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Telangana

2023-10-06T04:48:48Z

Nayraroy: rm

{{Short description|State in southern India}}
{{Lead too long|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Telangana
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Charminar Morning View.jpg
| photo2a = Statue of Equality (Ramanuja).jpg
| photo3a = Secunderabad. clock tower.JPG
| photo2b = Keerti Thoranam at Warangal Fort.JPG|Pillared [[mandapa]] with a [[Nandi (bull)]] in the fort complex
| photo3b =NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG
| photo4a = Falaknuma Palace 01.jpg
| spacing = 2
| space = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 270
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: [[Charminar]]; [[Warangal Fort]];[[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]]; [[Falaknuma Palace]];[[Secunderabad Clock Tower]];
[[Statue of Equality (Ramanuja)|Ramanuja statue]]; }}
| type = State
| image_seal = Emblem of Telangana.svg
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs)
| image_map = IN-TG.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|17.824400|79.187900|region:IN-TG_type:adm1st|display=it}}
| region = South India
| before_was = Part of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]
| formation_date3 = formation
| formation_date4 = {{start date and age|2014|06|02}} [[Telangana Day]]
| capital = Hyderabad
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Telangana|33]]
| Governor = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New Governors Appointed in 5 States, Tamil Nadu BJP Chief Gets Telangana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-governors-appointed-in-5-states-tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-gets-telangana-2093798 |access-date=1 September 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=1 September 2019|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010083104/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-governors-appointed-in-5-states-tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-gets-telangana-2093798 |archive-date=10 October 2020 }}</ref>
| Chief_Minister = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| legislature_type = Bicameral
| council = [[Telangana Legislative Council]]
| council_seats = 40 seats
| assembly = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 119 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 7 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 17 seats
| judiciary = [[Telangana High Court]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name=stats/>
| area_total_km2 = 112077
| area_rank = 11th
| length_km = 770
| width_km = 515
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Wind Power Profile |url=https://www.indianwindpower.com/pdf/Telangana-State-Wind-Power-Profile.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031605/https://www.indianwindpower.com/pdf/Telangana-State-Wind-Power-Profile.pdf |archive-date=Mar 26, 2023 }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 256
| elevation_max_m = 965
| elevation_max_point = [[Doli Gutta]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doli Gutta (965m) - Telangana Chhattisgarh border. Possibly highest point in Telangana |url=http://wikimapia.org/31248511/Doli-Gutta-965m-Telangana-Chhattisgarh-border-Possibly-highest-point-in-Telangana |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 0
| population_footnotes = <ref name=stats />
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 35,003,674
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 12th
| population_density = 312
| population_urban = 38.88%
| population_rural = 61.12%
| population_demonym = Telanganites
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="language_Telangana" />
| additional_official = [[Urdu]]<ref name="language_Telangana">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/urdu-is-telanganas-second-official-language-4940595/|title=Urdu is Telangana's second official language|date=16 November 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094158/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/urdu-is-telanganas-second-official-language-4940595/|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The News Minute">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/urdu-second-official-language-telangana-state-passes-bill-71742|title=Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill|date=17 November 2017|work=The News Minute|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603023251/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/urdu-second-official-language-telangana-state-passes-bill-71742|archive-date=3 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| official_script = [[Telugu script]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Finance Portal |url=https://finance.telangana.gov.in/budget-volumes.jsp |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=finance.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|13.27|lc|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2022–23
| GDP_rank = 9th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|317115 |lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 5th
| HDI = {{IncreaseNeutral}}0.705 {{color|#0c0|High}}<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/hdi-how-states-fare-in-human-development/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 16th
| literacy = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 72.80%<ref name="IE_literacy"/>
| literacy_year = 2017–18
| sex_ratio = 988[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 27th
| iso_code = IN-TG
| registration_plate = TS
| website = telangana.gov.in
| mammal = [[Chital|Spotted deer]]<ref name="State Symbols 1">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Symbols|url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Symbols|publisher=Telangana State Portal|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519180957/https://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Symbols|archive-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| bird = [[Indian roller]]<ref name="State Symbols 1" />
| flower = [[Senna auriculata]]<ref name="State Symbols 1" />
| tree = [[Prosopis cineraria]]<ref name="State Symbols 1" />
| image_highway = SH IN-TG.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Telangana|TG SH1 - TG SH24]]
}}

'''Telangana''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɛ|l|ə|n|'|g|ɑː|n|ə|}}; {{IPA-te|ˈtelaŋɡaːɳa|lang|Telangana-telugu.ogg}}, {{IPA-ur|ˈtɪləŋɡɑːna|lang|LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-تلنگانہ.wav}}) is a landlocked [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[India]] situated on the south-central stretch of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian peninsula]] on the high [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telangana {{!}} History, Map, Population, Capital, & Government |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Telengana |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|eleventh-largest state]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|twelfth-most populated state in India]] as per [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Population| url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/| publisher=Government of Telangana| access-date=12 December 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151209033754/https://www.telangana.gov.in/| archive-date=9 December 2015| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of [[Andhra Pradesh]] as the newly formed [[States and union territories of India|state of Telangana]], with [[Hyderabad]] as its capital.

Throughout antiquity and the Middle ages, the Telangana region was part of multiple Indian empires; such as the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]]. During the 17th—19th centuries, the region was ruled by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s and [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/about/language-culture| title=Telangana State Portal Language & Culture| website=telangana.gov.in| access-date=23 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214192358/https://www.telangana.gov.in/About/Language-Culture| archive-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Anderson2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiAEvKgVOmAC&pg=PA173|title=Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity|author=Liam D. Anderson|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-78161-9|pages=173–|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223042/https://books.google.com/books?id=BiAEvKgVOmAC&pg=PA173|archive-date=8 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1823, the Nizam's ceded [[Northern Circars]]—([[Coastal Andhra]]) and [[Ceded Districts]]—([[Rayalaseema|Rayalseema]]) to the [[British India]] under subsidiary alliance which reduced it to that of a landlocked princely state bounded on all sides by the British India. Following the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947—the Hyderabad state joined the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1948 after a [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|police action]]. In 1956, the Hyderabad State was [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956| dissolved]]—and its Telugu speaking region Telangana was merged with the [[Andhra State]] to form [[Andhra Pradesh]]. A peasant-driven [[Telangana movement|movement]] began to advocate for separation from Andhra Pradesh starting in the early 1950s, and continued until Telangana was granted statehood on 2 June 2014.<ref name="Notification">{{cite web|url=https://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|title=Notification|date=4 March 2014|work=The Gazette of India|publisher=Government of India|access-date=4 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327091502/https://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[economy of Telangana]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|seventh-largest]] in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|13.25|t|lk=r}} and has GSDP per capita of {{INRConvert|320.000|k}}.<ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Telangana-Socio-Economic-Outlook-2023.pdf|title=Telangana Socio Economic Outlook 2023|work=[[Government of Telangana]]|pages=10–25}}</ref><ref name="RBI">{{cite web|date=|title=Per Capita Net State Domestic Product - State-wise (At Current Prices)|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=20414|accessdate=21 January 2022}}</ref> Telangana has scored 0.705 human development index.<ref name="snhdi-gdl" /> The state has emerged as a major focus for robust [[Information technology|IT software]], [[Industrial sector|industry]] and [[Tertiary sector of the economy|services sector]]. The state is also the main administrative centre of many [[Defence industry of India|Indian defence]] aerospace and research labs like [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]], [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]], [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defense Research and Development Organization]] and [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/efforts-on-to-transform-hyderabad-into-a-hub-for-defence-electronics/article9801016.ece|title=Efforts on to transform Hyderabad into a hub for defence electronics|work=Business Line|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=3 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130081509/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/efforts-on-to-transform-hyderabad-into-a-hub-for-defence-electronics/article9801016.ece|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

[[Hyderabadi cuisine]] and [[Kakatiya architecture]] both from Telangana, are on the list of creativity [[City of Gastronomy|UNESCO creative city of gastronomy]] and [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The cultural centers of Telangana, Hyderabad and Warangal, are noted for their wealth and renowned historical structures – [[Ramappa Temple]] ([[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]), [[Charminar]], [[Qutb Shahi Tombs]], [[Falaknuma Palace]], [[Chowmahalla Palace]], [[Warangal Fort]], [[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]], [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] and the [[Bhongir Fort]]. The historic city [[Golconda]] in Hyderabad established itself as a diamond trading Centre and, until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world. Thus, the legendary name [[Golconda Diamonds]] became synonymous with Golconda itself. Religious edifices like the [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Yadadri|Lakshmi Narasimha Temple]] in [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]], [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] in Hyderabad, the ancient [[Bhadrakali Temple]] and [[Govinda Rajula Gutta]] in Warangal, [[Alampur Jogulamba Temple]] in [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]] and [[Medak Cathedral]], [[Kondagattu Anjaneya Swamy Temple]], Kothakonda Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, Lord Shiva temple in Vemulawada of Rajanna-Sircilla district are several of its most famous places of worship. Buddhism also flourished in the region and many Aramams can be found.

== Etymology ==
A popular etymology derives the word "Telangana" from ''[[Trilinga Kshetras|Trilinga desha]]'' ("land of three [[lingam|lingas]]"), a region so-called because three important [[Shaivite]] shrines were located here: [[Kaleshwaram]] (present day Telangana), [[Srisailam]] and [[Draksharama]] (present day [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Phillip B. Wagoner |title=Mode and meaning in the architecture of early medieval Telangana (C. 1000–1300) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3wKAQAAMAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison}}</ref>

According to [[Jayadheer Tirumala Rao]]-a scholar of history; the name Telangana is of [[Gondi language|Gondi]] origin. Rao asserts that it is derived from "Telangadh", which means "south" in Gondi and has been referred in "Gond script dating back to about 2000 years".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akbar |first1=Syed |last2=Mungara |first2=Sunil |date= 13 December 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/earliest-reference-to-telangana-found-not-in-telugu-but-gond-language/articleshow/62046296.cms|title=Earliest reference to Telangana found not in Telugu, but Gond language |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213235534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/earliest-reference-to-telangana-found-not-in-telugu-but-gond-language/articleshow/62046296.cms |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the earliest uses of a word similar to Telangana can also be seen in a name of [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani]] (14th century CE), who was called the ''Tilangani'', which implies that he was from Telangana. He was the commander of the [[Warangal Fort]] (''Kataka Pāludu'') and later ''[[Vizier|Wazir]]''— Minister under [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Indian elements in the bureaucracy of the Delhi Sultanate|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/11909cf4-3ca5-35a6-943a-90603777e637|page=160|last=Latif|first=Shaikh Abdul|volume=54|year=1993|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|format=PDF|access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA224|pages=224–225|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|volume=3|year=1979|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd| isbn=9788120706170 |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>

A 16th-century travel writer, [[Firishta]], recorded in his book:
<blockquote>During the just reign of [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Kootb Shah]], ''Tulingana'', like [[Egypt]], became the mart of the whole world. Merchants from Toorkistan, Arabia, and Persia resorted to it; and they met with such encouragement that they found in it inducements to return frequently. The greatest luxuries from foreign parts daily abounded at the king's hospitable board.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Shia of India|url=https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf|page=123|author=John Norman Holister|year=1953|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010135146/https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

The word "Telinga" changed over time to "Telangana" and the name "Telangana" was designated to distinguish the predominantly Telugu-speaking region of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] from its predominantly [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking one, [[Marathwada]]. After Asaf Jahi's ceded the Seemandhra region to the British, the rest of the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] region retained the name Telangana and the other parts were called Madras Presidency's Circars and Ceded.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA684 "India Today • An encyclopedia of life in the Republic" • Vol. 1. Arnold P. Kaminsky and Roger D. Long, editors.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223042/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA684 |date=8 January 2016}} {{abbr|ABC|American Bibliographical Center}} ‑ CLIO.</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Telangana}}
* [[Maurya Empire]] (320 BCE–180 BCE)
* [[Satavahana dynasty]] (180 BCE–220 CE)
* [[Vakataka dynasty]] (250 CE–500 CE)
* [[Vishnukundina dynasty]] (420 CE–624 CE)
* [[Chalukya dynasty]] (543 CE–753 CE)
* [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] (753 CE–982 CE)
* [[Kakatiya dynasty]] (1083 CE–1323 CE)
* [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1323 CE–1326 CE)
* [[Musunuri Nayaks]] (1326 CE–1356 CE)
* [[Recherla Nayaks]] (1356 CE–1424 CE)
* [[Bahmani Sultanate]] (1347 CE–1512 CE)
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336 CE–1646 CE)
* [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] (1512 CE–1687 CE)
* [[Mughal Empire]] (1687 CE–1724 CE)
* [[Asaf Jahi Dynasty]] (1724 CE–1948 CE)
=== Early history ===
{{See also|Maurya Empire}}
The [[Satavahana dynasty]] (230 BCE–220 CE) became the dominant power in this region. It originated from the lands between the Godavari and Krishna rivers and was based at Amaravathi and Dharanikota.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to India|publisher=Penguin|year=2011|at=Rise of the south section}}</ref> After the decline of the Satavahanas, various dynasties, such as the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]], [[Vishnukundina]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] and [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukya]], ruled the area.<ref name="brief">{{cite news|title=A brief history of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh|publisher=DNA|author=Ratnakar Sadasyula|date=4 March 2014|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-a-brief-history-of-telangana-and-andhra-pradesh-1966737|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307172449/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-a-brief-history-of-telangana-and-andhra-pradesh-1966737|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
{{Main|Kakatiya dynasty}}
[[File:Ramagiri Fort.jpg|thumb|[[Ramagiri Fort]] ruins at [[Begampet]] in [[Peddapalli district]] is an ancient fort initially built by the Sathavahanas and modified many times by other dynasties until the 16th century.]]
[[File:Shiva Temple Warangal.JPG|thumb|[[Kota Gullu]], temple ruins built in the 12th century by [[Kakatiyas]] at Ghanpur, Mulug in Warangal district.]]

The Telangana area experienced its golden age during the reign of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]], which ruled most parts of the present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana from 1083 to 1323 CE.<ref name="brief" /> [[Rudrama Devi]] and [[Prataparudra II]] were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty. The dynasty weakened with the attack of [[Malik Kafur]] in 1309 and was dissolved after the defeat of Prataparudra by the forces of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in 1323.<ref>A Social History of the Deccan: 1300–1761, R. M. Eaton, 2005, Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–26, {{ISBN|0-521-25484-1}}</ref><ref>''Telugu Vignana Sarvaswamu'', volume 2, History, Telugu University, Hyderabad</ref>

[[File:Golconda Fort 013.jpg|thumb|[[Golconda Fort]]]]
The area came under the rule of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century, followed by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. [[Quli Qutb Mulk]], a governor of Golconda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] in 1518. On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] after a [[Siege of Golconda|year-long siege]] of the Golconda fort.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|first=J. F.|last=Richards|year=1975|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996|volume=9|issue=2|s2cid=142989123}}</ref>

During the early seventeenth century a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in Telangana. Large quantities of cotton were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moreland|first=T.H.|title=Relation of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth Century|publisher=Halyukt Society|year=1931|pages=XVIII, XIX, XX}}</ref>

In 1712, [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Qamar-ud-din Khan]] was appointed by emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] as the viceroy of Deccan with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (meaning "Administrator of the Realm"). He was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan to reclaim the ''Deccan suba,'' establishing it as an autonomous province of the Mughal empire. He took the name ''Asif Jah'', starting what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]].<ref name="brief" /> He named the area [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were called Asif Jahi Nizams or [[Nizam of Hyderabad|nizams of Hyderabad]]. The [[Medak Gulshanabad Division|Medak]] and [[Warangal Division|Warangal]] divisions of Telangana were part of their realm.<ref name="Nizam">{{cite web|title=Asif Jahi Dynasty (1724–1948)|url=https://mahabubnagar.tripod.com/Nizam_Dynasty.htm|publisher=mahabubnagar.tripod.com|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212820/https://mahabubnagar.tripod.com/Nizam_Dynasty.htm|archive-date=6 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=200|caption_align=center
| image1 = India Palace .jpg|caption1=Telangana was the seat of numerous dynasties. The [[Chowmahalla Palace]] was home to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].
| image2 = Hyderabad state from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909.jpg|caption2=[[Hyderabad State]] in 1909.
}}
When Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. The Nizam [[Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV]] signed the [[subsidiary alliance]] with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defence and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a [[princely state]] among the [[presidencies and provinces of British India]].<ref name="Nizam" />


In 1787, heavy flooding killed over 20,000 causing a plague which killed about 10,656,000 Telugus again in Telangana.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hyderabad, 400 Glorious Years|page=116|quote=While the floods drowned 20000 people in hours, plague killed another 10,656,000 of the total population of the State.}}</ref>

=== Modern period ===
When [[Independence of India|India became independent]] from the British Empire in 1947, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] did not want to merge with the Indian Union and wanted to remain independent. The [[Government of India]] annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948 after a military operation called [[Operation Polo]].<ref name="brief" /> It appointed a civil servant, [[M. K. Vellodi]], as first chief minister of [[Hyderabad State]] on 26 January 1950.<ref>{{cite news|title=Post-Independence Era|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html|access-date=2 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/https://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> He administered the state with the help of English-educated bureaucrats from the [[Madras State|Madras]] and [[Bombay State|Bombay]] states, who were familiar with British systems of administration unlike the bureaucrats of Hyderabad State who used a completely different administrative system. The official language of the state was switched from [[Urdu]] to English.

