Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Abby V

2026-04-29T22:48:58Z

Nayem: Created new data from scratch.

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Abby V
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = November 24
| birth_place =
| occupation = Singer
| genre = Various
| years_active = 2020–present
}}

'''Abby V''' is a Canadian singer, songwriter, playback singer, composer, and music producer from, best known for his [[Instagram]] and [[YouTube]] videos in which he performs both [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani music|Hindustanti]] [[raga]]s and several [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film songs.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Anand | first1=Lakshmi | title=Abby V on his albums, music and gurus | work=The Hindu | date=5 August 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/abby-v-about-his-concept-of-ragas-music-and-gurus/article35743190.ece }}</ref> He gained widespread recognition in 2020 with the video "73 Ragas with Abby" that went viral on social media and garnered the attention of prominent classical vocalists and film playback singers from the India, many of whom have also collaborated in Abby's videos.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Anand | first1=Lakshmi | title=Abby V on his albums, music and gurus | work=The Hindu | date=5 August 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/abby-v-about-his-concept-of-ragas-music-and-gurus/article35743190.ece }}</ref> He debuted as a playback singer in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] in ''[[Indian 2]]'' in the song "Neelorpam" composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Brahmakalasha from Kantara: Celebration of Devotion | url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/373934/brahmakalasha-from-kantara-celebration-of-devotion }}</ref><ref>https://www.uniindia.com/~/first-song-brahmakalasha-from-kantara-chapter-1-is-out/Entertainment/news/3593238.html</ref> His album ''Aarambh'' was nominated for the 2025 [[Juno Awards|Juno Award]] for Global Music Album of the Year.

== Biography ==

Abby V was born and raised in Toronto and graduated from [[University of Toronto]]'s [[Rotman School of Management]]. He has trained in both western music and classical Indian music - the latter being under the guidance of teachers Smt. Ranjani-Gayatri and Smt. Raji Gopalakrishnan.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Anand | first1=Lakshmi | title=Abby V on his albums, music and gurus | work=The Hindu | date=5 August 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/abby-v-about-his-concept-of-ragas-music-and-gurus/article35743190.ece }}</ref> Abby V also holds degrees in vocal music performance and production technology from the Metalworks Institute. There, he was a recipient of the Institute's Slaight Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mississauga musician receives Metalworks scholarship | date=3 November 2016 | url=https://www.mississauga.com/things-to-do/mississauga-musician-receives-metalworks-scholarship/article_e235d112-9116-5af7-8a49-5dc31feb391a.html? }}</ref>

Abby V first gained international recognition in 2015 when he won the televised reality singing competition, Astro International Superstar. This singing competition featured participants from around the world.<ref>{{cite web | title=Happy New Year Celebration! – Abby V | url=https://aimforsevausa.org/abby-v/ }}</ref> In 2019, Abby V debuted his solo album, First of All, that featured eight original songs in various languages including English, Hindi and Tamil.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Anand | first1=Lakshmi | title=Abby V on his albums, music and gurus | work=The Hindu | date=5 August 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/abby-v-about-his-concept-of-ragas-music-and-gurus/article35743190.ece }}</ref> The following year, in 2020, Abby V solidified his place in the music world with the viral video "73 Ragas with Abby".<ref>{{cite web | title=Abby V: There are no barriers to appreciating classical music | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=16 June 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Jun/16/abby-v-there-are-no-barriers-to-appreciating-classical-music }}</ref> He followed up this track with several other videos and reels on his social media accounts that continued to gain him followers, global visibility, and success as a singer.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Anand | first1=Lakshmi | title=Abby V on his albums, music and gurus | work=The Hindu | date=5 August 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/abby-v-about-his-concept-of-ragas-music-and-gurus/article35743190.ece }}</ref>

In November 2023, Abby V released his second album, Aarambh, with three-time Grammy Award winner and four-time Grammy nominee, [[Ricky Kej]]. The album featured collaborations with various Indian musicians and earned a Juno Award nomination for best album.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Dhanaraj | first1=Ruth | title=Musicians Abby V, Ricky Kej bring a medley of voices with upcoming album Aarambh | work=The Hindu | date=21 November 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/musicians-abby-v-ricky-kej-bring-a-medley-of-voices-with-upcoming-album-aarambh/article67494084.ece }}</ref>

Abby V made his debut as a playback singer in Indian cinema in 2024 when composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]] utilized him as a playback singer for the song "Neelorpam" from the film [[Indian 2]].<ref>{{cite web | last1=Ramanujam | first1=Srinivasa | title=Singing for 'Indian 2': How singer Abby V got his big breakthrough | work=The Hindu | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singing-for-indian-2-how-singer-abby-v-got-his-big-breakthrough/article68249806.ece }}</ref> In 2025, Abby V gained greater prominence as a singer with the lead track "Brahmakalasha" from [[Kantara: Chapter 1]]. Each version of the track received 100K+ views within a day of release. He shared in an interview that the Kantara team had directly contacted and hired him and didn't even require an audition. <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-came-to-me-through-instagram-there-wasnt-even-an-audition-abby-v/amp_articleshow/126302155.cms</ref> Abby V performed for Sai Baba's 100th celebration in Puttaparthi in the presence of Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai. <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-attends-abby-vs-concert-and-bond-over-their-south-indian-roots-fans-tease-abhishek-and-aishwarya/articleshow/125519948.cms</ref>

==Playback Songs==

* "Neelorpam" - ''[[Indian 2]]'' (2024) - Tamil, Telugu, Hindi
* "Brahmakalsha" - ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' (2025) - Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi
* "Dhochaave Nanne" - ''[[Premante]]'' (2025) - Telugu
* "Azhagiyaley" - ''[[Aaryan_(film)|Aaryan]]'' (2025) - Tamil
* "Parichayamey" - ''[[Aaryan_(film)|Aaryan]]'' (2025) - Telugu
* "Yeno Onthara" - ''[[The_Devil_(2025_film)]]'' - Kannada
* "Majako Mallika" - ''[[Kattalan]]'' (2026) - Hindi
* "Shubh Din Aayo" - Krishnavataram Part 1 (2026) - Hindi

==Awards and Titles==

* Winner of Astro International Superstar Singing Reality Show (2016)<ref>{{cite web | title=Happy New Year Celebration! – Abby V | url=https://aimforsevausa.org/abby-v/ }}</ref>
* Ron Lenyk Inspiring Youth Art Award, Living Arts Centre (2017)<ref>{{cite web | title=MWI Student Abhishek Venkatachalam Wins Ron Lenyk Inspiring Youth Arts Award | url=https://metalworksinstitute.com/mwi-student-abhishek-venkatachalam-wins-ron-lenyk-inspiring-youth-arts-award/ }}</ref>
* MARTYs Best Vocalist Award, 2018 <ref>{{cite web | title=MARTY Award Winners 2018 | url=https://metalworksinstitute.com/marty-award-winners-2018/ }}</ref>
* [[Juno Awards]] Nominee for "Global Music Album of the Year" for "AARAMBH" (2025) <ref>{{cite web | title=World Food Movement hosts Abby V fundraiser in Newark to tackle hunger | date=4 September 2025 | url=https://americanbazaaronline.com/2025/09/04/world-food-movement-hosts-abby-v-fundraiser-in-newark-to-tackle-hunger-467157/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Abby V Nominated for Best Global Album at the 2025 JUNO Awards | url=https://metalworksinstitute.com/abby-v-nominated-for-best-global-album-at-the-2025-juno-awards/#:~:text=Abby%20V%20has%20been%20exploring,milestone%20in%20his%20musical%20career }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title=Nominees | url=https://junoawards.ca/nominees/ }}</ref>
* Best Playback Singer for Brahmakalasha (Kantara: Chapter 1) from 7th year Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Award 2026 <ref>https://vijaykarnataka.com/?referrer=singular_click_id%3D06004379-6e3e-487e-9a6f-b404d1beb836&utm_content=link_in_bio&utm_medium=social&utm_source=ig</ref>

==External links==
*Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/abbyvofficial/
*YouTube Channel - https://www.youtube.com/@AbbyVOfficial/videos

==References==
{{Reflist}} 

{{DEFAULTSORT:V, Abby}}
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Telugu-language singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rotman School of Management alumni]]

Shija Academy of Health Sciences

2026-04-28T04:00:51Z

Nayem: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Manipur University#Affiliated and constituent colleges]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Ramanatheswarar Temple, Porur

2026-04-26T16:29:30Z

Nayem: Created New Place...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Porur Ramanatheswarar Temple
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Chennai
|coordinates = {{coord|13|1|51|N|80|9|19|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Location in Chennai
|sanskrit_translit =
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|district = [[Chennai]]
|locale = [[Porur]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = Ramanatheswara ([[Shiva|Lord Shiva]])
|festivals =
|architecture = [[Hindu architecture|Hindu temple architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 1
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established = 
|year_completed = 8th century CE 
|creator =
|temple_board =
|website =
}}

'''Porur Ramanatheswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]], located in the neighbourhood of [[Porur]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The temple was built during the [[Chola period]].

The temple is one of the nine [[Navagraha]] temples of the [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai Mandalam]] and is known as the ''Guru sthala'' (lit. place of ''Guru'' or [[Brihaspati]]).<ref name="DM_Koil">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = அருள்மிகு ராமநாதீஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில் [Holy Ramanatheswarar Temple]
| newspaper = Dinamalar
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language = ta
| date = n.d.
| url = https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=1242
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref>

==History==
The temple was built by [[Kulothunga Cholan II]]. In June 2022, the [[Madras High Court]] issued an order to the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] on the recovery of lands belonging to the temple.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = போரூர் ராமநாதீசுவரர் கோவில்: உயர் நீதிமன்றம் முக்கிய உத்தரவு!
| newspaper = Samayam Tamil
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language = ta
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 3 June 2022
| url = https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/madras-hc-has-issued-an-important-order-to-hindu-religious-and-charitable-endowments-department-regarding-porur-ramanatheswarar-temple/articleshow/91981936.cms
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Balasaravanakumar
| first = R.
| title = போரூர் ராமநாதீசுவரர் கோயில் சொத்துக்கள் ஆக்கிரமிப்பு: புகாரை பரிசீலிக்க உயர் நீதிமன்றம் உத்தரவு
| newspaper = The Hindu Tamil
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language = ta
| publisher = Kasturi and Sons
| date = 3 June 2022
| url = https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/809236-porur-ramanathiswarar-temple-property-encroachment-high-court-order-to-consider-the-representation.html
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref>

==The temple complex==
The temple is located in Chennai's western neighbourhood of Porur. The main deity of the temple is Lord Ramanatheswarar ([[Shiva]]) and his consort goddess Shivakamasundari ([[Parvathi]]). There are separate shrines for [[Dakshinamurthy]], [[Bairavar]], [[Nayanars|the four chief Nayanmars]], [[Navagrahas]], and [[Shani]].<ref name="DM_Koil"/>

The temple is one of the nine Shiva temples around [[Porur]] associated with the [[Navagraha]].<ref name="DM_Koil" /> The temple is unique in that, despite being a Shiva temple, it has the custom of offering sadaari and theertha to the devotees similar to Vishnavite temples.<ref name="DM_Koil"/>

The ''Sthala Viruksham'' or the sacred tree of the temple is ''Vembu'' ([[Neem|neem tree]]), which lies on the southern side of the temple corridor.

==Festivities==
The temple conducts annual ''brahmosthsawam'' in May.

==See also==
* [[Religion in Chennai]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Navagraha temples in Chennai]]

Arjun Punj

2026-04-25T03:08:47Z

Nayem: Created the pg w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian television and film actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arjun Punj
| image = Arjun Punj, Gurdeep Kohli.jpg
| caption = Arjun with his wife Gurdeep
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| children = 2<ref name=punjj/><ref>[http://rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-television-stars-and-their-kids/20121107.htm PIX: TV stars step out with their daughters – Rediff.com]. [[Rediff]]. 7 November 2012.</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gurdeep Kohli]]|2006}}<ref>[http://www.youngisthan.in/tv/top-8-successful-marriages-in-tv-world/2813 Top 8 successful marriages in TV world]. Youngisthan. Prerna Arora. 5 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1029252&CatID=7|title=Winter wedding for Arjun! – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=14 May 2006}}</ref>
| known_for = ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]''
| years_active = 2001–present
}}

'''Arjun Punj'''  <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-fame-gurdip-kohli-celebrates-husband-arjun-punjs-birthday-in-goa-see-pics/articleshow/70414511.cms|title=Sanjivani fame Gurdip Kohli celebrates husband Arjun Punj's birthday in Goa; see pics|website=The Times of India|date=28 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHyu-anwZWE|title = 'Sanjivani 2' Actress Gurdeep Kohli Celebrates Hubby Arjun Punjj's 37th Birthday in Goa with Kids!| website = [[YouTube]]| date=28 July 2019 }}</ref> is an Indian television and film actor. Punj is notable for playing the antagonist Dr. Aman in Star TV's long-running television show ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''.<ref name=punjj>[http://ibnlive.com/news/arjun-punj-trying-for-good-film-roles-kept-me-away-from-tv/515211-8-66.html Arjun Punj: Trying for good film roles kept me away from TV]. IBN Live. 27 November 2014.</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Tere Liye (film)|Tere Liye]]''
| Aditya Verma
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Joruga Husharuga]]''<ref>{{cite web| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/PMszASJTqtI| archive-date = 2021-12-05| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMszASJTqtI| title = Joruga Husharuga {{!}} 2002 Telugu HD Full Movie {{!}} Rahul {{!}} Rubina {{!}} ETV Cinema | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|
|Telugu film
|-
| 2005
| ''Time Pass''
| Vishal Sharma
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[One Two Three]]''
| Sonu Narayan
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
| Dr. Aman
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2005
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Suneel
|-
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]''
| Raj Goel
|-
| 2006
| Prince Thapar
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''Saathii Re – Saat Kadam... Saat Janam''
| Prem
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''
| Inspector Raghu Rajput
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
| ATS Officer Arjun Chaudhary<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-Punj-happy-to-play-villain-to-his-wife/articleshow/45316049.cms Arjun Punj happy to play villain to his wife]. [[Times of India]]. 29 November 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/arjun-punj-to-star-with-wife-gurdeep-kohli-in-diya-aur-baati-hum/15748194 Arjun Punj to star with wife Gurdeep Kohli in 'Diya Aur Baati Hum']. [[Mid-Day]]. 8 November 2014.</ref>
|-
| 2026–present
| ''[[Hui Gumm Yaadein Ek Doctor, Do Zindagiyaan]]''
| Digvijay
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1516004}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punj, Arjun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Mukhed Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T21:30:35Z

Nayem: put up a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mukhed
| constituency_no = 91
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 91-Mukhed.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
| district = [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Tushar Rathod]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =307,713
}}
''' Mukhed Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Nanded district]]. The boundaries of the constituency were changed in 2008.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=259|accessdate=2015-07-22}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
As per the 2008 delimitation there are nine assembly constituencies in Nanded district, viz. [[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]], [[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]], [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]], [[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]], [[Nanded South Assembly constituency|Nanded South]], [[Loha Assembly constituency|Loha]], [[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]], [[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] and Mukhed. The constituency comprises [[Mukhed taluka]] and Revenue circles
Pethwadaj and Kurla belonging to [[Kandhar taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukhed Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/mukhed.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Madhukarrao Rangojirao Ghate
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Nagnathrao Nagnathrao Ravangaonkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Madhukarrao Rangojirao Ghate
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Avinash Madhukarrao Ghate
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Subhash Piraji Sabne|Subhash Sabne]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Hanmantrao Betmogrekar Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Govind Mukkaji Rathod|Govind Rathod]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2015^
| rowspan="3" |[[Tushar Rathod]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mukhed">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mukhed |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1391.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216153700/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1391.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tushar Rathod|Dr. Tushar Govindrao Rathod]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 98,213 |percentage = 45.05% |change={{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Betmogrekar Hanmantrao Venkatrao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,429 |percentage = 27.72% |change={{decrease}}10.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaji Patil Khatgaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 48,235 |percentage = 22.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raosaheb Digambarrao Patil |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,700 |percentage = 2.16% |change={{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Raju Navande |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 1,660 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Bhagwan Rathod |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,582 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 557 |percentage = 0.26% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,784 |percentage = 17.33% |change= {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 218,554 |percentage = 71.03% |change= {{increase}}5.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 217,997}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 307,713|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tushar Rathod|Dr. Tushar Govindrao Rathod]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 102,573 |percentage = 55.46% |change={{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhausaheb Khushalrao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 70,710 |percentage = 38.23% |change={{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jivan Vithalrao Daregawe |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,756 |percentage = 4.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaji Janardhan Aaglave |party=Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jitendra Dashrath Waghmare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,218 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,074 |percentage = 0.58% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,863 |percentage = 17.23% |change= {{decrease}}12.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,115 |percentage = 65.72% |change= {{increase}}9.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 184,940}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,183|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2015===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 elections in India#Maharashtra|2015 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tushar Rathod|Dr. Tushar Govindrao Rathod]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 100,319 |percentage = 64.00% |change={{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P.M.V.Betmogarekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,071 |percentage = 33.86% |change={{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A.Hafijsahab |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes = 1,145 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 965 |percentage = 0.62% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A.T.Sirse |party=Independent politician |votes = 962 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,248 |percentage = 30.14% |change= {{decrease}}11.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,719 |percentage = 56.06% |change= {{decrease}}8.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,754}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,325|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govind Mukkaji Rathod]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 118,781 |percentage = 67.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Betmogrekar Hanmantrao Venkatrao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,490 |percentage = 25.88% |change={{decrease}}15.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lohbande Venkat Mangaji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,930 |percentage = 2.24% |change={{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Balasaheb Gangadharrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,466 |percentage = 1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pole Ramchandra Kashiram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 73,291 |percentage = 41.70% |change= {{increase}}40.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 177,558 |percentage = 64.58% |change= {{decrease}}2.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,777}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,960|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}26.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Hanmanthrao Venketrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,013 |percentage = 41.17% |change={{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Govind Makkaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 64,797 |percentage = 40.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sambutwad Vasant Iranna |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 15,508 |percentage = 9.67% |change={{decrease}}33.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lohbande Dashrath Manghaji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 5,252 |percentage = 3.28% |change={{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Ramdas Dhange |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,119 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandhare Sudhakar Ramrao |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 1,895 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Rahimkhan Mahbubkhan Pathan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,361 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 0.76% |change= {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,336 |percentage = 66.22% |change= {{decrease}}0.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,331}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,121|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Piraji Sabne]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 63,525 |percentage = 42.67% |change={{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Madhukarrao Ghate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 58,172 |percentage = 39.07% |change={{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaji Baliram Bande |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,863 |percentage = 5.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravikar Jagdish Gopalrao |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 7,336 |percentage = 4.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abbasahib Aliej Dasharath Mangaji Lohabande |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 6,069 |percentage = 4.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kanetkar Maroti Vitthalrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,045 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dornalikar Vidyasagar Nagorao |party=Ambedkarist Republican Party |votes = 1,470 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,353 |percentage = 3.60% |change= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,892 |percentage = 66.76% |change= {{increase}}10.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,874}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,040|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Piraji Sabne]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 38,752 |percentage = 38.27% |change={{increase}}27.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Madhukarrao Ghate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,463 |percentage = 36.99% |change={{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Gaikwad Gunderao Anandrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,679 |percentage = 17.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hangargekar (Patil) Vishwanath Madhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,568 |percentage = 4.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghate Chandrakant Nagorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Madhavrao Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 808 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,289 |percentage = 1.27% |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,750 |percentage = 60.93% |change= {{decrease}}13.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,269}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,136|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Madhukarrao Ghate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,618 |percentage = 32.31% |change={{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Gunwant Madhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 35,558 |percentage = 29.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravangaonkar Nagnathrao Satwaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,209 |percentage = 18.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabne Subhash Piraji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,819 |percentage = 11.27% |change={{decrease}}10.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Milind Vithal |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,494 |percentage = 2.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barhalikar Givindrao Haibatrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,278 |percentage = 1.86% |change={{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Sopan Lalu |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,587 |percentage = 1.29% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,060 |percentage = 3.31% |change= {{decrease}}15.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,733 |percentage = 71.83% |change= {{increase}}15.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,619}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,039|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ghate Madhukarrao Rangoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,100 |percentage = 42.15% |change={{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Vishwanath Nadhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,033 |percentage = 23.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khankare Shivraj Kallappa |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 21,059 |percentage = 22.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Sunil Narayanrao |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 4,096 |percentage = 4.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandharinath Narayanrao Waghmare |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,514 |percentage = 2.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Kondiba Raoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,095 |percentage = 2.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govindrao Haibatrao Barhalikar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,028 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,067 |percentage = 18.99% |change= {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,087 |percentage = 55.64% |change= {{increase}}7.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,479|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ghate Madhukarrao Rangoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,238 |percentage = 47.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khankare Shivraj Kallappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,699 |percentage = 26.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagnathrao Satwajirao Rawangaonkar |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 10,597 |percentage = 16.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govindrao Haibatrao Barhaitkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,970 |percentage = 6.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Venkati Malba Talikote |party=Independent politician |votes = 540 |percentage = 0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Satwa |party=Independent politician |votes = 492 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,539 |percentage = 20.48% |change= {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,335 |percentage = 48.06% |change= {{increase}}0.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,097}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,110|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ravangaonkar Nagnathrao Satwaji |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 35,569 |percentage = 59.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghate Madhukarrao Rangoji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,359 |percentage = 38.86% |change={{increase}}28.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Piraji Sabne]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,189 |percentage = 1.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,210 |percentage = 20.31% |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,181 |percentage = 47.31% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,117}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,316|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}16.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ghate Madhukarrao Rangoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,802 |percentage = 42.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravangaonkar Nagnathrao Satwaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,864 |percentage = 21.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barhalikar Govindrao Haibatrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 5,788 |percentage = 9.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajbhare Rajaram Narharrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,558 |percentage = 7.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Hanmanta |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 4,387 |percentage = 7.50% |change={{decrease}}9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Tukaram Satwaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,043 |percentage = 6.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabne Piraji Satwaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,695 |percentage = 2.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,938 |percentage = 20.40% |change= {{decrease}}30.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,100 |percentage = 49.76% |change= {{increase}}14.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,520}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,773|ref = |change= {{increase}}40.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}24.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mukhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Piraji Sabne]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,652 |percentage = 67.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxaya Maraya |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 4,836 |percentage = 16.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Durgaji Shekoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,480 |percentage = 8.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandu Mallu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,275 |percentage = 4.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpatrao Manikrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 544 |percentage = 1.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadaknath Lingoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 526 |percentage = 1.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,816 |percentage = 50.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,842 |percentage = 35.88% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,313}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,969|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.71|77.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Manoranjan Dyan Samantara

2026-04-20T02:00:43Z

Nayem: put up a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoranjan Dyan Samantara
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|06|3|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Usha Devi]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse = Meena Sahu
| parents = Chintamani Dyan Samantra (father)
}}

'''Manoranjan Dyan Samantara''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manoranjan Dyan Samantara Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=4 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chikiti Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Manoranjan Dyan Samantara of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chikiti-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916688.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manoranjan Dyan Samantara, BJP Election Results LIVE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/manoranjan-dyan-samantara-18135-1 |website=NDTV |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samantara, Manoranjan Dyan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sikri Mata Temple

2026-04-18T07:21:51Z

Nayem: Done

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Mahamaya Devi Temple
| image = Mahamaya mandir, Modinagar08.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Entrance to the temple
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|48|52|N|77|34|12|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = [[श्री]] महामाया देवी मंदिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| location = [[Modinagar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Durga]]
| festivals = [[Navaratri]]
| architecture = [[Hindu architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 15th century
| creator = Jalim Giri Baba
| website =
}}
The '''Sikri Mata Temple''' ({{lit|Sikri Goddess Temple}}), officially known as the '''Shri Mahamaya Devi Temple''', is a [[Hindu temple]] at [[Sikri Khurd]] village, [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The temple was built in the 15th century by Jalim Giri [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] and his family, who belonged to the [[Goswami]] community of the village. Its administration was taken over from the descendants of Giri Baba by the [[gram panchayat]] ({{Translation|village council}}) in 1977. Dedicated to the goddess Sikri, who is believed to be an incarnation of [[Durga]], the temple attracts large gatherings of visitors during the biannual festival of [[Navaratri]]. During the [[Chaitra]] month of Navaratri, marking the beginning of a new year on the [[Hindu calendar]], a large historical fair is organised for nine days. The fair was cancelled in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] for the first time since 1918. There is a [[banyan tree]] on the temple premises from which more than 130 revolutionaries were hanged to death during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

== History ==

The Shri Mahamaya Devi Temple is located in Sikri Khurd village on the periphery of Modinagar city, Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh.
[[File:Jalim Giri Baba.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Jalim Giri Baba, the founder of the Mahamaya Temple]]

According to the Bhaat records (the Bhaats are people from Alwar, Rajasthan, who traditionally write and preserve family lineage and historical records of the Goswami community), '''the temple was originally constructed in 1532 CE, during the month of Pausha, on Shukla Paksha Navami, Saturday, at around 8:00 AM, during the reign of Badshah Humayun.''' The Bhaat documents further state that at the time of its construction, the temple measured 210 hands (hath) in length and 76 hands (hath) in width. There was also an ancient banyan tree (bargad) at the site during the temple’s construction, which still stands on the temple premises today. The temple complex had two entrances, one facing east and the other south, along with a well (kuwa) that was 32 hands (hath) deep.

Before the construction of the temple, Jalim Giri Baba, a hermit mahant from the Goswami community, lived at the site in a small hut. According to traditional belief, he experienced a divine darśana (holy vision) of Goddess Durga at this very place. The goddess instructed him to build a temple for her here. After sharing this spiritual revelation with his family and community, the temple was established.<ref name="NBT2011">{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad/-/articleshow/7231035.cms
|title=महामाया मंदिर : रविवार को लगता है आस्था का मेला |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=27 August 2020 |location=[[Ghaziabad]] |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Hanging of revolutionaries in 1857 ===
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against [[Company rule in India|the rule]] of the [[British East India Company]], many revolutionaries took shelter in the basement of the temple.<ref name="TDI2020" /> A Company officer, Douglas, had the temple searched and the rebels dragged out of the basement. He then ordered their executions by [[hanging]] from the ancient [[banyan tree]] situated on the temple premises.<ref name="AmarUjala2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-MEER-special-story-on-kranti-diwas-5320427-PHO.html |title=अंग्रेजों ने इसी पेड़ पर दी थी 132 क्रांतिकारियों को फांसी |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=27 August 2020 |location=[[Meerut]]}}</ref> More than 130 people were hanged to death and around 30 were [[Execution by shooting|shot to death]].<ref name="AmarUjala2016" /> The tree is still present and pilgrims pay their tribute to it in remembrance of the martyrs.<ref name="AmarUjala2016" />

== Administration ==
The temple was built by the Goswami community of Sikri village, and its administration was initially handled by the descendants of Jalim Giri Baba, who still live in the village. In 1977, the [[pradhan]] ({{Translation|village council head}}) of the [[gram panchayat]] organized a separate temple management committee, and during that process also evicted the Goswami family and its administration from the temple. Before the takeover, all the offerings in the temple were deposited to the gram panchayat, including earnings from [[wikt
|stallage]] related to the organization’s annual nine-day-long fair and funds donated for the Goswami family’s income.<ref name="NBT2011" /> In 2024, the temple’s administration was taken over by the Nagar Nigam of Modinagar, and the gram panchayat no longer holds administrative rights over it.

== Temple deity ==
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=180|caption_align=center|image_style = border:none;|background color = #F5F5DC| align = left |image1=Sikri Mata idol in the garbhagriha.jpg|caption1={{font|size=110%|font=|text=Idol of goddess Sikri in the ''garbhagriha''}}}}
The ''[[sanctum sanctorum]]'', ''[[garbhagriha]]'', of the temple houses the ''[[murti]]'' of the primary deity of the temple, the goddess Sikri, who is believed to be an incarnation of the goddess Durga.<ref name="TDI2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedivineindia.com/sikri-mata-temple/6369 |title=Sikri Mata Mandir |date=27 March 2020 |website=Thedivineindia.com |publisher=The Divine India |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> The devotees of Sikri offer [[dupatta|chunari]], coconut, and [[prasāda]] of [[cardamom]] in the temple in her reverence.<ref name="Jansatta2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/mahamaya-devi-mela-sikri-modinagar-uttar-pradesh/84580/ |title=आधी-अधूरी तैयारियों के बीच शुरू हुआ महामाया देवी मेला |work=[[Jansatta]] |date=10 April 2016 |access-date=27 August 2020 |location=Modi Nagar |language=hi}}</ref> Idols of other Hindu gods and goddesses are also installed in the temple, which is common in most Hindu temples.<ref name="Patrika2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.patrika.com/ghaziabad-news/pilgrims-offers-alcohol-to-mahamaya-mata-temple-modinagar-1269990/ |title=एनसीआर में ये है देवी का सबसे प्रसिद्घ मंदिर, पूरी होती हैं मुरादें |work=Patrika |date=15 April 2016 |access-date=27 August 2020 |language=hi |last=Asthana |first=Sarad}}</ref>

[[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|Animal sacrifice]] was a common practice in the temple until 1952 when some teachers of the village, including Aditya Goswami, Pandit Hari Dutt Ved, and their colleagues, protested against this ritual and had it banned.<ref name="NBT2011" /> An ''akhand [[yagya]]'' ({{lit|unbroken ''yagya''}}) is held continuously for three days—the sixth, seventh, and eighth days of the Chaitra month—every year at the place that was earlier used for sacrificing the animals,<ref name="NBT2011" /> usually goats and roosters.<ref name="Patrika2016" /> However, live goats and liquor are still offered to the goddess with a belief that it will please her.<ref name="NBT2011" />

== Congregation ==
The temple attracts large numbers of devotees from Uttar Pradesh, [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Punjab]].<ref name="Jagran2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad-the-doors-of-sikri-mahamaya-devi-temple-opened-for-the-devotees-to-see-20371692.html |title=श्रद्धालुओं के लिए खोले गए सीकरी महामाया देवी मंदिर के कपाट |language=hi |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |location=Modi Nagar}}</ref> The [[Navaratri]] festivals in the months of [[Chaitra]] and [[Ashvin]] (Sharada) witness thousands of visitors attending the temple.<ref name="Jagran2020" /> Like other [[places of worship]] in the country, the temple was closed for visitors and its doors were sealed off by the district administration during the nationwide [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India|COVID-19 pandemic lockdown]].<ref name="Jagran2020" /> Its doors were reopened on 9 June 2020 in the presence of a [[tehsildar]] who was sent as the representative of the [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]], representatives of [[gram panchayat]], and Ghaziabad Police officials. The temple mahant ({{Translation|chief priest}}) Sunil Kumar performed a special ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' in the beginning of the door-opening ceremony.<ref name="Jagran2020" />

== Navaratri fair ==
A large [[fair]], the ''Devi Mela'' ({{lit|Goddess Fair}}), is organised by the temple administration during the nine days of the Navaratri festival of the Chaitra month.<ref name="Patrika2018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.patrika.com/ghaziabad-news/450-year-old-temple-of-ma-durga-situated-in-sikri-village-at-modinagar-1-2527646/ |title=450 साल पुराना है माता का यह मंदिर, दर्शन मात्र से ही पूरी हो जाती है मनोकामना |language=hi |work=Patrika |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> Chaitra marks the beginning of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu new year]] and coincides with the months of March and April on the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Patrika2018" /> The fair is inaugurated on the first day of Chaitra usually by the Sub-Divisional Magistrate by breaking a coconut, which is considered auspicious in Hinduism.<ref name="Jansatta2016" /> The district administration constructs a temporary bus stand for pilgrims at the boundary of the village during the fair, and frequent bus service is operated from there to nearby cities and states.<ref name="NBT2011" />

Due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh]], the district administration was reluctant to permit the fair in 2020. A special meeting was held, attended by the [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Modinagar (Assembly constituency)|Modinagar]] [[Manju Shiwach]], tehsildar Umakant Tiwari, and the representatives of gram panchayat on 21 March 2020. It was decided at the meeting that the fair would be cancelled for 2020 with the doors of the temple sealed to the public; however, priests would be allowed to carry on the daily rituals inside the temple. The last time the fair was not organised was during the [[1918 flu pandemic in India]], when then-mahant of the temple Swami Aditya Goswami decided to close the doors of the temple and postpone the fair to the next year.<ref name="NBT2020">{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad/sikri-fair-will-not-be-held-for-the-first-time-after-1918/articleshow/74751159.cms |title=1918 के बाद पहली बार नहीं लगेगा सीकरी मेला |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=22 March 2020 |access-date=28 August 2020 |language=hi |location=[[Modinagar]] |last=Sharma |first=Sarvesh}}</ref>

=== Security during the festival ===
The temple is provided with security by [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] during all nine days of the Navratri festival, with senior officials of both police and district civil administration maintaining a continuous presence because of the large gathering that the temple attracts during these days. Sixteen [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]] have been installed on the temple premises. Door-frame and hand-held [[metal detector]]s are used and a [[police dog|dog squad]] of the [[Ghaziabad]] police is deployed especially during the Navaratri fair.<ref name="Patrika2018" />

== See also ==

*[[Nandmahar Dham]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:15th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Ghaziabad district]]

Reodar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:22Z

Nayem: Created A Post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Reodar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-148-Reodar.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 148
| district = [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Motiram Koli]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:283584}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Reodar''' or '''Reodar-Abu Road Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Sirohi district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Motiram Koli]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=4| [[Jagasi Ram Koli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Motiram Koli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Reodar<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Motiram Koli
|votes = {{formatnum:93120}}
|percentage = 46.94
|change = +5.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jagsi Ram Koli
|votes = {{formatnum:89556}}
|percentage = 45.14
|change = -4.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Veena Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3797}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Dana
|votes = {{formatnum:3179}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Ganpat Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2319}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5178}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change = -0.84
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3564}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change = -6.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198385}}
|percentage = 69.96
|change = -1.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Reodar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagsi Ram Koli
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87861}}
|percentage = 49.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Neeraj Dangi
|votes = {{formatnum:73257}}
|percentage = 41.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narayan Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:3328}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Radheshyam
|votes = {{formatnum:2395}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Sukhraj
|votes = {{formatnum:1817}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6108}}
|percentage = 3.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14604}}
|percentage = 8.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176820}}
|percentage = 71.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sirohi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.62|72.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Sirohi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]

List of highest-grossing Punjabi films

2026-04-16T02:32:31Z

Nayem: put up new entry...

{{short description|None}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

The following are the '''highest-grossing Punjabi-language films''', produced in the industries of [[Punjabi cinema|Pollywood]], India and [[Lollywood]], Pakistan combined.

== Global gross figures ==
In this chart, films are ranked by the [[revenue]]s from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value, along with the highest positions they attained. ''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]],'' [[Jatt & Juliet 3]] and ''[[Carry On Jatta 3]]'' ranked at the top positions respectively for Pakistani Punjabi and Indian Punjabi films.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Chal Mere Putt Is Top Punjabi Grosser Overseas – Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5356|access-date=2019-08-27|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Films with more than ₹250 million gross are only considered.

{{box office table legend|#b6fcb6|icon={{†|alt=film currently playing}}}}


{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Worldwide Gross (INR or PKR)
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Reference(s)
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | ''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]]''
| {{PKRConvert|396|C}}
| 2022
|<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=The Legend of Maula Jatt' becomes highest grossing Punjabi film of all time |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2385670/the-legend-of-maula-jatt-becomes-highest-grossing-punjabi-film-of-all-time/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website= The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=19 April 2023 |title=Fawad Khan, Mahira Khan's Pakistan Blockbuster 'The Legend of Maula Jatt' Gets Unprecedented International Rerelease (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/fawad-khan-the-legend-of-maula-jatt-rerelease-1235588445/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" style=" | ''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]''
| {{INRConvert|107|c}}
| 2024
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
|3
! scope="row" | ''[[Carry On Jatta 3]]''
|{{INRConvert|103|c}}
|2023
|<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Carry on Jatta 3 Box Office: Gippy Grewal starrer crosses Rs. 100 cr; emerges as first Punjabi film to enter the Rs. 100 cr club |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/carry-jatta-3-box-office-gippy-grewal-starrer-crosses-rs-100-cr-emerges-first-punjabi-film-enter-rs-100-cr-club/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
! scope="row" |''[[Mastaney]]''
|{{INRConvert|74|c}}
|2023
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
|5
! style="background:#b6fcb6;" |'' [[Sardaar Ji 3]] {{†|alt=film currently playing}}''
|₹64.60.2 million (US$7.2 million)
|2025
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]''
| {{INRConvert|57.67|C|year=2018|mode=historical}}
| 2018
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
| {{INRConvert|554|c}}
| 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chal Mera Putt2 Is Biggest Punjabi Grosser Overseas – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6308 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | ''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
| {{INRConvert|55|c}}
| 2022
|<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Tamil Film Vikram And Punjabi Film Saunkan Saunkne Are Huge Blockbusters – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6987 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| {{INRConvert|54|c}}
| 2021
|<ref name=":15" />
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | ''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{INRConvert|52.75|C|year=2019|mode=historical}}
| 2019
|<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2021 |title=Shehnaaz Gill's debut film Honsla Rakh mints Rs 54 crore on worldwide box office: 'We made it happen' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/shehnaaz-gill-debut-film-honsla-rakh-worldwide-box-office-7655430/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| {{INRConvert|45.96|C|year=2014|mode=historical}}
| 2014
|<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Top Panjabi Worldwide Grossers|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3828}}</ref>
|-
|12
! scope="row" | ''[[Shinda Shinda No Papa]]''
|₹386.2 million (US$6.02 million)
|2024
|{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | ''[[Sardaar Ji|Sardaarji]]''
| {{INRConvert|38.38|C|year=2015|mode=historical}}
| 2015
|<ref>{{cite news|title=The turbaned prince|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/the-turbaned-prince/107054.html|first=Jasmine |last=Singh |date=19 July 2015|work=Spectrum|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
|-
|14
! scope="row" | ''[[Gippy Grewal|Jatt Nuu Chudail Takri]]''
|₹330 million (US$5 million)
|2024
|{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|15
! scope="row" | ''[[Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne]]''
| {{INR|32.11 crore}} (US$4.8 million)
| 2022
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
| {{INRConvert|31.74|C|year=2017|mode=historical}}
| 2017
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Punjabi Worldwide Grossers – Rangroot Does Well – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3828 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope="row" |''[[Chal Mera Putt]]''
|{{INRConvert|30|C|year=2019|mode=historical}}
| 2019
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 18
! scope="row" | ''[[Angrej]]''
| {{INRConvert|30.68|C|year=2015|mode=historical}}
| 2015
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2018 |title=Top 10 highest grossing Punjabi films of all time – The Statesman |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/punjabi-cinema/top-10-highest-grossing-punjabi-films-time-1502551388.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031434/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/punjabi-cinema/top-10-highest-grossing-punjabi-films-time-1502551388.html |archive-date=13 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 19
! scope="row" |''[[Qismat]]''
| {{INRConvert|28|C|year=2018|mode=historical}}
| 2018
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Qismat Is A Blockbuster – Top Panjabi Films Worldwide|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4335|website=[[Box Office India]]|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190506020755/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4335|archivedate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 20
! scope="row" | ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]''
| {{INRConvert|26|C|year=2018|mode=historical}}
| 2018
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 21
! scope="row" | ''[[Muklawa]]''
| {{INRConvert|25.52|C|year=2019|mode=historical}}
| 2019
|<ref name="BOI19">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5287|title=Panjabi Films Dominate Overseas – Shadaa Ardaas Karaan Chal Mera Putt|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films adjusted for inflation ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films {{As of|2022|11|lc=y}} adjusted for inflation
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" data-sort-type="currency" | Worldwide gross
! scope="col" | Year
|-
| 1
! ''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]]''
| {{PKRConvert|396|C}}
| 2022
|-
| 2
! ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| {{INRConvert|620.5|m|year=2014}}
| 2014
|-
| 3
! ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]''
| {{INRConvert|688.2|m|year=2018}}
| 2018
|-
| 4
! ''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{INRConvert|615.6|m|year=2019}}
| 2019
|-
| 5
! ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''
| {{INRConvert|489.1|m|year=2015}}
| 2015
|-
| 6
! ''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
| {{INRConvert|576.0|m|year=2022}}
| 2022
|-
| 7
! ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
| {{INRConvert|571.5|m|year=2020}}
| 2020
|-
| 8
! ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]''
| {{INRConvert|352.7|m|year=2012}}
| 2012
|-
| 9
! ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]''
| {{INRConvert|389.4|m|year=2013}}
| 2013
|-
| 10
! ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| {{INRConvert|546.2|m|year=2021}}
| 2021
|-
| 11
! ''[[Angrej]]''
| {{INRConvert|398.4|m|year=2015}}
| 2015
|-
| 12
! ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
| {{INRConvert|407.4|m|year=2017}}
| 2017
|-
| 13
! ''[[Qismat]]''
| {{INRConvert|372.3|m|year=2018}}
| 2018
|-
| 14
! ''[[Chhalla Mud Ke Nahi Aaya]]''
| {{INRConvert|394.3|m|year=2022}}
| 2022
|-
| 15
! ''[[Chal Mera Putt 3]]''
| {{INRConvert|391.9|m|year=2021}}
| 2021
|-
| 16
! ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]''
| {{INRConvert|369.0|m|year=2019}}
| 2019
|-
| 17
! ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]''
| {{INRConvert|362.5|m|year=2019}}
| 2019
|-
| 18
! ''[[Love Punjab]]''
| {{INRConvert|306.1|m|year=2016}}
| 2016
|-
| 19
! ''[[Qismat 2]]''
| {{INRConvert|364.1|m|year=2021}}
| 2021
|-
| 20
! ''[[Ambarsariya]]''
| {{INRConvert|302.1|m|year=2016}}
| 2016
|-
| 21
! ''[[Bambukat]]''
| {{INRConvert|298.0|m|year=2016}}
| 2016
|-
| 22
! ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]''
| {{INRConvert|293.9|m|year=2016}}
| 2016
|-
| 23
! ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]''
| {{INRConvert|300.5|m|year=2018}}
| 2018
|-
| 24
! ''[[Muklawa]]''
| {{INRConvert|295.9|m|year=2019}}
| 2019
|-
| 25
! ''[[Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne]]''
| {{INRConvert|290.0|m|year=2022}}
| 2022
|-
|}

== Highest-grossing films by country ==

=== India ===
{{Box office table legend|2=India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Gross
! Year
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1
| ''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]''
|{{INR}}436.5 million
| 2024
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
|2
|''[[Carry On Jatta 3]]''
|₹425.0 million
|2023
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 3
| ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]''
| {{INR}}400 million
| 2018
|<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Carry On Jatta 2 Smashes Records By A Distance |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4059}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| ''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{INR}}344.4 million
| 2019
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5204|title=Shadaa Hits 50 Crore Worldwide – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| ''[[Mastaney]]''
| {{INR}}280.0 million
| 2023
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 6
| ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| {{INR}}266.6 million
| 2021
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 7
| ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''
| {{INR}}254.3 million
| 2015
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 8
| ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| {{INR}}245.6 million
| 2014
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 9
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
|{{INR}}198.4 million
| 2020
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Chal Mera Putt 2 Still Strong – Yaar Anmulle Returns Decent|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6320}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| ''[[Qismat]]''
| {{INR}}192.5 million
| 2018
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|}

=== Canada ===
{{Box office table legend|2=Canada}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Gross (US dollars)
! Gross (Indian currency)
! Year
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1
| style="background:#b6fcb6;" |''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]'' {{†|alt=film currently playing}}
| {{USD}}2,240,000
| {{INR}}187.0 million
| 2024
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jatt & Juliet 3 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Jatt-and-Juliet-3-(2024-India)#tab=box-office |website=The Numbers |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
| {{USD}}2,130,000
| {{INR}}158.3 million
| 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bell Bottom Overseas Box Office: Bell Bottom collects approx. 1.9 mil. USD [Rs. 14 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/mobile/news/box-office-overseas/bell-bottom-overseas-box-office-bell-bottom-collects-approx-1-9-mil-usd-rs-14cr-in-overseas/|access-date=2021-09-15|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]''
| {{USD}}1,454,992
| {{INR}}104.6 million
| 2019
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/mission-mangal-collects-approx-5-85-mil-usd-rs-41-96-cr-in-overseas/|title=Weekend Report 23–25 August|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 August 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| ''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{USD}}1,450,000
| {{INR}}102.1 million
| 2019
|<ref name="Hungama">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/super-30-collects-4-1-mil-usd-rs-28-26-cr-in-overseas/|title=Super 30 collects 4.1 mil. USD [Rs. 28.26 cr.] in overseas – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 July 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| ''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
| {{USD}}1,404,743
| {{INR}}110.1 million
| 2022
|<ref name="Hungama"/>
|-
| 6
| ''[[Angrej]]''
| {{USD}}1,403,869
| {{INR}}89.4 million
| 2015
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5246|title=Shadaa Is Top Grosser In Canada For 2019|date=23 July 2019|website=[[Box Office India]]|language=english|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]''
| {{USD}}1,301,332
| {{INR}}93.3 million
| 2019
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| 8
| ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| {{USD}}1,083,552
| {{INR}}66.8 million
| 2014
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/i-scores-over-other-releases/|title='I' scores over other releases – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 January 2015|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| ''[[Love Punjab]]''
| {{USD}}1,048,110
| {{INR}}70.4 million
| 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/fan-performs-exceptionally-well-collects-40-crs-in-overseas/|title='FAN' performs exceptionally well; collects 40 crs in overseas – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 April 2016|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| ''[[Sufna]]''
| {{USD}}1,042,090
| {{INR}}77.3 million
| 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/baaghi-3-collects-approx-3-30-mil-usd-rs-24-39-cr-in-overseas/|title=Baaghi 3 collects approx. 3.30 mil USD [Rs. 24.39 cr.] in overseas :Bollywood Box Office – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 March 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== United Kingdom and Ireland ===
{{Box office table legend|2=United Kingdom}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Gross ([[GBP]])
! Gross (Indian currency)
! Year
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1
| ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| {{GBP}}767,740
| {{INR}}71.6 million
| 2014
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dull-response-for-hawaizaada-khamoshiyan/|title=Dull response for Hawaizaada, Khamoshiyan – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 February 2015|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
| {{GBP}}624,298
| {{INR}}64.1 million
| 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bell Bottom Overseas Box Office: Bell Bottom collects approx. 1.9 mil. USD [Rs. 12.79 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/mobile/news/box-office-overseas/bell-bottom-overseas-box-office-bell-bottom-collects-approx-1-9-mil-usd-rs-12-79-cr-in-overseas/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| style="background:#b6fcb6;" |''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]'' {{†|alt=film currently playing}}
| {{GBP}}619,470
| {{INR}}67.0 million
| 2024
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Weekend box office figures |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/industry-data-insights/weekend-box-office-figures |website=BFI |access-date=4 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| {{GBP}}458,181
| {{INR}}45.8 million
| 2021
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| 5
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]''
| {{GBP}}418,425
| {{INR}}37.3 million
| 2019
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| 6
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt 3]]''
| {{GBP}}377,347
| {{INR}}38.9 million
| 2021
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=BFI Weekend Box Office 08/10/2021 – 10/10/2021|url=https://core-cms.bfi.org.uk/media/13576/download|access-date=15 October 2021|website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=BFI Weekend Box Office 22/10/2021 – 24/10/2021|url=https://core-cms.bfi.org.uk/media/13971/download|access-date=29 October 2021|website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]''
| {{GBP}}295,869
| {{INR}}25.6 million
| 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dangal-grosses-approx-9-mil-usd-60-97-cr-overseas/|title=Dangal grosses approx. 9 mil. USD [60.97 cr.] in overseas|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''
| {{GBP}}256,872
| {{INR}}25.5 million
| 2015
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/bajrangi-bhaijaan-continues-to-gallop-speedily/|title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan continues to gallop speedily :Latest Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 July 2015|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]''
| {{GBP}}251,546
| {{INR}}23.4 million
| 2018
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/october-collects-approx-8-23-cr-in-overseas/|title=October collects approx. 8.23 cr. in overseas – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 April 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Highest-grossing films overseas ==
{{Box office table legend|2=}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Gross (US dollars)
! Gross (INR)
! Year
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1
| style="background:#b6fcb6;" |''[[Sardaar Ji 3]]'' {{†|alt=film currently playing}}
|(US$7,230,00)
|₹64.60.2 million
|2025
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 2
| style="background:#b6fcb6;" |''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]'' {{†|alt=film currently playing}}
| {{USD}}6,330,323
| {{INR}}570.0 million
| 2024
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 3
| ''[[Carry On Jatta 3]]''
| {{USD}}5,900,000
| {{INR}}490.0 million
| 2023
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 4
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
| {{USD}}4,969,654
| {{INR}}373.1 million
| 2020
|<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Chal Mera Putt 2 Continues With Excellent Business – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6314 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| ''[[Mastaney]]''
| {{USD}}4,980,000
| {{INR}}410.0 million
| 2023
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 6
|''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| {{USD}}3,745,292
| {{INR}}279.6 million
| 2021
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 7
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt]]''
| {{USD}}3,600,000
| {{INR}}253.5 million
| 2019
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 8
| ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| {{USD}}3,570,000
| {{INR}}217.8 million
| 2014
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 9
| ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]''
| {{USD}}2,700,000
| {{INR}}190.1 million
| 2019
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 10
| ''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{USD}}2,650,000
| {{INR}}186.6 million
| 2019
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 11
| ''[[Angrej]]''
| {{USD}}2,580,000
| {{INR}}164.3 million
| 2015
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 12
| ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
| {{USD}}2,490,000
| {{INR}}162.1 million
| 2017
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 13
| ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]''
| {{USD}}2,350,000
| {{INR}}160.8 million
| 2018
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 14
| ''[[Love Punjab]]''
| {{USD}}2,260,000
| {{INR}}151.8 million
| 2016
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 15
| ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]''
| {{USD}}2,070,000
| {{INR}}141.6 million
| 2018
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| 16
| ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''
| {{USD}}2,020,000
| {{INR}}129.5 million
| 2015
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|}

==Highest-grossing films by year==
{{Box office table legend}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Worldwide gross (INR)
! Source
|-
| 1992
| ''Jatt Jeona Mour (film)''
| {{INR}}6 million
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Mahaul Theek Hai]]'' ''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh]]''
| {{INR}}25.0 million (Both)
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Jee Aayan Nu]]''
| {{INR}}33.0 million
|<ref name="year">{{Cite news|url=http://punjabiboxoffice.blogspot.com/p/posters.html|title=Box Office Report|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914013139/http://punjabiboxoffice.blogspot.com/p/posters.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Hawayein (2003 film)|Hawayein]]''
| {{INR}}35.8 million
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]''
| {{INR}}66.0 million
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Yaraan Naal Baharaan]]''
| {{INR}}23.0 million
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Dil Apna Punjabi]]''
| {{INR}}90.0 million
|<ref name="year"/>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Mitti Wajaan Maardi]]''
| {{INR}}57.5 million
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/overseas-business-hits-rock-bottom/|title=Overseas: Business hits rock-bottom! – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=26 September 2007|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mera Pind]]''
| {{INR}}67.5 million
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mera-pind/box-office/|title=Mera Pind Box Office Collection till Now – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Munde U.K. De]]''
| {{INR}}57.0 million
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]''
| {{INR}}105.0 million
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]''
| {{INR}}125.0 million
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]''
| {{INR}}230.9 million
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jatt & Juliet 2]]''
| {{INR}}279.5 million
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
| {{INR}}463.4 million
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''
| {{INR}}383.8 million
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Love Punjab]]''
| {{INR}}251.6 million
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
| {{INR}}325.0 million
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
| [[List of Punjabi films of 2018#Box office|2018]]
| ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]''
| {{INR}}576.7 million
|<ref name=":0"/>
|-
| [[List of Punjabi films of 2019#Box office|2019]]
| ''[[Shadaa]]''
| {{INR}}527.5 million
|<ref name=":15" />
|-
| [[List of Punjabi films of 2020#Box office|2020]]
| ''[[Sufna]]''
| {{INR}}193.5 million
|
|-
| [[List of Punjabi films of 2020#Box office|2020]]
| ''[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]''
| {{INR}}571.5 million
|<ref name="Box Office India">{{cite web |title=Chal Mera Putt 2 CERTAIN HIT Stopped By Virus |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6020 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of Punjabi films of 2021#Box office|2021]]
| ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| {{INR}}546.2 million
|{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[List of Punjabi films of 2022#Box office|2022]]
| ''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]'' (India)
| {{INR}}550 million
|<ref name=":14" />
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]]'' (Pakistan)
| {{INR}}879.6 million (Pakistani Rs. 2389 million)
|<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
| [[List of Punjabi films of 2023#Box office|2023]]
| ''[[Carry On Jatta|Carry On Jatta 3]]''
| {{INR}}1027.5 million
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|2024
|[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]†
|₹1036.4 million
|-
|2025
|[[Sardaar Ji 3|Sardar Ji 3]]†
|₹640.2 million
|
|}

== Highest-grossing franchises and film series ==

:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=60%|{{†|alt=film currently playing}} ''Background shading indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing {{Date of previous Friday}} in theaters around the world''.}}

{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="border:1px solid darkgrey;margin:auto;width:70em;"
|+ '''Highest-grossing Panjabi franchises and film series'''{{ref label|Franchise sources|§|§}}
|+ {{small|(The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting "show".)}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|type=header|ranklabel=Rank|titlelabel=Franchise / Series|totallabel=Total worldwide box office ([[crore]] INR)|numberlabel=No. of films|averagelabel=Average of films (crore INR)|highestlabel=Highest-grossing film (crore INR)}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=1|currency=₹|title=[[Carry on Jatta]]|number=3|highest=Carry On Jatta 3|gross=102

| [[Carry on Jatta 3]] ''(2023)''
|102
|[[Carry On Jatta 2]] ''(2018)''
|60
|[[Carry On Jatta]] ''(2012)''
|18
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=2|currency=₹|title=[[Jatt & Juliet]] {{noitalic|{{†|alt=film currently playng}}}}|number=3|highest=Jatt & Juliet 3|gross=104.54

|[[Jatt & Juliet 3]] {{noitalic|(2024) {{†|alt=film currently playing}}}}
|104.54
|[[Jatt & Juliet 2]] ''(2013)''
|27.95
|[[Jatt & Juliet]] ''(2012)''
|23.09
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=3|currency=₹|title=[[Sardaar Ji]]|number=3|highest=Sardaar Ji|gross=64.22

|[[Sardaar Ji]] ''(2015)''
|38.38
|[[Sardaar Ji 2]] ''(2016)''
|24.20
|[[Sardar Ji 3]] ''(2025)''
|64.22
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=4|currency=₹|title=[[Chal Mera Putt]]|number=3|highest=Chal Mera Putt 2|gross= 57.15

|[[Chal Mera Putt 2]] ''(2020-2021-2022)''
|57.15
|[[Chal Mera Putt 3]] ''(2021)''
|35.84
|[[Chal Mera Putt]] ''(2019)''
|31.29
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=5|currency=₹|title=[[Qismat]]|number=2|highest=Qismat 2|gross=33.27

|[[Qismat]] ''(2018)''
|31.28
|[[Qismat 2]] ''(2021)''
|33.27
|Qismat 3
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=6|currency=₹|title=[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]|number=2|highest=Chaar Saahibzaade|gross=46.34

|[[Chaar Sahibzaade]] ''(2014)''
|46.34
|[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]] ''(2016)''
|18.05
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=7|currency=₹|title=[[Nikka Zaildar]]|number=3|highest=Nikka Zaildar 2|gross=19.20

|[[Nikka Zaildar]] ''(2016)''
|15.00
|[[Nikka Zaildar 2]] ''(2017)''
|19.20
|[[Nikka Zaildar 3]] ''(2019)''
|17.95
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=8|currency=₹|title=[[Manje Bistre]]|number=2|highest=Manje Bistre|gross=32.50

|[[Manje Bistre]] ''(2017)''
|32.50
|[[Manje Bistre 2]] ''(2019)''
|19.25
|Manje Bistre 3
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=9|currency=₹|title=[[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]]|number=2|highest=Ardaas Karaan (film)|gross=31.82

|[[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]] ''(2016)''
|17.00
|[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]] ''(2019)''
|31.82
|Ardaas 3
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=10|currency=₹|title=[[Rabb Da Radio]]|number=2|highest=Rabb Da Radio|gross=16.00

|[[Rabb Da Radio]] ''(2017)''
|16.00
|[[Rabb Da Radio 2]] ''(2019)''
|14.00
|Rabb Da Radio 3 ''(2022)''
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=11|currency=₹|title=[[Dakuaan Da Munda]]|number=2|highest=Dakuaan Da Munda|gross=15.00

|[[Dakuaan Da Munda]] ''(2018)''
|15.00
|[[Dakuaan Da Munda 2]] ''(2022)''
|11.74
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=12|currency=₹|title=[[Laung Laachi]]|number=2|highest=Laung Laachi|gross=15.00

|[[Laung Laachi]] ''(2018)''
|15.00
|Laung Laachi 2 ''(2022)''
|4.56
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=13|currency=₹|title=[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]] |number=2|highest=Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua|gross= 18.2

|[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]] ''(2018)''
|18.2
|Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua 2''(2023)''
|0.00
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=14|currency=₹|title=[[Shareek]]|number=2|highest=Shareek|gross= 10.50

|[[Shareek]] ''(2015)''
|10.50
|[[Shareek 2]] ''(2022)''
|7.22
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=15|currency=₹|title=[[Mr & Mrs 420]]|number=2|highest=Mr & Mrs 420 Returns|gross=9.20

|[[Mr & Mrs 420]] ''(2014)''
|6.00
|[[Mr & Mrs 420 Returns]] ''(2018)''
|9.20
|Mr & Mrs 420 3 ''(2023)''
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=16|currency=₹|title=[[Munde U.K. De]]|number=2|highest=Aa Gaye Munde U.K. De|gross=7.30

|[[Munde U.K. De]] ''(2009)''
|5.70
|[[Aa Gaye Munde U.K. De]] ''(2014)''
|7.30
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=17|currency=₹|title=[[Blackia]]|number=1|highest=Blackia|gross=12.00

|[[Blackia]] ''(2019)''
|12.00
|Blackia 2 ''(2023)''
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=18|currency=₹|title=[[Yaar Annmulle]]|number=2|highest=Yaar Anmulle|gross=6.20

|[[Yaar Annmulle]] ''(2011)''
|6.20
|[[Yaar Anmulle Returns]] ''(2021)''
|4.51
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=19|currency=₹|title=Teeja Punjab|number=1|highest=Teeja Punjab|gross=10.43

|Teeja Punjab ''(2021)''
|10.43
|Teeja Punjab 2 ''(2022)''
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=20|currency=₹|title=Sikander|number=2|highest=Sikander 2|gross=7.89

|Sikander ''(2013)''
|2.00
|[[Sikander 2]] ''(2019)''
|7.89
|Sikander 3
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=21|currency=₹|title=Warning|number=1|highest=Warning|gross=9.79

|Warning ''(2021)''
|9.79
|Warning 2 ''(2022)''
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=22|currency=₹|title=Rupinder Gandhi the Gangster..?|number=2|highest=Rupinder Gandhi 2: The Robinhood|gross=6.0

|Rupinder Gandhi the Gangster..? ''(2015)''
|3.00
|Rupinder Gandhi 2: The Robinhood ''(2017)''
|6.00
|Rupinder Gandhi 3
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=23|currency=₹|title=[[Daddy Cool Munde Fool]]|number=2|highest=Daddy Cool Munde Fool|gross=8.50

|[[Daddy Cool Munde Fool]] ''(2013)''
|8.50
|Daddy Cool Munde Fool 2 ''(2022)''
|0
}}
|-
|{{Highest-grossing films franchise|rank=24|currency=₹|title=[[Jora 10 Numbaria]]|number=2|highest=Jora: The Second Chapter|gross=4.73

|[[Jora 10 Numbaria]] ''(2017)''
|1.40
|Jora: The Second Chapter ''(2020)''
|4.73
}}
|}

== Notes and references ==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist}}{{Film box office}}{{Cinema of Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Highest-grossing Punjabi-language films}}
[[Category:Cinema of Punjab]]
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films]]

Lamlai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:35Z

Nayem: put up a post...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lamlai
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:30376}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 8
| map_image = File:Map of Lamlai AC.pdf
}}
'''Lamlai''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref> It is part of [[Imphal East district]] and is a segment of the [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> As of 2022, it is represented by [[Khongbantabam Ibomcha|Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2022"/>

== Extent ==
Lamlai is the 8th of the 60 assembly constituencies of Manipur. It has 40 parts namely: 1 - Sawombung, 2 - Sawombung Kabui, 3 - Itam Nungoi, 4 - Sekta Awang Leikai, 5 - Huidrom, 6 - Sekta Mayai Leikai, 7 - Sekta Makha Leikai, 8 - Pungdongbam Awang Mamang Leikai, 9 - Pungdongbam Awang Maning Leikai, 10 - Pungdongbam Makha Leikai, 11 - Kharasom, 12 - Nungoi, 13 - Yourbung Mayai Leikai, 14 - Yourbung Maning Leikai, 15 - Chalou, 16 - Napet, 17 - Lamlai Awang Leikai, 18 - Lamlai Mayai Leikai, 19 - Lamlai Makha Leikai, 20 - Leimakhong Mapal, 21 - Tellou, 22 - Chana, 23 - Seijang Makha Leikai, 24 - Seijang Awang Leikai, 25 - Sabungkhok, 26 - Yaingangpokpi, 27 - Thamnapokpi, 28 - Kameng, 29 - Nongada Awang Leikai, 30 - Nongren (A), 31 - Nongren (B), 32 - Nongdam, 33 - Oksu, 34 - Takhel Makha Leikai, 35 - Takhel Mamang Leikai, 36 - Kanghuchingjil, 37 - Sanjenbam Khunou, 38 - Sanjenbam Khulen, 39 - Heirok, and 40 - Terakhong.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Pheiroijam Parijat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Pheiroijam Parijat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Yumkhaibam Kerani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Pheiroijam Parijat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Kshetrimayum Biren Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Kshetrimayum Biren Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Pheiroijam Parijat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Pheiroijam Parijat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Kshetrimayum Biren Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Kshetrimayum Biren Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Khongbantabam Ibomcha]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|35.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|33.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|30.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|33.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|37.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|29.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|41.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|29.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|26.57}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khongbantabam Ibomcha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,105 |percentage=35.25% |change=-9.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kshetrimayum Biren Singh]]|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=9,984|percentage=34.83%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Achoibam Deben Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7,049|percentage=24.59%|change=-23.43%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mongjam Poireihenba Meetei|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=957|percentage=3.34%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sapam Kangleipal Meitei|party=Independent politician|votes=458|percentage=1.60%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=121 |percentage=0.42% |change=-2.89% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=28,665|percentage=94.37%|change=-0.07%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,376 |change =11.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kshetrimayum Biren Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,339 |percentage=48.02% |change=4.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongbantabam Ibomcha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,487 |percentage=44.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huirem Bimol |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,712 |percentage=6.66% |change=-28.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=158 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=852 |percentage=3.32% |change=-4.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,696 |percentage=94.44% |change= 1.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,210 |change =9.57% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.99% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kshetrimayum Biren Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,923 |percentage=43.03% |change=9.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,139 |percentage=35.29% |change=1.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Ibomcha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,973 |percentage=21.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,784 |percentage=7.74% |change=7.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,062 |percentage=92.76% |change= 0.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,833 |change =1.60% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 9.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,696 |percentage=33.96% |change=3.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kshetrimayum Biren Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,670 |percentage=33.85% |change=32.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,296 |percentage=32.19% |change=2.84% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26 |percentage=0.11% |change=-0.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,662 |percentage=92.72% |change= 2.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,441 |change =17.44% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 3.55% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,652 |percentage=30.41% |change=0.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,457 |percentage=29.36% |change=24.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Biren Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=5,359 |percentage=28.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumanthem Saratkumar Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=1,669 |percentage=8.98% |change=-25.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Nilamani Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=165 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telem Dara Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=159 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irom Sunder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=128 |percentage=0.69% |change=-19.56% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=195 |percentage=1.05% |change=-2.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,589 |percentage=90.13% |change= -3.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,811 |change =-0.75% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= -6.90% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Biren Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,148 |percentage=33.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,427 |percentage=30.00% |change=-0.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,663 |percentage=20.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumanthem Saratkumar Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=2,053 |percentage=11.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhaibam Goutam Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=802 |percentage=4.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=721 |percentage=3.98% |change=-2.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,093 |percentage=87.21% |change= -6.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,969 |change =16.38% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -3.32% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Biren Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,202 |percentage=37.30% |change=8.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,135 |percentage=30.89% |change=1.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,802 |percentage=28.88% |change=12.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamei Sanahal |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=487 |percentage=2.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,067 |percentage=6.42% |change=5.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,626 |percentage=93.69% |change= 7.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,017 |change =-5.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 7.61% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,817 |percentage=29.69% |change=-1.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Biren Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,669 |percentage=28.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Kerani Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,912 |percentage=17.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,680 |percentage=16.52% |change=-26.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chabungbam Khomei Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,144 |percentage=7.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=148 |percentage=0.91% |change=-10.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,222 |percentage=85.76% |change= 3.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,035 |change =25.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.18% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhaibam Kerani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,218 |percentage=42.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,806 |percentage=31.27% |change=-9.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chabungbam Khomei Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,374 |percentage=11.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telem Nityai |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=871 |percentage=7.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takhemyum Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=749 |percentage=6.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Shyama |party=Independent politician |votes=95 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,412 |percentage=11.60% |change=0.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,170 |percentage=81.97% |change= 5.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,199 |change =11.23% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 1.75% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,197 |percentage=41.13% |change=11.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhibam Kerani |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,114 |percentage=30.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Kumar |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,157 |percentage=11.34% |change=1.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somurailatpam Khomb |party=Janata Party |votes=969 |percentage=9.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telem Nityai |party=Independent politician |votes=768 |percentage=7.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,083 |percentage=10.61% |change=2.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,205 |percentage=76.41% |change= -5.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,664 |change =19.03% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 11.14% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,797 |percentage=29.98% |change=3.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhaibam Kerani Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,019 |percentage=21.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telem Nityai |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,781 |percentage=19.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Somi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,500 |percentage=16.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yaikhom Tomba Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=908 |percentage=9.73% |change=-4.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lourembam Bheiro |party=Independent politician |votes=323 |percentage=3.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=778 |percentage=8.34% |change=3.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,328 |percentage=82.18% |change= 6.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,479 |change =-3.97% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 3.42% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lamlai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,331 |percentage=26.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telem Nityai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,912 |percentage=21.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leishungbam Cheiteino |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=1,669 |percentage=19.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. S. Somi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,282 |percentage=14.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hijam Herando |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,247 |percentage=14.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ibotombi Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=333 |percentage=3.80% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=419 |percentage=4.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,774 |percentage=75.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,954 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal East district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.87|94.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Patna East Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:42Z

Nayem: Created A Entry...

