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INS Abhay (2024)

2026-05-05T17:28:02Z

Nayeem:

{{Short description|Lead ship of ASW-SWC class corvettes of the Indian Navy}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{italic title|string=Abhay}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{other ships|INS Abhay}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image =
|image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header =
|country = India
|flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name = INS ''Abhay''
|namesake =
|registry =
|route =
|ordered = 29 April 2019<ref name=":8" />
|awarded =
|builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE)
|original_cost = {{INRConvert|789|c|0}} (FY2020)
|yard_number = 3032
|way_number =
|laid_down = 13 June 2023<ref name="PIB-080623">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of 'Anjadip' third ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) and keel laying of 7th ship of ASW SWC Project at M/s L&T, Kattupalli on 13 Jun 23 |date=2023-06-13 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1932044 |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref>
|launched = 25 October 2024<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=LAUNCH OF 'ABHAY', SEVENTH SHIP OF ASW SWC (GRSE) PROJECT |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2068207 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|sponsor =
|completed =
|acquired =
|commissioned =
|recommissioned =
|decommissioned =
|maiden_voyage =
|in_service =
|out_of_service =
|renamed =
|reclassified =
|refit =
|struck =
|reinstated =
|homeport =
|identification = [[Pennant number]]:
|motto =
|nickname =
|honours =
|honors =
|captured =
|fate =
|status = Launched <ref name="auto"/>
|notes =
|badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type = [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]]
|displacement = {{cvt|900|t|LT}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1885185 | title=LAUNCH OF 'ARNALA', FIRST SHIP OF ASW SWC (GRSE) PROJECT ON 20 DEC 22 AT M/S L&T, KATTUPALLI }}</ref>
|length = {{cvt|77.6|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro|title=GRSE starts ASW-SWC corvette production in partnership with Larsen & Toubro|website=Janes.com}}</ref>
|beam = {{cvt|10.5|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|draft = {{cvt|2.7|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|propulsion = [[Pump-jet|Water-jet propulsion]]<ref name="eurasiantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/touted-as-game-changer-what-are-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts/|title=Touted As 'Game-Changer', What Are Indian Navy's 'Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts'?|date=December 27, 2021|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref>
|sail_plan =
|speed = {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}
|range = {{cvt|1800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
|endurance =
|test_depth =
|boats = 1 × [[Rigid inflatable boat|RHIB]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos |first=Dimitris |date=2025-06-25 |title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|capacity =
|troops =
|complement =
|crew = 57 (7 officers + 50 sailors)
|time_to_activate =
|sensors = *'''Combat suite:'''
** ASW Combat Suite (presumably the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-developed IAC MOD 'C' combat suite)<ref name="grse.in">{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf|title=NIE No. GRSE/GMD/ASW-SWC/12/01 Expression of Interest (EOI) For Design of Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) for Indian Navy.|website=grse.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202243/http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/tender-archive|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.- Government of India Undertaking - Tender Archive|website=grse.in}}</ref>
*'''Sonar:'''
** [[DRDO]] Abhay Hull-Mounted Sonar (HMS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes and Ears Underwater |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Force India |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823153937/https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Low Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
*'''Management systems:'''
** Fire Control System (FCS)
** Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
** Automatic Power Management System (APMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
** Battle Damage Control System (BDCS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
|armament = *'''Anti-submarine warfare:'''
**1 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] rocket launcher<ref name=":0" />
**2 × triple lightweight [[torpedo]] launchers ([[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]])<ref name="eurasiantimes.com"/>
**[[Anti-submarine weapon|Anti-submarine mines]] (launched from mine-laying rails)
*'''Guns:'''
** 1 × [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]]
** 2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
|armour =
|armor =
|aircraft =
|notes = Largest class of waterjet-powered vessels in the [[Indian Navy]].
}}
}}

'''INS ''Abhay''''' is the fourth of the ''Arnala'' class of the [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft|Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft]] operated by the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anti-Submarine Ship Abhay |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-submarine-ship-abhay |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatshakti |first=Team |date=2024-10-26 |title=Navy Launches GRSE's Anti-Submarine Warfare Vessel 'Abhay' |url=https://bharatshakti.in/navy-launches-grses-anti-submarine-warfare-vessel-abhay/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
On 23 December 2013, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) –- the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), approved the procurement of sixteen [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) vessels capable of operating in shallow waters, at a cost of {{INRConvert|13440|c|lk=on|year=2013}}, to replace the ageing [[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class corvettes]] of the Indian Navy – which were commissioned between 1989 and 1991. This includes the development of the vessels with about {{Convert|700|t|abbr=on}} displacement and an operational radius of {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} from its [[home port]]. They would be built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=2013-12-24 |title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2017-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=KV |date=2013-12-25 |title=MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829044614/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |archive-date=2025-08-29 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