In 1952, [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao|Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] was elected chief minister of the Hyderabad State in its first democratic election. During this time, there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send the Madras state bureaucrats back and implement a rule by the natives (''mulkis'') of Hyderabad (Syed Alam Sharjil) was elected chief minister of Hyderabad after (Dr. Burgula Ramakrishana Rao) for one year after he resigned from the post.<ref>{{cite news|title=1952: Hyderabad incidents|url=https://hindu.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm|access-date=14 July 2014|date=6 September 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716212854/https://hindu.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm|archive-date=16 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Main|Telangana Rebellion}}
The [[Telangana Rebellion]] was a [[List of peasant revolts|peasant revolt]] supported by the [[communist]]s. It originated in the Telangana regions of the [[Hyderabad State]] between 1946 and 1951, led by the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliot |first=Carolyn M. |title=Decline of a Patrimonial Regime: The Telangana Rebellion in India, 1946–51 |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=24–47 |date=November 1974 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/15377979/Decline-of-a-Patrimonial-Regime-The-Telengana-Rebellion-in-India-194651 |doi=10.2307/2052408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090101/https://www.scribd.com/doc/15377979/Decline-of-a-Patrimonial-Regime-The-Telengana-Rebellion-in-India-194651 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |jstor=2052408 |s2cid=59483193 }}</ref>

The revolt began in the [[Nalgonda district]] against the [[feudalism|feudal]] lords of [[Reddy]] and [[Velama (caste)|Velama]] castes. It quickly spread to the [[Warangal district|Warangal]] and [[Bidar district|Bidar]] districts. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the local feudal landlords (''[[jagir]]dars'' and ''[[deshmukh]]s'') and later against [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|the Nizam Osman Ali Khan]]. The violent phase of the movement ended after the government of India's [[Operation Polo]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://swaminomics.org/declassify-report-on-the-1948-hyderabad-massacre/|title= Declassify report on the 1948 Hyderabad massacre|access-date= 25 September 2013|date= 25 November 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202234418/https://swaminomics.org/declassify-report-on-the-1948-hyderabad-massacre/|archive-date= 2 February 2014|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the framework of Indian democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://countrystudies.us/india/114.htm |title=India • Communist Parties |publisher=Country Studies, US |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629134923/https://countrystudies.us/india/114.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 1953, the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] (SRC) was appointed to form states on a linguistic basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiansaga.com/history/postindependence/reorganization.html |title=History of India |publisher=Indian Saga |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604184400/https://indiansaga.com/history/postindependence/reorganization.html |archive-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560201&printsec=frontpage |title=SRC sub-committee said no decision on Visalandhra taken |work=The Indian Express |date=1 February 1956 |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117041552/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560201&printsec=frontpage |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> After reorganisation in 1956, the region of Telangana was merged with [[Andhra State]] to form Andhra Pradesh.

Following this [[Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh (1956)|Gentlemen's agreement]], the central government established the unified state of Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.<ref name="aponline1">{{cite web |url=https://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |title=Post-Independence Era |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/https://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindu.com/2006/03/07/stories/2006030704410900.htm |title=Andhra Pradesh to be formed with safeguards to Telangana |date=7 March 2006 |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906172226/https://www.hindu.com/2006/03/07/stories/2006030704410900.htm |archive-date=6 September 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindu.com/2006/11/02/stories/2006110200140901.htm |title=Andhra Pradesh formed |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906173849/https://www.hindu.com/2006/11/02/stories/2006110200140901.htm |archive-date=6 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> G.O 553 of 1959 from the united Andhra Pradesh state moved two revenue divisions of [[Bhadrachalam]] from [[East Godavari]] and [[Aswaraopeta]] from West Godavari to [[Khammam district|Khammam]] for administrative convenience.

{{Main|Telangana movement}}
There have been several movements to revoke the merger of Telangana and Andhra, major ones occurring in 1969, 1972, and 2009. The movement for a new state of Telangana gained momentum in the 21st century by an initiative of [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]] from [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] later joined by [[Telangana Joint Action Committee|Telangana Political Joint Action Committee, TJAC]] including political leadership representing the Telangana area.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Telangana movement has sparked political turf war in Andhra |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |newspaper=Rediff |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123122405/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |archive-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 December 2009 the government of India announced the process of formation of the Telangana state. Violent protests led by people in the [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalseema]] regions occurred immediately after the announcement, and the decision was put on hold on 23 December 2009.

The movement continued in Hyderabad and other districts of Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pro-Telangana AP govt employees threaten agitation|url=https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-10/news/31046433_1_pro-telangana-telangana-employees-separate-statehood-demand|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 February 2012|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095651/https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-10/news/31046433_1_pro-telangana-telangana-employees-separate-statehood-demand|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been hundreds of claimed suicides,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/02/25/telangana-protests-student-suicides-increase-in-hyderabad-durin/|title=Telangana Protests, Student Suicides Increase in Hyderabad During Budget Sessions|work=Politics Daily|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222152602/https://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/02/25/telangana-protests-student-suicides-increase-in-hyderabad-durin/|archive-date=22 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> strikes, protests and disturbances to public life demanding separate statehood.

{{See also|Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014}}
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state. After various stages the bill was placed in the [[Parliament of India]] in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed in Lok Sabha; Congress, BJP come together in favour of new state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218081502/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2014 }}</ref> In February 2014, [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] bill was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] for the formation of Telangana state, comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|work=The Times of India|date=20 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220103407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The bill received the assent of the [[President of India|president]] and was published in the Gazette on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act, 2014|url=https://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, government of India|access-date=3 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/https://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014. [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] was elected as the first chief minister of Telangana, following elections in which the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] party secured majority.<ref name="new state">{{cite news|author1=Amarnath K Menon |title=Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM |url=https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html |access-date=14 July 2014 |work=THE INDIA TODAY GROUP |date=1 June 2014 |location=Hyderabad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151025/https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html |archive-date=11 November 2014 }}</ref> [[Hyderabad]] will remain as the joint capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period, not more than ten years after that period Hyderabad shall be the capital of the state of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/amid-chaos-and-slogans-rajya-sabha-clears-telangana-bill-485953 Amid chaos and slogans, Rajya Sabha clears Telangana bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306024335/https://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/amid-chaos-and-slogans-rajya-sabha-clears-telangana-bill-485953 |date=6 March 2014 }} – NDTV, 20 February 2014</ref> Andhra Pradesh picked [[Amaravati]] as its capital and relocated its secretariat in 2016 and its legislature in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Secretariat starts functioning from interim government complex at Amaravati|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andhra-pradesh-secretariat-starts-functioning-from-interim-government-complex-at-amaravati-2260970|access-date=23 June 2017|date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802182034/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andhra-pradesh-secretariat-starts-functioning-from-interim-government-complex-at-amaravati-2260970|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh Assembly|url=https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district/1/895448.html|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619230346/https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district/1/895448.html|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{See also|List of cities and towns in Telangana}}
[[File:Telangana State English Map.svg|thumb|Telangana and its neighbours]]
Telangana is situated on the [[Deccan Plateau]], in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. It covers {{convert|112077|km2}}.<ref name=stats /> The region is drained by two major rivers, with about 79% of the [[Godavari River]] catchment area and about 69% of the [[Krishna River]] catchment area, but most of the land is arid.<ref name="stats">{{cite web |title=Administrative and Geographical Profile |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214053810/https://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Telangana State Portal |format=PDF}}</ref> Telangana is also drained by several minor rivers such as the [[Bhima River|Bhima]], the [[Maner River|Maner]], the [[Manjira River|Manjira]], the [[Musi River (India)|Musi]], and the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]]

The annual rainfall is between 900 and 1500mm in northern Telangana and 700 to 900mm in southern Telangana, from the southwest [[monsoon]]s. Telangana contains various soil types, some of which are red sandy loams (Chalaka), Red loamy sands (Dubba), lateritic soils, salt-affected soils, alluvial soils, shallow to medium black soils and very deep black cotton soils. These soil types allow the planting of a variety of fruits and vegetable crops such as mangoes, oranges, coconut, sugarcane, paddy, banana and flower crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slideshare.net/sireeshasudharani/soils-of-telangana-and-water-management|title=Soils of telangana and water management|date=16 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telangana.pscnotes.com/telangana-geography/soil-of-telangana/|title=Soil of Telangana for Telangana PSC|date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Characterization and Classification of Soils of Northern Telangana|url=https://www.jtropag.in/index.php/ojs/article/viewFile/102/97|publisher=Journal of Tropical Agriculture|access-date=14 July 2014|page=24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311061934/https://www.jtropag.in/index.php/ojs/article/viewFile/102/97|archive-date=11 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Telangana is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in mid-April with average high temperatures in the {{convert|37-38|C|F}} range. The [[monsoon]] arrives in June and lasts until Late-September with about 755 mm (29.7 inches) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Weather |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/tags/weather-today |website=The Hans India}}</ref> in the {{convert|22|-|23|C|F}} range.

==== Ecology ====
The [[Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]] ecoregion covers much of the state, including Hyderabad. The characteristic vegetation is woodlands of ''[[Hardwickia binata]]'' and ''[[Albizia amara]]''. Over 80% of the original forest cover has been cleared for agriculture, timber harvesting, or cattle grazing, but large blocks of forest can be found in [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]] and elsewhere.<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; [[Washington, DC]]. pp. 324–326</ref> The more humid [[Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests]] cover the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the eastern part of the state.

==== National parks and sanctuaries ====
Telangana has three [[List of national parks of India|National Parks]]: [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park]] in [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad district]], and [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]] and [[Mrugavani National Park]] in [[Ranga Reddy district]].

[[File:Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) near Hyderabad W IMG 4818.jpg|thumb|Indian peafowl (''[[Pavo cristatus]]'') near Hyderabad|alt=|left]]
Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana include [[Eturunagaram Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Pakhal Lake|Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Warangal District]], [[Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary|Kawal Tiger Reserve]] and [[Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Adilabad district]], [[Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Khammam district, [[Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Medak district]], [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]] in [[Nalgonda District|Nalgonda]] and [[Mahbubnagar district]]s, [[Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Medak and Nizamabad districts, [[Shivaram Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Karimnagar district]].

[[Sacred groves of India|Sacred groves]] are small areas of forest preserved by local people. Sacred groves provide sanctuary to the local flora and fauna. Some are included within other protected areas, like Kadalivanam in Nagarjunsagar–Srisailam Tiger Reserve, but most stand alone. There are 65 sacred groves in Telangana—two in Adilabad district, thirteen in Hyderabad district, four in Karimnagar district, four in [[Khammam district]], nine in Mahbubnagar district, four in [[Medak district]], nine in Nalgonda district, ten in [[Ranga Reddy district]], and three in Warangal district.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Kailash C. Malhotra |author2=Yogesh Gokhale |author3=Sudipto Chatterjee |author4=Sanjeev Srivastava |year=2001 |title=Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India |publisher=Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, and Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal. |url=https://himalayanconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Malhotra_2001_CultureEcologySacredGrovesIndia_IAS.pdf |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808033418/https://himalayanconnections.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Malhotra_2001_CultureEcologySacredGrovesIndia_IAS.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|List of cities and towns in Telangana|Demographics of Telangana|List of districts of Telangana}}

=== Language ===
{{See also|Telugu language}}
{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages of Telangana (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |access-date=30 May 2021}} (Excludes mandals transferred to Andhra Pradesh, but includes census towns not transferred with mandals - Bhadrachalam and Sarapaka). It was assumed area of Burgampahad mandal transferred to Andhra Pradesh had same proportion of languages as rural areas of the mandal as a whole.</ref>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 75.51 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 12.32 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 5.55 |color3 = khaki
|label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value4 = 1.77 |color4 = red
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.52 |color5 = orange
|label6 = Others |value6 = 3.33 |color6 = grey
}}

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] one of the [[classical languages of India]] is the official language of Telangana and [[Urdu]] is the second official language of the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/urdu-is-telanganas-second-official-language-4940595/|title=Urdu is Telangana's second official language|date=16 November 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094158/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/urdu-is-telanganas-second-official-language-4940595/|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> About 75% of the population of Telangana speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 12% speak [[Urdu]].<ref name="lang">{{cite web |url=https://pibarchive.nic.in/archieve/others/2011/jan/d2011010502.pdf |title=Region-wise distribution of religious groups 2001 |at=Table 7.3 in page 393 of SKC report |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908201053/https://pibarchive.nic.in/archieve/others/2011/jan/d2011010502.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Urdu in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html|publisher=Language in India|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713110121/https://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Before 1948, Urdu was the official language of [[Hyderabad State]], and due to a lack of Telugu-language educational institutions, Urdu was the language of the educated elite of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India 1921, Hyderabad state, Part II|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/18941/GIPE-015142.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|publisher=Hyderabad state Census|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034654/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/18941/GIPE-015142.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> After 1948, once Hyderabad State joined the new Republic of India, Telugu became the language of government, and as Telugu was introduced as the [[medium of instruction]] in schools and colleges, the use of Urdu among non-[[Hyderabadi Muslims]] decreased.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm |title=Census of India – Distributions of 10,000 persons by language |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011050151/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm |archive-date=11 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both Telugu and Urdu are used in services across the state, such as the [[Legislature of Telangana|Telangana Legislature]] website, with Telugu and Urdu versions of the website available,<ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |date=7 March 2017 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-03-06/Telangana-Legislature-website-to-be-available-in-Telgu-Urdu/285077 |title=Telangana Legislature website to be available in Telgu, Urdu |newspaper=The Hans India |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041236/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-03-06/Telangana-Legislature-website-to-be-available-in-Telgu-Urdu/285077 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the Hyderabad metro, wherein both languages are used on station names and signs along with English and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-language-wars-here-hyderabad-metro-to-use-4-languages-1458925.html|title=No Language Wars Here, Hyderabad Metro to Use 4 Languages|work=News18|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153459/https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-language-wars-here-hyderabad-metro-to-use-4-languages-1458925.html|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Urdu spoken in Telangana is called [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], which in itself is a dialect of the larger [[Deccani Language|Dakhini]] Urdu dialects of South India. Although the language is spoken by most Hyderabadi Muslims, the language in a literary context has long been lost, and standard Urdu is used.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC|title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi|last=Kulakarṇī|first=A. Rā|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788171545797|language=en}}</ref> Hindi is spoken mainly in Hyderabad, as well as some other urban areas like Warangal. [[Lambadi]], a language related to [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani dialects]], is spoken throughout the state. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is predominant in regions bordering Maharashtra, especially in the old Adilabad district, while [[Kannada]] is spoken by significant minorities along some parts of the Karnataka border. The old Adilabad district has a large number of speakers of tribal languages such as [[Gondi language|Gondi]] and [[Kolami language|Kolami]], while [[Koya language|Koya]] is a language spoken by significant numbers in Bhadradi Kothagudem district and along the Chhattisgarh border.<ref>{{cite web|title=Language – India, States and Union Territories|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General|pages=13–14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2018|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{pie chart
|caption = Religion in Telangana (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 85.09 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Islam]] |value2 = 12.69 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Telugu Christians|Christianity]] |value3 = 1.27 |color3 = dodgerblue
|label4 = [[Buddhism]] |value4 = 0.09 |color4 = blue
|label5 = [[Sikhism]] |value5 = 0.09 |color5 = white
|label6 = [[Jainism]] |value6 = 0.08 |color6 = brown
|label7 = Other |value7 = 0.01 |color7 = chartreuse
|label8 = Not stated |color8 = black |value8 = 0.68
}}