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patna East
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Patna East''' was an [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]] in [[Bihar]] which existed until 2008. It came under [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency]]. From 2008 the seat was succeeded by [[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency]]. [[Nand Kishore Yadav]] was the last MLA from this constituency.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patna East Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patnaeast-bihar-assembly-constituency|access-date=|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Zahra Ahmad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramdeo Mahto]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jamil Ahmed
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ramdeo Mahto]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Sharat Kumar Jain
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Mahtab Lal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: See [[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency]]''}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== October 2005 Vidhan Sabha ===
{{Election box begin|title=October 2005 Vidhan Sabha election: Patna East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]|votes=70,148|percentage=59.33|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Bharti Devi|votes=34,178|percentage=28.91|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Ramesh Chandra|votes=5,677|percentage=4.80|change=|}}
{{Election box majority||votes=35,790|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,18,219|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Patna West Assembly constituency]]
* [[Patna Central Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coords|25.588|85.204|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Government of Patna]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

MasterChef India – Hindi season 5

2026-04-15T10:40:15Z

Nayem: put up new info

{{Convert to Episode table}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 5
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Vikas Khanna]] [[Kunal Kapur]] [[Zorawar Kalra]]
| winner = Kirti Bhoutika
| runner_up = Ashima Arora
| num_contestants = 16
}}
| num_episodes = 26
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|10|1|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|12|25|df=y}}
}}

'''Season 5''' of the Indian [[Hindi]]-language competitive [[Reality television|reality TV]] series ''[[MasterChef India – Hindi]]'' premiered on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] on 1 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Cooking-is-a-serious-pursuit-on-MasterChef-India-Season-5/articleshow/54605376.cms|title=Cooking is a serious pursuit on 'MasterChef India' Season 5|last=|first=|date=1 October 2016|newspaper=The Times Of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/tv/masterchef-india-season-5-is-heating-things-up-1.1904599|title=MasterChef India Season 5 is heating things up|last=|first=|date=|website=Gulf News|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

[[Vikas Khanna]] returned to judge this season while [[Sanjeev Kapoor]] and [[Ranveer Brar]] were replaced by [[Kunal Kapur]] and Zorawar Kalra respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Masterchef-India-Judges-Who-Think-Theyre-Models-Contestants-Who-Can-Actually-Cook/|title=Masterchef India: Judges Who Think They're Models & Contestants Who Can Actually Cook|last=|first=|date=3 October 2016|website=Scoop Whoop|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The winner was Kirti Bhoutika, a 20-year-old Nutrition graduate, with Ashima Arora being the runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/food-drink/food/story/kirti-bhoutika-wins-masterchef-india-season-5-vikas-khanna-kunal-kapur-zorawar-kalra-lifefd-359554-2016-12-26|title=Kolkata girl Kirti Bhoutika wins MasterChef India Season 5|last=|first=|date=|website=India Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/these-masterchef-india-winners-are-cooking-with-a-michelin-star-chef|title=These MasterChef India winners are now cooking with a Michelin star chef|last=Shah|first=Sonali|date=6 March 2017|website=VOGUE India|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

==Format==
Top 30 contestants were chosen from India and even from the other parts of the world like [[San Francisco]], [[London]], etc. From the Top 30, Best 10 were chosen by a cook-off between 3 each and in the second-chance cook, 6 other were chosen.

==Top 16==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"
! style="width:18%;" |Contestant
! style="width:4%;" |Age
! style="width:18%;" |Hometown
! style="width:20%;" |Occupation
! style="width:16%;" |Status
! style="width:8%;" |Winnings
|-
| Kirti Bhoutika
| 20
| [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]
| Bakery Owner
| style="background:#ADFF2F; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Winner 25 December}}
| 7
|-
| Ashima Arora
| 23
| [[Amritsar, Punjab]]
| Cake Artist
| style="background:gold; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Runner-Up 25 December}}
| 6
|-
| Dinesh Patel
| 21
| [[London, United Kingdom]]
| Lawyer
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 24 December}}
| 6
|-
| Mirvaan Vinayak
| 19
| [[Faridabad, Haryana]]
| Actor
| 7
|-
| Samantha Barrett
| 27
| [[Dehradun, Uttarakhand]]
| Cafe Owner
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 18 December}}
| 7
|-
| Anagha Godbole
| 44
| [[San Francisco, California]]
| Senior Product Manager
| 6
|-
| Siddharth Talwar
| 46
| [[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]]
| MNC Vice President
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 4 December}}
| 1
|-
| Jatin Khurana
| 24
| [[Ludhiana|Ludhiana, Punjab]]
| Telecommunication Manager
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 27 November}}
| 2
|-
| Syed Sadaf Hussain
| 27
| [[Ranchi, Jharkhand]]
| Social Sector Manager
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 20 November}}
| 3
|-
| Ajay Kumar Siotra
| 24
| [[Jammu]]
| Tourism Student
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 13 November}}
| 2
|-
| Pradip Bhawalkar
| 69
| [[Pune, Maharashtra]]
| Engineer
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 6 November}}
| 2
|-
| Rohini Chawla
| 36
| [[Gurgaon|Gurugram, Haryana]]
| Housewife
| style="background:darkgrey; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | {{nowrap|Withdrew 5 November}}
| 2
|-
| Sreelakshmi N. Prabhu
| 37
| [[Kochi, Kerala]]
| Housewife
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 30 October}}
| 0
|-
| Abhilasha Chandak
| 29
| [[Purulia district|Purulia, West Bengal]]
| Homemaker
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 23 October}}
| 0
|-
| Shipra Chenji
| 35
| [[Meerut|Meerut, Uttar Pradesh]]
| Interior Designer
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 16 October}}
| 0
|-
| Ashwin Iyer
| 37
| [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
| Food Blogger
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|Eliminated 9 October}}
| 0
|}

==Elimination Table==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 8pt; line-height:25px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Place
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! colspan="36" |Episode
|-
! colspan="2" |2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! colspan="2" |7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! colspan="2" |11
! 12
! 13
! colspan="2" |14
! colspan="3" |15
! colspan="2" |16
! 17
! colspan="2" |18
! colspan="2" |19
! 20
! 21
! colspan="2" |22
! colspan="2" |23
! 24
! 25
! 26
|-
! 1
! style="background:pink;" |Kirti
| IN
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:palegreen;" |IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| IN
| style="background:yellow;" |WIN
| colspan="3" style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#ADFF2F;" |WINNER
|-
! 2
! style="background:pink;" |Ashima
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:yellow;" |WIN
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:gold;" |{{nowrap|RUNNER-UP}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3
! style="background:lightblue;" |Dinesh
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
|style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
|style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| IN
| style="background:yellow;" |WIN
| colspan="2" style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="1"|
|-
! style="background:lightblue;" |Mirvaan
| IN
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="1"|
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| OUT
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="1"|
| IN
| style="background:yellow;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="1"|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 5
! style="background:pink;" |Samantha
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| IN
| IN
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
|-
! style="background:pink;" |Anagha
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:palegreen;" |IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| IN
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
|-
! 7
! style="background:lightblue;" |Siddharth
| IN
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#E6E200;" |WEAK
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="8"|
|-
! 8
! style="background:lightblue;" |Jatin
| IN
| IN
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:palegreen;" |IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
|style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="11"|
|-
! 9
! style="background:lightblue;" |Sadaf
| IN
| IN
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="2"|
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="14"|
|-
! 10
! style="background:lightblue;" |Ajay
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="19"|
|-
! 11
! style="background:lightblue;" |Pradip
| IN
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="22"|
|-
! 12
! style="background:pink;" | Rohini
| IN
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:palegreen;" |IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:limegreen;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#959FFD;" |WIN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:black;" |{{color|White|WDR}}
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="23"|
|-
! 13
! style="background:pink;" |Shreelakshmi
| IN
| IN
| IN
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="25"|
|-
! 14
! style="background:pink;" |Abhilasha
| IN
| IN
| IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| style="background:palegreen;" |IN
| style="background:#CEFF00;" |SAFE
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="27"|
|-
! 15
! style="background:pink;" |Shipra
| IN
| IN
| style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |PT
| style="background:#CC99CC;" |LOSE
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="30"|
|-
! 16
! style="background:lightblue;" |Ashwin
| IN
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" |BTM
| style="background:crimson;" |ELIM
| style="background:darkgrey;" colspan="32"|
|-
|}

:{{color box|border=silver|#ADFF2F}} (WINNER) This cook won the competition.
:{{color box|border=silver|gold}} (RUNNER-UP) This cook finished in second place.
:{{color box|border=silver|limegreen}} (WIN) The cook(s) won the individual / pair challenge ('''Mystery Box Challenge''' or '''Invention Test''' or '''Elimination Test''').
:{{color box|border=silver|#959FFD}} (WIN) The cook was on the winning team in the '''Team Challenge''' and directly advanced to the next round.
:{{color box|border=silver|cornflowerblue}} (TOP) The cook was one of the top entries in the individual challenge but didn't win.
:{{color box|border=silver|yellow}} (WIN) The cook won the '''Ticket to Finale Challenge''' and was directly promoted as a finalist.
:{{color box|border=silver|#CEFF00}} (SAFE) The cook didn't participate in the challenge as he/she already advanced into the next round.
:{{color box|border=silver|white}} (IN) The cook wasn't selected as a top or bottom entry in an individual / pair challenge.
:{{color box|border=silver|palegreen}} (IN) The cook wasn't selected as a top or bottom entry in a team challenge.
:{{color box|border=silver|mistyrose}} (PT) The cook competed in the '''Elimination Test''' or '''Pressure Test''' (was on the losing team in the '''Team Challenge'''), and advanced.
:{{color box|border=silver|#CC99CC}} (LOSE) The cook was on the losing team in the '''Team Challenge''' and had to compete in the upcoming '''Pressure Test'''.
:{{color box|border=silver|#E6E200}} (WEAK) The cook was one of the bottom entries in an individual challenge.
:{{color box|border=silver|orange}} (BTM) The cook was one of the bottom entries in an individual challenge, and had to compete in the upcoming '''Elimination test'''.
:{{Color box|border=silver|black}} (WDR) The cook withdrew from the competition due to illness or personal reasons.
:{{color box|border=silver|crimson}} (ELIM) The cook was eliminated from MasterChef.

==Episodes==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background: #A52A2A; width: 4%" | No. in season
! style="background: #A52A2A; width: 40%" | Title
! style="background: #A52A2A; width: 10%" | Original air date
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = A Royal Spread
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|1}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = First Mystery Box Challenge and Invention Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|2}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Team Work Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|8}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = First Elimination / Pressure Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|9}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = First Team Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|15}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Second Elimination / Pressure Test and Immunity Pin Challenge
| AltTitle =
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|16}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Guest Chef''': Sahil Singh
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Second Mystery Box and Tag-Team Challenge
| AltTitle =
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|22}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Third Elimination / Pressure Test
| AltTitle =
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|23}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Guest Chef''': Srijith Gopinathan
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Second Team Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|29}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Fourth Elimination / Pressure Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|30}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Guest Chef''': Sanjana Patel
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Third Mystery Box and Pair Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|5}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Special Guests''': [[Shakti Mohan]] and [[Raghav Juyal]]
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Fifth Elimination / Pressure Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|6}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Fourth Mystery Box Challenge and Pair Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|12}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Special Guest''': [[Bipasha Basu]]
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = Cook-Along Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|13}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Guest Chef''': Anahita Dhondy
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| Title = Team Cheese Quiz and Second Invention Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|19}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| Title = Third Team Challenge and Sixth Elimination / Pressure Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|20}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Special Guest''': [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]
* '''Guest Chef''': Abhijit Saha
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| Title = Fourth Team Challenge and Fifth Mystery Box Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|26}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| Title = Seventh Elimination / Pressure Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|11|27}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Guest Chef''': Nooror Somany Steppe
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| Title =
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|3}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Special Guests''': [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Vaani Kapoor]]
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| Title = Eighth Elimination / Pressure Test
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|4}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Special Guest''': [[Vidya Balan]]
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| Title = Fifth Team Challenge
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|10}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| Title = Ticket to Finale: Part 1 (Sixth Mystery Box Challenge)
| AltTitle = Ticket to Finale Challenge: Part 2
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|11}}
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| Title = The Semifinals: Part 1 (Seventh Mystery Box Challenge)
| AltTitle = The Semifinals: Part 2
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|17}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Guest Chef''': [[Matt Preston]]{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| Title = The Semifinals: Part 3
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|18}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Special Guest''': [[Matthew Hayden]]
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| Title = The Grand Finale: Part 1
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|24}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Guest Chef''': [[Atul Kochhar]]
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| Title = The Grand Finale: Part 2
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|25}}
| ShortSummary =
* '''Special Guest''': [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
|LineColor = #A52A2A
}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:MasterChef India]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television seasons]]

Prakash Khandre

2026-04-11T19:50:06Z

Nayem: Created A Post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor = [[Vijaykumar Khandre|Vijaykumar Bheemanna Khandre]]
| successor = [[Eshwara Khandre]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="Hindu Khandre">{{Cite web |title=Prakash Khandre returns to BJP at Basavakalyan rally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prakash-khandre-returns-to-bjp-at-basavakalyan-rally/article34297911.ece |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Hindu|date=11 April 2021 }}</ref>
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Prakash Khandre''' is an Indian politician served as Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from [[Bhalki Assembly constituency]] 1999 to 2004 and again 2004 to 2008.<ref name="Latestly Khandre 2004">{{Cite web |title=Prakash Khandre's 2004 Election Results from Bhalki Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/2004/bhalki/prakash-khandre/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Latestly |language=en |date=2004}}</ref><ref name="Latestly Khandre 1999">{{Cite web |title=Prakash Khandre's 1999 Election Performance in Bhalki Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/1999/bhalki/prakash-khandre/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Latestly |language=en |date=1999}}</ref> He was the candidate of 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Bhalki Assembly constituency and he defeated by Congress Candidate [[Eshwara Khandre]].<ref name="IndiaTV Khandre">{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election 2023: Prakash Khandre among key candidates in Bhalki Assembly constituency |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023/bidar/key-candidates-prakash-khandre |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=India TV News}}</ref><ref name="Daijiworld Khandre">{{Cite web |title=Prakash Khandre Joins BJP in the presence of Arun Singh State BJP Secretary |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=822759 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Daijiworld |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2016 Karnataka bypolls Candidate from Bhalki Assembly constituency.<ref name="DeccanChronicle Khandre">{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Bypoll: Narayanswamy, Naik, Prakash Khandre Get BJP Ticket |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/270116/karnataka-bypoll-narayanswamy-naik-khandre-get-bjp-ticket.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="News18 Khandre">{{Cite web |title=Prakash Khandre - Bhalki Candidate |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/prakash-khandre-bhalki-candidate-s10a051c006/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=News18}}</ref> He also candidate for Member of legislative council (MLC) in 2021 from Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name="NDTV Khandre">{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Candidates List 2023: Prakash Khandre |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/prakash-khandre-10051-1 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="NewIndianExpress MLC">{{Cite web |title=MLC Polls: Prakash Khandre in BJP's List as Congress and JDS Prepare |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/Nov/20/mlc-polls-bjp-announces-list-congress-and-jds-ready-2385852.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandre, Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bidar district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Inter-State Bus Terminals

2026-04-11T08:50:08Z

Nayem: Started A Post More To Come

{{Short description|Indian stations where public buses start or end their routes}}
In India, an '''Inter State Bus Terminal''' or '''Inter-State Bus Terminus''' ('''ISBT''') is a [[bus terminus]] that provides bus service to destinations located in other [[States of India|states]]. An ISBT may also provide bus services to destinations in the same state. Mostly ISBT term is used in the Northern part of [[India]]. In the Western part of India, Stand or State Transport term is used.

==[[Andhra Pradesh]]==

* [[Pandit Nehru bus station]], [[Vijayawada]]
* APSRTC complex Inter-State Bus Terminus, [[Visakhapatnam]]
* Srihari Inter-State Bus Terminus, [[Tirupati]]
* [[NTR bus station|NTR Inter-State Bus Terminus]], [[Guntur]]

==[[Assam]]==

* [[Rupnath Brahma Inter State Bus Terminus]], [[Guwahati]]
* Inter State Bus Terminus, [[Jorhat]]
* Inter State Bus Terminus, [[Silchar]]
* Inter State Bus Terminus, [[Khanapara]], Guwahati

==[[Bihar]]==
*[[Pataliputra_Bus_Terminal|Pataliputra Inter State Bus Terminus]], [[Patna]]

== [[Chandigarh]] ==

* Inter State Bus Terminal Sector 17 (ISBT-17)
* Inter State Bus Terminal Sector 43 (ISBT-43)

==[[Chhattisgarh]]==

* [[Inter State Bus Terminal, Raipur|Sri Balaji Swami Trust Sri Dudhadhari Math Inter State Bus Terminal (ISBT)]], [[Raipur]]
* Pandri Bus Stand, [[Raipur]]
* Hi-tech Bus Terminus [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]

==[[Delhi]]==
{{see also | Transport in Delhi#Bus_services | l1= Transport in Delhi}}

As of November 2024, Delhi has three operational ISBTs managed by the Delhi Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation (DTIDC), with three more planned and approved for construction,<ref name=tikri/> and few more have been proposed.<ref name=proposed1/><ref name = "Delhi's Fourth ISBT">{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Sidharatha |date=21 March 2022 |title=Eye on IGI: Work to start soon at Dwarka for Delhi's fourth ISBT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/eye-on-igi-work-to-start-soon-at-dwarka-for-delhis-fourth-isbt/articleshow/90340984.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Existing===

* [[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]

** '''[[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|Maharana Pratap ISBT]] ([[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmere Gate]]), existing''': on 13 acres near [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] and [[Kashmere Gate metro station]] Exit 8. In 2024, it handles 150,000 passengers and 2500 busses (including 500 via NH-44 Delhi-Ambala highway from Haryana, Punjab and Himachal and another 700-1000 to West Haryana and Rajasthan via NH-9 Delhi-Hisar and other roads), building new ISBT at Narela, Tikri, Dwarka, etc will significantly ease the pressure.<ref name=netw1>[https://www.news9live.com/city/delhi/delhi-may-soon-get-two-new-isbts-near-tikri-border-narela-2689123 Delhi may soon get two new ISBTs near Tikri Border, Narela], News9, 10 Sept 2024.</ref>

** '''[[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Veer Hakikat Rai Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]] ([[Sarai Kale Khan]]), existing''': on NH-44, [[Delhi–Kolkata high-speed rail corridor|Delhi–Kolkata HSR]], [[Delhi–Alwar_Regional_Rapid_Transit_System|Delhi-Alwar RRTS]] and [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]] interchange, 10 km south of Maharana Pratap ISBT.

* [[East Delhi district|East Delhi]] (Trans-Yamuna)

** '''[[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Swami Vivekanand ISBT]] ([[Anand Vihar]]), existing''': on Delhi–Meerut RRTS station.

===Planned===

Approved by [[Government of Delhi]]<ref name=tikri/>

* [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
** '''[[Narela ISBT]], planned''': [[Narela]] on NH-44 and [[Narela metro station]]<ref name=tikri/> on 10,000 sqm land of DDA of which 50% is encroached which was being freed in 2024.<ref name=netw1/>

* [[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]

** '''[[Tikri Inter State Bus Terminus|Tikri ISBT]], planned''': near Bahadurgarh on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]] and [[Tikri Border metro station]]<ref name=tikri>[https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-delhi-government-will-build-three-isbt-at-tikri-border-narela-and-dwarka-sector-21-outer-state-will-stop-border-to-enter-national-capital-23811795.html
दिल्ली की सीमा पर लगेंगे बाहरी राज्यों की 2000 बसों के ब्रेक, बनेंगे तीन नए ISBT], Jagran, 8 Oct 2024.</ref>

** '''[[Dwarka ISBT]], planned''': Existing bus depot located in [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]] Sector-22 on [[Urban Extension Road-II|UER-II]] near the [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]] interchange and the upgraded [[Bijwasan railway station]] will be upgraded to ISBT providing connectivity to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport]].<ref name=tikri/> This ISBT, costing Rs4,700 cr and based on [[Mixed-use development|Mixed-use]] [[transit-oriented development]] as [[multimodal transport]] will be largest than the 3 existing ISBTs in Delhi which are running above the planned capacity. 60% of the area will have the high-density 2,29,000 sq m affordable housing, 20% commercial area of 65,000 sq m and ISBT depot of 27,000 sq m, 100% or 50,000 sq m for public amenities, the rest for passenger services and bus operations. Planned with future needs for the nxt 25 years, it will generate revenue of Rs5,100, including Rs3,700 cr from housing and Rs 1,400 cr from commercial. The project was revived in 2026, and the DPR was being prepared in April 2026.<ref name=DPR1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/autos/news/good-news-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%A5-isbt-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AD-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%AB-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6/ar-AA20zFAh Good news: दिल्ली को मिलने जा रहा चौथा ISBT, गुरुग्राम-मानेसर को भी होगा फायदा], MSN News, 10 Apr 2026. </ref>

** '''[[Aerocity ISBT]] (IGI), planned''': at [[Delhi Aerocity metro station|Delhi Aerocity]] in [[New Delhi]] on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]<ref name=proposed1>{{cite news |date=16 December 2023 |title=Delhi set to get new ISBT near airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-set-to-get-new-isbt-near-airport/articleshow/106035337.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> and [[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Airport Express Metro]] for connectivity to [[IGI Airport]], [[Dwarka Expressway]], [[Delhi-Alwar RRTS]], etc.

===Suggested===

* East Delhi
** '''Burari ISBT, not-yet-approved''': on intersection of planned [[Urban_Extension_Road-II#Phase-2|UER-II Alipur-Tronica extension]] and proposed "Signature Bridge-Burari-Manauli-Mirakpur Expressway".

* South Delhi
** '''Tuglakabad ISBT, not-yet-approved''': between [[Tughlakabad railway station]] and [[Tughlakabad Station metro station]] on [[DND–KMP Expressway]] (NH-148NA).

==[[Gujarat]]==
*[[Ahmedabad]]
**[[Gita Mandir(Ahmedabad) GSRTC Bus Port]]
**[[Ranip(Ahmedabad) GSRTC Bus Port]]
*[[Surat]]
**[[Surat Cantral GSRTC Bus Terminal]]
**[[Adajan(Surat) GSRTC Bus Port]]
*[[Vadodara]]
**[[Vadodara Bus Station|Vadodara Central Bus Station]]
**[[Makarpura(Vadodara) GSRTC Bus Port]]
*[[Palanpur]]
**[[Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port]]
*[[Mehsana]]
**[[Mehsana GSRTC Bus Port]]
*[[Rajkot]]
**[[Rajkot GSRTC Bus Port]]
*[[Navsari]]
**[[Navsari GSRTC Bus Port]]

==[[Haryana]]==
{{see also | Transport in Haryana}}

* '''Sonipat ISBT, existing''': at [[Sonipat]] Devilal chowk Sonipat.

* '''Bahadurgarh ISBT, existing''': at [[Bahadurgarh]] south bypass in the east of Bahadurgarh near Tikri Border, 1.6 km southwest of [[Pandit Shree Ram Sharma metro station]], 4 km southeast of Bahadurgarh Railway Station on Delhi-Hisar rail line, 13 km southeast of Asaudha Railway Station on [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]] (HORC).

* '''Rajiv Chowk ISBT, planned''': next to under-construction metro and under-construction RRTS stations of [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Alwar line]] at NH-48.<ref name=isbtp1>[https://www.timesnownews.com/city/gurugram/namo-bharat-train-route-to-gurugram-to-link-more-delhi-areas-5-interchange-stations-planned-details-article-115533371 Namo Bharat Train Route to Gurugram to Link More Delhi Areas; 5 Interchange Stations Planned: Details], Times Now, 21 Nov 2025.</ref>

* '''[[Kherki Daula Inter State Bus Terminus]], planned''' - announced in 2023 over 15 acres of [[Sihi]] village near [[Kherki Daula]] toll plaz where [[Dwarka Expressway]] meets Delhi-Jaipur Highway [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]].<ref name=isbtih1>[https://www.news18.com/business/real-estate-boost-new-isbt-near-dwarka-expressway-to-enhance-connectivity-push-local-realty-8019313.html Real Estate Boost: New ISBT Near Dwarka Expressway To Enhance Connectivity, Push Local Realty], News18.com, 7 June 2023.</ref> it is located next to the [[Delhi–Alwar_Regional_Rapid_Transit_System|Delhi-Alwar RRTS - Kherki Daula station]] and [[Gurugram Heliport Hub]].<ref name=newr1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rapid-rail-to-transform-commuting-multi-model-transit-hubs-proposed-in-gurgaon/articleshow/115540639.cms 5 Multimodel Hubs in Gurugram on Delhi-Alwar RRTS], India TImes, 22 Nov 2024.</ref>

* '''[[Panchgaon Inter State Bus Terminus]], planned''', located next to the [[Delhi–Alwar_Regional_Rapid_Transit_System|Delhi-Alwar RRTS - Panchgaon station]], NH-48 and [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] (WPE).<ref name=newr1/>

==[[Jharkhand]]==

* [[Birsa Munda Bus Terminal, Ranchi|Birsa Munda Bus Terminal]], [[Ranchi]]
* Dhanbad Bus Stand, [[Dhanbad]]
* Mango Bus Stand, [[Jamshedpur]]
* Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Deoghar]]

==[[Karnataka]]==

*[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
** [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Kempegowda Bus Station (Majestic Bus Station)]]
*** [[Karnataka]] (except [[Mysore district|Mysuru district]] & [[Kodagu district]] services)
*** [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*** [[Telangana]]
*** [[Maharashtra]]
*** [[Goa]]
** [[Mysuru Road Bus Station]]
*** [[Karnataka]] (only [[Mysore district|Mysuru district]] & [[Kodagu district]] services)
*** [[Tamil Nadu]] (except Luxury Express services and [[Hosur]] services)
*** [[Kerala]]
*** [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (except Luxury Express services)
** [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee TTMC|Atal Bihari Vajpayee Traffic and Transit Management Center (Shantinagara Traffic and Transit Management Center)]]
*** [[Tamil Nadu]] (only Luxury Express services)
*** [[Andhra Pradesh]] (only services via Old Madras Road)
*** [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (only Luxury Express services)
** [[K. R. Market|Krishna Rajendra Market Bus Station (Kalasipalya Bus Station)]]
*** [[Karnataka]] (only [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban district]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru Rural District]], [[Chikkaballapura district]], [[Kolar district]])
*** [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Hosur]] services)
** [[Peenya|Basaveshwara Bus Station (Tumakuru Road Bus Station)]]
*** Current Defunct
* [[Mysore|Mysuru]]
** Mysuru Central Bus Station
* [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
** Managaluru Central Bus Station
* [[Hubli|Hubballi]]
** Hubballi Central Bus Station
* [[Dharwad]]
** Dharwad Bus Terminal
* [[Belagavi]]
** Belagavi Central Bus Station
* [[Kalaburagi]]
** Kalaburagi Central Bus Station
* [[Bellary|Ballari]]
** Ballari Central Bus Station
* [[Hospet|Hosapete Vijayanagara]]
** Hosapete Vijayanagara Central Bus Station
* [[Yadgir|Yadagiri]]
** Yadagiri Bus Station
* [[Bidar]]
** Bidar New Bus Station
* [[Gadag|Gadaga]]
** Gadaga New Bus Station
* [[Udupi]]
** Udupi New Bus Station
* [[Koppal|Koppala]]
** Koppala New Bus Station
* [[Karwar]]
** Karwar Bus Station
* [[Shivamogga]]
** Shivamogga Central Bus Terminal
* [[Ranebennur|Ranebennuru]]
** Ranebennuru Bus Station
* [[Bagalkot|Bagalakote]]
** Bagalakote Navanagara Bus Station
* [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]]
** Vijayapura Central Bus Station
* [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
** Kolar Bus Station
* [[Chikkaballapur|Chikkaballapura]]
** Chikkaballapura New Bus Station
* [[Pavagada]]
** Pavagada Bus Station
*[[Chikkodi]]
**Chikkodi Bus Station
*[[Gokak]]
**Gokak Bus Station
*[[Indi, Karnataka|Indi]]
**Indi Bus Station
*[[Jamakhandi]]
**Jamakhandi Bus Station
*[[Humnabad]]
**Humnabad Bus Station
==[[Kerala]]==
{{see also | Transport in Kerala#Transportation | l1= Transport in Kerala}}
* [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
** [[Central bus station Thiruvananthapuram|Thampanoor Central Bus Station]]
** [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC SWIFT Bus Terminal, Anayara]]
* [[Ernakulam]]
** [[Vyttila Mobility Hub]]
** Ernakulam Bus Station
* [[Kannur]]
** [[Thavakkara Bus Terminal Kannur|Thavakkara Bus Terminal]]
** Kannur Bus Station
* [[Kollam KSRTC bus station|Kollam Bus Station]]
* [[Kottarakkara]] Bus Station
* [[Pathanamthitta]] Bus Station
* [[KSRTC Terminal Complex Thiruvalla|Thiruvalla Bus Terminal]]
* [[Alappuzha]] Bus Station
* [[Kottayam]] Bus Station
* [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] Bus Station
* [[Thrissur KSRTC bus station|Thrissur Bus Station]]
* [[Palakkad KSRTC bus terminal|Palakkad Bus Terminal]]
* [[Kozhikode]] Bus Terminal
* [[Sulthan Bathery]] Bus Station

==[[Madhya Pradesh]]==

* [[Kushabhau Thakre Inter State Bus Terminal]], [[Bhopal]]
* Nadra Bus Stand, [[Bhopal]]
* ISBT, Jabalpur, [[Jabalpur]]
* Gwalior Bus Stand, [[Gwalior]]
* [[Nana Kheda Inter State Bus Terminal]], [[Ujjain]]
* Shaheed Raja Bhau Mahakal Bus Stand, [[Ujjain]]
* [[Inter-State Bus Terminus, Indore]]
* [[Sarwate Bus Stand|Sarwate Inter State Bus Terminal]], [[Indore]]
* AICTSL Bus Stand, [[Indore]]
* [[Navlakha Bus Stand|Navlakha Inter State Bus Terminal]], [[Indore]]
* [[Gangwal Bus Stand|Gangwal Inter State Bus Terminal]], [[Indore]]
* Teen Imli Bus Stand, [[Indore]]
* Nayta Mundla Bus Stand, [[Indore]]
*Atal bihari vajpayee ISBT,[[Satna]]

==[[Maharashtra]]==

* [[Pune]]
** [[Pune Station Bus Stand]], [[Pune]]
** [[Shivajinagar Bus Station, Pune|Shivajinagar Bus Station]]
** [[Swargate Bus Station]]
*[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
**[[Pimpri-Chinchwad Bus Stand]]
* [[Nashik]]
** Nashik C.B.S (Central Bus Stand)
** Mahamarga Bus Stand
** New C.B.S (Thakker's Buzzer)
** Mela Bus Stanak
** Ozar Bus Stand,
** Sinnar Bus Stand
* [[Mumbai]]
** [[Mumbai Central ST Bus Stand]]
** Jogeshwari Bus Stand
** Parel ST Bus Stand
** Dadar ST Bus Stand
** Kurla ST Bus Stand
** Boriwali ST Bus Stand
* [[Nagpur]]
** Nagpur Bus Stand, Ganeshpeth
** Imamwada Bus Stand
** Wardhmann Nagar Bus Stand
* [[Thane]]
** Vandana Bus Stand
** Thane C.B.S (Central Bus Stand), Khopat
* [[Kalyan]]
** Kalyan ST Bus Stand
** CIDCO ST Bus Stand
* [[Aurangabad]]
** Aurangabad C.B.S. (Central Bus Stand)
* [[Kolhapur]]
** Kolhapur C.B.S (Central Bus Stand)
** Sambhaji Nagar Bus Stand
* [[Solapur]]
** Solapur C.B.S (Central Bus Stand)
* [[Jalgaon]]
** Jalgaon Bus Stand
* [[Ahmednagar]]
** Tarakpur ST Bus Stand
** Pune Bus Stand
** Malikwada Bus Stand
* [[Navi Mumbai]]
** Panvel ST Bus Stand
* [[Amravati]]
** Amravati ST Bus Stand
** Rajapeth ST Bus Stand
** Badnera ST Bus Stand

==[[Odisha]]==
* [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal]]
* [[Angul|Angul Bus Terminal]]
* [[Bhawanipatna|Bhawanipatna Bus Terminal]]
* [[Jharsuguda|Jharsuguda Bus Terminal]]
* [[Puri]] (Malatipatpur Bus Stand, Puri Bus Stand)
* [[Sambalpur|Sambalpur Bus Terminal]]

==[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]==

* Shaheed Madan Lal Dhingra Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Amritsar]]
* Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Jalandhar]]
* Bhagwan Valmiki Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Hushiarpur]]
* Amar Shaheed Sukhdev Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Ludhiana]]
* Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Mohali]]
* Maharana Partap Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Pathankot]]
* Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Inter State Bus Terminal, [[Gurdaspur]]
* Shaheed Bhai Mani Singh Ji Interstate Bus Terminal, [[Sangrur]]

==[[Rajasthan]]==

* [[Hindaun City Bus Depot]], [[Hindaun]]
* [[Sikar Bus Depot]], [[Sikar]]
* [[Sindhi Camp]], [[Jaipur]]
* [[Jodhpur Bus Stand]], [[Jodhpur]]
* [[Udaipur City Bus Depot]], [[Udaipur]]

==[[Tamil Nadu]]==
* [[CMBT|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Terminus]] (Towards coastal districts via [[East Coast Road|ECR]])
At {{convert|37|acre|m2}}, the [[CMBT|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Terminus]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]], is the second largest bus station in Asia.<ref name="thehindu20051228">{{cite news | last = Dorairaj | first = S. | title = Koyambedu bus terminus gets ISO certification | location = Chennai | date = 28 December 2005 | url = https://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060705012703/https://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 July 2006 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 16 Oct 2011}}</ref> As of 2010, the terminus handled more than 500 buses at a time, and 3,000 buses and 250,000 passengers a day.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bus terminus chokes under rush | location = Chennai | date = 13 January 2010 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Bus-terminus-chokes-under-rush/articleshow/5438909.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926145101/https://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/chennai/28123123_1_buses-cmbt-state-express-transport-corporation | url-status = live | archive-date = 26 September 2012 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 Oct 2011}}</ref>

* [[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|Kilambakkam K.C.B.T Bus Terminus]] (Towards Southern Districts and operates TNSTC and SETC)
* [[Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus]] (Towards Andhra and some TNSTC buses are operated to Salem, Perambalur, Ariyalur, Chidambaram, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Kallakurichi, Puducherry, Kumbakonam and Trichy).
* Kuthambakkam Bus Terminus (ongoing construction) (Towards western parts and Bengaluru)
* [[Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Tiruchirappalli|Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Tiruchirapalli.]]

==[[Telangana]]==

* [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]], [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Jubilee Bus Station]], [[Secunderabad]]
* [[Nizamabad bus station]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]

==[[Uttarakhand]]==

* [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Almora]] [[Almora]]
* [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Dehradun]] (Hill Bus Depot), [[Dehradun]]
* [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Haldwani]] [[Haldwani]]
* [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Haridwar]], [[Haridwar]]
* [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Rishikesh]], [[Rishikesh]]
* [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Rudrapur]] [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]

== [[Uttar Pradesh]] ==

* [[Agra]]
** [[Idgah Bus Stand]]
** Inter State Bus Terminal (Agra ISBT), [[Agra]]

* [[Ayodhya]]
** [[Faizabad Bus Depot]]

* [[Azamgarh]]
** Inter State Bus Terminal Azamgarh (Azamgarh ISBT), [[Azamgarh]]

* [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district]]
** [[Noida]] ISBT Sector 82
** [[Greater Noida]] ISBT Bodaki
** [[Jewar Airport#Transport|Jewar Airport ISBT]]

* [[Kanpur]]
** Amar Shaheed Major Salman Khan Inter State Bus Terminal Kanpur (Jhakarkatti ISBT), [[Kanpur]]

* [[Lucknow]]
** [[Alambagh ISBT metro station|Alambagh ISBT]]
** [[Kaisarbagh Bus Stand]]
** Gomti Nagar City Bus Terminal
** Awadh Bus Stand
** [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Charbagh Bus Stand]]

* [[Mathura]]
** Mathura ISBT

* [[Prayagraj]]
** Zero Road ISBT

* [[Varanasi]]
** Chaudhary Charan Singh Bus Depot

== [[West Bengal]] ==

* International Bus Terminus, [[Kolkata]]
* Karunamoyee Bus Terminal, Kolkata
* Babughat Bus Stand, Kolkata
* [[Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus]], [[Siliguri]]

== State government bus ==
Many Indian [[State governments of India|state governments]] have their own fleet of buses which are run under their state transport department. As per statistics, the State Road Transport Undertakings (STUs) altogether operates 1,50,000 buses. State-wise bus fleet is as follows
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sr. No.
!State / UT
!Buses of all STU's
|-
|1
|[[Karnataka]]
|22343 {{decrease}}
|-
|2
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|19989 {{decrease}}
|-
|3
|[[Maharashtra]]
|15512 {{decrease}}
|-
|4
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|13041 {{increase}}
|-
|5
|[[Gujarat]]
|11373 {{increase}}
|-
|6
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|10737 {{decrease}}
|-
|7
|[[Telangana]]
|9094 {{decrease}}
|-
|8
|[[Delhi]]
| 7683 {{increase}}
|-
|9
|[[Kerala]]
|6241 {{decrease}}
|-
|10
|[[Haryana]]
|3787 {{decrease}}
|-
|11
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|3302 {{increase}}
|-
|12
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2981 {{decrease}}
|-
|13
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|2818 {{decrease}}
|-
|14
|[[West Bengal]]
|2232 {{decrease}}
|-
|15
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|1247 {{decrease}}
|-
|16
|[[Chandigarh]]
|642 {{increase}}
|-
|17
|[[Goa]]
|520 {{decrease}}
|-
|18
|[[Odisha]]
|437 {{decrease}}
|-
|19
|[[Assam]]
|405 {{decrease}}
|-
|20
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|268 {{increase}}
|-
|21
|[[Bihar]]
|223 {{decrease}}
|-
|22
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|221 {{decrease}}
|-
|23
|[[Nagaland]]
|185 {{decrease}}
|-
|24
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|164 {{decrease}}
|-
|25
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|141 {{increase}}
|-
|26
|[[Sikkim]]
|75 {{decrease}}
|-
|27
|[[Meghalaya]]
|58 {{decrease}}
|-
|28
|[[Mizoram]]
|49 {{decrease}}
|-
|29
|[[Tripura]]
|48 {{decrease}}
|-
|30
|[[ Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|25 {{increase}}
|-
|31
|[[Ladakh]]
|20 {{increase}}
|-
|32
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Nil {{decrease}}
|-
|33
|[[Jharkhand]]
|Nil {{decrease}}
|-
|34
|[[Manipur]]
|Nil {{decrease}}
|-
|35
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|Nil {{decrease}}
|-
|36
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|Nil {{decrease}}
|}

== Government city buses ==
Many Indian cities have local public city bus services. Here is a list of fleet of government city buses operated as of now in India cities (million plus population).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sr. No.
!City / Urban Area
!City bus fleet
of all STU's
|-
|1
|[[Delhi]] (NCR)
|7978 {{increase}}
|-
|2
|[[Mumbai]] (MMR)
|4428 {{decrease}}
|-
|3
|[[Kolkata]] (KMA)
|1377 {{decrease}}
|-
|4
|[[Chennai]]
|3476 {{decrease}}
|-
|5
|[[Bangalore]]
|5587 {{decrease}}
|-
|6
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2801 {{decrease}}
|-
|7
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|1477 {{increase}}
|-
|8
|[[Pune]]
|1650 {{decrease}}
|-
|9
|[[Surat]]
|875 {{increase}}
|-
|10
|[[Jaipur]]
|201 {{decrease}}
|-
|11
|[[Kanpur]]
|80 {{decrease}}
|-
|12
|[[Lucknow]]
|145 {{decrease}}
|-
|13
|[[Nagpur]]
|540 {{increase}}
|-
|14
|[[Indore]]
|188 {{decrease}}
|-
|15
|[[Coimbatore]]
|925 {{increase}}
|-
|16
|[[Kochi]]
|203 {{decrease}}
|-
|17
|[[Patna]]
|70 {{decrease}}
|-
|18
|[[Bhopal]]
|155 {{decrease}}
|-
|19
|[[Vadodara]]
|180 {{increase}}
|-
|20
|[[Agra]]
|40 {{decrease}}
|-
|21
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|605 {{increase}}
|-
|22
|[[Ludhiana]]
|65 {{decrease}}
|-
|23
|[[Nashik]]
|130 {{decrease}}
|-
|24
|[[Vijayawada]]
|455 {{increase}}
|-
|25
|[[Madurai]]
|505 {{increase}}
|-
|26
|[[Varanasi]]
|30 {{decrease}}
|-
|27
|[[Meerut]]
|30 {{decrease}}
|-
|28
|[[Rajkot]]
|110 {{increase}}
|-
|29
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|50 {{decrease}}
|-
|30
|[[Srinagar]]
|30 {{decrease}}
|-
|31
|[[Jabalpur]]
|119 {{decrease}}
|-
|32
|[[Asansol]]
|60 {{decrease}}
|-
|33
|[[Allahabad]]
|30 {{decrease}}
|-
|34
|[[Dhanbad]]
|70 {{decrease}}
|-
|35
|[[Aurangabad]]
|30 {{decrease}}
|-
|36
|[[Amritsar]]
|93 {{decrease}}
|-
|37
|[[Jodhpur]]
|40 {{decrease}}
|-
|38
|[[Raipur]]
|110 {{decrease}}
|-
|39
|[[Ranchi]]
|70 {{decrease}}
|-
|40
|[[Gwalior]]
|16 {{decrease}}
|-
|41
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|100 {{decrease}}
|-
|42
|[[Bhilai]]
|70 {{decrease}}
|-
|43
|[[Kozhikode]]
|100 {{decrease}}
|-
|44
|[[Chandigarh]] (CCR)
|464 {{increase}}
|-
|45
|[[Tiruchirapalli]]
|350 {{increase}}
|-
|46
|[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|50 {{decrease}}
|-
|}

==References==
* Chris Devonshire-Ellis. ''Doing Business in India.'' Springer, Apr 12, 2012 pg. 127

;Specific
<references />

[[Category:Bus-related lists]]
[[Category:Bus stations in India]]

Green Line (film)

2026-04-05T06:41:39Z

Nayem: Made First Stub Needs Work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ebin Raj Maliakal
| producer = Tams Films
| released = {{Film date|2019}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''Green Line''' is a 2019 Indian [[documentary film]] written and directed by [[Ebin Raj Maliakal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CORRESPONDENT |first=ST |title=‘Pamphlet’ and ‘Green Line’ make a mark in film festival |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/‘pamphlet’-and-‘green-line’-make-mark-film-festival-44610 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> This film covers certain personalities’ efforts and sacrifices to make [[Kerala]] an organ and body donor state in [[India]]. The film unravels itself through multiple subject positions on the matter and also the present scenario of the state. It highlights the value of the [[Organ donation in India|organ and body donation]] and also brings out the issues related to the organ and body donation. This film is screened and awarded in many international [[film festival]]s across the globe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-24 |title='Pamphlet' and 'Green Line' win at 9th Health Film Festival held at NFAI, Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pamphlet-and-green-line-win-at-9th-health-film-festival-held-at-nfai/story-dbsfmE8VWDYqWR7l3b8LLI.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=November 2019 |url=https://americangoldenpictureiff.com/november-2019 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Home |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Pamphlet’ and ‘Green Line’ won at 9th Health Film Festival held at NFAI |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/pune/pamphlet-and-green-line-won-at-9th-health-film-festival-held-at-nfai/articleshow/72955556.cms |access-date=2023-04-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13465458}}

[[Category:2019 documentary films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about health care]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

{{2010s-documentary-film-stub}}

Ibtida: The Beginning

2026-04-02T01:06:19Z

Nayem: Started Some Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian film (2015)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''''Ibtida, The Beginning''''' is a 2015 Indian Urdu-language philosophical drama film directed and edited by [[Ali Emran]] and produced by Mrs. Yaqout Mushtaq under the banner Hot Ice. Loosely inspired by [[Ayn Rand]]’s novel ''[[The Fountainhead]]'', the film explores themes of artistic integrity, societal conformity, and individualism. It was distributed by Chinaar Mediaworks and released in June 2015.

== Plot ==
Set against the evolving artistic and architectural backdrop of Kashmir, ''Ibtida, The Beginning'' follows the journey of Zahir, a principled and visionary young architect who refuses to compromise his creative ideals for mainstream acceptance. In a society that values imitation and conformity, Zahir finds himself at odds with institutional systems and cultural expectations.

His ideological opposite, Gautam, is a commercially successful architect who thrives by conforming to public tastes and political convenience. The tension between the two characters underscores the film’s central philosophical conflict.

Disha, torn between Zahir’s unyielding individualism and the comfort of societal norms, personifies the emotional dilemma of choosing authenticity over acceptance. The antagonist, Taha, manipulates public opinion and bureaucratic power to undermine Zahir, highlighting the cost of rebellion in a conformist world.

As Zahir faces betrayal, isolation, and professional sabotage, the film culminates in a powerful assertion of creative freedom and personal truth, asserting that staying true to one’s ideals is the highest form of success.

== Cast ==

* Zameer Ashai
* Lt. Parveez Masoodi
* Bashir Dada
* Shahid Gulfam
* Tariq Jameel
* Preerna Bhat
* Ali Emran

== Production ==
''Ibtida, The Beginning'' was developed and produced by Hot Ice, a regional production house known for its focus on independent and culturally rooted cinema. The film’s visual style blends realism with symbolic imagery, crafted by Ali Emran’s multifaceted contribution as director, cinematographer, and editor.

== Themes and influence ==
The film is a philosophical exploration of individualism vs collectivism, drawing heavy inspiration from Ayn Rand’s Objectivist ideology. Though not a direct adaptation, the narrative of Zahir parallels the protagonist of ''The Fountainhead'', transposed into the socio-political milieu of contemporary Kashmir. The story questions whether success is defined by public validation or personal integrity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Self at the Centre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ibtida-srinagar-filmmaker-kashmir-ali-emran-talk-2882161/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=K. N. O. |date=2024-10-19 |title=2-day Kashmir Rainbow Film Festival begins at Tagore Hall, Sgr {{!}} KNO |url=http://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/2-day-kashmir-rainbow-film-festival-begins-at-tagore-hall-sgr-kno-187562 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=The ambient philosophy |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/vivacity/the-ambient-philosophy.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Festival screenings and reception ==
The film was showcased in various regional film forums. Notably, it featured in the two-day Kashmir Rainbow Film Festival at Tagore Hall, Srinagar (August 2024), where it was highlighted for its exploration of individualism inspired by ''The Fountainhead'', alongside performances by Zameer Ashai and Bashir Dada.<ref name="auto"/>

Additionally, ''Ibtida'' received critical attention from ''The Pioneer'', praising how "Sharang Bhaskaran… talks to the filmmaker" about the successful adaptation of Rand’s philosophy through poetic Urdu dialogues and an earthy, philosophical narrative.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Release and reception ==
Released on its initial theatrical run in June 2015, the film achieved a limited release but found subsequent screening opportunities at cultural venues like the [[India Habitat Centre]] and film festivals in Kashmir. It earned accolades for its bold narrative, philosophical depth, and regional significance, including awards such as "Best Feature Film" at the Kashmir International Film Festival.<ref name="auto1"/>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{imdb title|37252738}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

Dheeran (2025 film)

2026-03-30T00:36:49Z

Nayem: Made New Post First Draft!

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language action comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dheeran
| image = Dheeran (2025 film).jpeg
| alt =
| native_name =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Devadath Shaji
| producer = Ganesh Menon Lakshmi Warrier
| screenplay = Devadath Shaji
| story =
| starring = [[Rajesh Madhavan]] [[Jagadish]] [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Sidharth Bharathan]] [[Vineeth]] [[Sudheesh]]
| music = [[Mujeeb Majeed]]
| cinematography = Harikrishnan Lohithadas
| editing = Finn George Varghese
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|07|04}}
| runtime = 137 min<ref name="TH01"/>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dheeran''''' ({{Translation|Brave}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by Devadath Shaji.<ref name="TH01">{{cite news |last1=S.R. |first1=Praveen |title='Dheeran' movie review: rustic humour works, but film loses its way midway through |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dheeran-movie-review-rustic-humour-works-but-film-loses-its-way-midway-through/article69773274.ece |access-date=22 July 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 July 2025}}</ref> The music director is [[Mujeeb Majeed]], director of photography is Harikrishnan Lohithadas and the editor is Finn George Varghese. The producers are Ganesh Menon and Lakshmi Warrier.

The film released on 4 July 2025 with U/A 16+ certificate and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and audience.

== Premise ==
The story follows Eldhose (aka Dheeran), a former village hero working as a henchman for a gangster in [[Tamil Nadu]]. When rumors of his death reach his hometown, a group of relatives embark on a chaotic road trip in an ambulance to retrieve his body.

==Plot==
Eldhose works for Abubacker, a Malayali gangster based in Erode, who assigns him to infiltrate the factory of his rival Saravanan in Denkanikottai and kill him.

In flashback, the story shifts to Eldhose’s native village, Malayattoor. As a child, Eldhose saved a grown man, Aruvi, from drowning but could not save his own father in the same incident. He later received a bravery medal from the President of India and came to be known in the village as "Dheeran."

Years later, panchayat president Abbas receives news that Eldhose has died in a factory accident in Tamil Nadu. Abbas undertakes the task of bringing the body back before New Year, arranging an ambulance from temple worker Spinesh. He is joined by Aruvi, Kunjan, Joppan, Dixon, and Suramya’s mother, who is traveling to Palakkad, where Suramya now lives.

Aruvi, now an alcoholic and a workshop welder, had been abandoned by his wife, who eloped with his Bengali assistant. He joins the journey because Eldhose once saved his life. Dixon, Eldhose’s brother-in-law, represents the family. Spinesh had been engaged to Suramya, but their marriage was cancelled after a food poisoning incident. Suspicion briefly fell on Eldhose, who had shown interest in Suramya. Later, Suramya entered into a casual relationship with Eldhose, but when they were discovered together, Abbas attempted to arrange their marriage. Suramya refused commitment, leading Eldhose to leave the village. In a scuffle, Abbas was injured, and Eldhose fled, eventually saving Abubacker from drowning and joining his gang. Suramya later married elsewhere and settled in Palakkad. Kunjan, who had long been attracted to Suramya’s mother, joins the trip to accompany her, and his brother Joppan also comes along.

It is later revealed that Eldhose is alive. Saravanan had killed another worker, Gireesan, and passed off the body as Eldhose’s while keeping him captive. When the villagers arrive to claim the body, Saravanan realizes they were not behind the attempt on his life. Eldhose escapes with the help of Malli’s daughter, a local liquor seller.

