the top like a letter-writing pad.

==Illustrations==
Here are some illustrations from the book [[Abol Tabol]].
[[File:Aboltabol.gif|thumb|Aboltabol]]
[[File:Khurorkal.gif|thumb|Khurorkal]]
[[File:Kumropatash.gif|thumb|Kumropatash]]
[[File:Tashgoru.gif|thumb|Tashgoru]]
[[File:Daredaredroom.gif|thumb|Daredaredroom]]
[[File:Hukomukhohangla.gif|thumb|Hukomukhohangla]]
[[File:Khichuri 1.gif|thumb|Khichuri 1]]
[[File:Khichuri 3.gif|thumb|Khichuri 3]]
[[File:Kimbhut.gif|thumb|Kimbhut]]
[[File:Bhoypeyona.gif|thumb|Bhoypeyona]]

===Others===

Besides the publications mentioned above, other works published include storybooks written by
Kuladaranjan (Satyajit's uncle) and published by U. Ray and Sons who retold the [[Iliad]] and the [[Odyssey]] in Bengali, and a great many Indian [[legend]]s and [[Folklore|folk-tales]]; also corresponding with [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s widow and obtaining the rights to translate his works into Bengali gratis. An early advertisement by the firm of such work can be seen [http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/advertisement_pics.php?page=40&limit=10/%22 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112311/http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/advertisement_pics.php?page=40&limit=10/%22 |date=25 April 2012 }}.

== ''Sandesh'' ==

[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]], first printed in 1913, was a monthly magazine published by Upendrakishore. [[Sukumar Ray]] was its editor. After Sukumar's death, the magazine was managed by a number of family members, chief among them Sukumar's brother, Subinay. The publication of [[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]] ended with when the firm collapsed. It was revived by Satyajit Ray in 1961.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Relocation==

A new chapter in the history of the firm began in 1913 when the family residence as well as the workshop and office of the firm were constructed at 100 Garpar Road according to Upendrakishore's design. The money for this came from selling most of his share in the [[zamindari]] at his ancestral home in [[Mymensingh]] to his foster brother Narendrakisore, who was in charge of it following his father Harikisore's death,’ records [[W. Andrew Robinson|Andrew Robinson]]<ref name=autogenerated1 />

This promoted the status of the firm from printers to publishers as well, with the printing of the first [[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]. Much information can be got from grandson [[Satyajit Ray]]'s recollections of this new press as recorded in Andrew Robinson's [[The Inner Eye]].

<blockquote>
‘[ [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ] main memories of those earliest years revolved around his grandfather’s house-cum-press, U. Ray and Sons at 100 Garpar Road, and the relatives who occupied it. It stood in a peaceful road in north Calcutta with a deaf-and-dumb school on one side and a private school on the other which was no doubt typical of the crammers that [[Rabindranath Tagore]] tells us he spent his childhood years trying to escape in the 1860s and 70s. In the heat of midday, when Calcutta traffic of all kinds came to a stop, Satyajit would hear the chant of multiplication tables, of reading out loud and, sometimes, the shouts of angry masters. The building had three storeys and a fine flat roof, which Upendrakishore had used for his astronomy. The printing machinery was housed at the front of the building on the ground floor and directly above that were the block-making and [[typesetting]] rooms. The Ray family lived at the back on all three floors. To reach them, a visitor entered a small lane to one side of the house. A door gave on to stairs to the right which led to the family apartments; those turning left were on press business. Satyajit was fascinated from the beginning by the whole paraphernalia of printing, particularly as one of its end products was [[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]] with its three-colour cover. He became a frequent visitor to the first floor. As he entered, the [[compositors]], sitting side by side in front of their multisectioned [[Type case]]s, would glance up at him and smile. He would make his way past them to the back of the room – to the block-making section with its enormous imported process camera, and its distinctive smells. 'Even today,’ wrote Ray in 1981, 'if I catch a whiff of [[turpentine]], a picture of U. Ray and Sons' block-making department floats before my eyes.' The main operator of the camera, Ramdohin, was his friend. He had had no formal education; Upendrakisore had trained him from scratch and he was like one of the family. Presenting Ramdohin with a piece of paper with some squiggles on it, Satyajit would announce: 'This is for Sandesh.' Ramdohin would solemnly wag his head in agreement, 'Of course, Khoka Babu, of course' and lift Satyajit up to show him the upside-down image of his drawing in the screen of the camera. But somehow it would never appear in [[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]].’<ref name=autogenerated1 /> </blockquote>

==Print Samples==

Expertise in photo processes meant that U. Ray and Sons produced the best colour plates in Calcutta during its existence. Examples to be found include the colour plates in Ramananda Chatterjee's Picture Albums - [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1823302 ''The Mendicant''], [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1823304 ''Ahalya''], [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1823303 ''Gandhari''].

==Liquidation==

After Sukumar Ray's death the control of the firm passed into the hands of his brother Subinay Ray. The collapse of U. Ray and Sons in 1926 was the result of impracticality on the part of Sukumar's brother Subinay who had been managing it, combined with disloyalty by some of the staff Upendrakisore had trained. No one now quite knows. Sound business planning was never one of the priorities of Upendrakisore and his direct descendants, though each demonstrated an ability to combine quality with commercial viability. In the case of Satyajit, he was emphatically not interested in business for its own sake. The firm was finally wound up in January 1927 and the family house built by Upendrakisore passed into the hands of the more reasonable of the creditors.

==Notes==

{{Reflist}}

==References==

*Ghosh, Siddhartha. "Abol Tabol: The Making of a Book." ''Print Areas: Book History in India''. Ed. Abhijit Gupta & Swapan Chakravarty. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004.
*Ray, Satyajit. ''Jokhon Chhoto Chhilam''. Calcutta: Ananda Publishers, 1984.
*Ray, Satyajit. ''Sukumar Ray''. Screenplay & Direction. Satyajit Ray. Producer: Govt. of West Bengal, 1987.
*Ray, Sukumar. ''Abol Tabol''. Calcutta: Signet Press, 1988.
*Ray, Sukumar. ''Ha-ja-ba-ra-la''. Calcutta.
*Ray, Upendrakishore. ''Tuntunir Boi''. Calcutta : Kantik Press, 1910.
*Robinson, Andrew. ''The Inner Eye''. New York: I.B. Tauris and Co. Ltd., 2004.

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRg1WbFvXqo Sukumar Ray]: 1987 Documentary by [[Satyajit Ray]].
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnSa2IhRZqk Satyajit Ray] : Part One of Documentary by [[Goutam Ghose]].
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmElmY_MLsQ Satyajit Ray] : Part Two of Documentary by [[Goutam Ghose]].
*[http://sukumarray.freehostia.com/ Sukumar Ray Shishu Sahitya Samagra Online]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140104/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110815/jsp/calcutta/story_14375725.jsp Recent Sandesh News]
*[https://waswoxwaswoartcollection.blogspot.com/2010/04/chatterjees-picture-albums.html U. Ray Print Samples]
*[http://bengalichildrensbooks.org/index.php Official Website of Children's Books from Bengal: A Documentation (Part I, till 1910)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711133136/http://www.bengalichildrensbooks.org/index.php |date=11 July 2011 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYcDdL3Aunc&feature=BFa&list=PLC19066D5DE85E6AB&lf=results_video Documentary Footage ''Satyajit Ray'' on ''U. Ray and Sons'']
*[https://www.youtube.com/watchv=5xUxH1vbHRU&feature=autoplay&list=PLC19066D5DE85E6AB&lf=results_video&playnext=1 ''Satyajit Ray'' on ''Upendrakishore Ray'' and ''Sukumar Ray'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111115211307/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111113/jsp/calcutta/story_14741253.jsp ''Sandesh Building Demolished'']

[[Category:Printing companies of India]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1895]]
[[Category:Publishing companies disestablished in 1926]]
[[Category:Defunct publishing companies]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of India]]
[[Category:1926 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1895]]

Rang Maza Vegla (2012 TV series)

2026-01-15T02:15:01Z

Ndizzy4glo:

{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = Ashish Ubale
| screenplay = Ashish Ubale Komulika Bhattacharya '''Dialogues''' Ashwini Shende
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = Tanvi Palav [[Shashank Ketkar]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 125
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 Minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Saam TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2012|4|2}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2012|9|21}}
| related = 
}}

'''''Rang Maza Vegla''''' is a Marathi Indian soap opera created and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under her banner [[Balaji Telefilms]]. The series premiered on 2 April 2012 and aired on [[Saam TV]].<ref>[https://marathimovieworld.com/news/rang-majha-vegala-new-family-serial.php Balaji Telefilms launches new Marathi show 'Rang Maza Vegla' on Saam TV]</ref>

==Plot==
The series revolves around the young protagonist Gargi (Tanvi Palav) who is born and brought up in the [[United States]]. She comes to [[India]] after 18 years to reunite with her grandparents. The series explores how Gargi takes up responsibilities when her family faces crisis.

==Cast==
* [[Shashank Ketkar]]
* [[Sharvani Pillai]]
* [[Shilpa Navalkar]]
* Tanvi Palav as Gargi
* [[Anand Kale]]
* Nandini Vaidya
* Lala Deshmukh
* Shrikant Gandhe
* Vasudha Deshpande
* Arun Bhadsavle
* Falguni Thakkar
* [[Abhilasha Patil]]
* Mrunmayee Phadke
* Yogita Dandekar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.balajitelefilms.com/ Official Website]

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]

Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-01-08T15:13:45Z

Ndizzy4glo: added initial info first draft

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India
| area = 304 km²
| established = 1989
}}

'''Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in Sangla valley of the [[Kinnaur district]] of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is situated in the arid zone of the middle Himalayas. It covers the area of 304 km2. The Sanctuary is named after the villages of [[Rakchham]] and [[Chitkul]], the latter being the last inhabited village near the Indo-Tibetan border. The sanctuary is home to wildlife, including [[the Snow Leopard]], Himalayan Black Bear, Musk Deer, and Blue Sheep, alongside birds like the [[Himalayan monal|Himalayan Monal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-18 |title=International Bird Watching programme held at Rakchham-Chitkul wildlife sanctuary; 35 species spotted |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/international-bird-watching-programme-held-at-rakchham-chitkul-wildlife-sanctuary-35-species-spotted-10313885/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Sangla Valley (Rakcham Chitkul) Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/sangla-valley-rakcham-chitkul-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanctuaries - Himachal Tourism Official Website |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/sanctuaries/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250703092013/https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/sanctuaries/ |archive-date=2025-07-03 |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=Himachal Tourism Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/08/rakchham-chitkul-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Biodiversity Areas |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/18165 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.keybiodiversityareas.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|31|21|N|78|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:20000|display=title}}