[[File:Yadadri Temple on the hilltop.jpg|thumb|[[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri|Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple in Yadadri]]|left]]

According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism|Hindus]] form 85.1% of the State's population. Muslims form 12.7% and [[Christians]] form 1.3%.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Literacy ===
According to the 2011 census, Telangana's literacy rate is 66.46%. Male literacy and female literacy are 74.95% and 57.92%, respectively.<ref name=stats /> [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] has the highest literacy rate with 80.96% and [[Mahabubnagar district]] has the lowest with 56.06%.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|title=Literacy of Rural – Urban (Andhra Pradesh)|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/AP/Chapter_VI.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226113601/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/AP/Chapter_VI.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2019 report, the ''Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India'', by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Telangana has a literacy rate of 72.8% which is the fourth lowest among large states. It also has the second lowest literacy rate among rural women at 53.7%. 37.1% of the population aged 3–35 years received free education at pre-primary and higher levels in Telangana.<ref name="IE_literacy">{{cite news |title=Telangana literacy rate fourth-lowest among big states |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/nov/25/telangana-literacy-rate-fourth-lowest-among-big-states-2066624.html |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 November 2019|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218181119/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/nov/25/telangana-literacy-rate-fourth-lowest-among-big-states-2066624.html |archive-date=18 February 2021 }}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|List of districts of Telangana|List of revenue divisions in Telangana|List of mandals of Telangana}}
[[File:Map of Telangana at the time of formation on June 02 2014.svg|thumb|Telangana at the time of formation on 2 June 2014.]]
[[File:Telangana State Map with Districts.png|thumb|Telangana new districts created in 2016]]
The state is divided into [[List of districts in Telangana|33 districts]]. The latest two new districts, Mulugu and Narayanpet, were formed on 17 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-02-16/Telangana-to-have-33-districts-from-tomorrow/496123|title=Telangana to have 33 districts from tomorrow|date=16 February 2019|website=The Hans India|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142318/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-02-16/Telangana-to-have-33-districts-from-tomorrow/496123|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The districts are divided into [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|70 revenue divisions]] which are further divided into [[List of mandals in Telangana|584 mandals]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TSDR-Portal|url=https://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/FirstPage.do|website=newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825165347/https://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/FirstPage.do|archive-date=25 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kurmanath|first1=K V|title=Telangana govt to create 21 new districts in Oct|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/telangana-issues-draft-notification-on-new-districts/article9018000.ece|access-date=22 August 2016|date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823172719/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/telangana-issues-draft-notification-on-new-districts/article9018000.ece|archive-date=23 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a total of 10,909 revenue villages and 12,769 gram panchayats in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Statistical Abstract 2021 |url=https://www.tsdps.telangana.gov.in/Statistical_Abstract_2021.pdf |access-date=2 May 2023 |publisher=Government of Telangana }}</ref>

The districts in the state are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No. !! District !! Headquarters !! Earlier part of
|-
| 1 || [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]] ||[[Adilabad]] || [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|-
| 2 || [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] || [[Kothagudem]] || [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Warangal Urban district|Hanumakonda]] || [[Hanumakonda]] || [[Warangal district|Warangal]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| 4 || [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]] || [[Hyderabad]] || [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
|-
| 5 || [[Jagitial district|Jagitial]] || [[Jagitial]] || [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| 6 || [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]] || [[Jangaon]] || [[Warangal district|Warangal]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|-
| 7 || [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpally]] || [[Bhupalpally]] || [[Warangal district|Warangal]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| 8 || [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]] || [[Gadwal]] || [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
| 9 || [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]] || [[Kamareddy]] || [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|-
| 10 || [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]] || [[Karimnagar]] || [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| 11 || [[Khammam district|Khammam]] || [[Khammam]] || [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|-
| 12 || [[Kumuram Bheem district|Kumuram Bheem]] || [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]] || [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|-
| 13 || [[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]] || [[Mahabubabad]] || [[Warangal district|Warangal]], [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|-
| 14 || [[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]] || [[Mahbubnagar]] || [[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]]
|-
| 15 || [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]] || [[Mancherial]] || [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|-
| 16 || [[Medak district|Medak]] || [[Medak]] || [[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| 17 || [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Medchal–Malkajgiri]] || [[Shamirpet]] || [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|-
| 18 || [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]|| [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]] || [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|-
| 19 || [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]] || [[Nagarkurnool]] || [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
| 20 || [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]] || [[Nalgonda]] || [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|-
| 21 || [[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]] || [[Narayanpet]] || [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
| 22 || [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]] || [[Nirmal]] || [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|-
| 23 || [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] || [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] || [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|-
| 24 || [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]] || [[Peddapalli, Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]] || [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| 25 || [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]] || [[Sircilla]] || [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| 26 || [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] || [[Shamshabad]] || [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|-
| 27 || [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]] || [[Sangareddy]] || [[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| 28 || [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]] || [[Siddipet]] || [[Medak district|Medak]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|-
| 29 || [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]] || [[Suryapet]] || [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|-
| 30 || [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] || [[Vikarabad]] || [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|-
| 31 || [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]] || [[Wanaparthy]] || [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
| 32 || [[Warangal Rural district|Warangal]] || [[Warangal]] || [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|-
| 33 || [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]] || [[Bhongir]] || [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|}

There are a total of [[List of cities in Telangana|12 cities]] in the state. [[Hyderabad]] is the biggest city in the state and [[List of cities in India by population|4th largest city in India]]. There are [[List of municipal corporations in Telangana|13 municipal corporations]] and [[List of municipalities in Telangana|132 municipalities]] in the state.

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Telangana|Politics of Telangana}}
{{See also|List of chief ministers of Telangana}}
[[File:Hyd_Legistative_Assembly.jpg|thumb|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] building]]
[[File:Telangana State Secretariat Front View.jpg|thumb|Telangana State Secretariat]]
Telangana is governed by a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]], a feature the state shares with other Indian states. [[Universal suffrage]] is granted to residents. There are three branches of government.

# [[Executive (government)|Executive authority]] is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the [[Chief Minister of Telangana|Chief Minister]], although the titular head of government is the [[Governor of Telangana|Governor]]. The governor is the [[head of state]] appointed by the [[President of India]]. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.
# The legislature, the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] and the [[Telangana Legislative Council]], consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the speaker or the deputy speaker in the speaker's absence. The Assembly is [[bicameral]] with 119 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] and 40 [[Member of the Legislative Council]]. Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of members retiring every two years.
# The [[judiciary]] is composed of the [[High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad]] and a system of lower courts.

Auxiliary authorities known as ''[[panchayat]]s'', for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes seats to [[Lok Sabha]].

The main political parties in the [[Politics of Telangana|regional politics]] are the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]]. Following the [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Legislative Assembly Election in 2014]], the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] under [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] was elected to power.

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Telangana}}
{{See also|List of districts in Telangana by GDP}}
[[File:Coal Handling Ropeway near Pamulapalli.jpg|thumb|Coal Handling Ropeway near [[Manuguru]], Bhadradri Kothagudem district.]]
The economy of Telangana is mainly driven by agriculture. Two important rivers of
India, the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]], flow through the state,
providing irrigation. Farmers in Telangana mainly depend on rain-fed water sources for irrigation. Rice is the major food crop. Other important crops are cotton, sugar cane, mango, and tobacco. Recently, crops used for [[Vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oil]] production such as [[sunflower]] and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including [[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]] and [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]], the world's highest masonry dam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agri.ap.nic.in|title=Agriculture dept. of Telangana|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709142554/https://agri.ap.nic.in/|archive-date=9 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="industries">{{cite web|url=https://www.apind.gov.in/indussectors.html|title=Key Sectors of Telangana|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221073936/https://apind.gov.in/indussectors.html|archive-date=21 February 2009}}</ref>

The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology and [[biotechnology]]. Telangana is one of top IT-exporting states of India. There are 68 Special Economic Zones in the state.<ref name="sez">{{cite web|title=TG Special Economic Zones |url=https://sezindia.nic.in/HTMLS/578FormalapprovalsgrantedunderSEZAct19thJune,09.pdf |publisher=sezindia |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007035200/https://www.sezindia.nic.in/HTMLS/578FormalapprovalsgrantedunderSEZAct19thJune%2C09.pdf |archive-date= 7 October 2009 }}</ref>

Telangana is a mineral-rich state, with coal reserves at [[Singareni Collieries Company]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Singareni Collieries Company Limited|url=https://scclmines.com/scclnew/index.asp|publisher=scclmines|access-date=3 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625044937/https://scclmines.com/scclnew/index.asp|archive-date=25 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Golconda region has produced some of the world's most famous diamonds, including the colourless [[Koh-i-Noor]] (United Kingdom), the blue [[Hope Diamond|Hope]] (United States), the pink [[Daria-i-Noor]] (Iran), the white [[Regent Diamond|Regent]] (France), the [[Dresden Green Diamond|Dresden Green]] (Germany), and the colourless [[Orlov (diamond)|Orlov]] (Russia), [[Nizam Diamond|Nizam]] and [[Jacob Diamond|Jacob]] (India), as well as the now-lost diamonds [[Florentine Diamond|Florentine Yellow]], [[Akbar Shah (diamond)|Akbar Shah]] and [[Great Mogul Diamond|Great Mogul]].

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Warangal IMG 4286.JPG|thumb|[[Paddy field]]s in [[Warangal district]]]]
Rice is the major [[food crop]] and [[staple food]] of the state. Other important crops are maize, tobacco, mango, cotton and [[sugar cane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/telangana-will-show-its-might-in-cotton-maize/article4982372.ece|title=Telangana will show its might in cotton, maize|author=K. V. Kurmanath|work=Business Line|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622051901/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/telangana-will-show-its-might-in-cotton-maize/article4982372.ece|archive-date=22 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. The [[Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers flow through the state, providing [[irrigation]]. Apart from major rivers, there are small rivers like Tunga Bhadra, Bima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Manair, Penganga, Pranahitha, peddavagu and Taliperu. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including [[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]] and [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]], the world's highest masonry dam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guntur.nic.in/nagarjuna_sagar.html|title=WELCOME TO GUNTUR DISTRICT OFFICIAL WEBSITE|work=guntur.nic.in|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324163602/https://guntur.nic.in/nagarjuna_sagar.html|archive-date=24 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Agri Export Zone]]s for the following produce have been proposed for the following locations:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186993|title=Agri Export Zones|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
* [[Gherkin]]s: [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Rangareddy]], [[Medak]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Warangal]]
* [[Mangoes]] and [[grapes]]: Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Medak, Mahabubnagar

In 2019, environmental anthropologist Andrew Flachs raised concerns regarding the financial and social pressures experienced by small cotton farmers in Telangana.<ref>Flachs, A., 2019. Planting and performing: Anxiety, aspiration, and "scripts" in Telangana cotton farming. ''American Anthropologist'', ''121''(1), pp.48-61.</ref>

=== Industries ===
{{See also|Software industry in Telangana}}
[[File:MindSpace campus in Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|The [[HITEC City]] is a major IT hub of Hyderabad]]

[[File:JP Morgan Tower, Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|right|JP Morgan Chase & Co. Tower [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, [[India]]]]

Several major manufacturing and services industries are in operation mainly around [[Hyderabad]]. Automobiles and auto components, spices, mines and minerals, textiles and apparels, [[pharmaceutical]], horticulture, and poultry farming are the main industries in Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shankar|first=B V Shiva|date=6 June 2014|title=Telangana government plans big IT push to rebuild brand Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Telangana-government-plans-big-IT-push-to-rebuild-brand-Hyderabad/articleshow/36121006.cms|url-status=live|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214102758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Telangana-government-plans-big-IT-push-to-rebuild-brand-Hyderabad/articleshow/36121006.cms|archive-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>

In terms of services, Hyderabad is nicknamed "[[Cyberabad]]" due to the location of major software industries in the city.<ref name="roy aih">{{cite book|title=Worlding cities: Asian experiments and the art of being global|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|page=253|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9277-4|last1=Roy|first1=Ananya|last2=Aihwa|first2=Ong}}</ref><ref name="toi chary">{{cite news|last=Chand|first=Swati Bharadwaj|date=13 October 2011|title=An Amazon shot for city|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226140847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> Prior to secession, it contributed 10% to India's and 98% to Andhra Pradesh's exports in the IT and ITES sectors in 2013<ref name="toi-it">{{cite news|title=Special governance for Hyderabad needed for growth|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Special-governance-for-Hyderabad-needed-for-growth/articleshow/20753414.cms?referral=PM|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 June 2013|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910200409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Special-governance-for-Hyderabad-needed-for-growth/articleshow/20753414.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> With Hyderabad in the front line of Telangana's goal to promote information technology in India, the city boasts the [[HITEC City]] as its premier hub. IT companies/hubs have also been set up in [[Warangal]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=E Kumar|date=8 January 2020|title=Telangana pushes for investment in Tier II cities; Tech Mahindra, Cyient open centres in Warangal|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/telangana-pushes-for-investment-in-tier-ii-cities-tech-mahindra-cyient-open-centres-in-warangal-241817-2020-01-08|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Business Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Karimnagar]], and [[Khammam]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 December 2020|title=IT product companies to set up base in Khammam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/it-product-companies-to-set-up-base-in-khammam/article33272247.ece|access-date=30 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The state government is in the process of developing industrial parks at different places, for specific groups of industries. The existing parks are Software Park at Hyderabad, HITEC City for software units, Apparel Park at [[Gundlapochampalli]], Export Promotion Park at Pashamylaram, Biotechnology park at [[Turkapally]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

Hyderabad is also a major site for healthcare-related industries including hospitals and pharmaceutical organisations such as [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], Yashoda Hospitals, LV Prasad Eye Care, Akruti Institute of cosmetic and plastic surgery, Fever Hospital, Durgabai Deshmukh, [[Continental Hospitals]] and [[Apollo Hospitals]]. Many pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical-related companies like [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]], [[Shantha Biotechnics]] and Aragen (Formerly GVK BIO) are based out of Hyderabad.

In addition, Hyderabad-based healthcare non-profits include the [[Indian Heart Association]], a cardiovascular disease NGO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Heart Association|url=https://www.indianheartassociation.org|publisher=Indian Heart Association Webpage|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518120648/https://indianheartassociation.org/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Telangana}}
[[Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation]] (TSTDC) is a state government agency which promotes tourism in Telangana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Huge-challenges-ahead-for-new-Telangana-tourism-corporation/articleshow/34847749.cms |title=Huge challenges ahead for new Telangana tourism corporation |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2014 |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512212438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Huge-challenges-ahead-for-new-Telangana-tourism-corporation/articleshow/34847749.cms |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Telangana has a variety of tourist attractions including historical places, monuments, forts, waterfalls, forests and temples.

==== Waterfalls ====
[[File:Kuntala-waterfalls1.jpg|thumb|[[Kuntala Waterfall]] in [[Adilabad district]]]]

*[[Kuntala Waterfall]] ({{convert|45|m|ft}}) located in [[Kuntala, Adilabad district|Kuntala]], [[Adilabad district]].
*[[Bogatha Waterfall]] is waterfall located in Koyaveerapuram G, Wazeedu Mandal, [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]], Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=AuthorP Laxma|date=6 July 2019|title=Telangana's Niagara, the Bogatha waterfall offers feast to eyes|work=Telangana Today|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telanganas-niagara-the-bogatha-waterfall-offers-feast-to-eyes|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116031449/https://telanganatoday.com/telanganas-niagara-the-bogatha-waterfall-offers-feast-to-eyes|archive-date=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=28 July 2019|title=Telangana starts one-day tours to Bogatha waterfalls|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jul/28/telangana-starts-one-day-tours-to-bogatha-waterfalls-2010580.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831061408/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jul/28/telangana-starts-one-day-tours-to-bogatha-waterfalls-2010580.html|archive-date=31 August 2020}}</ref>
*[[Savatula Gundam Waterfalls]] in [[Adilabad district]]

=== Media ===
The print media mainly consists of Telugu and English newspapers. ''[[Nava Telangana]]'', ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'', ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'', ''[[Eenadu]]'' and ''[[Namaste Telangana]]'' are all Telugu newspapers. Mainly in English newspapers are ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', ''[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]]'', ''The Hindu'', [[Telangana Today]] and ''The Hans India''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Information & broadcasting - Publications on DAVP Panel as on 05 March 2021 |url=https://www.davp.nic.in/Upload/(S(cyeh5555jplw0355y44lfe45))/advtg_report.aspx |website=davp.nic.in |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> Notable Urdu newspapers include ''[[Etemaad Daily]]'', ''[[The Munsif Daily]]'', and ''[[The Siasat Daily]]''.