After taking the body, the villagers visit the factory to demand compensation. There, they discover Saravanan himself is the owner. Confrontations break out, and Eldhose joins them in fighting Saravanan’s men. During this, Joppan confesses he had added laxatives to the food at Suramya’s cancelled wedding feast due to a quarrel with Kunjan , who was the caterer for the event.

As the group flees, Abubacker and his men appear, leading to a final clash between the two gangs. Spinesh ignites New Year crackers in the ambulance, triggering an explosion with its oxygen cylinder. The villagers escape, while Saravanan and his men are killed. Eldhose returns home, and the villagers begin their New Year celebrations.

==Cast==
* [[Rajesh Madhavan]] as Eldhose (Dheeran)
* [[Jagadish]] as Abbas
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Kunjan
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Aruvi
* [[Sidharth Bharathan]] as Gireeshan
* [[Vineeth]] as Abubacker
* [[Sudheesh]] as Joppan
* [[Shabareesh Varma]] as Spinesh
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Dixon
* Srikrishna Dayal as Saravanan
* [[Arun Cherukavil]] as Suhail
* Aswathy Manoharan as Suramya
* Indumathy Manikandan as Malli
* Vijaya Sadhan as Sathi

== Production ==
''Dheeran'' marks the directorial debut of Devadath Shaji. The film is produced by Lakshmi Warrier and Ganesh Menon under the banner of Cheers Entertainments. Harikrishnan Lohithadas served as the cinematographer, while the music was composed by Mujeeb Majeed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/jul/04/dheeran-director-devadath-shaji-interview-938271.html |title=Dheeran director Devadath Shaji: The beauty of cinema lies in not explaining everything |access-date=9 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was certified 12A by the [[British Board of Film Classification]], with a U/A 16+ certification from [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and released theatrically in India on 4 July 2025. The film released on SunNXT from 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dheeran-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4njk1 |title=Dheeran (12A) |access-date=9 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

[[Onmanorama]] called it "an adventurous journey filled with fun, thrills and a few bumps".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/07/04/dheeran-movie-review.html |title=Dheeran review: An adventurous journey filled with fun, thrills and a few bumps |access-date=9 July 2025 }}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' felt the film "teleports us back to the 80s—for all the wrong reasons", noting underwhelming performances and outdated execution.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/dheeran-movie-review-9348764/ |title=Dheeran movie review |access-date=9 July 2025 }}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said, "a charming cast and quirky village humour lift this uneven comedy".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/jul/04/dheeran-movie-review-veteran-ensemble-keeps-this-bumpy-ride-on-course-938274.html |title=Dheeran Movie Review: Veteran ensemble keeps this bumpy ride on course |access-date=9 July 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|29997427}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language action comedy films]]

Crown of Bahadur Shah II

2026-03-26T18:59:29Z

Nayem: improved article

#REDIRECT [[Crown of Bahadur Shah Zafar]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Panhauna

2026-03-26T15:57:41Z

Nayem: Created A Entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panhauna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Singhpur block map (Rae Bareli).png
| map_caption = Map showing Panhauna (#028) in Singhpur CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.486546|N|81.457966|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.907
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7075
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 229308<ref name="Census 2011" />
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panhauna''' is a village in [[Singhpur, Raebareli|Singhpur]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=125–41 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population is 7,075, in 1,307 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011" />

== History ==
Panhauna was historically the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a branch of the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=80–1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> This family belonged to the Gaumaha or Gandeo subdivision of the broader Kath Bais tribe and supposedly came to the area from Gahu Munj near [[Delhi]] sometime around the year 1300.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Under their leader, Banar Sah, they conquered the [[Bhar]]s and [[Dhobi]]s in the area.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Banar Sah had 6 sons who divided the original lands between them, and the Panhauna taluqdars were descended from the eldest, Raja Rawat.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Panhauna as comprising 20 hamlets, with a total population of 2,587 people (1,303 male and 1,284 female), in 599 households and 585 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xx-xxi of section "Maharajganj Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,269 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Panhauna as having a population of 3,727 people, in 786 households, and having an area of 910.54 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=48–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods are wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jayant Parikh

2026-03-26T09:30:37Z

Nayem: Started Initial Pg V1

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayant Parikh
| image =Jayant Parikh.png
| caption = Jayant Parikh in 2018
|spouse = Vidya Parikh <ref>{{cite web |title=The name of Jayant Parikh's wife is published in the Gujarati Language News Paper. |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-VAD-HMU-golden-jubilee-couple-parikh-jayant-bhai-and-vidhya-in-vadodara-latest-news-5008786-NOR.html |website=Divya Bhaskar Gujarati News}}</ref>
| native_name =જયંત પરીખ
| native_name_lang = guj
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1940|4|2}}
| birth_place = Bandhni, Gujarat, India
| known_for = [[Painting]], [[printmaker]], [[mural]]ist
| movement = [[Baroda Group]]<ref>{{cite web |title=His name is listed as Baroda Group of Artists' fifth annual exhibition of paintings by |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-1961-1962/object/notes-regarding-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-28711 |publisher=[[Asia Art Archive]]}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.jayantparikh.com/|JayantParikh.com}}
| signature = [[File:Jayant Parikh Signature.png|150px|center|Jayant Parikh's signature with year signed.]]
| signature_alt = Jayant Parikh's signature with year signed.
}}

'''Jayant Parikh''' (born 2 April 1940) is an Indian modern contemporary artist, [[printmaker]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahapedia mention Jayant's name as printmaking artist of Baroda. |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-art-of-etching-printmaking |publisher=[[Sahapedia]]}}</ref> and [[muralist]]. He is a student of [[N. S. Bendre]], [[K. G. Subramanyan]] and [[Sankho Chaudhuri]]. He lives and works in [[Vadodara]], India.

== Biography ==
[[File:Jayant_Parikh_Collagraphy_Graphic.png|260px|thumb|right|Collagraphy print subject SpaceCraft presented in a most simple way using the natural texture of wood.]]
[[File:Jayant_Parikh_Ceramic_Mural.png|260px|thumb|right|Ceramic mural on a wall with subject kites, using hard material such as ceramic tiles he created rhythm flow in subject and material.]]

Jayant Parikh was born on 2 April 1940 into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] family in Bandhni village, [[Gujarat]] State, India. His family had a grocery shop in his village. He shifted to Vadodara in 1957 to study art at the [[University of Baroda Faculty of Fine Arts|Faculty of Fine Arts]], [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]], [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant's name and photo displayed as fine art student of MSU by Vandana Kalra in |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/where-the-light-gets-in-2/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1962, he acquired his Post Diploma in Painting under the teaching of [[N. S. Bendre]]. As an extra subject, he studied woodcut in graphics. Later on, he also learned etching and colorography.

He was a temporary lecturer in the faculty of fine arts M.S. University in 1970 for the painting department and in 1980 for the graphics department for one year short duration each time. He also had more than 74 one-man shows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh's 74th Solo Exhibition News on VNM TV dated 16-11-2014 | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3g8MJagG1zg |language=en}}</ref>

=== Works ===
His work has sold at auction houses such as [[Christie's]],<ref name=christies>{{cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/prints-multiples/jyoti-bhatt-jeram-patel-k-5823278-details.aspx?from=salesummery&intobjectid=5823278&sid=f7e2388b-865f-4448-a1df-c5003dedf735|title=Jayant's serigraphs on paper at Christie, New York}}</ref> [[Sotheby's]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh's painting at Sotheby, New York |url=https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/jayant-parikh-51-c-qb9w92h4a1# |website=invaluable.com |language=en}}</ref> and Dominic Winter Auctioneers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/jammdesign/docs/35._dominic_winter_-_fine_art/150|title=Jayant's painting at Dominic Winter Auctioneers, United Kingdom}}</ref> At [[Christie's]] his artwork sold at 5,250 [[United States dollar|USD]]<ref name=christies /> along with [[Bhupen Khakhar]], [[Nasreen Mohamedi]], [[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]], [[K. G. Subramanyan]], [[Jyoti Bhatt]], etc.

At Osian's auction house, his painting price was proposed from 13,335 [[United States dollar|USD]] to 16,950 [[United States dollar|USD]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Osian's Auction Catalogue ABC Series III {{!}} March 2007 |url=http://assets.osianama.com/ecatalogue/2007-03-29-The-ABC-Series-III/54/ |website=assets.osianama.com}}</ref>

=== Artist style and influence ===
Parikh started his work initially as abstract: he practised [[Cubism]] for one year. For this short duration of time, he was influenced by the art of [[Pablo Picasso]]. Later, after 1970, he created his own style of painting, calling it Rhythm. Since his beginnings, his favourite subject remains Indian monuments and archaeological sites. He has always painted his art either on-site of his reference monument, or he paints a sketch and from that reference, he paints in his studio. Since 1970 he found the fourth dimension in his artwork which is motion, which he calls Rhythm. His art is influenced by nature, and he feels that he paints that rhythm in his painting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat Samachar a leading Gujarati newspaper talks about rhythm in Jayant's painting. |url=http://gujaratsamacharepaper.com/nd/gsnews2.php?pageid=GUJARAT_RAV_20190602_11 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Collection ==
His works are held in the collections of the following:
* Chester and Davida Herwitz collection, famously known as the Herwitz collection,<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial number 51 shows Jayant's painting. |url=https://www.invaluable.com/catalog/e0a8ysz4m4 |website=invaluable.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chemould Prescott Road|Chemould Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Collection at Chemould. |url=https://auctionet.com/en/257700-a-collection-of-paintings-2-pcs#:~:text=Jayant%20Parikh |website=Auctionet |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Taj Hotels]] (including in the TATA Presidential Suite at The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai)<ref>{{cite web |title=Collection at Taj Hotels |url=https://www.mctears.co.uk/auction/lot/99-jayant-parikh-indian-b-1940/?lot=287041&sd=1 |website=www.mctears.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ghalib Academy, New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A historic collection of Indian and Pakistani art at Ghalib Academy. |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1018752/a-historic-collection-of-indian-and-pakistani-art-is-gathering-dust-in-delhi |website=Scroll.in |language=en |date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (in New Delhi,<ref>{{cite web |title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi |url=http://www.museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/ngma_del-ngma-02228-1100}}</ref> Mumbai<ref>{{cite web |title=National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai |url=http://www.museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/ngma_mum-acc-no-0063-41}}</ref> and Bangaluru);<ref>{{cite web |title=National Gallery of Modern Art, Bengaluru |url=http://www.museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/ngma_blr-acc-no-13275-194}}</ref>
* [[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], Mumbai;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jnaf.org/artist/jayant-parikh/|title=Jayant's dedicated page on JNAF.org}}</ref>
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flower vase oil painting on canvas in third row fourth image at Lalit Kala Akademi's website. |url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/gallery.php?id=345 |website=lalitkala.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Air India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India Collections |url=https://www.airindiacollector.com/uploads/8/1/0/8/81084928/211125001__181_.pdf#page=18&search=%22Jayant%20Parikh%22}}</ref>
* Feoil Fine Art, [[United States|USA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Feoli Fine Art - Jayant Parikh - The Game |url=https://www.feolifineart.net/imgdetail.php?id=1483 |website=www.feolifineart.net}}</ref>
* [[Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art]], [[Kansas State University]], [[United States|USA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh's work at Beach Museum of Art |url=https://beach.emuseum.com/people/1282/jayant-parikh/objects |website=beach.emuseum.com}}</ref>
* [[Prafulla Dahanukar]] Art Foundation (PDAF)<ref>{{cite web |title=PDAF Collection |url=https://www.gallery7.com/event/pdf/52_Prafulla%20Dahanukar%20A%20Retrospective%20&%20PDAF%20Catalogue.pdf#page=44&search=%22Jayant%20Parikh%22}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* 1959 Bronze medal at [[Bombay Art Society]]<ref name=BombayArt>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of Bronze medal at Bombay Art Society in the year 1959 and 1961 |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards3.html#BombayArt |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1960 Kalidas Exhibition Award<ref name=Kalidas>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of 6 Kalidas Exbhibition Awards |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards7.html#Kalidas |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1960 All India Khadi Certificate of merits<ref name=OtherAward>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of 7 Other Awards |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards8.html#Other |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1960 Award by Jammu and Kashmir<ref name=OtherAward />
* 1961 The Governor of Maharashtra's prize [[Bombay Art Society]]<ref name=BombayArt />
* 1961 Kalidas Exhibition Award<ref name=Kalidas />
* 1961 Award by All India Radio<ref name=OtherAward />
* 1961 Gold medal at Indore<ref name=OtherAward />
* 1962 Gujarat Lalit Kala Award<ref name=LalitKala>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of 7 Gujarat Lalit Kala Awards |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards5.html#LalitKala |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1962 Diploma of Merit at first international art exhibition in [[Saigon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of SAIGON Award |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards2.html#Saigon |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1962 Hydrabad Art Society Award<ref name=HydrabadArt>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of 3 Hydrabad Art Society Awards |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards6.html#HydrabadArt |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1963 Gujarat Lalit Kala Award<ref name=LalitKala />
* 1963 Hydrabad Art Society Award<ref name=HydrabadArt />
* 1963 Kalidas Exhibition Award<ref name=Kalidas />
* 1963 Government of India scholarship from 1963 to 1965<ref name=OtherAward />
* 1964 Kalidas Exhibition Award<ref name=Kalidas />
* 1965 Gujarat Lalit Kala Award<ref name=LalitKala />
* 1965 Gold medal at International book and art exhibition [[Leipzig]] [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of gold medal at Germany |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards1.html#Germany |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref><ref name=YesPlus>{{cite web |title=Yes Plus Gang of The Art of Living also describe this award in their news.|url=https://yesplusgang.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/ashram-rainbow-a-journey-from-heart-to-art/ }}</ref>
* 1965 Hydrabad Art Society Award<ref name=HydrabadArt />
* 1965 Kalidas Exhibition Award<ref name=Kalidas />
* 1966 Kalidas Exhibition Award<ref name=Kalidas />
* 1969 Two Awards by Railway<ref name=OtherAward />
* 1970 Gujarat Lalit Kala Award<ref name=LalitKala />
* 1970 National award for painting [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], [[New Delhi]]<ref name=NationalAward>{{cite web |title=Paper copy of National Award in year 1970 and 1980 |url=http://www.jayantparikh.com/Awards.html#National |website=www.jayantparikh.com}}</ref><ref name=YesPlus />
* 1971 Gujarat Lalit Kala Award<ref name=LalitKala />
* 1974 Gujarat Lalit Kala Award<ref name=LalitKala />
* 1979 Gujarat Lalit Kala Award<ref name=LalitKala />
* 1980 National award for graphic Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi <ref name=NationalAward /><ref name=YesPlus />
* 2008 Gujarat Gaurav Puraskar<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Gujarat Lalit Kala Academy's website, Jitendra Thakar published his PDF file for the introduction of all artists who won Gujarat Gaurav Purashkar from the year 2000 to 2011. On page 17 he mentions Jayant Parikh's name as the 2005–06 winner. |url=https://lalitkalaacademy.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/gujarat-gaurav.pdf |website=lalitkalaacademy.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref> by Gujarat State Lalit Kala Academi
* 2017 [[Raja Ravi Varma]] Award by Megh Mandal Sansthan, Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=VNM TV shared Jayant's video interview on occasion of getting Raja Ravi Verma award |url=http://www.vnmtv.in/artist-jayant-parikh-awarded-rajaram-ravi-verma-award-13-05-17/ |publisher=VNM TV |date=13 May 2017}}</ref>
* 2022 The [[Raja Ravi Varma]] Award for Excellence in the Field of Visual Arts by the Maharaja Ranjitsinh Gaekwad Charities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Times of India TNN News on March 04, 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gaekwads-two-day-arts-festival-in-ranjitsinhs-memory/articleshow/89980356.cms#:~:text=During%20the%20festival%2C%20the%20Raja%20Ravi%20Varma%20Award%20for%20Excellence%20in%20the%20Field%20of%20Visual%20Arts%20will%20be%20presented%20to%20veteran%20artist%20Jayant%20Parikh%20and%20posthumously%20to%20artists%20late%20Jyotsna%20Bhatt%20and%20late%20Rini%20Dhumal%20by%20the%20Maharaja%20Ranjitsinh%20Gaekwad%20Charities. |work=The Times of India |date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
Jayant Parikh has participated in numerous biennales, triennials, group exhibits, and solo art exhibitions around the world.

===Biennales===
* 1965 - IV [[Biennale de Paris]], [[Paris]] [[France]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh at Biennale de Paris |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/jayant-parikh/247560#:~:text=Biennale%20de%20Paris |website=ArtFacts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh {{!}} Artist |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/jayant-parikh/247560/exhibitions |website=ArtFacts}}</ref>

===Triennials===
* 1975 - Third Triennale-India – [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Archive |first1=Asia Art |title=Third Triennale-India |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/event-database/third-triennale-india/search/keywords:jayant-parikh#:~:text=Jayant%20PARIKH,-%2C%C2%A0 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>

===Art Fair===
* 2008 - India Art Summit 2008: India's Modern & Contemporary Art Fair<ref>{{cite web |last1=Archive |first1=Asia Art |title=India Art Summit 2008: India's Modern & Contemporary Art Fair |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/event-database/india-art-summit-2008-indias-modern-contemporary-art-fair/search/keywords:jayant-parikh#:~:text=Jayant%20PARIKH,-%2C%C2%A0 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>
* 2012 - Mumbai Art Fair Nehru Centre [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai - India Art Festival |url=https://indiaartfestival.com/mumbai-exhibitors.html#:~:text=Exhibitors%202012 |date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

===Group shows===
* 1961 - Baroda Group of Artists: Fifth Annual Exhibition of Paintings was held at Roopa Gallery, [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]], [[Mumbai]], from 25 to 31 January 1961.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Archive |first1=Asia Art |title=Notes Regarding Baroda Group of Artists: Fifth Annual Exhibition of Paintings |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-1961-1962/object/notes-regarding-baroda-group-of-artists-fifth-annual-exhibition-of-paintings-28711#:~:text=Jayant%20Parikh |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>
* 2009 - 22 September 2009—San Qi, at the Four Seasons Hotel, Worli Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/san-qi-to-host-live-demonstration-by-artist/story-ch3IzxXTwfBKSzIpPFLtfI.html#:~:text=Jayant,-Parikh}}</ref>
* 2016 - Aura art show timeless masterpieces at 23 to 30 November 2016 at [[Hutheesing]], Visual Art Centre, [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aura Art Show 2016 |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/auraartemails/Events/AhmedabadShow2016/eCatalogue/index.html#jp:~:text=x%2024%20inches-,Jayant%20Parikh,-b%201940%C2%A0%20%C2%A0%20Post |website=storage.googleapis.com}}</ref>
* 2017 - DAG Curated by Paula Sengupta at [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]] from 8 Aug to 6 Oct 2017 at [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Printed Picture Four Centuries of Indian Print-Making |url=https://dagworld.com/the-printed-picture-four-centuries-of-indian-print-making-collab.html |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 2017 - [[University of Baroda Faculty of Fine Arts|Faculty of Fine Arts]], [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]], [[Vadodara]], on 18 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandra |first1=Kavita Kanan |title=Celebrating the baroda biggies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2017/Apr/29/celebrating-the-baroda-biggies-1598486.html#:~:text=Jayant%20Parikh%E2%80%99s%20painting |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=29 April 2017}}</ref>

===Solo exhibitions===
Jayant Parikh had 87 solo exhibitions till February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ref. in Gujarati News Paper |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/vadodara/news/84-year-old-jayant-parikhs-87th-solo-exhibition-80-artworks-to-be-presented-from-today-132557785.html |website=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu |date=8 February 2024}}</ref>
* 1966 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - 1 March to 7 March 1966.<ref name="MediaPage3">{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh - News Media |url=http://jayantparikh.com/Media2.html#MediaPg3 |website=jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1967 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - 21 November to 27 November.<ref name="MediaPage2">{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh - News Media |url=http://jayantparikh.com/Media1.html#MediaPg2 |website=jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1969 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - 1 to 7 April 1969.<ref name=MediaPage3 />
* 1969 - Pundol Art Gallery Mumbai - 8 December to 18 December 1969.<ref name="MediaPage5">{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh - News Media |url=http://jayantparikh.com/Media4.html#MediaPg5 |website=jayantparikh.com}}</ref>
* 1972 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - 3ed October to 9 October.<ref name=MediaPage2 />
* 1975 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - 25 November to 1 December.<ref name=MediaPage3 />
* 1977 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - December 1977.<ref name=MediaPage3 />
* 1979 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - November 1979.<ref name=MediaPage3 />
* 1980 - Contemporary Art Gallery Ahmedabad - 20 April to 25 April 1980.<ref name=MediaPage3 />
* 1982 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - March 1983.<ref name=MediaPage3 />
* 1990 - Taj Art Gallery, Taj Mahal Palace Hotel Mumbai - 27 February to 5 March.<ref name=MediaPage3 />
* 2003 - Exhibition of paintings on Goa by Jayant Parikh, Jehangir Art Gallery, till 23 April.<ref>{{cite web |title=At Jehangir Art Gallery |url=https://cybernoon.com/features/showbuzz/timeout.htm#:~:text=Jayant,-Parikh |website=cybernoon.com}}</ref>
* 2007 - Sarjan Art Gallery Vadodara - Voyage Into Historic Past.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collection/event-database/jayant-parikh-voyage-into-historic-past/search/actors-id:28009/page/1/view_as/grid|title=Participated in Third Triennale-India}}</ref>
* 2024 - Sarjan Art Gallery Vadodara. - 8 Feb 2024 – 24 Feb 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh: Taking the Line for a Walk {{!}} Exhibition |url=https://artfacts.net/exhibition/jayant-parikh:-taking-the-line-for-a-walk/1174039 |website=ArtFacts}}</ref>

== Fellowship ==
* 2005 - Government senior fellowship by government of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh Fellowship |url=https://artfacts.net/exhibition/jayant-parikh:-taking-the-line-for-a-walk/1174039#:~:text=fellowship%20from%20the%20Government%20of%20India |website=ArtFacts}}</ref>

== Publication ==
* Print-making in India Today 1985 by [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Published by Jehangir Art Gallery |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/event-database/print-making-in-india-today-1985/search/keywords:jayant-parikh#:~:text=Jayant%20PARIKH |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>
* Contemporary Graphics in India by Author [[Ratan Parimoo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Published by Ratan Parimoo |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/ratan-parimoo-archive-magazines-and-journals/object/contemporary-graphics-in-india#:~:text=Jayant%20PARIKH |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref>
* Graphic art in India since 1850 by [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Published by Lalit Kala Akademi |url=https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/digital_collection/windows/india.intern/20160919_141744_0.pdf#page=31&search=%22Jayant%20Parikh%22}}</ref>
* Printmaking History, A Survey Techniques and Artists by Kaumudi Prajapati.<ref>{{cite web |title=Published by Kaumudi Prajapati |url=https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/288083#page=4&search=%22Jayant%20Parikh%22}}</ref>
* Trends and Transitions in Indian Art, [[Marg (magazine)]], Special Edition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marg Magazine |url=https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/jb-feat1984-marg.pdf#page=7&search=%22ayant%20Parikh%22}}</ref>

== Artist Camp ==
Jayant Parikh had participated All India Artist camp at madras from 24-03-1980 to 31-03-1980 organized by [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=News Media |url=http://jayantparikh.com/Media2.html#MediaPg3 |website=jayantparikh.com}}</ref>

== Workshop ==
* A six-day workshop will be held under the guidance of eminent artist printmaker Jayant Parikh at the Department of Graphic Arts of The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]], Faculty of Fine Arts on 24 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Six Days Workshop |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/graphic-arts-students-to-learn-art-of-collography/articleshow/65926502.cms#:~:text=Jayant%20Parikh |website=The Times of India |date=24 September 2018}}</ref>
* Jayant Parikh participated as a coordinator in the workshop of collagraphy at the National Printmaking and Painting Workshop, State University of Performing Art, The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] of Baroda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Workshop at MSU |url=https://ccc.msubaroda.ac.in/annualrep/TeacherBio_Enc.aspx?name=darji.sunil-ga@msubaroda.ac.in#:~:text=Jayant%20Parikh}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Baroda Group]]
* [[List of printmakers]]
* [[List of Indian artists]]
* [[List of Indian painters]]
* [[List of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda people]]
* {{Portal-inline|Biography}}
* {{Portal-inline|India}}
* {{Portal-inline|Art}}
* {{Portal-inline|Visual Arts}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.jayantparikh.com/ Jayant Parikh's website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parikh, Jayant}}
[[Category:Indian printmakers]]
[[Category:Indian muralists]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Painters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Maladkal

2026-03-22T19:42:07Z

Nayem: put up a article...

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maladkal
| official_name = Maladkal
| other_name = [[Maladakal]], Mandkal
| settlement_type = village
| anthem = [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]], [[Jana Gana Mana]]
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India#Asia
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| pushpin_map_caption = Maladkal pointed on Karnataka map
| pushpin_label = Maladkal
| coordinates = {{coord|16|16|45.12|N|77|6|13.62|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]]
| seat = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| elevation_max_point = Paramananda hill
| elevation_max_m = 450
| population_total = 2819
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| population_demonym = [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 584113
| area_code = 08532
| geocode = 16.27665113566765, 77.10435483175563
| registration_plate = KA 36
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Kannada|kn]]
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|kn|ಕನ್ನಡ}}
| area_total_ha = 2777.802
| area_total_acre = 6864.071
}}
[[File:Maladakal boundary.png|thumb|Maladkal boundary mapped by KGIS]]
'''Maladkal''' is a village in [[Karnataka]] state. It comes under [[Raichur district|Raichur]] [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]], [[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]] [[Taluks of Raichur district|Taluk]] and [[Gabbur]] [[hobli]]. Maladkal lies in northern part of Karnataka ([[Kalaburagi division|Kalyana Karnataka Division]]). Maladkal shares its boundary with Gabbur, Ramadurga, Jagatakal, N Ganekal, Maseedpur and Atnur (Manvi taluk).<ref>{{cite web |title=map of maladkal |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@16.2783217,77.1029345,1725m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en-US |website=google maps |publisher=google LLC}}</ref> Maladakal is one of the [[Gram Panchayat]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat of Maladkal |url=https://panchatantra.kar.nic.in/panchamitra/MainMenu.aspx?gp=1523001028&gpname=%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C |website=panchatantra.kar.nic.in}}</ref> in Raichur District.

The village majorly consists of hardworking farmers as most families are agriculture oriented <ref>{{cite web |title=Raichur District agriculture profile |url=http://e-krishiuasb.karnataka.gov.in/ItemDetails.aspx?DepID=14&cropID=0&SubDepID=6 |website=e-krishiuasb.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref> and others hold their personal businesses. Crops produced in this village are [[cotton]], [[Chili pepper|chilli]] and [[rice]] but, some people also grow vegetables for their livelihood. Maladkal is a self sustained village as most of villages in India, the villagers are mostly interdependent for their livelihood.<ref>{{cite book |title=Agro-climatic zones of Raichur |page=38 |url=https://pmksy.gov.in/mis/Uploads/2016/20161220035029066-1.pdf}}</ref>

After, the completion of [[Basava Sagara]] dam (Narayanpura dam) irrigation project the villagers also switched to irrigation farming from [[dryland farming]]. Before [[irrigation]] farmers used to grow [[sorghum|jowar]], wheat, [[millet]], sunflower and other dryland crops.<ref>{{cite web |title=weather |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/maladkal/2846438/current-weather/2846438 |website=accuweather.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECQ3AAAAIAAJ&dq=maladkal&pg=RA2-PA97|last1=Lok Sabha |first1=India. Parliament |year=1989 }}</ref>

==History==
As the village lies in part of [[Raichur Doab]] has diverse history and culture. The village is considered to be a [[Neolithic]] site as some of rock arts were found on the hill. This indicates strong cultural influences to pre-modern era.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R |first1=Arjun |title=Situating Maladkal within the Rock Bruisings of Neolithic Residual hill Settlements of Raichur Doab, Karnataka |journal=ResearchGate |date=2016 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308693996}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of 2011 census Maladkal had a population of 2819 among which 1375 were male and 1444 female.<ref>{{cite web |title=population of Maladkal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |website=census.gov.in |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> 2001 census indicates total population of 2330 among which 1160 were male and 1172 female.<ref>{{cite web |title=population of Maladkal 2001 census |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/20554/download/23686/PC01_FPT_29_06.xls |website=census.gov.in}}</ref>

==Transport==
The village connects to state highway (SH15) from a well maintained road constructed under Gram Sadak Yojana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana |url=http://omms.nic.in/ |website=omms.nic.in}}</ref> There are two buses provided by [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (previously known as KSRTC) a government run road transport. The two buses connect to Raichur(District) and Devadurga(Tehsil). Nearby Railway station is [[Raichur railway station]] which can be reached by bus.

===Bus Route===
By road Raichur District is about 40km. There are total of four stops on the way (Maladkal-Gabbur-Sulthanpur-Murhanpur-[[Kalmala]]-Raichur). Tahsil Devadurga is about 30km.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maladkal bus stop |url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Gabbur%20Bus%20Stand-%20Time%20Table/en |website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Devadurga, India]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]
* [[Gabbur]]
* [[List of taluks of Karnataka]]
* [[Raichur district]]
* [[Shivaraj Patil]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{ci|date=December 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maladkal}}
[[Category:Villages in Raichur district]]

Amphibian

2026-03-22T02:16:03Z

Nayem: small changes

{{Short description|Class of ectothermic tetrapods}}
{{Redirect|Amphibia||Amphibia (disambiguation)|and|Amphibian (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Amphibians
| fossil_range = [[Early Carboniferous]] ([[Visean]])-Present {{fossil range|330|0}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marjanović|first1=D.|year=2021|title=The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=12|article-number=521693|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.521693|doi-access=free |pmid=34054911 |pmc=8149952 }}</ref><ref>Werneburg, R. Witzmann, F. & Schneider, J.W. (2019) [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12542-018-00442-x.pdf The oldest known tetrapod (Temnospondyli) from Germany (Early Carboniferous, Viséan)]. ''PalZ'' (2019) 93:679–690 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-018-00442-x</ref>
| image = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 2/2
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Litoria phyllochroa.JPG
| caption1 = [[Leaf green tree frog]]
| image2 = Buettneria AMNH.jpg
| caption2 = ''[[Anaschisma]]''
| image3 = Notophthalmus viridescensPCCA20040816-3983A.jpg
| caption3 = [[Eastern newt]]
| image4 = Dermophis mexicanus.jpg
| caption4 = [[Mexican burrowing caecilian]]
| border = infobox
}}
| taxon = Amphibia
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]] 1825<ref name=BlackburnWake/>
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses
| subdivision = (partial list)
* {{extinct}}[[Lepospondyli]]
* {{extinct}}[[Temnospondyli]]
* [[Lissamphibia]] (modern amphibians)
** [[frog|Anura]] (frogs)
** [[Caudata]] ([[salamander]]s)
** [[Gymnophiona]] (caecilians)
** {{extinct}}[[Albanerpetontidae]]
}}
[[File:Biofluorescence in Ceratophrys cranwelli - 41598 2020 59528 Fig2-bottom (cropped).png|thumb|250px|Many amphibians—like this ''[[Ceratophrys cranwelli]]''—exhibit [[biofluorescence]].<ref name=LambDavis2020>{{Cite Q|Q89930490|author1-first=Jennifer Y.|author1-last=Lamb|author2-first=Matthew P.|author2-last=Davis}}</ref>]]

'''Amphibians''' are [[ectotherm]]ic, [[anamniote|anamniotic]], [[tetrapod|four-limbed]] [[vertebrate]] [[animal]]s that constitute the [[class (biology)|class]] '''Amphibia'''. In its broadest sense, it is a [[paraphyletic]] group encompassing all [[Tetrapod|tetrapods]], but excluding the [[amniote]]s (tetrapods with an [[amniotic membrane]], such as modern [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s). All [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) amphibians belong to the [[monophyletic]] [[subclass (biology)|subclass]] [[Lissamphibia]], with three living [[order (biology)|order]]s: Anura ([[frog]]s and [[toad]]s), Urodela ([[salamander]]s), and Gymnophiona ([[caecilian]]s). Evolved to be mostly [[semiaquatic]], amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of [[habitat]]s, with most species living in [[freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]], [[wetland]] or [[terrestrial ecosystem]]s (such as [[riparian woodland]], [[fossorial]] and even [[arboreal]] habitats). Their [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] typically starts out as [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[larva]]e with [[gill]]s known as [[tadpole]]s, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this.

Young amphibians generally undergo [[metamorphosis]] from an aquatic larval form with gills to an air-breathing adult form with [[lung]]s. Amphibians [[cutaneous respiration|use their skin]] as a secondary respiratory interface, and some small terrestrial [[salamander]]s and frogs even lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to [[reptile]]s like [[lizard]]s, but unlike reptiles and other [[amniote]]s, require access to water bodies to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often [[ecological indicator]]s to habitat conditions; in recent decades there has been a dramatic [[decline in amphibian populations]] for many species around the globe.

The earliest amphibians [[evolution of tetrapods|evolved]] in the [[Devonian]] period from [[tetrapodomorph]] [[sarcopterygian]]s ([[lobe-finned fish]] with [[joint|articulate]]d [[limb (anatomy)|limb]]-like [[fish fin|fin]]s) that evolved primitive lungs, which were helpful in adapting to dry land. They diversified and became ecologically dominant during the [[Carboniferous]] and [[Permian]] periods, but were later displaced in terrestrial environments by early reptiles and [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[synapsid]]s (predecessors of mammals). The origin of modern lissamphibians, which first appeared during the Early Triassic, around 250 million years ago, has long been contentious. The most popular hypothesis is that they likely originated from [[temnospondyls]], the most diverse group of prehistoric amphibians, during the Permian period.<ref name="Atkins-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Atkins |first1=Jade B. |last2=Reisz |first2=Robert R. |last3=Maddin |first3=Hillary C. |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Braincase simplification and the origin of lissamphibians |journal=PLOS ONE|language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e0213694 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0213694 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6430379 |pmid=30901341 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1413694A |quote=...there has been a growing consensus that lissamphibians are a monophyletic assemblage derived from within Temnospondyli, and more specifically from within the amphibamid dissorophoids.|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another hypothesis is that they emerged from lepospondyls.<ref>Marjanović, D. & Laurin, M. (2019) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30631641/ Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix]. ''PeerJ'':6:e5565. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5565. eCollection 2019.</ref> A fourth group of lissamphibians, the [[Albanerpetontidae]], became extinct around 2 million years ago.

The number of known amphibian species is approximately 8,000, of which nearly 90% are frogs. The smallest amphibian (and vertebrate) in the world is a frog from [[New Guinea]] (''[[Paedophryne amauensis]]'') with a length of just {{cvt|7.7|mm}}. The largest living amphibian is the {{cvt|1.8|m}} [[South China giant salamander]] (''Andrias sligoi''), but this is dwarfed by prehistoric temnospondyls such as ''[[Mastodonsaurus]]'' which could reach up to {{cvt|6|m}} in length.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Back to school: temno superlatives |url=http://bryangee.weebly.com/2/post/2019/09/back-to-school-temno-superlatives.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Bryan Gee, PhD |language=en}}</ref> The study of amphibians is called [[batrachology]], while the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called [[herpetology]].

== Classification ==
{{See also|List of amphibians}}
[[File:Paratype of Paedophryne amauensis (LSUMZ 95004).png|thumb|alt=World's smallest vertebrate|The world's smallest known vertebrate, ''[[Paedophryne amauensis]]'', sitting on a [[Dime (United States coin)|U.S. dime]]. The dime is 17.9 mm in diameter, for scale]]

The word ''amphibian'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] term {{lang|grc|ἀμφίβιος}} ({{transliteration|grc|amphíbios}}), which means 'both kinds of life', {{lang|grc|ἀμφί}} meaning 'of both kinds' and {{lang|grc|βίος}} meaning 'life'. The term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language |last=Skeat |first=Walter W. |year=1897 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=39 }}</ref> Traditionally, the class Amphibia includes all tetrapod vertebrates that are not amniotes. Amphibia in its widest sense ({{lang|la|[[sensu lato]]|nocat=y}}) was divided into three [[Class (biology)|subclasses]], two of which are extinct:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baird, Donald |date=May 1965 |title=Paleozoic lepospondyl amphibians |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=287–294 |doi=10.1093/icb/5.2.287 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

*Subclass [[Lepospondyli]]† (A potentially polyphyletic Late Paleozoic group of small forms, likely more closely related to amniotes than Lissamphibia)
* Subclass [[Temnospondyli]]† (diverse Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic grade, some of which were large predators)
* Subclass [[Lissamphibia]] (all modern amphibians, including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians)
** Salientia (frogs, [[toad]]s and relatives): Early Triassic to present—7,360 current species in 53 families.<ref name="Calif">{{cite web |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/speciesnums.html |title=Species by number |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=2021-01-11 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112181312/https://amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/speciesnums.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern ([[crown group]]) salientians are described via the name Anura.
** Caudata ([[salamander]]s, [[newt]]s and relatives): Late Triassic to present—764 current species in 9 families.<ref name="Calif" /> Modern (crown group) caudatans are described via the name Urodela.
** Gymnophiona ([[caecilian]]s and relatives): Late Triassic to present—215 current species in 10 families.<ref name="Calif" /> The name Apoda is also sometimes used for caecilians.
**Allocaudata† ([[Albanerpetontidae]]) Middle Jurassic – Early Pleistocene

[[File:Triadobatrachus.jpg|thumb|alt=''Triadobatrachus massinoti''|''[[Triadobatrachus|Triadobatrachus massinoti]]'', a proto-frog from the Early Triassic of Madagascar]]
The actual number of species in each group depends on the taxonomic classification followed. The two most common systems are the classification adopted by the website AmphibiaWeb, [[University of California, Berkeley]], and the classification by [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Darrel Frost]] and the [[American Museum of Natural History]], available as the online reference database "Amphibian Species of the World".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ |title=American Museum of Natural History: Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |author=Frost, Darrel |year=2013 |publisher=The American Museum of Natural History |access-date=October 24, 2013 |archive-date=June 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614093350/http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The numbers of species cited above follows Frost and the total number of known (living) amphibian species as of 31 March 2019, is exactly 8,000,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org:8000/lists/index.shtml |title=Amphibiaweb |access-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-date=November 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125092833/http://amphibiaweb.org:8000/lists/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> of which nearly 90% are frogs.<ref name="species">{{cite journal|author=Crump, Martha L. |year=2009 |title=Amphibian diversity and life history |journal=Amphibian Ecology and Conservation. A Handbook of Techniques |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199541188.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-954118-8 |url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199541188_chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715022035/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199541188_chapter1.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2011 }}</ref>

With the [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] classification, the taxon [[Labyrinthodontia]] has been discarded as it is a [[Paraphyly|polyparaphyletic]] group without unique defining features apart from [[Cladistics#plesiomorphy|shared primitive characteristics]]. Classification varies according to the preferred phylogeny of the author and whether they use a [[Cladistics#Three definitions of clade|stem-based or a node-based]] classification. Traditionally, amphibians as a class are defined as all tetrapods with a larval stage, while the group that includes the common ancestors of all living amphibians (frogs, salamanders and caecilians) and all their descendants is called Lissamphibia. The phylogeny of Paleozoic amphibians is uncertain, and Lissamphibia may possibly fall within extinct groups, like the Temnospondyli (traditionally placed in the subclass Labyrinthodontia) or the Lepospondyli, and in some analyses even in the amniotes. This means that advocates of [[phylogenetic nomenclature]] have removed a large number of [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] Devonian and Carboniferous amphibian-type tetrapod groups that were formerly placed in Amphibia in [[Linnaean taxonomy]], and included them elsewhere under [[cladistic taxonomy]].<ref name=BlackburnWake>Blackburn, D.C. & Wake, D.B. (2011). "[http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p055.pdf Class Amphibia Gray, 1825]". {{doi|10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.8}}. [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518101023/http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p055.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2012. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) "Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classfication and survey of taxonomic richness". ''Zootaxa'', '''3148''' (1), 39–55.</ref> If the common ancestor of amphibians and amniotes is included in Amphibia, it becomes a paraphyletic group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibsy.html |title=Amphibia: Systematics |author1=Speer, B. W. |author2=Waggoner, Ben |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |access-date=December 13, 2012 |archive-date=March 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307052029/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibsy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

All modern amphibians are included in the subclass Lissamphibia, which is usually considered a [[clade]], a group of species that have evolved from a common ancestor. The three modern orders are Anura (the frogs), Caudata (or Urodela, the salamanders), and Gymnophiona (or Apoda, the caecilians).{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=3 }} It has been suggested that salamanders arose separately from a temnospondyl-like ancestor, and even that caecilians are the sister group of the advanced reptiliomorph amphibians, and thus of amniotes.<ref name="Anderson" /> Although the fossils of several older proto-frogs with primitive characteristics are known, the oldest "true frog", with hopping adaptations is ''[[Prosalirus bitis]]'', from the [[Early Jurassic]] [[Kayenta Formation]] of Arizona. It is anatomically very similar to modern frogs.<ref>{{cite book | title=Amphibian Biology: Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians | editor1-last=Heatwole | editor1-first=H. | editor2-last=Carroll | editor2-first=R. L. | year=2000 | volume=4 | publisher=Surrey Beatty & Sons | isbn=978-0-949324-87-0 | chapter=14. Mesozoic Amphibians | last1=Roček | first1=Z. | pages=1295–1331 | chapter-url=http://rocek.gli.cas.cz/Reprints/AmphBiol3.pdf | access-date=September 29, 2012 | archive-date=July 18, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718170206/http://rocek.gli.cas.cz/Reprints/AmphBiol3.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> The oldest known caecilians are ''[[Funcusvermis|Funcusvermis gilmorei]]'' (from the Late Triassic) and ''[[Eocaecilia micropodia]]'' (from the Early Jurassic), both from Arizona.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jenkins, Farish A. Jr. |author2=Walsh, Denis M. |author3=Carroll, Robert L. |year=2007 |title=Anatomy of ''Eocaecilia micropodia'', a limbed caecilian of the Early Jurassic |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=285–365 |doi=10.3099/0027-4100(2007)158[285:AOEMAL]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86379456 }}</ref> The earliest salamander is ''[[Beiyanerpeton jianpingensis]]'' from the [[Late Jurassic]] of northeastern China.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gaoa, Ke-Qin |author2=Shubin, Neil H. |year=2012 |title=Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 |issue=15 |pages=5767–5772 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1009828109 |pmid=22411790 |pmc=3326464 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109.5767G |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Authorities disagree as to whether Salientia is a superorder that includes the order Anura, or whether Anura is a sub-order of the order Salientia. The Lissamphibia are traditionally divided into three [[Order (biology)|orders]], but an extinct salamander-like family, the Albanerpetontidae, is now considered part of Lissamphibia alongside the superorder Salientia. Furthermore, Salientia includes all three recent orders plus the Triassic proto-frog, ''[[Triadobatrachus]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Salientia/14938 |title=Salientia |author=Cannatella, David |year=2008 |work=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=August 31, 2012 |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422190759/http://tolweb.org/Salientia/14938 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Evolutionary history ==
{{Main|Evolution of tetrapods}}
{{See also|List of prehistoric amphibian genera}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| width = 220
| image1 = Eusthenopteron BW.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Restoration of ''[[Eusthenopteron]]'', a fully aquatic lobe-finned fish
| image2 = Tiktaalik BW.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Restoration of ''[[Tiktaalik]]'', an advanced tetrapodomorph fish
}}

The first major groups of amphibians developed in the [[Devonian]] period, around 370 million years ago, from [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned fish]] which were similar to the modern [[coelacanth]] and [[lungfish]].<ref name="evoamphib">{{cite web |url=http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/AnimalEvolution.shtml#evolutionofamphibian |title=Evolution of amphibians |publisher=University of Waikato: Plant and animal evolution |access-date=September 30, 2012 |archive-date=June 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627175302/http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/AnimalEvolution.shtml#evolutionofamphibian |url-status=live }}</ref> These ancient lobe-finned fish had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with digits that enabled them to crawl along the sea bottom. Some fish had developed primitive lungs that help them breathe air when the stagnant pools of the Devonian swamps were low in oxygen. They could also use their strong fins to hoist themselves out of the water and onto dry land if circumstances so required. Eventually, their bony fins would [[evolution|evolve]] into limbs and they would become the ancestors to all [[tetrapod]]s, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds, and [[mammal]]s. Despite being able to crawl on land, many of these prehistoric [[tetrapodomorph]] fish still spent most of their time in the water. They had started to develop lungs, but still breathed predominantly with gills.<ref name="Carroll">{{cite book |title=Patterns of Evolution, as Illustrated by the Fossil Record |last=Carroll |first=Robert L. |editor=Hallam, Anthony |editor-link=Anthony Hallam |year=1977 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-41142-6 |pages=405–420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7GjDIyyWegC&q=Amphibian+evolution&pg=PA405 |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414082736/https://books.google.com/books?id=q7GjDIyyWegC&q=Amphibian+evolution&pg=PA405 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many examples of species showing [[transitional fossil|transitional features]] have been discovered. ''[[Ichthyostega]]'' was one of the first primitive amphibians, with nostrils and more efficient lungs. It had four sturdy limbs, a neck, a tail with fins and a skull very similar to that of the lobe-finned fish, ''[[Eusthenopteron]]''.<ref name="evoamphib" /> Amphibians evolved adaptations that allowed them to stay out of the water for longer periods. Their lungs improved and their skeletons became heavier and stronger, better able to support the weight of their bodies on land. They developed "hands" and "feet" with five or more digits;<ref name="Ichthyostega" /> the skin became more capable of retaining body fluids and resisting desiccation.<ref name="Carroll" /> The fish's [[hyomandibula]] bone in the [[hyoid bone|hyoid]] region behind the gills diminished in size and became the [[stapes]] of the amphibian ear, an adaptation necessary for hearing on dry land.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lombard, R. E. |author2=Bolt, J. R. |year=1979 |title=Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=19–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00027.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230169547 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004050337/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230169547 |url-status=live }}</ref> An affinity between the amphibians and the [[teleost]] fish is the multi-folded structure of the teeth and the paired [[Occipital bone|supra-occipital bones]] at the back of the head, neither of these features being found elsewhere in the animal kingdom.<ref name="Spoczynska" />

[[File:Diplocaulus vale21DB.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=''Diplocaulus''|The Permian lepospondyl ''[[Diplocaulus]]'' was largely aquatic]]
At the end of the Devonian period (360 million years ago), the seas, rivers and lakes were teeming with life while the land was the realm of early plants and devoid of vertebrates,<ref name="Spoczynska"/> though some, such as ''Ichthyostega'', may have sometimes hauled themselves out of the water. It is thought they may have propelled themselves with their forelimbs, dragging their hindquarters in a similar manner to that used by the [[elephant seal]].<ref name="Ichthyostega">{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Ichthyostega |title=''Ichthyostega'' |author=Clack, Jennifer A. |year=2006 |work=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=September 29, 2012 |archive-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614075729/http://tolweb.org/Ichthyostega |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early [[Carboniferous]] (360 to 323 million years ago), the climate was relatively wet and warm. Extensive swamps developed with [[moss]]es, [[fern]]s, [[horsetail]]s and [[calamites]]. Air-breathing [[arthropod]]s evolved and invaded the land where they provided food for the [[Carnivore|carnivorous]] amphibians that began to adapt to the terrestrial environment. There were no other tetrapods on the land and the amphibians were at the top of the food chain, with some occupying ecological positions currently held by crocodiles. Though equipped with limbs and the ability to breathe air, most still had a long tapering body and strong tail.<ref name="Spoczynska">{{cite book |title=Fossils: A Study in Evolution |last=Spoczynska |first=J. O. I. |year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Muller Ltd |isbn=978-0-584-10093-8 |pages=120–125 }}</ref> Others were the top land predators, sometimes reaching several metres in length, preying on the large insects of the period and the many types of fish in the water. They still needed to return to water to lay their shell-less eggs, and even most modern amphibians have a fully aquatic larval stage with gills like their fish ancestors. It was the development of the [[amniote|amniotic]] egg, which prevents the developing embryo from drying out, that enabled the reptiles to reproduce on land and which led to their [[Dominance (ecology)|dominance]] in the period that followed.<ref name="evoamphib"/>

After the [[Carboniferous rainforest collapse]] amphibian dominance gave way to reptiles,<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal | author=Sahney, S. | author2=Benton, M.J. | author3=Ferry, P.A. | name-list-style=amp | year=2010 | title=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land | journal=Biology Letters | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 | volume=6 | pages=544–547 | issue=4 | pmid=20106856 | pmc=2936204 }}</ref> and amphibians were further devastated by the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]].<ref name="SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction">{{cite journal |author1=Sahney, S. |author2=Benton, M.J. | year=2008 | title=Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 | volume = 275 | pages = 759–65| pmid=18198148 | issue=1636 | pmc=2596898}}</ref> During the [[Triassic|Triassic Period]] (252 to 201 million years ago), the reptiles continued to out-compete the amphibians, leading to a reduction in both the amphibians' size and their importance in the [[biosphere]]. According to the fossil record, [[Lissamphibia]], which includes all modern amphibians and is the only surviving lineage, may have branched off from the extinct groups [[Temnospondyli]] and [[Lepospondyli]] at some period between the Late Carboniferous and the Early Triassic. The relative scarcity of fossil evidence precludes precise dating,<ref name="Carroll" /> but the most recent molecular study, based on [[multilocus sequence typing]], suggests a Late Carboniferous/[[Cisuralian|Early Permian]] origin for extant amphibians.<ref>{{cite journal|last=San Mauro|first=D.|year=2010|title=A multilocus timescale for the origin of extant amphibians|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=56|pages=554–561|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.019|pmid=20399871|issue=2|bibcode=2010MolPE..56..554S |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43182452|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091746/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43182452_A_multilocus_timescale_for_the_origin_of_extant_amphibians|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Eryops - National Museum of Natural History - IMG 1974.JPG|thumb|alt=''Eryops''|The temnospondyl ''[[Eryops]]'' had sturdy limbs to support its body on land]]
The origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians is a matter of debate. A 2005 molecular phylogeny, based on [[Ribosomal DNA|rDNA]] analysis, suggests that salamanders and caecilians are more closely related to each other than they are to frogs. It also appears that the divergence of the three groups took place in the [[Paleozoic]] or early [[Mesozoic]] (around 250 million years ago), before the breakup of the supercontinent [[Pangaea]] and soon after their divergence from the lobe-finned fish. The briefness of this period, and the swiftness with which radiation took place, would help account for the relative scarcity of primitive amphibian fossils.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=San Mauro, Diego |author2=Vences, Miguel |author3=Alcobendas, Marina |author4=Zardoya, Rafael |author5=Meyer, Axel |year=2005 |title=Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=165 |issue=5 |pages=590–599 |doi=10.1086/429523 |pmid=15795855 |bibcode=2005ANat..165..590S |s2cid=17021360 |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-33053 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031527/http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-33053 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are large gaps in the [[fossil record]], the discovery of the [[Dissorophoidea|dissorophoid]] temnospondyl [[Gerobatrachus hottoni|''Gerobatrachus'']] from the Early Permian in Texas in 2008 provided a missing link with many of the characteristics of modern frogs.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite journal |author1=Anderson, J. |author2=Reisz, R. |author3=Scott, D. |author4=Fröbisch, N. |author5=Sumida, S. |year=2008 |title=A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders |journal=Nature |volume=453 |issue=7194 |pages=515–518 |doi=10.1038/nature06865 |pmid=18497824 |bibcode=2008Natur.453..515A |s2cid=205212809 |url=https://www.academia.edu/13288317 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714102942/https://www.academia.edu/13288317 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular analysis]] suggests that the frog–salamander divergence took place considerably earlier than the [[Paleontology|palaeontological]] evidence indicates.<ref name="Anderson" /> One study suggested that the last common ancestor of all modern amphibians lived about 315 million years ago, and that [[Stereospondyli|stereospondyl]] temnospondyls are the closest relatives to the caecilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170619151534.htm|title=Tiny fossils reveal backstory of the most mysterious amphibian alive|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=June 28, 2017|archive-date=November 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105163759/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170619151534.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, most studies support a single [[monophyletic]] origin of all modern amphibians within the dissorophoid temnospondyls.<ref name="Atkins-2019" />

As they evolved from lunged fish, amphibians had to make certain adaptations for living on land, including the need to develop new means of locomotion. In the water, the sideways thrusts of their tails had propelled them forward, but on land, quite different mechanisms were required. Their vertebral columns, limbs, limb girdles and musculature needed to be strong enough to raise them off the ground for locomotion and feeding. Terrestrial adults discarded their [[lateral line]] systems and adapted their sensory systems to receive stimuli via the medium of the air. They needed to develop new methods to regulate their body heat to cope with fluctuations in ambient temperature. They developed behaviours suitable for reproduction in a terrestrial environment. Their skins were exposed to harmful [[ultraviolet]] rays that had previously been absorbed by the water. The skin changed to become more protective and prevent excessive water loss.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | pp=843–859 }}

== Characteristics ==
The superclass [[Tetrapoda]] is divided into four classes of vertebrate animals with four limbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Terrestrial_Vertebrates/14952 |title=Terrestrial Vertebrates |author=Laurin, Michel |year=2011 |work=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=September 16, 2012 |archive-date=March 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301091857/http://tolweb.org/Terrestrial_Vertebrates/14952 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reptiles, birds and mammals are amniotes, the eggs of which are either laid or carried by the female and are surrounded by several membranes, some of which are impervious.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Amniota/14990 |title=Amniota |author1=Laurin, Michel |author2=Gauthier, Jacques A. |year=2012 |work=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=September 16, 2012 |archive-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601223227/http://tolweb.org/Amniota/14990 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lacking these membranes, amphibians require water bodies for reproduction, although some species have developed various strategies for protecting or bypassing the vulnerable aquatic larval stage.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | pp=843–859 }} They are not found in the sea with the exception of one or two frogs that live in [[brackish water]] in [[mangrove]] swamps;<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life |last=Sumich |first=James L. |author2=Morrissey, John F. |year=2004 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-3313-1 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8vTCze3dHgC&q=Amphibians |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414082908/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8vTCze3dHgC&q=Amphibians |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Anderson's salamander]] meanwhile occurs in brackish or salt water lakes.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2015 |errata=2020 |title=''Ambystoma andersoni'' |article-number=e.T59051A176772780 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T59051A176772780.en}}</ref> On land, amphibians are restricted to moist habitats because of the need to keep their skin damp.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | pp=843–859 }}

Modern amphibians have a simplified anatomy compared to their ancestors due to [[Neoteny|paedomorphosis]], caused by two evolutionary trends: miniaturization and an unusually large genome, which result in a slower growth and development rate compared to other vertebrates.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDKEKy5JJbIC&q=%22This+is+related+to+two+evolutionary+trends+in+amphibians%22&pg=PA12|title=The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians|first=Kentwood D.|last=Wells|date=February 15, 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-89333-4|via=Google Books|access-date=June 19, 2020|archive-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625180253/https://books.google.no/books?id=eDKEKy5JJbIC&pg=PA12&dq=%22This+is+related+to+two+evolutionary+trends+in+amphibians%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJzuaj0ozqAhXRmIsKHZs0C3kQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=%22This+is+related+to+two+evolutionary+trends+in+amphibians%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biological Scaling Problems and Solutions in Amphibians|first1=Daniel L.|last1=Levy|first2=Rebecca|last2=Heald|date=January 20, 2016|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology|volume=8|issue=1|article-number=a019166|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a019166|pmid=26261280|pmc=4691792}}</ref> Another reason for their size is associated with their rapid metamorphosis, which seems to have evolved only in the ancestors of Lissamphibia; in all other known lines the development was much more gradual. Because a remodeling of the feeding apparatus means they do not eat during the metamorphosis, the metamorphosis has to go faster the smaller the individual is, so it happens at an early stage when the larvae are still small. (The largest species of salamanders do not go through a metamorphosis.)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ps6AwAAQBAJ&q=%22Thus%2C+for+the+duration+of+remodeling+to+be+minimized%2C+body+size+must+be+reduced%22&pg=PT351|title=Amphibian Evolution: The Life of Early Land Vertebrates|first=Rainer R.|last=Schoch|date=March 19, 2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75913-4|via=Google Books|access-date=July 21, 2020|archive-date=July 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725233758/https://books.google.no/books?id=0ps6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT351&lpg=PT351&dq=%22Thus,+for+the+duration+of+remodeling+to+be+minimized,+body+size+must+be+reduced%22&source=bl&ots=w-dLMiVpU5&sig=ACfU3U0kexTOogu0YUbV8ovHcfueAiLTaA&hl=no&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVwMO4_t7qAhVCyaQKHdEAAT0Q6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Thus,+for+the+duration+of+remodeling+to+be+minimized,+body+size+must+be+reduced%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Amphibians that lay eggs on land often go through the whole metamorphosis inside the egg. An anamniotic terrestrial egg is less than 1 cm in diameter due to diffusion problems, a size which puts a limit on the amount of posthatching growth.<ref>{{Cite journal|url= https://www.academia.edu/1177175|title= The evolution of body size, Cope's rule and the origin of amniotes|journal= Systematic Biology|volume= 53|issue= 4|pages= 594–622|author= Michel Laurin|pmid= 15371249|year= 2004|doi= 10.1080/10635150490445706|doi-access= free|access-date= July 21, 2020|archive-date= July 14, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103306/https://www.academia.edu/1177175|url-status= live}}</ref>

The smallest amphibian (and vertebrate) in the world is a [[microhylid]] frog from [[New Guinea]] (''[[Paedophryne amauensis]]'') first discovered in 2012. It has an average length of {{cvt|7.7|mm}} and is part of a genus that contains four of the world's ten smallest frog species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rittmeyer|first1=Eric N. |last2=Allison |first2=Allen |last3=Gründler |first3=Michael C. |last4=Thompson |first4=Derrick K. |last5=Austin |first5=Christopher C. |year=2012 |title=Ecological guild evolution and the discovery of the world's smallest vertebrate |journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number= e29797 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029797 |pmid=22253785 |pmc=3256195|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...729797R |doi-access=free }}</ref> The largest living amphibian is the {{cvt|1.8|m}} [[Chinese giant salamander]] (''Andrias davidianus'')<ref name="Amphibianfacts">{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/facts.html |title=Amphibian Facts |author1=Nguyen, Brent |author2=Cavagnaro, John |date=July 2012 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=November 9, 2012 |archive-date=January 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123044614/http://amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but this is a great deal smaller than the largest amphibian that ever existed—the extinct {{convert|9|m|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Prionosuchus]]'', a crocodile-like temnospondyl dating to 270 million years ago from the middle Permian of Brazil.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Price, L. I.|year=1948 |title=Um anfibio Labirinthodonte da formacao Pedra de Fogo, Estado do Maranhao |journal=Boletim |volume=24 |pages=7–32 |publisher=Ministerio da Agricultura, Departamento Nacional da Producao ineral Divisao de Geologia e Mineralogia}}</ref> The largest frog is the African [[Goliath frog]] (''Conraua goliath''), which can reach {{cvt|32|cm}} and weigh {{cvt|3|kg}}.<ref name="Amphibianfacts" />