[[Category:Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

Magahi language

2026-01-01T02:56:11Z

Ndizzy4glo: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Magadhi language|Magadhi Prakrit}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Magahi
| altname = Magadhi
| nativename = {{hlist|
| {{nowrap|मगही}}
}}
| image = Magahi language.svg
| imagecaption = The word "Magahi" written in Devanagari script
| imagealt = Magahi
| states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
| region = [[Magadha (region)|Magadha]] (southern [[Bihar]], northern [[Jharkhand]], and northwestern [[West Bengal]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mag_detail-1/mode/2up|title=Magahi or Magadhi|last=Grierson|first=G.A.|website=Internet Archive|year=1927}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/magahi.htm|title=Magahi|website=Omniglot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longdom.org/articles/magahi-and-magadh-language-and-people.pdf|title=Magahi and Magadh: Language and the People|last=Atreya|first=Lata|website=Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences}}</ref> [[Terai]] region of Eastern [[Nepal]]
| ethnicity = [[Magahi people|Magahi]]
| speakers = 12.7 million
| date = 2011 census
| speakers2 = (additional speakers counted under Hindi)
| ref = <ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mag|title=Magahi|website=ethnologue}}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=6 |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>
| minority = India
* [[Jharkhand]]{{efn|additional official language of Jharkhand}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/jharkhand-raghubar-das-cabinet-decision-maithili-bhojpuri-angika-magahi-second-language/1135878.html |title=झारखंड : रघुवर कैबिनेट से मगही, भोजपुरी, मैथिली व अंगिका को द्वितीय भाषा का दर्जा |website= [[Prabhat Khabar]]|date=21 March 2018 |access-date=17 November 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>
| ancestor = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]
| ancestor3 = [[Abahattha]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Zone (Magadhan)]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| dia1 = Southern Magahi
| dia2 = Northern Magahi
| dia3 = Central Magahi
| script = [[Devanagari]] [[Kaithi]] (formerly) 
[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] (historically in Manbhum and Hazaribagh) <ref name="f511">{{cite book | last1=Jain | first1=Danesh | last2=Cardona | first2=George | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | date=2007-07-26 | isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ | access-date=2025-08-03 | page=549|quote=In one sense, Magahi is written in four scripts, Devanagari, Kaithi, and also Bangla and Oriya. Bangla and Oriya scripts are employed in writing the forms of eastern Magahi current in the Manbhum area, such as Purulia but also in the southeastern part of the Hazaribagh district that borders on the Manbhum region. The Oriya script is used, expectedly, in areas where it coexists with Oriya, such as Mayurbhanj.}}</ref> 
[[Oriya script|Oriya]] (historically in Mayurbhanj)
| iso2 = mag
| iso3 = mag
| glotto = maga1260
| glottorefname = Magahi
| map = Distribution of Magahi language.png
| mapcaption = {{align|center|Magahi speaking region}}
}}

'''Magahi''' ({{Script|Kthi|𑂧𑂏𑂯𑂲}}), also known as '''Magadhi''' ({{Script|Kthi|𑂧𑂏𑂡𑂲}}), is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], and parts of [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]] in [[East India|eastern India]],<ref name="Magahi01">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N81Di9EN8C&q=magahi+people&pg=PA6 | title=Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study | access-date=4 November 2018| pages=6| isbn=9788180695254 | last1=Prasad | first1=Saryoo | year=2008 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref><ref name="Magahi02">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&q=magahi+people&pg=PA91 | title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India | access-date=4 November 2018| pages=93| isbn=9780595343942 | last1=Brass | first1=Paul R. | year=2005 | publisher=iUniverse }}</ref> and in the [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mag |chapter=Magahi |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|editor-last=Eberhard|editor-first=David M.|editor-last2= Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|date=2021|publisher=SIL International|location= Dallas, Texas|edition=Twenty-fourth|access-date=2 January 2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Magadhi Prakrit]] was the ancestor of Magahi, from which the latter's name derives.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kishore |first1=Roshan |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Nl73WC1JA8d6KVybBycNlM/How-a-Bihari-lost-his-mother-tongue-to-Hindi.html|title=How a Bihari lost his mother tongue to Hindi|work=mint |date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

It has a very rich and old tradition of folk songs and stories. It is spoken in approximately twelve districts of [[Bihar]] ([[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Patna district|Patna]], [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]], [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]], [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Arwal district|Arwal]], [[Jamui district|Jamui]] and in some parts of Banka), twelve districts of [[Jharkhand]] ([[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribag]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]], [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Koderma district|Koderma]], [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Giridih district|Giridih]], Deoghar, Garhwa, Latehar, Chatra) and in [[West Bengal]]'s [[Malda district]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=angika+in+west+bengal&pg=PA481|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|last=Frawley|first=William|access-date=8 November 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195139778|language=en|date=May 2003}}</ref>

Magahi derived from the ancient [[Magadhi Prakrit]], which was created in the ancient kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], the core of which was the area south of the [[Ganges]] and east of [[Son River]].

Though the number of speakers in Magahi is about 12.7 million, it has not been constitutionally recognised in India. In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters.<ref name="diehardindian.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm |title=History of Indian Languages |publisher=Diehardindian.com |access-date=29 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226234832/http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref> Magahi was legally absorbed under Hindi in the 1961 Census.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite conference
| last = Verma
| first = Mahandra K.
| title = Language Endangerment and Indian languages : An exploration and a critique
| year = 2001
| book-title = Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia
| isbn = 9788120817654
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C&q=awadhi+and+magahi+languages&pg=PA5
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |page=31 |isbn=9788173048043 |quote=Aryani (1965), on the basis of several data, estimated the number of Magahi speakers at approximately 9,900,000 for 1951. Surprisingly enough, the 1971 census figures show only 6,638,495 speakers for Magahi. This discrepancy can be understood in the context of the socio-linguistic phenomenon of educated urban speakers naming their language of schooling, Hindi, as their mother-tongue. Obviously, the number of Magahi speakers did not really decline between 1951 and 1971 but was simply swallowed up by the census figures for Hindi.}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Magadhi Prakrit|Pali|Sadri language}}

The ancestor of Magahi, [[Magadhi Prakrit]], formed in the Indian subcontinent. These regions were part of the ancient kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], the core of which was the area of [[Bihar]] south of the river [[Ganges|Ganga]].

The name ''Magahi'' is directly derived from the word Magadhi.<ref>Jain Dhanesh, [[George Cardona|Cardona George]], ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'', pp449</ref>

The development of the Magahi language into its current form is unknown. However, according to linguists, Magahi along with [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] originated from the Magadhi Prakrit during the 8th to 11th centuries. These different, but sister dialects differentiated themselves and took their own course of growth and development. But it is not certain when exactly it took place. It was probably such an unidentified period during which modern Indian languages begin to take modern shape. By the end of the 12th century, the development of [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages#Apabhramsa|Apabhramsa]] reached its climax. The distinct shape of Magadhi can be seen in the ''Dohakosha'' written by Sarahapa and Kauhapa.

Magadhi had a setback due to the transition period of the Magadha administration.<ref>Maitra Asim, ''Magahi Culture'', Cosmo Publications, New Delhi (1983), pp. 64.</ref> Traditionally, strolling bards recite long epic poems in this dialect, and it was because of this that the word "Magadhi" came to mean "a bard". [[Devanagari]] is the most widely used script in present times, while [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Odia script]]s are also used in some regions and Magahi's old script was Kaithi script.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |page=28 |quote=Hindi is the formal language of the region, used in schools and law courts. Magahi today employs the Devanagari script borrowed directly from Hindi in place of the Kaithi script used earlier. |isbn=9788173048043}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |pages=31–32 |isbn=9788173048043}}</ref> The pronunciation in Magahi is not as broad as in Maithili and there are a number of verbal forms for each person.<ref name="Maithili and Magahi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bihar.ws/info/Bihari-Languages/Maithili-and-Magahi.html|title=Maithili and Magahi|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723144641/http://bihar.ws/info/Bihari-Languages/Maithili-and-Magahi.html|archive-date=23 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historically, Magahi had no famous written literature. There are many popular songs throughout the area in which the language is spoken, and strolling bards recite various long epic poems which are known more or less over the whole of Northern India. In the Magahi speaking area, folk singers sing a good number of ballads.

The first success in spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced [[Urdu]] as the official language of the province. After independence, Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950,<ref>[[Paul Brass|Brass Paul R.]], ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183</ref> ignoring the state's own languages.

==Geographical distribution==
There are several dialects of Magahi. It is spoken in the area which formed the core of the ancient kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] - the modern districts of [[Patna District|Patna]], [[Nalanda District|Nalanda]], [[Gaya District|Gaya]], [[Jehanabad District|Jehanabad]], [[Arwal District|Arwal]], [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Lakhisarai District|Lakhisarai]], [[Sheikhpura District|Sheikhpura]] and [[Nawada District|Nawada]]. Magahi is bounded on the north by [[Maithili language|Maithili]] spoken in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] across the Ganga. On the west it is bounded by the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and on the northeast it is bounded by [[Angika]]. A blend of [[Magahi]] known as [[Khortha language|Khortha]] is spoken by non-tribal populace in [[North Chotanagpur division]] of [[Jharkhand]] which comprises districts of [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Giridih]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Koderma]] and [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]. People of Southern Bihar and Northern Jharkhand are mostly speakers of Magahi.<ref>Verma, Sheela (2003). "Magahi". In Jain Dhanesh, Cardona George, ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. London: Routledge.</ref> Magahi is also spoken in [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Magahi01"/><ref name="Magahi02"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |pages=29–30 |isbn=9788173048043}}</ref> According to 2011 Census, there were approximately 12.7 million Magahi speakers.<ref name="census2011"/> Apart from India it is spoken in various districts of south eastern [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPAlink|mʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|nʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|{{IPAlink|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽʱ}}
|
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}}
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|aː}}
|-
![[Diphthong]]s
|{{IPA|əi}}
|
|{{IPA|əu}}
|}

* {{IPA|/i, u/}} may also be heard as lower {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}} in shortened positions.<ref name="Magahi01" />
* {{IPA|/e, o/}} may also be heard as lower {{IPA|[ɛ, ɔ]}} in more initial positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Anil Chandra |title=Phonology and morphology of a Magahi dialect |publisher=Poona: Deccan College |year=1966}}</ref>
* {{IPA|/ə/}} can also be heard as {{IPA|[ʌ]}} in more stressed positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Sheela |title=Magahi |publisher=London: London & New York: Routledge. |year=2003 |location=In George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages |pages=498–514}}</ref>