== Infrastructure ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width = 220
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Rstps4.jpg
| caption1 = [[NTPC Ramagundam|Ramagundam Thermal Power station]]
| image2 = Outer Ring Road (Nehru ORR) at Narsinghi.jpg
| caption2 = Hyderabad Outer Ring Road
| image3 = Secunderabad Railway Station outside.JPG
| caption3 = [[Secunderabad railway station]]
}}
=== Irrigation projects ===
{{Main|List of power stations in Telangana}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Project !! River !! District
|-
| [[Kaleswaram]] || [[Godavari River|Godavari]] || [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpally]]
|-
| [[Sriram Sagar Project|Sriram Sagar]] || [[Godavari River|Godavari]] || [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] || [[Krishna River|Krishna]] || [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|-
| [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam]] || [[Krishna River|Krishna]] || [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|-
| [[Nizam Sagar]] || [[Manjira River|Manjira]] || [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|-
| [[Singur Dam]] || [[Manjira River|Manjira]] || [[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| [[Lower Manair Dam]] || [[Maner River|Maner]] || [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| [[Mid Manair Dam]] || [[Maner River|Maner]] || [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|-
| [[Upper Manair Dam]] || [[Maner River|Maner]] || [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|-
| [[Sripada Yellampalli project|Sripada Yellampalli]] || [[Godavari River|Godavari]] || [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|-
| [[Jurala Project|Jurala]] || [[Krishna River|Krishna]] || [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
|-
| [[Koil Sagar]] || [[Krishna River|Krishna]] || [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
| [[Osman Sagar]] || [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] || [[Ranga Reddy district]]
|-
| [[Himayat Sagar]] || [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] || [[Ranga Reddy district]]
|}

===Public transport===
[[File:TSRTC's JnNURM Metro Express bus in Khammam.jpg|thumb|The [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] (TSRTC) Bus]]
The state is well connected with other states by means of road, rail and airways. The [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] (TSRTC) is the major public transport corporation that connects all the cities and villages.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/it-will-be-tgsrtc-from-june-2/article6014676.ece | title=It will be TGSRTC from June 2 | work=The Hindu | date=16 May 2014 | access-date=2 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606235217/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/it-will-be-tgsrtc-from-june-2/article6014676.ece | archive-date=6 June 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] (M.G.B.S) in [[Hyderabad]] is the central bus-station of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Contact%20Us/Grievances/Citi-Chart.htm |title=citi-Charter |publisher=apsrtc.gov.in |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917143549/https://apsrtc.gov.in/Contact%20Us/Grievances/Citi-Chart.htm |archive-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/naturaladvantages.html#Airways|title=Andhra Pradesh • Natural Advantages|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403042513/https://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/naturaladvantages.html#Airways|archive-date=3 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Jubilee Bus Station]] in [[Secunderabad]] serves inter city bus services.

=== Roadways ===
[[File:GNT - KCG Double Decker SF (26360228363).jpg|thumb|The [[Guntur–Kacheguda AC Double Decker Express|Kacheguda AC Double Decker Express]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].]]
The state has a total of [[List of National Highways in India by State#Telangana|16 national highways]] and accounts for a total length of {{convert|3550.69|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=National Highways in Telangana State|url=https://www.roadbuild.telangana.gov.in/files/451.pdf|website=Roads and Buildings Department – Government of Telangana|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231109/https://www.roadbuild.telangana.gov.in/files/451.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Railways ===
{{See also|South Central Railway zone|Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway}}
The history of railways in this region dates back to the time of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] in 1874. The [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]], which had its beginnings in a line built privately by the HEH the [[Nizam]]. Much to the dismay of the British authorities, The Nizam bore all the expenses for the construction of the line.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|publisher=South Central railway|access-date=11 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/https://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C283|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

It operates under the auspices of the [[South Central Railway]] founded in 1966. The landmark building [[Rail Nilayam]] in Secunderabad is the Zonal Headquarters office of South Central Railway. [[Secunderabad railway division|Secunderabad]] and [[Hyderabad railway division|Hyderabad]] are the main divisions of the South Central Railway that fall in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|publisher=South Central Railway|access-date=2 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/https://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C283|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Airports ===
{{See also|List of airports in Telangana}}
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]]]
[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] at [[Shamshabad]] is an international airport serving the city of [[Hyderabad]]. It is the largest airport in the state and one of the busiest airports in the country. The government has plans to upgrade [[Warangal Airport]], [[Nizamabad Airport]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/more-land-required-for-airport-at-jakranpally/article4788933.ece|title=More land required for airport at Jakranpally|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 July 2014|date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713013047/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/more-land-required-for-airport-at-jakranpally/article4788933.ece|archive-date=13 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ramagundam Airport]] - it also plans to construct airports in [[Ramagundam]] and [[Kothagudem]] using the [[UDAN]] scheme. <ref>{{cite web|title=About Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.hyderabadisearch.com/AboutAndhrapradesh.aspx |publisher=Hyderabadi search |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607011018/https://www.hyderabadisearch.com/AboutAndhrapradesh.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2014 }}</ref>

[[Warangal]] has a domestic airport in Mamunooru which was established in the year 1930 during the Nizam period. All the exports and imports of Azam Jahi Mills, Warangal were done through the [[Warangal Airport]].{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Telangana}}
[[File:Sammakka gadde at sammakka saarakka jatara.jpg|thumb|[[Sammakka Saralamma Jatara]] is a famous Hindu festival in Telangana]]
The state has a rich tradition in classical music, painting and folk arts such as Burra Katha, shadow puppet show, and [[Perini Shivatandavam]],Gusadi Dance, Kolatam and Bathukamma.

The important festivals of the state are [[Bonalu]] and [[Bathukamma]].

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Telangana}}[[Badami Chalukya architecture]] is spread across the state, notable temple is [[Alampur Jogulamba Temple]].

[[Chalukyas of Vemulavada]] built many Temples in Vemulawada, Bheemeshvara temple, [[Raja Rajeswara Temple, Vemulawada]]. [[File:Warangal_fort.jpg|thumb|[[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] within the [[Warangal Fort]]]]
Medieval forts such as the [[Bhongir Fort]], [[Khammam Fort]], and [[Rachakonda|Rachakonda Fort]] are spread across the state. Among the notable ones is the [[Warangal Fort]], which served as the capital of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5889/|access-date=30 June 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> The [[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] within the fort has become a symbol of Telangana, and features on the [[Emblem of Telangana|state emblem]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana State Emblem Looks Simple Yet Profound|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/may/31/Telangana-State-Emblem-Looks-Simple-Yet-Profound-619441.html|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Ramappa Temple]] is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The fort complex, and [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] are on the tentative list of the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Sriranganayaka Temple.jpg|alt=Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple|thumb|Temple Pillars of Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple, Srirangapuram.]]
Samsthanams built Temples in Dravidian architecture, [[Kollapur]], and Jataprole Samsthanams, [[Gadwal Samsthanam]] built temples in Dravidian architecture.
[[File:Ammapally Temple.jpg|alt=Ammapalli Sita Ramachandraswamy Devasthanam|thumb|12th century: Built during the time of Kalyani Chalukyas Ammapalli Sita Ramachandraswamy Devasthanam, a Rama temple without Hanuman but instead Kodandarama. This signifies it as a temple Sri Rama travelled to or stayed at during his 14 years of exile.]]
The Qutb Shahi dynasty established the city of Hyderabad as their capital. The [[Charminar]], [[Golconda Fort]], and [[Qutb Shahi tombs]] in Hyderabad were built by the Qutb Shahi dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|access-date=30 June 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>

The Nizam era saw the construction of palaces such as the [[Chowmahalla Palace]] and [[Falaknuma Palace]], as well as elaborate public buildings such as the [[Osmania General Hospital]], all in Hyderabad.

==== Religious destinations ====

[[File:Bhadrachalam temple View from Lord Narasimha Temple in 2015 (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam]]]]

There are religious worship centres of different religions in the state.

Hindu worship destinations include [[Bhadrachalam Temple]], [[Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basar|Gnana Saraswati Temple]], [[Yadagirigutta Temple]], [[Ramappa Temple]], [[Raja Rajeswara temple, Vemulawada|Vemulawada Raja Rajeshwara temple]], the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]], [[Statue of Equality (Ramanuja)]].

The Muslim worship destinations such as [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] near [[Charminar]], [[Khairtabad Mosque]], [[Mian Mishk Masjid]], [[Toli Masjid]] and [[Spanish Mosque]].

Christian worship centres include the [[Diocese of Dornakal of the Church of South India]], Bahe Church of South India, and [[Medak Cathedral]]. There are also some Buddhist destinations, such as [[Nelakondapalli]], [[Dhulikatta]], [[Phanigiri]] and Kolanpaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.templenet.com/encandh1.html|title=The Templenet Encyclopedia – Temples of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=26 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509081809/https://www.templenet.com/encandh1.html|archive-date=9 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Telugu cinema}}
Telugu cinema, also known by its sobriquet as [[Tollywood (Telugu)|Tollywood]], is a part of [[Indian cinema]] producing films in the [[Telugu language]], and is centred in the [[Hyderabad, Telangana]] neighbourhood of [[Film Nagar]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650520200.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Year of success for tinsel town | date=26 December 2007 | access-date=27 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073001/https://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650520200.htm | archive-date=20 October 2013 | url-status=dead | work=[[The Hindu]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the early 1990s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted from [[Chennai]] to [[Hyderabad]]. The Telugu film industry is the second-largest film industry in India next to [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shafeeq|first=Mohammed|title=Telugu films with Rs 2,000 cr production value stuck due to lockdown|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/telugu-films-with-rs-2000-cr-production-value-stuck-due-to-lockdown/1818162|access-date=25 June 2020|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126054807/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/telugu-films-with-rs-2000-cr-production-value-stuck-due-to-lockdown/1818162|archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/-Tollywood-loses-to-Bollywood-on-numbers-/articleshow/6661950.cms?referral=PM |title=Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers |work=The Times of India |date=2 October 2010 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713203509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/-Tollywood-loses-to-Bollywood-on-numbers-/articleshow/6661950.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/telugu-film-industry-enters-new-era/article1674075.ece |title=Telugu film industry enters new era |work=Business Line |date=6 November 2007 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203163423/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/telugu-film-industry-enters-new-era/article1674075.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |title=Largest film studio |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |access-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119000128/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |archive-date=19 January 2014 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Telugu cuisine|Hyderabadi cuisine|Telangana cuisine}}Telangana cuisine is a unique and delicious cuisine that is influenced by the region's rich history of deccan and Telugu culture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A taste of Telangana cuisine |url=https://telanganatoday.com/a-taste-of-telangana-cuisine |work=Telangana Today |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> The cuisine is known for its use of spices,<ref>{{cite news |title=New Telangana state will mean a Telangana cuisine as well (Foodie Trail) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/new-telangana-state-will-mean-a-telangana-cuisine-as-well-foodie-trail-114030900142_1.html |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=Business Standard |agency=IANS |date=9 March 2014}}</ref> millets,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Puskuri |first=Janaki Srinath |date=April 2021 |title=Understanding the Food culture and Native foods of Telangana State -a step towards healthy dietary diversity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350687549 |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref> and rotis. Telangana cuisine also features a variety of other dishes, including biryani, haleem, and kebabs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Essence of Telangana cuisine: Keeping it simple and rustic |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/aug/28/essence-of-telangana-cuisine-keeping-it-simple-andrustic-2350776.html |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

=== Visual arts ===
Indigenous art forms of Telangana include the [[Cheriyal scroll painting]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Arti|title=Moving from scrolls to key chains, an art form from Telangana fights to stay relevant|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/869992/moving-from-scrolls-to-key-chains-an-art-form-from-telangana-fights-to-stay-relevant|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=19 May 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Nirmal paintings]], and [[Silver Filigree of Karimnagar|Karimnagar Silver Filigree]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=K.m.dayashankar|date=5 June 2015|title=Silver filigree art cries for promotion|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/silver-filigree-art-cries-for-promotion/article7284734.ece|access-date=30 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A distinctive [[Persianate society|Persianate]] style of painting, called [[Deccan painting]] developed in the region during the medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sardar|first=Marika|title=Islamic Art of the Deccan|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/decc/hd_decc.htm|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref>

Notable museums in the state include the [[Salar Jung Museum]] in Hyderabad, which is one of the largest in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=20 January 2019|title=Salar Jung museum: How one man's art collection became a national treasure|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/salar-jung-museum-how-one-man-s-art-collection-became-a-national-treasure-119012000161_1.html|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> Other museums include the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum|Telangana State Archeology Museum]], [[City Museum, Hyderabad|City Museum]], and [[Nizam Museum]] in Hyderabad, [[Warangal Museum]] in Warangal, and [[Alampur Museum]] in Alampur.

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Telangana}}
Telangana has multiple institutes of higher education universities along with numerous primary and secondary schools. The Department of Higher Education deals with matters relating to education at various levels in the state of Telangana.

[[File:Nitw main gate.JPG|thumb|Main gate of [[NIT Warangal]]|left]]According to a 2019 report, the state has a literacy rate of 72.8%, which is one of the [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|lowest]] in India.<ref name="IE_literacy" /> Schools in Telangana are run by the state government or private organisations, which include religious institutions. Some specialized schools such as the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s and [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]s are run by agencies of the central government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=parasa|first=Rajeswari|date=11 March 2019|title=Centre sanctions 50 Kendriya Vidyalayas, but Telangana gets none|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110319/centre-sanctions-50-kendriya-vidyalayas-but-telangana-gets-none.html|access-date=2 July 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, there are 41,337 schools in the state, with about 70% of them being government schools.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeyaranjan|first=J.|title=Aspects of Education in Telangana|url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Telangana-Social-Development-Report-2017-Part3.pdf}}</ref>

Telangana is home to 27 universities, which include 3 [[Central university (India)|central universities]], 17 [[State university (India)|state universities]], 2 [[Deemed university|deemed universities]], and 5 [[Private University (India)|private universities]]. The [[Osmania University]] in Hyderabad, established in 1918, is the oldest modern university in the state, and one of the [[List of largest universities|largest university systems]] in the world. The [[University of Hyderabad]] consistently ranks among the top universities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=Telangana|title=UoH retains high position in QS Global Ranking 2022|url=https://telanganatoday.com/uoh-retains-high-position-in-qs-global-ranking-2022|access-date=29 June 2021|website=Telangana Today|date=8 June 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Apart from these, specialised [[Institutes of National Importance|institutes of national importance]] in the state include [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar|AIIMS Bibinagar]], [[IIT Hyderabad]], and [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|NIT Warangal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=R. Ravikanth|date=14 June 2020|title=IIT-H, NIT-W set new benchmarks in rankings|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/iit-h-nit-w-set-new-benchmarks-in-rankings/article31828368.ece|access-date=29 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Other notable institutions include [[Indian School of Business]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]], [[Kakatiya University]], [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], [[NALSAR University of Law]], [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]], [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Hyderabad]], [[Footwear Design and Development Institute]], [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad]], and [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Basar]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |title=Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies |publisher=Rgukt.in |access-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142943/https://www.rgukt.in/home-aboutrgukt.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{See also|Sports in Hyderabad#Sports and Stadiums}}
[[File:RGIS HYD.jpg|thumb|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]]]

The [[Hyderabad FC]] is a professional [[Association football|football]] club based in Hyderabad and plays in top-tier league of India, the [[Indian Super League]]. The home ground of the club is [[G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], in [[Gachibowli]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad FC replace struggling FC Pune City as new ISL franchise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-replace-struggling-fc-pune-city-as-new-isl-franchise/articleshow/70862303.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025002110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-replace-struggling-fc-pune-city-as-new-isl-franchise/articleshow/70862303.cms |archive-date=25 October 2019 }}</ref>

The [[Hyderabad cricket team]] is represented in the [[Ranji Trophy]] and has won twice. The [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], an [[Indian Premier League]] franchise, is based in Hyderabad and has won the trophy once. [[Deccan Chargers]], a currently defunct franchise from Hyderabad, also won the [[Indian Premier League]] once. The [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] is the home ground of both [[Hyderabad cricket team]] and [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]. It hosts international as well as domestic matches.