Amphibians are ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates that do not maintain their body temperature through internal [[Physiology|physiological]] processes. Their [[Basal metabolic rate|metabolic rate]] is low and as a result, their food and energy requirements are limited. In the adult state, they have tear ducts and movable eyelids, and most species have ears that can detect airborne or ground vibrations. They have muscular tongues, which in many species can be protruded. Modern amphibians have fully [[Ossification|ossified]] vertebrae with [[articular processes]]. Their ribs are usually short and may be fused to the vertebrae. Their skulls are mostly broad and short, and are often incompletely ossified. Their skin contains little [[keratin]] and lacks scales, apart from a few fish-like scales in certain caecilians. The skin contains many [[mucous gland]]s and in some species, [[Skin|poison glands]] (a type of granular gland). The hearts of amphibians have three chambers, two [[atrium (heart)|atria]] and one [[ventricle (heart)|ventricle]]. They have a [[urinary bladder]] and nitrogenous waste products are excreted primarily as [[urea]]. Most amphibians lay their eggs in water and have aquatic larvae that undergo metamorphosis to become terrestrial adults. Amphibians breathe by means of a pump action in which air is first drawn into the [[Buccopharyngeal membrane|buccopharyngeal]] region through the nostrils. These are then closed and the air is forced into the lungs by contraction of the throat.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=24–25 }} They supplement this with [[gas exchange]] through the skin.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | pp=843–859 }}

=== Anura ===
[[File:Red eyed tree frog edit2.jpg|thumb|alt=Red-eyed tree frog|[[Agalychnis callidryas|Red-eyed tree frog]] (''Agalychnis callidryas'') with limbs and feet specialised for climbing]]
The order [[Anura (frog)|Anura]] (from the Ancient Greek ''[[Privative a|a(n)-]]'' meaning "without" and ''oura'' meaning "tail") comprises the frogs and toads. They usually have long hind limbs that fold underneath them, shorter forelimbs, webbed toes with no claws, no tails, large eyes and glandular moist skin.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=3 }} Members of this order with smooth skins are commonly referred to as frogs, while those with [[wikt:warty|warty]] skins are known as toads. The difference is not a formal one taxonomically and there are numerous exceptions to this rule. Members of the family [[Bufonidae]] are known as the "true toads".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tolweb.org/Bufonidae |title=Bufonidae, True Toads |author1=Cannatella, David |author2=Graybeal, Anna |year=2008 |work=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614080646/http://www.tolweb.org/Bufonidae |url-status=live }}</ref> Frogs range in size from the {{convert|30|cm|adj=on}} [[Goliath frog]] (''Conraua goliath'') of West Africa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/frogs-a-chorus-of-colors/frog-fun-facts |title=Frog fun facts |date=January 12, 2010 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074620/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/frogs-a-chorus-of-colors/frog-fun-facts |url-status=live }}</ref> to the {{convert|7.7|mm|adj=on}} ''[[Paedophryne amauensis]]'', first described in Papua New Guinea in 2012, which is also the smallest known vertebrate.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's smallest frog discovered in Papua New Guinea |author=Challenger, David |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/12/world/asia/new-frogs/index.html |publisher=CNN|date=January 12, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420193348/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-12/asia/world_asia_new-frogs_1_frog-papua-new-guinea-body-size?_s=PM:ASIA |archive-date=April 20, 2012 }}</ref> Although most species are associated with water and damp habitats, some are specialised to live in trees or in deserts. They are found worldwide except for polar areas.<ref name="Collins">{{cite book |title=Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe |last1=Arnold |first1=Nicholas |last2=Ovenden |first2= Denys |year=2002 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=978-0-00-219318-4 |pages=13–18}}</ref>

Anura is divided into three suborders that are broadly accepted by the scientific community, but the relationships between some families remain unclear. Future [[molecular genetics|molecular]] studies should provide further insights into their evolutionary relationships.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Faivovich| first=J.|author2=Haddad, C. F. B.|author3= Garcia, P. C. A.|author4= Frost, D. R.|author5= Campbell, J. A.|author6= Wheeler, W. C.| title=Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and revision| journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume=294| pages=1–240| doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2| year=2005|citeseerx=10.1.1.470.2967| s2cid=83925199}}</ref> The suborder [[Archaeobatrachia]] contains four families of primitive frogs. These are [[Ascaphidae]], [[Bombinatoridae]], [[Discoglossidae]] and [[Leiopelmatidae]] which have few derived features and are probably paraphyletic with regard to other frog lineages.<ref name="Ford">{{cite journal| last=Ford| first=L. S.| author2=Cannatella, D. C.| year=1993| title=The major clades of frogs| journal=Herpetological Monographs| volume=7| pages=94–117| doi=10.2307/1466954| jstor=1466954 }}</ref> The six families in the more evolutionarily advanced suborder [[Mesobatrachia]] are the [[fossorial]] [[Megophryidae]], [[Pelobatidae]], [[Pelodytidae]], [[Scaphiopodidae]] and [[Rhinophrynidae]] and the obligatorily aquatic [[Pipidae]]. These have certain characteristics that are intermediate between the two other suborders.<ref name="Ford" /> [[Neobatrachia]] is by far the largest suborder and includes the remaining families of modern frogs, including most common species. Approximately 96% of the over 5,000 extant species of frog are neobatrachians.<ref>{{cite journal | last=San Mauro | first=Diego | title=Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea | journal=American Naturalist | volume=165 | pages=590–599 | year=2005 | author2=Vences, Miguel | author3=Alcobendas, Marina | author4=Zardoya, Rafael | author5=Meyer, Axel | doi=10.1086/429523 | issue=5 | pmid=15795855 | bibcode=2005ANat..165..590S | s2cid=17021360 | url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-33053 | access-date=November 10, 2016 | archive-date=February 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031527/http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-33053 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Caudata ===
[[File:Cryptobranchus japonicus.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Japanese giant salamander|[[Japanese giant salamander]] (''Andrias japonicus''), a primitive salamander]]

The order [[Caudata]] (from the Latin ''cauda'' meaning "tail") consists of the salamanders—elongated, low-slung animals that mostly resemble lizards in form. This is a [[Symplesiomorphy|symplesiomorphic trait]] and they are no more closely related to lizards than they are to mammals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/trait-evolution-on-a-phylogenetic-tree-relatedness-41936 |title=Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement |author=Baum, David |year=2008 |publisher=Nature Education |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308191855/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/trait-evolution-on-a-phylogenetic-tree-relatedness-41936 |url-status=live }}</ref> Salamanders lack claws, have scale-free skins, either smooth or covered with [[tubercle]]s, and tails that are usually flattened from side to side and often finned. They range in size from the [[Chinese giant salamander]] (''Andrias davidianus''), which has been reported to grow to a length of {{convert|1.8|m}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Andrias&where-species=davidianus |title=''Andrias davidianus'' Chinese giant salamander |author=Sparreboom, Max |date=February 7, 2000 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=December 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226102607/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Andrias&where-species=davidianus |url-status=live }}</ref> to the diminutive ''[[Thorius pennatulus]]'' from Mexico which seldom exceeds {{convert|20|mm|1|abbr=on}} in length.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Thorius&where-species=pennatulus |title=''Thorius pennatulus'' |author=Wake, David B. |date=November 8, 2000 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=August 25, 2012 |archive-date=May 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515190809/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Thorius&where-species=pennatulus |url-status=live }}</ref> Salamanders have a mostly [[Laurasia]]n distribution, being present in much of the [[Holarctic]] region of the northern hemisphere. The family [[Plethodontidae]] is also found in Central America and South America north of the [[Amazon basin]];<ref name="Collins" /> South America was apparently invaded from Central America by about the start of the [[Miocene]], 23 million years ago.<ref name="Elmer2013">{{cite journal|last1=Elmer|first1=K. R.|last2=Bonett|first2=R. M.|last3=Wake|first3=D. B.|last4=Lougheed|first4=S. C.|title=Early Miocene origin and cryptic diversification of South American salamanders|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume= 13|issue=1|date= 2013-03-04|page= 59|doi= 10.1186/1471-2148-13-59|pmid=23497060|pmc=3602097 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...59E }}</ref> Urodela is a name sometimes used for all the [[extant taxon|extant]] species of salamanders.<ref name="larson">{{Cite journal| last1=Larson | first1=A. | last2=Dimmick | first2=W. | year=1993 | title=Phylogenetic relationships of the salamander families: an analysis of the congruence among morphological and molecular characters | journal=Herpetological Monographs | volume=7 | issue=7 | pages=77–93 | doi =10.2307/1466953 | jstor=1466953}}</ref> Members of several salamander families have become [[Neoteny|paedomorphic]] and either fail to complete their metamorphosis or retain some larval characteristics as adults.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=852}} Most salamanders are under {{cvt|15|cm}} long. They may be terrestrial or aquatic and many spend part of the year in each habitat. When on land, they mostly spend the day hidden under stones or logs or in dense vegetation, emerging in the evening and night to forage for worms, insects and other invertebrates.<ref name="Collins" />

[[File:Triturus dobrogicus dunai tarajosgőte.jpg|thumb|alt=Danube crested newt|[[Danube crested newt]] (''Triturus dobrogicus''), an advanced salamander]]

The suborder [[Cryptobranchoidea]] contains the primitive salamanders. A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found, but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander (''Andrias davidianus''), the [[Japanese giant salamander]] (''Andrias japonicus'') and the [[hellbender]] (''Cryptobranchus alleganiensis'') from North America. These large amphibians retain several larval characteristics in their adult state; gills slits are present and the eyes are unlidded. A unique feature is their ability to feed by suction, depressing either the left side of their lower jaw or the right.<ref name="ADWCrypto">{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cryptobranchidae.html | title=Cryptobranchidae | author=Heying, Heather | year=2003 | work=Animal Diversity Web | publisher=University of Michigan | access-date=August 25, 2012 | archive-date=October 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021021234/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cryptobranchidae.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The males excavate nests, persuade females to lay their egg strings inside them, and guard them. As well as breathing with lungs, they respire through the many folds in their thin skin, which has [[Capillary|capillaries]] close to the surface.<ref name="EHSAR">{{cite web | url=http://www.fws.gov/midwest/es/soc/amphibians/eahe-sa.pdf | title=Eastern Hellbender Status Assessment Report | author1=Mayasich, J. | author2=Grandmaison, D. | author3=Phillips, C. | date=June 1, 2003 | publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | access-date=August 25, 2012 | archive-date=September 4, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904084224/http://www.fws.gov/midwest/es/soc/amphibians/eahe-sa.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

The suborder [[Salamandroidea]] contains the advanced salamanders. They differ from the cryptobranchids by having fused [[Mandible|prearticular bones]] in the lower jaw, and by using internal fertilisation. In salamandrids, the male deposits a bundle of sperm, the [[spermatophore]], and the female picks it up and inserts it into her [[cloaca]] where the sperm is stored until the eggs are laid.<ref name="BritCaudata">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100353/Caudata |title=Caudata |author=Wake, David B |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=August 25, 2012 |archive-date=May 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516165633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100353/Caudata |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest family in this group is Plethodontidae, the lungless salamanders, which includes 60% of all salamander species. The [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Salamandridae]] includes the true salamanders and the name "[[newt]]" is given to members of its subfamily [[Pleurodelinae]].{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=3 }}

The third suborder, [[Sirenoidea]], contains the four species of sirens, which are in a single family, [[Sirenidae]]. Members of this order are [[eel]]-like aquatic salamanders with much reduced forelimbs and no hind limbs. Some of their features are primitive while others are derived.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cogger, H. G. |editor=Zweifel, R. G |year=1998 |title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians |publisher= Academic Press |pages= 69–70 |isbn=978-0-12-178560-4}}</ref> Fertilisation is likely to be external as sirenids lack the cloacal glands used by male salamandrids to produce spermatophores and the females lack [[spermatheca]]e for sperm storage. Despite this, the eggs are laid singly, a behaviour not conducive for external fertilisation.<ref name="BritCaudata" />

=== Gymnophiona ===
[[File:Siphonops paulensis02.jpg|thumb|alt=''Siphonops paulensis''|The limbless South American caecilian ''[[Siphonops paulensis]]'']]
The order [[Gymnophiona]] (from the Greek ''gymnos'' meaning "naked" and ''ophis'' meaning "serpent") or Apoda comprises the caecilians. These are long, cylindrical, limbless animals with a snake- or [[Annelid|worm-like]] form. The adults vary in length from 8 to 75 centimetres (3 to 30 inches) with the exception of [[Caecilia thompsoni|Thomson's caecilian]] (''Caecilia thompsoni''), which can reach {{cvt|150|cm}}. A caecilian's skin has a large number of transverse folds and in some species contains tiny embedded dermal scales. It has rudimentary eyes covered in skin, which are probably limited to discerning differences in light intensity. It also has a pair of short [[tentacle]]s near the eye that can be extended and which have [[Somatosensory system|tactile]] and [[Olfaction|olfactory]] functions. Most caecilians live underground in burrows in damp soil, in rotten wood and under plant debris, but some are aquatic.{{sfn| Stebbins| Cohen | 1995 | p=4}} Most species lay their eggs underground and when the larvae hatch, they make their way to adjacent bodies of water. Others brood their eggs and the larvae undergo metamorphosis before the eggs hatch. A few species give birth to live young, nourishing them with glandular secretions while they are in the oviduct.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=858}} Caecilians have a mostly [[Gondwana]]n distribution, being found in tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Central and South America.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29797/Gymnophiona |title=Gymnophiona |author=Duellman, William E. |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=September 30, 2012 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114043346/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29797/Gymnophiona |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Anatomy and physiology ==

=== Skin ===
[[File:Tree frog congo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Common reed frog|The [[Aposematism|bright colours]] of the [[common reed frog]] (''Hyperolius viridiflavus'') are typical of a toxic species]]
The [[Wikt:integument|integumentary]] structure contains some typical characteristics common to terrestrial vertebrates, such as the presence of highly [[Keratin#Cornification|cornified]] outer layers, renewed periodically through a moulting process controlled by the [[pituitary gland|pituitary]] and [[thyroid]] glands. Local thickenings (often called warts) are common, such as those found on toads. The outside of the skin is shed periodically mostly in one piece, in contrast to mammals and birds where it is shed in flakes. Amphibians often eat the sloughed skin.<ref name="Collins" /> Caecilians are unique among amphibians in having mineralized dermal scales embedded in the [[dermis]] between the furrows in the skin. The similarity of these to the scales of bony fish is largely superficial. [[Squamata|Lizards]] and some frogs have somewhat similar [[osteoderm]]s forming bony deposits in the dermis, but this is an example of [[convergent evolution]] with similar structures having arisen independently in diverse vertebrate lineages.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Zylberberg, Louise |author2=Wake, Marvalee H. |year=1990 |title=Structure of the scales of ''Dermophis'' and ''Microcaecilia'' (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), and a comparison to dermal ossifications of other vertebrates |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=25–43 |doi=10.1002/jmor.1052060104 |pmid=29865751 |bibcode=1990JMorp.206...25Z |s2cid=46929507 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227806326 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=December 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216161753/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227806326 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:FrogSkin.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Cross section of frog skin:
{{image key
|list type=ordered
|A. Mucous gland
|B. Chromatophore
|C. Granular poison gland
|D. [[Connective tissue]]
|E. [[Stratum corneum]]
|F. Transition zone
|G. [[Epidermis]]
|H. [[Dermis]]}}]]
Amphibian skin is permeable to water. Gas exchange can take place through the skin ([[cutaneous respiration]]) and this allows adult amphibians to respire without-rising to the surface of water and to hibernate at the bottom of ponds.<ref name="Collins" /> To compensate for their thin and delicate skin, amphibians have evolved mucous glands, principally on their heads, backs and tails. The secretions produced by these help keep the skin moist. In addition, most species of amphibian have granular glands that secrete distasteful or poisonous substances. Some amphibian toxins can be lethal to humans while others have little effect.<ref name="amphibfacts">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Amphibian_morphology_and_reproduction |title=Amphibian morphology and reproduction |date=October 12, 2008 |author1=Biodiversity Institute of Ontario |author2=Hebert, Paul D. N. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth |access-date=August 15, 2012 |archive-date=February 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201074532/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Amphibian_morphology_and_reproduction |url-status=live }}</ref> The main poison-producing glands, the [[Parotoid gland|parotoids]], produce the neurotoxin [[bufotoxin]] and are located behind the ears of toads, along the backs of frogs, behind the eyes of salamanders and on the upper surface of caecilians.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=10–11 }}

The skin colour of amphibians is produced by three layers of pigment cells called [[chromatophore]]s. These three cell layers consist of the melanophores (occupying the deepest layer), the guanophores (forming an intermediate layer and containing many granules, producing a blue-green colour) and the lipophores (yellow, the most superficial layer). The colour change displayed by many species is initiated by [[hormone]]s secreted by the pituitary gland. Unlike bony fish, there is no direct control of the pigment cells by the nervous system, and this results in the colour change taking place more slowly than happens in fish. A vividly coloured skin usually indicates that the species is toxic and is a warning sign to predators.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Integument: A Textbook of Skin Biology |last=Spearman |first=R. I. C. |year=1973 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20048-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/integumenttextbo00spea/page/81 81] |url=https://archive.org/details/integumenttextbo00spea |url-access=registration |quote=Amphibian skin colour. }}</ref>

=== Skeletal system and locomotion ===
[[File:Xenotosuchus skull roof.svg|thumb|Skull diagram of ''[[Xenotosuchus]],'' a temnospondyl]]
Amphibians have a skeletal system that is structurally [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to other tetrapods, though with a number of variations. They all have four limbs except for the legless caecilians and a few species of salamander with reduced or no limbs. The bones are hollow and lightweight. The musculoskeletal system is strong to enable it to support the head and body. The bones are fully [[ossification|ossified]] and the vertebrae interlock with each other by means of overlapping processes. The [[pectoral girdle]] is supported by muscle, and the well-developed [[pelvic girdle]] is attached to the backbone by a pair of sacral ribs. The [[ilium (bone)|ilium]] slopes forward and the body is held closer to the ground than is the case in mammals.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=846 }}

[[File:Ceratophrys cornuta skeleton front.jpg|thumb|alt=Frog skeleton|Skeleton of the [[Surinam horned frog]] (''Ceratophrys cornuta'')]]
In most amphibians, there are four digits on the fore foot and five on the hind foot, but no claws on either. Some salamanders have fewer digits and the [[amphiuma]]s are eel-like in appearance with tiny, stubby legs. The [[Siren (genus)|sirens]] are aquatic salamanders with stumpy forelimbs and no hind limbs. The caecilians are limbless. They burrow in the manner of earthworms with zones of muscle contractions moving along the body. On the surface of the ground or in water they move by undulating their body from side to side.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=26–36 }}

In frogs, the hind legs are larger than the fore legs, especially so in those species that principally move by jumping or swimming. In the walkers and runners the hind limbs are not so large, and the burrowers mostly have short limbs and broad bodies. The feet have adaptations for the way of life, with webbing between the toes for swimming, broad adhesive toe pads for climbing, and keratinised tubercles on the hind feet for digging (frogs usually dig backwards into the soil). In most salamanders, the limbs are short and more or less the same length and project at right angles from the body. Locomotion on land is by walking and the tail often swings from side to side or is used as a prop, particularly when climbing. In their normal gait, only one leg is advanced at a time in the manner adopted by their ancestors, the lobe-finned fish.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=846 }} Some salamanders in the genus ''[[Aneides]]'' and certain [[lungless salamander|plethodontids]] climb trees and have long limbs, large toepads and prehensile tails.<ref name="BritCaudata" /> In aquatic salamanders and in frog tadpoles, the tail has [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[ventral fin|ventral]] fins and is moved from side to side as a means of propulsion. Adult frogs do not have tails and caecilians have only very short ones.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=26–36 }}
[[File:Didactic model of an amphibian heart-FMVZ USP-14.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.65|[[Educational toy|Didactic model]] of an amphibian heart.]]
Salamanders use their tails in defence and some are prepared to jettison them to save their lives in a process known as [[autotomy]]. Certain species in the Plethodontidae have a weak zone at the base of the tail and use this strategy readily. The tail often continues to twitch after separation which may distract the attacker and allow the salamander to escape. Both tails and limbs can be regenerated.<ref name="Beneski">{{cite journal | author=Beneski, John T. Jr. | date=September 1989 | title=Adaptive significance of tail autotomy in the salamander, ''Ensatina'' | journal=Journal of Herpetology | volume=23 | issue=3 | pages=322–324 | doi=10.2307/1564465 | jstor=1564465 }}</ref> Adult frogs are unable to regrow limbs but tadpoles can do so.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=26–36 }}

=== Circulatory system ===
[[File:Juvenile Amphibian Circulatory System.svg|thumb|Juvenile amphibian circulatory systems are single loop systems which resemble fish. {{olist
|Internal gills where the blood is reoxygenated
|Point where the blood is depleted of oxygen and returns to the heart via veins
|Two chambered heart
}} Red indicates oxygenated blood, and blue represents oxygen depleted blood.]]
Amphibians have a juvenile stage and an adult stage, and the circulatory systems of the two are distinct. In the juvenile (or tadpole) stage, the circulation is similar to that of a fish; the two-chambered heart pumps the blood through the gills where it is oxygenated, and is spread around the body and back to the heart in a single loop. In the adult stage, amphibians (especially frogs) lose their gills and develop lungs. They have a heart that consists of a single ventricle and two atria. When the ventricle starts contracting, deoxygenated blood is pumped through the [[pulmonary artery]] to the lungs. Continued contraction then pumps oxygenated blood around the rest of the body. Mixing of the two bloodstreams is minimized by the anatomy of the chambers.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=306 }}

=== Nervous and sensory systems ===
{{see also|Pain in amphibians}}
The [[nervous system]] is basically the same as in other vertebrates, with a central brain, a spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body. The amphibian brain is relatively simple but broadly the same structurally as in reptiles, birds and mammals. Their brains are elongated, except in caecilians, and contain the usual motor and sensory areas of tetrapods.<ref>{{cite book|author1=González, A.|author2=López, J. M.|author3=Morona, R.|author4=Morona, N.|year=2020|chapter=The Organization of the Central Nervous System of Amphibians|title=Evolutionary Neuroscience|editor=Hass, J. H.|page=127|publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn= 978-0-12-820584-6}}</ref> The [[pineal body]], known to regulate sleep patterns in humans, is thought to produce the hormones involved in [[hibernation]] and [[aestivation]] in amphibians.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=100 }}

Tadpoles retain the lateral line system of their ancestral fishes, but this is lost in terrestrial adult amphibians. Many aquatic salamanders and some caecilians possess [[Electroreception|electroreceptors]] called ampullary organs (completely absent in anurans), that allow them to locate objects around them when submerged in water.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PpkvEAAAQBAJ&dq=salamanders+caecilians+ampullary+organs&pg=PA73 A Natural History of Amphibians]</ref> The ears are well developed in frogs. There is no external ear, but the large circular [[Tympanum (anatomy)|eardrum]] lies on the surface of the head just behind the eye. This vibrates and sound is transmitted through a single bone, the [[stapes]], to the inner ear. Only high-frequency sounds like mating calls are heard in this way, but low-frequency noises can be detected through another mechanism.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=846 }} There is a patch of specialized haircells, called ''papilla amphibiorum'', in the inner ear capable of detecting deeper sounds. Another feature, unique to frogs and salamanders, is the columella-operculum complex adjoining the auditory capsule which is involved in the transmission of both airborne and seismic signals.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=69 }} The ears of salamanders and caecilians are less highly developed than those of frogs as they do not normally communicate with each other through the medium of sound.<ref name="EBAmphibia" />

The eyes of tadpoles lack lids, but at metamorphosis, the [[cornea]] becomes more dome-shaped, the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]] becomes flatter, and [[eyelid]]s and associated glands and ducts develop.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=846 }} The adult eyes are an improvement on invertebrate eyes and were a first step in the development of more advanced vertebrate eyes. They allow colour vision and depth of focus. In the retinas are green rods, which are receptive to a wide range of wavelengths.<ref name="EBAmphibia">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/21445/amphibian/ |title=Amphibian |author1=Duellman, William E. |author2=Zug, George R. |year=2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=March 27, 2012 |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308183351/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/21445/amphibian |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Digestive and excretory systems ===
[[File:Frog anatomy tags.PNG|thumb|alt=Dissected frog|Dissected frog:
{{image key
|list type=ordered
|Right atrium
|Liver
|Aorta
|Egg mass
|Colon
|Left atrium
|Ventricle
|Stomach
|Left lung
|Spleen
|Small intestine
|Cloaca
}}]]
Many amphibians catch their prey by flicking out an elongated tongue with a sticky tip and drawing it back into the mouth before seizing the item with their jaws. Some use inertial feeding to help them swallow the prey, repeatedly thrusting their head forward sharply causing the food to move backwards in their mouth by [[inertia]]. Most amphibians swallow their prey whole without much chewing so they possess voluminous stomachs. The short [[Esophagus|oesophagus]] is lined with [[Cilium|cilia]] that help to move the food to the stomach and [[mucus]] produced by glands in the mouth and [[pharynx]] eases its passage. The enzyme [[chitinase]] produced in the stomach helps digest the [[chitin]]ous cuticle of arthropod prey.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=847 }}

Amphibians possess a [[pancreas]], [[liver]] and [[gall bladder]]. The liver is usually large with two lobes. Its size is determined by its function as a [[glycogen]] and fat storage unit, and may change with the seasons as these reserves are built or used up. [[Adipose tissue]] is another important means of storing energy and this occurs in the abdomen (in internal structures called fat bodies), under the skin and, in some salamanders, in the tail.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=66 }}


There are two [[kidney]]s located dorsally, near the roof of the body cavity. Their job is to filter the blood of metabolic waste and transport the urine via ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored before being passed out periodically through the cloacal vent. Larvae and most aquatic adult amphibians excrete the nitrogen as ammonia in large quantities of dilute urine, while terrestrial species, with a greater need to conserve water, excrete the less toxic product urea. Some tree frogs with limited access to water excrete most of their metabolic waste as uric acid.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=849 }}
==== Urinary bladder ====
Most aquatic and semi-aquatic amphibians have a membranous skin which allows them to absorb water directly through it. Some semi-aquatic animals also have similarly permeable bladder membrane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Urakabe |first1=Shigeharu |last2=Shirai |first2=Dairoku |last3=Yuasa |first3=Shigekazu |last4=Kimura |first4=Genjiro |last5=Orita |first5=Yoshimasa |last6=Abe |first6=Hiroshi |year=1976 |title=Comparative study of the effects of different diuretics on the permeability properties of the toad bladder |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=115–119 |doi=10.1016/0306-4492(76)90063-0 |pmid=5237}}</ref> As a result, they tend to have high rates of urine production to offset this high water intake, and have urine which is low in dissolved salts. The urinary bladder assists such animals to retain salts. Some aquatic amphibian such as ''[[Xenopus]]'' do not reabsorb water, to prevent excessive water influx.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shibata |first1=Yuki |last2=Katayama |first2=Izumi |last3=Nakakura |first3=Takashi |last4=Ogushi |first4=Yuji |last5=Okada |first5=Reiko |last6=Tanaka |first6=Shigeyasu |last7=Suzuki |first7=Masakazu |year=2015 |title=Molecular and cellular characterization of urinary bladder-type aquaporin in Xenopus laevis |journal=General and Comparative Endocrinology |volume=222 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.09.001 |pmid=25220852}}</ref> For land-dwelling amphibians, dehydration results in reduced urine output.<ref name="VittCaldwell2013">{{cite book |author1=Laurie J. Vitt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gay9N_ry79kC&pg=PA184 |title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |author2=Janalee P. Caldwell |date=25 March 2013 |publisher=Academic |isbn=978-0-12-386920-3 |page=184}}</ref>

The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible and among some land-dwelling species of frogs and salamanders may account for between 20% and 50% of their total body weight.<ref name="VittCaldwell2013" /> Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder and is periodically released from the bladder to the cloaca.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Feder |first1=Martin E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaS-OpEjPtUC&pg=PA108 |title=Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians |last2=Burggren |first2=Warren W. |date=1992-10-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-23944-6 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Respiratory system ===
[[File:Axolotl ganz.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Axolotl|The [[axolotl]] (''Ambystoma mexicanum'') retains its larval form with gills into adulthood]]
The lungs in amphibians are primitive compared to those of amniotes, possessing few internal [[alveolar septum|septa]] and large [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]], and consequently having a comparatively slow diffusion rate for oxygen entering the blood. Ventilation is accomplished by [[buccal pumping]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brainerd|first1=E. L. |title=New perspectives on the evolution of lung ventilation mechanisms in vertebrates |journal=Experimental Biology Online |year=1999 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1007/s00898-999-0002-1 |bibcode=1999EvBO....4b...1B |s2cid=35368264 }}</ref> Most amphibians, however, are able to exchange gases with the water or air via their skin. To enable sufficient [[cutaneous respiration]], the surface of their highly vascularised skin must remain moist to allow the oxygen to diffuse at a sufficiently high rate.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=847 }} Because oxygen concentration in the water increases at both low temperatures and high flow rates, aquatic amphibians in these situations can rely primarily on cutaneous respiration, as in the [[Telmatobius culeus|Titicaca water frog]] and the [[Cryptobranchus|hellbender salamander]]. In air, where oxygen is more concentrated, some small species can rely solely on cutaneous gas exchange, most famously the [[Plethodontidae|plethodontid salamanders]], which have neither lungs nor gills. Many aquatic salamanders and all tadpoles have gills in their larval stage, with some (such as the [[axolotl]]) retaining gills as aquatic adults.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=847 }}

== Reproduction ==
{{See also|Sexual selection in amphibians}}
[[File:Litoria xanthomera amplexus.jpg|thumb|alt=Orange-thighed frogs in amplexus|Male [[orange-thighed frog]] (''Litoria xanthomera'') grasping the female during [[amplexus]]]]
For the purpose of [[Biological reproduction|reproduction]], most amphibians require [[fresh water]] although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist. A few (e.g. ''[[Fejervarya raja]]'') can inhabit brackish water, but there are no true [[marine (ocean)|marine]] amphibians.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hopkins Gareth R. |author2=Brodie Edmund D. Jr | year = 2015 | title = Occurrence of Amphibians in Saline Habitats: A Review and Evolutionary Perspective | journal = Herpetological Monographs | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 1–27 | doi = 10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-14-00006 |s2cid=83659304 }}</ref> There are reports, however, of particular amphibian populations unexpectedly invading marine waters. Such was the case with the [[Black Sea]] invasion of the natural hybrid ''[[Pelophylax esculentus]]'' reported in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Natchev, Nikolay |author2=Tzankov, Nikolay |author3=Geme, Richard |year=2011 |title=Green frog invasion in the Black Sea: habitat ecology of the ''Pelophylax esculentus'' complex (Anura, Amphibia) population in the region of Shablenska Tuzla lagoon in Bulgaria |journal=Herpetology Notes |volume=4 |pages=347–351 |url=http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume4_PDFs/Natchev_et_al_Herpetology_Notes_Volume4_pages347-351.pdf |access-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025946/http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume4_PDFs/Natchev_et_al_Herpetology_Notes_Volume4_pages347-351.pdf }}</ref>

Several hundred frog species in [[adaptive radiation]]s (e.g., ''[[Eleutherodactylus]]'', the Pacific ''[[Platymantis]]'', the Australo-Papuan [[microhylid]]s, and many other tropical frogs), however, do not need any water for [[breeding in the wild]]. They reproduce via direct development, an ecological and evolutionary adaptation that has allowed them to be completely independent from free-standing water. Almost all of these frogs live in wet [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rainforests]] and their eggs hatch directly into miniature versions of the adult, passing through the [[tadpole]] stage within the egg. Reproductive success of many amphibians is dependent not only on the quantity of rainfall, but the seasonal timing.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461 |title=Abiotic factor |author=Hogan, C. Michael |date=July 31, 2010 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |access-date=September 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608071757/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461 |archive-date=June 8, 2013 }}</ref>

In the tropics, many amphibians breed continuously or at any time of year. In temperate regions, breeding is mostly seasonal, usually in the spring, and is triggered by increasing day length, rising temperatures or rainfall. Experiments have shown the importance of temperature, but the trigger event, especially in arid regions, is often a storm. In anurans, males usually arrive at the breeding sites before females and the vocal chorus they produce may stimulate ovulation in females and the endocrine activity of males that are not yet reproductively active.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=140–141 }}

In caecilians, fertilisation is internal, the male extruding an [[intromittent organ]], the {{visible anchor|phallodeum}}, and inserting it into the female cloaca. The paired Müllerian glands inside the male cloaca secrete a fluid which resembles that produced by mammalian [[prostate]] glands and which may transport and nourish the sperm. Fertilisation probably takes place in the oviduct.<ref name="Duellman">{{cite book |title=Biology of Amphibians |last1=Duellman |first1=William E. |last2=Trueb |first2=Linda |author-link2=Linda Trueb |year=1994 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-4780-6 |pages=77–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzxVvKmrtIgC&q=phallodeum&pg=PA77 |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203041327/https://books.google.com/books?id=CzxVvKmrtIgC&q=phallodeum&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The majority of salamanders also engage in [[internal fertilisation]]. In most of these, the male deposits a spermatophore, a small packet of sperm on top of a gelatinous cone, on the [[Substrate (biology)|substrate]] either on land or in the water. The female takes up the sperm packet by grasping it with the lips of the cloaca and pushing it into the vent. The spermatozoa move to the spermatheca in the roof of the cloaca where they remain until ovulation which may be many months later. Courtship rituals and methods of transfer of the spermatophore vary between species. In some, the spermatophore may be placed directly into the female cloaca while in others, the female may be guided to the spermatophore or restrained with an embrace called [[amplexus]]. Certain primitive salamanders in the families Sirenidae, [[Hynobiidae]] and [[Cryptobranchidae]] practice external fertilisation in a similar manner to frogs, with the female laying the eggs in water and the male releasing sperm onto the egg mass.<ref name="Duellman" />

With a few exceptions, frogs use [[external fertilisation]]. The male grasps the female tightly with his forelimbs either behind the arms or in front of the back legs, or in the case of ''[[Epipedobates tricolor]]'', around the neck. They remain in amplexus with their cloacae positioned close together while the female lays the eggs and the male covers them with sperm. Roughened [[nuptial pad]]s on the male's hands aid in retaining grip. Often the male collects and retains the egg mass, forming a sort of basket with the hind feet. An exception is the [[granular poison frog]] (''Oophaga granulifera'') where the male and female place their cloacae in close proximity while facing in opposite directions and then release eggs and sperm simultaneously. The [[tailed frog]] (''Ascaphus truei'') exhibits internal fertilisation. The "tail" is only possessed by the male and is an extension of the cloaca and used to inseminate the female. This frog lives in fast-flowing streams and internal fertilisation prevents the sperm from being washed away before fertilisation occurs.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=154–162 }} The sperm may be retained in storage tubes attached to the [[oviduct]] until the following spring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Ascaphus&where-species=truei |title=''Ascaphus truei'' |author1=Adams, Michael J. |author2=Pearl, Christopher A. |year=2005 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=November 23, 2012 |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012528/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Ascaphus&where-species=truei |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most frogs can be classified as either prolonged or explosive breeders. Typically, prolonged breeders congregate at a breeding site, the males usually arriving first, calling and setting up territories. Other satellite males remain quietly nearby, waiting for their opportunity to take over a territory. The females arrive sporadically, mate selection takes place and eggs are laid. The females depart and territories may change hands. More females appear and in due course, the breeding season comes to an end. Explosive breeders on the other hand are found where temporary pools appear in dry regions after rainfall. These frogs are typically [[wikt:fossorial|fossorial]] species that emerge after heavy rains and congregate at a breeding site. They are attracted there by the calling of the first male to find a suitable place, perhaps a pool that forms in the same place each rainy season. The assembled frogs may call in unison and frenzied activity ensues, the males scrambling to mate with the usually smaller number of females.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=154–162 }}

[[File:Plethodon cinereus.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|Sexual selection has been studied in the [[red back salamander]]]]


There is a direct competition between males to win the attention of the females in salamanders and newts, with elaborate courtship displays to keep the female's attention long enough to get her interested in choosing him to [[mating|mate]] with.<ref name=romano>{{cite journal|last=Romano|first=Antonio|author2=Bruni, Giacomo |title=Courtship behaviour, mating season and male sexual interference in ''Salamandrina perspicillata''|journal=Amphibia-Reptilia|year=2011|volume=32|issue=1|pages=63–76|doi=10.1163/017353710X541878|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some species store [[sperm]] through long breeding seasons, as the extra time may allow for interactions with rival sperm.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Erika M. |author2=Jones, A. G. |author3=Arnold, S. J. |title=Multiple paternity in a natural population of a salamander with long-term sperm storage |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=2005 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1803–1810 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02539.x |pmid=15836651 |bibcode=2005MolEc..14.1803A |s2cid=18899524 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7899857 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004050254/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7899857 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Unisexual reproduction===
Unisexual female [[mole salamander]]s (genus Ambystoma) are common in the Great Lakes region of North America.<ref>Bogart JP, Bi K, Fu J, Noble DW, Niedzwiecki J. Unisexual salamanders (genus Ambystoma) present a new reproductive mode for eukaryotes. Genome. 2007 Feb;50(2):119-36. doi: 10.1139/g06-152. PMID 17546077</ref> These salamanders are the oldest known unisexual vertebrate lineage, having emerged about 5 million years ago.<ref name="Gibbs2016">Gibbs HL, Denton RD. Cryptic sex? Estimates of genome exchange in unisexual mole salamanders (Ambystoma sp.). Mol Ecol. 2016 Jun;25(12):2805-15. doi: 10.1111/mec.13662. Epub 2016 May 21. PMID 27100619</ref> [[Genome]] exchange can sometimes occur between the unisexual female Ambystoma and males from sympatric sexual species.<ref name = Gibbs2016/>

== Life cycle ==
Most amphibians go through [[metamorphosis]], a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by [[thyroxine]] concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and [[prolactin]], which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Kikuyama
| first1 = Sakae
| last2 = Kawamura
| first2 = Kousuke
| last3 = Tanaka
| first3 = Shigeyasu
| last4 = Yamamoto
| first4 = Kakutoshi
| title = International Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology
| chapter = Aspects of amphibian metamorphosis: Hormonal control
| publisher = Academic Press
| pages = 105–126
| year = 1993
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wfSM70CuYqYC&q=amphibian+metamorphosis&pg=PA105
| isbn = 978-0-12-364548-7
| access-date = October 15, 2020
| archive-date = April 14, 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135624/https://books.google.com/books?id=wfSM70CuYqYC&q=amphibian+metamorphosis&pg=PA105
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of [[teeth]], whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called [[apoptosis]]. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Newman, Robert A. |year=1992 |title=Adaptive plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis |journal=BioScience |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=671–678 |doi= 10.2307/1312173 |jstor=1312173}}</ref>

=== Eggs ===
[[File:Frogspawn closeup.jpg|thumb|alt=Frogspawn|Frogspawn, a mass of eggs surrounded by jelly]]
[[File:Amphibian Egg Diagram.svg|thumb|Amphibian egg:
{{image key
|list type=ordered
|Jelly capsule
|Vitelline membrane
|Perivitelline fluid
|[[Yolk plug]]
|Embryo}}]]

In the egg, the embryo is suspended in [[Perivitelline space|perivitelline]] fluid and surrounded by semi-permeable gelatinous capsules, with the yolk mass providing nutrients. As the larvae hatch, the capsules are dissolved by enzymes secreted from gland at the tip of the snout.<ref name="EBAmphibia"/> The eggs of some salamanders and frogs contain unicellular green algae. These penetrate the jelly envelope after the eggs are laid and may increase the supply of oxygen to the embryo through photosynthesis. They seem to both speed up the development of the larvae and reduce mortality.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gilbert, Perry W. |year=1942 |title=Observations on the eggs of ''Ambystoma maculatum'' with especial reference to the green algae found within the egg envelopes |journal=Ecology |volume=23 |pages=215–227 |jstor=1931088 |doi=10.2307/1931088 |issue=2 |bibcode=1942Ecol...23..215G }}</ref> In the [[wood frog]] (''Rana sylvatica''), the interior of the globular egg cluster has been found to be up to {{convert|6|C-change|F-change}} warmer than its surroundings, which is an advantage in its cool northern habitat.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Waldman, Bruce |author2=Ryan, Michael J. |year=1983 |title=Thermal advantages of communal egg mass deposition in wood frogs (''Rana sylvatica'') |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=70–72 |jstor=1563783 |doi=10.2307/1563783 |bibcode=1983JHerp..17...70W |url=https://www.academia.edu/14057397 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103054/https://www.academia.edu/14057397 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The eggs may be deposited singly, in cluster or in long strands. Sites for laying eggs include water, mud, burrows, debris and on plants or under logs or stones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alder|first1=Kraig|last2=Trueb|first2=Linda|author-link2=Linda Trueb|year=2002 |contribution=Amphibians |title=The Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians |editor=Halliday, Tim |editor2=Adler, Kraig |publisher=Firefly Books |page=17 |isbn=978-1-55297-613-5 }}</ref> The [[Eleutherodactylus planirostris|greenhouse frog]] (''Eleutherodactylus planirostris'') lays eggs in small groups in the soil where they develop in about two weeks directly into juvenile frogs without an intervening larval stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Eleutherodactylus&where-species=planirostris |title=''Eleutherodactylus planirostris'' |author=Meshaka, Walter E. Jr |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=December 12, 2012 |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609133832/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Eleutherodactylus&where-species=planirostris |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[tungara frog]] (''Physalaemus pustulosus'') builds a floating nest from foam to protect its eggs. First a raft is built, then eggs are laid in the centre, and finally a foam cap is overlaid. The foam has anti-microbial properties. It contains no [[detergent]]s but is created by whipping up [[protein]]s and [[lectin]]s secreted by the female.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dalgetty, Laura |author2=Kennedy, Malcolm W. |year=2010 |title=Building a home from foam: túngara frog foam nest architecture and three-phase construction process |journal=Biology Letters |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=293–296 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0934 |pmid=20106853 |pmc=2880057 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/lifesciences/staff/malcolmkennedy/malcolmkennedy/proteinsoffrogfoamnests/ |title=Proteins of frog foam nests |publisher=School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow |access-date=August 24, 2012 |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603175135/http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/lifesciences/staff/malcolmkennedy/malcolmkennedy/proteinsoffrogfoamnests/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Larvae ===
[[File:Frog spawn time-lapse.gif|thumb|left|alt=Frog spawn development|Early stages in the development of the embryos of the [[common frog]] (''Rana temporaria'')]]
The eggs of amphibians are typically laid in water and hatch into free-living larvae that complete their development in water and later transform into either aquatic or terrestrial adults. In many species of frog and in most lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae), direct development takes place, the larvae growing within the eggs and emerging as miniature adults. Many caecilians and some other amphibians lay their eggs on land, and the newly hatched larvae wriggle or are transported to water bodies. Some caecilians, the [[alpine salamander]] (''Salamandra atra'') and some of the [[Nectophrynoides|African live-bearing toads]] (''Nectophrynoides spp.'') are [[Viviparity|viviparous]]. Their larvae feed on glandular secretions and develop within the female's oviduct, often for long periods. Other amphibians, but not caecilians, are [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]]. The eggs are retained in or on the parent's body, but the larvae subsist on the yolks of their eggs and receive no nourishment from the adult. The larvae emerge at varying stages of their growth, either before or after metamorphosis, according to their species.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=6–9 }} The toad genus ''Nectophrynoides'' exhibits all of these developmental patterns among its dozen or so members.<ref name="species"/> Amphibian larvae are known as [[tadpole]]s. They have thick, rounded bodies with powerful muscular tails.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | p=849 }}

==== Frogs ====
Unlike in other amphibians, frog tadpoles do not resemble adults.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Vitt, Laurie J.|author2=Caldwell, Janalee P.|year=2013|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles|publisher=Academic Press|page=42|isbn=978-0-12-386919-7}}</ref> The free-living larvae are normally fully aquatic, but the tadpoles of some species (such as ''[[Nannophrys ceylonensis]]'') are semi-terrestrial and live among wet rocks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=Nannophrys&where-species=ceylonensis |title=''Nannophrys ceylonensis'' |author=Janzen, Peter |date=May 10, 2005 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=July 20, 2012 |archive-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607143554/https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tadpoles have cartilaginous skeletons, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later), [[lateral line system]]s and large tails that they use for swimming.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-40603/Anura |title=Anura: From tadpole to adult |author1=Duellman, W. E. |author2=Zug, G. R. |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=July 13, 2012 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102234820/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29023/Anura |url-status=live }}</ref> Newly hatched tadpoles soon develop gill pouches that cover the gills. These internal gills and operculum are not homologous with those of fish,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1kfzEAAAQBAJ&dq=tadpoles+external+operculum+homologous&pg=PA81 Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology of Vertebrates (Zoology Book)]</ref> and are only found in tadpoles as both salamanders and caecilians have external gills only.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uU2WDwAAQBAJ&dq=Urodela+Apoda+Anura+internal+external+gills&pg=PA20 Biological Systems in Vertebrates, Vol. 1 Functional Morphology of the Vertebrate Respiratory Systems]</ref> Combined with buccal pumping the internal gills has allowed tadpoles to adopt a [[filter feeder|filter feeding]] lifestyle, even if several species have since evolved other types of feeding strategies.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CzxVvKmrtIgC&dq=anuran+larvae+filter+feeding+buccal-pump+gills&pg=PA125 Biology of Amphibians]</ref> The lungs develop early and are used as accessory breathing organs, the tadpoles rising to the water surface to gulp air. Some species complete their development inside the egg and hatch directly into small frogs. These larvae do not have gills but instead have specialised areas of skin through which respiration takes place. While tadpoles do not have true teeth, in most species, the jaws have long, parallel rows of small keratinized structures called keradonts surrounded by a horny beak.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=179–181 }} Front legs are formed under the gill sac and hind legs become visible a few days later.

Iodine and T4 (over stimulate the spectacular [[apoptosis]] [programmed cell death] of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins) also stimulate the [[evolution of nervous systems]] transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog with better neurological, visuospatial, olfactory and cognitive abilities for hunting.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Venturi, Sebastiano|title=Evolutionary Significance of Iodine|journal=Current Chemical Biology|volume=5|pages=155–162|year=2011|issn=1872-3136|doi=10.2174/187231311796765012|issue=3|doi-broken-date=July 1, 2025 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272210714|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209171647/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272210714_Evolutionary_Significance_of_Iodine|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Venturi, Sebastiano|title=Iodine, PUFAs and Iodolipids in Health and Disease: An Evolutionary Perspective|journal=Human Evolution|volume= 29 |issue= 1–3|pages=185–205|year=2014|issn=0393-9375}}</ref>

In fact, tadpoles developing in ponds and streams are typically [[herbivore|herbivorous]]. Pond tadpoles tend to have deep bodies, large caudal fins and small mouths; they swim in the quiet waters feeding on growing or loose fragments of vegetation. Stream dwellers mostly have larger mouths, shallow bodies and caudal fins; they attach themselves to plants and stones and feed on the surface films of [[algae]] and bacteria.<ref name="EBAnura"/> They also feed on [[diatom]]s, filtered from the water through the [[gill]]s, and stir up the sediment at bottom of the pond, ingesting edible fragments. They have a relatively long, spiral-shaped gut to enable them to digest this diet.<ref name="EBAnura">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29023/Anura |title=Anura |author1=Duellman, William E. |author2=Zug, George R. |year=2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102234820/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29023/Anura |url-status=live }}</ref> Some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage, eating insects, smaller tadpoles and fish. Young of the [[Cuban tree frog]] (''Osteopilus septentrionalis'') can occasionally be [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalistic]], the younger tadpoles attacking a larger, more developed tadpole when it is undergoing metamorphosis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Crump, Martha L. |year=1986 |title=Cannibalism by younger tadpoles: another hazard of metamorphosis |journal=Copeia |volume=1986 |pages=1007–1009 |jstor=1445301 |doi=10.2307/1445301 |issue=4 |bibcode=1986Copei1986.1007C }}</ref>

{{wide image|Bufobufotadpoles.jpg|800px|alt=Metamorphosis|Successive stages in the development of [[common toad]] (''Bufo bufo'') tadpoles, finishing with metamorphosis}}
At metamorphosis, rapid changes in the body take place as the lifestyle of the frog changes completely. The spiral-shaped mouth with horny tooth ridges is reabsorbed together with the spiral gut. The animal develops a large jaw, and its gills disappear along with its gill sac. Eyes and legs grow quickly, and a tongue is formed. There are associated changes in the neural networks such as development of stereoscopic vision and loss of the lateral line system. All this can happen in about a day. A few days later, the tail is reabsorbed, due to the higher thyroxine concentration required for this to take place.<ref name="EBAnura" />

==== Salamanders ====
[[File:Ambystoma macrodactylum 26597.JPG|thumb|alt=Larva of the long-toed salamander|Larva of the [[long-toed salamander]] (''Ambystoma macrodactylum'')]]
[[File:Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum, Plumas County, CA.jpg|thumb|alt=Adult of the long-toed salamander|Larva of the [[long-toed salamander]] (''Ambystoma macrodactylum'')]]
[[File:Mesotriton alpestris apuanus04.jpg|thumb|alt=Larvae of the alpine newt|Larvae of the [[alpine newt]] (''Ichthyosaura alpestris'')]]
At hatching, a typical salamander larva has eyes without lids, teeth in both upper and lower jaws, three pairs of feathery external gills, and a long tail with [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] and [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] fins. The forelimbs may be partially developed and the hind limbs are rudimentary in pond-living species but may be rather more developed in species that reproduce in moving water. Pond-type larvae often have a pair of balancers, rod-like structures on either side of the head that may prevent the gills from becoming clogged up with sediment.<ref name=EB-Caudata/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Valentine, Barry D. |author2=Dennis, David M. | year=1964 | title=A comparison of the gill-arch system and fins of three genera of larval salamanders, ''Rhyacotriton'', ''Gyrinophilus'', and ''Ambystoma'' | journal=Copeia | volume=1964 | issue=1 | pages=196–201 | jstor=1440850 | doi=10.2307/1440850 |bibcode=1964Copei1964..196V }}</ref> Both of these are able to breed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Ambystoma&where-species=gracile |title=''Ambystoma gracile'' |author=Shaffer, H. Bradley |year=2005 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=November 21, 2012 |archive-date=December 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226135357/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Ambystoma&where-species=gracile |url-status=live }}</ref> Some have larvae that never fully develop into the adult form, a condition known as [[neoteny]].<ref name=biology1994/> Neoteny occurs when the animal's growth rate is very low and is usually linked to adverse conditions such as low water temperatures that may change the response of the tissues to the hormone thyroxine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/titus/herp_old/neoteny.htm |title=Metamorphosis vs. neoteny (paedomorphosis) in salamanders (Caudata) |author=Kiyonaga, Robin R |access-date=November 21, 2012 |archive-date=August 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820014148/http://pages.uoregon.edu/titus/herp_old/neoteny.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as lack of food. There are fifteen species of [[wikt:obligate|obligate]] neotenic salamanders, including species of ''[[Necturus]]'', ''[[Olm|Proteus]]'' and ''Amphiuma'', and many examples of [[wikt:facultative|facultative]] ones, such as the [[northwestern salamander]] (''Ambystoma gracile'') and the [[tiger salamander]] (''A. tigrinum'') that adopt this strategy under appropriate environmental circumstances.<ref name=biology1994>{{cite book |title=Biology of Amphibians |last=Duellman |first=William E. |author2=Trueb, Linda |author-link2=Linda Trueb|year=1994 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-4780-6 |pages=191–192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzxVvKmrtIgC&q=salamander+obligate+neoteny&pg=PA191 |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126161600/https://books.google.com/books?id=CzxVvKmrtIgC&q=salamander+obligate+neoteny&pg=PA191 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lungless salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are terrestrial and lay a small number of unpigmented eggs in a cluster among damp leaf litter. Each egg has a large yolk sac and the larva feeds on this while it develops inside the egg, emerging fully formed as a juvenile salamander. The female salamander often broods the eggs. In the genus ''[[Ensatinas]]'', the female has been observed to coil around them and press her throat area against them, effectively massaging them with a mucous secretion.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=196 }}

In newts and salamanders, metamorphosis is less dramatic than in frogs. This is because the larvae are already carnivorous and continue to feed as predators when they are adults so few changes are needed to their digestive systems. Their lungs are functional early, but the larvae do not make as much use of them as do tadpoles. Their gills are never covered by gill sacs and are reabsorbed just before the animals leave the water. Other changes include the reduction in size or loss of tail fins, the closure of gill slits, thickening of the skin, the development of eyelids, and certain changes in dentition and tongue structure. Salamanders are at their most vulnerable at metamorphosis as swimming speeds are reduced and transforming tails are encumbrances on land.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shaffer, H. Bradley |author2=Austin, C. C. |author3=Huey, R. B. |year=1991 |title=The consequences of metamorphosis on salamander (''Ambystoma'') locomotor performance |journal=Physiological Zoology |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=212–231 |jstor=30158520 |doi=10.1086/physzool.64.1.30158520 |bibcode=1991PhysZ..64..212S |s2cid=87191067 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/35a9/f72917535be00155ac93824e53b1876583da.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210143955/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/35a9/f72917535be00155ac93824e53b1876583da.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-10 }}</ref> Adult salamanders often have an aquatic phase in spring and summer, and a land phase in winter. For adaptation to a water phase, prolactin is the required hormone, and for adaptation to the land phase, thyroxine. External gills do not return in subsequent aquatic phases because these are completely absorbed upon leaving the water for the first time.<ref name=EB-Caudata>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100353/Caudata |title=Caudata |author=Wake, David B. |year=2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=May 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516165633/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100353/Caudata |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Caecilians ====
[[File:CaecilianNHM.png|thumb|left|alt=''Ichthyophis glutinosus''|The caecilian ''Ichthyophis glutinosus'' with eggs and developing embryo]]
Most terrestrial caecilians that lay eggs do so in burrows or moist places on land near bodies of water. The development of the young of ''[[Ichthyophis glutinosus]]'', a species from Sri Lanka, has been much studied. The eel-like larvae hatch out of the eggs and make their way to water. They have three pairs of external red feathery gills, a blunt head with two rudimentary eyes, a lateral line system and a short tail with fins. They swim by undulating their body from side to side. They are mostly active at night, soon lose their gills and make sorties onto land. Metamorphosis is gradual. By the age of about ten months they have developed a pointed head with sensory tentacles near the mouth and lost their eyes, lateral line systems and tails. The skin thickens, embedded scales develop and the body divides into segments. By this time, the caecilian has constructed a burrow and is living on land.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Breckenridge, W. R. |author2=Nathanael, S. |author3=Pereira, L. |year=1987 |title=Some aspects of the biology and development of ''Ichthyophis glutinosus'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=437–449 |doi=10.1111/jzo.1987.211.3.437 }}</ref>

[[File:Siphonops annulatus.jpg|thumb|alt=Ringed caecilian|The [[Siphonops annulatus|ringed caecilian]] (''Siphonops annulatus'') resembles an earthworm]]
In the majority of species of caecilians, the young are produced by viviparity. ''[[Typhlonectes compressicauda]]'', a species from South America, is typical of these. Up to nine larvae can develop in the oviduct at any one time. They are elongated and have paired sac-like gills, small eyes and specialised scraping teeth. At first, they feed on the yolks of the eggs, but as this source of nourishment declines they begin to rasp at the ciliated epithelial cells that line the oviduct. This stimulates the secretion of fluids rich in [[lipid]]s and mucoproteins on which they feed along with scrapings from the oviduct wall. They may increase their length sixfold and be two-fifths as long as their mother before being born. By this time they have undergone metamorphosis, lost their eyes and gills, developed a thicker skin and mouth tentacles, and reabsorbed their teeth. A permanent set of teeth grow through soon after birth.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wake, Marvalee H. |year=1977 |title=Fetal maintenance and its evolutionary significance in the Amphibia: Gymnophiona |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=379–386 |jstor=1562719 |doi=10.2307/1562719 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265101247 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004081631/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265101247 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29797/Gymnophiona |title=Gymnophiona |author=Duellman, William E. |year=2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114043346/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29797/Gymnophiona |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gills are only necessarily during embryonic development, and in species that give birth the offspring is born after gill degeneration. In egg laying caecilians the gills are either reabsorbed before hatching, or, in species that hatch with gill remnants still present, short lived and only leaves behind a gill slit. For species with scales under their skin, the scales does not form before during metamorphosis.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nCfSBwAAQBAJ&dq=caecilians+gill+degeneration+migration+water&pg=PA309 Metamorphosis: A Problem in Developmental Biology]</ref>

The ringed caecilian (''[[Siphonops annulatus]]'') has developed a unique adaptation for the purposes of reproduction. The progeny feed on a skin layer that is specially developed by the adult in a phenomenon known as maternal dermatophagy. The brood feed as a batch for about seven minutes at intervals of approximately three days which gives the skin an opportunity to regenerate. Meanwhile, they have been observed to ingest fluid exuded from the maternal cloaca.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wilkinson, Mark |author2=Kupfer, Alexander |author3=Marques-Porto, Rafael |author4=Jeffkins, Hilary |author5=Antoniazzi, Marta M. |author6=Jared, Carlos |year=2008 |title= One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2008.0217 |volume=4 |pages=358–361 |issue=4 |pmc=2610157 |pmid=18547909}}</ref>

=== Parental care ===
[[File:Panama Poison Dart Frog Colostethus panamensis with tadpoles.jpg|thumb|alt=Common rocket frog|Male [[common rocket frog]] (''Colostethus panamensis'') carrying tadpoles on his back]]

The care of offspring among amphibians has been little studied but, in general, the larger the number of eggs in a batch, the less likely it is that any degree of parental care takes place. Nevertheless, it is estimated that in up to 20% of amphibian species, one or both adults play some role in the care of the young.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crump| first=Martha L.| year=1996| chapter=Parental care among the Amphibia| volume=25| pages=109–144| doi=10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60331-9 | series=Advances in the Study of Behavior| isbn=978-0-12-004525-9| title=Parental Care: Evolution, Mechanisms, and Adaptive Significance}}</ref> Those species that breed in smaller water bodies or other specialised habitats tend to have complex patterns of behaviour in the care of their young.<ref name="Brown1">{{cite journal | doi=10.1086/650727 | last1=Brown | first1=J. L. | last2=Morales | first2=V. | last3=Summers | first3=K. | year=2010 | title=A key ecological trait drove the evolution of biparental care and monogamy in an amphibian | journal=American Naturalist | volume=175 | issue=4 | pages=436–446 | pmid=20180700 | bibcode=2010ANat..175..436B | s2cid=20270737 | url=https://www.academia.edu/11096788 | access-date=November 10, 2016 | archive-date=July 29, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203806/https://www.academia.edu/11096788/A_Key_Ecological_Trait_Drove_the_Evolution_of_Biparental_Care_and_Monogamy_in_an_Amphibian | url-status=live }}</ref>