===Kinship terms===
Some common kinship terms:
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr. No.
!Magahi Word
!IPA Pronunciation
!English Word
|-
|1
|बाप
|[baːp]
|Father
|-
|2
|माई
|[maː.i]
|Mother
|-
|3
|लइका
|[lə.ɪ.kaː]
|Son
|-
|4
|लइकी
|[lə.ɪ.kiː]
|Daughter
|-
|5
|भइया
|[bʰə.jaː]
|Elder Brother
|-
|6
|भौजी
|[bʰəʊ.dʒiː]
|Sister-in-law (brother's wife)
|-
|7
|दीदी
|[diː.diː]
|Elder Sister
|-
|8
|बहिनिया
|[bə.hi.ni.jaː]
|Younger Sister
|-
|9
|दादा
|[daː.daː]
|Paternal Grandfather
|-
|10
|दादी
|[daː.diː]
|Paternal Grandmother
|-
|11
|नाना
|[naː.naː]
|Maternal Grandfather
|-
|12
|नानी
|[naː.niː]
|Maternal Grandmother
|-
|13
|मरद
|[mə.rəd]
|Husband
|-
|14
|मेहरारू
|[me.hə.raː.ruː]
|Wife
|-
|15
|सास
|[saːs]
|Mother-in-law
|-
|16
|ससुर
|[sə.suɾ]
|Father-in-law
|-
|17
|देबर
|[de.bəɾ]
|Brother-in-law (husband's younger brother)
|-
|18
|जेठ
|[dʒeʈʰ]
|Husband’s Elder Brother
|-
|19
|ननद
|[nənəd]
|Husband’s Sister
|-
|20
|बहू
|[bə.huː]
|Daughter-in-law
|-
|22
|चाचा
|[tʃaː.tʃaː]
|Paternal Uncle (Younger)
|-
|24
|चाची
|[tʃaː.tʃiː]
|Aunt (Younger Uncle's Wife)
|-
|25
|मामा
|[maː.maː]
|Maternal Uncle
|-
|26
|मामी
|[maː.miː]
|Maternal Uncle’s Wife
|-
|27
|मौसी
|[məʊ.siː]
|Maternal Aunt
|-
|28
|मौसा
|[məʊ.saː]
|Maternal Aunt’s Husband
|-
|29
|फूफी
|[pʰuː.pʰiː]
|Paternal Aunt
|-
|30
|फूफा
|[pʰuː.pʰaː]
|Paternal Aunt’s Husband
|-
|31
|भतीजा
|[bʰə.t̪iː.dʒaː]
|Nephew
|-
|32
|भतीजी
|[bʰə.t̪iː.dʒiː]
|Niece
|}

==See also==
*[[Magahi culture|Culture of Magadh Region]]
*[[Culture of Bhojpuri Region]]
*[[Culture of Mithila Region]]
*[[Culture of Angika Region]]
* [[Pāli]], the canonical language of Theravada Buddhism traditionally associated with the language of Magadhi
*[[Phool Bahadur]]
*''[[Bhaiyaa]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Munishwar Jha. "Magadhi And Its Formation," Calcutta Sanskrit College Research Series, 1967, 256 pp
* Saryu Prasad - "A Descriptive Study of Magahi Phonology", PhD thesis submitted to Patna University.
** {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N81Di9EN8C&pg=PA6|title=Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study | access-date=11 February 2025 |isbn=9788180695254 |last1=Prasad |first1=Saryoo |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2008 }}
* A.C. Sinha (1966) - "Phonology and Morphology of a Magahi Dialect", PhD awarded by the University of Poona.(now Pune)
* G.A. Grierson. Essays on Bihari Declension and Conjugation, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. iii, pp. 119–159
* Hoernle, A.F. Rudolf & Grierson, G.A. A Comparative Dictionary of the Bihari Language.
* Prasad, Swarnlata (1959). Juncture and Aitch in Magahi. Indian Linguistics, Turner Jubilee Volume, 1959 pp. 118–124.
* Sweta Sinha (2014) - "The Prosody of Stress and Rhythm in Magahi", PhD thesis submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
* Sweta Sinha (2018)- "Magahi Prosody", Bahri Publications: New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-93-83469-14-7}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|mag}}
*[https://www.sites.google.com/site/bihargatha/the-history-of-the-dialects-folk-and-proverbs/the-historical-magahi-dialect Magahi - A Historical language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027124645/https://sites.google.com/site/bihargatha/the-history-of-the-dialects-folk-and-proverbs/the-historical-magahi-dialect |date=27 October 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311232843/http://www.jainworld.com/scriptures/ Jain Scriptures]
*[https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mag_detail-1 Magahi Detailed Description by Grierson, G.A.]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N81Di9EN8C Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study by Saryoo Prasad]

{{Bihari languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magahi Language}}
[[Category:Magahi language]]
[[Category:Bihari languages]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bihar]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Languages of Madhesh Province]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

S. Unnikrishnan Nair

2025-12-18T04:52:39Z

Ndizzy4glo: added initial data initial version

{{short description|Indian aerospace engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Unnikrishnan Nair
| image = Directornew1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| title = Director of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] and [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2022|02|07|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[S. Somanath]]
| title1 = Director of [[Human Space Flight Centre]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|01|}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2022|02|07}} |predecessor1 = ''Position Established''
| successor1 = Umamaheswaran R
| alma_mater = [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]] (B. Tech) 
[[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru]] ([[Master of Engineering |M.Tech.]], Aerospace Engineering)
[[IIT Madras]] (PhD in Mechanical Engineering)
}}

'''S. Unnikrishnan Nair''' is an Indian [[aerospace engineer]] presently serving as the director of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC).<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Unnikrishnan Nair Appointed VSSC Director|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/dr-unnikrishnan-nair-appointed-vssc-director/articleshow/89416193.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=7 November 2022}}</ref> He is known for his works in the field of launch vehicle design, Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE), and Human Spaceflight Programme. Prior to his directorship of VSSC, he was Director of [[Human Space Flight Centre]], [[Bengaluru]].

== Early life and education ==

S. Unnikrishnan Nair was born to Sreedharan Nair, who was an employee at the Kottayam Survey Office, and Rajamma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=ഡോ.എസ്. ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണൻനായർ വി.എസ്.എസ്.സി. ഡയറക്ടർ |trans-title=Dr. S. Unnikrishnan Nair appointed as VSSC director |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=746172&u=vssc-director |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=Malayalam}}</ref>

Nair received his B.Tech. degree in Mechanical Engineering from [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]] affiliated to [[Kerala University]], ME in Aerospace Engineering from [[IISc]], Bengaluru,<ref>{{cite web|title=Alumnus Dr S Unnikrishnan Nair taken charge as Director, VSSC|url=https://www.alumni.iisc.ac.in/news/24511|publisher=[[IISc]]|accessdate=7 November 2022}}</ref> and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from [[IIT Madras]], Chennai.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

==Career==
Nair joined VSSC in 1985. He is currently the director of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]].

He held the additional charge of the director at the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] from 2022 to 2024.

==Personal life==
S. Unnikrishnan Nair is married to Jaya G Nair, a former computer engineer at VSSC. The couple has two daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and honors ==
* ISRO Team Excellence Award for his contributions to SRE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Launch Vehicle specialist Unnikrishnan Nair becomes chief of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/s-unnikrishnan-nair-becomes-chief-of-vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-1910066-2022-02-07|publisher=[[India Today]]|accessdate=7 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, S. Unnikrishnan}}
[[Category:Indian space scientists]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]

Suchindra Bali

2025-12-09T19:22:25Z

Ndizzy4glo:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suchindra Bali
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| othername = Suchin
| alma_mater =
| yearsactive =
| children =
| occupation =
| parents = [[Vyjayanthimala]] (mother)
| }}

'''Suchindra Bali''' (born 1976) is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films.

==Career==
Suchindra is the son of former 1950s and 1960s actress [[Vyjayanthimala]] and Chamanlal Bali. He was in [[Delhi]] for college and then went to [[Columbia University]] in the United States to do his master's degree. He's a law graduate from Delhi. After completing his studies, he started modelling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Interviews/2007/05int10.asp |title=I like varied roles: Suchin |website=chennaionline.com |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108024639/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Interviews/2007/05int10.asp |archive-date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several acting sessions and dance classes later, he entered into Tamil cinema industry. Acting was the last thing on Suchin's mind, one day his photograph appeared in a Tamil daily and was seen by a producer who came to sign him for a movie. His first movie as a guest role was ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'', where he shared frames with [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and his second film was ''[[Mugavaree]]'' with [[Ajith Kumar]]. He also worked on the unreleased film ''Varsha'' (2001) directed by Vijay Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/19bali.htm|title='I'm pretty decent'|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 March 2001|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> He also worked with [[Nana Patekar]], his debut [[Bollywood]] movie was ''[[Aanch]]'', directed by Rajesh Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400130300.htm|date=4 December 2003|website=The Hindu|access-date=8 February 2025|title=Foray in Hindi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501021921/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400130300.htm|archive-date=1 May 2004}}</ref>

His next Tamil venture was ''[[Ninaithaley]]'', directed by Viswas Sundar. It was his first Tamil movie as a solo hero.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' || Akash || Tamil || Guest appearance
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mugavaree]]'' || Dhurai || Tamil || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Aanch]]'' || Diwakar || Hindi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Ninaithaley]]'' || Anand || Tamil ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/24645172.cms
* {{IMDb name|1504620}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali, Suchindra}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Ganiga

2025-11-28T15:34:23Z

Ndizzy4glo:

{{short description|Hindu Religious caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
'''Ganiga''' is a [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. They were originally oil pressers and also oil-mongers in the [[Mysore]] region of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/when-a-welloiled-system-came-to-a-halt/article4216993.ece |url-access=subscription | title=When a well-oiled system came to a halt | work=The Hindu | date=19 December 2012 |access-date=2016-06-20 |last=Bageshree |first=S.}}</ref> They add the title '''Shetty''' to their name.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ8IAQAAIAAJ&q=Shetti&pg=PA195 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara (2 pts.) |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref>

Ganiga men used to wear sacred thread.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ8IAQAAIAAJ&q=G%C3%A1nigs&pg=PA195 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara (2 pts.) |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> They hold themselves to be high class [[Vaishya]]s and did not eat food cooked by anyone other than [[Havyaka Brahmins]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ8IAQAAIAAJ&q=G%C3%A1nigs&pg=PA195 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara (2 pts.) |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> They employed [[Havyaka Brahmins]] to perform their chief ceremonies and their religious teacher is the chief of [[Kundapura Vyasaraja Mutt|Vaishnava monastery]] at [[Abbur-Channapatna -Head quarters]] and they belong to Kundapura Vyasaraja Peetham.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ8IAQAAIAAJ&q=G%C3%A1nigs&pg=PA195 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara (2 pts.) |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> They are classified as [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] in India's [[Reservation in India|system of positive discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqgy3u3lupJmQLsT8%2fMjBlhiG%2fb0Het9uX |date=9 Jan 2015 |title=Central List of OBCs - State: Karnataka |publisher=National Commission for Backward Classes |access-date=2018-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112082853/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqgy3u3lupJmQLsT8%2fMjBlhiG%2fb0Het9uX |archive-date= Jan 12, 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Oil pressing castes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Karnataka]]

Avyakta

2025-11-28T06:18:58Z

Ndizzy4glo: Redirect page

#REDIRECT[[Prakriti]]

Ararara

2025-11-23T19:30:47Z

Ndizzy4glo: New a data and citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Ararara
| cover = Ararara song.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = single
| artist = [[Adarsh Shinde]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=From 'Ararara' to 'Kalbhairavastak': Top chartbusters by Narendra Bhide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/from-ararara-to-kalbhairavastak-top-chartbusters-by-narendra-bhide/photostory/79661940.cms |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| album = [[Mulshi Pattern]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|09|19}}
| studio = Dawn Studios
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=51}}
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| composer = [[Narendra Bhide]]
| lyricist = Pranit Kulkarni
| producer = Abhijit Bhosale Genuine Productions
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|F4_La1CbFv0|Ararara}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Ararara'''" is an Indian song, composed by [[Narendra Bhide]], sung by [[Adarsh Shinde]] and lyrics are penned by Pranit Kulkarni for the [[soundtrack album]] of the 2018 [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film ''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''. It was released on 19 September 2018 as the first [[Single (music)|single]] from the album, through [[Zee Music Company]].