The [[Hyderabad Hunters (Badminton team)|Hyderabad Hunters]], a [[Premier Badminton League]] franchise; the [[Telugu Titans]], a [[Pro Kabaddi League]] franchise; the Hyderabad Sky, a [[UBA Pro Basketball League]] franchise and the Telugu Tigers, a [[Premier Futsal]] franchise are also based in Hyderabad. Hyderabad Hunters have won the Premier Badminton League title.

Other stadiums include [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] and [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]].

== Notable people ==
{{main article|List of people from Telangana}}

== See also ==
* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]
* [[Hyderabad State]]
* [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)]]
* [[List of people from Telangana]]
* [[Telangana Language Day]]
* [[List of cities and towns in Telangana|List of Cities and Towns in Telangana]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Country study |country=India |abbr=in |date=September 1995 |section=Regionalism |pd=no}} ([https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0075 Direct link].)
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mISVwxcF5asC&pg=PA175 |title=Committees and commissions in India, 1947–1973 |author=Virendra Kumar |page=175 |volume=9 |section=Committee on Telangana surpluses, 1969 – Report by Justice Bhargava |isbn=978-8170221975 |publisher=D. K. Publishing House |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2013|year=1975}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC |title=Nizam – British Relations 1724–1857 |author=Sarojini Regani |year=1986 |isbn=978-8170221951 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2013}}
* {{Cite journal |jstor=2753831 |title=Subregionalism in India: The Case of Telangana |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=43 |number=1 |date=Spring 1970 |pages=5–21 |publisher=University of British Columbia |author=Duncan B. Forrester |doi=10.2307/2753831}}
* {{Cite journal |jstor=2052461 |title=The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants |author=Karen Leonard |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=30 |number=3 |date=May 1971 |pages=569–582 |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |doi=10.1017/s0021911800154841|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/454191gp }}
* {{cite web|title=ReInventing Telangana – First Steps- Socio Economic Outlook 2105|url=https://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/documents/10656/19317/Socio+economic+Survey+Telangana+2015.pdf/f19fc6a4-bf8a-4432-ab8f-64b20f1d772d|publisher=Planning Department, Govt of Telangana|access-date=24 September 2015}}
*{{cite web |last1=Narayan |first1=B. K. |title=Agricultural Development in Hyderabad State, 1900–1956: A Study in Economic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Av89AAAAYAAJ |publisher=Keshav Prakashan |access-date=5 July 2019 |year=1960}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
'''Government'''
* [https://www.telangana.gov.in/ Official Site of Telangana Government]

'''General information'''
* {{GovPubs|Telangana}}
* {{Britannica|586290|Telangana}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Telangana/}}

* {{osmrelation-inline|3250963}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Telangana
|North = [[Maharashtra]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]
|Northeast = [[Chhattisgarh]]
|East = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Southeast = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|South = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Southwest = [[Karnataka]]
|West = [[Karnataka]]
|Northwest = [[Maharashtra]]
}}
{{Telangana}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{States and territories of India}}

[[Category:Telangana| ]]
[[Category:South India|.]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Telangana

2023-10-06T04:48:48Z

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Narinder Berwal

2023-10-03T20:34:24Z

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Anand Kumar (speed skater)

2023-10-03T20:16:21Z

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#REDIRECT [[Anandkumar Velkumar]]

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Love Birds (2023 film)

2023-07-17T18:11:14Z

Nayraroy: Added a new contribution to the website.

{{Infobox film
| name = Love Birds
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[PC Shekhar]]
| writer = Prashanth Rajappa (dialogues)
| screenplay = PC Shekhar
| story = PC Shekhar
| based_on = 
| producer = Kadipudi Chandru
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]]
*[[Milana Nagaraj]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = D. Shakthi Sekar
| editing = PC Shekhar
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = Sri Banashankri Chitralaya
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|2|17}}
| runtime = 189 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Love Birds''''' is a 2023 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by [[PC Shekhar]] and starring [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] and [[Milana Nagaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/love-birds-a-delightful-comedy-chandru/articleshow/97979381.cms|title=Love Birds, a delightful comedy: Chandru|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gottman-method-of-therapy-gets-a-fun-twist-in-love-birds-pc-shekar/articleshow/97918307.cms|title=Gottman Method of therapy gets a fun twist in Love Birds: PC Shekar|work= The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/our-film-is-less-a-love-story-more-a-family-drama-krishna-and-milana/articleshow/97951244.cms|title=Our film is less a love story, more a family drama: Krishna and Milana|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] as Deepak
*[[Milana Nagaraj]] as Pooja
*[[Samyukta Hornad]] as Maya
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Veena Sundar]]
*[[Avinash]]
*Kadipudi Chandru

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Love Birds'' is a warm tale of an urban couple. Director PC Shekar has taken this slice-of-life story and narrated it with a mix of humour and heartburn. There have been several other films based on similar topics, and this one too treads the predictable path".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/love-birds/movie-review/97999835.cms|title=Love Birds Movie Review : Love Birds: A warm take on what comes after happily ever after|work= The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "''Love Birds'' gives a mature outlook on modern relationships, discussing love, trust, and marriage. And there are ample takeaways for husband and wife to maintain a harmonious marriage".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/feb/18/love-birds-movie-reviewa-maturetake-on-the-highs-and-lows-of-marriage-40128.html|title=Love Birds Movie Review: A mature take on the highs and lows of marriage|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "The film was perhaps made to cash in on the couple’s brand. The two were meant to reach new heights post the hit Love Mocktail franchise but with a series of poor choices, their career seems to be already in a downward spiral".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/darling-krishna-milana-cant-save-this-boring-relationship-drama-1192468.html|title=Darling Krishna, Milana can't save this boring relationship drama|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Sahas

2023-07-16T20:53:06Z

Nayraroy: Robot: Editing intentional link to disambiguation page in hatnote per WP:INTDABLINK (explanation)

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Other uses|Saha (disambiguation){{!}}Saha}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sahas
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.09162|N|78.98094|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.058
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1183
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sahas''' ([[Devanagari]]: सहस {{IAST|Sahas}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,183, in 199 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Sahas had a population of 1,183, in 199 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 54.2% male (641) and 45.8% female (542). The 0-6 age group numbered 202 (109 male and 93 female), or 17.1% of the total population. 231 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 19.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sahas as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 466 people (243 male and 223 female), in 85 households and 74 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 755 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Sahas had 4 primary schools; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by well, hand pump, and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Kamyab TV

2023-04-06T18:59:42Z

Nayraroy: Fresh article.

{{Short description|Odia language news channel}}
{{More citations needed}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kamyab TV
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 2009
| location = [[Bhubaneswar, Odisha]], India
| traded_as = [[KAMYAB Television Private Limited]]
| key_people = Manoj Das
| industry = [[Free-to-air]]
| products = [[Direct broadcast satellite]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|www.kamyabtv.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kamyab TV'''<ref name="lyngsat1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Kamyab-TV.html |title=Kamyab TV - LyngSat |accessdate=2014-06-17 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703134544/http://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Kamyab-TV.html |archivedate=2014-07-03 }}</ref> is a 24-hour [[Odia language|Odia]] language general [[entertainment]] TV channel. It broadcasts various regional programs related to family entertainment, current affair, discussion and news. Kamyab TV got license from Union Ministry of IB in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=11424 |title=KAMYAB Television in Orissa got license from Union Ministry of IB, Odisha Entertainment News, Odisha Latest Headlines |access-date=2014-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129152331/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=11424 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article47119.ece|title = Kamyab-Ortel tie-up}}</ref>

Kamyab TV is available in [[INSAT-4A]] satellite in [[MPEG-4]] format.<ref name="lyngsat1" /> It is headquartered in [[Bhubaneswar]]. Two serials Ganga Jamuna Saraswati and Dhara Shravan are broadcast on Kamyab TV.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of Oriya-language television channels]]

{{Oriya TV Channels}}

[[Category:Free-to-air]]
[[Category:Mass media in Odisha]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2009]]

History of the Punjab

2022-08-06T18:23:51Z

Nayraroy: Added content creation.

#REDIRECT [[History of Punjab]]

{{R from move}}

Chaulukya dynasty

2022-07-12T09:00:13Z

Nayraroy: Shared an engaging publication.

{{short description|Indian dynasty that ruled Gujarat from c. 940 to 1244}}
{{distinguish|Chalukya dynasty}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Chaulukyas of Gujarat (Solankis)
| common_name = Chaulukya
| government_type = Monarchy
| image_map = Map of the Chaulukyas.png
| map_caption = Map of the Chaulukyas circa 1150 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (b)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>
| year_start = c. 940 CE
| year_end = 1244 CE
| p1 = Chavda dynasty
| flag_p1 = Saurashtra_region_within_Gujarat_India_relief_map.jpg
| p2 = Chalukyas of Lata
| s1 = Vaghela dynasty
| flag_s1 = Saurashtra_region_within_Gujarat_India_relief_map.jpg
| s2 = Cutch State
| flag_s2 = Kachchhflag.png
| capital = [[Anahilavada]] (modern [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]])
| religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]]
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| image_coat = Chaulukya-Paramara coin circa AD 950-1050.jpg
| coa_size = 280px
| symbol_type = A Chaulukya-[[Paramara]] coin, circa 950-1050 CE. Stylized rendition of [[Chavda dynasty]] coins: [[Indo-Sasanian coinage|Indo-Sassanian style]] bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara) coin], Classical Numismatic Group.</ref>
}}
'''The Chaulukya dynasty''' ({{IAST3|Caulukya}}), also '''Solanki dynasty''', was a dynasty that ruled parts of what are now [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India, between {{circa|940 CE}} and {{circa|1244 CE}}. Their capital was located at [[Anahilavada]] (modern Patan). At times, their rule extended to the [[Malwa]] region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The family is also known as the "Solanki dynasty" in the vernacular literature. They belonged to the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] clan of [[Rajput]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hermann Kulke|author-link=Hermann Kulke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutkas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among these dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Kathiawar and Gujarat, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhan) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur), and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had then been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|language=en|page=116|quote=The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=David Ludden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=Simon and Schuster|pages=88–89|quote="By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans..."|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|language=en}}</ref>

[[Mularaja]], the founder of the dynasty, supplanted the last ruler of the [[Chavda dynasty]] around 940 CE. His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the [[Chudasama Dynasty|Chudasamas]], the [[Paramara]]s and the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]. During the reign of [[Bhima I]], the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] invaded the kingdom and raided the [[Somnath temple]] during 1024-1025 CE. The Chaulukyas soon recovered, and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] and [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] in the 12th century. Several minor dynasties, such as the [[Chahamanas of Jalor]] and the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], served as Chaulukya vassals during this period. After Kumarapala's death, the kingdom was gradually weakened by internal rebellions; uprisings by feudatories; and invasions by the [[Paramara]]s, the [[Ghurid]]s, the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]] and others. Taking advantage of this, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]], who had earlier served as Chaulukya generals, usurped the power and established a new dynasty in the 1240s.

Several [[princely state]] rulers of the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki clan]] claimed descent from the Chaulukyas.

==Name==

The dynasty used the self-designation "Chaulukya" in all but four of its records.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} The four exceptions are:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=421}}

* "Chaulukika" in the [[Kadi, India|Kadi]] grant of [[Mularaja]]
* "Saulkika" in a grant of [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
* "Chaulakya" in the [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]] inscription of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha]]
* "Chaullakya" in the [[Jalor]] inscription of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]

[[Hemachandra]], a Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court, generally used the terms "Chaulukya" and "Chulukya".{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=421}} His ''Dvyasraya Mahakavya'' mentions the variants "Chulakya", "Chalukka", and "Chulukka"; his ''Kumarapala-Charita'' mentions another variant "Chuluga". The Chaulukya court poet [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]] describes the dynasty as "Chaulukya" (in ''Kirti-Kaumudi'') and "Chulukya" (in the [[Mount Abu|Abu]] inscription of [[Vastupala]] and Tejapala).{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=43}}

"Solanki" or "Solankhi" is a vernacular form of the term.{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=42}}

==Origins==
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The word "Chaulukya" is thought to be a variant of the word "[[Chalukya (disambiguation)|Chalukya]]". Several other dynasties were known by the name "Chalukya", including the Chalukyas of [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Vatapi]], [[Chalukyas of Navasarika|Navasarika]], [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada]], [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani]], [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi]] and [[Chalukyas of Lata|Lata]]. These dynasties are sometimes thought to be branches of the same family, but the relationship between all of them is not certain. Unlike the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat never claimed a shared descent or any other association with the earliest Chalukya dynasty — the Chalukyas of Vatapi. Moreover, they never used the term "Chalukya" to describe themselves.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}}

However, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi. According to this legend, the progenitor of the dynasty was created by [[Brahma]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} The version of the legend mentioned in the [[Vadnagar]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] is as follows: the [[deva (Hinduism)|deities]] once asked the creator god [[Brahma]] to protect them from the [[Danava (Hinduism)|danavas]] (demons). Brahma then created a hero from his ''chuluka'' (pot or folded palm in [[Sanskrit]]), which was filled with [[Ganges]] water. This hero was named "Chulukya", and became the progenitor of the dynasty. A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Dvyashraya-Kavya''. According to this version, Brahma produced the hero to support the earth, after his other creations disappointed him. These stories are of no historical value, as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins. The ''Kumarapala-Bhupala-Charita'' of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as a historical warrior, whose capital was Madhupadma. Mularaja was his descendant, with nearly a hundred generations separating the two.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=6-7}} This account may be partly historical: Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat, including present-day [[Mathura]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=22}}

[[File:Chaulukyas of Anahillapataka King Kumarapala Circa 1145-1171.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of the Chaulukyas of [[Anahillapataka]], King [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]], {{circa|1145|1171}}.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=55245 Coin of Chaulukyas of Anahillapataka - Kumarapala], Classical Numismatic Group</ref>]]
[[C. V. Vaidya]] theorized that the Chaulukyas were different from the Chalukyas. [[G. H. Ojha]] opposed this theory, pointing out that an inscription of the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja describes his family as "Chalukya", while an inscription of his grandson Trilochanapala describes the family as "Chaulukya".{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=43}} According to Asoke Majumdar, while these similar-sounding names suggest a common origin for all these dynasties, there is no concrete evidence to draw any definitive conclusion.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} Majumdar theorized that the Chaulukyas were connected to the Sulikas or the Chulikas, a tribe mentioned in several ancient records. This tribe is described as living on the northern frontier of ancient India. However, Majumdar admitted that there is not enough evidence to regard this theory as conclusive.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13-17}}

In later times, Chaulukyas were [[anachronism|anachronistically]] classified as [[Rajput|"Rajputs"]], despite the fact that the Rajput identity did not even exist at that time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |page= 9}}</ref>{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pages=33-35}} The Rajputs actually originated in the 16th century,<ref>{{cite book |author=Irfan Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=Essays in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUcu6uD5bU4C&pg=PA90 |year=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-061-7 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Ludden |title=An Agrarian History of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&pg=PA4 |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36424-9 |page=4}}</ref> however several martial groups during the Ghaznavid and Ghurid invasions were stated to be Rajputs by later legendary accounts.{{sfn|Jadunath Sarkar|1960|pp=32}}{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|page=33-35}} According to the [[Agnikula]] myth mentioned in a 16th-century recension of the legendary epic poem ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', four Rajput clans including the Chaulukyas were born from a fire-pit on [[Mount Abu]]. A section of [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest that these clans were foreigners who came to India after the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]] around the 5th century CE, and were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}}{{sfn|N. Jayapalan|2001|p=146}}

The Chaulukya rulers have been called "''Gurjararāja''" and "''Gurjareśvara''" ("ruler of Gurjara").{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|pp=7-8}} Based on this legend, [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] and others theorized that the Chaulukyas were a branch of [[Gurjars|Gurjaras]], whom they believed to be a tribe of foreign origin.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=8}} Bhandarkar and [[Augustus Hoernle]] also believed that the name of the "[[Lata (region)|Lata]]" region changed to "Gurjaratra" (later Gujarat) during the Chaulukya reign, presumably because they were Gurjaras.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=21}}