Many woodland salamanders lay clutches of eggs under dead logs or stones on land. The [[black mountain salamander]] (''Desmognathus welteri'') does this, the mother brooding the eggs and guarding them from predation as the embryos feed on the yolks of their eggs. When fully developed, they break their way out of the egg capsules and disperse as juvenile salamanders.{{sfn | Dorit | Walker | Barnes | 1991 | pp=853–854 }} The male hellbender, a primitive salamander, excavates an underwater nest and encourages females to lay there. The male then guards the site for the two or three months before the eggs hatch, using body undulations to fan the eggs and increase their supply of oxygen.<ref name="EHSAR" />

[[File:Alytes obstetricans almogavarii - male with eggs 2.jpg|thumb|left|Male [[common midwife toad]] (''Alytes obstetricans'') carrying eggs]]
The male ''[[Colostethus subpunctatus]]'', a tiny frog, protects the egg cluster which is hidden under a stone or log. When the eggs hatch, the male transports the tadpoles on his back, stuck there by a mucous secretion, to a temporary pool where he dips himself into the water and the tadpoles drop off.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fandiño, María Claudia |author2=Lüddecke, Horst |author3=Amézquita, Adolfo |year=1997 |title=Vocalisation and larval transportation of male ''Colostethus subpunctatus'' (Anura: Dendrobatidae) |journal=Amphibia-Reptilia |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/156853897X00297 }}</ref> The male [[Common midwife toad|midwife toad]] (''Alytes obstetricans'') winds egg strings round his thighs and carries the eggs around for up to eight weeks. He keeps them moist and when they are ready to hatch, he visits a pond or ditch and releases the tadpoles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Alytes&where-species=obstetricans |title=''Alytes obstetricans'' |author=van der Meijden, Arie |date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=November 29, 2012 |archive-date=December 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225004602/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Alytes&where-species=obstetricans |url-status=live }}</ref> The female [[gastric-brooding frog]] (''Rheobatrachus spp.'') reared larvae in her stomach after swallowing either the eggs or hatchlings; however, this stage was never observed before the species became extinct. The tadpoles secrete a hormone that inhibits digestion in the mother whilst they develop by consuming their very large yolk supply.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rheobatrachus_silus.html |title=''Rheobatrachus silus'' |author=Semeyn, E. |year=2002 |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=August 5, 2012 |archive-date=July 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706021952/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rheobatrachus_silus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[pouched frog]] (''Assa darlingtoni'') lays eggs on the ground. When they hatch, the male carries the tadpoles around in brood pouches on his hind legs.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2023 |title=''Assa darlingtoni'' |article-number=e.T211150139A78440087 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T211150139A78440087.en}}</ref> The aquatic [[Surinam toad]] (''Pipa pipa'') raises its young in pores on its back where they remain until metamorphosis.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2023 |title=''Pipa pipa'' |article-number=e.T58163A85900348 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58163A85900348.en}}</ref> The granular poison frog (''Oophaga granulifera'') is typical of a number of tree frogs in the poison dart frog family [[Dendrobatidae]]. Its eggs are laid on the forest floor and when they hatch, the tadpoles are carried one by one on the back of an adult to a suitable water-filled crevice such as the [[wikt:axil|axil]] of a leaf or the [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]] of a [[Bromeliaceae|bromeliad]]. The female visits the nursery sites regularly and deposits unfertilised eggs in the water and these are consumed by the tadpoles.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=van Wijngaarden, René |author2=Bolaños, Federico |year=1992 |title=Parental care in ''Dendrobates granuliferus'' (Anura: Dendrobatidae), with a description of the tadpole |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=102–105 |jstor=1565037 |doi=10.2307/1565037 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275943004 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004045905/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275943004 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Genetics and genomics ==
Amphibians are notable among vertebrates for their diversity of chromosomes and genomes. The [[karyotype]]s ([[chromosome]]s) have been determined for at least 1,193 (14.5%) of the ≈8,200 known ([[Ploidy|diploid]]) species, including 963 [[Frog|anurans]], 209 [[salamander]]s, and 21 [[caecilian]]s. Generally, the karyotypes of diploid amphibians are characterized by 20–26 bi-armed chromosomes. Amphibians have also very large genomes compared to other taxa of vertebrates and corresponding variation in genome size ([[C-value]]: picograms of DNA in [[Ploidy|haploid]] nuclei). The genome sizes range from 0.95 to 11.5 pg in frogs, from 13.89 to 120.56 pg in salamanders, and from 2.94 to 11.78 pg in caecilians.<ref name="Uno-2021">{{Cite journal|last=Uno|first=Yoshinobu|date=2021|title=Inference of evolution of vertebrate genomes and chromosomes from genomic and cytogenetic analyses using amphibians|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/scr/24/1-2/24_3/_article|journal=Chromosome Science|volume=24|issue=1–2|pages=3–12|doi=10.11352/scr.24.3|access-date=September 6, 2021|archive-date=September 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906221121/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/scr/24/1-2/24_3/_article|url-status=live}}</ref>

The large genome sizes have prevented whole-[[Whole genome sequencing|genome sequencing]] of amphibians although a number of genomes have been published recently. The 1.7GB draft genome of ''[[Western clawed frog|Xenopus tropicalis]]'' was the first to be reported for amphibians in 2010.<ref name="Uno-2021"/> Compared to some salamanders this frog genome is tiny. For instance, the genome of the [[Axolotl|Mexican axolotl]] turned out to be 32 Gb, which is more than 10 times larger than the [[human genome]] (3GB).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nowoshilow|first1=Sergej|last2=Schloissnig|first2=Siegfried|last3=Fei|first3=Ji-Feng|last4=Dahl|first4=Andreas|last5=Pang|first5=Andy W. C.|last6=Pippel|first6=Martin|last7=Winkler|first7=Sylke|last8=Hastie|first8=Alex R.|last9=Young|first9=George|last10=Roscito|first10=Juliana G.|last11=Falcon|first11=Francisco|date=2018|title=The axolotl genome and the evolution of key tissue formation regulators|journal=Nature|volume=554|issue=7690|pages=50–55|doi=10.1038/nature25458|pmid=29364872|bibcode=2018Natur.554...50N|s2cid=256770603 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free|hdl=21.11116/0000-0003-F659-4|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Feeding and diet ==
[[File:Pacific brown salamander eating a worm.jpg|thumb|alt=Northwestern salamander|[[Northwestern salamander]] (''Ambystoma gracile'') eating a worm]]
With a few exceptions, adult amphibians are [[Predation|predators]], feeding on virtually anything that moves that they can swallow. The diet mostly consists of small prey that do not move too fast such as beetles, caterpillars, earthworms and spiders. The sirens (''[[Siren (genus)|Siren spp.]]'') often ingest aquatic plant material with the invertebrates on which they feed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Siren_intermedia.html |title=''Siren intermedia'': Lesser Siren |author=Gabbard, Jesse |year=2000 |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=August 11, 2012 |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102053811/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Siren_intermedia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a Brazilian tree frog (''[[Xenohyla truncata]]'') includes a large quantity of fruit in its diet.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Da Silva, H. R. |author2=De Britto-Pereira, M. C. |year=2006 |title=How much fruit do fruit-eating frogs eat? An investigation on the diet of ''Xenohyla truncata'' (Lissamphibia: Anura: Hylidae) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=270 |issue=4 |pages=692–698 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00192.x |bibcode=2006JZoo..270..692D |url=https://www.academia.edu/26660305 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623022254/https://www.academia.edu/26660305/How_much_fruit_do_fruit-eating_frogs_eat_An_investigation_on_the_diet_of_Xenohyla_truncata_Lissamphibia_Anura_Hylidae_ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mexican burrowing toad]] (''Rhinophrynus dorsalis'') has a specially adapted tongue for picking up ants and termites. It projects it with the tip foremost whereas other frogs flick out the rear part first, their tongues being hinged at the front.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Trueb, Linda |author-link1=Linda Trueb|author2=Gans, Carl |year=1983 |title=Feeding specializations of the Mexican burrowing toad, ''Rhinophrynus dorsalis'' (Anura: Rhinophrynidae) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=199 |issue=2 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02090.x |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74489/1/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02090.x.pdf |hdl=2027.42/74489 |hdl-access=free |access-date=August 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727223533/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/74489/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02090.x.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Food is mostly selected by sight, even in conditions of dim light. Movement of the prey triggers a feeding response. Frogs have been caught on fish hooks baited with red flannel and [[Rana clamitans|green frogs]] (''Rana clamitans'') have been found with stomachs full of elm seeds that they had seen floating past.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hamilton, W. J. Jr. |year=1948 |title=The food and feeding behavior of the green frog, ''Rana clamitans'' Latreille, in New York State |journal=Copeia |volume=1948 |issue=3 |pages=203–207 |publisher=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists |jstor=1438455 |doi=10.2307/1438455 }}</ref> Toads, salamanders and caecilians also use smell to detect prey. This response is mostly secondary because salamanders have been observed to remain stationary near odoriferous prey but only feed if it moves. Cave-dwelling amphibians normally hunt by smell. Some salamanders seem to have learned to recognize immobile prey when it has no smell, even in complete darkness.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=56 }}

Amphibians usually swallow food whole but may chew it lightly first to subdue it.<ref name="Collins" /> They typically have small hinged [[pedicellate teeth]], a feature unique to amphibians. The base and crown of these are composed of [[dentine]] separated by an [[Calcification|uncalcified]] layer and they are replaced at intervals. Salamanders, caecilians and some frogs have one or two rows of teeth in both jaws, but some frogs (''Rana spp.'') lack teeth in the lower jaw, and toads (''Bufo spp.'') have no teeth. In many amphibians there are also [[vomerine teeth]] attached to a facial bone in the roof of the mouth.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=57–58 }}

[[File:Teichfrosch isst teichfrosch.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Edible frog eating a fellow edible frog|[[Edible frog]] (''Pelophylax esculentus'') exhibiting [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]]]
The [[tiger salamander]] (''Ambystoma tigrinum'') is typical of the frogs and salamanders that hide under cover ready to ambush unwary invertebrates. Other amphibians, such as the ''Bufo spp.'' toads, actively search for prey, while the [[Argentine horned frog]] (''Ceratophrys ornata'') lures inquisitive prey closer by raising its hind feet over its back and vibrating its yellow toes.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Radcliffe, Charles W. |author2=Chiszar, David |author3=Estep, Karen |author4=Murphy, James B. |author5=Smith, Hobart M. |year=1986 |title=Observations on pedal luring and pedal movements in Leptodactylid frogs |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=300–306 |jstor=1564496 |doi=10.2307/1564496 }}</ref> Among leaf litter frogs in Panama, frogs that actively hunt prey have narrow mouths and are slim, often brightly coloured and toxic, while ambushers have wide mouths and are broad and well-camouflaged.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Toft, Catherine A. |year=1981 |title=Feeding ecology of Panamanian litter anurans: patterns in diet and foraging mode |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=139–144 |jstor=1563372 |doi=10.2307/1563372 |url=https://www.academia.edu/364846 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730230446/https://www.academia.edu/364846/Feeding_Ecology_of_Panamanian_Litter_Anurans_Patterns_In_Diet_and_Foraging_Mode |url-status=live }}</ref> Caecilians do not flick their tongues, but catch their prey by grabbing it with their slightly backward-pointing teeth. The struggles of the prey and further jaw movements work it inwards and the caecilian usually retreats into its burrow. The subdued prey is gulped down whole.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bemis, W. E. |author2=Schwenk, K. |author3=Wake, M. H. |year=1983 |title=Morphology and function of the feeding apparatus in ''Dermophis mexicanus'' (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=75–96 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb01722.x |url=https://www.academia.edu/23250634 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730223909/https://www.academia.edu/23250634/Morphology_and_function_of_the_feeding_apparatus_in_Dermophis_mexicanus_Amphibia_Gymnophiona_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

When they are newly hatched, frog larvae feed on the yolk of the egg. When this is exhausted some move on to feed on bacteria, algal crusts, detritus and raspings from submerged plants. Water is drawn in through their mouths, which are usually at the bottom of their heads, and passes through branchial food traps between their mouths and their gills where fine particles are trapped in mucus and filtered out. Others have specialised mouthparts consisting of a horny beak edged by several rows of labial teeth. They scrape and bite food of many kinds as well as stirring up the bottom sediment, filtering out larger particles with the papillae around their mouths. Some, such as the spadefoot toads, have strong biting jaws and are carnivorous or even cannibalistic.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=181–185 }}
[[file:Sophisticated-Communication-in-the-Brazilian-Torrent-Frog-Hylodes-japi-pone.0145444.s001.oga|left|thumb|Audio showing Brazilian torrent frog males executing advertisement, peep, and squeal calls.]]

== Vocalization ==
[[File:Dendropsophus microcephalus - calling male (Cope, 1886).jpg|thumb|alt=Male treefrog calling|Male treefrog (''[[Dendropsophus microcephalus]]'') inflating his air sac as he calls]]
The calls made by caecilians and salamanders are limited to occasional soft squeaks, grunts or hisses and have not been much studied. A clicking sound sometimes produced by caecilians may be a means of orientation, as in bats, or a form of communication. Most salamanders are considered [[voiceless]], but the [[California giant salamander]] (''Dicamptodon ensatus'') has vocal cords and can produce a rattling or barking sound. Some species of salamander emit a quiet squeak or yelp if attacked.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=76–77 }}

[[File:American Toad singing.jpg|thumb|American toad (''[[Anaxyrus americanus]]'') singing]]
Frogs are much more vocal, especially during the breeding season when they use their voices to attract mates. The presence of a particular species in an area may be more easily discerned by its characteristic call than by a fleeting glimpse of the animal itself. In most species, the sound is produced by expelling air from the lungs over the vocal cords into one or more [[vocal sac|air sacs]] in the throat or at the corner of the mouth. This may distend like a balloon and acts as a resonator, helping to transfer the sound to the atmosphere, or the water at times when the animal is submerged.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | pp=76–77 }} The main vocalisation is the male's loud advertisement call which seeks to both encourage a female to approach and discourage other males from intruding on its territory. This call is modified to a quieter courtship call on the approach of a female or to a more aggressive version if a male intruder draws near. Calling carries the risk of attracting predators and involves the expenditure of much energy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sullivan, Brian K. |year=1992 |title=Sexual selection and calling behavior in the American toad (''Bufo americanus'') |journal=Copeia |volume=1992 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |jstor=1446530 |doi=10.2307/1446530 |bibcode=1992Copei1992....1S }}</ref> Other calls include those given by a female in response to the advertisement call and a release call given by a male or female during unwanted attempts at amplexus. When a frog is attacked, a distress or fright call is emitted, often resembling a scream.<ref>{{Cite thesis |chapter=Capitulo 4 |title=When frogs scream! A review of anuran defensive vocalizations |chapter-url= http://www.athena.biblioteca.unesp.br/exlibris/bd/brc/33004137003P3/2007/pereira_lftr_dr_rcla.pdf#page=110 |author1=Toledo, L. F. |author2= Haddad, C. F. B. |year=2007 |publisher=Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo |access-date=August 13, 2012 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120904084231/http://www.athena.biblioteca.unesp.br/exlibris/bd/brc/33004137003P3/2007/pereira_lftr_dr_rcla.pdf#page=110 |url-status=live }}</ref> The usually nocturnal Cuban tree frog (''Osteopilus septentrionalis'') produces a rain call when there is rainfall during daylight hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw259 |title=The Cuban Treefrog (''Osteopilus septentrionalis'') in Florida |author=Johnson, Steve A. |year=2010 |work=EDIS |publisher=University of Florida |access-date=August 13, 2012 |archive-date=August 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820233346/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw259 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Territorial behaviour ==
Little is known of the territorial behaviour of caecilians, but some frogs and salamanders defend home ranges. These are usually feeding, breeding or sheltering sites. Males normally exhibit such behaviour though in some species, females and even juveniles are also involved. Although in many frog species, females are larger than males, this is not the case in most species where males are actively involved in territorial defence. Some of these have specific adaptations such as enlarged teeth for biting or spines on the chest, arms or thumbs.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shine, Richard |year=1979 |title=Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the Amphibia |journal=Copeia |volume=1979 |issue=2 |pages=297–306 |jstor=1443418 |doi=10.2307/1443418 }}</ref>

[[File:Redback salamander.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Red-backed salamander|The red back salamander (''[[Plethodon cinereus]]'') defends a territory against intruders.]]
In salamanders, defence of a [[territory (animal)|territory]] involves adopting an aggressive posture and if necessary attacking the intruder. This may involve snapping, chasing and sometimes biting, occasionally causing the loss of a tail. The behaviour of [[red back salamander]]s (''Plethodon cinereus'') has been much studied. 91% of marked individuals that were later recaptured were within a metre (yard) of their original daytime retreat under a log or rock.<ref name="Gergits">{{cite journal |author1=Gergits, W. F. |author2=Jaeger, R. G. | year=1990 | title=Site attachment by the red-backed salamander, ''Plethodon cinereus'' | journal=Journal of Herpetology | volume=24 | issue=1 | pages=91–93 | jstor=1564297 | doi=10.2307/1564297 |bibcode=1990JHerp..24...91G }}</ref> A similar proportion, when moved experimentally a distance of {{convert|30|m}}, found their way back to their home base.<ref name="Gergits"/> The salamanders left odour marks around their territories which averaged {{convert|0.16|to|0.33|m2}} in size and were sometimes inhabited by a male and female pair.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Plethodon&where-species=cinereus&rel-genus=equals&rel-species=equals |title=''Plethodon cinereus'' |author=Casper, Gary S |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=September 25, 2012 |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609131933/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&where-genus=Plethodon&where-species=cinereus&rel-genus=equals&rel-species=equals |url-status=live }}</ref> These deterred the intrusion of others and delineated the boundaries between neighbouring areas. Much of their behaviour seemed stereotyped and did not involve any actual contact between individuals. An aggressive posture involved raising the body off the ground and glaring at the opponent who often turned away submissively. If the intruder persisted, a biting lunge was usually launched at either the tail region or the naso-labial grooves. Damage to either of these areas can reduce the fitness of the rival, either because of the need to regenerate tissue or because it impairs its ability to detect food.<ref name="Gergits" />

In frogs, male territorial behaviour is often observed at breeding locations; calling is both an announcement of ownership of part of this resource and an advertisement call to potential mates. In general, a deeper voice represents a heavier and more powerful individual, and this may be sufficient to prevent intrusion by smaller males. Much energy is used in the vocalization and it takes a toll on the territory holder who may be displaced by a fitter rival if he tires. There is a tendency for males to tolerate the holders of neighbouring territories while vigorously attacking unknown intruders. Holders of territories have a "home advantage" and usually come off better in an encounter between two similar-sized frogs. If threats are insufficient, chest to chest tussles may take place. Fighting methods include pushing and shoving, deflating the opponent's vocal sac, seizing him by the head, jumping on his back, biting, chasing, splashing, and ducking him under the water.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Wells, K. D. | year=1977 | title=Territoriality and male mating success in the green frog (''Rana clamitans'') | journal=Ecology | volume=58 | issue=4 | pages=750–762 | jstor=1936211 | doi=10.2307/1936211 | bibcode=1977Ecol...58..750W }}</ref>

== Defence mechanisms ==
[[File:Adult Cane toad.jpg|thumb|alt=Cane toad|[[Cane toad]] (''Rhinella marina'') with poison glands behind the eyes]]

Amphibians have soft bodies with thin skins, and lack claws, defensive armour, or spines. Nevertheless, they have evolved various defence mechanisms to keep themselves alive. The first line of defence in salamanders and frogs is the mucous secretion that they produce. This keeps their skin moist and makes them slippery and difficult to grip. The secretion is often sticky and distasteful or toxic.<ref name="Barthalmus">{{cite journal |author1=Barthalmus, G. T. |author2=Zielinski W. J. |year=1988 |title=''Xenopus'' skin mucus induces oral dyskinesias that promote escape from snakes |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=957–959 |pmid=3227042 |doi=10.1016/0091-3057(88)90126-8 |s2cid=25434883 }}</ref> Snakes have been observed yawning and gaping when trying to swallow [[African clawed frog]]s (''Xenopus laevis''), which gives the frogs an opportunity to escape.<ref name="Barthalmus" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Xenopus&where-species=laevis | title=Xenopus laevis | author=Crayon, John J | publisher=AmphibiaWeb | access-date=October 8, 2012 | archive-date=October 9, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009195434/http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Xenopus&where-species=laevis | url-status=live }}</ref> Caecilians have been little studied in this respect, but the Cayenne caecilian (''Typhlonectes compressicauda'') produces toxic mucus that has killed predatory fish in a feeding experiment in Brazil.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moodie, G. E. E. |year=1978 |title=Observations on the life history of the caecilian ''Typhlonectes compressicaudus'' (Dumeril and Bibron) in the Amazon basin |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=1005–1008 |doi=10.1139/z78-141 |bibcode=1978CaJZ...56.1005M |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237980659 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705144951/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237980659_Observations_on_life-history_of_caecilian_Typhlonectes_compressicaudus_Dumeril_and_Bibron_in_Amazon_Basin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In some salamanders, the skin is poisonous. The [[rough-skinned newt]] (''Taricha granulosa'') from North America and other members of its genus contain the neurotoxin [[tetrodotoxin]] (TTX), the most toxic non-protein substance known and almost identical to that produced by [[pufferfish]]. Handling the newts does not cause harm, but ingestion of even the most minute amounts of the skin is deadly. In feeding trials, fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals were all found to be susceptible.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Brodie, Edmund D. Jr. |year=1968 |title=Investigations on the skin toxin of the adult rough-skinned newt, ''Taricha granulosa'' |journal=Copeia |volume=1968 |issue=2 |pages=307–313 |jstor=1441757 |doi= 10.2307/1441757 }}</ref><ref name=Hanifin>{{cite journal |author1=Hanifin, Charles T. |author2=Yotsu-Yamashita, Mari |author3=Yasumoto, Takeshi |author4=Brodie, Edmund D. |author5=Brodie, Edmund D. Jr. |year=1999 |title=Toxicity of dangerous prey: variation of tetrodotoxin levels within and among populations of the newt ''Taricha granulosa'' |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=2161–2175 |doi=10.1023/A:1021049125805 |bibcode=1999JCEco..25.2161H |s2cid=543221 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225869249 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705144956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225869249_Toxicity_of_Dangerous_Prey_Variation_of_Tetrodotoxin_Levels_Within_and_Among_Populations_of_the_Newt_Taricha_granulosa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The only predators with some tolerance to the poison are certain populations of [[Common Garter Snake|common garter snake]] (''Thamnophis sirtalis'').
In locations where both snake and salamander co-exist, the snakes have developed immunity through genetic changes and they feed on the amphibians with impunity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Geffeney, Shana L. |author2=Fujimoto, Esther |author3=Brodie, Edmund D. |author4=Brodie, Edmund D. Jr. |author5=Ruben, Peter C. |year=2005 |title=Evolutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predator–prey interaction |journal=Nature |volume=434 |pages=759–763 |doi=10.1038/nature03444 |issue=7034 |pmid=15815629 |bibcode=2005Natur.434..759G |s2cid=4426708 }}</ref> [[Coevolution]] occurs with the newt increasing its toxic capabilities at the same rate as the snake further develops its immunity.<ref name=Hanifin/> Some frogs and toads are toxic, the main poison glands being at the side of the neck and under the warts on the back. These regions are presented to the attacking animal and their secretions may be foul-tasting or cause various physical or neurological symptoms. Altogether, over 200 toxins have been isolated from the limited number of amphibian species that have been investigated.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=110 }}

[[File:Salamander-olympus.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Fire salamander|The [[fire salamander]] (''Salamandra salamandra''), a toxic species, wears warning colours.]]
[[File:Schrecklicherpfeilgiftfrosch-01.jpg|thumb|left|Perhaps the most poisonous animal in the world, the [[golden poison frog]] (''Phyllobates terribilis'') is endemic to [[Colombia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patocka |first1=Jiri |last2=Wulff |first2=Kräuff |last3=Palomeque |first3=MaríaVictoria |year=1999 |title=Dart Poison Frogs and Their Toxins |journal=ASA Newsletter |volume=5 |issue=75 |issn=1057-9419 |url=http://www.asanltr.com/ASANews-99/995frogs.htm |access-date=January 29, 2013 |archive-date=March 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323033500/http://www.asanltr.com/ASANews-99/995frogs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Poisonous species often use bright colouring to warn potential predators of their toxicity. These warning colours tend to be red or yellow combined with black, with the [[fire salamander]] (''Salamandra salamandra'') being an example. Once a predator has sampled one of these, it is likely to remember the colouration next time it encounters a similar animal. In some species, such as the [[fire-bellied toad]] (''Bombina spp.''), the warning colouration is on the belly and these animals adopt a defensive pose when attacked, exhibiting their bright colours to the predator. The frog ''[[Allobates zaparo]]'' is not poisonous, but [[Batesian mimicry|mimics]] the appearance of other toxic species in its locality, a strategy that may deceive predators.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Darst, Catherine R. |author2=Cummings, Molly E. |date=March 9, 2006 |title=Predator learning favours mimicry of a less-toxic model in poison frogs |journal=Nature |volume=440 |pages=208–211 |doi=10.1038/nature04297 |issue=7081 |pmid=16525472 |bibcode=2006Natur.440..208D |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Many amphibians are nocturnal and hide during the day, thereby avoiding diurnal predators that hunt by sight. Other amphibians use [[camouflage]] to avoid being detected. They have various colourings such as mottled browns, greys and olives to blend into the background. Some salamanders adopt defensive poses when faced by a potential predator such as the North American [[northern short-tailed shrew]] (''Blarina brevicauda''). Their bodies writhe and they raise and lash their tails which makes it difficult for the predator to avoid contact with their poison-producing granular glands.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Brodie, Edmund D. Jr. |author2=Nowak, Robert T. |author3=Harvey, William R. |year=1979 |title=Antipredator secretions and behavior of selected salamanders against shrews |journal=Copeia |volume=1979 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |jstor=1443413 |doi=10.2307/1443413 }}</ref> A few salamanders will autotomise their tails when attacked, sacrificing this part of their anatomy to enable them to escape. The tail may have a constriction at its base to allow it to be easily detached. The tail is regenerated later, but the energy cost to the animal of replacing it is significant.<ref name="Beneski" />
Some frogs and toads inflate themselves to make themselves look large and fierce, and some spadefoot toads (''[[Pelobates]] spp'') scream and leap towards the attacker.<ref name="Collins" /> Giant salamanders of the genus ''[[Andrias]]'', as well as [[Ceratophryinae|Ceratophrine]] and ''[[Pyxicephalus]]'' frogs possess sharp teeth and are capable of drawing blood with a defensive bite. The [[blackbelly salamander]] (''Desmognathus quadramaculatus'') can bite an attacking common garter snake (''Thamnophis sirtalis'') two or three times its size on the head and often manages to escape.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brodie, E. D. Jr. |year=1978 |title=Biting and vocalisation as antipredator mechanisms in terrestrial salamanders |journal=Copeia |volume=1978 |issue=1 |pages=127–129 |jstor=1443832 |doi=10.2307/1443832 }}</ref>

== Cognition ==
In amphibians, there is evidence of [[habituation]], [[associative learning]] through both [[Classical conditioning|classical]] and [[instrumental learning]], and discrimination abilities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hloch, A.|year=2010|title=What Does a Salamander Remember After Winter?|publisher=University of Vienna. Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften|url=http://othes.univie.ac.at/11007/1/2010-09-03_0400713.pdf|access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-date=October 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004135512/http://othes.univie.ac.at/11007/1/2010-09-03_0400713.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Amphibians are widely considered to be [[sentient]], able to feel emotions such as [[anxiety]] and [[fear]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=Helen |last2=Elwin |first2=Angie |last3=D'Cruze |first3=Neil |title=Frog in the well: A review of the scientific literature for evidence of amphibian sentience |journal=[[Applied Animal Behaviour Science]] |date=1 February 2022 |volume=247 |article-number=105559 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105559 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016815912200017X |access-date=26 May 2023 |language=en |issn=0168-1591|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In one experiment, when offered live fruit flies (''[[Drosophila]] virilis''), salamanders chose the larger of 1 vs 2 and 2 vs 3. Frogs can distinguish between low numbers (1 vs 2, 2 vs 3, but not 3 vs 4) and large numbers (3 vs 6, 4 vs 8, but not 4 vs 6) of prey. This is irrespective of other characteristics, i.e. surface area, volume, weight and movement, although discrimination among large numbers may be based on surface area.<ref name="Stancher">{{cite journal|author1=Stancher, G.|author2=Rugani, R.|author3=Regolin, L.|author4=Vallortigara, G.|author-link4=Giorgio Vallortigara|year=2015|title=Numerical discrimination by frogs (Bombina orientalis)|journal=Animal Cognition|volume=18|issue=1|pages=219–229|doi=10.1007/s10071-014-0791-7|url=https://www.academia.edu/12580390|pmid=25108417|s2cid=16499583|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-date=July 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714103445/https://www.academia.edu/12580390|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
{{Main|Decline in amphibian populations}}

[[File:Bufo periglenes1.jpg|thumb|alt=Golden toad|The extinct [[golden toad]] (''Incilius periglenes''), last seen in 1989]]
Dramatic declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized [[extinction]], have been noted since the late 1980s from locations all over the world, and amphibian declines are thus perceived to be one of the most critical threats to global [[biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McCallum |first1=M. L. |year=2007 |title=Amphibian decline or extinction? Current declines dwarf background extinction rate |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=483–491 |doi=10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[483:ADOECD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=30162903 }}</ref> In 2004, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) reported stating that currently birds,<ref>{{cite web|title=What does it mean to be human?|work=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program |url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/change|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|access-date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=November 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122053213/http://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/change|url-status=live}}</ref> mammals, and amphibians extinction rates were at minimum 48 times greater than natural extinction rates—possibly 1,024 times higher. In 2006, there were believed to be 4,035 species of amphibians that depended on water at some stage during their life cycle. Of these, 1,356 (33.6%) were considered to be threatened and this figure is likely to be an underestimate because it excludes 1,427 species for which there was insufficient data to assess their status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://app.databasin.org/app/pages/datasetPage.jsp?id=461e58214aa54ad79382066ab829c05f |title=Number of Globally Threatened Amphibian Species by Freshwater Ecoregion |author1=Hoekstra, J. M. |author2=Molnar, J. L. |author3=Jennings, M. |author4=Revenga, C. |author5=Spalding, M. D. |author6=Boucher, T. M. |author7=Robertson, J. C. |author8=Heibel, T. J. |author9=Ellison, K. |year=2010 |work=The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference |publisher=The Nature Conservancy |access-date=September 5, 2012 |archive-date=October 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027081225/http://app.databasin.org/app/pages/datasetPage.jsp?id=461e58214aa54ad79382066ab829c05f |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of causes are believed to be involved, including [[habitat destruction]] and modification, [[over-exploitation]], pollution, [[introduced species]], [[global warming]], [[endocrine-disrupting chemical|endocrine-disrupting pollutants]], destruction of the [[ozone layer]] ([[ultraviolet radiation]] has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians), and diseases like [[chytridiomycosis]]. However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and are a topic of ongoing discussion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amphibians.org/ |title=Amphibian Specialist Group |publisher=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |access-date=March 30, 2012 |archive-date=February 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222100746/http://www.amphibians.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Israel painted frog.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Hula painted frog|The [[Hula painted frog]] (''Discoglossus nigriventer'') was believed to be extinct but was rediscovered in 2011.]]

=== Food webs and predation ===
Any decline in amphibian numbers will affect the patterns of predation. The loss of carnivorous species near the top of the food chain will upset the delicate ecosystem balance and may cause dramatic increases in opportunistic species.

Predators that feed on amphibians are affected by their decline. The [[western terrestrial garter snake]] (''Thamnophis elegans'') in California is largely aquatic and depends heavily on two species of frog that are decreasing in numbers, the [[Yosemite toad]] (''Bufo canorus'') and the [[mountain yellow-legged frog]] (''Rana muscosa''), putting the snake's future at risk. If the snake were to become scarce, this would affect birds of prey and other predators that feed on it.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jennings, W. Bryan |author2=Bradford, David F. |author3=Johnson, Dale F. |year=1992 |title=Dependence of the garter snake ''Thamnophis elegans'' on amphibians in the Sierra Nevada of California |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=503–505 |jstor=1565132 |doi=10.2307/1565132 |bibcode=1992JHerp..26..503J |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270389669 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004050504/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270389669 |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, in the ponds and lakes, fewer frogs means fewer tadpoles. These normally play an important role in controlling the growth of algae and also forage on [[detritus]] that accumulates as sediment on the bottom. A reduction in the number of tadpoles may lead to an overgrowth of algae, resulting in depletion of oxygen in the water when the algae later die and decompose. Aquatic invertebrates and fish might then die and there would be unpredictable ecological consequences.{{sfn | Stebbins | Cohen | 1995 | p=249 }}

=== Pollution and pesticides ===

The decline in amphibian and reptile populations has led to an awareness of the effects of pesticides on reptiles and amphibians.<ref name="Hall-1992">{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=J.R. |last2=Henry |first2=F.P.P. |date=1992 |title=Review: Assessing Effects of Pesticide on Amphibians and Reptiles: Status and needs. |journal=Herpetological Journal |volume=2 |pages=65–71}}</ref> In the past, the argument that amphibians or reptiles were more susceptible to any [[chemical]] contamination than any land aquatic vertebrate was not supported by research until recently.<ref name="Hall-1992"/> Amphibians and reptiles have complex life cycles, live in different [[climate]] and [[ecological]] zones, and are more vulnerable to chemical exposure. Certain pesticides, such as organophosphates, neonicotinoids, and carbamates, react via cholinesterase inhibition. Cholinesterase is an enzyme that causes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, an excitatory neurotransmitter that is abundant in the nervous system. AChE inhibitors are either reversible or irreversible, and carbamates are safer than organophosphorus insecticides, which are more likely to cause cholinergic poisoning. Reptile exposure to an AChE inhibitory pesticide may result in disruption of neural function in reptiles. The buildup of these inhibitory effects on motor performance, such as food consumption and other activities.

=== Conservation and protection strategies ===
The Amphibian Specialist Group of the IUCN is spearheading efforts to implement a comprehensive global strategy for amphibian conservation.<ref name="AmphibianArk">{{cite web|url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/regional_activities/asian_amphibian_crisis/taking_action/amphibian_conservation_action_plan/ |title=Amphibian Conservation Action Plan |work=IUCN |access-date=March 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427134336/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/regional_activities/asian_amphibian_crisis/taking_action/amphibian_conservation_action_plan/ |archive-date=April 27, 2012 }}</ref> [[Amphibian Ark]] is an organization that was formed to implement the ex-situ conservation recommendations of this plan, and they have been working with zoos and aquaria around the world, encouraging them to create assurance colonies of threatened amphibians.<ref name="AmphibianArk" /> One such project is the Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project that built on existing conservation efforts in Panama to create a country-wide response to the threat of chytridiomycosis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibianrescue.org/?page_id=91 |title=Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |publisher=Amphibian Ark |access-date=March 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614024615/http://amphibianrescue.org/?page_id=91 |archive-date=June 14, 2010 }}</ref>

Another measure would be to stop exploitation of frogs for human consumption. In the Middle East, a growing appetite for eating frog legs and the consequent gathering of them for food was already linked to an increase in [[mosquito]]es and thus has direct consequences for human health.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Regier
| first1 = Henry A.
| last2 = Baskerville
| first2 = Gordon L.
| chapter = Sustainable redevelopment of regional ecosystems degraded by exploitive development
| title = Sustainability Issues for Resource Managers
| publisher = DIANE Publishing
| pages = 36–38
| year = 1996
| isbn = 978-0-7881-4699-2
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e66hatcSAsUC&q=Sustainable+redevelopment+of+regional+ecosystems+degraded+by&pg=PA21
| access-date = October 15, 2020
| archive-date = April 14, 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083004/https://books.google.com/books?id=e66hatcSAsUC&q=Sustainable+redevelopment+of+regional+ecosystems+degraded+by&pg=PA21
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Amphibians}}
* [[Amphibian and reptile tunnel]]
* [[Amphibious fish]]
* [[Cultural depictions of amphibians]]
* [[List of amphibians]]
* [[List of amphibian genera]]
* [[List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States]]
* [[Softshell turtle]] – A taxonomic family of a number of [[turtle]] genera that ability to able to "breathe" underwater with rhythmic movements of their mouth cavity, which contains numerous processes copiously supplied with blood, acting similarly to gill filaments in fish.
* [[Annulated sea snake]] – A species of venomous [[sea snake]] that has ability to breathe underwater with help of extensive vascular network across the top of its head to absorb oxygen from the surrounding water.
* [[Cutaneous respiration]]
* [[Enteral respiration]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Cited texts ===
* {{cite book |title=Zoology |url=https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori |url-access=registration |last1=Dorit |first1=R. L. |last2=Walker |first2=W. F. |last3=Barnes |first3=R. D. |year=1991 |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |isbn=978-0-03-030504-7 }}
* {{cite book |title=A Natural History of Amphibians |last1=Stebbins |first1=Robert C. |author-link1=Robert C. Stebbins|last2=Cohen |first2=Nathan W. |year=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-03281-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0v47ou53yVsC&q=Caudata+Urodela&pg=PR11 }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| last = Carroll
| first = Robert L.
| title = Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
| url = https://archive.org/details/vertebratepaleon0000carr
| url-access = registration
| year = 1988
| publisher = W. H. Freeman
| isbn = 978-0-7167-1822-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Carroll
| first = Robert L.
| title = The Rise of Amphibians: 365 Million Years of Evolution
| year = 2009
| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
| isbn = 978-0-8018-9140-3
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Duellman
| first = William E.
|author2=Linda Trueb
| title = Biology of Amphibians
| year = 1994
| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
| isbn = 978-0-8018-4780-6
}}
* Duellman, William E., Berg, Barbara (1962), ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73551 Type Specimens of Amphibians and Reptiles in the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas]''
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Frost
| first1 = Darrel R.
| title = The Amphibian Tree of Life
| hdl = 2246/5781
| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
| volume = 297
| pages = 1–291
| year = 2006
| last2 = Grant | first2 = Taran
| last3 = Faivovich | first3 = Julián
| last4 = Bain | first4 = Raoul H.
| last5 = Haas | first5 = Alexander
| last6 = Haddad |first6 = Célio F.B.
| last7 = De Sá | first7 = Rafael O.
| last8 = Channing | first8 = Alan
| last9 = Wilkinson | first9 = Mark
| last10 = Donnellan | first10 = Stephen C.
| last11 = Raxworthy | first11 = Christopher J.
| last12 = Campbell | first12 = Jonathan A.
| last13 = Blotto | first13 = Boris L.
| last14 = Moler | first14 = Paul
| last15 = Drewes | first15 = Robert C.
| last16 = Nussbaum |first16 = Ronald A.
| last17 = Lynch | first17 = John D.
| last18 = Green | first18 = David M.
| last19 = Wheeler | first19 = Ward C.
| doi = 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2
| s2cid = 86140137
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213771051| doi-access = free
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pounds
| first1 = J. Alan
| title = Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming
| journal = Nature
| volume = 439
| issue = 7073
| pages = 161–167
| year = 2006
| pmid = 16407945
| doi = 10.1038/nature04246
| last2 = Bustamante | first2 = Martín R.
| last3 = Coloma | first3 = Luis A.
| last4 = Consuegra | first4 = Jamie A.
| last5 = Fogden | first5 = Michael P. L.
| last6 = Foster | first6 = Pru N.
| last7 = La Marca | first7 = Enrique
| last8 = Masters | first8 = Karen L.
| last9 = Merino-Viteri | first9 = Andrés
| last10 = Puschendorf | first10 = Robert
| last11 = Ron | first11 = Santiago R.
| last12 = Sánchez-Azofeifa | first12 = G. Arturo
| last13 = Still | first13 = Christopher J.
| last14 = Young | first14 = Bruce E.
| bibcode = 2006Natur.439..161A
| s2cid = 4430672
| url = https://www.academia.edu/13811723}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Stuart | first1 = Simon N.
| last2 = Chanson | first2 = Janice S.
| last3 = Cox | first3 = Neil A.
| last4 = Young | first4 = Bruce E.
| last5 = Rodrigues | first5 = Ana S. L.
| last6 = Fischman | first6 = Debra L.
| last7 = Waller | first7 = Robert W.
| title = Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide
| journal = Science
| volume = 306
| issue = 5702
| pages = 1783–1786
| year = 2004
| doi = 10.1126/science.1103538
| pmid = 15486254
| bibcode = 2004Sci...306.1783S
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.225.9620| s2cid = 86238651
}}
* {{cite book
| editor1 = Stuart, S. N.
| editor2 = Hoffmann, M.
| editor3 = Chanson, J. S.
| editor4 = Cox, N. A.
| editor5 = Berridge, R. J.
| editor6 = Ramani, P.
| editor7 = Young, B. E.
| title = Threatened Amphibians of the World
| publisher = Published by [[Lynx Edicions]], in association with [[IUCN-The World Conservation Union]], [[Conservation International]] and [[NatureServe]].
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-84-96553-41-5
| url = http://www.amphibians.org/publications/threatened-amphibians-of-the-world/
| access-date = October 30, 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030220413/http://www.amphibians.org/publications/threatened-amphibians-of-the-world/
| archive-date = October 30, 2014
}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Amphibia}}
{{Wikispecies|Amphibia}}
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Amphibia}}
* [http://www.animalspot.net/category/amphibians Amphibians] – AnimalSpot.net
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726202037/http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/54-amphibiens_langen_amphibians_lang_langes_anfibios_lang_?lang=en_UK ArchéoZooThèque : Amphibians skeletons drawings] : available in vector, image and PDF formats
* [http://www.amphibians.org/ Amphibian Specialist Group]
* [http://www.amphibianark.org/ Amphibian Ark]
* [http://www.amphibiaweb.org/ AmphibiaWeb]
* [http://www.globalamphibians.org/ Global Amphibian Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412222247/http://www.globalamphibians.org/ |date=April 12, 2011 }}
* [http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Environment&collection=Amphibians Amphibian vocalisations on Archival Sound Recordings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526171512/http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Environment&collection=Amphibians |date=May 26, 2010 }}

{{Amphibians}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10908}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Amphibians| ]]
[[Category:Amphibious organisms]]

[[Category:Extant Late Devonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]

Selvaa (film)

2026-03-21T00:43:58Z

Nayem:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Selvaa film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. Venkatesh]]
| screenplay = A. Venkatesh
| story = [[Majith|Majeeth]]
| producer = [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] [[Raghuvaran]] [[Riva Bubber|Riva]]
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| studio = A. R. S. International
| released = {{film date|df=y|1996|12|12}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Selvaa''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]] directed by [[A. Venkatesh]], and produced by [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=Tha. |title=An interview with Director Pavithran |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/pavithran.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031021114354/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/pavithran.asp |archive-date=21 October 2003 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]], [[Riva Bubber|Riva]] and [[Raghuvaran]]. The music is composed by [[Sirpy]]. The film was released on 12 December 1996,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selva ( 1996 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=selva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006091711/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=selva |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}</ref> and became a successful venture.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeFmbLaDcJg |title=Director A. Venkatesh Given So Many Hits For Tamil Cinema including Selva and Nilavae Vaa |date=24 September 2017 |language=ta |publisher=AnnaParavai |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930040753/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeFmbLaDcJg |archive-date=30 September 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="Dots">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlH3nj6B1eY |title=டூப் வேணாம்னு Vijay சொன்னப்ப Shock ஆயிட்டேன் - Director A Venkatesh Interview {{!}} DotsMedia |date=9 July 2022 |language=ta |publisher=Dots Media |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929135232/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlH3nj6B1eY |archive-date=29 September 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=May 2023}}
Selva lives in a colony. He is the son of lawyer Varatharajan, but he lives separately. It turns out that he is the adopted son of Varatharajan and he gets shocked whenever Selva speaks or fights against injustice. He is a man who hates injustice and fights against it. Meanwhile, a minister's daughter moves into the colony. She becomes friendly with Selva. Sumathi who is in love with Selva mistakes their friendship. Vartharajan works for a terrorist group that kidnaps the minister's daughter. Selva goes to the rescue of the girl. However, Selva kills his father because Varatharajan was going to kill Kamini. Finally, they will come out of the clutch of the terrorists.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Selva
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Sumathi
*[[Riva Bubber|Riva]] as Kamini
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Varatharajan, Selva's father
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Vaappa
*[[Senthil]] as Magic Guruji
*[[Manivannan]] as Cellular Mani Selva s friend (voice dubbed by [[Mayilsamy]] for some scenes)
*[[Jayachitra]] as CBI officer
*[[Vichithra]] as Jyothi
*[[Shanmugasundari]] as Deaf grandmother
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Bhama, Sumathi's mother
*[[Vatsala Rajagopal]] as Church mother
*Mannangatti Subramaniam as Gopalu, Sumathi's father
*Tiruppur Ramasamy as Ramasamy
*Kalidoss as Varatharajan’s assistant
*Jayaprakasam as Soosai
*[[Diamond Babu]] as Kamini’s father
*Krishnamoorthy as Deputy inspector general of police
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Colony man
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Director general of police
*[[Peter Hein]] as Fighter
*[[A. Venkatesh]] as Vaappa's henchman
}}

== Production ==
Vijay performed a risky jump stunt in the film without using a [[Stunt double|double]].<ref name="Dots" />

== Soundtrack ==
All songs were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and music was composed by [[Sirpy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selva (1996) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/selva-songs-T0004804 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913072851/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/selva-songs-T0004804 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)
!Length
|-
| "Chicken Kari" || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Sirpy]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|5:02
|-
| "Don't Care Master" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|3:46
|-
| "Lappu Tappu" || [[Suresh Peters]], Swarnalatha, Deepika
|4:41
|-
| "Potta Pulla Manasu" || Mano, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|4:46
|-
| "Tharaiyil Natakkuthu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Swarnalatha
|4:43
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 30 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Vijay for acting with life and performing stunts and called Raghuvaran's performance as the only entertaining thing from the film but felt the film had no plot and two of the actresses were underutilised.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர் |date=19 January 1997 |title=செல்வா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-01-19/page/n2/mode/2up |access-date=18 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. Venkatesh}}

[[Category:1990s romantic action films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Raghunath Mahato

2026-03-19T03:50:45Z

Nayem:

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Shahid|Saheed]]
| name = Raghunath Mahato
| birth_date = 21 March 1738
| birth_place = Ghutiadih, [[Nimdih block]], [[Saraikela-Kharsawan]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Now [[Jharkhand]])
| death_date = 5 April 1778 (aged 40)
| death_place = [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Jharkhand]]
| known for =
| movement = Chuar Rebellion
| opponents = [[East India Company]]
| image =
| caption = Potrait of Raghunath Mahato
}}

'''Raghunath Mahato''' (1738–1778) was a Kudmi leader in the Chuar Revolt (1785—1800) against British rule, leading his community, while Gopal Mahato led the Kudmi people in the Manbhum region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhAwAQAAIAAJ&q=raghunath+mahato |title=People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts) |date=2008 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7046-303-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burman |first=B. K. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_daAAAAAMAAJ&q=chuar+rebellion+kurmi |title=Tribes in Perspective |date=1994 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-535-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview ==
Raghunath Mahato was born on 21 March 1738 in Ghutiadih (Butparsa Ghutiadih) village of [[Nimdih block]] of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]].<ref name="hastakshep">{{cite news|url=https://www.hastakshep.com/biography-of-raghunath-mahato/|title=अंग्रेजी सत्ता के खिलाफ चुहाड़ विद्रोह के नायक रघुनाथ महतो|publisher=hatakshep|date=22 March 2021|accessdate=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003092647/https://www.hastakshep.com/biography-of-raghunath-mahato/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="livehindustan2021">{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ramgarh/story-heroic-martyr-raghunath-mahato-was-the-hero-of-the-chuad-revolt-3928670.html|title=चुआड़ विद्रोह के नायक थे वीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो|publisher=livehindustan|date=22 March 2021|accessdate=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Mahto">{{Cite book |last=Mahto |first=Shailendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgEoEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B&pg=PA1776 |title=Jharkhand Mein Vidroh Ka Itihas |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-90366-63-7 |language=hi}}</ref>

The Rebellion against British was known as [[Chuar Rebellion]]. ''Chuar'' means looter.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pfeffer |first1=Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-wsjaChM_QC&dq=chuar+meaning&pg=PA213 |title=Contemporary Society: Tribal Studies : Professor Satya Narayana Ratha Felicitation Volumes |last2=Behera |first2=Deepak Kumar |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-534-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIAiAAAAMAAJ&q=chuar+meaning |title=Tribal Society in India: An Anthropo-historical Perspective |date=1985 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-85054-05-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8O3AAAAIAAJ&q=chuar+meaning |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes |date=2000 |publisher=Institute for Sustainable Development |isbn=978-81-261-0655-4 |language=en}}</ref> When British started to collect taxes in 1765 when they won [[Battle of Buxar]] and got rights to collect taxes from Bihar and Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ranendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXh7AwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B&pg=PT315 |title=Gayab Hota Desh (Hindi) |date=2014-04-30 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-748-6 |language=hi| edition=Hindi }}</ref> But people opposed it as People thought British were depriving their rights. Some zamindars joined British while other rebelled against them. His slogan was:{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}<blockquote>''... "Apan Gaon, Apan Raij;'' ''Dhur Kheda British Raij".'' </blockquote>

On 5 April 1778, Raghunath Mahato and his team who were planning to snatch weapons from British forces in the forest. In this skirmish Raghunath Mahato and several other rebels died fighting British forces.<ref name="livehindustan2021"/><ref name="Mahto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahato, Raghunath}}
[[Category:1738 births]]
[[Category:1778 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]

Churachandpur Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T11:02:30Z

Nayem: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Churachandpur
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = LM Khaute
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:65325}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Churachandpur''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Manipur]] that makes up the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Paoneikhai Suantak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Lalrokung ||{{Full party name with colour|Independent}}
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1968 (by-election)]] || [[Ngurdinglien Sanate]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Independent}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]|| |Haokholal Thangjom ||{{Full party name with colour|Independent}}
|-
|[[1974 Manipur LegislativeAssembly election|1974]] |||Haokholal Thangjom ||{{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || K. Vungzalian || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || J. F. Rothangliana || {{Full party name with color|Kuki National Assembly}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="3"|[[V. Hangkhanlian]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || T. Phungzathang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] ||rowspan="2"| [[Phungzathang Tonsing]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[V. Hangkhanlian]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[L. M. Khaute]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}{{efn|Joined BJP in 2022}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|38.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|30.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|50.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur People's Party }}|58.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Manipur People's Party}}|18.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}|22.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|40.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|48.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|28.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|25.89}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. M. Khaute]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=18,231 |percentage=38.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. Hangkhanlian]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=17,607|percentage=36.93%|change=6.66%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. Mangchinkhup Paite|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,482|percentage=17.79%|change=16.21%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=James Khuma Hauzel|party=Independent politician|votes=2,244|percentage=4.71%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Th. Thangzalian|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=515|percentage=1.08%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Jainson Haokip D. D.|party=Kuki National Assembly|votes=248|percentage=0.52%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=624 |percentage=1.31% |change=-0.51% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=47,671|percentage=72.98%|change=10.44%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,325 |change =20.72% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 7.97% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Hangkhanlian]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,246 |percentage=30.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phungzathang Tonsing]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=9,632 |percentage=28.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paukhansuan Khuptong |party=North East India Development Party |votes=6,411 |percentage=18.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangbiaklian Hangzo |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=3,712 |percentage=10.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chintwahlian @ C. T. Lian Guite |party=Independent politician |votes=3,040 |percentage=8.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haukhanthang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=535 |percentage=1.58% |change=-58.53% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=614 |percentage=1.81% |change=-23.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,840 |percentage=62.54% |change= -1.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,113 |change =15.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -29.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phungzathang Tonsing]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,093 |percentage=60.11% |change=8.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Songlianlal |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=10,342 |percentage=34.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vungzalian |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,408 |percentage=4.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chintuahlian Guite |party=Independent politician |votes=170 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,751 |percentage=25.75% |change=21.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,098 |percentage=64.13% |change= -14.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,933 |change =3.52% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.94% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Phungzathang Tonsing]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,233 |percentage=51.17% |change=3.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Langkhanpau Guite |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=16,554 |percentage=46.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Thangboy |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=William |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,679 |percentage=4.71% |change=3.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,632 |percentage=78.59% |change= -5.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,339 |change =17.36% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Phungzathang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,271 |percentage=48.08% |change=0.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Hangkhanlian]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=15,043 |percentage=47.36% |change=46.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalhriet |party=Samata Party |votes=615 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ginmuanlam |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=1.60% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=228 |percentage=0.72% |change=-2.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,760 |percentage=84.06% |change= 2.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,634 |change =4.04% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= -10.49% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Hangkhanlian]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=15,666 |percentage=50.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Phungzathang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,818 |percentage=47.94% |change=42.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khualkhanthang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=278 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=848 |percentage=2.74% |change=-30.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,907 |percentage=84.39% |change= 3.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,135 |change =19.25% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur People's Party |swing= -7.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Hangkhanlian]] |party=Manipur People's Party |votes=14,641 |percentage=58.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vungzalian |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,335 |percentage=25.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamkholam |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,560 |percentage=10.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hathoi Buansing |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,310 |percentage=5.24% |change=-3.52% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,306 |percentage=33.23% |change=28.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,995 |percentage=81.33% |change= -6.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,141 |change =37.12% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur People's Party |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= 39.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Hangkhanlian]] |party=Manipur People's Party |votes=3,705 |percentage=18.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ngulsing |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,858 |percentage=14.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vungzalian |party=Independent politician |votes=2,816 |percentage=14.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kampu Gangte |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=2,649 |percentage=13.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rothangliana |party=Independent politician |votes=2,184 |percentage=11.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hathoi Buansing |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,722 |percentage=8.76% |change=-12.69% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokholal Thangjom |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,478 |percentage=7.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalhaming Mawia |party=Independent politician |votes=1,443 |percentage=7.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Gougin |party=Independent politician |votes=730 |percentage=3.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=847 |percentage=4.31% |change=3.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,664 |percentage=88.08% |change= 10.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,710 |change =37.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur People's Party |loser=Kuki National Assembly |swing= -3.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=J. F. Rothangliana |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=2,797 |percentage=22.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vungzalian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,707 |percentage=21.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokholal Thangjom |party=Independent politician |votes=2,276 |percentage=18.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thuamson |party=Independent politician |votes=2,204 |percentage=17.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tinlianthang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,053 |percentage=16.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khamkholal Guite |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=1.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haulianthang |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manlianuiang |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=90 |percentage=0.71% |change=-10.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,622 |percentage=78.07% |change= -1.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,568 |change =17.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Kuki National Assembly |loser=Independent politician |swing= -18.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vungzalian |party=Independent politician |votes=4,431 |percentage=40.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baukholal Thangjem |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,231 |percentage=29.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Rokhuma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,526 |percentage=23.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pauneikhai Vaiphei |party=Janata Party |votes=685 |percentage=6.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hauneipau |party=Independent politician |votes=70 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,200 |percentage=10.97% |change=-10.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,943 |percentage=79.25% |change= 1.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,119 |change =21.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= -7.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haukholal Thangjom |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=4,242 |percentage=48.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kaigou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,313 |percentage=26.23% |change=0.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thanzuala |party=Independent politician |votes=2,262 |percentage=25.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,929 |percentage=21.88% |change=18.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,817 |percentage=77.57% |change= -0.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,580 |change =-10.52% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Independent politician |swing= 19.81% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokholal Thangjom |party=Independent politician |votes=2,824 |percentage=28.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goukhenpau |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,523 |percentage=25.29% |change=10.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roulneikhum |party=Independent politician |votes=2,217 |percentage=22.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khotinlal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,497 |percentage=15.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khantkhojam |party=Independent politician |votes=917 |percentage=9.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=301 |percentage=3.02% |change=-3.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,978 |percentage=78.07% |change= -0.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,941 |change =-28.97% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.41% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Churachandpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalroukung |party=Independent politician |votes=3,558 |percentage=25.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Semkhupau |party=Independent politician |votes=2,654 |percentage=19.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Thongjom |party=Independent politician |votes=2,643 |percentage=19.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pauneikhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,099 |percentage=15.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somkholal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,886 |percentage=13.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sena |party=Independent politician |votes=593 |percentage=4.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. A. Khaijang |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=2.24% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=904 |percentage=6.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,741 |percentage=78.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,219 |change = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Churachandpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.342|93.703|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Manipur]]

Maya Vishwakarma

2026-03-14T22:58:27Z

Nayem: put up info...