The song become viral on social media, specially the dance steps of [[Pravin Tarde]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-22 |title=Pravin Tarde's dance in 'Mulshi Pattern' goes viral on social media |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/pravin-tardes-dance-in-mulshi-pattern-goes-viral-on-social-media.php |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Marathi Movie World |language=en-US}}</ref> Song crossed over 90 million views in YouTube.<ref name=":2" /> It was remade in Bollywood as "Bhai Ka Birthday" for the soundtrack of ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How’s The Hype (Audience) Of Antim?: This Aayush Sharma & Salman Khan Starrer Giving Vibes Of A Box Office Dark Horse |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/hows-the-hype/hows-the-hype-audience-of-antim-aayush-sharma-salman-khan-starrer-giving-vibes-of-a-box-office-dark-horse/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Koimoi}}</ref>

== Credits ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Ararara {{!}} Mulshi Pattern {{!}} Pravin Tarde {{!}} Adarsh Shinde {{!}} Narendra Bhide {{!}} Pranit Kulkarni |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4_La1CbFv0 |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Adarsh Shinde]] – singer
* [[Narendra Bhide]] – music
* Pranit Kulkarni – lyrics
* Tushar Pandit – mix
* Ishaan Devastalli – mix
* Umesh Jadhav – choreographer<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=‘मुळशी पॅटर्न’ च्या ‘अराररारा खतरनाकऽऽऽऽऽ‘ गाण्याने ओलांडला ५० मिलियन व्हुजचा टप्पा |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/article/ararara-khatarnak-song-in-mulshi-pattern-cross-50-million-views-in-youtube/310848 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=mr}}</ref>
*[[Zee Music Company]] – label

== Music video ==
The song is picturised on [[Pravin Tarde]], who is a director of the film. The song featured gangsters Amol Shinde and Vitthal Shelar, which later embroiled the song in a controversy.<ref name=":0" /> It was choreographed by Umesh Jadhav.<ref name=":1" /> [[Punit Balan]] and Abhijeet Bhosale also appeared in the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-20 |title=नोटबंदी, जीएसटी आणि रेरा यावर असं गाणं अजून कुणी बनवलं नसेल... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/ararara-ararara-khatarnak-mulshi-pattern-pravin-tarde-adarsh-shinde-abhijit-bhosale-punit-balan/445012 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==
It was crossed over 1 million views in [[YouTube]] just in 10 days.<ref name=":0" /> Later song gained 50 million views.<ref name=":1" />

== Controversy ==
Controversy emerged over the inclusion of criminals Amol Shinde and Vitthal Shelar in a song. Shelar, from [[Botarwadi]] in Mulshi, has a criminal record for extortion and kidnapping, leading to two deaths. Shinde, the uncontested [[Sarpanch]] of [[Watunde]] village, faces multiple charges, including murder, robbery, and rioting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-05 |title=धक्कादायक! 'मुळशी पॅटर्न' चित्रपटाच्या गाण्यात झळकलेले कलाकार नव्हे तर कुख्यात गुन्हेगार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/mulshi-pattern-marathi-movie-in-controversy-as-criminals-in-ararara-song-1765345/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title='खतरनाक' धाडस; चित्रपटाच्या गाण्यात चक्क खरे गुन्हेगार! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/mulshi-pattern-movie-creates-controversy-after-criminals-used-aarara-aararara-khatarnak-song/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://gaana.com/song/ararara-2 Gaana]
*[https://wynk.in/music/song/Ararara/zm_INZ031404107 Wynk Music]

[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi songs remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Adarsh Shinde songs]]
[[Category:2018 songs]]
[[Category:Marathi music]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Narendra Bhide]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]
[[Category:Zee Music Company singles]]

Pinus kesiya

2025-11-15T23:53:17Z

Ndizzy4glo: adjusted structure after review for clarity

{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pine trees along Staunton Road (Sagada, Mountain Province; 12-02-2022).jpg
|image_caption=''Pinus kesiya'' forest in [[Sagada]], Luzon, Philippines
|image2=Pericrocotus ethologus in Pinus kesiya, Doi Pha Hom Pok NP, Thailand 104701641.jpg
|image2_caption=Foliage and cones (with two [[long-tailed minivet]]s), [[Doi Pha Hom Pok National Park]], Thailand
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus kesiya'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T42372A2975925 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42372A2975925.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
| parent = Pinus subsect. Pinus
| species = kesiya
| authority = [[John Forbes Royle|Royle]] ex [[George Gordon (botanist)|Gordon]] (1840)
| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
| subdivision = See text
| subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677057-1 ''Pinus kesiya'' Royle ex Gordon]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</ref>
}}

'''''Pinus kesiya''''' ('''Khasi pine''' or '''Benguet pine''') is one of the most widely distributed [[pine]]s in southeast Asia. Its range extends south and east from the [[Khasi Hills]] in the northeast [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]], to [[Burma]], northern [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], southernmost [[China]], [[Vietnam]], and the [[Philippines]]. It is an important plantation species elsewhere in the world, including in southern [[Africa]] and [[South America]].<ref name=vietnam>{{Cite book
|isbn = 1-872291-64-3
|last = Luu
|first = Nguyen Duc To
|author2 = Philip Ian Thomas
|title = Conifers of Vietnam
|year = 2004
|url = http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html
|pages = 42–43
|publisher = Nhà xuất bản Thế giới
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070519165835/http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html
|archive-date = 2007-05-19
}}</ref><ref name=icnaf>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18165 |title=''Pinus kesiya'' |work=AgroForestryTree Database |publisher=International Centre for Research in Agroforestry |access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406080116/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18165 }}</ref>

The common name "Khasi pine" is from the Khasi hills in India, and "Benguet pine" is from the landlocked province of [[Benguet]] in [[Luzon]], Philippines, where it is the dominant species of the [[Luzon tropical pine forests]] (known as ''saleng'' in [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Paul Jen-kuei |title=Some notes on animals and plants for Proto-Austronesian speakers |journal=Language and Linguistics. 語言暨語言學 |date=July 2022 |page=266 |doi=10.1075/lali.18.2.04li|doi-access=free }}</ref>). The Benguet pine is sometimes treated as a separate species, '''''Pinus insularis'''''; however, the current opinion is to treat this as conspecific with ''P. kesiya'' var. ''langbianensis''.<ref name = powo/> The city of [[Baguio]] is nicknamed "The City of Pines", as it is noted for large stands of this tree.

==Description==
[[File:Bark of Benguet Pine.JPG|thumb|upright|left|''Pinus kesiya'' bark]]

''Pinus kesiya'' is a [[tree]] reaching up to {{Convert|30–35|m|abbr=off}} tall with a straight, cylindrical trunk. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is thick, dark brown, and scaly with deep longitudinal fissures. The branches are robust, red brown from the second year, the branchlets horizontal to upcurved. The [[leaves]] are needle-like, dark green, usually three per [[Fascicle (botany)|fascicle]], {{Convert|12–20|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, the fascicle sheath {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and persistent. The [[Conifer cone|cones]] are ovoid, {{Convert|5–9|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long, often curved downwards, sometimes slightly oblique; the scales of second-year cones are dense, the [[Pinus|umbo]] a little convex, with a small prickle. The scales have transverse and longitudinal ridges across the middle of the scale surface. The [[seed]]s are winged, {{Convert|6–7|mm|frac=32}} long with a 1.5–2.5 cm wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–24 months after.<ref name="GD">{{cite web | title=''Pinus kesiya'' description | website=The Gymnosperm Database | date=2025-11-11 | url=https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_kesiya.php | access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref>

Khasi pine usually grows in pure stands or mixed with broad-leaved trees.<ref name="GD"/>

==Taxonomy==
''Pinus kesiya'' is a member of the largely Eurasian nominate group ''Pinus'' subgenus ''Pinus'', section ''Pinus'', distinguished by the cone umbo having an offset prickle on the umbo.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Klaus | first=Wilhelm | title=Neue Beobachtungen zur Morphologie des Zapfens von ''Pinus'' und ihre Bedeutung für die Systematik, Fossilbestimmung, Arealgestaltung und Evolution der Gattung / New Observations on the Morphology of ''Pinus''-Cones and Their Bearing on Taxonomy, Fossil Determination, Distribution, and Evolution of the Genus | journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution | publisher=Springer | volume=134 | issue=3/4 | year=1980 | issn=03782697 | jstor=23642506 | pages=137–171 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23642506 | access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>

Two [[variety (botany)|varieties]] are accepted by the [[Plants of the World Online]] database:<ref name = powo/>
*''Pinus kesiya'' var. ''kesiya''
*''Pinus kesiya'' var. ''langbianensis'' {{small|(A.Chev.) Gaussen ex Bui}}
They are only minimally distinct, with var. ''langbianensis'' cited as having on average shorter needles 12–16 cm long as opposed to 12–20 cm in var. ''kesiya'';<ref name="GD"/> not all authors consider them distinct, treating the species as monotypic.<ref name="Businský2008">{{cite book | last=Businský | first=Roman | title=The genus ''Pinus'' L., pines : contribution to knowledge | date=2008 | isbn=978-80-85116-60-1 | language=cs }}</ref>