However, this foreign-origin theory is weakened by a number of factors. The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=8-9}} it was the neighbouring [[Paramara]] rulers who used the legend to explain their own origin.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=4}} The inscriptions from the reign of [[Bhima II]] prove that the Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend, but associated it with the Paramaras, not themselves.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=9}} The earliest copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not mention this legend either.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=9}} The legend that includes the Chaulukyas among the fire-born clans is first mentioned by the 16th century poets, who may have extended the Paramara legend to include other dynasties, in order to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Moreover, there is no evidence that the Chaulukya territory area came to be known as "Gurjaratra" during the Chaulukya reign.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=21}} "[[Gurjara]]" and "Lata" were two distinct historical regions in northern and southern parts of present-day Gujarat respectively, and the term "Lata" was never used to describe the whole of Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=12}} The Chaulukya kings were called "''Gurjararāja''" and "''Gurjareśvara''" because they ruled the territory which was already called Gurjara by their time.{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|pp=7-8}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13}} Several other kings who held similar epithets had earlier ruled this territory: these include the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] and the [[Gurjaras of Nandipuri]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=10-12}} Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar points out that even the southern [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] chief Marasimha II assumed the title "king of Gurjaras" after defeating a northern king on behalf of the [[Rashtrakuta]]s.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13}}

== History ==

=== Early rulers ===
[[File:Copper plates NMND-3.JPG|thumb|A 1010 CE copper-plate inscription from the reign of Durlabharaja]]
The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] and the [[Rashtrakuta]] empires.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=1-4}} In the mid-tenth century CE, the dynasty's founder [[Mularaja]] supplanted Samantasimha, the last [[Chavda]] king.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} According to legends, he was a nephew of Samantasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=23-24}} According to the 12th century chronicler [[Hemachandra]], Mularaja defeated [[Graharipu]], the king of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=25}} He also defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata|Lata Chalukya]] chief Barapa, aided by his son [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=34}}

Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE. During his reign, the [[Paramara]] king [[Sindhuraja]] appears to have invaded the [[Lata (region)|Lata region]], which was under Chaulukya suzerainty. Mularaja forced Sindhuraja to retreat; the 14th century chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in a battle, but this claim appears to be doubtful, as it does not appear in any earlier source.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=34-35}} Sometime before 1007 CE, the Lata region was captured by the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]] led by [[Satyashraya]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=35}}

Around 1008 CE, Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son [[Vallabharaja]] as the next king. Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to [[Varanasi]]. During this journey, he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi. He returned to the Chaulukya capital, and asked his son to avenge his insult. Vallabharaja died of [[smallpox]] during a march to the enemy kingdom, which is identified as the [[Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]] by some chroniclers.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=36-39}}

Chamundaraja's other son [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]] became the next king in c. 1008 CE. He invaded the Lata region, and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. However, Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time, before being defeated by the Paramara king [[Bhoja]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=136-137}}

=== Neighbouring rivalries ===

[[File:Gopisainiiath Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|The [[Somnath temple]] today.]]
Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew [[Bhima I]], who faced an invasion from the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] during 1024-1025 CE. Bhima fled to [[Kanthkot]], as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and sacked the [[Somnath temple]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=43-45}} After Mahmud's departure, Bhima restored the Chaulukya rule. He crushed revolts by the [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Paramara chiefs of Arbuda]], who used to serve as Chaulukya vassals.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=49-50}} Bhima also defeated and imprisoned Krishnadeva, a ruler of the Paramara branch of [[Bhinmal]]. He unsuccessfully fought against the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Anahilla]]. Anahilla's sons [[Balaprasada]] and [[Jendraraja]] defeated Bhima and forced him to release Krishnadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=50-51}} Later legendary accounts credit Bhima with a victory against Hammuka, a ruler of [[Sindh]], although the accuracy of this claim is not certain.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=48-49}}

Semi-legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Lakshmikarna|Lakshmi-Karna]], and the two played an important role in the downfall of the [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]] around 1055 CE. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna invaded Bhoja's kingdom of [[Malwa]] from two opposite directions, and Bhoja died of a disease during this invasion.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=52-53}} Some Chaulukya chroniclers boast that Bhima annexed Bhoja's capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] or that he captured Bhoja alive, but these claims are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=184}} After Bhoja's death, a rivalry developed between the Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna over sharing the spoils of their victory.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=54-55}}

Bhima's son [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]] succeeded him around 1064 CE. Bhoja's brother [[Udayaditya]], supported by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Vigraharaja III]], forced Karna to retreat from Malwa.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=127}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=57-58}} Meanwhile, the Kalachuris managed to capture the [[Lata (region)|Lata region]]. By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=59-60}}

The Naddula Chahamana ruler [[Prithvipala]] defeated Karna, and his successor [[Jojalladeva]] occupied the Chaulukya capital [[Anahilapataka]], possibly when Karna was busy at another place.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=60}} The Shakambhari Chahamana king [[Durlabharaja III]] also appears to have achieved some military success against Karna, although the Chahamana descriptions of this victory are highly exaggerated.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=125}} According to legendary chronicles, Karna also defeated [[Bhil people|Bhil]] and [[Koli people|Koli]] tribals, who used to raid the Chaulukya territories. He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha (Āśā). Karnavati is identified with modern [[Ahmedabad]] by some, but this is not certain.{{sfn|Tommaso Bobbio|2015|p=164}}

=== Imperial expansion ===
[[File:Vishnu and attendants, Gujarat, India, Solanki period, c. 1026 AD, sandstone - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05079.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and attendants, Gujarat, India, Solanki period, c. 1026 AD. [[Dallas Museum of Art]].]]
Karna's son [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] (r. c. 1092–1142 CE) greatly expanded the Chaulukya power. He defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the [[Chudasama Dynasty|Chudasama]] king of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}} The [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Asharaja]], who had been dethroned by his rival [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]], became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=70}}

Jayasimha defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] ruler [[Arnoraja]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=47}} Later, however, Jayasimha accepted Arnoraja as an ally, and the Chahamana ruler married Jayasimha's daughter Kanchanadevi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=71}} The couple's son (and thus Jayasimha's grandson) [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]], was brought up at the Chaulukya court.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}} Someshvara's sons [[Prithviraja III]] (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan) and [[Hariraja]] were also born in Gujarat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}}

During the 1135-1136 CE, Jayasimha annexed the [[Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]], with support from Asharaja and Arnoraja. The Paramara kings defeated by him were [[Naravarman]] and his successor [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=74-75}} Jayasimha continued his eastward march, and reached as far as the [[Chandela]] kingdom ruled by [[Madanavarman]]. The Chaulukya-Chandela conflict was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} Jayasimha also defeated several minor rulers, including Sindhuraja, who was probably a [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] king of [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=80-81}}

[[File:Guarajat o rajastan, periodo solanki, jain svetambara tirthankara in meditazione, su un trono-cushino, 1000-1050 ca..JPG|thumb|left|Jain Shvetambara Tirthankara in Meditation, Chaulukya period now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{circa|1000|1050}}]]
Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]], who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=92}} After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=99-103}} Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala's ascension to the throne, but Kumarapala defeated him decisively.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=106-108}} Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja's son [[Katukaraja]] capture the throne of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=253}} Katukaraja's younger brother and successor [[Alhanadeva]] continued to rule as Kumarapala's vassal.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=254}} Arnoraja's son [[Vigraharaja IV]] subdued Kumarapala's Chahamana feudatories at Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=149}} The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja's son (and Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=109}}

After Jayasimha's death, the Paramara king [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] regained control of Malwa, but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala. Kumarapala captured Malwa from Ballala, who was killed by Kumarapala's [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Arbuda Paramara]] feudatory Yashodhavala in a battle.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=112}} Kumarapala subdued a rebellion by his vassal Vikramasimha, a Paramara chief of Arbuda.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=109-110}} The Paramara branch at [[Kiradu]] continued to acknowledge Kumarapala's suzerainty.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=111}}

In the early 1160s, Kumarapala sent an army against [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]], the [[Shilahara]] king of northern [[Konkana]]. This campaign was probably triggered by a Shilahara raid in southern Gujarat, and ended with Mallikarjuna's death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=113-114}} Kumarapala's Naddula Chahamana feudatory Alhana put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=116}}

Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from [[Chittor]] and [[Jaisalmer]] in the north to the [[Vindhya]]s and the [[Tapti river|Tapti]] river in the south (ignoring his raid of the [[Shilahara]] kingdom of northern [[Konkana]]). In the west, it included [[Kutch district|Kachchha]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]; in the east, it extended up to at least [[Vidisha]] (Bhilsa).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}}

Kumarapala was succeeded by [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]], who retained Kumarapala's territories, but died after a short reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=130-131}} Ajayapala's young sons [[Mularaja II]] and [[Bhima II]] succeeded him one after other. During this period, the [[Ghurid]] king [[Muhammad of Ghor]] invaded the Chaulukya kingdom in 1178 CE. In the ensuing battle at Kasahrada (or Kayadara), Muhammad was defeated by a large army, which included loyal Chaulukya feudatories such as the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Kelhanadeva]], the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor Chahamana]] ruler [[Kirtipala]], and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=138}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=259}}

=== Decline ===
{{South Asia in 1175|right|{{center|The Chaulukyas and main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|71|126|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja's descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima's reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=139}}

During Bhima's reign, the [[Hoysala]] ruler [[Veera Ballala II]] seems to have raided the [[Lata (region)|Lata region]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=140}} The [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] ruler [[Bhillama V]] also invaded Gujarat, but was forced to retreat by Bhima's feudatory Kelhanadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=140}} The [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Prithviraja III]] also fought with the Chaulukyas, but Bhima's general Jagaddeva managed to conclude a peace treaty with Prithviraja sometime before 1187 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=141}}

By the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major Hindu kings of northern India. On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] invaded Bhima's capital [[Anahilapataka]], and inflicted a massive defeat on the Chaulukyas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=143}} Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat, and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=145-146}}

[[Subhatavarman]], the [[Paramara]] king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=146}} Once again, Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} During 1205-1210 CE, Bhima's relative Jayantasimha (or Jayasimha) usurped the throne. In the early 1210s, Subhatavarman's successor [[Arjunavarman]] defeated Jayantasimha, and later established a matrimonial alliance with him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223-1226 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=160-161}}

Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama's successors Jaitugi and Simhana. During these invasions, the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of [[Marwar]] rebelled. Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala warded off the Yadava invasions, and also subdued the rebellions.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=149-155}} The [[Guhilas of Medapata]] (Guhilots of [[Mewar]]) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207 and 1227 CE, and declared their independence.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=156}}

By the end of Bhima's reign, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala assumed regal titles such as ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' ("king of great kings") and ''[[Maharaja]]'' ("great king"). However, the two continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima (and his successor [[Tribhuvanapala]]) as their overlord. After Tribhuvanapala, they seized the throne, establishing the Vaghela dynasty.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=163-164}}

==Architecture==
{{main|Chaulukya style}}
[[File:Delwada.jpg |thumb|[[Dilwara Temples]], constructed by Chaulukya ministers]]
[[Māru-Gurjara architecture]], or "Chaulukya style",<ref>{{cite book |title=Gujarat |publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust |page=404 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ |language=en|quote="Architecture of the temples, forts, step-wells and lakes was highly developed in Gujarat during the Solanki period (942 to 1304 A.D.). Temples of this period resemble the temples of Rajasthan. The temple architecture style developed during this period is known as 'Muru-Gurjar' style. Generally the temples of Gujarat of this period are known as the temples of Chaulukya style."}}</ref><ref>Hegewald, note 3. Mitchell (1977) uses "Solanki style", while Harle is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.</ref> is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the Chaulukya dynasty (or Solaṅkī dynasty).<ref>Mitchell (1977), 123; Hegewald</ref> Although originating as a regional style in [[Hindu temple architecture]], it became especially popular in [[Jain temple]]s and, mainly under [[Jain]] patronage, later spread across India and to [[diaspora]] communities around the world.<ref>Hegewald</ref>

<gallery perrow="7">
File:Sun Temple, Modhera, Gujarat, India.JPG|[[Sun Temple, Modhera]], constructed by Bhima I
File:Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched.jpg|[[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]], renovated or rebuilt by Jayasimha
File:Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg | [[Taranga Jain temple]], constructed by Kumarapala
File:KITLV 88239 - Unknown - Someshavara temple Kiradu in British India - 1897.tif |[[Kiradu temples]], constructed by Chaulukya feudatories
</gallery>

== Religion ==
[[File:Rani ki vav1.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Rani ki vav]] was constructed during the rule of the Chaulukya dynasty. It is located on the banks of [[Saraswati River, Gujarat|Saraswati river]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922|title=Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2015-12-05}}</ref>]]
Most of the dynasty's rulers were [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]], although they also patronized [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kantilal F. Sompura |title=The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXTqAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Gujarat University |page=97 |isbn=9780861862450 }}</ref> The dynasty's founder Mularaja is said to have built Mulavasatika temple for [[Digambara]] Jains and the Mulanatha-Jinadeva temple for the [[Svetambara]] Jains.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} The earliest of the [[Dilwara Temples]] and the [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]] were constructed during the reign of Bhima I. According to popular tradition, his queen Udayamati also commissioned the [[Rani ki vav|Queen's step-well]].{{sfn|Vinod Chandra Srivastava|2008|p=857}} Kumarapala started patronizing [[Jainism]] at some point in his life, and the subsequent Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}} The Chaulukya rulers also endowed mosques to maintain good relationship with the [[Indian Ocean trade#Muslim period|Muslim traders]].{{sfn|Edward A. Alpers|2014|p=57}}

== Claimed descendants ==
The [[Vaghela dynasty]], which succeeded the Chaulukyas, claimed descent from a sister of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]].{{sfn|P.B. Udgaonkar|1986|p=215}}

Various [[princely state]] dynasties calling themselves [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] (the vernacular form of Chaulukya) claimed descent from the Chaulukyas as well. These included the rulers of the [[Lunavada State]], which was a tributary to the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] before coming under the British rule.{{sfn|David P. Henige|2004|p=125}}

== List of rulers ==
{{History of Gujarat}}
{{anchor|Chaulukya Kings}}
The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2008|p=236}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=199}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty rulers
! Serial No.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Mularaja]]
|940–995
|-
|2
|[[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
|996–1008
|-
|3
|[[Vallabharaja]]
|1008
|-
|4
|[[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]]
|1008–1022
|-
|5
|[[Bhima I]]
|1022–1064
|-
|6
|[[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]
|1064–1092
|-
|7
|[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]
|1092–1142
|-
|8
|[[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
|1142–1171
|-
|9
|[[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]
|1171–1175
|-
|10
|[[Mularaja II]]
|1175–1178
|-
|11
|[[Bhima II]]
|1178–1240
|-
|12
|[[Tribhuvanapala]]
|1240–1244
|-
|}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Chaulukya dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mularaja|Mularaja I]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 941-996|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 996-1008|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vallabharaja]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1008|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabharaja]]''' (4) r. {{circa}} 1008-1022|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03=Nagaraja}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Bhima I]]''' (5) r. {{circa}} 1022-1064|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Kshemaraja|
A02='''[[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]''' (6) r. {{circa}} 1064-1092|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Devaprasada|
A02='''[[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha Siddharaja]]''' (7) r. {{circa}} 1092-1142|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Tribhuvanpala}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]''' (8) r. {{circa}} 1143-1172|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]]''' (9) r. {{circa}} 1172-1175|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mularaja II]]''' (10) r. {{circa}} 1175-1178|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Bhima II]]''' (11) r. {{circa}} 1178-1240|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Tribhuvanapala]]''' (12) r. {{circa}} 1240-1244|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== List of feudatories ==
* [[Chahamanas of Naddula]]
* [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=David P. Henige |author-link=David Henige |title=Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Orchid |isbn=978-974-524-049-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA21 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9780836406450 }}
* {{cite book |author=Edward A. Alpers |title=The Indian Ocean in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=978-0-19-533787-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 }}
* Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hegewald|first=Julia A. B.|title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.005?view=text;rgn=main|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=45|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005|issn=2328-1286|year=2011|issue=20191029|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|author=Jadunath Sarkar|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ|title=Military History of India|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=9780861251551|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTxuAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya |oclc=483180949 }}
* {{cite book |editor=John E. Cort |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8 |ref={{sfnref|John E. Cort|1998}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Jonah Blank |author-link=Jonah Blank |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA44 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-05676-0 |page=44 }}
* Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}
* Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 }}
* {{cite book |author=N. Jayapalan |title=History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tU1yDpYlu38C&pg=PA146 |year=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=P.B. Udgaonkar |title=Political Institutions & Administration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA215 |year=1986 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-2087-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA236 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780143064688 |year=2008 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Shanta Rani Sharma |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |year=2012 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |s2cid=145175448 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tommaso Bobbio |title=Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51400-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Vinod Chandra Srivastava |title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA857 |year=2008 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-521-6 |page=857 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==