{{Short description|Indian social worker and entrepreneur}}
{{Use indian english|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox person
| name = Maya Vishwakarma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|10|13}}
| birth_place = Mehragaon, [[Narsinghpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| education = [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya]] (BSc, MSc Biochemistry) [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] (Thesis work)
| occupation = [[Social activist]], [[Social entrepreneur]]
| known_for = Menstrual hygiene activism, [[Social work]]
| title = Founder & Chairperson, Sukarma Foundation Sarpanch, Saikheda Gram Panchayat
| website = {{URL|https://sukarmafoundation.org/}}
}}

'''Maya Vishwakarma''' ({{Langx|hi|माया विश्वकर्मा}}, born October 13, 1982) is an Indian social activist and entrepreneur known for her work on [[menstrual hygiene]] awareness in rural and tribal areas of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is also known as the "Padwoman of India".<ref name="Graphream2">{{cite web |title=Maya Vishwakarma: The Padwoman of India |url=https://www.graphream.com/editorial/maya-vishwakarma-the-padwoman-of-india%7C11856 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Graphream |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113010017/https://www.graphream.com/editorial/maya-vishwakarma-the-padwoman-of-india%7C11856 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HerCircleEmpowering2">{{cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Empowering Women Through Menstrual Awareness: Maya Vishwakarma, Padwoman of India |url=https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/empowering-women-through-menstrual-awareness-maya-vishwakarma-padwoman-of-india-2405.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Her Circle |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233244/https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/empowering-women-through-menstrual-awareness-maya-vishwakarma-padwoman-of-india-2405.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DeccanChronicle2">{{cite news |date=2022-03-08 |title=Ordinary women, extraordinary contributions |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/featured/070322/ordinary-women-extraordinary-contributions.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420222847/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/featured/070322/ordinary-women-extraordinary-contributions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She founded the Sukarma Foundation in 2016 to address menstrual health issues, provide low-cost sanitary napkins, and promote rural development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet 'Pad Jiji', a US-returned Scholar Taking Menstrual Hygiene to Madhya Pradesh's Tribals Belts |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-mps-pad-jiji-a-us-returned-scholar-taking-menstrual-hygiene-to-tribals-1653759.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521003948/https://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-mps-pad-jiji-a-us-returned-scholar-taking-menstrual-hygiene-to-tribals-1653759.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Maya Vishwakarma was born in Mehragaon village in the [[Narsinghpur district]] of Madhya Pradesh, India, on October 13, 1982 in a Vaishwakarmana sect family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya Vishwakarma: books, biographies, latest update |url=https://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B01M7SUQ9T/about |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=[[Amazon.com]]}}</ref><ref name="HerCircleInitiatives2">{{cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Women-Led Initiatives Empowering Indian Women |url=https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/womenled-initiatives-empowering-indian-women-2274.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Her Circle |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211194333/https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/womenled-initiatives-empowering-indian-women-2274.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She grew up with limited access to information about menstruation, considered a taboo and significant health challenge in India.<ref name="HerCircleEmpowering2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Wiki Impact |date=2020-12-21 |title=Breaking The Hush-Hush About Period Poverty |url=https://www.wikiimpact.com/breaking-the-hush-hush-about-period-poverty/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Wiki Impact |language=en-US}}</ref> She has stated that she did not use sanitary pads until age 26 due to lack of access and awareness.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-18 |title=Exclusive: Padwoman of India, Maya Vishwakarma’s never-ending pursuit to eliminate menstrual taboos in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/exclusive-padwoman-of-india-maya-vishwakarmas-never-ending-pursuit-to-eliminate-menstrual-taboos-in-india/articleshow/81550690.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925232627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/exclusive-padwoman-of-india-maya-vishwakarmas-never-ending-pursuit-to-eliminate-menstrual-taboos-in-india/articleshow/81550690.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

After completing high school, she attended [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya]] (RDVV University) in [[Jabalpur]], earning Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Biochemistry. She conducted Master's thesis work at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] (AIIMS) in Nuclear Medicine and later worked there as a Junior Research Fellow.<ref name=":0" /> She moved to the United States for a PhD program in Chemical and Biological Engineering at the [[South Dakota School of Mines and Technology]], which she did not complete.<ref name="SukarmaFounder2">{{cite web |title=Founder |url=https://sukarmafoundation.org/founder/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Sukarma Foundation |archive-date=20 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520081635/https://sukarmafoundation.org/founder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, she worked in cancer biology research, focusing on [[leukemia]], at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] (UCSF).<ref name="HerCircleInitiatives2" />

== Career and activism ==
Vishwakarma cited personal health issues related to menstrual hygiene practices, along with her observations of limited awareness and access in her home region, as motivations for her later work.<ref name="HerCircleEmpowering2" /><ref name="SHEROES2">{{cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=Daughter Of A Blacksmith Prefers To Be The Padwoman of Rural India Rather Than A Scientist In USA |url=https://sheroes.com/articles/indias-padwoman/NzAwMg== |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=SHEROES |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614111715/https://sheroes.com/articles/indias-padwoman/NzAwMg== |url-status=live }}</ref> She was also inspired by [[Arunachalam Muruganantham]], known for inventing a low-cost sanitary pad machine.<ref name="DeccanChronicle2" /><ref name="SHEROES2" /> She left her research position in the US and returned to India to engage in social work.

=== Sukarma Foundation ===
In 2016, Vishwakarma established the Sukarma Foundation, a non-profit organization registered in India and the US.<ref name="HerCircleInitiatives2" /><ref name="SukarmaIndia2">{{cite web |title=Sukarma Foundation India |url=https://sukarmafoundation.in/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=sukarmafoundation.in |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922033819/https://sukarmafoundation.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation works to increase awareness of menstrual hygiene, aiming to reduce associated stigma and educate women on health risks like [[Reproductive tract infection|RTIs]], [[Urinary tract infection|UTIs]], and potential links to [[Cervical cancer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=DNA Women Achievers Awards 2023: Meet Maya Vishwakarma, the Padwoman of India spreading menstrual awareness |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-women-achievers-awards-2023-meet-maya-vishwakarma-the-padwoman-of-india-spreading-menstrual-awareness-3026369 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319055256/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-women-achievers-awards-2023-meet-maya-vishwakarma-the-padwoman-of-india-spreading-menstrual-awareness-3026369 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RightsOfEquality2">{{cite web |title=menstruation stigma - Rights of Equality |url=https://www.rightsofequality.com/tag/menstruation-stigma/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Rights of Equality |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420234248/https://www.rightsofequality.com/tag/menstruation-stigma/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A key activity is the manufacture and distribution of low-cost sanitary napkins under the brand name "No Tension".<ref name=":0" /><ref name="DeccanChronicle2" /> A mini-factory was set up in Narsinghpur district in 2017, employing local women and utilizing machines based on Muruganantham's design to produce pads with SAP polymer sheets.<ref name="HerCircleEmpowering2" /><ref name="TOIBlog2">{{cite web |title=Maya Vishwakarma Blog |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/maya-vishwakarma/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Times of India Blog |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619203554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/maya-vishwakarma/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SHEROES2" /> The foundation has also expanded into providing primary healthcare services through telemedicine centers in remote areas and conducting health camps, including [[mammography]] screenings.<ref name="SukarmaIndia2" /> Additionally, it offers skill development programs, such as tailoring, for local women.<ref name="Graphream2" /> Vishwakarma has traveled within Madhya Pradesh to engage with communities regarding these initiatives.<ref name="Graphream2" />

During [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], her foundation setup camps at Nandner Village to distribute soaps, sanitisers, sanitary napkins, medicines, and other supplies to over 20,000 migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh's Sukarma Foundation Has Helped Feed Over 20,000 People Amid Lockdown |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/album-detail/madhya-pradeshs-sukarma-foundation-has-helped-feed-over-20000-people-amid-lockdown-99066/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India |language=en-US |archive-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421204231/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/album-detail/madhya-pradeshs-sukarma-foundation-has-helped-feed-over-20000-people-amid-lockdown-99066/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Political career ===
Vishwakarma contested the 2014 [[Lok Sabha]] elections from the Narmadapuram constituency as an [[Aam Aadmi Party]] candidate, but was not elected.<ref name="Mooknayak2">{{cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=MP: Padwoman Maya Vishwakarma gave up American job to educate women about menstruation |url=https://en.themooknayak.com/women-news/mp-padwoman-maya-vishwakarma-gave-up-american-job-to-educate-women-about-menstruation |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=The Mooknayak}}</ref> In July 2022, she was elected unopposed as the [[Sarpanch]] (village council head) of the Saikheda Gram Panchayat in Narsinghpur district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh: Former US researcher gets elected as sarpanch with all-female panchayat body in Narsinghpur |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/former-us-researcher-gets-elected-as-panchayat-sarpanch-unopposed-in-an-all-woman-body-in-narsinghpur |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704205508/https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/former-us-researcher-gets-elected-as-panchayat-sarpanch-unopposed-in-an-all-woman-body-in-narsinghpur |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Vishwakarma is sometimes referred to as the "Padwoman of India" or "Pad-Jiji" (Pad Sister).<ref name="Mooknayak2" /><ref name="SHEROES2" /> Her 2016 documentary film, ''Swaraj Mumkin Hai'' (Independence is Possible), about the model village of Baghuwar in Narsinghpur district, received the 'Best Social Entrepreneur Short Film' award at the World Independent Film Festival in San Francisco in 2018.<ref name="PIOTV2">{{cite web |title=Documentary by Maya Vishwakarma wins short film award |url=https://piotv.com/bollywood/Documentary-by-Maya-Vishwakarma-wins-short-film-award |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=PIO TV}}</ref><ref name="TOIAward2">{{cite news |date=2018-08-24 |title=Padwoman's documentary wins US award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/padwomans-documentary-wins-us-award/articleshow/65528833.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222065432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/padwomans-documentary-wins-us-award/articleshow/65528833.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, she received the Devi Award for her menstrual hygiene awareness work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-02-29 |title=Work to make Madhya Pradesh safest state for women: CM Kamal Nath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Feb/29/work-to-make-madhya-pradesh-safest-state-for-women-cm-kamal-nath-2110097.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126122828/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/29/work-to-make-madhya-pradesh-safest-state-for-women-cm-kamal-nath-2110097.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Women's health in India]]
* [[Menstrual hygiene management]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==

* {{imdb title|8890934|Swaraj Mumkin Hai}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwakarma, Maya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women's health in India]]
[[Category:Social workers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Menstruation in India]]

Sujay Reu

2026-03-13T11:30:08Z

Nayem: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sujay Reu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1989|6|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011{{ndash}}present
| known for = ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi|Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'' ''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]]'' ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| website =
}}

'''Sujay Reu''' (born 6 June 1989) is an Indian actor who mainly works in Hindi television. Reu made his acting debut with ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi|Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'', playing Anukalp Gandhi. He is best known for his portrayal of Kishan Kapadia in ''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]]'' and [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] in ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''. Reu earned wider recognition with his portrayal of Lord [[Rama]] / Lord [[Vishnu]] in ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portraying Lord Ram is a profound responsibility, says Sujay Reu |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/portraying-lord-ram-is-a-profound-responsibility-says-sujay-reu-568941 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Tribune India |language=en}}</ref>

Sujay Reu's native is Kashmir. He is born and brought up in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He has an older sister. He is a trained dancer. He did engineering before getting into acting. He loves reading murder mysteries and books from authors like Agatha Christie.

== Career ==
Reu made his acting debut in 2011, with ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'', portraying Anukalp Gandhi opposite [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-tv-brings-new-tale-of-love-tangle-family-bonds-news-national-kjqakfjigjesi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727042138/https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-tv-brings-new-tale-of-love-tangle-family-bonds-news-national-kjqakfjigjesi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-07-27|title=Zee TV brings new tale of love tangle, family bonds|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> For his performance, he received [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Male]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Karan but Sujay in Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-karan-but-sujoy/articleshow/9672980.cms |date=21 August 2011 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

From 2012 to 2013, he played Kishan Kapadia, opposite [[Helly Shah]] in ''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life OK's Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar to go off-air |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alaxmi-to-go-off-air-on-26-january/articleshow/17924571.cms? |date=6 January 2013 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Then, Reu portrayed Rohan Pandey in ''[[Shastri Sisters]]'', opposite Neha Pednekar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sujay Reu and Prithvi Zutshi to enter Colors' Shastri Sisters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sujay-reu-prithvi-zutshi-to-enter-shastri-sisters/articleshow/39813283.cms |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Reu portrayed [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] opposite Prithvi Hatte in ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'', from 2015 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New TV show 'Siya Ke Ram' to tell 'Ramayan' from Sita's perspective |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/new-tv-show-siya-ke-ram-to-tell-ramayan-from-sitas-perspective/lite/ |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=Indian Express |date=29 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> From 2018 to 2019, he portrayed Kartik in ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sujay Reu: I am not a fan of social media and don't feel the need to be a part of it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sujay-reu-i-am-not-a-fan-of-social-media-and-dont-feel-the-need-to-be-a-part-of-it/articleshow/105999640.cms |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

From 2021 to 2022, Reu portrayed Lord [[Vishnu]] in ''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]'', opposite Vandana Rao and Deepika Upadhyay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/baal-shiv-shuts-down-abruptly-as-production-and-actors-remain-at-loggerheads-mouli-ganguly-reacts-exclusive-101662637970755.html |title=The mythological &TV's show Bal Shiv has gone off-air|website=Hindustan Times|date=8 September 2022 |accessdate=21 September 2022}}</ref> In 2023, he portrayed Manvendra "Maan" Barot in ''[[Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/jay-bhanushali-and-tina-datta-shoot-for-last-scene-of-hum-rahe-na-rahe-hum-actor-leaves-message-for-producers-1239860?amp |title=Jay Bhanushali and Tina Datta shoot for last scene of Hum Rahe Na Rahe Hum; share pics with Sujay Reu, Karanvir Bohra and others |website=Pinkvilla |date=31 August 2023 |accessdate=31 August 2023}}</ref>

Since January 2024, Reu is seen portraying Lord [[Rama]] / Lord [[Vishnu]] in ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]'' opposite [[Prachi Bansal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sujay Reu plays Maryada Purushottam Prabhu Shri Ram in Sony Entertainment's new show Srimad Ramayan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sujay-reu-plays-maryada-purushottam-prabhu-shri-ram-sony-entertainments-new-show-srimad-ramayan/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sujay-reu-and-prachi-bansal-to-play-ram-and-sita-in-siddharth-kumar-tewarys-shrimad-ramayan/articleshow/105415070.cms | title=Sujay Reu And Prachi Bansal To Play Ram And Sita In Siddharth Kumar Tewary's Shrimad Ramayan | access-date=28 November 2023 |work=Times of India}}</ref> The show proved to be a turning point in his career and gained him appreciation.<ref>[1]{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Review, Episodes 1 and 2: A cinematic visual spectacle on small screen |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-review-episodes-1-and-2-a-cinematic-visual-spectacle-on-small-screen-1269662?amp |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> By watching his performance in Shrimad Ramayan, many audience became his fans from [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2011-2012
| ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi]]''
| Anukalp Gandhi
| Debut
(E. 204)
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2012-2013
| ''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]]''
| Kishan Kapadia
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2014-2015
| ''[[Shastri Sisters]]''
| Rohan Pandey
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2015-2016
| ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''
| [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramanand Sagar's iconic Ramayana or Star Plus' Siya Ke Ram, which was the best adaptation of the epic?|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramanand-sagar-s-iconic-ramayana-or-star-plus-siya-ke-ram-which-was-the-best-adaptation-of-the-epic/story-e6Lk5WzLq6NnJFKHE6tuTI.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 March 2020 |accessdate=29 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018-2019
| ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''
| Kartik
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2021-2022
| ''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]''
| [[Vishnu]]
|
|{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum]]''
| Manvendra Singh Barot "Maan"
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Hum Rahe Na Rahe Hum review: Tina Datta's chirpy attitude and Jay Bhanushali's broodiness make for an interesting watch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hum-rahein-na-rahein-hum-review-tina-dattas-chirpy-attitude-and-jay-bhanushalis-broodiness-make-for-an-interesting-watch/articleshow/99411410.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 September 2023 |issn=}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| [[Rama]] / [[Vishnu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan team goes on a pilgrimage to Ayodhya ahead of shows launch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shrimad-ramayan-team-goes-on-a-pilgrimage-to-ayodhya-ahead-of-shows-launch-article-106341114 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Times Now News |date=28 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2012
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Male|Fresh New Face – Male]]
| ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi|Ram Milaayi Jodi]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly Awards 2012: Check the Popular Awards winners list |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |work=Indian Telly Awards |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10031143}}
* {{Instagram|sujayreu_official}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Television}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reu, Sujay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Singrauli district

2026-03-13T05:42:01Z

Nayem: quick update

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|City and district of Madhya Pradesh in India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singrauli district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1
| image1 = POWER Plant at Night in Singrauli.jpg
| image2 = Mada Caves, Singrauli.jpg}}
| image_caption = Singrauli Power Project, Manda Caves
| image_map = MP Singrauli district map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Singrauli district in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Waidhan
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewa Division|Rewa]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Waidhan]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Deosar]]
*[[Chitrangi tehsil|Chitrangi]]
*[[Singrauli]]
*[[Mada, Madhya Pradesh|Mada]]
*[[Sarai, Singrauli|Sarai]]
}}
| area_total_km2 = 5,672
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,178,273
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 62.36 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 916
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = {{plainlist|
*1. Chitrangi
*2. [[Singrauli Assembly constituency]]
*3. [[Deosar]]
}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 39 (India)|NH 39]] [https://morth.nic.in/proposal-laying-pipeline-along-sidhi-singrauli-road-nh-39-waidhan-2-district-singrauli-ch11800]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://singrauli.nic.in}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Singrauli district''' ({{IPA|hi|sɪŋg.ɾɔːliː}}) is one of the [[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|districts]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].Singrauli district is located northeastern part of Madhya Pradesh.It is a significant hub for energy production due to its vast coal reserves and power plants, earning it the title "Energy Capital of India".

Historically ruled by local [[Maharaja]]s until 1947, the district underwent major transformation in the mid-20th century with the construction of the [[Rihand Dam|Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar]] dam and the discovery of rich coal deposits. The district has a diverse population, predominantly [[Hindus|Hindu]], with significant [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes and Tribes]].

==History==
[[File:Vardi fort singrauli.png|thumb|Vardi's Fort]]
Previously, Singrauli was ruled by the Maharajas of the Singrauli State until the monarchy was abolished in 1947. The district's headquarters is located at [[Waidhan]], and it was once the largest district in the Bagelkhand Division of [[Vindhya Pradesh]]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In the mid-20th century, significant changes occurred as a large dam was constructed on the [[Rihand River|River Rihand]]. This dam, known as Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar, was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1962. The discovery of rich coal deposits spanning 2,200 km2 in Madhya Pradesh (eastern [[Sidhi district]]) and [[Uttar Pradesh]] (southern [[Sonbhadra district|Sonebhadra district]]) near this artificial lake positioned Singrauli as a major electricity-generating region.

Singrauli is also home to ancient rock-cut caves, created between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Located 32 km from Waidhan in Mada tehsil, these caves include notable sites such as Vivah Mada, Ganesh Mada, Shankar Mada, Jaljalia, and Ravan Mada.

In addition to these caves, Singrauli features painted rock shelters, such as those at Ranimachi, Dholagiri, and Goura Pahad, situated in Chitrangi tehsil. These shelters date back to the Mesolithic age, characterized by microlithic tool cultures, and showcase early examples of Indian art made with red ochre.

Despite its cultural and economic significance, Singrauli faces challenges such as pollution threatening its historical sites. Additionally, the district struggles with poor road connectivity and inadequate transportation services, issues that have persisted for years without resolution.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==Geography==
[[File:Mining Drill at Dudhichua Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|Mining drill at Dudhichua coal mine]]
The Singrauli district covers an area of {{convert|5672|km2}}.<ref name=admin2>{{cite web |url =http://singrauli.nic.in/statistics.htm |title =District Singrauli |publisher =Singrauli district administration |access-date =2010-08-12 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100824061859/http://www.singrauli.nic.in/statistics.htm |archive-date =2010-08-24 }}</ref> it shared its boundary with [[Sidhi District]] of Madhya Pradesh. [[Sone River]] and [[Gopad River]] are the major rivers of the district, and the district is surrounded by the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and Kaimur Ranges. Coal is found in abundant quantity in the district.<ref name=ncl>{{cite web | url = http://www.ncl.gov.in/ |title = About NCL | last = |first = | publisher = Northern Coalfields Ltd |accessdate = 2011-09-01 }}</ref>

[[Waidhan]], [[Singrauli]], [[Bargawan]], [[Deosar]], [[Chitrangi, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrangi]], [[Sarai, Singrauli|Sarai]] are the major towns of the District.

==Divisions==
The Singrauli district comprises three [[tehsil]]s, namely, [[Singrauli]], [[Deosar]] and [[Chitrangi, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrangi]].<ref name=admin>{{cite web|url =http://singrauli.nic.in/abtsing.htm | title = District Singrauli |publisher = Singrauli district administration |access-date = 2010-08-12 }}</ref> Since then, two more tehsils have been added to this district: Mada and [[Sarai, Singrauli|Sarai]]. Later, [[Bargawan]] Tehsil was also formed.

==Politics ==
There are three [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the Singrauli district, namely, [[Chitrangi Assembly constituency)|Chitrangi]], [[Singrauli Assembly constituency|Singrauli]] and [[Deosar]]. All of these are part of [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,34,232|13=1911|14=1,56,377|15=1921|16=1,34,657|17=1931|18=1,54,465|19=1941|20=1,81,056|21=1951|22=1,98,191|23=1961|24=2,47,355|25=1971|26=3,36,117|27=1981|28=4,58,369|29=1991|30=6,63,998|31=2001|32=9,20,169|33=2011|34=11,78,273|percentages=pagr|footnote= |source=Census of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43356/download/47048/23%20A-2%20Madhya%20Pradesh.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Singrauli district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.95}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|chartreuse|0.52}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.56}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Singrauli district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,178,273,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Singrauli |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/762/download/2698/DH_2011_2346_PART_A_DCHB_SINGRAULI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Timor-Leste]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Timor-Leste 1,177,834 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =Rhode Island 1,052,567}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 402nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 208 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.03%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Singrauli has a [[sex ratio]] of 916 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 62.36%. 19.25% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Tribes made up 12.79% and 32.59% of the population respectively. The largest tribes are the [[Gondi people|Gonds]], who are 50% of the tribal population, and [[Kol people|Kols]], 16% of the tribal population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sidhi district (2011)
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 89.59 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] |value2 = 4.49 |color2 = indianred
|label3 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value3 = 1.64 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = Others |value4 = 4.28 |color4 = grey
}}
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 89.59% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 4.49% [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], and 1.64% [[Gondi language|Gondi]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

==Places of Interest==
District has many tourist places and Attractive Sites to visit - <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singrauli.nic.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%b2/|title=पर्यटक स्थल | जिला सिंगरौली | भारत}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bardi Fort : सिंगरौली की शान है दो नदियों के संगम पर बना 15000 साल पुराना ये किला, नवंबर के महीने में घूमने के लिए है बेस्ट - Saharsh News | date=10 November 2024 | url=https://saharshnews.com/bardi-fort/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singrauli.nic.in/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%bf-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8/|title=रुचि के स्थान | जिला सिंगरौली | भारत}}</ref>
* Vardi Fort
* Manda Caves
* [[Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* Vindhyanagar Lake
* Jayant Rose Garden and eco park

==Education==
Singrauli district is home [[Veena Vandini School]], a unique [[Ambidexterity|ambidextrous]] school in [[Budhela]] where students are taught to write simultaneously with both hands. The school was created by a former Army soldier Shri V.P. Sharma in July 1999.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 July 2014|title=200 kids in remote MP school can beat any other left and right|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/200-kids-in-remote-MP-school-can-beat-any-other-left-right/articleshow/38035068.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2018|title=Bizarre! Students from this 'ambidextrous' school can write using both hands together and finish exams in half the time|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/bizarre-students-from-this-ambidextrous-school-can-write-using-both-hands-together-can-finish-exam-in-halftime-1205207-2018-04-05|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[Singrauli]] is also known as Energy Capital of India. The [[Rihand Dam]] was built in 1961 across the [[Rihand River]] at Pipri in the neighbouring district of [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Rihand-Dam-44802.htm | title = Rihand dam |publisher =india9 |access-date = 2010-08-12 }}</ref> Later, rich coal deposits spread over an area of {{convert|2200|km²}} across the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were discovered close to the artificial lake, Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar formed by the Rihand Dam. That led to the transformation and development of the area.<ref name=admin/>

===Coal mining and power===
[[Northern Coalfields]] is the major business of the district. The headquarters of the company are at Singrauli. The company is a subsidiary of [[Coal India]], which is the largest coal producing company in world.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox power station
| fetchwikidata = NONE
| name = Power plant in Singrauli District
| image = Industry in deosar tehsil.jpeg
}}
The [[Singrauli Coalfield]] can be divided into two basins, viz. Moher sub-basin (312 km2.) and Singrauli Main basin (1890 km2.). The major part of the Moher sub-basin lies in the [[Sidhi district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and a small part lies in the [[Sonebhadra district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Singrauli main basin lies in the western part of the coalfield and is largely unexplored. The present [[coal mining]] activities and future blocks are concentrated in Moher sub-basin. Lignite is the form of coal excavated from these coal mines. These coal mines are a hub for the Heavy Earth Moving Machines (HEMM).

The exploration carried out by GSI/NCDC/CMPDI has proved abundant resource of power grade coal in the area. This in conjunction with easy water resource from Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar makes this region an ideal location for high capacity pithead power plants. The coal supplies from NCL has made it possible to produce more than 11000 MW of electricity from pithead power plants of [[NTPC Limited|National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)]], The region is now called the Energy Capital of India. The ultimate capacity of power generation of these power plants is 13295 MW and NCL is fully prepared to meet the increased demand of coal for the purpose. In addition, NCL supplies coal to power plants of [[Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam]], [[Delhi Vidyut Board|Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB)]] and [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited]].

==Industries==
All major companies operating in Singrauli are giants of Indian energy industry. The operations of companies include mining of coal to power generation. In recent past, several private companies have also joined the league of companies operating in Singrauli. It is expected by 2017, that Singrauli would feed around 35,000 MW of electrical power to the grid alone.

Major companies operating or coming up at Singrauli are:
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Name of Industry !! Industry Type !! Operator !! Date of Establishment!! District !! State !! Capacity !! Notes
|-
| [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]] (SSTPS) || Thermal Power (electricity) || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] || 1977 || [[P.O. : Shaktinagr, Sonebhadra district]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 5 x 200 MW + 2 x 500 MW=2000 MW ||With international assistance of IDA & KFW
|-
| [[Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station]] (VTPS) || Thermal Power (electricity) || NTPC || 1982 || [[P.O. : Vingdhyanagar, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 1260 MW (6X210 MW) under Stage-I, 1000 MW (2X500 MW) of Stage-II and 1000 MW (2X500 MW) under Stage-III. Total=3260 and 1000MW of Stage-IV is under construction. ||With international assistance of USSR-stage I, World bank under time slice loan stage II
|-
| [[Rihand Thermal Power Station]] (RTPS) || Thermal Power (electricity) || NTPC || 1977 || [[P.O. : Rihandnagar, Sonebhadra district]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 1000 MW (2x500 MW each) in Stage-I and 1000 MW (2x500 MW each) in Stage-II Total= 2000MW and 1000MW of stage-III has been commissioned recently.||With international assistance of United Kingdom
|-,
| [[Northern Coalfields Limited]] || Coal mining || [[Coal India Limited]] || 1984 || [[P.O. : Singrauli Colliery, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || coal supplies made it possible to produce about 13295 MW of electricity from pithead power plants of NTPC, UPRVUNL and Renupower division of M/s. Hindalco Industries||Thickest coal seam of India-131 metres (Jhingurda seam)
|-
| [[Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project]] || Thermal Power Plant (electricity) || [[Reliance Power]] || 2013 || [[Vill. : Sasan, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 3,960 MW|| Generated Highest PLF in India
|-
| [[Chitrangi Power Project]] || Thermal Power Plant (electricity) || [[Reliance Power]] || 2007 (bidding) || [[Chitrangi, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 3,960 MW|| under construction(Put on hold due to CAG Report)

|-
| [[Muher and Muher Amlori extension]] || Coal mining || [[Reliance Power]] || 2007(bidding) || [[Muher - Amlohri, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || coal reserves of these mines are around 720 MT with a production level of 25 mtpa || ---
|-
| [[Mahan Super Thermal Power Project]] || Thermal Power plant (electricity) || [[Essar Group]] || 2007(bidding) || [[Vill. : Bandhaura, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||2x 600 MW = 1200MW || unit I commissioned, unit II in under construction
|-
| [[Mahan Captive Thermal Power Plant]] ||Thermal Power plant(electricity) || [[Hindalco Industries]] || 2007(bidding) || [[Rewa-Ranchi; NH-75(E), Bargawan, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||900-MW 150x6 || Out of 6 Units, I, II & III Commissioned by BHEL
|-
| [[Mahan coal Limited]] || Coal mining || joint venture of [[Essar]] and [[Hindalco]] || 2007(bidding) || [[Vill. : Ameliya, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||- || Essar will take 60% of the coal output and Hindalco will take the remaining 40%

|-
| [[Mahan Aluminium Limited]] || Aluminium smelter plant || [[Hindalco Industries]] || 2007(bidding) || [[Rewa-Ranchi; NH-75(E) Bargawan, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||359-ktpa aluminum smelter ||Production started
|-
| [[Jaypee Nigrie Super Thermal Power Project]] ||Thermal Power plant (electricity) || [[Jaypee Group]] || 2007(bidding) || [[Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||2 x 660 MW= 1320 MW || Under Erection
|-
| [[M.P. Jaypee Minerals]] || Coal mining || joint venture of M.P. government and [[Jaypee Group]] || 2007(bidding) || [[Vill. : Nigaree, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] ||2 million tonnes|| ---
|-
| [[DB Power M.P.Limited]] ||Thermal Power plant (electricity) || [[Dainik Bhaskar]] || --- || [[Near Nigaree, Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 1320 MW|| underconstruction
|-
| [[VindhyaChal Pooling sub-station]] || Power transmission || [[Powergrid]] || --- || [[Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || from SasanUMPP (2 No 765 kV S/C Sasan - Satna Transmission lines) and Vindhyachal Stage-IV (400 kV DC (Quad)Vindhyachal - Vindhyachal Pooling line), 2 No 765 kV S/C from Vindhyachal Pooling to Satna Sub-Station, a 765/400 kV Pooling substation near Vindhyachal Stage-IV (1000 MW), Rihand Stage-III (1000 MW) as well as Aryan Coal Benefication Pvt Ltd. (1200 MW) Generation Projects ||---
|-
| [[Amelia coal block]] || Coal mining || Joint Venture Company of Sainik mines and M.P. State Mining Corporation Ltd. || --- || [[Singrauli District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || -----|| ---
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Singrauli railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=mhD3_1H7B90C&dq=singrauli+kharwar+raja+of+history&pg=PA793 APAIS 1994: Australian public affairs information service]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://singrauli.nic.in/ Official website] - the administrative website of Singrauli district

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Singrauli district
|North = [[Mirzapur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Sonbhadra district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Southeast = [[Surajpur district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Koriya district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|West = [[Sidhi district]]
|Northwest = [[Rewa district]]
}}

{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Rewa Division}}
{{Son basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|24|12|00|N|82|40|12|E|region:IN-MP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Singrauli district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]

Kowsalya S.

2026-03-09T08:38:25Z

Nayem:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Tamil name|Sivasami|Kowsalya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Kowsalya S.
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Kowsalya Sivasami
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|08|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Namakkal]], [[Tamilnadu]], India
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| clubnumber = 13
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = Lords FA
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2023–
| clubs3 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 24 September 2023
}}

'''Kowsalya Sivasami''' (born 19 August 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from [[Tamil Nadu]], who plays as a defender for [[Sethu FC|Sethu]] in the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kowsalya Sivasami |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/108304?type=club |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> Earlier, she has played for Tamil Nadu Football Association Junior Women’ team and the Madurai district team.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-09 |title=A bigil moment for this Tamil Nadu all-girls football club |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/a-bigil-moment-for-this-tamil-nadu-all-girls-football-club/articleshow/71986118.cms |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kowsalya is from [[Namakkal]] in Tamil Nadu. She started playing football at the age of 12 at Loyola Higher Secondary School, Namakkal. He was encouraged by her brother Balamurugan and her family to play football.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Kowsalya Sivasami: |url=https://www.fistosports.com/kowsalya-sivasami-like-player-calm-ball-quick |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.fistosports.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Club career==
Kowsalya started playing football at the age of 12 years in her school with the senior team. She was part of the Junior India team that took part in the Under-18 AFC tournament.<ref name=":0" /> Playing for Sethu FC, she made her debut in the Chennai League at the age of 17 in 2019. Sethu FC defeated Manipur in the final to win the Indian Women's League in 2019. It was Kowsalya's first big success.<ref name=":1" /> She also represented Tamil Nadu in the 2023 Hero Senior Women's Football Championship at Punjab held in June.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women’s Football Championship 2023 Final Round: Squads |url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Football/Senior-Womens-Championship-2023-Final-Round-Squads/6817 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Chase Your Sport |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
She has represented the [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]] at the youth level.<ref name=":1"/>

==Honours==

'''Sethu'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19]]

'''Tamil Nadu'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2022–23 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/comeback-queens-tamil-nadu-regain-national-supremacy |title=Comeback queens Tamil Nadu regain National supremacy |work=AIFF |date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/108304?type=club Kowsalya S] on [[All India Football Federation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:S, Kowsalya}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:People from Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Footballers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Anthony Norris Groves

2026-03-05T10:15:09Z

Nayem: Created first data w/ sources

{{Short description|British missionary (1795–1853)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Anthony Norris Groves
| image = ANGroves1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 February 1795
| birth_place = [[Newton Valence]], Hampshire, England
| death_date = 20 May 1853
| death_place = [[Bristol]], England
| education =
| occupation = Dentist, missionary, author
| title =
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend
| spouse = Mary Bethia Thompson, Harriet Baynes
| parents =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Anthony Norris Groves''' (1 February 1795 – 20 May 1853) was an English Protestant missionary,<ref name=BA>[https://www.brethrenarchive.org/people/anthony-norris-groves/ Brethren Archive website, ''Anthony Norris Groves'']</ref> who has been called the "father of [[faith missions]]". He launched the first Protestant mission to Arabic-speaking Muslims, and settled in [[Baghdad]], [[Ottoman Empire]]; and later in southern India. His ideas influenced a circle of friends who became leaders in the [[Plymouth Brethren]]. Among these were [[George Müller]], who had married Groves's sister Mary, as well as [[John Nelson Darby]] and [[John Vesey Parnell, 2nd Baron Congleton]].

Groves wished to simplify the task of churches and missions by returning to the methods of Christ and his apostles described in the New Testament. As a missionary, his goal was to help indigenous converts form their own churches without dependence on foreign training, authorisation or finance. His ideas eventually found wide acceptance in [[evangelical]] circles.

==Biography==
Groves was born in [[Newton Valence]], [[Hampshire]], England and was the only son in a family of six.{{sfn|Groves|1869|p=2}} His father was a businessman and the family were [[Anglican]]s. Having trained as a [[dentist]]<ref name=BA /> in London, he set up practice in [[Plymouth]], at the age of 19. Two years later he married his cousin Mary Bethia Thompson, and moved to [[Exeter]].

===Call to missionary work===
In 1826, while continuing his dentistry in Exeter, he enrolled as an external student of theology at [[Trinity College Dublin]], with a view to ordination in the Church of England and appointment with the [[Church Missionary Society]].<ref name= BAA /> His study of the New Testament led him to believe that the practices of the early church should be considered a model for every age and culture, and this caused him to consider withdrawing from Trinity College, from the CMS, and from the Anglican communion on his wife's advice. However, he had already laid the money aside and considered that he would be thought fickle if he suddenly abandoned his application. The morning before he was due to depart for Dublin, however, he was awoken by a noise and, on investigating, found that a burglary had taken place. Two packets of money were in his drawers - one containing £40 for the Irish trip and the other containing £16 for taxes: only the packet containing £40 was taken. Groves took this as a sign from God that he was not to go to Dublin and thereafter he gave up the idea.<ref>Tayler 1866, p. 80.</ref>

He met with other Christian believers in private houses for study of the apostles' doctrine, for fellowship, breaking of bread, and prayer, as was the custom of the early church (Acts 2:42), without requiring the presence of any ordained minister.<ref name= BAA /> It was here that he met [[John Nelson Darby|JN Darby]] and others who were later to become prominent leaders in the [[Plymouth Brethren]] movement. He became increasingly concerned with the drift of the Plymouth Brethren<ref>[[:s:Page:Groves - Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves, 3rd edition.djvu/550|Groves 1869, p. 538]]. [https://www.brethrenarchive.org/archive/early-years/prophetical-letter-of-an-groves-to-jn-darby/ 10th March 1836 'Prophetical' Letter to J.N. Darby by A.N. Groves]</ref> towards sectarianism under the leadership of Darby and aligned himself with [[George Müller]] when the brethren split in 1848 to form the [[Open Brethren]] and [[Exclusive Brethren]].

===Missionary to Baghdad===
In 1829 Groves and his wife Mary set out for [[Baghdad]], together with their two young sons, Henry and Frank,<ref>[https://www.brethrenarchive.org/people/henry-groves/ Brethren Archive website, ''Henry Groves'']</ref> and accompanied by several Christian friends, one of whom was [[John Kitto]]. A second party set out to join them the following year, including [[Francis William Newman]] and [[John Parnell, 2nd Baron Congleton|John Vesey Parnell]]. In March 1831 Baghdad entered upon a year of intense misery, with civil war, plague, floods and famine, in which Groves suffered the death of his wife Mary<ref name=BA /> on 14 May, and a recently born baby daughter on 24 August.

===Missionary to India===
At this time, a revised charter granted to the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] opened the way for unrestricted Christian missionary work in India. On invitation from Colonel Arthur Cotton, in 1833, Groves visited widely among [[missionaries]] in India, and found open doors for the gospel in many parts of the country. In 1834 he accompanied the Scottish missionary educator [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] from Calcutta to Scotland, nursing him slowly back to health.<ref>[https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/jemh/26/1-2/article-p104_6.xml Brill website, ''Immersed in Dependency: American Missionaries, Empires, and India in the 1830s'', by Darin D. Lenz, published in the Journal of early modern history, Volume 26 (2022), page 123]</ref> Duff probably owed his life to Groves's attentions, as indeed did Arthur Cotton on an earlier occasion.

During his time in Britain, Groves married for a second time to Harriet Baynes.<ref name= BAA>[https://borivaliassembly.net/ministry-corner/anthony-norris-groves/ Borivali Assembly website, ''Anthony Norris Grove'']</ref> The wedding took place on 25 April 1835 at St Mary's Church, Great Malvern. She accompanied Groves when he returned to India in 1836. Groves was accompanied by John Kitto, Edward Cronin and John V Parnel (2nd Baron Congleton). Rejoined by his sons and others from [[Baghdad]], he established a missionary team in Madras supported largely through his dentistry, and later a farm and mission settlement in [[Chittoor]]. He recruited a number of missionaries to assist existing efforts in several parts of India, and to pioneer new ventures, notably in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] Delta and [[Tamil Nadu]].

Groves advocated the adoption of the New Testament as a manual of missionary methods. As a [[Restorationism (Christian primitivism)|primitivist]] among [[missiology|missiologists]], he pre-dated the more celebrated [[Roland Allen]] by eighty years. One of Groves's Indian disciples was [[John Arulappan]] who adopted his principles. As a full-time evangelist, Arulappan lived "by faith" and stimulated the creation of a network of [[indigenous peoples of Asia|indigenous]] Indian fellowships.<ref name= BAA /> Groves's ideas were later taken up in India by descendants of Arulappan associated with [[Bakht Singh]], and, in a Chinese context, by [[Watchman Nee]].

Groves continued preaching and teaching in India until ill health forced him back to England in 1852. His niece, Lydia Müller, wrote at the time 'Leaning his head on his hand, he sweetly fell asleep in Jesus, at twelve on Friday, 20 May 1853'<ref>[[:s:Page:Groves - Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves, 3rd edition.djvu/513|Groves 1869, p. 501]].</ref> in the home of his sister's husband [[George Müller]].<ref name= BAA /> He is buried in [[Arnos Vale Cemetery]] in Bristol.<ref>Boase 1885.</ref> He considered his life a failure, and did not live long enough to see the worldwide impact of his ideas and example on a new generation of "[[faith missions]]" springing from the 1859-60 Revivals.

==Influence==

===Author===
In 1825, Groves wrote a small booklet [[Christian Devotedness]], expounding Jesus' teaching concerning stewardship of material possessions. He exhorted all Christians to live economically, trusting God to supply their needs, and devoting their income to the cause of the Gospel. This booklet had a major impact upon [[George Müller]], and through him on [[James Hudson Taylor]] (who soon after conversion attended the Kennington meeting where [[Edward Cronin (homeopath)|Edward Cronin]] was local) and many other significant Christian leaders.

Groves' early journals ''Journal of a Residence in Baghdad'' were edited by AJ Scott and published by J Nisbet, London in 1831 & 1832. After his death, his memoirs were published in 1856 by his widow Harriet Groves, under the title ''Memoir of the late AN Groves, containing Extracts from his Letters and Journals''.

===Letters===
Throughout his life, Groves corresponded with several prominent leaders of the early Brethren movement. His letters are a notable [[primary source]] for historians of the Plymouth Brethren.

===Sectarianism, Communion & Ordination===
Groves, an Anglican, came to recognize fellowship of genuine Christians based on "Life, not light."<ref>[[:s:Page:Groves - Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves, 3rd edition.djvu/552|Groves 1869, p. 540]].</ref> On 10 March 1836, in a [https://www.brethrenarchive.org/archive/early-years/prophetical-letter-of-an-groves-to-jn-darby/ 'Prophetical' Letter to J.N. Darby], he wrote "I ever understood our principle of union to be the possession of the common life or common blood of the family of God (for the life is in the blood); these were our early thoughts, and are my most matured ones..." and "I would infinitely rather bear with all their evils, then separate from their good. These were the then principles of our separation and inter-communion."<ref>Coad 1976, p. 25.</ref> Thus he gathered with others of like mind for communion that ignored sectarian divisions, setting the stage for "Open communion" based on faith in Jesus alone, not denominational affiliation. And he later came to realize that ordination - official recognition of authority and privilege in ministry - was itself unbiblical. "One day, the thought was brought to my mind, that ordination of any kind to preach the gospel is no requirement of Scripture. To me it was the removal of a mountain."<ref>Coad 1976, p. 22.</ref> These principles had an effect on non-conformist churches then and non-denominational churches today.

===Father of faith missions===
The biography by RB Dann shows that Anthony Norris Groves may be rightly regarded as the "father of faith missions," ''i.e.'', the principle that a missionary, if called and sent by the Holy Spirit, should go to their mission in faith, believing that God will thus provide for all their needs - and without first raising funds from supporters. In addition, such a missionary should not publish their financial needs but rather wait in faith for God to provide. By his example, Groves challenged much of previous (and current) thinking about the [[missionary]] task through his journeys to Mesopotamia and India which he undertook without the backing of the State or Church. Instead, he put into practice what he believed to be the Biblical principle of trusting God alone to supply his needs.

==Publications==
* ''Christian Devotedness'' (1829)<ref>[https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/3267135.Anthony_Norris_Groves GoodReads website, ''Anthony Norris Groves'']</ref><ref>[https://openlibrary.org/search?q=anthony+groves&mode=everything Open Library website, ''Anthony Groves'']</ref>
* ''Journal ... During a Journey from London to Bagdad'' (1831) <ref name=BA />
* ''Remarks on a Pamphlet, entitled: The Perpetuity of the Moral Law.'' (1840)
* ''Journal of a Residence at Bagdad: during the years 1830 and 1831'' (1832)
* ''A Brief Account of the Present Circumstances of the Tinnevelly Mission'' (1835)
* ''The Present State of the Tinevelley Mission''. Second Edition Enlarged, with an Historical Preface and Reply to Mr. Strachan's Criticisms; and Mr. Rhenius's (farewell) Letter to the Church Missionary Society (after Receiving His Dismissal) (1836)
* ''Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
===Books===
* Boase, George Clement (1885). “[[s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Groves, Anthony Norris|Groves, Anthony Norris]],” in [[Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900|''Dictionary of National Biography'']], 1885-1900, in 63 vols. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.
* Coad, Roy (1976). ''A History of the Brethren Movement''. 2nd edition. London: Paternoster Press.
* Dann, Robert Bernard, ''Father of Faith Missions : The Life and Times of Anthony Norris Groves'', (Authentic Media, 2004), {{ISBN|1-884543-90-1}}
* Dann, Robert Bernard, ''The Legacy of Anthony Norris Groves'', (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol 29, No 4, Oct 2005)
* Groves, Anthony Norris (1829). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223010/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/groves/Anthony%20Norris%20Groves.htm Christian Devotedness]''. James Nisbet.
* Groves, Anthony Norris (1833). ''[http://silicabiblechapel.com/uploads/3/4/4/6/34464869/on_the_nature_of_christian_influence.pdf On the Nature of Christian Influence]''. American Mission Press.
* Groves, Anthony Norris (1834). ''[http://silicabiblechapel.com/uploads/3/4/4/6/34464869/on_the_liberty_of_ministry_in_the_church_of_christ_2.16.23.pdf On the Liberty of Ministry in the Church of Christ]''. Original Printing, Mission Press, Neyoor, 1834.
* {{cite book
| last = Groves | first = Harriet
| date = 1869
| title = [[s:Memoir of Anthony Norris Groves]]
| edition = 3rd
| publisher = James Nisbet & Co.
| location = London
}}

* Lang, GH, ''Anthony Norris Groves: A Combined Study of a Man of God and of the Principles and Practice of the Brethren'', reprint, 2012, [http://www.kingsleypress.com/anthony-norris-groves-saint-and-pioneer-by-g-h-lang.html Kingsley Press]
* Lang, GH, ''The History and Diaries of An Indian Christian: JC Aroolappen'', USA, Schoettle Publishing Co, Inc, 1988, [http://www.schoettlepublishing.com/catalog/lang.htm Schoettle Publishing Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608132525/http://www.schoettlepublishing.com/catalog/lang.htm |date=8 June 2008 }}
* Stunt, Timothy CF, ''Anthony Norris Groves in an International Context: A Re-assessment of his Early Development'', in ''The Growth of the Brethren Movement: National and International Experiences (Studies in Evangelical History & Thought)'', edited by Neil TR Dickson and Tim Grass, (Carlisle, Paternoster Press, 2006), {{ISBN|1-84227-427-9}}. pp  223–40.
* Tayler, William Elfe (1866). ''Passages from the Diary and Letters of Henry Craik, of Bristol''. London: J. F. Shaw & Co.

===Video===
* ''Anthony Norris Groves – the Quiet Trailblazer'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717143728/http://www.cta.uk.com/shop.asp?pid=164], (2004), [http://www.cta.uk.com Christian Television Association] for [http://www.echoes.org.uk/ Echoes of Service]

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}

* {{Gutenberg author | id=26379| name=Anthony Norris Groves}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Anthony Norris Groves}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091012055329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/groves/AboutANG.htm Anthony Norris Groves (1795-1853)] – has some brief biographical data plus a bibliography relating to AN Groves, that includes a modern reprint of his ''Memoirs''.
* [http://silicabiblechapel.com/uploads/3/4/4/6/34464869/bearing_witness_to_the_original_principles_of_the_early_brethren.pdf Bearing Witness to the Original Principles of the Early Brethren: As Found in a Letter Written by A.N. Groves to J.N. Darby in 1836 (Updated Version)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821120640/http://www.wellofoath.com/home.asp?pg=Bios&toc=Anthony+Norris+Groves Anthony Norris Groves] page at the now defunct '''Well of Oath''' website, formerly maintained by Randall Kulp.

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Groves, Anthony Norris}}
[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1853 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:British expatriates in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British Plymouth Brethren]]
[[Category:English evangelicals]]
[[Category:English Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Evangelical missionaries]]
[[Category:English Evangelical writers]]
[[Category:People from Newton Valence]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Iraq]]
[[Category:Burials at Arnos Vale Cemetery]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Zordaar

2026-03-04T00:06:45Z

Nayem: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zordaar
| image = Zordaar poster.png
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Ajay Kashyap
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Aditya Pancholi]] [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]] Abu Malik [[Daboo Malik|Krish Malik]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1996|10|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Zordaar''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by Ajay Kashyap. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] in pivotal roles. The film was shot and completed in 1988 but was delayed and released 8 years later. This film marked actress Mandakini's final film prior to her choice of retirement (to concentrate on her family further).

==Plot==
Three top criminals — Devil, Fox, and Jackal — are given a gold medal for their bad deeds. They unveil their enterprise, where they import and transport explosives in children's toys.

Elsewhere, an unemployed Ravi foils an assassination attempt and intercepts the trio's stuff. He just happens to be the son of Jackal's trusted but clueless employee Rana.

Rana and his friend stumble upon Jackal's skullduggery and are about to turn him in to the police when the friend's son Shiva intervenes. Jackal and his friends kill all three, or so they think. They also frame the friend and his son Shiva in a terrorism case, insinuating that the duo killed Rana when he intervened.

Shiva survives, assumes the name Tony, and approaches Ravi to join hands to avenge their kin's death. Is the partnership forged? That's the story of the film.

==Cast==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zordaar |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/zordaar/cast/2000143966/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Ravi
* [[Aditya Pancholi]] as Shiva / Tony
* [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] as Neha
* [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Anju Sharma
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Devil
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Fox
* [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as Sanga
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as ACP Sharma
* [[Raza Murad]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] Singh and Neha's father
* [[Daboo Malik]] as Sudhir
* [[Bob Christo]] as Sir John
* [[Mahesh Anand]] as Jackal
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Master Shekhar
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Rana
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar|Ashalatha]] as Sudha , Rana's wife and Ravi's mother
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Vinita, Shiva's mother

==Soundtrack==
Available on [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on LP, CD, Cassette and Digital Download. The song "Hum Sabko Salaam Karte Hain" was taken from the self-titled 1986 pop album by Anu Malik, Abbu Malik and Krish Malik.
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Ganpati Bappa Morya
| extra1 = [[Anu Malik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Indeevar]]

| title2 = Hum Sabko Salaam Karte Hain
| extra2 = Anu Malik, Abbu Malik, Krish Malik
| lyrics2 = [[Sameer Anjaan]]

| title3 = Ae Babu Ae Babu
| extra3= Sadhana Sargam
| lyrics3 = Indeevar

| title4 = Russi Na Amriki
| extra4= Anu Malik, Sadhna Sargam, Krish Malik
| lyrics4 = Shaily Shailendra

| title5 = Main Hoon Awara
| extra5 = Abbu Malik, [[Anupama Deshpande]]
| lyrics5 = [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]

| title6 = Dushman Kya Marega Humko
| extra6 = Anu Malik, Abbu Malik, Krish Malik
| lyrics6 = Shaily Shailendra

| title7 = Kaali Aankhen Miss India
| extra7 = Anu Malik
| lyrics7 = Hasrat Jaipuri
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0405499}}

[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Masoom (1996 film)

2026-03-03T23:38:45Z

Nayem: expanded information for clarity

{{About||the 1983 film|Masoom (1983 film)|other films|Masoom (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Masoom
| image = Masoom 1996 poster.jpg
| alt=
| caption = Poster of ''Masoom''
| director = [[Mahesh Kothare]]
| producer = Sanjay Bali Lokesh Bali
| screenplay = Ram Kelkar
| based_on = “Majha Chhakula" by Mahesh Kothare
| narrator =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tinnu Anand]]
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]]
* [[Inder Kumar]]
* [[Sulabha Arya]]
* [[Arun Bakshi]]
}}
| music = [[Anand Raj Anand]] (also lyricist) Ashok Sharma (Background Music)
| cinematography = [[Sameer Athalye]]
| editing = Vishwas - Anil
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|24 May 1996|}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}
'''''Masoom''''' ({{Translation|The Innocent}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Mahesh Kothare]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masoom (1996) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/masoom-8003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054356/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/masoom-8003|url-status=live|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> It is a remake of the director's 1994 hit [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] ''[[Majha Chakula]]''. The film was a super hit at the domestic box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-02|title=Masoom 1996 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts 1990's Box Office Collection|url=https://ksboxoffice.com/masoom-1996-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/1990s-box-office-collection/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=KS Box Office}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kishan is the only son of Yashoda and Vikram Singh. Vikram is killed by a gangster Barood. A youngster named Akash is an investigative journalist. At any cost he wants Barood to be arrested and punished. Kishan gets kidnapped by Barood and from here, starts the roller coster ride of Kishan who cleverly escapes Barood's clutches and saves the country and makes his mother proud.

== Cast ==

* [[Inder Kumar]] as Akash
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Chanda
* [[Omkar Kapoor]] as Child Kishan Singh
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Hawaldar Bheem Singh
* [[Renuka Shahane]] as Yashoda Vikram Singh
* [[Laxmikant Berde]] as Jeetu
* [[Suresh Oberoi]] as Vikram Singh
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Barood
* [[Sulabha Arya]]
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Chanda's father
* [[Arun Bali]] as Police Commissioner Vishal Chauhary
* Sonali Arora as Child Sonali
* [[Rasik Dave]] as Inspector Chauhan
* Sameer Kakkar
* Jugnu
* Baldev Ingavale
* Anil Nagrath
* Bhalchandra Kulkarni
* Mahesh Gupta
* Yusuf Bawa
* Sachin Goswami
* Manoj Bhatia
* Sambha Aeira
* Murli
* Ashok Mane
* Master Manan
* Master Kunal

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Masoom
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = February 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:39
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

This album is composed by [[Anand Raaj Anand|Anand Raj Anand]]. Most popular songs in album "Yeh Jo Teri Payalon Ki Chan Chan Hai", "Tukur Tukur Dekhte Ho Kya", "Chota Bachcha Jaan Ke", etc.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
! Song !! Singer
|-
|1
| "Chota Bachcha Jaan Ke"
| [[Aditya Narayan]]
|-
|2
| "Kaale Libaas Mein Badan"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|3
| "So Jaa Mere Laadle"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|4
|"So Jaa Mere Laadle" (Sad)
|Abhijeet, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
|5
| "Tukur Tukur Dekhte Ho Kya" (Not included in film)
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
|6
| "Yeh Jo Teri Payalon Ki Chan Chan Hai"
| Abhijeet, Sadhana Sargam
|-
|7
| "Zindagi Ko Jina Hai To"
| [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Anand Raj Anand]], Arun Bakshi, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|8
|"Zindagi Ko Jeena Hai Toh" (Sad)
|Jolly Mukherjee, Anand Raj Anand, Arun Bakshi, Sadhana Sargam
|-
|}

== Reception ==
This film was released on 114 screens in theaters on May 24, 1996. Inder made his film debut with this film. The film was made on a budget of 1.80 crore and it was a superhit, with a worldwide collection of 8.95 crore.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
* [[Aditya Narayan]] won the [[Screen Award Special Jury Award]] in 1997 for his song ''Chhota Baccha Jaan Ke''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_newupdatearticle.php?conid=2411|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908140542/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_newupdatearticle.php?conid=2411|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 September 2012|title=Planetradiocity : Page Does Not Exist|work=planetradiocity.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-am-still-single-says-Aditya-Narayan/articleshow/5662923.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217034946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-10/news-interviews/28119430_1_shaapit-horror-aditya-narayan|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-12-17|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable|date=10 March 2010 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0978642|Masoom}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Kothare]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aryan (1988 film)

2026-03-03T20:55:23Z

Nayem: quick update

{{Short description|1988 Malayalam film by Priyadarshan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aryan
| image = Aryan (1988 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = [[K. T. Kunjumon|Century Kochumon]]
| writer = [[T. Damodaran]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Ramya Krishnan]] [[Sharat Saxena]] [[M. G. Soman]] [[Gavin Packard]] [[Shobana]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Reghu Kumar]] (Songs) [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] (Score)
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Cheers Films
| distributor = Century Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|8|26}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aryan''''' is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and written by [[T. Damodaran]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Sharat Saxena]], [[Shobana]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Gavin Packard]], [[M. G. Soman]], and [[Goga Kapoor]]. It was produced by Mohanlal and [[K. T. Kunjumon|Century Kochumon]] through the company Cheers Films.

''Aryan'' tells the tale of an underworld battle and family bonds through the main character Devanarayanan, who arrives in [[Bombay]] with nothing and rises to become a gangster in a powerful crime gang.

Mohanlal won the [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award]] for his performance in the film. The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Aaryan Mera Naam''. ''Aryan'' and was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Dravidan (1989 film)|Dravidan]]'' (1989), in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Ashoka Chakravarthy]]'' (1989), and in [[Kannada]] as ''Chakravarthy'' (1990). Saxena reprised his role in all the versions.

==Plot==
The film opens with a flashback in which Devanarayanan (Devan) is a [[Brahmin]] priest from [[Kerala]] who is the breadwinner for his impoverished family. He is in love with Aswathy, but her corrupt father, Govindan Nair, opposes their relationship. Devan is also at odds with Arumukhan, a corrupt local businessman. Problems go from bad to worse Arumukhan and Govindan Nair, with the help of Inspector Chandrappan, falsely accuse Devanarayanan of stealing [[Thiruvabharanam|thiruvabharana]] (Deity's ornaments) from the local temple. Chandrappan arrests Devan and thrashes him in front of the villagers and his family, who beg him to stop. Devan is taken to jail. Once Devan is out of jail, his father disowns Devan, believing him guilty of the theft, and Devan is forced to leave his village.

In the present day, Devan lives in [[Bombay]] with Kunjali and his daughter Sainaba, who runs a tea shop. The city is terrorized by a thug named Martin and his gang. One day, Martin thrashes Devan and steals his necklace. However, Devan retaliates by defeating Martin in a fighting match later that day. Devan soon becomes involved in the underworld, and he becomes the trusted aide of ageing crime boss Kareem, who had lost his wife, brother, and uncle in an underworld gang war decades ago. Sainaba is in love with Kareem's only son.

While on a mission for Kareem, Devan is taken hostage by Majeed Khan and his gang, who beat Devan until he is unconscious. When Devan wakes up, he finds Kareem and Nirmala, another member of Kareem's gang, tending to his wounds.Devan soon heals with Nirmala’s help. Kareem and his secretary, Nair, persuade Devan to kill Majeed Khan.

Devan and Nirmala soon fall in love. Devan tells Nirmala about the humiliation he faced while on trial for the theft of the thiruvabharana. Meanwhile, Kareem finds out about his son's relationship with Sainaba and rebukes him. He then orders his gang to attack Kunjali and Sainaba, but Devan intervenes. Nair sees this and turns against Devan. Devan and Nair engage in a fight, which ends with Nair fleeing in fear. Kunjali then hits Sainaba after finding out about her relationship with Kareem's son, but Devan comforts her. Kareem threatens to kill Devan. In response, Devan points a gun at Kareem and details his reasons for defending Kunjali and Sainaba. Kunjali also confronts Kareem for the attack. Devan convinces Kareem and Kunjali to allow Sainaba to marry Kareem's son.

At a party among Kareem's gang and the city police officers, Kareem is arrested after being reported by Nair, who is jealous of the attention Kareem is paying Devan. Devan then blackmails the arresting officers using footage of the officers engaging with Kareem's gang, and Kareem is released. Nair joins Majeed Khan's rival gang. Sainaba, Kareem's son, and Kunjali, are shot dead by Majeed Khan, Nair, and their henchmen during the [[Holi]] celebrations. This influences Kareem to become more religious and leave his criminal life.

Majeed Khan and Nair plan to leave Bombay, but Devan kills them. Devan is sentenced to five years in prison. After he is released, Devan and Nirmala move to [[Kerala]]. When Devan returns to his village, his father is angry at his return. Devan's mother then angrily tells him to leave.

With the help of Nirmala and Sakhavu Karunan, his politician friend, Devan gathers Arumukhan, Govindan Nair, Inspector Chandrappan, Adv Radhakrishnan, and the corrupt high priest of the temple. He demands that the men who framed him confess his innocence to his family. Angry, Devan storms out of the house. Ashwathy visits Devan and says that her husband, Adv Radhakrishnan, is innocent. Rather than punishing the men who framed him, Devan decides to let them go for Ashwathy's sake. He then introduces Ashwathy and Nirmala to each other.