==Uses==
The soft and light [[timber]] of ''Pinus kesiya'' can be used for a wide range of applications, including boxes, paper pulp, and temporary electric poles. It is intensely used for timber, both sourced in natural forests and plantations.<ref name=vietnam/><ref name=icnaf/>

The good-quality [[resin]] is not abundant and has not been much used except during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines for the production of [[turpentine]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[The Field Museum]]|url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/vanishing_treasures/V_Pines.htm|website=Vanishing Treasures|first1=Lawrence R.|last1=Heaney|first2=Jacinto C., Jr.|last2=Regaldo |title=Philippine Pines|date=2007}}</ref>
{{Clear left}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pinus kesiya}}
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/kesiya.htm Gymnosperm Database: ''Pinus kesiya'']
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252002/1010.pdf Suitability of ''Pinus kesiya'' for tree-ring analyses]
* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Luzon Tropical Forests|id=im0302}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1939271}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pinus|Kesiya]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Trees of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1840]]

Bengal Repertory

2025-11-08T04:09:08Z

Ndizzy4glo: enhanced section also and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|Indian theater group}}
{{infobox theatre group
| name = Bengal Repertory
| image = Bengal Repertory.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| artistic_director = Rik Amrit
| formed = 2008
| location = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| disbanded =
| notable =
| homepage = {{url|www.bengalrepertory.org}}
| genre =
}}
'''Bengal Repertory''' is a [[Bengal]]i theater group from [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. The group is famous for its destination theatre festival 'Natya Dhara' in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kolkata group to host 'destination theatre festival' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/kolkata-group-to-host-destination-theatre-festival/articleshow/74280288.cms|access-date=2020-06-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Major productions ==
Until April, 2020 Bengal Repertory has staged several full-length plays. Some of those are:

* Vasana<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=CHARM AND CLARITY|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/charm-and-clarity/cid/493945|access-date=2020-06-24|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Manan<ref name=":1" />
* Katha-Karnabhar<ref>{{Cite web|title=কুন্তি-জঠর থেকে কর্ণ-কুহর যাত্রা|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/drama/review-of-bengali-play-katha-karnabhar/articleshow/65305737.cms|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Ei Samay|language=bn|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123182743/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/drama/review-of-bengali-play-katha-karnabhar/articleshow/65305737.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Aradhika<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vibrant journeys|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/vibrant-journeys/cid/1451260|access-date=2020-06-24|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdurie|first=Tapati|date=2016-07-14|title=Krishna's eternal soul|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Krishna%E2%80%99s-eternal-soul/article14488689.ece|access-date=2020-06-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-16|title=Complex rhythms, tastefully rendered|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/complex-rhythms-tastefully-rendered-154519.html|access-date=2020-06-24|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Ashwatthama-the war machine<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-03|title=Rang Mahotsav: retelling epics for the modern age|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/weekend/rang-mahotsav-retelling-epics-for-the-modern-age/story-1XAGQ0z22aicySyxJKR55L.html|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ETV Bharat|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sitara/tv-and-theater/bengal-repertoire-new-play-ashwatthama-1-1/wb20190323184813515|access-date=2020-06-24|website=www.etvbharat.com}}</ref>
* Krishna the man alone
* Advut Andhar Ek<ref>{{Cite web|title=অদ্ভুত আঁধার এক নাটক, যা প্রশ্ন তুলতে শেখায়...|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/drama/a-play-by-rick-amrita-titled-advut-andhar-ek-is-being-produced-and-staged-by-bengal-repertory-theatre-group/articleshow/76200543.cms|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref>
* Megh Malhar

== Theatre Festival: Natya Dhara ==
Bengal Repertory's Natya Dhara is a theatre festival, which is the first ever destination theatre festival in [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=বেঙ্গল রেপার্টরির অবিস্মরণীয় ডেস্টিনেশন নাট্যোৎসব নাট্যধারা|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/drama/theatre-festival-natyadhara-organised-by-bengal-repertory/articleshow/74584077.cms|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Ei Samay|language=bn|archive-date=2020-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003152551/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/drama/theatre-festival-natyadhara-organised-by-bengal-repertory/articleshow/74584077.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=বাংলায় প্রথমবার ডেস্টিনেশন থিয়েটার ফেস্টিভ্যাল, ঠিকানা 'তেপান্তরে'র মাঠ|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/drama/first-time-destination-theater-festival-at-shantiniketan-organized-by-bengal-repertory/articleshow/74336371.cms|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.bengalrepertory.org/}}

{{Bengali theatre}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali theatre groups]]
[[Category:Theatre companies in India]]

{{India-theat-stub}}

Lucknow–New Delhi AC Superfast Express

2025-10-01T00:19:14Z

Ndizzy4glo: minor changes

{{Short description|Overnight VIP express to New Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2024}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Lucknow Charbagh – New Delhi ''AC Superfast Express''
| image = 12430 Lucknow AC Superfast Express - train board.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Superfast Express]]
| status = Operating
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2014|06|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}} (LKO)
| stops = 4
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|491|km}}
| journeytime = 8 hrs
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 1st Class AC 2 Tier AC 3 Tier AC 3 Tier Economy
| seating = No
| sleeping = Available
| autorack = No
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1,676mm|lk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12429 & 12430
| speed = {{convert|100-110|km/h}}
| map = [[File:Lucknow Mail (Lucknow - New Delhi) AC Express route map.png|thumb|Lucknow AC Superfast Express (Lucknow - New Delhi) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Lucknow–New Delhi AC Superfast Express''' numbered 12429/30 is an ISO certified premier daily overnight service of [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Superfast Express]] type running between {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}} and {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} operated by [[Northern Railway zone]]. <ref>{{cite news|url= https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-lucknow-ac-sf-express-12430/22873/664/336|title= New Delhi Lucknow AC Superfast Express}}</ref>
It is usually hauled by a Ghaziabad based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7]] locomotive, with occasional runs by [[WDP-4D]] twin locos of Tughlakabad or Alambagh shed, WAP5 Ghaziabad Shed, WAP4 Ghaziabad Shed and WAP1 Lucknow Shed.

Owing to its suitable time and punctuality, it is considered more popular than [[Lucknow Mail]] as it runs on the same route as Lucknow Mail but takes 53 minutes less to complete the journey.

==Overview==
This is a fully [[air conditioned]] Superfast train which connects the Indian capital, [[New Delhi]] to the state capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Lucknow]]. It has been introduced in lieu of two trains ([[Lucknow–New Delhi AC Duronto Express]] & Lucknow–New Delhi AC Express) that have previously served Lucknow Charbagh & New Delhi from 15 June 2014. The train is the first train of [[Northern Railway zone]] after the New Delhi Lucknow Jn. Swarn Shatabdi Express to be operated on German Technology [[LHB coach]] from 12 April 2016.

As a result of addition of LHB Coaches, Lucknow–New Delhi AC Express (12429/12430) can now accommodate 960 passengers instead of 824. The number of seats in AC-2 coaches has been increased from 44 to 52, while in AC-3 coaches it has been raised from 64 to 72. The new coaches, based on a German technology [[LHB coach]], are made of stainless steel which do not turn turtle during accidents. The light-weight coaches also improves the train's speed. Bigger windows, lamps at all seats and sound insulation are the other features. Waste from toilets would get discharged only when the train would be in motion.

Starting from 2021, AC 3 Tier Economy coaches were also added to the train composition to accommodate even more passengers. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-introduces-new-ac-3-economy-coaches-with-reduced-fare-details-here-11630921348173.html|title= Railways introduces new 3AC Economy coaches}}</ref> The train now has coaches from AC Sleeper I Tier, AC Sleeper II Tier, AC Sleeper III Tier and AC Sleeper III Tier Economy.

==Journey==

The down train (#12430) departs New Delhi at 23:25 usually from Platform 10 and reaches Lucknow Charbagh at 07:25 the following morning. The up train (#12429) departs Lucknow Charbagh at 23:30 usually from Platform 1 and reaches New Delhi at 07:30 the following morning.

The timetable is as follows:

'''12429 [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow NR]] to [[New Delhi Railway Station|New Delhi]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station Code
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station Name
|-
| valign="top" | LKO
| valign="top" | {{rws|Lucknow|Charbagh}}
|-
| valign="top" | SPN
| valign="top" | {{rws|Shahjahanpur}}
|-
| valign="top" | BE
| valign="top" | {{rws|Bareilly}}
|-
| valign="top" | MB
| valign="top" | {{rws|Moradabad}}
|-
| valign="top" | GZB
| valign="top" | {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}}
|-
| valign="top" | NDLS
| valign="top" | {{rws|New Delhi}}
|}

'''12430 [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow NR]] to [[New Delhi Railway Station|New Delhi]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station Code
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Station Name
|-
| valign="top" |NDLS
| valign="top" | {{rws|New Delhi}}
|-
| valign="top" | GZB
| valign="top" | {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}}
|-
| valign="top" | MB
| valign="top" | {{rws|Moradabad}}
|-
| valign="top" | BE
| valign="top" | {{rws|Bareilly}}
|-
| valign="top" | SPN
| valign="top" | {{rws|Shahjahanpur}}
|-
| valign="top" | LKO
| valign="top" | {{rws|Lucknow|Charbagh}}
|}

==Rakes==
Coach composition{{efn|The coach composition is subject to change.}} are as follows for 12429:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| EOG|| B1|| B2|| B3|| B4|| B5|| B6|| B7|| B8|| B9|| M1|| M2|| M3|| A1|| A2|| A3|| A4|| A5|| A6|| H1
|EOG
|-
|}
And for 12430 it's the reverse.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

File:Lucknow AC.png|Lucknow AC being hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] with [[LHB coach|LHB rake]] on first run
File:12430 Lucknow AC Superfast Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|12430 Lucknow AC Superfast Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] coach

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Lucknow Mail]]
* [[Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Lucknow Junction–Anand Vihar Terminal Double Decker Express]]
* [[Gomti Express]]
* [[Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express]]
* [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/New-train-from-Lucknow-to-Delhi-and-back/articleshow/36613952.cms

== External links ==
* https://searchmytrain.com/12429-lucknow-new-delhi-supfast-express-lko-ndls/timetable-route-map Lucknow to New Delhi Rajdhani Express (Up)
* https://searchmytrain.com/12430-new-delhi-lucknow-supfast-express-ndls-lko/timetable-route-map New Delhi to Lucknow Rajdhani Express (Down)

{{AC Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow Charbagh-New Delhi AC Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]
[[Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Nagrakata (community development block)

2025-07-22T02:45:07Z

Ndizzy4glo: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagrakata
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Tea garden in dooars.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hila Tea Garden in Nagrakata CD block
| image_map = Nagrakata in Jalpaiguri (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.881|N|88.905|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 397.48
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 127397
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03565
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 974 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Nagrakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagrakata]]
| website = {{URL|jalpaiguri.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nagrakata''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Malbazar subdivision]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].The Nagrakata CD block has an area of 397.48 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 5 [[gram panchayat]]s, 91 gram sansads (village councils), 34 [[mouza]]s and 33 inhabited villages. [[Nagrakata#Police station|Nagrakta]] police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Nagrakata]].