* {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |chapter=A map of the Chaulukya territory |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (b)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 940s]]
[[Category:940s establishments]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:1240s disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1240s]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1244 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Dynasties of the Rajputs]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in India]]

Piyush Singh Chauhan

2021-07-29T04:31:03Z

Nayraroy: added more content

{{Infobox person
| name = Piyush Singh Chauhan
| image = Piyush Singh.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|08|12}}
| birth_place = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Vice Chairman
| years_active = 2016-present
| known_for = SR Group of institutions
}}

''' Piyush Singh Chauhan ''' is an [[India]]n [[Entrepreneur]] based in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan - A charismatic pioneer|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/in-focus/111120/piyush-singh-chauhan-a-charismatic-pioneer.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-11|website=DeccanChronicle}}</ref>. He is the Vice Chairman of SR Group. He also founded a 24/7<ref>{{Cite web|title=24 घंटे लोगों की जरूरतों का ख्याल रखता है आरओसी- पीयूष सिंह चौहान|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/roc-takes-care-of-people-needs-24-hours-said-piyush-singh|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Amarujala}}</ref> service store by the name, Round O' Clock<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre's new social media policy is very useful to regulate what our kids watch, says Piyush Singh Chauhan- Vice Chairman of SR Group|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-centres-new-social-media-policy-is-very-useful-to-regulate-what-our-kids-watch-says-piyush-singh-chauhan-vice-chairman-of-sr-group-152542|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Zee Business}}</ref>. Piyush is also an active social worker and has been covered by leading media outlets. He is a firm advocate of education and global citizenship. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan - An entrepreneur in the making|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/piyush-singh-chauhan-an-entrepreneur-in-the-making/61881/1|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Forbes}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in August 1992, 28 year old Piyush Singh Chauhan Piyush completed his early education <ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on education senario of 2020-21|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-education-senario-of-2020-21/2285555/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-07|website=FinancialExpress}}</ref> from City Montessori School, Lucknow. He was very active in this phase of education, participating in various cultural programmes, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan likes to create brands that think about people and does things differently|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/piyush-singh-chauhan-likes-to-create-brands-that-think-about-people-and-does-things-differently/story-tM7JAPy0RFmIWhifnuI6AK.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-10|website=HindustanTimes}}</ref> sports and athletics. He was the captain of the football and cricket team as well as a good sprinter <ref>{{Cite web|title=ROC's Piyush Singh Chauhan says confidence is necessary before success|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/rocs-piyush-singh-chauhan-says-confidence-is-necessary-before-success20200904183651/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-04|website=ANI}}</ref>. He Garduated with Highest Marks in engineering from Amity University, Noida.<ref>{{Cite web|title=विकसित भारत के निर्माण में युवाओं का आह्वान करते हैं युवा उद्यमी Piyush Singh Chauhan|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/piyush-singh-chauhan-calls-for-youth-in-building-a-developed-india/774178|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Zee News}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|ipiyushsinghchauhan}}
*{{Instagram|ipiyushsinghchauhan}}
*{{URL|piyushsinghchauhan.in|Official website}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Piyush Singh Chauhan

2021-07-24T06:32:35Z

Nayraroy: All information provided is verified and provided references to support the content authenticity.

{{Infobox person
| name = Piyush Singh Chauhan
| image = Piyush Singh.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|08|12}}
| birth_place = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2016-present
| known_for = Round O' Clock
}}

''' Piyush Singh Chauhan ''' is an [[India]]n [[Entrepreneur]] based in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan - A charismatic pioneer|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/in-focus/111120/piyush-singh-chauhan-a-charismatic-pioneer.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-11|website=DeccanChronicle}}</ref>. He is the Vice Chairman of SR Group. He also founded a 24/7<ref>{{Cite web|title=24 घंटे लोगों की जरूरतों का ख्याल रखता है आरओसी- पीयूष सिंह चौहान|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/roc-takes-care-of-people-needs-24-hours-said-piyush-singh|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Amarujala}}</ref> service store by the name, Round O' Clock<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre's new social media policy is very useful to regulate what our kids watch, says Piyush Singh Chauhan- Vice Chairman of SR Group|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-centres-new-social-media-policy-is-very-useful-to-regulate-what-our-kids-watch-says-piyush-singh-chauhan-vice-chairman-of-sr-group-152542|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Zee Business}}</ref>. Piyush is also an active social worker and has been covered by leading media outlets. He is a firm advocate of education and global citizenship. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan - An entrepreneur in the making|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/piyush-singh-chauhan-an-entrepreneur-in-the-making/61881/1|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Forbes}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in August 1992, 28 year old Piyush Singh Chauhan Piyush completed his early education <ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on education senario of 2020-21|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-education-senario-of-2020-21/2285555/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-07|website=FinancialExpress}}</ref> from City Montessori School, Lucknow. He was very active in this phase of education, participating in various cultural programmes, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan likes to create brands that think about people and does things differently|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/piyush-singh-chauhan-likes-to-create-brands-that-think-about-people-and-does-things-differently/story-tM7JAPy0RFmIWhifnuI6AK.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-10|website=HindustanTimes}}</ref> sports and athletics. He was the captain of the football and cricket team as well as a good sprinter <ref>{{Cite web|title=ROC's Piyush Singh Chauhan says confidence is necessary before success|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/rocs-piyush-singh-chauhan-says-confidence-is-necessary-before-success20200904183651/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-04|website=ANI}}</ref>. He graduated summa cum laude in Engineering from Amity University, Noida.<ref>{{Cite web|title=विकसित भारत के निर्माण में युवाओं का आह्वान करते हैं युवा उद्यमी Piyush Singh Chauhan|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/piyush-singh-chauhan-calls-for-youth-in-building-a-developed-india/774178|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Zee News}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|ipiyushsinghchauhan}}
*{{Instagram|ipiyushsinghchauhan}}
*{{URL|piyushsinghchauhan.in|Official website}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Akhil Poddar

2021-07-23T16:56:01Z

Nayraroy: All information provided is verified and provided references to support the content authenticity.

{{AFC submission/draft}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akhil Poddar
| image = Akhil Poddar1.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|05|07}}
| birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2016-present
| known_for = Poddar Group of Industries
}}

''' Akhil Poddar ''' is an [[India]]n [[Entrepreneur]] based in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - The zestful Entrepreneur raising bars of business, lifestyle with exceptional, enduring, & inspiring work|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-akhil-poddar-the-zestful-entrepreneur-raising-the-bars-of-business-and-lifestyle-with-enduring-and-inspiring-work-2898328 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-01|website=DNA India}}</ref> is a famous name in the entrepreneurial scenario of India. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaipur based young entrepreneur Akhil Poddar is working on his dreams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/jaipur-based-young-entrepreneur-akhil-poddar-is-working-on-his-dreams-101623760750816.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>. He is the son of Mrs. Anju Poddar and Mr. Uttam Kumar Poddar and belongs to the famed Poddar family of Jaipur, who are the amogst the biggest manufacturers and distributors of PCC electric poles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entrepreneur Who Never Lower His Standard For Anyone, His Attitude Determines His Success. |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/outlook-spotlight-akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneur-who-never-lower-his-standard-for-anyone-his-attitude-determines-his-success/387623|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Outlook India}}</ref>Akhil Poddar has inherited this generations-old family business by the name of Poddar Group of Industries which was launched in 1979, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entreprenuer creating legacy for others with elegance n integrity |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/specials/akhil-poddar-an-entreprenuer-creating-legacy-for-others-with-elegance-n-integrity-121071200416_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Business Standard}}</ref>and he has taken it upon himself to grow the business even more. Among the younger generations, Akhil Poddar is known for his extravagant lifestyle, living a larger than life existence which is sure to awe and impress everyone. <ref>{{Cite web|title=AKHIL PODDAR – AN ENTREPRENEURIAL INSPIRATION FOR ALL DREAMERS |url=https://newslivetv.com/akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneurial-inspiration-for-all-dreamers/ |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Newslive Tv}}</ref>

== Early life ==
As the heir of the Poddar family's legacy and wealth, Akhil was born with a silver spoon. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr. Akhil Poddar - Inspiring many entrepreneurs to live there dream life |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mr-akhil-poddar-inspiring-many-entrepreneurs-live-there-dream-life-837756 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Ib Times}}</ref> He has been brought up in a manner which has a huge impact on others and all wanna get a piece of him which also explains why Akhil Poddar has attitude which determines his success. Akhil Poddar considers himself a great connoisseur of cars and has an impressive fleet on names such as Mercedes Benz , Jaguar and Land Rover Range Rover are just a few of them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entrepreneurial Inspiration for all Dreamers|url=https://www.newsheads.in/business/companies/akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneurial-inspiration-for-all-dreamers-article-65330|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=NewsHeads}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|akhil.poddar.1441}}
*{{Instagram|high_on_life6677}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]
}}

Akhil Poddar

2021-07-18T11:06:55Z

Nayraroy:

{{Infobox person
| name = Akhil Poddar
| image = Akhil Poddar1.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|05|07}}
| birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2016-present
| known_for = Poddar Group of Industries
}}

''' Akhil Poddar ''' is an [[India]]n [[Entrepreneur]] based in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - The zestful Entrepreneur raising bars of business, lifestyle with exceptional, enduring, & inspiring work|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-akhil-poddar-the-zestful-entrepreneur-raising-the-bars-of-business-and-lifestyle-with-enduring-and-inspiring-work-2898328 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-01|website=DNA India}}</ref> is a famous name in the entrepreneurial scenario of India. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaipur based young entrepreneur Akhil Poddar is working on his dreams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/jaipur-based-young-entrepreneur-akhil-poddar-is-working-on-his-dreams-101623760750816.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>. He is the son of Mrs. Anju Poddar and Mr. Uttam Kumar Poddar and belongs to the famed Poddar family of Jaipur, who are the amogst the biggest manufacturers and distributors of PCC electric poles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entrepreneur Who Never Lower His Standard For Anyone, His Attitude Determines His Success. |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/outlook-spotlight-akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneur-who-never-lower-his-standard-for-anyone-his-attitude-determines-his-success/387623|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Outlook India}}</ref>Akhil Poddar has inherited this generations-old family business by the name of Poddar Group of Industries which was launched in 1979, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entreprenuer creating legacy for others with elegance n integrity |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/specials/akhil-poddar-an-entreprenuer-creating-legacy-for-others-with-elegance-n-integrity-121071200416_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Business Standard}}</ref>and he has taken it upon himself to grow the business even more. Among the younger generations, Akhil Poddar is known for his extravagant lifestyle, living a larger than life existence which is sure to awe and impress everyone.

== Early life ==
As the heir of the Poddar family's legacy and wealth, Akhil was born with a silver spoon. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr. Akhil Poddar - Inspiring many entrepreneurs to live there dream life |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mr-akhil-poddar-inspiring-many-entrepreneurs-live-there-dream-life-837756 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Ib Times}}</ref> He has been brought up in a manner which has a huge impact on others and all wanna get a piece of him which also explains why Akhil Poddar has attitude which determines his success. Akhil Poddar considers himself a great connoisseur of cars and has an impressive fleet on names such as Mercedes Benz , Jaguar and Land Rover Range Rover are just a few of them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entrepreneurial Inspiration for all Dreamers|url=https://www.newsheads.in/business/companies/akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneurial-inspiration-for-all-dreamers-article-65330|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=NewsHeads}}</ref>

== Career==
As mentioned before, Akhil Poddar is the currently handling Poddar Group of Industries. It is quite hard to believe that he took over such the business at just the young age of 19. At an age when most people are still not ready for responsibility, Akhil not only shouldered such a great task but has also helped the family business grow to greater heights. Apart from being an influential businessman, Akhil Poddar also implements his entrepreneurial skills in several other profitable sectors, thus maintaining multiple sources of income which support his extravagant and ultra luxurious lifestyle. <ref>{{Cite web|title=AKHIL PODDAR – AN ENTREPRENEURIAL INSPIRATION FOR ALL DREAMERS |url=https://newslivetv.com/akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneurial-inspiration-for-all-dreamers/ |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Newslive Tv}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|akhil.poddar.1441}}
*{{Instagram|high_on_life6677}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Akhil Poddar

2021-07-18T08:13:55Z

Nayraroy: All information provided is verified and provided references to support the content authenticity.

{{Infobox person
| name = Akhil Poddar
| image = Akhil Poddar.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|05|07}}
| birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2016-present
| known_for = Poddar Group of Industries
}}

''' Akhil Poddar ''' is an [[India]]n [[Entrepreneur]] based in [[Jaipur], [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - The zestful Entrepreneur raising bars of business, lifestyle with exceptional, enduring, & inspiring work|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-akhil-poddar-the-zestful-entrepreneur-raising-the-bars-of-business-and-lifestyle-with-enduring-and-inspiring-work-2898328 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-01|website=DNA India}}</ref> is a famous name in the entrepreneurial scenario of India. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaipur based young entrepreneur Akhil Poddar is working on his dreams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/jaipur-based-young-entrepreneur-akhil-poddar-is-working-on-his-dreams-101623760750816.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>. He is the son of Mrs. Anju Poddar and Mr. Uttam Kumar Poddar and belongs to the famed Poddar family of Jaipur, who are the amogst the biggest manufacturers and distributors of PCC electric poles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entrepreneur Who Never Lower His Standard For Anyone, His Attitude Determines His Success. |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/outlook-spotlight-akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneur-who-never-lower-his-standard-for-anyone-his-attitude-determines-his-success/387623|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Outlook India}}</ref>Akhil Poddar has inherited this generations-old family business by the name of Poddar Group of Industries which was launched in 1979, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entreprenuer creating legacy for others with elegance n integrity |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/specials/akhil-poddar-an-entreprenuer-creating-legacy-for-others-with-elegance-n-integrity-121071200416_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Business Standard}}</ref>and he has taken it upon himself to grow the business even more. Among the younger generations, Akhil Poddar is known for his extravagant lifestyle, living a larger than life existence which is sure to awe and impress everyone.

== Early life ==
As the heir of the Poddar family's legacy and wealth, Akhil was born with a silver spoon. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr. Akhil Poddar - Inspiring many entrepreneurs to live there dream life |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mr-akhil-poddar-inspiring-many-entrepreneurs-live-there-dream-life-837756 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Ib Times}}</ref> He has been brought up in a manner which has a huge impact on others and all wanna get a piece of him which also explains why Akhil Poddar has attitude which determines his success. Akhil Poddar considers himself a great connoisseur of cars and has an impressive fleet on names such as Mercedes Benz , Jaguar and Land Rover Range Rover are just a few of them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhil Poddar - An Entrepreneurial Inspiration for all Dreamers|url=https://www.newsheads.in/business/companies/akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneurial-inspiration-for-all-dreamers-article-65330|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-09|website=NewsHeads}}</ref>

== Career==
As mentioned before, Akhil Poddar is the currently handling Poddar Group of Industries. It is quite hard to believe that he took over such the business at just the young age of 19. At an age when most people are still not ready for responsibility, Akhil not only shouldered such a great task but has also helped the family business grow to greater heights. Apart from being an influential businessman, Akhil Poddar also implements his entrepreneurial skills in several other profitable sectors, thus maintaining multiple sources of income which support his extravagant and ultra luxurious lifestyle. <ref>{{Cite web|title=AKHIL PODDAR – AN ENTREPRENEURIAL INSPIRATION FOR ALL DREAMERS |url=https://newslivetv.com/akhil-poddar-an-entrepreneurial-inspiration-for-all-dreamers/ |url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Newslive Tv}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|akhil.poddar.1441}}
*{{Instagram|high_on_life6677}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Piyush Singh Chauhan

2021-07-18T07:05:23Z

Nayraroy: All information provided is verified and provided references to support the content authenticity.