Later, Devan shows Nirmala a mansion he used to live in and says he dreams of living there again with her. Nirmala suggests Devan gets his mother's approval first. Sakhavu Karunan soon arrives, stating that he was searching for Devan. Devan tells him that there's no need as he's forgiven the men who framed him. Karunan accuses Devan of being in cahoots with them, but Devan shrugs off his remarks and leaves. Back in the village, Devan invites his parents and sisters to live in the mansion with him and Nirmala.

At the mansion, Devan finds Nirmala held hostage by Majeed Khan and Nair, who have assaulted her. It is revealed that Majeed Khan and Nair survived Devan's attempt to murder them. Devan pays the ransom to free Nirmala but is shot by Majeed Khan. A fight ensues, and Devan suffocates Nair and shoots Khan, finally killing him. Nirmala also dies, leaving Devan speechless and devastated. The film ends with a furious Devan screaming at a judge for having been imprisoned under fabricated accusations.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Devanarayanan Namboothiri / Devan, a Brahmin priest-turned-gangster
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Nirmala / Nimmi, Devan's girlfriend
* [[Shobhana]] as Aswathy, Devan's former girlfriend
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Majeed Khan, the main antagonist and a powerful underworld don in [[Mumbai]]
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as Kareem Seth, an aged powerful underworld don in [[Mumbai]]
* [[Kundara Johny]] as Nair, the secondary antagonist and ex-secretary to Kareem, later Majeed Khan's henchman
* [[Sreenivasan]] as 'Sakhavu' Karunan, an ambitious politician
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Arumukhan, the villainous local businessman
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Govindan Nair, Aswathy's corrupt father
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Adv. Radhakrishnan, Aswathy's husband and Govindan's son-in-law
* [[Sukumari]] as Thampuratti, Devan's mother
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Namboothiri Thampuran, Devan's father
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Hassan
* [[Balan K. Nair]] as Kunjali
* [[Monisha]] as Sainaba/Sainu, Kunjali's daughter
* [[Gavin Packard]] as Martin, a menacing local thug
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Subhadra, Devan's younger sister
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Dhathrikutty, Devan's youngest sister
* [[Sreenath]] as Unnikrishnan, Dhathrikutty's husband and Devan's brother-in-law
* [[C.I. Paul]] as Inspector Chandrappan, a corrupt police officer and Aramukhan's accomplice
* [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] as Oikyan, Devan's 'Guru'
* [[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Henchman
* [[Milind Gawali]] as Salim, Kareem's son and Sainaba's husband
* [[Bob Christo]] as Tony, a Goon
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Raghu Kumar]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kaithapram]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Om Jai Jagadeesh Hare" || [[Sujatha Mohan]] || [[Kaithapram]] || 01:09
|-
| 2 || "Ponmuraliyoothum" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Sujatha Mohan || Kaithapram || 03:33
|-
| 3 || "Shaanthimanthram Theliyum" || Kaithapram, M. G. Sreekumar, Sujatha Mohan || Kaithapram || 05:53
|}

==Box office==
The film was a commercial success. It ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Priyan and I share a special bond: Mohanlal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Priyan-and-I-share-a-special-bond-Mohanlal/articleshow/51683288.cms|access-date=14 May 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2017|quote=I remember, in the late 80s when I had a hat-trick of hits - Vellanakalude Nadu did 150 days, Aryan 100 days and Chithram, 366 days.}}</ref>

==Remake==
''Aryan'' was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Dravidan (1989 film)|Dravidan]]'' (1989) by [[Suresh Balaje]], with [[Sathyaraj]] playing the lead role. It was also remade in [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] as ''[[Ashoka Chakravarthy]]'' (1989) starring [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and in [[Kannada]] as ''Chakravarthy'' (1990) starring [[Ambareesh]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254972|Aryan}}
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2080 ''Aryan'' on MalayalaChalachithram.com]
* [http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1545 ''Aryan'' on MalayalaSangeetham.com]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141024164425/http://spicyonion.com/title/aryan-malayalam-movie/ ''Aryan'' on SpicyOnion.com]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111125073447/http://malayalam.deepikaglobal.com/feature/featuredetails.asp?ncode=2861&feature_cat=Cat19 Article about the film in ''Deepika'']

{{Priyadarshan}}
{{Mohanlal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryan (1988 Film)}}
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Reghu Kumar]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Damodaran]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]

Hello Premistara

2026-03-03T18:05:48Z

Nayem: Started The Pg W/ Infobox

{{Short description|2007 Indian Telugu-language film by Raj Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hello Premistara
| image = Hello Premistara poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raja Kumar
| writer = Raja Kumar Jaya Simha (dialogues)
| producer = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Sairam Shankar]]|[[Sheela Kaur]]}}
| cinematography = Bharani
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| studio = [[Vaishno Academy]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|09|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hello Premistara''''' ({{translation|Hello, do you love?}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic action]] film directed by Raj Kumar and produced by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. The film stars [[Sairam Shankar]] in a dual role alongside [[Sheela Kaur]]. The film has music composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hello Premistara press meet - Telugu cinema - Sairam Shankar & Shiela |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-hellopremistara.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.idlebrain.com |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401000745/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-hellopremistara.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hello Premistara music launch - Telugu cinema function - Sairam Shankar & Sheila |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-hellopremistara.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.idlebrain.com |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401000746/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-hellopremistara.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The plot follows a triangle love drama between two step-brothers and a woman, inspired by the 1999 film ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''.<ref name="rediff" />

==Plot==
{{no plot|date=April 2022}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sairam Shankar]] as Aravind and Arjun
*[[Sheela Kaur]] as Nandhini
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Arjun's grandfather
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Sunil
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Amaravathi
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[Bhanu Chander]]
*[[Ranjitha]]
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Nandhini's father
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Marriage broker
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Chitram Srinu]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Aravind's mother
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Nandhini's mother
*[[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneshwari]]
*[[Sudeepa Pinky]]
*[[Satyam Rajesh]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hello Premisthara - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hello-premisthara/SgtKJi4aFNk_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207204433/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hello-premisthara/SgtKJi4aFNk_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninna Monna
| length1 = 4:57
| all_lyrics = [[Kandikonda]]
| extra1 = Chakri
| title2 = Yennadu Leni
| length2 = 4:38
| extra2 = [[G. Venugopal]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| title3 = Nee Peru Vintene
| length3 = 4:16
| extra3 = Ravi Varma, Madhuri
| title4 = Life Ante Travel
| length4 = 3:55
| extra4 = Chakri
| title5 = Dum Dum Dum
| length5 = 4:43
| extra5 = Sai Shivani
| title6 = Pokiri
| length6 = 4:04
| extra6 = Chakri, Kousalya
| total_length = 26:33
}}
==Reception==
G P Aditya Vardhan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "Though the plot is good, the director fails to make it an intense viewing".<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web|title=Avoid Hello Premisthara|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/17ssprem.htm|access-date=2022-04-01|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 September 2007|first=G. P. Aditya|last=Vardhan|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401000319/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/17ssprem.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that "This kind of story line works well for Tamil films featuring competent actors, but it may not work out in Telugu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hello Premistara movie review - The Good, The Bad and the ugly - Telugu cinema - Sairam Shankar & Sheila |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/hellopremistara.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |date=14 September 2007 |last=Jeevi |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233320/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/hellopremistara.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said "''Hello Premistara'' has nothing new to offer and turns out to be a forgettable experience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hello Premistara |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/hello-premistara-review-telugu-pclwv6dgfchgg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401000321/https://www.sify.com/movies/hello-premistara-review-telugu-pclwv6dgfchgg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Full Hyderabad'' criticised the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/hello-premisthara/telugu/hello-premisthara-movie-reviews-2129-2.html|title=Hello Premisthara Review|website=fullhyd.com|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129104438/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/hello-premisthara/telugu/hello-premisthara-movie-reviews-2129-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1321393}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]

Naa Saami Ranga

2026-03-03T09:13:05Z

Nayem: put up details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naa Saami Ranga
| image = Na Saami Ranga movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vijay Binni
| producer = Srinivasa Chitturi
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' (2019) by [[Joshiy]]}}
| story = Abhilash N. Chandran
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]]
}}
| writer =
| screenplay = Vijay Binni
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Allari Naresh]] [[Raj Tarun]] [[Ashika Ranganath]] [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = Dasaradhi Sivendra
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| studio = Srinivasaa Silver Screen [[Annapurna Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|01|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite news|title='Naa Saami Ranga' receives U/A certification, all set to enhance fans Sankranti celebrations| newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naa-saami-ranga-receives-u/a-certification-all-set-to-enhance-fans-sankranti-celebrations/articleshow/106700447.cms?from=mdr|date=10 January 2024|url-status=live|access-date=11 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111064547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naa-saami-ranga-receives-u/a-certification-all-set-to-enhance-fans-sankranti-celebrations/articleshow/106700447.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}20 crore<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nagarjuna-akkineni-starrer-naa-saami-ranga-bags-its-non-theatrical-rights-for-a-whopping-amount-deets-inside/articleshow/106552442.cms?from=mdr|title=Nagarjuna Akkineni starrer 'Naa Saami Ranga' bags its non-theatrical rights for a whopping amount - Deets inside|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 January 2024|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112102143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nagarjuna-akkineni-starrer-naa-saami-ranga-bags-its-non-theatrical-rights-for-a-whopping-amount-deets-inside/articleshow/106552442.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Naa Saami Ranga''''' ({{translation|''My Goodness Gracious''}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[period film|period]] [[action drama]] directed by choreographer Vijay Binni, in his directorial debut, with an original story written by Abhilash N. Chandran.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagarjunas-next-titled-naa-saami-ranga/article67247759.ece|title=Nagarjuna's next titled 'Naa Saami Ranga'|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 August 2023|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207044613/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagarjunas-next-titled-naa-saami-ranga/article67247759.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> An official adaptation to the 2019 [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'', it starred [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Allari Naresh]], [[Raj Tarun]], [[Ashika Ranganath]], and [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]], while [[Mirnaa Menon]], [[Rukshar Dhillon]], and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagarjuna To Star In Telugu Remake Of Porinju Mariam Jose?|date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nagarjuna-to-star-in-telugu-remake-of-porinju-mariam-jose-read-to-know-more-7136023.html|access-date=21 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222083045/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nagarjuna-to-star-in-telugu-remake-of-porinju-mariam-jose-read-to-know-more-7136023.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/naa-saami-ranga/movieshow/103244209.cms|title=Naa Saami Ranga|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2023-12-17|archive-date=2023-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217135502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/naa-saami-ranga/movieshow/103244209.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> while Dasaradhi Sivendra and Chota K. Prasad handled the cinematography and editing, respectively.

The film was released theatrically on 14 January 2024, coinciding with [[Makar Sankranti]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/311223/rs250-cr-at-stake-on-sankranthi-releases.html|title=Rs.250 cr at stake on Sankranthi releases|date=31 December 2023 |access-date=2024-01-14|archive-date=2024-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114085240/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/311223/rs250-cr-at-stake-on-sankranthi-releases.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and received mixed-to-positive reviews from the critics.

==Plot==
In 1963 at [[Ambajipeta]], Kishtayya, an orphan, befriends Anji and his mother, who welcome him into their family. As Anji and Kishtayya develop a sibling-like bond, Anji's mother passes away, and her creditor Varadaraju asks the kids to repay the loan by selling their house to him. Varadaraju's attempts are thwarted by Peddayya, the village's local government leader, who offers to repay their loan. This forges a sense of loyalty in Kishtayya towards Peddayya. Meanwhile, Anji tries to persuade Kishtayya to confess his love to Varadaraju's daughter, Varamahalakshmi "Varalu". Kishtayya, however, fails to do so when he saves Peddayya, who is injured in an accident on the same day when he planned to propose to Varalu. As a group of people run towards Peddayya to kill him, Kishtayya picks up Peddayya's revolver and shoots them to save the latter's life. Since then, Peddayya considered both Kishtayya and Anji as his own men and is affectionate towards them, which angers his children. Varadaraju, meanwhile, sends Varalu to [[Madras]] for her higher education, separating her from Kishtayya.

In 1988, Kishtayya lives with Anji and his wife, Manga, along with their daughter, and has remained unmarried, hoping to marry Varalu, who now manages her father's businesses. She too remains unmarried and continues to love Kishtayya but does not accept his proposal for marriage. A day before [[Bhogi]], when one of the villagers, Bhaskar, is attacked by the goons of the neighbouring village Jagganna Thota's president, Veerabhadrudu, Kishtayya saves him on Peddayya's request. Peddayya asks Kishtayya and Anji to take care of Bhaskar until the ongoing situation cools down, and Anji learns that Veerabhadrudu is against the proposal of Bhaskar marrying his daughter Kumari, who studied together and are in a relationship. Anji reveals to Bhaskar that Varalu and Kishtayya were also in a relationship 10 years ago, which was opposed by Varadaraju as Peddayya wanted his son Dasu to marry her in an arranged marriage.

While Peddayya cancelled the alliance respecting Kishtayya's feelings and blessed them, Varadaraju continued to oppose them, which forced Varalu to leave her house. As she was leaving, Varadaraju tied a rope around his neck and threatened to hang himself from the ceiling fan if she ran away. However, Varadaraju accidentally lost his grip and hanged himself to death. Due to this, a guilt-ridden Varalu chose to live alone without marrying Kishtayya, though she continues to love him and meets him regularly. As Veerabhadrudu continues to oppose Bhaskar and Kumari's marriage and deems Kishtayya responsible for his defeat, he learns from his aides that a year ago, Dasu returned to his village to attend the ongoing Bhogi festival from Dubai after completing jail time for an attempted murder. He learned from Peddayya that Varalu was still unmarried and visited her house, and forced himself on her, to which she humiliated him publicly. Anji then picked up a fight with Dasu and chased him to a fair throughout the festival procession, where a fight happened between Anji and Peddayya's children. Kishtayya broke up the fight, but Dasu still attacked Anji, leading to Kishtayya and Anji to retaliate and beat up Dasu and his brothers.

A year later, on [[Makar Sankranti]], Kishtayya promises his village that the procession would be peacefully carried into Jagganna Thota on the next day as part of the [[Pongal (festival)|Kanuma]] festival celebrations, despite Veerabhadrudu's stance against him and Peddayya, and also that Bhaskar and Kumari would get married before the festival. Dasu, seizing an opportunity to harm Anji, attacks him at a movie theatre and kills him. This sends Kishtayya into a rage, who vows to kill Dasu. Peddayya, fearing the death of his children, begs them to leave the village until Kishtayya's rage subsides, but to no avail. Dasu joins hands with Veerabhadrudu, kidnaps both Bhaskar and Kumari, and attacks Kishtayya just as he enters Jagganna Thota leading the procession. There, Kishtayya manages to kill Dasu and many of Veerabhadrudu's henchmen, which makes the latter let go of Bhaskar and Kumari out of fear. Varalu, who now wishes to be with Kishtayya, arranges to get bail for him in case he goes to court for the killings.

That night, as Kishtayya goes to Peddayya's house along with the villagers to apologize for his act; Peddayya hugs and consoles him. However, he takes out a hidden knife and stabs Kishtayya multiple times, saying that his son's life mattered to him, but not to Kishtayya. The bystanders surround them, but Kishtayya snatches the knife, tells everyone to back off, and orders Peddayya to go back in to his house. Varalu arrives and Kishtayya, who promises he would survive the attack, asks her to marry him. The film ends with a visual from a few years later, with a now married Kishtayya and Varalu leaving on a bike as their son, named after Anji, follows them on foot.<ref name="'Naa Saami Ranga' X reviews: Fans hail Nagarjuna's 'family entertainer'">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=14 January 2024 |title='Naa Saami Ranga' X reviews: Fans hail Nagarjuna's 'family entertainer' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-saami-ranga-x-reviews-nagarjuna-vijay-binni-ashika-ranganath-2488526-2024-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118135829/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-saami-ranga-x-reviews-nagarjuna-vijay-binni-ashika-ranganath-2488526-2024-01-14 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naa Saami Ranga movie review: Nagarjuna is the redeeming factor">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=14 January 2024 |title=Naa Saami Ranga movie review: Nagarjuna is the redeeming factor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naa-saami-ranga-movie-review-nagarjuna-is-the-redeeming-factor-9109336/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118135818/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naa-saami-ranga-movie-review-nagarjuna-is-the-redeeming-factor-9109336/ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Kishtayya
** Kothala Bhanu Prakash as young Kishtayya
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Anji, Kishtayya's younger brother
* [[Raj Tarun]] as Bhaskar, Kishtayya's friend
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] as Varamahalakshmi "Varalu", Kishtayya's girlfriend
* [[Mirnaa Menon]] as Manga, Anji's wife
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]] as Kumari, Bhaskar's love interest
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Peddayya, Kishtayya’s father-figure
* Madhumani as Peddayya’s wife
* [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]] as Dasu, Peddayya's youngest son
* [[Ravi Varma Adduri|Ravi Varma]] as Lakshmipathi, Peddayya’s eldest son
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)| Bharath Reddy]] as Peddayya’s second son
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Varadaraju, Varalu’s father
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudan Rao]] as Veerabhadrudu, Kumari’s father and Kishtayya’s rival
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Police SI Thirupatayya
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Rambabu, Dasu’s childhood friend
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Bhaskar’s brother-in-law
* Karuna Bhushan as Bhaskar’s sister
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Bhaskar’s father
* Prabhavathi Varma as Bhaskar’s father
* Mahesh Achanta as Bullabbayi, Kishtayya’s aide
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack and background score are composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] in his 17th collaboration with Nagarjuna.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Etthukelli Povaalanipisthunde
| length1 = 3:48
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]{{cn|date=January 2025}}
| title2 = Naa Saami Ranga Title Song
| length2 = 3:20
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[Kaala Bhairava]], [[Rahul Sipligunj]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Oscar Winning Combo For 'Naa Saami Ranga' |url=https://www.m9.news/short/oscar-winning-combo-for-naa-saami-ranga/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>
| title3 = Whistle Theme Song
| length3 = 3:09
| lyrics3 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| extra3 = Sandilya Pisapati
| title4 = Dummu Dhukanam
| length4 = 4:05
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = Kareemullah, Sahithi Chaganti, Sai Charan, Lokesh, Arun Kaundinya, Hymath Mohammed
| title5 = Inka Inka
| length5 = 3:31
| lyrics5 = M. M. Keeravani
| extra5 = Maman Kumar, Satya Yamini{{cn|date=January 2025}}
| title6 = Seesa Mootha Ippu
| length6 = 2:41
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| extra6 = Mallikarjun, Revanth, Saicharan, Lokesh, Hymath, Arun Kaundiya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naa Saami Ranga {{!}} Song - Seesa Mootha Ippu (Lyrical) {{!}} Telugu Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/naa-saami-ranga-song-seesa-mootha-ippu-lyrical/videoshow/106904545.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 14 January 2024, coinciding with [[Makar Sankranti]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}

=== Home media ===
The film was premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 17 February 2024.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

== Reception ==
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars, saying that "''Naa Saami Ranga'' marks a triumphant comeback for Akkineni Nagarjuna in the commercial cinema landscape. The film's successful amalgamation of mass appeal, a compelling narrative, and emotional depth makes it a commendable watch, resonating well with its audience during the festive Sankranti season. In a nutshell, it is a wholesome family entertainer!"<ref>{{cite web |last=Nicodemus|first=Paul|title=Naa Saami Ranga Movie Review: Nagarjuna's Wholesome Entertainer Enlivens Sankranti Spirit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/naa-saami-ranga/movie-review/106831833.cms|access-date=14 January 2024|website=The Times of India|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> Neeshitha Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the music, acting and camerawork, saying that, "Naa Saami Ranga is a no-nonsense rural drama that's a decent watch for Sankranthi."<ref>{{cite web|last=Nyayapati|first=Neeshitha|title=Naa Saami Ranga review: Nagarjuna's film is a decent Sankranthi entertainer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/naa-saami-ranga-review-nagarjuna-film-is-decent-sankranthi-entertainer-allari-naresh-ashika-ranganath-101705221596791.html|access-date=14 January 2024|website=Hindustan Times|date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114100750/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/naa-saami-ranga-review-nagarjuna-film-is-decent-sankranthi-entertainer-allari-naresh-ashika-ranganath-101705221596791.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vivek MV of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "A remake of ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'', Vijay Binni's 'Naa Saami Ranga', starring Nagarjuna and Ashika Ranganath, is a 'masala' affair that plays it safe and misses the point of the original."<ref>{{cite web|title='Naa Saami Ranga' movie review: Nagarjuna's village drama is a remake undone by templated approach|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naa-saami-ranga-movie-review-nagarjunas-village-drama-is-a-remake-undone-by-templated-approach/article67740628.ece|access-date=14 January 2024|website=Hindustan Times|date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114131015/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naa-saami-ranga-movie-review-nagarjunas-village-drama-is-a-remake-undone-by-templated-approach/article67740628.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Avad Mohammed of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 3/5 stars, gave a verdict, "On the whole, Naa Saami Ranga is a routine village drama that offers nothing new in terms of story. But the way it is mounted with A-listers, the presence of decent comedy, solid fights, and colourful visuals make this film a time-pass watch this festive season."<ref>{{cite web|last=Mohammed|first=Avad|title=Naa Saami Ranga Review - The Nagarjuna starrer has a familiar plot but is narrated entertainingly|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/naa-saami-ranga-review-the-nagarjuna-starrer-has-a-familiar-plot-but-is-narrated-entertainingly/7db796dcdc458|access-date=14 January 2024|website=OTTplay|date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114153211/https://www.ottplay.com/review/naa-saami-ranga-review-the-nagarjuna-starrer-has-a-familiar-plot-but-is-narrated-entertainingly/7db796dcdc458|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt23790602}}

{{Joshiy|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1985]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Goa Aces JA Racing

2026-02-28T18:06:59Z

Nayem: Made Some Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian racing team}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
'''Goa Aces JA Racing''' is an [[India|Indian]] motorsport franchise that competes in the [[Indian Racing League]] and the [[F4 Indian Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Indian Racing League drivers, calendar revealed - Introduction |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/2025-indian-racing-league-drivers-calendar-revealed-436189 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Things to look forward to at the Indian Racing Festival in Goa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/things-to-look-forward-to-at-the-indian-racing-festival-in-goa-2867668-2026-02-13 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> IRL and F4 championship are organised by Racing Promotions Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Srushti |date=2025-07-06 |title=Kichcha Sudeep launches Bengaluru Racing Team ahead of 2025 Indian Racing Festival |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/car-bike/cars/2025/Jul/06/kichcha-sudeep-launches-bengaluru-racing-team-ahead-of-2025-indian-racing-festival |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The team is owned by actor [[John Abraham]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalawade |first=Rohit |date=2025-07-17 |title=2025 Indian Racing League driver line-up revealed |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/2025-indian-racing-league-driver-line-up-587046 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Two-time IRL champion [[Raoul Hyman]] is the team's foreign driver while the Indian drivers are Chetan Surineni and Akash Gowda. [[Fabienne Wohlwend]], who competed in the [[W Series (championship)|W Series]] and the [[Ferrari Challenge]] is the lady driver. They took part in Round 4 at the [[Goa Street Circuit]] in February 2026. In the Goa round, they won two of the three races and took the lead in the championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Street Race Hyman, Wohlwend steer Goa Aces JA Racing to victory - Introduction {{!}} Autocar India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/goa-street-race-hyman-wohlwend-steer-goa-aces-ja-racing-to-victory-439044 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref>

IRL has six city-based teams. They are [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]''',''' [[Speed Demons Delhi]], [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]], '''Goa Aces JA Racing''', [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]], and [[Chennai Turbo Riders]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-25 |title=Bengaluru to debut ‘Kichcha’s Kings’ in IRL 2025 season |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Jul/25/bengaluru-to-debut-kichchas-kings-in-irl-2025-season |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, in the Round 1 held at Kari Motor Speedway in Coimbatore, Wohlwend gave a tough fight to winner Sai Sanjay of Speed Demons and secured a podium.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-08-17 |title=Indian Racing Festival 2025, Day 2: Sai Sanjay hands Speed Demons Delhi impressive victory |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/indian-racing-featival-2025-sai-sanjay-speed-demons-delhi-victory-results-updates-news/article69945055.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{autoracing-stub}}
[[Category:Indian auto racing teams]]

Du Chakay Duniya

2026-02-19T15:33:51Z

Nayem: further enhanced layout per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Short description|Bengali travel book}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2026}}}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = Du Chakay Duniya
| translator =
| image = Du Chakay Duniya Cover.JPG
| caption = Du Chakay Duniya Cover Page
| author = [[Bimal Mukherjee]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series =
| genre = [[Travel books]]
| publisher = Swarnakshar Publication
| release_date = June 1986
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages = 319
| isbn = 81-86891-16-1
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Du Chakay Duniya''''' ({{langx|bn| দু চাকায় দুনিয়া }}) (Meaning :The World on Two Wheels in English) is a [[Bengal]]i book written by the first [[Indian people|Indian]] Globe -Trotter [[Bimal Mukherjee]] (1903–1987) based on his experiences of traveling through the world on a bicycle. In 1926 Bimal Mukherjee went on an epic world tour on a bicycle. Already before that he had completed touring India on his bicycle during the period 1921–1926. Banking on a meager budget and an insatiable thirst of knowing the unknown world he went on his epic adventure of world tour. He traveled through [[Arab]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Iceland]], Norway, Sweden, [[Finland]], Russia, [[Greece]], [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], Italy, Switzerland, France, Denmark, Germany, United States, [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Hawaii]], Japan, China, [[Hong Kong]], [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and many other countries before returning to India again in 1937. As the first Indian globe trotter he has jotted down all of his amazing and awesome experiences of globe trotting in this book.

== The Book ==

Du Chakay Duniya was edited and reprinted in Bhraman during 1995–96. After that the book was republished in 1998 under Swarnakshar Prakasani Private Limited. However, the first publication dates back to June 1986.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Du Chakay Duniya Writer : [[Bimal Mukherjee]]
|-
| First Edition
|June 1986
|-
| First Swarnakshar Edition
|January 1998
|-
| Second Edition
|January 2003
|-
| Third Edition
|January 2006
|-
| Fourth Edition
|May 2009
|-
|}

== Foreword by the writer ==
[[Image:Bimal Mukerjee.JPG|thumb|150px|right|[[Bimal Mukherjee]] First Indian Globe Trotter]]

== The journey ==

=== India ===

'''Ashok Mukherjee, Ananda Mukherjee, Manindra Ghosh''' and Bimal Mukherjee started their epic adventure from The [[Town Hall]] in Calcutta on 12 December 1926. Ashok Mukherjee led the team of four friends on their bicycles. They went through the temporary pool over the [[Hooghly River]] to enter [[Howrah]] as there was no bridge to cross the Hooghly river in those days. Bimal Mukherjee's mother fainted when he went to bid her goodbye. He felt very guilty at that time as he loved her, but on second thoughts he again strengthened his mind and set off on the journey. Thousands of people gathered to wish them luck and hundreds rode with them up to [[Chandernagore]] for their first night halt. They felt overweight during their first day of journey with the weight of the steel trunks on the cycle carriers along with the weight of their guns. They all abandoned a lot of goods to lighten their carriages. Next day they again set on their journey towards [[Bardhaman]]. They went off [[Grand Trunk Road]] then to visit [[Ranchi]] to bid farewell to Ashok and Ananda's relatives. Ashok and Ananda were cousins. From Ranchi they again followed G. T. Road to go through the jungles of [[Palamou]]. In that jungle they spent a night at an inspection bungalow to experience their first encounter with a tiger. They went through Uttar Pradesh being invited by many wealthy Bengali families. Also, many non-Bengali families were similarly enthusiastic about them. Everyone used to ask them that what would be the benefit when they end their journey? Very few adventurers have gone ahead keeping any benefit in their minds. Main aim behind Bimal Mukherjee and his team's adventure was (1) to prove that Bengali people were not cowards and (2) if Bengalis were to be successful then a lot of young men and women would have to believe that nothing was impossible. They reached [[Delhi]] via [[Benaras]] and [[Allahabad]]. Delhi in those times mainly consisted of the present-day old Delhi. They stayed in the care of Judge S. Das who used to be very influential. He took them to the Foreign Secretary Sir John Hayes and ensured that they were provided with all the necessary documents so that they would not be harassed by foreign governments. Sir John helped them much by writing letters to all the governments and British ambassadors to those governments up to [[Constantinople]]. They then went through the princely states. [[Alwar]], [[Jaipur]], [[Gwalior]] and [[Jhansi]] to name a few. Everywhere they got great reception and hospitality. In Jhansi a gorgeous young lady Ms. Pinto came to meet them riding a bicycle. She told them that she was coming from [[Karachi]] via Delhi to search for them. On asking why, the lady answered smartly that she wanted to travel the world on bicycle with them. Bimal Mukherjee could not but praise the guts of the lady, not more than 21 wearing a blouse and shorts looking like a true sportswoman. But all four of them were unanimous in their decision of not taking the risk of having an attractive young woman as their companion. Ms.Pinto was very offended at this. After having lunch with them she wished them best of luck and told them that she was amazed to see the lack of courage in them. She also told them that she would travel the world on her own if it required so. They went through [[Ajmer]], [[Pushkar]], [[Udaipur]] and [[Jodhpur]] thereafter to enter the great Indian desert of [[Thar Desert|Thar]]. They wanted to experience the desert in their own country itself as they will have to come through many more deserts in their journey ahead.it was impossible to ride a bicycle in the desert. So they had to carry their cycles and walk over the heated sand all day only to cover a meagre distance of 7–8 miles. They used to walk tracking the railway line that had gone till [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] of present-day [[Pakistan]]. After crossing Barmer and Mirkhaspur just as they were getting acclimatised with the desert conditions and were acknowledging the fact that how demanding the desert can be, they got to see the end of it. Finally they reached Hyderabad in present-day Pakistan. From Hyderabad they set for Karachi. On the way they were plagued with the problem of tyre puncture as the thorns of the [[cactus]] trees used to present this threat every now and then. They risked their life while crossing a railway bridge over the [[Indus]] river. It took them two hours to cross that enormous bridge over the railway lines carrying the cycles on their shoulders. If a train would have come in the span of those two hours it was death for them. Bimal Mukherjee accepts that it was a hasty decision at that point of time. They should have waited for the boats to come to cross the river. The main aim for visiting Karachi was to take a ship to Iraq or Iran. After four days of waiting they got the work of deck passengers in a ship of B. A. Company. The ship took them to the port of [[Basra]] in [[Iraq]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakay Duniya, Du}}
[[Category:1986 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian travel books]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]

Sugriva

2026-02-14T14:37:57Z

Nayem: small fix

{{Short description|Vanara king and Rama's companion in Ramayana }}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| image = Sugriva_Ramayana.jpg
| series = [[Ramayana]]
| relatives = [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] (brother), [[Hanuman]] (uncle) and [[Angada]] (nephew)
| caption = Sugriva
| title =
| family = [[Surya]] (spiritual father), Aruni (Riksharaja)(mother)
| spouses = [[Rumā]]
| children = Trinavati
| home = [[Kishkindha]]
| race = [[Vanara]]
}}

'''Sugriva''' ({{langx|sa|सुग्रीव|lit=beautiful necked}}, {{IAST3|Sugrīva}}), is a character In the ancient Hindu epic [[Ramayana]]. He is the younger brother of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]], whom he succeeded as ruler of the [[vanara]] kingdom of [[Kishkindha]].<ref name="Ambedkar1979">{{cite book|author=Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings, and Speeches: Riddles in Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJX2d-c4oaYC&q=sugriva+vali+kishkindha|year=1979|publisher=Education Department, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref> He is a son of [[Surya]], the Hindu deity of the sun. As the king of the vanaras, Sugriva aided [[Rama]] in his quest to liberate his wife [[Sita]] from captivity at the hands of the [[rakshasa]] king [[Ravana]].

== Nomenclature ==
He is also known as {{langx|km|Sukhreeb}}, {{langx|lo|Sugeep}}, {{langx|lo|Sangkip}}, {{langx|jv|Sugriwa}}, {{langx|th|Su-khrip}}, [[Creole language|Creole]]: Soogrim, {{langx|te|Sugrīwũdu}}, {{langx|ta|Sukkrivan}}, {{langx|my|Thugyeip}}, Sugreeva or Sugreev. {{langx|ml|Sugreevān}}.

==Legend==

The story of Sugriva is part of [[Ramayana]] and in an abbreviated version, is also present in the [[Mahabharata]].

The king of Kishkindha, Vriksharaja, was a divine creature born from Brahma's tilaka. He had the body of a human and face and tail of a monkey. He was instructed to roam the forests and kill demons. One day, Vriksharaja entered an enchanted pond, and was transformed into a beautiful lady, attracting the attention of both Indra and Surya. Soon after, they each sired Vali and Sugriva respectively. Vali and Sugriva were born having brute strength, equal to Indra and Surya.

According to a legend from the [[Kathasaritsagara]], [[Aruṇa]], the charioteer of [[Surya]], travelled to [[Svarga|Devaloka]] to see the dance of the [[apsara]]s. Since men were not allowed to observe the event, Aruna assumed the feminine form of Arunidevi. Observing the beautiful form of Arunidevi, [[Indra]] grew infatuated with her, and a child was soon born to them. On the advice of Indra, Arunidevi took the child to [[Ahalya]], leaving it there before the dawn to be brought up by her. This child became Vali. Aruna reported this incident to Surya, who wished to see his female form of Arunidevi as well. Becoming besotted with her, Surya sired a son from her. The child, Sugriva, would also be raised under the care of Ahalya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&dq=arunidevi&pg=PA36 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Quarrel between brothers ===
[[File:Rama Meets Sugreeva.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Rama meets Sugriva.]]

[[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] ruled the kingdom of [[Kishkindha]]; his subjects were the [[vanaras]]. [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] is his wife. Angada is his son. His son left his house at a very young age and later became a follower of [[Vaishnavism]]. A raging demon by the name of Mayavi came to the gates of the capital and challenged Vali to a fight. Vali accepted the challenge, but when he sallied forth, the demon fled in terror into a deep cave. Vali entered the cave in pursuit of the demon, telling Sugriva to wait outside. When Vali did not return and upon hearing demonic shouts in the cave and seeing blood streaming from its mouth, Sugriva concluded that his brother had been slain. With a heavy heart, Sugriva rolled a boulder to seal the cave's opening so as to lock the demon in, returned to Kishkindha, and assumed kingship over the vanaras, taking Vali’s wife Tara as his queen. Vali, however, ultimately prevailed in his combat with the demon and returned home. Seeing Sugriva acting as king, he concluded that his brother had betrayed him. Though Sugriva humbly attempted to explain himself, Vali would not listen and exiled Sugriva from the kingdom. To exact his vengeance, Vali forcibly took Sugriva's wife [[Rumā]] for his own, and the brothers became bitter enemies.<ref>Ramayana of Valmiki, Book IV, Canto 9–10.</ref> Sugriva went on to live upon the mountain Rishyamukh, the only place on earth that Vali could not tread on. Vali had been previously cursed by Sage Mathanga to be unable to lay a foot on this mountain on pain of death.

===Sugriva makes an alliance===

[[File:Rama and Lakshmana Meet Sugriva at Matanga’s Hermitage.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Rama and Lakshmana meet Sugriva at Matanga's hermitage.]]

In exile, Sugriva made the acquaintance of [[Rama]], the [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], who is on a quest to rescue his wife [[Sita]] from the demon [[Ravana]], king of the [[rakshasas]]. Rama promised Sugriva that he would kill Vali and would reinstate Sugriva as the king of the vanaras. Sugriva, in turn, promised to help Rama with his quest.<ref>Ramayana of Valmiki, Book IV, Canto 8, 10; Mahabharata, Book III: Varna Parva, Section 278.</ref>

===The death of Vali===
[[File:Vali and Sugriva Fighting 1.jpg|thumb|Sugriva fighting his powerful brother King Vali]]
[[File:Killing of Vali Monkey.jpg|thumb|250px|The assassination of Vali]]

Together, Sugriva and Rama went to seek out Vali. While Rama stood back, Sugriva shouted a challenge and dared him to battle. The brothers rushed at each other, fighting with trees and stones, with fists, nails, and teeth. They were evenly matched and indistinguishable to the observer, until Sugriva's counselor [[Hanuman]], stepped forward and placed a garland of flowers around Sugriva's neck. It is then that Rama emerged with his bow and drove an arrow through Vali's heart.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richman |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&dq=rama+kills+vali&pg=PA278 |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22074-4 |pages=278 |language=en}}</ref> After Vali's death, Sugriva reclaimed the vanara kingdom, took back his first wife, [[Rumā]], who became his queen. Vali's son Angada, became the crown prince.<ref>Ramayana of Valmiki, Book IV, Canto 11 ff.; Mahabharata, Book III: Varna Parva, Section 278.</ref>

==Sugriva as king==
[[File:Arrival of monkey gaja, gavayu, generals before sugriva the monkey general doing the task of conducting a search of sita.png|thumb|Arrival of monkey Gaja, Gavayu, generals]]

After the death of Vali he became king of Kishkinda by the wishes of Rama. He helped Rama to fight Ravana in the war of Lanka. He sent the Vanara Warriors to four sides of earth to search for kidnapped sita. For that he ordered all vanaras on the earth should gather in kishkinda. Many vanara chiefs came with their armies. The search team consisted of his elite warriors nephew Angada, Hanuman, Bhalluka Jambavan and other returned with good news that Sita is in Ravana Lanka.

=== War against Ravana ===
[[File:Sugriva gains his freedom by his sudden mutilation of Kumbhakarna.jpg|left|thumb|Sugriva gains his freedom by his sudden mutilation of Kumbhakarna.]]

After that Sugriva personally commanded his vanara army for Rama to relieve Sita who was being held captive by [[Ravana]]. Upon reaching Lanka, Sugriva lost his patience on seeing Ravana and an enraged Sugriva attacked Ravana all alone and had a fight with Ravana almost knocking him down but later had to flee when Ravana gained an upper hand in the duel.
Sugriva killed [[Kumbhakarna]]’s son [[Kumbha]] in a fierce duel. He was also imprisoned by Kumbhakarna but Sugriva tricked him and escaped.
In a fight against Ravana, he was almost killed but got rescued by [[Jambavan]]. Later, Rama killed Ravana and the war was won by Sugriva’s Vanaras and accompanied Rama to [[Ayodhya]].

=== Duel with Lava and Kusha ===
On [[Lakshmana]]'s request and after Guru [[Vasistha]]'s approval, [[Rama]] plans to do [[Ashvamedha]] yajna. At this auspicious occasion he calls Sugriva along with [[Angada]], Nala, Nila, [[Jambavantha]] and [[Hanuman]] to come to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. Rama greets and hugs Sugriva, Jambavantha and others on their arrival to Ayodhya.

The yajna horse is captured by [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] brothers. In the Rama's army the news spreads that two muni kumara's has captured the Yagya's horse. Shatrughana walks and fights with Lava and he is defeated by Lava. Then Lakshamana comes and he is also defeated by Lava due to the fact that he was holding back. Then [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] asks Rama to give him the permission to go to set horse free from both muni Kumara. Sugriva and Hanuman also request Rama to permit them to go along with Bharata in the battle. Lava and Kusha defeat Bharata and Sugriva and took Hanuman as a prisoner. Hanuman is the only one who knew that Lava and Kusha were sons of his master Rama & Sita and thus allowed himself to be imprisoned by his master's sons.<ref>Valmiki Ramayana</ref>

=== Retirement ===
When Rama decided to depart from the world and took ''[[samadhi]]'' in the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]], Sugriva also retired from earth and went with his father [[Surya]]. He crowned his nephew Angada as the next king of Kishkindha.

==Jainism==
{{main|Rama in Jainism}}
According to [[Jain texts]], Sugriva is a human being and he took [[Jain monasticism|Jain Diksha]] and attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]] from [[Mangi-Tungi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nashik.nic.in/htmldocs/touristplaces.htm|title=Mangi Tungi Temple|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001202528/http://nashik.nic.in/htmldocs/touristplaces.htm|archive-date=1 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Depictions==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Stone bas relief at Banteay Srei in Cambodia from front.jpg|thumb|250px|This [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] from the Khmer temple of [[Banteay Srei]] depicts Sugriva fighting with his brother Vali. To the right, Rama is poised to shoot an arrow at Vali.]]

* The combat of Sugriva with his brother [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] is a favorite motif of the [[Khmer people|Khmer]] sculptors contributing to the [[Architecture of Cambodia|Angkorian temples and monuments]] near [[Siem Reap]] in [[Cambodia]].
* A detailed and moving [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] at the 10th century [[Hindu]] temple of [[Banteay Srei]] depicts the combat of the brothers, as well as Rama's intervention and Vali's death in the arms of another vanara.
* A [[bas-relief]] at the 12th-century temple of [[Angkor Wat]] shows the fight between the brothers, arrival of Rama and Vali lying on his death-bed, mourned by many other vanaras. Another scene shows Sugriva and Rama entering into their alliance. A large bas-relief depicts the Battle of [[Lanka]] between Rama and Sugriva's army of vanaras and [[Ravana]]'s army of [[Rakshasas]].
* The fight between Vali and Sugriva is also represented at the lesser-known 13th century Angkorian temple of [[Preah Pithu]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Further reading==
*Anna Dhallapiccola, ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend''. ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}})
* [[Valmiki Ramayana]], ''Ramayana written by Maharshi Valmiki''.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sugrīva}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama The Ramayana] of Valmiki, online version, English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]].
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm The Mahabharata] of Vyasa, online version, English translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli.
* [https://archive.today/20070929094537/http://angkorblog.com/_wsn/page2.html Photos of the tympanum at Banteay Srei] in Cambodia depicting Sugriva's combat with Vali and Rama's intervention.

{{Ramayana}}

[[Category:Vanara in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Animals in religion]]
[[Category:Children of Surya]]

Chirumarri

2026-02-13T16:27:20Z

Nayem: Made The Info Added Tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{original research|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
|native_name =
|settlement_type = Village
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Khammam district]]
|subdivision_type3 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Madhira]]
|pushpin_map = India Telangana
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|coordinates = {{coord|17.16487|80.02712|display=inline}}
|population_total = 2,498
|population_as_of = Census 2011
|postal_code_type = Post code
|postal_code = 507158
}}

'''Chirumarri''' is a village in [[Mudigonda]] Mandal in [[Khammam District]].

==Geography==
Chirumarri is located at {{Coord|17.16487|N|80.02712|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamapia.com/Khammam/Chirumarri.html |title=Chirumarri Pin Code, Chirumarri, Khammam Map, Latitude and Longitude, Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Indiamapia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-20}}</ref> along [[Mudigonda]]- Vallabhi road, 6 km from Mudigonda and 14 km from Khammam.

==Demographics==
According to [[Indian census]] 2011, village consists of 612 households with a population of 2,498, consisting of 1,292 males 1,206 females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=10 |title=Sub_Districts_Master |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2012-08-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Khammam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Khammam district]]

Rekha Pande

2026-02-12T17:54:03Z

Nayem: Created A Article

{{Short description|Indian Historian}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rekha Pande
| image = Prof. Rekha Pande.jpg
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Historian and activist
| subject = History and Women's Studies
| notable_works = Member of Mahila Samkhya Programme
| website = {{URL|http://rekhapande.indiaseed.in/}}
| spouse = Dr. Suresh Pande
}}
Rekha Pande is a Professor of History and Gender studies. Earlier she was a Professor Emeritus at Henry Martin, an International Centre for Research, Interfaith Relations and Reconciliation, [[Hyderabad]]. She is also currently the Director of the Society for Empowerment through Environment Development (SEED). She is the former Head of the Centre for Women's Studies and the former Head of the Department of History at the [[University of Hyderabad]], India. She has also served as a Director Centre for Women's Studies at [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University|Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANUU)]], Hyderabad. As a feminist historian, Pande researches the theoretical and methodological problems of reconstructing women's history and understanding the roots of women's subordination within the South Asian context. She also attempts to examine the varied historical contexts at the regional/local levels and explain the reproduction and subordination of women at the national and global scale—in various related, albeit different, contemporary contexts. She is an academic activist also associated with the women's movement in India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Public Face of a Private Domestic Violence |year=2002 |doi=10.1080/1461674022000031535 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461674022000031535 |last1=Pande |first1=Rekha |journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=342–367 |s2cid=145153537 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Public Face of a Private Domestic Violence |year=2000 |pmid=12179945 |last1=Pande |first1=R. |journal=Gender, Technology and Development |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |doi=10.1177/097185240000400109 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pande was born in [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]] in the Himalayan valleys. Her earlier schooling was in different parts of the country. She studied at Holy Family High School and [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]. She attended the [[University of Allahabad]], studying history, [[English literature]], and [[political science]]. After graduation, she continued to study history and obtained a PhD from Allahabad University in 1981 and joined the University of Hyderabad in 1984.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Rekha Pande appointed Peace Ambassador {{!}} |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/rekha-pande-appointed-peace-ambassador/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rekha Pande has taught at three different universities: [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]], [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], and the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Ashish |title=Prof. Rekha Pande to be NCW's National Resource Person |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/prof-rekha-pande-to-be-ncws-national-resource-person/ |access-date=2019-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> She has also introduced a course on India's religious and cultural heritage for four years at the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|International Institute of Information Technology]]. She is a professor of history and teaches in the Department of History. She is the former head of the Centre for Women's Studies Department at the University of Hyderabad. Before this, she was the head of the Department of History. She has been the founding member of two centres for women's studies, one at [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] and the other at the [[University of Hyderabad]]. She was the chair of the Women's World Congress in 2014, organized for the first time in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's World Congress in 2014 |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/uoh-to-host-the-womens-world-congress/}}</ref>

She has been the editor of the ''International Feminist Journal of Politics'' (IFJP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.ifjpglobal.org/editorialteam |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=International Feminist Journal of Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> She edited ''Foreign Policy Analysis''. She is on the editorial board of the academic journal Palgrave Communication, London, [[Palgrave Macmillan]], ''International Feminist Journal of Politics'', ''International Journal of Semiotics and Visual Rhetoric'' (IJSVR), and Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. She was nominated as the Peace ambassador for the South Asia region by the International Women's Peace Group, Korea in 2016.<ref name=":0" /> She has received the Visiting Fellowship at the Institute of Birkbeck,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2018 |title=Prof. Rekha Pande, awarded the Prestigious Visiting Fellowship at the Birkbeck Institute, University of London {{!}} |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/prof-rekha-pande-awarded-the-prestigious-visiting-fellowship-at-the-birkbeck-institute-university-of-london/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> University of London,<ref name=":1" /> an International Visiting Fellowship in the School of Policy Studies at the [[University of Bristol]], U.K. Academic Fellow, University of Buffalo, USA, and an International Visiting Scholar, at Maison De Research, Paris and Visiting Professorship at the University of Artois, Arras, France.She has worked and published in the interdisciplinary area of History and Women Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIIrd Gender forum meeting |url=http://www.icrisat.org/Gender-Feminization.htm |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=www.icrisat.org |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001213224/https://icrisat.org/Gender-Feminization.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Publications ==
'''I. Books:'''
# Pande,Rekha,2024,Facets of Muslim Women in the Deccan: Echoes on Culture, Education, Work, and Health, Maryland, USA,Lexington, Bloomsbury Publishing
# Pande, Rekha, 2023, ''Women’s work in the Unorganised sector: Issues of Exploitation and Globalisation in the Beedi Industry'', Routledge.
#Pande, Rekha ( with Goel, A.K, Ravulapali Madhavi, Zarina Parveen), 2023, ''' '''''Telangana Land and People'' ''',''' ''From 1724 to 1858 CE. Vol. III.'' Dr. MCR Human Resource Development Institute, SARS Foundation, Bookline Publication, Hyderabad, ISBN No. 978-81-957545-1-6
#Pande, Rekha ( with Goel, A.K.Ravulapali Madhavi, Zarina Parveen), 2023,''Telangana Land and People, From 1323 to 1724 CE, Vol. II'', Dr. MCR Human Resource Development Institute, SARS Foundation, Bookline Publication, Hyderabad.
# Pande, Rekha (with Goel, A.K, D.Satyanarayana, Ravulapali Madhavi), 2022, ''Telangana Land and People, From Stone Age to 1323 CE. Vol.1,'' Dr. MCR Human Resource Development Institute, SARS Foundation, Bookline Publication, Hyderabad.
#Pande, Rekha (with S. Jeevanandam), 2017, ''Devdasis in South India – a Journey from sacred to profane spaces'', Kalpaz Publications, Gyan Books, New Delhi.
# Pande, Rekha, 2016, ''Sex Trafficking in South Asia with a Special Focus on India'', Kalpaz Publication, Gyan Books, New Delhi.
# Pande Rekha, 2010, ''Divine Sounds from the Heart, Singing unfettered in their own voices - The Bhakti Movement and its Women saints (12th to 17th century)'', Cambridge Scholars Publishing, U.K.
# ''Religious Movements in Medieval India'', Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi.
# Pande, Rekha, 2000, (with Subhash Joshi), ''Gender Issues in the Police'', S.V.P. National Police Academy, Hyderabad.
# Pande, Rekha, 1998, ''Child Labour in Beedi Industry'', Delta Publishers, Hyderabad.
# Pande, Rekha, 1990, ''Succession in the Delhi Sultanate'', Common Wealth Publications, New Delhi.
II. '''Edited Books:'''
# Pande, Rekha (with Sita Vanka), (eds), 2020, ''Gender violence : International perspectives'', Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
# Pande, Rekha (with Sita Vanka), (eds), 2019, ''Gender and structural violence'', Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
# Pande, Rekha (with Sita Vanka), (eds), 2019, ''Gender, Law and Health: International Perspectives'', Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
# Pande, Rekha (with Sita Vanka and Bharat Chillakuri eds), 2019, ''Gender and Work: International Perspectives'', Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
# Pande, Rekha (with Th.P. van der Weide, ed), 2018, Handbook of Research on Multicultural Perspectives on Gender and Aging (Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology Series), IGI Global; Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
# Pande, Rekha, 2018, ''Gender and History'', Rawat Publication, Jaipur.
# Pande, Rekha, (ed), 2016, ''Women's Studies Narratives: Travails and Triumphs'', The Women Press, New Delhi.
# Pande, Rekha, (ed), 2015, ''Gender Lens: Women's Issues and Perspectives'', Rawat Publication, New Delhi.
# Pande, Rekha, (with Theo P. van der Weide) ed. 2012, ''Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity: Social Impacts of ICTs'', Information Science Reference, IGI Global, Hershey USA.
# [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230577589_Women_in_Nation_Building-_A_Multi_dimensional_perspective Pande, Rekha, (with Shivkumar Nalini and Mahalingam, Rema, ed), 2007, ''Women in Nation Building- A Multi-dimensional perspective'', Panchajanya Publications, Hyderabad.]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pande, Rekha}}
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rameshwar Broota

2026-02-10T02:54:55Z

Nayem: Created New Post

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1941)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rameshwar Broota
| birth_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = Delhi, [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = [[Shobha Broota]] (separated) 
[[Vasundhara Tewari Broota]]
| children = 2
| relatives =
| family =
| awards =
| alma_mater = [[College of Art, Delhi]]
| occupation = Artist
| years_active =
}}
'''Rameshwar Broota''' (born 1941, New Delhi)<ref>{{Cite web|last=ArtFacts|title=Rameshwar Broota {{!}} Artist|url=https://artfacts.net/artist/rameshwar-broota/39868|access-date=2020-12-09|website=ArtFacts|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian visual artist. His work revolves around sustained exploration of the body and its vulnerabilities. He is known for his unique Scratch technique.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Rameshwar Broota's unsettling visions of paranoias and vulnerabilities in our moment of reckoning|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/rameshwar-brootas-unsettling-visions-of-paranoias-and-vulnerabilities-in-our-moment-of-reckoning-8635101.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-18|title=When Paintings Become Friends|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/christie-auction-new-york-jane-kito-de-boer-mckinsey-modern-indian-art-6319266/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Broota was born in 1941 in Delhi an art-oriented family. He graduated in fine arts from the Delhi College of Art in 1964. His parents were singers and his brothers were visual artists.<ref name=":0" />

===Personal life===
Rameshwar Broota was married to [[Shobha Broota]], an artist, and they have two daughters Pooja and Sakshi.<ref name="Emily">{{Cite book |last=Šimić |first=Lena |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Mothering_Performance/1jOdEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Mothering Performance: Maternal Action |last2=Underwood-Lee |first2=Emily |date=2022-11-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78516-6 |language=en |chapter=Conversations with Mother Artists on the Dynamics of Support in India}}</ref> His daughter Pooja Iranna is also a visual artist.<ref name="Emily" /> After separating from Shobha, he married [[Vasundhara Tewari Broota]], who is also an artist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maddox |first=Georgina |date=2021-08-20 |title=Art lists and the questions that arise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/art-lists-and-the-questions-that-arise/article36016499.ece |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==

* Man Series, Digital Exhibition, September 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art is an expression of the unconscious mind: Rameshwar Broota on relevance of 'Man Series' during pandemic|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/art-is-an-expression-of-the-unconscious-mind-rameshwar-broota-on-relevance-of-man-series-during-pandemic/650468|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Scripted in Time, Vadehra Art Gallery, February 2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Gargi|date=2018-02-11|title=Rameshwar Broota experiments with a new form|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-rameshwar-broota-experiments-with-a-new-form-2583360|access-date=2020-12-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
*Visions of Integrity: Interrogating the male body, Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, January 2015<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-30|title=Broota's works on male body on show in Delhi|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/456586/brootas-works-male-body-show.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
*Scripted in Time II, February 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=The memory keeper|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2019/feb/24/the-memory-keeper-1942195.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Collections ==
* [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-21|title=Untitled|url=https://www.knma.in/vignettes-collection|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Museum Kunstpalast]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Der Kreis der Schöpfung|url=http://emuseum.duesseldorf.de:8080/objects/40930/der-kreis-der-schopfung|access-date=2020-12-09|website=emuseum.duesseldorf.de|language=de}}</ref>
*[[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/collections-artist.asp?strLetter=B|title = National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* Ranked second in Hurun India Art List 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hurun India Art List 2020|url=https://www.hurunindia.net/hurun-india-art-list-2020|access-date=2020-12-09|website=hurun-india|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=July 16, 2020|first=Rewati|last=Rau|title='Art must have a universal language'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/-art-must-have-a-universal-language-1701170-2020-07-16|access-date=2020-12-09|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Broota, Rameshwar}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]

Banmankhi Junction railway station

2026-02-04T16:01:45Z

Nayem:

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] {{font color|blue|BANMANKHI JUNCTION}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] junction station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Banmankhi Junction.jpg
| image_caption = New constructed building of Banmankhi Junction.
| address = Station Road, [[Banmankhi|Banmankhi, Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.885013|87.193268|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = Banmankhi Junction railway station
| elevation = {{convert|46|m|ft}}
| line = * [[Saharsa–Purnia line]]
* [[Saharsa–Purnia line|Banmankhi–Bihariganj branch line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1940}}
| closed =
| metro =
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|40px]] {{start date and age|2022}}
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BNKI
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| services =
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Saharsa–Purnia line|inline=y}}
| status = Functioning
| former = East Indian Railways
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
}}

'''Banmankhi Junction railway station''' (station code:- '''BNKI'''), is the railway station serving the town of [[Banmankhi]] in the [[Purnea district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is a '''NSG-4''' category railway station of [[Samastipur railway division]] in [[East Central Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/banmankhi-junction-bnki/4098#st | title=BNKI/Banmankhi Junction | publisher=indiarailinfo.com | access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

==History==
Banmankhi Junction railway station was opened in 1937, becoming the second junction railway station in [[Purnea district]], [[Bihar]],
[[British India]]. The construction of the Purnea - Banmankhi - Murliganj and Bihariganj section, built by the [[East Bengal Railway]], began in 1929 and was completed in 1937, passing through this station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of EBR 1929|url=https://www.gwrarchive.org/site/sitel2pg/India/EBR/ebr.php}}</ref>

After [[Independence Day (India)|India’s independence]], the Saharsa - Budhmaghat line was extended to Murliganj in 1954, connecting the entire Purnea - Saharsa section with [[Metre-gauge railway|{{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide metre-gauge tracks.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lines of NER Pg.-6|url=https://indianrailwaynotes.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]] work on the Purnia - Saharsa section commenced in the year 2007-08, resulting in a partial suspension of train services. However, the unprecedented [[2008 Bihar flood|floods in the Kosi River in 2008]] severely disrupted and delayed the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Train Services suspended in Purnia|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/train-services-in-purnia-section-suspended/articleshow/17328639.cms}}</ref> After eight years of construction, the [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge (BG) line]] on the remaining Banmankhi - Purnia section was finally completed and inaugurated on June 10, 2016, by the then Railway Minister of India, [[Suresh Prabhu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Purnia Saharsa BG line to open tomorrow|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya4/0/4/6/3/1885463/1/12349616.jpg}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, retiring room, computerised reservation facility, reservation counter, vehicle parking etc. The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. There are refreshment rooms vegetarian and non-vegetarian, tea stall, book stall, post and telegraphic office and Government Railway police (G.R.P.) office.

There are 3 platforms in Banmankhi Junction. The platforms are interconnected with only one [[foot overbridge]] (FOB).

==Trains==

''Route of Jansewa Express''
* '''14617/14618 [[Purnia Court–Amritsar Jan Sewa Express]]'''
::Route:- {{stnlnk|Purnia Court}}, {{stnlnk|Banmankhi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Begusarai}}, {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hajipur}}, {{stnlnk|Sonpur}}, {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Siwan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gonda Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sitapur}}, {{stnlnk|Bareilly}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}, {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharanpur}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Ludhiana}}, {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City}}, {{stnlnk|Amritsar}}

''Route of Kosi Express''
* '''18626/18625 [[Kosi Express]]'''
::Route:- {{stnlnk|Purnia Court}}, {{stnlnk|Banmankhi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Begusarai}}, {{stnlnk|Mokama}}, {{stnlnk|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jehanabad}}, {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Koderma}}, {{stnlnk|Gomoh Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}}, {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ranchi}}, {{stnlnk|Hatia}}

''Route of Janhit Express''
* '''13205/13206 [[Janhit Express]]'''
::Route :- {{stnlnk|Purnia Court}}, {{stnlnk|Banmankhi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Begusarai}}, {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hajipur}}, {{stnlnk|Patliputra}}

''Route of Janki Express''
* '''15283/15284 [[Janaki Intercity Express]]'''
::Route:- {{stnlnk|Manihari}}, {{stnlnk|Katihar}}, {{stnlnk|Purnia}}, {{stnlnk|Purnia Court}}, {{stnlnk|Banmankhi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Rusera Ghat}}, {{stnlnk|Samastipur}}, {{stnlnk|Darbhanga}}, {{stnlnk|Madhubani}}, {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}}

''Route of Hate Bazare Express (Via Purnia)''
*'''13169/13170 [[Hate Bazare Express (via Purnea)]]'''
::Route:- {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}}, Purnea, {{stnlnk|Katihar}}, {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}, {{stnlnk|Azimganj}}, {{stnlnk|Katwa}} and {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1940]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Purnia district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]
[[Category:Purnia]]

List of programs broadcast by Sun TV (India)

2026-02-04T15:54:40Z

Nayem: cleanup

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

This is a list of current and former '''programmes broadcast''' on the [[Indian television]] '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language channel [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'''.