==Geography==
Nagrakata is located at {{coord|26.881|N|88.905|E|format=dms|}}.

The Nagrakata CD block lies in the north-central part of the district. The Murti River flows along the eastern boundary. The [[Jaldhaka River]] and Gatia River flow through the CD block. It has hilly terrain which is part of the sub-Himalayan ranges.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=map>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

The Nagrakata CD block is bounded by the [[Samtse District]] of Bhutan on the north, [[Banarhat (CD block)|Banarhat]] CD block on the east, [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]] CD block on the south and [[Matiali (community development block)|Matiali]] CD block on the west.<ref name=map/>

The Nagrakata CD block has an area of 397.48 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 5 [[gram panchayat]]s, 91 gram sansads (village councils), 34 [[mouza]]s and 33 inhabited villages. [[Nagrakata#Police station|Nagrakta]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Nagrakata]].<ref name=map/>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Nagrakata block/ panchayat samiti are: Angrabhasa I, Angrabhasa II, Champaguri, Luksan and [[Sulkapara]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 June 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Nagrakata CD block had a total population of 127,397, all of which were rural. There were 64,133 (50%) males and 63,234 (50%) females. There were 16,991 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 17,626 (13.84%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 62,624 (49.16%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 19 June 2020}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Nagrakata block had a total population of 119,556, out of which 60,561 were males and 58,995 were females. Nagrakata block registered a population growth of 17.46 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade.<ref name=census>{{cite web| url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm| title = Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4| publisher = Census Commissioner of India| work = Census of India 2001, Jalpaiguri district (02)| access-date = 2011-03-20| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040713/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_2.htm| archive-date = 19 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Nagrakata CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Jiti Tea Garden (5,588), Hope Tea Garden (4,076), Naya Saili Tea Garden (5,446), Nagrakata Tea Garden (4,598), Sukhanibasti (4,100), Bhagatpur Tea Garden (12,555), Kurti Tea Garden (4,285), Gatia Tea Garden (5,855), Luksan Tea Garden (8,027), Chengmari Tea Garden (14,446), Grassmore Tea Garden (5,563), [[Sulkapara]] (5,682) and Bamandanga Tea Garden (4,698).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Nagrakata CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Nagrakata]] (356), Hila Tea Garden (2,843), Angrabhasa (3,224).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Nagrakata CD block was 67,646 (61.27% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 39,138 (70.51% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 28,508 (51.93% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 18.58%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Jalpaiguri district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nagrakata CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|7.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|7.37}}
{{bar percent|Tribal religion|maroon|2.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|2.17}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.18}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 101,798 and formed 79.91% of the population of Nagrakata CD block. Muslims numbered 9,901 and formed 7.77% of the population. Christians numbered 9,391 and formed 7.37% of the population. Others numbered 6,307 and formed 4.95% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 June 2020}}</ref> and other religious communities.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 June 2020}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Nagrakata CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value1 = 45.07 |color1 = burlywood
|label2 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value2 = 17.50 |color2 = lightcoral
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 15.10 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value4 = 4.92 |color4 = mediumseagreen
|label5 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value5 = 3.34 |color5 = darkturquoise
|label6 = [[Hindi]] |value6 = 2.84 |color6 = orange
|label7 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value7 = 2.63 |color7 = plum
|label8 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value8 = 2.12 |color8 = gold
|label9 = Others |value9 = 6.48 |color9 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 45.07% of the population spoke [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]], 17.50% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 15.10% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 4.92% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 3.34% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.84% [[Hindi]], 2.63% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] and 2.12% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Poverty level==
Based on a study of the per capita consumption in rural and urban areas, using central sample data of NSS 55th Round 1999-2000, Jalpaiguri district was found to have relatively high rates of poverty of 35.73% in rural areas and 61.53% in the urban areas. It was one of the few districts where urban poverty rate was higher than the rural poverty rate.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 26-31% of the population of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur districts were below poverty line, a relatively high level of poverty in West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Nagrakata CD block'''
|value1 = 8.50
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 13.99
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.68
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 75.82
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Nagrakata CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 4,130 and formed 8.50%, agricultural labourers numbered 6,796 and formed 13.99%, household industry workers numbered 815 and formed 1.68% and other workers numbered 36,824 and formed 75.82%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 48,565 and formed 38.12% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 78,832 and formed 61.88% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 33 inhabited villages in the Nagrakata CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Jalpaiguri, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 32 villages (96.97%) have drinking water supply. 10 villages (30.30%) have post offices. 24 villages (72.73%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 22 villages (66.67%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 12 villages (36.36%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (9.09%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 81, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The economy of the Jalpaiguri district is mainly dependent on agriculture and plantations, and majority of the people are engaged in agriculture. Jalpaiguri is well-known for tea and timber. Other important crops are paddy, jute, tobacco, mustard seeds, sugarcane and wheat. The annual average rainfall is 3,440 mm, around double of that of Kolkata and the surrounding areas. The area is flood prone and the rivers often change course causing immense damage to crops and cultivated lands.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 15, 18, 19 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 11 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 30 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Nagrakata CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 June 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the Nagrakata CD block produced 5,618 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 2,912 hectares, 112 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 75 hectares, 748 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 380 hectares, 391 tonnes of wheat from 146 hectares, 893 tonnes of maize from 557 hectares, 2,616 tonnes of jute from 170 hectares and 9,196 tonnes of potatoes from 396 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Nagrakata CD block was 1,851 hectares, out of which 1,595 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 21 hectares by tank water, 200 hectares by river lift irrigation and 35 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Dooars-Terai tea gardens===
{{main|Dooars-Terai tea gardens}}
Tea gardens in the [[Dooars]] and [[Terai]] regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop.. The Dooars-Terai tea is characterized by a bright, smooth and full-bodied liquor that's a wee bit lighter than [[Assam tea]]. Cultivation of tea in the Dooars was primarily pioneered and promoted by the British but there was significant contribution of Indian entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.indiatea.org/tea_growing_regions |title = Tea Growing Regions | work= Dooars and Terai|publisher= Indian Tea Association | access-date = 19 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTA=|title = Dooars-Terai |publisher= Tea Board India | access-date = 19 July 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Nagrakata CD block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Jalpaiguri district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 23 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{New Jalpaiguri-Alipurduar-Samuktala Road Line|collapse=yes}}
Nagrakata CD block has 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[National Highway 31C (India)|NH 31C]] passes through the block.

==Education==
In 2013-14, Nagrakata CD block had 56 primary schools with 10,090 students, 5 middle schools with 475 students, 1 high school with 1,176 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 7,007 students. Nagrakata CD block had 426 institutions for special and non-formal education with 19,572 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Nagrakata CD block, among the 33 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not schools, 24 villages had two or more primary schools, 12 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 7 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 412, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 June 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Nagrakata CD block had 1 rural hospital, 2 primary health centres and 6 NGO/ private nursing home with total 140 beds and 12 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 22 family welfare subcentres. 5,906 patients were treated indoor and 143,195 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Sulkapara Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Sulkapara]], is the major government medical facility in the Nagrakata CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Lookshan (with 4 beds), Dhumpara (PO Nathna) (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Jalpaiguri topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Jalpaiguri district]]

Thotapalli Barrage

2025-06-14T00:47:36Z

Ndizzy4glo: formatting fix

{{Short description|Dam in Andhra Pradesh, south-east India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
|image =
|image_caption =
|name_official = {{lang|te|సర్దార్ గౌతు లచ్చన్న తో‌‌టపల్లి బ్యారేజి}} {{lang|en|Sardar Gouthu Latchanna Thotapalli Barrage}} {{lang|hi|सर्दार् गौतु लच्चन्न तोटपल्लि बांध}}
|dam_crosses = [[Nagavali River]]
|country = [[India]]
|res_name = Sardar Gouthu Latchanna Thotapalli Barrage
|location = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|dam_length ={{convert|8200|m|ft|0}}
|dam_height ={{convert|20.20|m|ft|0}} from river level
|dam_width_base ={{convert|6|m|ft|0}}
|construction_began = 10 September 2003
| opening = 10 September 2015
|cost = 775 crore rupees
|res_capacity_total = 2.51 Tmcft
|res_capacity_active =
|res_catchment = {{convert|4455|sqkm}}
|res_surface =
| location_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|47|5|N|83|29|47|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom =
{{maplink
|frame=yes|frame-width=225|frame-height=225|frame-align=center|text = Reservoir and the canal network
|type=shape|stroke-width=1.5|title=reservoir|stroke-colour=#0b3eff
|type2=line|id2=Q131100835|stroke-width2=1.5|stroke-colour2=#1f4eff|title2=Right Main Canal
|type3=line|id3=Q131100922|stroke-width3=1.5|stroke-colour3=#1f4eff|title3=Gajapathinagaram Branch Canal
|type4=line|id4=Q131100924|stroke-width4=1.5|stroke-colour4=#1f4eff|title4=Viziangaram Branch Canal
}}
}}

'''Thotapalli Barrage''' is located in [[Garugubilli|Garugubilli Mandal]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] State. It was named after the freedom fighter and political leader [[Gouthu Latchanna]]. The bridge was built in between 2003 and 2015. It was inaugurated by [[Andhra Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] on 10 September 2015. The Project provides irrigation to 1,20,000 acres in [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] and [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam ]] districts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thotapalli Irrigation Project Inauguration at Srikakulam Today|date=10 September 2015|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/sep/10/thotapalli-irrigation-project-inauguration-at-srikakulam-today-812417.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Thotapalli Vizianagaram Branch Canal Aerial view.jpg|alt=A link canal of Thotapalli Vizianagaram Branch Canal near Govindapuram, Pusapatirega.|left|thumb|A link canal of Thotapalli Vizianagaram Branch Canal near Govindapuram, Pusapatirega.]]
In 1908, the old Thotapalli regulator was constructed across the [[Nagavali River]] with a 64,000 acres irrigation potential. The regulator was replaced by the current barrage which has a 2.51 [[Tmcft]] storage capacity and an additional 56,000 acres irrigation potential.<ref>{{cite web|title= Thotapalli Barrage Project|url=http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects |accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Thotapalli Irrigation Project JI00049|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Thotapalli_Reservoir_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI00049|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Barrages in India]]
[[Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Transport in Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]

{{Vizianagaram-geo-stub}}
{{India-dam-stub}}

Rupen River

2025-05-31T21:19:14Z

Ndizzy4glo: minor update structure per standard format and added references after review