{{Infobox person
| name = Piyush Singh Chauhan
| image = Piyush Singh.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|08|12}}
| birth_place = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2016-present
| known_for = Round O' Clock
}}

''' Piyush Singh Chauhan ''' is an [[India]]n [[Entrepreneur]] based in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan - A charismatic pioneer|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/in-focus/111120/piyush-singh-chauhan-a-charismatic-pioneer.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-11|website=DeccanChronicle}}</ref>. He is the Vice Chairman of SR Group. He also founded a 24/7 service store by the name, Round O' Clock<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre's new social media policy is very useful to regulate what our kids watch, says Piyush Singh Chauhan- Vice Chairman of SR Group|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-centres-new-social-media-policy-is-very-useful-to-regulate-what-our-kids-watch-says-piyush-singh-chauhan-vice-chairman-of-sr-group-152542|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Zee Business}}</ref>. Piyush is also an active social worker and has been covered by leading media outlets. He is a firm advocate of education and global citizenship. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan - An entrepreneur in the making|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/piyush-singh-chauhan-an-entrepreneur-in-the-making/61881/1|url-status=live|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Forbes}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in August 1992, 28 year old Piyush Singh Chauhan Piyush completed his early education <ref>{{Cite web|title=Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on education senario of 2020-21|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-education-senario-of-2020-21/2285555/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-07|website=FinancialExpress}}</ref> from City Montessori School, Lucknow. He was very active in this phase of education, participating in various cultural programmes, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Singh Chauhan likes to create brands that think about people and does things differently|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/piyush-singh-chauhan-likes-to-create-brands-that-think-about-people-and-does-things-differently/story-tM7JAPy0RFmIWhifnuI6AK.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-10|website=HindustanTimes}}</ref> sports and athletics. He was the captain of the football and cricket team as well as a good sprinter <ref>{{Cite web|title=ROC's Piyush Singh Chauhan says confidence is necessary before success|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/rocs-piyush-singh-chauhan-says-confidence-is-necessary-before-success20200904183651/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-04|website=ANI}}</ref>. He graduated summa cum laude in Engineering from Amity University, Noida.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|ipiyushsinghchauhan}}
*{{Instagram|ipiyushsinghchauhan}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Pratik Borate

2021-07-14T11:59:22Z

Nayraroy:

{{Infobox person
| name = Pratik Borate
| image = Pratik Borate.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|09|08}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Researcher & Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2014-present
| known_for = Black Motions
}}
''' Pratik Borate''' is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He is the Founder of Black Motions).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.timebulletin.com/pratik-borate-helps-scaling-young-talents/|date=30 April 2021}}</ref>and is actively engaged in video production, .<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.indiangabbar.com/how-is-pratik-borate-channeling-his-experience-founder-of-black-motions/|date=18 June 2021}}</ref> event photography and business operations. Pratik Borate is also a Digital Marketer and a Business Management Researcher.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/amplifying-impact-of-influencers-how-is-pratik-borate-channeling-his-experience-23178863|date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pratik Borate was born and raised in Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/pratik-borate-interview-profile-sc17-nu292-ta292-1118207-1.html|date=18 September 2020}}</ref> where he also completed his schooling. <ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.newsx.com/business/a-conversation-with-pratik-borate-on-digital-marketing-and-tips-and-tricks-for-long-term-growth.html|date=12 July 2021}}</ref> Thereafter, he pursued his graduation in Information Technology from Mumbai University. He holds a certification in Digital Marketing from Indian Institute of Digital Marketing (IIDE).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|mr.pratikborate }}
*{{Instagram|mr.pratikborate}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Pratik Borate

2021-07-14T11:58:17Z

Nayraroy:

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Pratik Borate
| image = Pratik Borate.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|09|08}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Researcher & Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2014-present
| known_for = Black Motions
}}
''' Pratik Borate''' is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He is the Founder of Black Motions).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.timebulletin.com/pratik-borate-helps-scaling-young-talents/|date=30 April 2021}}</ref>and is actively engaged in video production, .<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.indiangabbar.com/how-is-pratik-borate-channeling-his-experience-founder-of-black-motions/|date=18 June 2021}}</ref> event photography and business operations. Pratik Borate is also a Digital Marketer and a Business Management Researcher.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/amplifying-impact-of-influencers-how-is-pratik-borate-channeling-his-experience-23178863|date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pratik Borate was born and raised in Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/pratik-borate-interview-profile-sc17-nu292-ta292-1118207-1.html|date=18 September 2020}}</ref> where he also completed his schooling. <ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.newsx.com/business/a-conversation-with-pratik-borate-on-digital-marketing-and-tips-and-tricks-for-long-term-growth.html|date=12 July 2021}}</ref> Thereafter, he pursued his graduation in Information Technology from Mumbai University. He holds a certification in Digital Marketing from Indian Institute of Digital Marketing (IIDE).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|mr.pratikborate }}
*{{Instagram|mr.pratikborate}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

{{Infobox person
| name = Pratik Borate
| image = Pratik Borate.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|09|08}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Researcher & Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2014-present
| known_for = Black Motions
}}
''' Pratik Borate''' is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He is the Founder of Black Motions).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.timebulletin.com/pratik-borate-helps-scaling-young-talents/|date=30 April 2021}}</ref>and is actively engaged in video production, .<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.indiangabbar.com/how-is-pratik-borate-channeling-his-experience-founder-of-black-motions/|date=18 June 2021}}</ref> event photography and business operations. Pratik Borate is also a Digital Marketer and a Business Management Researcher.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/amplifying-impact-of-influencers-how-is-pratik-borate-channeling-his-experience-23178863|date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pratik Borate was born and raised in Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/pratik-borate-interview-profile-sc17-nu292-ta292-1118207-1.html|date=08 September 2020}}</ref> where he also completed his schooling. <ref>{{cite web|title=Pratik Borate|url=https://www.newsx.com/business/a-conversation-with-pratik-borate-on-digital-marketing-and-tips-and-tricks-for-long-term-growth.html|date=12 July 2021}}</ref> Thereafter, he pursued his graduation in Information Technology from Mumbai University. He holds a certification in Digital Marketing from Indian Institute of Digital Marketing (IIDE).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|mr.pratikborate }}
*{{Instagram|mr.pratikborate}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Pratik Borate

2021-07-14T11:54:49Z

Nayraroy:

Pratik Borate

2021-07-14T11:53:13Z

Nayraroy:

Pratik Borate

2021-07-14T11:52:15Z

Nayraroy: /* All information provided is verified and provided references to support the content authenticity. */ new section

Pratik Borate

2021-07-14T11:50:23Z

Nayraroy: All information provided is verified and provided references to support the content authenticity.

Muskan Jindal

2021-06-01T11:05:37Z

Nayraroy:

Muskan Jindal

2021-06-01T11:03:09Z

Nayraroy: /* Muskan Jindal */ new section

{{AFC submission/draft}}


{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muskan Jindal
| image = File:Muskan Jindal.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = IFS Officer [[ Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|01|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baddi]], India
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = SD College, Chandigarh
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| term_start1 = April 2021
| term_end1 = Present
| education = B.Com,
| known_for = All India Rank 87 [[Civil Service Examination|CSE 2019]]
| module = {{infobox person |child=yes
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] }}
}}
'''Muskan Jindal''' is a Indian Foreign Service officer in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] and business Student. She was the 87th highest-scoring individual in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC's]] [[Civil Services Examination]] for the year 2019. She completed her B.Com from SD College located in [[Chandigarh]]. Jindal topped the exam in her first attempt, to become the first girl from [[Baddi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] to top the civil services exam in first attempt<ref>{{Cite news|title = Muskan Jindal clears upsc exam in first attempt|url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/solans-muskan-jindal-clears-upsc-exam-in-first-attempt-secures-87th-rank-122058 |work = The Tribune| access-date = 2020-08-04}}</ref>
She Secured All India Rank 87<ref>{{Cite web|title =Muskan Jindal got 87th Rank|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/exam-results-upsc-civil-services-exam-2019-declared-full-list-of-829-candidates-upsc-2019-upsc-gov-in-639431|website = India Tv | accessdate = 4 August 2020}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muskan Jindal was born in [[Baddi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Baddi girl secures 87th rank in UPSC exam|url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/baddi-girl-secures-87th-rank-in-upsc-exam-122123|work = The Tribune | accessdate = 2020-07-05}}</ref> to Pawan Jindal and Jyoti Jindal. Her father is an businessman and mother is an housemaker. she had got all India rank of 87 when she wrote the UPSC exam in 2019 She was just 22 years old, and it was her first attempt<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal girl qualifies Civil Services exam in first attempt |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/education/himachal-girl-qualifies-civil-services-exam-in-first-attempt-1502914221.html |work= The Statesman |date=4 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>she completed her Schooling from VR Senior Secondary School, Baddi. Muskan has been a bright student since her school days. She had scored 96 per cent marks in Class XII. After 12th, she completed B.Com from SD College, Chandigarh, in 2018. She had also secured the fifth rank in the merit list in Panjab University, Chandigarh. She started her preparation right in the final year of graduation. Muskan says that becoming IAS Officer was her childhood dream and she would say it to everyone since childhood.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Himachal prodigy pursues childhood dream of becoming an IAS officer|url = https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-high-on-confidence/303583|website = outlookindia.com | accessdate = 31 August 2020}}</ref> She nurtured this dream for long and achieved it one fine day.<ref>{{Cite web|title =IAS Success Story: Muskan Jindal|url = https://www.abplive.com/education/success-story-of-ias-topper-muskan-jindal-1543432|work = ABP News | accessdate = 29 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =Father is very happy with his daughter's success. They say that God has given everything to my daughter. He is proud of his daughter's success.|url = https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/himachal-pradesh/solan-himachal-upsc-pass-out-muskan-jindal-chosen-indian-foreign-service-hpvk-3271191.html|work = News 18 | accessdate = 20 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =22-year-old Muskan Jindal of Himachal becomes IAS officer, 87th rank nationwide in first attempt|url = https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-twenty-two-years-of-muskan-jindal-clear-civil-service-exam-and-became-ias-officer-in-first-attempt-20589866.html|work = Dainik Jagran | accessdate = 4 August 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Clearing the toughest exam in her very first attempt, Jindal got posted in [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://himachalpr.gov.in/OnePressRelease.aspx?Language=1&ID=21530|title=IFS Muskan Jindal calls on Governor |website=Himachal Pradesh Government |access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =Himachal's Muskan Jindal selected in Indian Foreign Services|url = https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-twenty-two-years-of-muskan-jindal-clear-civil-service-exam-and-became-ias-officer-in-first-attempt-20589866.html|website = www.amarujala.com | accessdate = 26 September 2020}}</ref> Indian Foreign Service officer Muskan Jindal who hails from Baddi of Solan district called on Governor Bandaru Dattatraya at Raj Bhavan. She is undergoing a State Attachment Course organized by HP Institute of Public Administration, Fairlawn, Shimla from April, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title =Indian Foreign Service officer Muskan Jindal calls on Governor|url = https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/319754-Indian-Foreign-Service-officer-Muskan-Jindal-calls-on-Governor|website = 5dariyanews.com | accessdate = 8 April 2021}}</ref> Chief Minister appreciated the efforts of Muskan Jindal for cracking this examination in her maiden attempt. He wished Muskan a very bright future and all success in her career,[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)]], [[Rajiv Saizal]], [[Paramjeet Singh]], parents of Muskan were also present on the occasion among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title =Muskan Jindal calls on CM|url = https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/300545-Muskan-Jindal-calls-on-CM|website = 5dariyanews.com | accessdate = 11 August 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Muskan}}
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[:Category:Indian women activists]]
[[:Category:Women from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[:Category:1998 births]]
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=May 2021}}

== Muskan Jindal ==

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muskan Jindal
| image = File:Muskan Jindal.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = IFS Officer [[ Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|01|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baddi]], India
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = SD College, Chandigarh
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| term_start1 = April 2021
| term_end1 = Present
| education = B.Com,
| known_for = All India Rank 87 [[Civil Service Examination|CSE 2019]]
| module = {{infobox person |child=yes
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] }}
}}
'''Muskan Jindal''' is a Indian Foreign Service officer in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] and business Student. She was the 87th highest-scoring individual in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC's]] [[Civil Services Examination]] for the year 2019. She completed her B.Com from SD College located in [[Chandigarh]]. Jindal topped the exam in her first attempt, to become the first girl from [[Baddi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] to top the civil services exam in first attempt<ref>{{Cite news|title = Muskan Jindal clears upsc exam in first attempt|url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/solans-muskan-jindal-clears-upsc-exam-in-first-attempt-secures-87th-rank-122058 |work = The Tribune| access-date = 2020-08-04}}</ref>
She Secured All India Rank 87<ref>{{Cite web|title =Muskan Jindal got 87th Rank|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/exam-results-upsc-civil-services-exam-2019-declared-full-list-of-829-candidates-upsc-2019-upsc-gov-in-639431|website = India Tv | accessdate = 4 August 2020}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muskan Jindal was born in [[Baddi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Baddi girl secures 87th rank in UPSC exam|url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/baddi-girl-secures-87th-rank-in-upsc-exam-122123|work = The Tribune | accessdate = 2020-07-05}}</ref> to Pawan Jindal and Jyoti Jindal. Her father is an businessman and mother is an housemaker. she had got all India rank of 87 when she wrote the UPSC exam in 2019 She was just 22 years old, and it was her first attempt<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal girl qualifies Civil Services exam in first attempt |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/education/himachal-girl-qualifies-civil-services-exam-in-first-attempt-1502914221.html |work= The Statesman |date=4 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>she completed her Schooling from VR Senior Secondary School, Baddi. Muskan has been a bright student since her school days. She had scored 96 per cent marks in Class XII. After 12th, she completed B.Com from SD College, Chandigarh, in 2018. She had also secured the fifth rank in the merit list in Panjab University, Chandigarh. She started her preparation right in the final year of graduation. Muskan says that becoming IAS Officer was her childhood dream and she would say it to everyone since childhood.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Himachal prodigy pursues childhood dream of becoming an IAS officer|url = https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-high-on-confidence/303583|website = outlookindia.com | accessdate = 31 August 2020}}</ref> She nurtured this dream for long and achieved it one fine day.<ref>{{Cite web|title =IAS Success Story: Muskan Jindal|url = https://www.abplive.com/education/success-story-of-ias-topper-muskan-jindal-1543432|work = ABP News | accessdate = 29 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =Father is very happy with his daughter's success. They say that God has given everything to my daughter. He is proud of his daughter's success.|url = https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/himachal-pradesh/solan-himachal-upsc-pass-out-muskan-jindal-chosen-indian-foreign-service-hpvk-3271191.html|work = News 18 | accessdate = 20 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =22-year-old Muskan Jindal of Himachal becomes IAS officer, 87th rank nationwide in first attempt|url = https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-twenty-two-years-of-muskan-jindal-clear-civil-service-exam-and-became-ias-officer-in-first-attempt-20589866.html|work = Dainik Jagran | accessdate = 4 August 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Clearing the toughest exam in her very first attempt, Jindal got posted in [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://himachalpr.gov.in/OnePressRelease.aspx?Language=1&ID=21530|title=IFS Muskan Jindal calls on Governor |website=Himachal Pradesh Government |access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =Himachal's Muskan Jindal selected in Indian Foreign Services|url = https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-twenty-two-years-of-muskan-jindal-clear-civil-service-exam-and-became-ias-officer-in-first-attempt-20589866.html|website = www.amarujala.com | accessdate = 26 September 2020}}</ref> Indian Foreign Service officer Muskan Jindal who hails from Baddi of Solan district called on Governor Bandaru Dattatraya at Raj Bhavan. She is undergoing a State Attachment Course organized by HP Institute of Public Administration, Fairlawn, Shimla from April, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title =Indian Foreign Service officer Muskan Jindal calls on Governor|url = https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/319754-Indian-Foreign-Service-officer-Muskan-Jindal-calls-on-Governor|website = 5dariyanews.com | accessdate = 8 April 2021}}</ref> Chief Minister appreciated the efforts of Muskan Jindal for cracking this examination in her maiden attempt. He wished Muskan a very bright future and all success in her career,[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)]], [[Rajiv Saizal]], [[Paramjeet Singh]], parents of Muskan were also present on the occasion among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title =Muskan Jindal calls on CM|url = https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/300545-Muskan-Jindal-calls-on-CM|website = 5dariyanews.com | accessdate = 11 August 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Muskan}}
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[:Category:Indian women activists]]
[[:Category:Women from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[:Category:1998 births]]
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=May 2021}}

Muskan Jindal

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==Import==
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