==Current programming==
===Drama series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Premiere date
! Name
!Ref.
|-
| 25 October 2021
| [[Kayal (TV series)|''Kayal'']]
|
|-
| 26 June 2023
| [[Pudhu Vasantham (TV series)|''Pudhu Vasantham'']]
|
|-
| 9 October 2023
| ''[[Singapennae]]''
|
|-
| 18 March 2024
| [[Lakshmi (2024 TV series)|''Lakshmi'']]
|
|-
| 29 April 2024
| [[Malli (2024 TV series)|''Malli'']]
|
|-
| 10 June 2024
| [[Marumagal (TV series)|''Marumagal'']]
|
|-
| 15 July 2024
| ''Manamagale Vaa''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியில் புதிய சீரியல்.. ஒளிபரப்பாகும் தேதி மற்றும் நேரம் அறிவிப்பு..! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sun-tv-new-serial-harika-sadhu-manamagalee-vaa-date-and-time-announcement-tamilfont-news-356970 |website=indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
| 19 August 2024
| [[Moondru Mudichu (Tamil TV series)|''Moondru Mudichu'']]
|
|-
| 14 October 2024
| ''Punitha''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியில் புதிய சீரியல்.. ஒளிபரப்பாகும் தேதி மற்றும் நேரம் அறிவிப்பு..! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sun-tv-new-serial-nimeshika-radhakrishnan-punitha-date-and-time-announcement-tamilfont-news-356970 |website=indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
| 2 December 2024
| [[Annam (TV series)|''Annam'']]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியில் புதியதாக களமிறங்கும் தொடர்.. வெளிவந்த முதல் புரொமோ
|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/annam-promo-new-tamil-serial-coming-soon-sun-tv-1732158746#google_vignett
|website=cineulagam}}</ref>
|-
| 23 December 2024
| ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargiradhu]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=எதிர்நீச்சல் தொடர்கிறது!.. வெளியானது முன்னோட்டக் காட்சி!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Dec/09/ethirneechal-2-serial-promo-thiruselvam-parvathy|website=Dinamani}}</ref>
|-
| 3 February 2025
| ''Poongodi''
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sun TV Serial: டிஆர்பி ரேட்டிங்கில் சரிந்த சீரியல்; முடிவு கட்ட பிளான் போட்ட சேனல்; புதிய சீரியலும் ரெடி?|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/sun-tv-plans-to-end-the-old-serial-and-launch-a-new-serial-213738|website=Abplive Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| 7 April 2025
| ''[[Aadukalam (TV series)|Aadukalam]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-aadukalam-new-serial-promo-1742871129|title=சன் டிவியில் புதியதாக களமிறங்கும் ஆடுகளம் சீரியல்.. வெளிவந்த கலக்கல் புரொமோ |website=cineulagam.com|date=20 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 26 May 2025
| ''Vinodhini''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியில் புதிய சீரியல்.. ஒளிபரப்பாகும் தேதி மற்றும் நேரம் அறிவிப்பு..! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sun-tv-new-serial-arthika-krishna-vinodhini-date-and-time-announcement-tamilfont-news-356970 |website=indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
| 29 September 2025
| [[Veer Hanuman|''Hanuman'']]
|
|-
| 15 December 2025
| ''Chellame Chellame''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியில் புதிய சீரியல்.. ஒளிபரப்பாகும் தேதி மற்றும் நேரம் அறிவிப்பு..! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sun-tv-new-serial-reshma-jishnu-chellame-chellame-date-and-time-announcement-tamilfont-news-356970 |website=indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
|19 January 2026
| ''Iru Malargal''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/iru-malargal-serial-promo-coming-soon-on-sun-tv-1766648735|title=சன் டிவியில் விரைவில் ஒளிபரப்பாக போகும் புதிய தொடர் இரு மலர்கள்... முதல் புரொமோ இதோ|website=cineulagam.com|date=27 October 2025|language=ta}}</ref>
|}

===Reality shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Premiere date
! Name
|-
| 17 August 2025
| ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku|Top Cooku Dupe Cooku Season 2]]''
|}

== Former programming ==
===Drama series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! First aired
! Last aired
! Ref.
|-
| ''Aalayam''
| 2000
| 2000
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raghav and Preetha together|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2009/jan/28/raghav-and-preetha-together-21477.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Aan Paavam (TV series)|''Aan Paavam'']]
| 6 February 2012
| 15 June 2012
|
|-
|'' Aathira''
| 30 March 2015
| 25 June 2016
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Story of a young girl who can forsee future; Aarthira to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/story-of-a-young-girl-who-can-forsee-future-niyuktha-prakashs-parvathy-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/100568726.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Agal Vilakkugal''
| 18 February 2002
| 25 February 2003
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Story of a joint famil; Agal Vilakkugal to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/story-of-joint-famil-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/100568726.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 February 2002 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''
| 26 October 2020
| 25 February 2023
|
|-
| [[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|''Agni Natchathiram'']]
| 27 May 2019
| 3 April 2021
|
|-
| [[Ahalya (TV series)|''Ahalya'']]
| 3 May 2004
| 22 September 2006
|
|-
| [[Alaigal (TV series)|''Alaigal'']]
| 29 October 2001
| 23 May 2003
|
|-
| ''Alli Rajyam''
| 16 May 2005
| 17 July 2006
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=UTV Software Communications has acquired the rights to market commercial airtime on Alli Rajyam|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/may/may144.htm|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
| ''Anamika''
| 19 May 2024
| 24 January 2025
|
|-
| [[Anandha Ragam (TV series)|''Anandha Ragam'']]
| 29 August 2022
| 14 January 2026
|
|-
| [[Anandham (TV series)|''Anandham'']]
| 24 November 2003
| 27 February 2009
|
|-
| [[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|''Anbe Vaa'']]
| 2 November 2020
| 28 April 2024
|
|-
|''[[Anjali (2006 TV series)|Anjali]]''
|27 November 2006
|25 April 2008
|
|-
| ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]''
| 11 February 2002
| 21 January 2005
|<ref>{{Cite news|title='Annamalai' gains from 'Chithi'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/annamalaigains-fromchithi/article28377005.ece|date=30 July 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Apoorva Raagangal (TV series)|''Apoorva Raagangal'']]
| 10 August 2015
| 7 July 2018
|
|-
| ''Arasi''
| 2 January 2007
| 11 September 2009
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Serial doctors|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2008/nov/11/serial-doctors-6088.html|website=The Indian Express|date=14 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Athipookal]]''
| 3 December 2007
| 14 December 2012
|
|-
| [[Azhagi (TV series)|''Azhagi'']]
| 10 October 2011
| 4 March 2016
|
|-
| [[Azhagu (TV series)|''Azhagu'']]
| 20 November 2017
| 3 April 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]''
| 29 January 2012
| 10 September 2017
|
|-
| ''[[Bhantham]]''
| 25 September 2006
| 29 May 2009
|
|-
| [[Bommalattam (TV series)|''Bommalattam'']]
| 15 October 2012
| 22 October 2016
|
|-
| ''[[Chandrakumari]]''
| 10 December 2018
| 1 June 2019
|
|-
|''Chandralekha''
|6 October 2014
|8 October 2022
|
|-
| [[Chellamay (TV series)|''Chellamay'']]
| 14 September 2009
| 18 January 2013
|
|-
| ''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|Chidambara Ragasiyam]]''
| 29 February 2004
| 23 July 2006
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pearl Media launches its South India operations with a primetime soap on Sun TV|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june210.htm|website=Indian Television dot com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]''
| 2000
| 5 May 2018
|
|-
| [[Chithi (TV series)|''Chithi'']]
| 20 December 1999
| 2 November 2001
|
|-
| ''[[Chithi 2]]''
| 27 January 2020
| 28 May 2022
|
|-
| [[Chocolate (Indian TV series)|''Chocolate'']]
| 16 December 2019
| 31 March 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Deivamagal]]''
| 25 March 2013
| 17 February 2018
|
|-
| [[Devathai (2013 TV series)|''Devathai'']]
| 1 July 2013
| 20 August 2016
|
|-
| [[Ethirneechal (TV series)|''Ethirneechal'']]
| 7 February 2022
| 8 June 2024
|
|-
| [[Ganga (2017 TV series)|''Ganga'']]
| 2 January 2017
| 7 July 2018
|
|-
| [[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|''Idhayam'']]
| 10 August 2009
| 3 February 2012
|
|-
| ''[[Ilakkiya]]''
| 10 October 2022
| 14 January 2026
|
|-
| [[Ilavarasi (TV series)|''Ilavarasi'']]
| 18 January 2010
| 1 November 2014
|
|-
| ''Indhira''
| 26 November 2001
| 21 November 2003
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Blend of Grace and Grit|url = http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/27/stories/2001122700200400.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127213431/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/27/stories/2001122700200400.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2010-11-27|date=2001-12-27|website=The Hindu|access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref>
|-
| [[Iniya (TV series)|''Iniya'']]
| 5 December 2022
| 3 November 2024
|
|-
| [[Jothi (TV series)|''Jothi'']]
| 29 May 2021
| 1 August 2021
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2021|title=Sun Tv lunches new serial Jothi|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-serial-update-tamil-news-sun-tv-lunches-new-serial-jothi-306361/|website=Tamil IndianExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/details-about-new-tamil-serial-jyothi-to-be-telecasted-in-sun-tv-watch-promo.html|title=Details about new Tamil serial – Jyothi to be telecasted in Sun TV – Watch promo here|date=22 May 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Pagadai]]''
| 14 December 1996
| 28 February 1998
|
|-
| ''Kai Alavu Manasu''
| 1995
| 1996
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=KB's magic on small screen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/KBs-magic-on-small-screen/photostory/45640009.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalasam (TV series)|Kalasam]]''
| 14 July 2008
| 26 June 2009
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|''Kalyana Parisu'']]
| 10 February 2014
| 27 March 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Veedu]]''
| 16 April 2018
| 13 November 2020
|
|-
| [[Kalyanam (2009 TV series)|''Kalyanam'']]
| 2 March 2009
| 7 August 2009
|
|-
| [[Kanmani (TV series)|''Kanmani'']]
| 22 October 2018
| 28 November 2020
|
|-
| [[Kannana Kanne (TV series)|''Kannana Kanne'']]
| 2 November 2020
| 4 March 2023
|
|-
| ''[[Karthigai Pengal]]''
| 30 July 2012
| 23 August 2013
|
|-
| [[Kasthuri (TV series)|''Kasthuri'']]
| 21 August 2006
| 31 August 2012
|
|-
| [[Keladi Kanmani (TV series)|''Keladi Kanmani'']]
| 6 April 2015
| 7 October 2017
|
|-
| ''Kelunga Mamiyare Neengalum Marumagal Than''
| 8 October 2001
| 4 October 2002
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://balajitelefilms.com/serial.php?id=93|title=Official page of Kelunga Mamiyare at Balaji Telefilms}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kolangal (TV series)|''Kolangal'']]
| 24 November 2003
| 4 December 2009
|
|-
| [[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|''Krishnadasi'']]
| 14 February 2000
| 25 October 2002
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''Kudumbam''
| 24 March 1999
| 5 October 2001
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Queen of soap city|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070714/saturday/main1.htm|website=The Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kula Deivam (TV series)|''Kula Deivam'']]
| 11 May 2015
| 13 April 2018
|
|-
| ''Kungkumam''
| 2003
| 18 June 2004
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2012|title=Soap tracks make waves|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/jun/20/soap-tracks-make-waves-60423.html|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|''Lakshmi'']]
| 24 July 2006
| 13 June 2008
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''
| 24 December 2018
| 25 January 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2018|title=Khushbu Sundar returns to television after five years|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khushbu-sundar-returns-tv-after-5-years-lakshmi-stores-5507332/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[Madhavi (TV series)|''Madhavi'']]
| 21 December 2009
| 11 November 2011
|
|-
| [[Magal (TV series)|''Magal'']]
| 8 October 2007
| 14 October 2011
|
|-
| ''[[Magarasi]]''
| 21 October 2019
| 1 July 2023
|
|-
| [[Mahabharatham (TV series)|''Mahabharatam'']]
| 17 February 2013
| 29 May 2016
|
|-
| [[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|''Mahalakshmi'']]
| 6 March 2017
| 14 December 2019
|
|-
| [[Malar (2023 TV series)|''Malar'']]
| 27 February 2023
| 1 February 2025
|
|-
| ''[[Malargal]]''
| 17 October 2005
| 1 June 2007
|
|-
| ''Manaivi''
| 21 June 2004
| 24 February 2006
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''Mangai''
| 1997
| 1999
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='I never dreamt I would act'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/feb/18/i-never-dreamt-i-would-act-26467.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Maragatha Veenai (Tamil series)|''Maragatha Veenai'']]
| 27 January 2014
| 28 September 2017
|
|-
| ''Master Mayavi''
| 1989
| 1989
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=There's no spontaneity in acting; every actor needs to do homework|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Theres-no-spontaneity-in-acting-every-actor-needs-to-do-homework/articleshow/48508566.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maya (2018 TV series)|''Maya'']]
| 9 July 2018
| 20 October 2018
|
|-
| [[Meena (2023 TV series)|''Meena'']]
| 24 July 2023
| 10 October 2024
|
|-
| [[Megala (TV series)|''Megala'']]
| 4 June 2007
| 23 April 2010
|
|-
| ''[[Metti Oli]]''
| 8 April 2002
| 18 June 2005
|
|-
| [[Minnale (TV series)|''Minnale'']]
| 6 August 2018
| 31 March 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Manaivi]]''
| 6 March 2023
| 22 December 2024
|
|-
| [[Mundhanai Mudichu (2010 TV series)|''Mundhanai Mudichu'']]
| 26 April 2010
| 4 April 2015
|
|-
| [[Muthaaram (TV series)|''Muthaaram'']]
| 14 November 2011
| 25 January 2014
|
|-
| [[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|''My Dear Bootham '']]
| 2004
| 2007
|
|-
| [[Nadhaswaram (TV series)|''Nadhaswaram'']]
| 19 April 2010
| 9 May 2015
|
|-
| ''[[Nandhini (TV series)|Nandhini]]''
| 23 January 2017
| 22 December 2018
|
|-
| [[Nayagi (TV series)|''Nayagi'']]
| 19 February 2018
| 31 October 2020
|
|-
| [[Nila (TV series)|''Nila'']]
| 18 March 2019
| 24 April 2021
|
|-
| ''[[Pandavar Illam]]''
| 15 July 2019
| 28 October 2023
|
|-
| [[Pasamalar (TV series)|''Pasamalar'']]
| 7 October 2013
| 31 December 2016
|
|-
| [[Penn (2006 TV series)|''Penn'']]
| 27 February 2006
| 24 November 2006
|
|-
| [[Pillai Nila (TV series)|''Pillai Nila'']]
| 23 April 2012
| 4 October 2014
|
|-
| [[Ponnunjal (TV series)|''Ponnunjal'']]
| 2 September 2013
| 22 October 2016
|
|-
| [[Poova Thalaya (TV series)|''Poova Thalaya'']]
| 30 October 2023
| 13 July 2024
|
|-
| [[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|''Poove Unakkaga'']]
| 10 August 2020
| 18 June 2022
|
|-
| [[Priyamaana Thozhi (2022 TV series)|''Priyamaana Thozhi'']]
| 30 May 2022
| 5 May 2024
|
|-
| ''[[Priyamanaval]]''
| 19 January 2015
| 11 May 2019
|
|-
| ''Punnagai Poove''
| 6 May 2024
| 24 May 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவியில் புதிய சீரியல்.. ஒளிபரப்பாகும் தேதி மற்றும் நேரம் அறிவிப்பு..! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sun-tv-new-serial-sakkarai-chaitra/aishwarya-punnagai-poove-date-and-time-announcement-tamilfont-news-356970 |website=indiaglitz}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajakumari (TV series)|''Rajakumari'']]
| 28 January 2013
| 7 June 2013
|
|-
| ''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]''
| May 1998
| November 1998
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title='Ramany vs Ramany' works due to its relatability, says Ram G |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-hit-serial-ramany-vs-ramany-gets-a-new-avataar/article38406144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213091115/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-hit-serial-ramany-vs-ramany-gets-a-new-avataar/article38406144.ece |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ranjani''
| 4 November 2024
| 6 April 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-ranjani-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/118330867.cms|title=Daily soap 'Ranjani' completes 100 episodes|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rasaathi]]''
| 23 September 2019
| 3 April 2020
|
|-
| [[Roja (2018 TV series)|''Roja'']]
| 9 April 2018
| 3 December 2022
|
|-
| ''[[Rudraveena (teleserial)|Rudraveenai]]''
| 21 April 2002
| 22 February 2006
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The mega serial: TV actors Devadarshini, Shylaja discuss how the medium has changed|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meg-serial-tv-actors-devadarshini-shylaja-discuss-how-medium-has-changed-97316|website=The News Minute|date=25 February 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Run (Indian TV series)|''Run'']]
| 5 August 2019
| 31 March 2020
|
|-
| [[Sakthi (TV series)|''Sakthi'']]
| 2 June 2014
| 27 March 2015
|
|-
| [[Sevvanthi (TV series)|''Sevvanthi'']]
| 11 July 2022
| 12 July 2025
|
|-
| ''[[Sivasakthi (TV series)|Sivasakthi]]''
| 16 June 2008
| 18 December 2009
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''Soolam''
| 27 May 2001
| 22 February 2004
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Saregama tunes in to southern markets|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/report/sar/20030529.htm|website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sumangali (TV series)|''Sumangali'']]
| 6 March 2017
| 13 July 2019
|
|-
| [[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|''Sundari'']]
| 22 February 2021
| 1 December 2024
|
|-
| ''[[Tamil Selvi]]''
| 3 June 2019
| 31 March 2020
|
|-
| ''[[Thalattu (TV series)|Thalattu]]''
| 26 April 2021
| 24 June 2023
|
|-
| ''Thamarai''
| 3 November 2014
| 4 August 2018
|
|-
| [[Thangam (TV series)|''Thangam'']]
| 29 June 2009
| 25 January 2013
|
|-
| [[Then Nilavu (TV series)|''Then Nilavu'']]
| 26 August 2013
| 3 January 2014
|
|-
| [[Thendral (TV series)|''Thendral'']]
| 7 December 2009
| 17 January 2015
|
|-
| ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''
| 5 November 2007
| 22 March 2013
|
|-
|''[[Thirumagal (TV series)|Thirumagal]]''
| 12 October 2020
| 22 July 2023
|
|-
| [[Thyagam (TV series)|''Thyagam'']]
| 30 January 2012
| 30 August 2013
|
|-
| ''[[Uravugal]]''
| 1 June 2009
| 12 October 2012
|
|-
| [[Uthiripookkal (TV series)|''Uthiripookkal'']]
| 14 November 2011
| 4 October 2013
|
|-
| ''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''
| 17 December 2012
| 14 September 2019
|<ref>{{Cite news|title='I'm glad to have been part of the longest running serial in Tamil'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/im-glad-to-have-been-part-of-the-longest-running-serial-in-tamil/articleshow/71219847.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vamsam (TV series)|''Vamsam'']]
| 10 June 2013
| 18 November 2017
|
|-
| [[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|''Vanathai Pola'']]
| 7 December 2020
| 17 August 2024
|
|-
| [[Vani Rani (TV series)|''Vani Rani'']]
| 21 January 2013
| 8 December 2018
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV show Vani Rani serial breaks the record set by Kolangal and Kasthuri|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-vani-rani-serial-breaks-the-record-set-by-kolangal-and-kasthuri/articleshow/63627886.cms|website=Times of India|date=5 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vidhi (TV series)|''Vidhi'']]
| 6 March 2017
| 20 January 2018
|
|}

===Dubbed series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| [[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga|''Alavudeen'']]
| 29 September 2019
| 27 August 2022
|-
| ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Relationship between Star TV and Zee TV on the rocks|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19961130-relationship-between-star-tv-and-zee-tv-on-the-rocks-834165-1996-11-30|website=India Today}}</ref>''
| 1996
| 1997
|-
| ''[[Devi Adi Parashakti]]''
| 27 July 2020
| 13 February 2021
|-
| [[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan|''Jai Hanuman'']]
| 5 June 2016
| 21 March 2020
|-
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagini]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Naagini boosts Sun TV ratings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Naagini-boosts-Sun-TV-ratings/articleshow/53021745.cms|website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2016 }}</ref>''
| 27 June 2016
| 21 January 2017
|-
| ''[[Nethra (TV series)|Nethra]]''
| 6 March 2023
| 27 August 2023
|-
| [[Pournami (TV series)|''Pournami'']]
| 4 February 2019
| 12 July 2019
|-
| [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|''Ramayanam'']]
| 2008
| 2011
|-
| ''[[Shrimad Ramayan|Ramayanam]]''
| 13 May 2024
| 27 September 2025
|-
| [[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi|''Shirdi Sai Baba'']]
| 8 January 2018
| 12 July 2019
|-
| [[Vighnaharta Ganesha|''Vinayagar'']]
| 9 October 2017
| 16 March 2019
|-
|}

===Reality shows===
* ''[[Kaiyil Oru Kodi]]'' (2012-2012)
* ''[[MasterChef India – Tamil (season 1)|MasterChef India – Tamil Season 1]]'' (2021-2021)
* ''[[Namma Ooru Hero]]'' (2019-2019)
* ''[[Nijam]]'' (2006-2011)
* ''[[Nijangal (TV series)|Nijangal]]'' (2016–2017)
* ''Natchathira Sangamam''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Natchathira Sangamam on Sun TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Natchathira-Sangamam-on-Sun-TV/articleshow/51644910.cms|website=The Times of India|date=April 2016 }}</ref> (2016)
* ''Pepsi Ungal Choice''<ref>{{Cite news|title=The fizz is intact|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-fizz-is-intact/article4765708.ece|website=The Hindu|date=30 May 2013 }}</ref>
* ''Sapthaswarangal''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduonnet.com/2000/01/10/stories/09100702.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719041318/http://hinduonnet.com/2000/01/10/stories/09100702.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2012-07-19|title=The Hindu : Symphony of success}}</ref> (1993–2006)
* ''[[Savaale Samali (TV series)|Savaale Samali]]'' (2017–2018)
* ''[[Sirippulogam]]'' (2012-2012)
* ''[[Sun Naam Oruvar]]'' (2018–2019)
* ''[[Sun Singer]]'' (2013–2017)
* ''Super Challenge''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Super Challenge – A new game show on Sun TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/tamil/Super-Challenge-A-new-game-show-on-Sun-TV/articleshow/46321484.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> (2015–2017)
* ''Thanga Vettai''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Game shows make inroads into Tamil households|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/game-shows-make-inroads-into-tamil-households-105121901049_1.html|website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thanga Vettai, now in 3 languages!|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/08look.htm|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> (2005–2006)
* ''Thiruvalar Thirumathi''<ref>{{Cite web|title=சின்னத்திரையில் பெண் டைரக்டர்கள் குறைவாக இருப்பது ஏன்?|url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=13840&id1=4&issue=20180629|website=Kunkumam (magazine)}}</ref> (2007)

==List of films==
===Telefilms===
List of films made exclusive for television release.
{| class="wikitable"
! Films
! Year
! Ref.
|-
| ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]''
| 2020
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diwali releases to light up your screens|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/nov/12/diwali-releasesto-light-up-your-screens-2222587.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]''
| 2021
|
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Da Mappillai|Vannakkam Da Mappilei]]''
| 2021
|
|-
| ''[[Vellai Yaanai]]''
| 2021
|
|-
| ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]''
| 2021
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lists of TV programs by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by Sun TV (India)}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Sun TV]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil-language television series|Sun TV]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Sun TV]]

Rangrik Rang

2026-02-02T10:35:34Z

Nayem:

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Rangrik Rang
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6553
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1535
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| map = #India
| map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|31.353712|78.613905|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| first_ascent = 1994 by Indo-British Expedition Team
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Rangrik Rang''' is a mountain in the [[Kinnaur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in [[India]].

Rangrik Airport, the [[List_of_airports_in_Himachal_Pradesh#List|proposed airport]] will be situated near Rangrik Rang's base.<ref name=rang1>[https://www.hptourtravel.com/traveliq/airports-in-himachal-pradesh/ Airports in HP], accessed 21 Apr 2025.</ref>

== Location ==
The mountain is {{Cvt|6553|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangrik Rang |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/rangrik-rang.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}</ref> and is named after the ''Rangrik Tungma'' temple just below it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonington |first=Christian |date=1995 |title=AAC Publications - Asia, India—Himachal Pradesh, Rangrik Rang, Kinnaur |url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199527103/Asia-IndiaHimachal-Pradesh-Rangrik-Rang-Kinnaur |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=publications.americanalpineclub.org}}</ref> The peak can be found to the north of the upper Sanglatals. The Eastern and Western Racho Khad ice masses feed on the upper east and northwest flanks of Rangrik Rang, respectively, and support the northbound Tirang.

== Climbing history ==
The peak was summited on 20 June 1994 through the northeast ridge by an Indo-British expedition team. The team consisted of the following members; [[Chris Bonington]], Jim Fotheringham, Muslim Contractor, Graham Little, Divyesh Muni, Jim Lowther, [[Paul Nunn]], and Pasang Bodh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The HJ/51/10 THE LANGUAGE OF THE MOUNTAINS |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The HJ/51/10 THE LANGUAGE OF THE MOUNTAINS |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tourism in India]]
* [[List of ultras of the Himalayas]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}{{Asia-mountain-stub}}

[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]
[[Category:Mountains of Himachal Pradesh]]

Nonwoven fabric

2026-01-23T21:38:44Z

Nayem: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Sheet of fibers}}
[[File:Material Non-Woven Fabric.jpg|thumb|Multiple colored swatches of non-woven fabric]]

'''Nonwoven fabric''' or '''non-woven fabric''' is a [[fabric]]-like material made from staple fibre (short) and long fibres (continuous long), bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment. The term is used in the [[textile industry|textile manufacturing industry]] to denote fabrics, such as [[felt]], which are neither [[Weaving|woven]] nor [[knitting|knitted]].<ref name=geo/> Some non-woven materials lack sufficient strength unless densified or reinforced by a backing. In recent years, non-wovens have become an alternative to [[polyurethane]] foam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.textilemates.com/non-woven-filtration-review/|title=Non-Woven In Filtration - A Review {{!}} Types Of Filtration {{!}} Scope Of Filtration - Textile Mates|date=2017-03-14|work=Textile Mates|access-date=2017-03-17|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318015358/https://www.textilemates.com/non-woven-filtration-review/|archive-date=2017-03-18}}</ref>

==Applications==
Because nonwoven fabrics do not require the intermediate step of converting fibres to [[yarn]], they have more flexibility in materials usage. Nonwoven fabrics may be single-use, have a limited life, or be very durable. Nonwoven fabrics are sometimes designed to provide specific functions such as absorbency, liquid repellence, resilience, stretch, softness, strength, flame retardancy, washability, cushioning, thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, filtration, use as a bacterial barrier and sterility. These properties are often combined to create fabrics suited for specific jobs and can mimic the appearance, texture and strength of a woven fabric.

Non-woven materials are used in numerous applications, including:

===Medical===
*isolation gowns
*surgical gowns
*surgical drapes and covers
* [[surgical mask]]s
*surgical scrub suits
*caps
*medical [[packaging]]: porosity allows [[Sterilization (microbiology)#Chemical sterilization|gas sterilization]]
*gloves
*shoe covers
*bath wipes
*wound dressings
*drug delivery<ref>{{cite journal|last=Balogh, A., Farkas, B., Faragó, K., Farkas, A., Wagner, I., Van Assche, I., ... & Marosi, G.|title=Melt‐blown and electrospun drug‐loaded polymer fiber mats for dissolution enhancement: A comparative study|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|year=2015|volume=104|issue=5|pages=1767–1776|doi=10.1002/jps.24399|pmid=25761776|url=http://real.mtak.hu/28275/1/Final_MB_MES_ES_2015_JPS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=QDevelopment|title=Melt blowing|url=http://www.qdevelopment.hu/meltblowing.html|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806122444/http://www.qdevelopment.hu/meltblowing.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*plasters

===Filters===
*gasoline, oil and air – including [[HEPA]] filtration
*water, coffee, tea bags
*pharmaceutical industry
*mineral processing
*liquid cartridge and bag filters
*vacuum bags
*allergen membranes or laminates with non woven layers

===Geotextiles===
{{main|Geotextile}}
[[File:Nonwoven geotextile containers.jpg|thumb|Nonwoven [[geotextile]] bags are much more robust than woven bags of the same thickness.<ref name=geo>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/034605|pmid=27877792|pmc=5099829| title = Geosynthetics in geoenvironmental engineering| journal = Science and Technology of Advanced Materials| volume = 16| issue = 3| article-number = 034605| year = 2015| last1 = Müller | first1 = W. W. | last2 = Saathoff | first2 = F. |bibcode=2015STAdM..16c4605M}}</ref>]]
[[File:Geocomposite drain2.jpg|thumb|Geocomposite drain consisting of needle-punched nonwoven filter and carrier geotextiles of [[polypropylene]] staple fibers each having a mass per area of 200 g/m2.<ref name=geo/>]]
Nonwoven geotextile containers (sand bags) are used for
*soil stabilizers and roadway underlayment
*foundation stabilizers
*erosion control
*canal construction
*drainage systems
*[[geomembrane]] protection
*frost protection
*pond and canal water barriers
*sand infiltration barrier for [[tile drainage|drainage tile]]
*landfill liners

They are more robust in handling as compared to their woven counterparts, and therefore were often preferred in large-scale erosion protection projects such as those at [[Amrumbank West]]; [[Narrow Neck, Queensland]]; Kliffende house on [[Sylt]] island, and the [[Eider Barrage]]. In the last case, only 10 bags out of 48,000 were damaged despite a high installation rate of 700 bags per day.<ref name=geo/>

===Other===
*[[diaper]]stock, feminine hygiene, and other absorbent materials
*[[carpet]] backing, primary and secondary
*[[Composite material|composites]]
**marine sail laminates
**[[tablecover]] laminates
**chopped strand mat
*backing/stabilizer for [[machine embroidery]]
*[[packaging]] where porosity is needed
*Shopping bags
*[[thermal insulation|insulation]] ([[fiberglass]] [[Batting (material)|batting]])
*[[acoustic insulation]] for appliances, automotive components, and wall-paneling
*pillows, cushions, mattress cores, and [[upholstery]] padding
*[[Batting (material)|batting]] in quilts or comforters
*consumer and medical face masks
*mailing [[envelope]]s
*[[Tarpaulin|tarp]]s, tenting and transportation (lumber, steel) wrapping
*disposable clothing (foot coverings, coveralls)
*weather resistant [[house wrap]]
*cleanroom wipes
*[[Label]]s
*potting material for plants
*[[Reusable shopping bag]]
*[[Thermal insulation]]
*[[Sorbent]]s
*Surface protection
*wallcovering<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nH1zBD_jq4c | title=How to hang non-woven wallpaper | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
*[[Wet wipe]]

==Manufacturing processes==
{{Main|Melt blowing}}
Nonwovens are typically manufactured by putting small fibers together in the form of a sheet or web (similar to [[paper]] on a [[paper machine]]), and then binding them either mechanically (as in the case of felt, by interlocking them with serrated needles such that the inter-fiber friction results in a stronger fabric), with an [[adhesive]], or thermally (by applying [[Binder (material)|binder]] (in the form of powder, paste, or [[polymer]] melt) and melting the binder onto the web by increasing temperature).

===Staple nonwovens===
Staple nonwovens are made in four steps. Fibers are first spun, cut to a few centimeters length, and put into [[:wikt:bale#Etymology 3|bale]]s. The staple fibers are then blended, "opened" in a multistep process, dispersed on a [[conveyor belt]], and spread in a uniform [[web handling|web]] by a wetlaid, airlaid, or carding/crosslapping process. Wetlaid operations typically use {{convert|0.25|to|0.75|in|cm|abbr=on}} long fibers, but sometimes longer if the fiber is stiff or thick. Airlaid processing generally uses {{convert|0.5|to|4.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} fibers. Carding operations typically use ~{{convert|1.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} long fibers. [[Rayon]] used to be a common fiber in nonwovens, now greatly replaced by [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET) and [[polypropylene]]. Fiberglass is wetlaid into mats for use in roofing and shingles. Synthetic fiber blends are wetlaid along with [[cellulose]] for single-use fabrics. Staple nonwovens are bonded either thermally or by using resin. Bonding can be throughout the web by resin saturation or overall thermal bonding or in a distinct pattern via resin printing or thermal spot bonding. Conforming with staple fibers usually refers to a combination with melt blowing, often used in high-end textile insulations.

=== Melt-blown===
[[Melt blowing|Melt-blown]] nonwovens are produced by extruding melted polymer fibers through a spin net or die consisting of up to 40 holes per inch to form long thin fibers which are stretched and cooled by passing hot air over the fibers as they fall from the die. The resultant web is collected into rolls and subsequently converted to finished products. The extremely fine fibers (typically polypropylene) differ from other extrusions, particularly spun bond, in that they have low intrinsic strength but much smaller size offering key properties. Often melt blown is added to spun bond to form SM or SMS webs, which are strong and offer the intrinsic benefits of fine fibers such as fine filtration, low pressure drop as used in face masks or filters and physical benefits such as acoustic insulation as used in dishwashers. One of the largest users of SM and SMS materials is the disposable diaper and feminine care industry.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111006122227/http://www.disposablediaper.net/faq.asp?1 The use of Non wovens in the hygiene industry]. The Diaper Industry Source</ref>

===Spunbond nonwovens===
Spunbond nonwovens are made in one continuous process. Fibers are spun and then directly dispersed into a web by deflectors or can be directed with air streams. This technique leads to faster belt speeds, and cheaper costs. Several variants of this concept are available, such as the REICOFIL machinery.<ref>manufactured by Reifenhäuser [http://www.reicofil.com REICOFIL GmbH & Co. KG] ([[Germany]])</ref> PP spunbonds run faster and at lower temperatures than PET spunbonds, mostly due to the difference in melting points

Spunbond has been combined with melt-blown nonwovens, conforming them into a layered product called SMS (spun-melt-spun). Melt-blown nonwovens have extremely fine fiber diameters but are not strong fabrics. SMS fabrics, made completely from PP are water-repellent and fine enough to serve as disposable fabrics. Melt-blown is often used as filter media, being able to capture very fine particles. Spunbond is bonded by either resin or thermally. Regarding the bonding of Spunbond, Rieter <ref>[http://www.rieter.com Rieter Nonwovens Systems]. Rieter.com. Retrieved on 2015-05-10.</ref> has launched a new generation of nonwovens called [[Spunjet]].

===Spunlace nonwovens===
Spunlace nonwovens are made by a process called [[hydroentanglement]]. This process uses high-pressure jets of water to entangle fibers together, creating a strong, durable fabric. The process begins with a web of fibers, which can be natural or synthetic, laid out on a conveyor belt.

The web is then passed through a series of jets that spray water at high pressure onto the fibers. The water jets cause the fibers to tangle and interlock, forming a strong bond between them. The web is then dried and finished to create the desired product.<ref>[https://www.nwfabric.com/ask/spunlace-nonwoven-manufacturing-process/ spunlace nonwoven process]. Retrieved on 2019-05-10.</ref>

===Flashspun===
{{Main|Flashspun}}
Flashspun fabrics are created by spraying a dissolved resin into a chamber, where the solvent evaporates.

===Air-laid paper===
{{main|Air-laid paper}}

Air-laid [[paper]] is a textile-like material categorized as a nonwoven fabric made from [[wood pulp]].<ref name=PBG>{{cite book |last1=Paulapuro |first1=Hannu |title=Paper and Board grades |series= Papermaking Science and Technology |volume= 18 |year= 2000|publisher= Fapet Oy|location= Finland|isbn= 952-5216-18-7 |pages= 95–98 |chapter= 4}}</ref> Unlike the normal [[paper machine|papermaking process]], air-laid paper does not use water as the carrying medium for the fiber. Fibers are carried and formed to the structure of paper by air.

===Other===
Nonwovens can also start with films and fibrillate, serrate or vacuum-form them with patterned holes. Fiberglass nonwovens are of two basic types. Wet laid mat or "glass tissue" use wet-chopped, heavy [[Denier (unit)|denier]] fibers in the 6 to 20 micrometre diameter range. Flame attenuated mats or "batts" use discontinuous fine denier fibers in the 0.1 to 6 range. The latter is similar, though run at much higher temperatures, to melt-blown thermoplastic nonwovens. Wet laid mat is almost always wet resin bonded with a curtain coater, while batts are usually spray bonded with wet or dry resin. An unusual process produces polyethylene fibrils in a [[Freon]]-like fluid, forming them into a paper-like product and then calendering them to create [[Tyvek]].

===Bonding===
Several methods can be used:
*thermal bonding
**use of a [[heat sealer]]
**using a large oven for [[Curing (chemistry)|curing]]
**[[calendering]] through heated rollers (called spunbond when combined with spunlaid webs), calenders can be smooth faced for an overall bond or patterned for a softer bond.
*[[hydroentanglement]]: mechanical intertwining of fibers by water jets (also called [[Hydroentanglement|spunlace]])<ref>{{cite journal|last=Xiang|first=P.|author2=Kuznetsov, A. V. |author3=Seyam, A. M. |title=A Porous Medium Model of the Hydro entanglement Process|journal=Journal of Porous Media|date=2008|volume=11|issue=1|pages=35–49|doi=10.1615/JPorMedia.v11.i1.30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent|title=Process and apparatus for preparing a molded, textured, spunlaced, nonwoven web|gdate=2007-08-03|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7530150B2/en}}</ref>
*ultrasonic pattern bonding: used in high-loft insulation, quilts and bedding.
*needlepunching/needlefelting: mechanical intertwining of fibers by needles
*chemical bonding (wetlaid process): use of binders (such as latex emulsion or solution polymers) to chemically join the fibers. An expensive route that uses binder fibers or powders that soften and melt to hold other non-melting fibers together
**one type of cotton staple nonwoven is treated with sodium hydroxide to shrink bond the mat, the caustic causes the cellulose-based fibers to curl and shrink around one another as the bonding technique
**one unusual polyamide(Cerex) is self-bonded with gas-phase acid
*melt-blown: fiber is bonded as air attenuated fibers intertangle with themselves during simultaneous fiber and web formation.

==Disposability==
The industry has attempted to define "[[flushability]]". They encourage voluntary testing of flushability by producers. They also encourage clear marking of non-flushable products as "No Flush" (rather than fine print on the bottom of products) including creating a "No Flush" logo.<ref>"[http://www.inda.org/issues-advocacy/flushability/ Flushability]", ''INDA.org''.</ref>

The [[wastewater|wastewater industry]] is encouraging a standard definition (rather than one which varies with each producer) of flushability, including [[dispersibility]], and third-party assessment or verification, such as by [[NSF International]]. They believe that products should be safe for both septic ''and'' sewer systems (flushable and dispersible, respectively).<ref>Arhontes, Nick J. (15 October 2012) "[http://www.pwmag.com/wastewater/strangled-by-disposables.aspx Strangled by disposables]", ''PWmag.com''.</ref> [[Orange County Sanitation District]] has created a campaign, "What 2 Flush", which recommends flushing only the "three P's—pee, poop and [toilet] paper".<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120304155919/http://www.ocsd.com/index.aspx?page=260 What 2 Flush: Know what should go down the drain that is sewer safe]", Orange County Sanitation District.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Disposable towel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nonwoven fabrics}}
*[http://www.edana.org/ Association of Nonwovens] (EDANA: Europe)
*[http://www.inda.org/ The Association of the Nonwovens Fabrics Industry] (INDA: US)

{{Fabric}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nonwoven Fabric}}
[[Category:Nonwoven fabrics| ]]

Tilak Raj Behar

2026-01-23T08:57:20Z

Nayem:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tilak Raj Behar
| native_name = तिलक राज बेहड़
| image =
| caption =MLA
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1957|2|1}}
| birth_place = Rudrapur, Uttarakhand, India
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 2002
| constituency1 = [[Haldwani Assembly constituency|Haldwani]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2012
| constituency2 = Rudrapur-Kichha
| office3 = Minister of Health, Family Welfare, AYUSH and Medical Education, Govt. of Uttarakhand
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2007
| office4 = Minister of Transport, Food and Civil Supplies, Govt. of Uttarakhand
| term_start4 = 2001
| term_end4 = 2002
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 2022
| constituency5 = [[Kichha Assembly constituency|Kichha]]
| term_end5 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 2002)
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (until 2002)
| spouse = Veena Behar
| children = 2 Sons, 2 Daughters
| residence = [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], India
| website = [http://www.tilakrajbehar.in/ Official website]
}}

'''Tilak Raj Behar''' (Hindi: तिलक राज बेहड़, born 1 February 1957) is an Indian politician. He currently serves as the MLA for the 67-[[Kichha Assembly constituency|Kichha Vidhan Sabha]] constituency in [[Uttarakhand]]. He has held positions such as Health Minister in the [[Government of Uttarakhand]], Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]],<ref name=ten>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100330/dplus.htm#1 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Plus |website=Tribuneindia.com |date= |access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> and Working President of the [[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name="eleven">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ganesh-godiyal-appointed-uttarakhand-cong-chief-pritam-singh-made-clp-leader/2126238 | title=Outlook, India | date= | access-date=2021-07-22}}</ref>

He has been elected to the Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]/[[Uttarakhand]] five times - having won from [[Haldwani]] Assembly Constituency in Uttar Pradesh in 1993 and 1996, from [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]-[[Kichha]] Assembly Constituency in Uttarakhand in 2002 and 2007, and from [[Kichha]] Assembly Constituency in Uttarakhand in 2022.

Behar is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], though he was formerly associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He has held positions such as Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Minister of Transport, Food and Civil Supplies in the Uttarakhand government, Chairman of Mandi Parishad of Uttarakhand, and Chairman of Uttarakhand State Seed and Organic Production Certification Agency.

Behar came to prominence through his handling of the Health Ministry in the state of Uttarakhand from 2002 to 2007 in the [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]] Cabinet.

==Public offices held==
* MLA, Kichha Vidhan Sabha, Uttarakhand (2022–Present)
* Working President, [[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee]] (2021–Present)
* Chairman, Uttarakhand State Seed and Organic Production Certification Agency with Cabinet Minister Rank (2014–2016)
* Deputy Leader of Opposition, Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha<ref name=ten/> (2009–2012)
* MLA, Rudrapur-Kichha Vidhan Sabha, Uttarakhand (2007-2012)
* Minister of Health, Family Welfare, AYUSH and Medical Education, Govt. of Uttarakhand<ref name="four">{{cite web|title=Workshop Proceedings|url=http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/countryreports/UTTAR_WKSP.pdf|access-date=2017-02-24|website=Policyproject.com}}</ref> (2002–2007)
* MLA, Rudrapur-Kichha Vidhan Sabha, Uttarakhand (2002-2007)
* Minister of Transport, Food and Civil Supplies, Govt. of Uttarakhand (2001–2002)
* Chairman of Mandi Parishad of Uttarakhand with Cabinet Minister Rank<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011031/nation.htm#2 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |website=Tribuneindia.com |date= |access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> (2000–2001)
* MLA, Haldwani Vidhan Sabha, UP (1996-2002) on BJP ticket
* MLA, Haldwani Vidhan Sabha, UP (1993-1996) on BJP ticket

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behar, Tilak Raj}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2000–2002]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttarakhand]]

Marol Naka metro station

2026-01-14T11:21:37Z

Nayem:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Blue Line 1 metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Marol Naka
| native_name = {{nobold|मरोळ नाका}}
| image = Marol Naka metro station Jan '23.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| caption = Elevated Line 1 station in January 2023
| address = Marol Naka, Andheri (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.108195|N|72.879536|E|format=dms|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=title, inline}}
| operator = {{Plainlist|
* [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|22px|link=Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)]] [[Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd]]
* {{rint|delhi|m}} [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|June|8|df=yes}}
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Blue Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Marol Naka''' is an interchange metro station serving the [[Marol]] neighbourhood of [[Andheri]] in [[Mumbai]], India. Elevated station serves for the East-West Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] of [[Mumbai Metro]]. It was opened to the public on 8 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-metro-hits-tracks-and-handful-of-speed-bumps/15363181 | title=Mumbai Metro hits tracks, and handful of speed bumps | date=9 June 2014 }}</ref> The Underground station serves for the North-South Corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line 3]] of Mumbai Metro. It was opened to public on 7 October 2024.

Upon the metro line being commissioned for passengers, the BEST launched a special bus service '''Metro Pheri 1''' which brings commuters from a distance to the closest of the 3 metro stations it serves. It runs from [[SEEPZ]] and via the B crossroad arrives at [[Chakala (J. B. Nagar) metro station]] then runs parallel to the metro line alongside Andheri Kurla Road touching [[Airport Road metro station]] and Marol Naka metro station then via Marol Maroshi Road back to SEEPZ.

==History==
Marol Naka Metro Station is part of Mumbai Metro Blue Line 1, which was constructed under Phase 1 of the Mumbai Metro project. The station’s development began in 2008 as part of a public-private partnership between the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and Reliance Infrastructure, aimed at easing traffic congestion between Versova and Ghatkopar.<ref name="MMRDA2014">{{cite web |title=MMRDA Annual Report 2013-14 |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/annual-report-2013-14 |publisher=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=8 June 2014}}</ref> Delays in land acquisition, utility relocation, and regulatory clearances postponed the station’s completion until 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Metro misses deadline again |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=15 December 2013 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/metro-misses-deadline |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

The station was inaugurated on 8 June 2014, by then-Prime Minister Narendra Modi alongside the full Blue Line 1 corridor.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates Mumbai Metro |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 June 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mumbai/metro-inauguration |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> Located near the Marol Fire Brigade and Andheri-Kurla Road, it became a vital hub for commuters in Andheri East, connecting industrial and commercial areas like Saki Naka and the Marol Industrial Estate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marol Metro Station eases traffic |newspaper=DNA India |date=9 June 2014 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/marol-metro-traffic |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

In 2022, the MMRDA proposed integrating the station with the planned Yellow Line 2B (DN Nagar–Mandale) to enhance connectivity with suburban areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=MMRDA plans metro expansion |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=5 April 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/mumbai/metro-expansion |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
The station consists of two distinct levels of rail service integrated into a single interchange complex. The [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] utilizes an elevated structure with two side platforms located on the third floor, overlooking the Andheri-Kurla Road.<ref name="map"/> Beneath this, the elevated concourse level handles ticketing and security.

The [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line 3]] station is located underground, featuring an [[island platform]]. The two lines aren't connected via [[elevator|lifts]] or [[escalator]]s, restricting seamless transfer between the corridors requiring exiting the system.

The station exits are strategically located at the busy junction of Marol Maroshi Road and Andheri-Kurla Road. The immediate vicinity is dominated by the Marol Fire Brigade, a key landmark often used to identify the station's location locally. The street level serves as a multimodal transport hub, providing direct access to [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] bus stops and [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaw]] stands that service the nearby [[SEEPZ]] industrial area and [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]].

===Line 1===
{{Infobox station
| name = Marol Naka
| native_name = {{nobold|मरोळ नाका}}
| style = Mumbai Metro One
| image = Marol Naka metro station Mar'25.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Marol Naka metro station in March 2025
| address = Andheri-Kurla Road, [[Marol]], [[Andheri]] (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400059
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Blue Line|croute}}
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| operator = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|22px|link=Mumbai_Metro_One]] [[Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd]]
| coordinates =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|6|8|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes<ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Marol Naka metro station layout|website=reliancemumbaimetro.com|access-date=January 6, 2024|url=https://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/images/station-layout/marol%20naka.jpg}}</ref>
| code = MNK
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Metro One|line=1|left=Airport Road|right=Saki Naka}}
| route_map =
}}

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 1|Right}} {{small|([[Saki Naka metro station|Saki Naka]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 1|Left}} {{small|([[Airport Road metro station|Airport Road]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

<gallery>
File:Marol Naka metro station.jpg|Marol Naka metro station – Platform board
File:Metro Pheri 1 route map.jpg|Metro Pheri 1 route map
</gallery>

====Entrances and exits====
*'''1A''' - Towards Fire Brigade, Seven Hills Hospital<ref name=map/>
*'''1''' - Near We Work, Pearl Academy<ref name=map/>
*'''2''' - Near SM Centre<ref name=map/>
*'''3''' - Towards Mittal Industrial Estate, Litolier Chamber<ref name=map/>
*'''4''' - Medicare Hospital<ref name=map/>
*'''5''' - Towards Mumbai International Airport<ref name=map/>

====Facilities====
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Marol Naka metro station are: Kotak Mahindra Bank
List of food outlets available : Jumbo King

{{Clear}}

===Aqua Line===
{{Infobox station
| name = {{white|Marol Naka}}
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|मरोळ नाका}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Aqua
| symbol =
| symbol_location =
| image = Marol Naka Station Platform.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| alt =
| caption = Platform 1 of Aqua Line 3 Marol Naka station
| other_name =
| address = Andheri-Kurla Road, [[Marol]], [[Andheri]] (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400059
| borough =
| country = India
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| elevation =
| owned = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|12px|link=Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)]] Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.
| operator = {{rint|delhi|m}} [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news |title=DMRC wins contract to operate Mumbai Metro's Line 3: Officials |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/dmrc-wins-contract-to-operate-mumbai-metros-line-3-officials/99462230 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
| manager =
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Aqua Line|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = 1 [[island Platform]]
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Underground station|Underground]]
| depth =
| levels =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status =
| code = MNK
| iata =
| zone =
| classification =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2024|10|05|df=y}}
| opening =
| closed = 
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| former =
| original =
| pregroup =
| postgroup =
| prenational =
| years =
| events =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Metro|line1=3|left=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2|right=MIDC - Andheri}}
| services_collapsible = no
| route_map = {{Routemap
|inline=1
|legend=track
|map=
d\d\utSTR!~MFADEg\d\utSTR!~MFADEg~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey JVLR}}
numN270\utSTRg\d\utSTRf~~ ~~ ~~'''''Next station:''' {{stl|Mumbai Metro|MIDC - Andheri}}''
d\d\utPSTR(L)\d\utPSTR(R)
d\d\utPSTR(L)!~*2__align=r\dPLT\utPSTR(R)!~*1__align=l
d\d\utPSTR(L)\d\utPSTR(R)
d\d\utSTRg\d\utSTRf~~ ~~ ~~'''''Next station:''' [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2 metro station|CSMIA - T2]]''
d\d\utSTR!~MFADEf\d\utSTR!~MFADEf~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Acharya Atrey Chowk}}
}}
| map_state = collapsed
| coordinates =
}}

On the second basement (L2) level, a single underground island platform serves two tracks.

{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Ground level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Customer Service, Shops, Vending machine, ATMs
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=5 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=400|{{0|←}}Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|Aqua line|right}} {{small|([[MIDC - Andheri metro station|MIDC - Andheri]])}} →
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:dashed 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|Entrance/exit vestibule
|-
|style="border-top:dashed 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" |← Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|Aqua line|left}} {{small|([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2 metro station|CSMI Airport T-2]])}}
|-
|}

====Entrances and exits====
*'''A1''' - Metro Blue Line, Marol Station, Andheri-Kurla Road<ref name=map2>{{cite web |title=Marol Naka Station Details |url=https://mmrcl.com/station/MNK |website=MMRCL |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>
*'''A2''' - Andheri-Kurla Road, International Airport<ref name=map2/>
*'''B1''' - Metro Blue Line, Marol Station, Pearl Academy<ref name=map2/>
*'''B2''' - Marol Fire Brigade, Marol-Marushil Road<ref name=map2/>

==See also==
*[[Public transport in Mumbai]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[List of Metro Systems]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Train|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Mumbai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}}
*[http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/ The official site of Mumbai Metro]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 1=yes|line 3 = yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Andheri]]

Uppalapati Narayana Rao

2026-01-13T21:26:10Z

Nayem: Biography...

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uppalapati Narayana Rao
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Unrao1.jpg
| image_size = 160px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|07|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], Andhra Pradesh, India<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Atluri |first=Sri |date=2017-02-01 |title=Retrospective: Jaitrayatra (1991) |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/retrospective-jaitrayatra-1991 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>
| occupation =
| children = 2
| website =
| birthname = Uppalapati Narayana Rao
| spouse = Krishna Veni Uppalapati
| yearsactive = 1979–present
| organization =
}}
'''Uppalapati Narayana Rao''' is an Indian film director, producer, and actor known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], and Television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/ilayaraja-was-upset-with-debut-director/articleshow/34043802.cms?from=mdr|title=Ilayaraja was upset with debut director|date=21 April 2014|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> He is best known for his works in hits such as ''[[Jaitra Yatra]]'' (1991), ''[[Rakshana]]'' (1993), ''[[Ala Modalaindi|Ala Modalaindhi]]'' (2011), and ''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha|Anthaku Mondhu Aa Tharuvatha]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/rakshana-1993|title=Rakshana (1993)|website=The A.V. Club}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Good Films – Best movies, yet box office failures – Jaitra Yatra |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/jaitrayatra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911215925/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/jaitrayatra.html |archive-date=11 September 2015 |access-date=23 July 2014 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref>

==Television career==
He served as content head for channels like [[ETV Network|ETV]], [[Gemini TV|Gemini]], [[Star Maa|MAA]] and [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2002 |title=Telugu Cinema – Review – Yuvarathna – Jeevida, N Taraka Rathna – Uppalapati Narayana – MM Keeravani |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-yuvarathna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607040149/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-yuvarathna.html |archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> He is also associated with [[Balaji Telefilms]] as the creative head for South Indian content for two years (2010–2012) helping with curation and production of Telugu TV content / programmes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/when-vishakha-was-bollywood-bound/articleshow/40786204.cms?from=mdr|title=When Vishakha was Bollywood bound|date=23 August 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=26 January 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;As director
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name !! Role
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Jaitra Yatra]]'' ||
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Rakshana]]'' ||
|-
| 1993
| ''Theerpu'' ||
|-
| 1994
| ''Allari Police'' ||
|-
| 1995
| ''Paathabasthi'' ||
|-
| 1996
| ''Ooriki Monagaadu'' ||
|-
| 1999
| ''Veedu Saamanyudu Kaadhu'' ||
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Simhada Guri]]'' || Kannada film
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Yuva Rathna]]'' ||
|-
| 2007
| ''Gnapakam'' ||
|-
|}
;As an actor
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!Role!! Notes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''
|Nithya's father||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]''
|Rohit's father||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Yennamo Yedho]]''
|Kavya's father|| Tamil film
|}

'''Theatre'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of Play !! Role
|-
| Phani (Telugu adaptation of [[Dial M for Murder]] by Alfred Hitchcock) || Actor
|-
| Maro Mohenjodaro || Actor, producer
|-
| Hiroshima || Actor, producer
|-
| Siddhartha || Actor, producer
|-
| Cheema Kuttina Natakam || Actor
|-
| Bioscope || Actor
|-
| Edhi Asthma Hathya || Actor
|-
| Go To Hell || Actor, director
|}

''' Television'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| Vasantha Kokila || Story and Direction ||[[Doordarshan]]|| Golden Nandi Award for Best Direction and Story
|-
| Gruhapravesam || Director ||[[ETV Network|ETV]]|| Golden Nandi for Best Direction
|-
| Mahalakshmi || Director ||[[Annapurna Studios]]|| Unreleased
|-
| Kottha Bangaram || Creative Head and production ||[[Balaji Telefilms]]||
|-
| Kaliyuga Ramayanam || Creative Head and production || Balaji Telefilms ||
|-
| Priyanka || Director, Story, Dialogues and Screenplay || ETV ||[[Nandi Awards|Golden Nandi]] for Best Direction
|-
| Others || Producer || Various Channels || Ongoing Production work to be released

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|id=nm1466544}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Uppalapati Narayana}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Film people from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Tuhinje Pyaar Mein

2026-01-11T19:33:25Z

Nayem: Done

{{Short description|Indian Sindhi-language drama film}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tuhinje Pyaar Mein
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Deepak Tripathi
| writer = Kishor Lalwani
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|01|11||ref1=}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Sindhi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tuhinje Pyaar Mein''''' ({{langx|en|In your love}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Sindhi cinema|Sindhi-language]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Deepak Tripathi]] and written by Kishor Lalwani.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Tripathi |first=Deepak |title=Tuhinje Pyaar Mein |date=2019-11-10 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9464190/ |type=Drama |publisher=S4 Entertainments |access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref> The film was released on 11 January 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Tuhinje Pyaar Mein Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/sindhi/movie-details/tuhinje-pyaar-mein/movieshow/67953679.cms |access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuhinje Pyaar Mein on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/tuhinje-pyaar-mein |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Om Praksh Asudani as Vishal<ref name=":0" />
* Dristi Aswani as Ashu
* Srichand Makhija as Dwarkadas
* Seema Motwani as Reshma
* Jatin Udasi as Rishi

==See also==
*[[List of Sindhi-language films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

{{India-film-stub}}

Rahul Haridas

2026-01-02T21:50:31Z

Nayem:

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2018}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=May 2018}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahul Haridas
| othername = Tyson, Rahul, Happydays Tyson
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 November 1988

| birth_place = Hyderabad
| occupation = Actor
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 2007–2014, 2017–present
| spouse =
}}
'''Rahul Haridas''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film actor known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his film debut with [[Sekhar Kammula]]'s 2007 film, ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rahul-haridas/IEIN091313|title=Rahul Haridas - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>

==Career==
Haridas made his debut with ''Happy Days'' in 2007, appearing as one of the leads along with [[Varun Sandesh]], [[Sonia Deepti]] and Gayatri Rao. In 2008, he appeared in ''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'', directed by [[V. N. Aditya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raahul interview – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film actor |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raahul.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154241/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raahul.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> From 2014 to 2017 he took a break and In 2017, he made his comeback in the real story based crime-thriller, ''[[Venkatapuram (film)|Venkatapuram]]'' starring [[Mahima Makwana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rahul-haridas-is-getting-back-in-shape/articleshow/34585313.cms|title=Rahul Haridas is getting back in shape! - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/venkatapuram-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Venkatapuram telugu movie review | Rahul Venkatapuram Movie Review Ratings | Venkatapuram Telugu Movie Review and Rating|date=13 May 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' || Arjun "Tyson" || Debut
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'' || Shyam ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mugguru]]'' || Maruthi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Prema Oka Maikam]]''|| Lalith ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Love You Bangaram]]''|| Akash||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Venkatapuram (film)|Venkatapuram]]''|| Anand
|
|-
| 2024 || [[Bhaje Vaayu Vegam|''Bhaje Vaayu Vegam'']] ||Goppula Raju
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haridas, Rahul}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}