#REDIRECT [[Rupen River (Taranga)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Meena Maheshwari

2025-05-09T03:01:47Z

Ndizzy4glo: started some info added tags!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{notability|biographies|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Meena maheshwari
| image =
| office = Chairperson of [[Kasganj]]
| predecessor1 = Rajni Sahu
| term_start1 =
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| age =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|02|14}}
| education =
| party= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Meena Maheshwari''' is a [[politician]] from [[Kasganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

She was elected chairperson on 13 May 2023. In the 2023 local elections, she defeated her nearest rival Rajni Sahu of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kasganj/news/on-the-last-day-of-campaigning-bjp-showed-its-strength-asked-for-votes-in-support-of-candidate-meena-maheshwari-131263248.html|title=प्रचार के अंतिम दिन बीजेपी ने झोंकी ताकत, प्रत्याशी मीना माहेश्वरी के समर्थन मे मांगे वोट|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525053808/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kasganj/news/on-the-last-day-of-campaigning-bjp-showed-its-strength-asked-for-votes-in-support-of-candidate-meena-maheshwari-131263248.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kasganj/news/results-will-come-for-3-municipality-7-town-panchayats-and-158-wards-131274957.html|title=7 नगर पंचायतों में से 5 पर निर्दलीय प्रत्याशियों और 2 पर भाजपा का कब्जा|access-date=25 May 2023|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525054149/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kasganj/news/results-will-come-for-3-municipality-7-town-panchayats-and-158-wards-131274957.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Election Commission::UP |url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/IndividualULBResult2023.aspx |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=sec.up.nic.in |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515195007/https://sec.up.nic.in/site/IndividualULBResult2023.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Meena}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kasganj]]
{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Madhapur metro station

2025-05-07T11:14:50Z

Ndizzy4glo: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Metro station in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Madhapur
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = hyderabad
| type = {{Hyderabad Metro Infobox station line|line = Blue}}
| style = Hyderabad Metro
| image = Madhapur metro station.jpg
| address = Rd Number 36, Aditya Enclave, Venkatagiri, [[Madhapur]], Hyderabad, Telangana - 500033<ref name=h>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ltmetro.com/metro-stations/|title=Metro Stations}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4372|N|78.3982|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|b|route}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platforms = 2 (2 [[side platform]])
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2019|April|13}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| owned = {{ubl|
*[[Larsen & Toubro]] (90%)
*[[Government of Telangana]] (10%)}}
| operator = Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd.
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Hyderabad Metro|line=Blue|left=Durgam Cheruvu |right=Peddamma Gudi}}
| map_dot_label = Madhapur metro station
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_caption = Location in Hyderabad
}}

'''Madhapur''' Metro Station is located on the [[Blue Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Hyderabad Metro]] India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/hyderabad-metro-to-commission-line-up-to-hitec-city-by-yearend/article25429345.ece|title=Hyderabad metro to commission line up to Hitec City by year end|date=5 November 2018|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|first=V. Rishi|last=Kumar|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-metro-stations-we-keenly-await/article23759328.ece|title=Hyderabad metro stations we keenly await|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 May 2018|last1=Sripada|first1=Krishna}}</ref>

==History==
It was opened on 13 April 2019.

==The station==
===Structure===
Madhapur elevated metro station situated on the [[Hyderabad Metro#Lines|Blue Line]] of [[Hyderabad Metro]].<ref name=h/>

===Facilities===
The stations have staircases, elevators and escalators.<ref name="h"/>

===Station layout===
;'''Street Level''': This is the first level where passengers may park their vehicles and view the local area map.<ref name=ltmetro>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ltmetro.com/metro-stations/#1527065034617-3dc1ce80-fe9e|title = Metro Stations}}</ref>

;'''Concourse level''': Ticketing office or Ticket Vending Machines (TVMs) is located here. Retail outlets and other facilities like washrooms, ATMs, first aid, etc., will be available in this area.<ref name=ltmetro/>

;'''Platform level ''': This layer consists of two platforms. Trains takes passengers from this level.<ref name=ltmetro/>

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''L1 Platforms'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the left}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=150|Platform '''2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390|{{0|→}} {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|b|yes}} toward [[Nagole metro station|Nagole]] ([[Peddamma Gudi metro station|Peddamma Gudi]]) →
|-
|Platform '''1'''
|← {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|b|yes}} toward [[Raidurg metro station|Raidurg]] ([[Durgam Cheruvu metro station|Durgam Cheruvu]])
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the left}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''M'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

== Entrances and exits ==

;Mezzanine (M)
*'''A''' -
*'''B''' - Aditya Enclave {{access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}
*'''C''' - Jubilee hills road nos. 38, 39 {{access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}
*'''D''' -

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Hyderabad]]
*[[Transport in Hyderabad]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
}}

{{Portal bar|Hyderabad|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hyderabad Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Hyderabad Metro stations]]

Usha Ranjan Sen

2025-05-07T05:33:13Z

Ndizzy4glo: created article

{{Short description|Indian politician (1923–2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}


{{Infobox person
| name = Usha Ranjan Sen
| image =
| native_name_lang = Bengali
| birth_date = 1 January 1923
| death_date = 12 July 2002 (aged 79)
| death_place = Udaipur, Tripura
| citizenship = Indian
| known_for = Political Contribution to the Landscape of Tripura
| party = Indian National Congress
}}
'''Usha Ranjan Sen''' (1 January 1923 – 12 July 2002) was an Indian [[politician]] and was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1972 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Tripura (India) Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySseAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=Assembly Proceedings, Official Report |date=1976-03-08 |publisher=authority of the Tripura Legislative Assembly Secretariat |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Majumder |first=Benimadhab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsONAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=The Legislative Opposition in Tripura |date=1997 |publisher=Tripura State Tribal Cultural Research Institute & Museum, Government of Tripura |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tripura India 1974">{{Cite book |last=Tripura (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S8eAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=Administration Report |date=1974 |language=en}}</ref> who significantly contributed to the political landscape of [[Tripura]]. He served as the [[Deputy Speaker]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UerLKLME_wC&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=Tripura, the Enchanting Land |date=1976 |publisher=Directorate of Public Relations & Tourism, Government of Tripura |language=en}}</ref> in the [[List of deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|3rd Assembly of Tripura from 29 March 1972, to 4 November 1977]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gcfAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=1976 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=India Election |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yWwtqBfQI4C&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=List of Members of Electoral College for Presidential Election |date=1977 |publisher=etc., Controller of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6E7VAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=India, a Reference Annual |date=1978 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tripura India 1974"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko0nAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=Anti-defection Law in India and the Commonwealth |date=2005 |publisher=[Published for] Lok Sabha Secretariat [by] Metropolitan Book Company |isbn=978-81-200-0406-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDOOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Usha+Ranjan+Sen%22+-wikipedia |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=2002 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he represented the [[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorepur constituency]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" />

==Political career==

In the [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]],<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: All Candidates of INC for 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/www.indiavotes.com/ac/allcabdidateparty?stateac=25&emid=1&party=1&radio=ac |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> Usha Ranjan Sen stood as a candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorepur constituency]]. He won the election by a margin of 4,888 votes, defeating his opponent [[Sushil Mukerjee]]. This victory marked a significant milestone in his political career.During his tenure from 29 March 1972, to 4 November 1977, Sen served as the Deputy Speaker of the 3rd Assembly of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1972 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Usha Ranjan Sen's contributions to the political and legal fields in [[Tripura]] are remembered for their impact on the state's development and governance. His tenure as [[Speaker (politics)|Deputy Speaker]]<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /> is particularly noted for the significant role he played in the [[legislative assembly]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" />

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]

Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (film)

2025-04-16T11:26:46Z

Ndizzy4glo: starting pg...

{{short description|2023 film directed by Anil Kumar Aalla}}

{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Kalyanam Kamaneeyam
| image = Kalyanam Kamaneeyam Poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Anil Kumar Aalla
| writer = Anil Kumar Aalla
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = UV Concepts
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Santosh Shoban]]|[[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]}}
| cinematography = [[Karthik Gattamneni]]
| editing = Satya G.
| music = Shravan Bharadwaj
| studio = UV Concepts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|01|14|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}7.21 crores
}}
'''''Kalyanam Kamaneeyam''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|family drama]] film written and directed by debutant Anil Kumar Aalla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Binged |date=2023-01-05 |title='Kalyanam Kamaneeyam' Has That Post Wedding Reality Hitting Hard |url=https://www.binged.com/news/kalyanam-kamaneeyam-has-that-post-wedding-reality-hitting-hard/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Binged |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2023-01-07 |title=The story chose the characters, says 'Kalyanam Kamaneeyam' director Anil Kumar Aalla |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070123/the-story-chose-the-characters-says-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-director-an.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by UV Concepts, a subsidiary of UV Creations''.'' It features [[Santosh Sobhan]] and [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] (in her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut) in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-01-06 |title='Kalyanam Kamaneeyam' actor Santosh Soban: A moment of epiphany made me realise I am living my dream |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-santosh-soban-discusses-his-telugu-movie-kalyanam-kamaneeyam/article66345281.ece |access-date=2023-01-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''Kalyanam Kamaneeyam'' was released on 14 January 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Official: UV Creations Enter Sankranthi Race |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/news-beat/official-uv-creations-enter-sankranthi-race/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=mirchi9.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-01-06 |title='Kalyanam Kamaneeyam' trailer unveiled by makers; film out on Jan 14 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kalyanam-kamaneeyam-trailer-unveiled-by-makers-film-out-on-jan-14 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samhith |date=2022-12-07 |title=సంక్రాంతికి మరో చిన్న సినిమా..! |url=https://telugustop.com/another-small-movie-release-in-pongal-race |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=TeluguStop.com}}</ref> and became available for streaming on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 10 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=Stream Kalyanam Kamaneeyam on Aha |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/kalyanam-kamaneeyam |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Aha Video}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Shiva is an engineering graduate and is jobless. He's in love with Shruti, a software developer in a reputed firm. He confronts his father that he wants to marry her. Initially thinking it as a joke, he later realizes that his son is serious about it and the family goes to fix an alliance. Shiva's father doesn't want him to marry Shruti as he's unemployed. Shruti's father talks to him in private and tells him that her mother has pancreatic cancer and will not survive for more than an year, which is why he wants her mother to see Shruti get married. Shiva's father agrees. They marry and start a new life.

In the initial days of their marriage life, Shiva and Shruti are totally happy and loving. One day, Shruti sees a notice that her company has some job openings and asks Shiva to apply for it. He does it and through Shruti, he gets called for an interview. He performs well and the interviewer, Chari, is impressed thus, clearing Shiva for on-boarding. While Chari is on his way to submit the new recruitment files, he's stopped by the assistant manager, Bhushan, who lusts for Shruti and tears Shiva's documents. He promises Chari an on-site job in the US and asks him not to recruit Shiva. When the CEO asks Chari about the new recruits, he deliberately insults Shiva in front of Shruti. Disturbed, she returns home angry and screams at Shiva for not behaving responsibly and also for not getting the job. He gets hurt and consumes alcohol with his friend and is booked by the police for [[Driving under the influence|drunk driving]]. The next day, Shruti bails him out at the police station. Meanwhile, Shruti receives vulgar texts from an unknown number and with the help of her friend, she learns that it is Bhushan. She warns him not to repeat it. Nevertheless, Bhushan remains the same.

A few days later, Shruti's friend tells her to ask Shiva to go to a consultancy firm that promises a respectable job in some company. Shruti asks Shiva to do so and he does it but, the consultancy demands an [[Indian rupee|₹]] 10,00,000 for the job. He tells this to Shruti and she takes loan from a bank and asks Shiva to collect the money and pay the consultancy. After he withdraws money from the bank, he gets robbed. He chases after the thief but in vain. He is scared to tell this to Shruti and so decides to work as a cab driver that his friend suggests to pay off the loan. To hide the truth from Shruti, he gets a fake ID card and offer letter from the same company his friend works in. Shruti is impressed and is happy for Shiva. Shiva drops her at the office everyday and pretends to go to his office only to work as a cab driver. One day, a man, Giri, takes his cab and tells that he has a telephonic interview. He receives the call during the cab ride and asks Shiva to answer the call as he isn't confident. Shiva takes the interview pretending to be Giri and does his best thus, clearing Giri's interview. They celebrate and he gets a call from Shruti that she's at his office. He rushes to his friend's office and asks him to manage Shruti somehow till he reaches. He comes just in time and they share a tender moment.

The next day, Bhushan asks Shruti work overtime via Chari. She does it, having no other go. She returns home tired and disturbed. Shiva goes through her phone and sees Bhushan's indecent messages. He immediately rushes to find him and thrashes him. He also warns him to leave Shruti alone. In order to take revenge, Bhushan hires goons to follow Shiva and beat him up. They call Bhushan and inform him that he is working as a cab driver. Bhushan decides to reveal this to Shruti. He arranges a team meeting and presents Shiva and his cab driver, enraging Shruti. She confronts him and parts ways with him telling him that she couldn't live with him even for one year.

A few days later, Shiva informs Shruti that her mother died. They attend the funeral and later, her father starts consuming alcohol again after many years. When confronted, he tells her how her mother was the only supportive person throughout his life even when he had nothing and lost millions in business. He also tells her that before calling Shiva's family for the alliance, he talked to Shiva about their marriage. Shiva initially refused to marry her as he was jobless and feels that he needs to be responsible to get married. When Shruti's father tells him that her mother has little time to live, he immediately agrees and understands the pain of her father which makes her father realize his worth as a person.

Shruti feels bad for misunderstood Shiva and goes to him. Meanwhile, the on-site job that Bhushan promised Chari is given to a girl under Bhushan. Chari confronts Bhushan about this and he slaps him during the argument.

On her way to Shiva, Shruti receives a call from Chari telling her everything that happened with Shiva's recruitment at their office and also about the thrashing Shiva gave to Bhushan. She feels immense regret and apologizes to Shiva and they reconcile. Shruti returns to her office and slaps Bhushan twice for what he has done. She leaves the job and tells Shiva that they both will start job-hunting from the next day.

A few days later, Shiva goes for an interview. He is called by the CEO to his cabin. There, he finds Giri in the CEO position of that company. When asked how he landed there, Giri tells him that his father-in-law has asked Giri to get a software job just to prove his talent so that he can hand over his company to him which he did get because of Shiva's help the other day. Giri offers Shiva a good position in his company. Shiva and Shruthi live happily ever after.

== Cast ==
* [[Santosh Sobhan]] as Shiva
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] as Shruti
* Devi Prasad as Shruti's father
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Shruti's mother
* Kedar Shankar as Shiva's father
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Bhushan, Shruti's manager
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Giri
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]]
* Saddham as Koushik

== Production ==
[[Santosh Sobhan]] and [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-01-06 |title='Kalyanam Kamaneeyam' actor Santosh Soban: A moment of epiphany made me realise I am living my dream |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-santosh-soban-discusses-his-telugu-movie-kalyanam-kamaneeyam/article66345281.ece |access-date=2023-01-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was shot by [[Karthik Gattamneni]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |date=2023-01-05 |title=Watch: Kalyanam Kamaneeyam Trailer |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/222047/watch-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-trailer |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Gulte |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music rights of the film are owned by [[Aditya Music]]. Shravan Bharadwaj composed the music and background score for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=A melodious delight from Kalyanam Kamaneeyam |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/a-melodious-delight-from-kalyanam-kamaneeyam |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2022-12-29 |title=Kalyanam Kamaneeyam {{!}} కళ్యాణం కమనీయం నుంచి హో ఎగిరే లిరికల్ వీడియో సాంగ్‌ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/kalyanam-kamaneeyam-ho-egire-lyrical-song-is-out-904361 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt24224066|title=Kalyanam Kamaneeyam}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]

Padayappa (elephant)

2025-02-19T00:12:49Z

Ndizzy4glo: added the stub w/ infobox...

{{short description|Notable elephant in Kerala}}
{{Infobox animal
|name = Padayappa
|nationality = India
|namedafter = [[Padayappa|Padayappa movie]]
|height =
|weight =
|owner =
|successor =
|predecessor =
|known = Frequent appearances in residential areas
|years_active =
|employer =
|occupation =
|image = Padayappa in a tea plantation.jpg
|caption = Padayappa in a tea plantation
|resting_place_coordinates =
|resting_place =
|death_place =
|death_date =
|birth_place =
|birth_date = unknown
|gender = Male
|breed =
|species = ''[[Elephas maximus]]'' (Asian elephant)
|image_size =
|website = }}
'''Padayappa''' also known as '''Munnar Padayappa''' is a wild elephant in [[Munnar]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], known for his frequent appearances in residential areas.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/padayappa-terrorizes-munnar-residents-yet-again/articleshow/90673800.cms "Kerala: Wild elephant 'Padayappa' terrorizes Munnar residents yet again"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/padayappa-terrorizes-munnar-residents-yet-again/articleshow/90673800.cms |date=2022-04-07 }}, "THE TIMES OF INDIA", 06 April 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/idukki-wants-wild-elephants-relocated-heres-why-thats-unfair-padayappa-and-co-96197 "Idukki wants wild elephants relocated: Here's why that's unfair to Padayappa and co"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413125436/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/idukki-wants-wild-elephants-relocated-heres-why-thats-unfair-padayappa-and-co-96197 |date=2022-04-13 }}, "The News Minute", 04 February 2019</ref> Padayappa, who occasionally roams on populated areas and creates traffic blocks on highways, does not harass or become aggressive.<ref>[https://www.cnbctv18.com/wildlife/munnars-infamous-tusker-strikes-again-breaks-into-his-favourite-shop-and-devours-fruits-worth-rs-40000-13082222.htm "Munnar’s infamous tusker strikes again; breaks into his favourite shop and devours fruits worth Rs 40,000"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415083918/https://www.cnbctv18.com/wildlife/munnars-infamous-tusker-strikes-again-breaks-into-his-favourite-shop-and-devours-fruits-worth-rs-40000-13082222.htm |date=2022-04-15 }}, "CNBC TV18", 07 April 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-padayappa-munnars-jumbo-resident-who-has-proven-that-humans-animals-can-exist-in-peace-515093.html "Meet Padayappa, Munnar's Jumbo Resident Who Has Proven That Humans & Animals Can Exist In Peace"], ''India Times'', 08 June 2020</ref> The elephant's frequent visit to populated areas and cities as opposed to usual wild elephants and his calm nature caused him to attract wider media attention.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/when-padayappa-the-wild-elephant-disrupted-a-football-match-in-munnar/ "When ‘Padayappa’ the wild elephant disrupted a football match in Munnar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412230434/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/when-padayappa-the-wild-elephant-disrupted-a-football-match-in-munnar/ |date=2022-04-12 }}, ''The Indian Express'', 15 February 2018</ref> Padayappa can be easily spotted because of his limp due to an injury on his hind leg and his unusually long tusks. He is named after the titular character in the 1999 Tamil film ''[[Padayappa]]''.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-padayappa-roams-streets-munnar-during-lockdown-no-its-not-rajinikanth-122718 "Padayappa roams streets of Munnar during lockdown"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408131308/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-padayappa-roams-streets-munnar-during-lockdown-no-its-not-rajinikanth-122718 |date=2022-04-08 }}, "The News Minute", 16 April 2020</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/100-elephants-killed-in-2-years-across-south/articleshow/48460443.cms "100 elephants killed in 2 years across south"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413122244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/100-elephants-killed-in-2-years-across-south/articleshow/48460443.cms |date=2022-04-13 }}, "Times of India", 13 August 2015</ref> The elephant is identified by his name Padayappa even in the forest department circles.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Where-wild-elephants-have-pet-names/article14988395.ece"Where wild elephants have pet names"], ''The Hindu'', 01 November 2016</ref> Padayappa came to the media's notice in 2015, when the elephant discovered a sackful of carrots that the shopkeepers had hidden from him by the riverside. Only after eating all the carrots did he head into the forests without attacking anyone.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-curious-case-of-elephant-padayappa/article6776986.ece "The curious case of elephant Padayappa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413121849/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-curious-case-of-elephant-padayappa/article6776986.ece |date=2022-04-13 }}, ''The Hindu'', 11 January 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/angered-and-hurt-padayappa-leaves-munnar/article28136566.ece "Angered and hurt, Padayappa leaves Munnar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413130350/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/angered-and-hurt-padayappa-leaves-munnar/article28136566.ece |date=2022-04-13 }}, ''The Hindu'', 25 June 2019</ref> On 5 April 2022, Padayappa jumped in front of a KSRTC bus coming to Munnar. The driver stopped the bus and the elephant checked the bus with his trunk, scratching the window glass with his tusks. The driver sped off in the vehicle when Padayappa moved back a little.<ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=787612&u=wild-elephant-padayappa-in-front-of-ksrtc-bus-driver-quickly-turns-and-escapes-watch-video "Wild elephant 'Padayappa' in front of KSRTC bus, driver quickly turns and escapes], "Kerala Kaumudi", 05 April 2022</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of individual elephants]]
* [[Elephants in Kerala culture]]
* [[Arikomban]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Elephants in Kerala]]
[[Category:Individual elephants in India]]

Mitro Bahini

2024-10-30T01:44:46Z

Ndizzy4glo: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]