In June 2014, the MoD issued a tender, worth USD2.25 billion under the 'Buy and Make India' category to private-shipyards – including [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), [[ABG Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard|Pipavav Defense and Offshore Engineering]], [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE), for the procurement of the 16 anti-submarine vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-18 |title=India issues $2.25bn tender to procure ASW shallow-water craft |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131157/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Naval Technology}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) emerged as the first and the second-lowest bidder in the tender, respectively. CSL had quoted a value of {{INRConvert|5400|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} while GRSE had to match the bid value of CSL in order to get the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-16 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set to win ₹5,400-crore Navy order |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-to-win-5400crore-navy-order/article10035674.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Purchase ==
On 29 April 2019, the MoD and GRSE signed a contract, valued at {{INRConvert|6311.32|c|year=2019}}, for eight anti-submarine vessels, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026. The contract mandates the first vessel to be delivered within 42 months of the date of signing, with the remaining seven vessels delivered at a rate of two ships per year within 84 months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=2019-04-29 |title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |title=Contract Signing with M/S CSL and M/S GRSE for Acquisition of Sixteen Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) for Indian Navy |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1571375 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, the MoD and CSL signed a similar contract for the construction of the remaining eight vessels – within a deadline of 84 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |website=psuwatch.com}}</ref> Under this contract, the first ship was also expected to be delivered within a span of 42 months, with subsequent deliveries of two ships per year.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets ₹6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html |website=mint}}</ref>

== Construction ==
GRSE formed a [[Public Private Partnership]] alliance with [[Larsen & Toubro]] involving its [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] to undertake the entire ASW SWC project along with the [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|Survey Vessel (Large) Project]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite press release |title=Keel laying ceremony for 1st warship of ASW Shallow Water Craft Project and 3rd warship of Survey Vessel Large Project |date=2021-08-06 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1743323 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

The [[keel laying]] ceremony of the ship was conducted on 13 June 2023 at GRSE Main Works Unit in Kolkata.<ref name=":5">{{cite press release |title=GRSE lays the keel of 5th Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft |date=2021-12-21 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1783874 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref> [[Ceremonial ship launching|Christened]] ''Abhay'', the ship was launched into the water of the [[Hooghly River]] on 25 October 2024.<ref name=":1" />

== Design ==
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Design}}

=== Weapons ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Weapons}}

=== Sensors ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Sensors}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhay}}
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:2024 ships]]

Satrod railway station

2026-05-05T01:37:34Z

Nayeem: made new entry more to come

{{Short description|Railway station in Haryana, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Satrod railway station
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]], [[Hisar, Haryana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.1262|75.7181|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Bathinda–Rewari line]]
| other = [[Auto rickshaw]] stand, [[Rickshaw]] stand
| elevation = {{convert|212|m|ft}}
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels = 1 (ground level)
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| bus_stands =
| bus_routes =
| connections =
| structure = At-ground
| architect =
| architectural_style = simple
| opened = 1873
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code | code = STD | zone = [[North Western Railway zone]] | division = {{rwd|Bikaner}} }}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone]]
| classification = Passenger and freight
| status = Functioning
| former =
| Original company =
| Pre-grouping company =
| Post-grouping company =
| Pre-nationalization company =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| Services_collapsible =
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| Route_map =
| Map_state =
| map_type = India Haryana#India
| Map_locator =
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'''Satrod railway station''' (railway code: '''STD''') is a suburban railway station under the [[Ambala railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]], located at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] city in [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]] state of India. The station consists of 2 [[broad-gauge]] electrified tracks of [[Bathinda–Rewari line]].<ref name=amarbyp1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/interim-budget-2024-approval-of-final-survey-of-hisar-rail-bypass-and-double-line-till-jakhal-2024-02-02 अंतरिम बजट 2024: हिसार रेल बाईपास व जाखल तक दोहरी लाइन के फाइनल सर्वे को मंजूरी, इन प्रोजेक्ट पर बनी सहमति], amarujala.com, 2 Feb 2024.</ref> The Satrod railway station is about {{cvt|6|km}} west of Hisar bus station, {{cvt|11|km}} west of [[Hisar Junction railway station]], and {{cvt|6|km}} southwest of [[Hisar Airport]].

== History ==
{{see also | Rail transport in India#History | label 1 = Indian railway history | Northern Railway zone#History | label 2 = NR history | North Western Railway zone#History | label 3 = NWR history | North Central Railway zone#History | label 4 = NCR history | North Eastern Railway zone#History | label 5 = NER history | Bikaner railway division#History | label 6 = division history | Bathinda–Rewari line | Ludhiana–Jakhal line | Jakhal–Hisar–Sadalpur line | Rohtak–Hansi line | Hansi–Jind line}}

===1873: construction===

Satrod station, built in 1873, lies on the [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]]-[[Rewari Junction railway station|Rewari]]-Satrod-[[Hisar Junction railway station|Hisar]]-[[Raipur_Haryana_Junction_railway_station|Raipur]]-[[Bathinda Junction railway station|Bathinda]] line.

In 1873 during the [[British Raj]], the [[Rajputana–Malwa Railway]] extended the {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] [[Delhi–Rewari line]] to Hisar,<ref name=gaz1>1987 Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.127–128, Haryana Gazetteers Organization, Controller of Printing and Stationery, Chandigarh.</ref> and then to [[Bhatinda]] in 1883–84, connecting it all the way to Karachi via [[Delhi–Karachi line]].<ref name=hisar>{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title= Gazetteer of India, Haryana, Hisar| at= Communications, page 135| publisher= Haryana Government| accessdate= 10 May 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date= 1 May 2014| url-status= dead}}</ref> The metre-gauge Hisar–Sadulpur link was converted to broad gauge in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf |title=Overview of Bikaner Division |publisher=Indian Railways |accessdate=6 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030427/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf |archivedate=8 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, track doubling and electrification of Hisar–Rewari track via Hansi and Bhiwani commenced, which was completed in 2016. In 201718, the Hisar–Bhatinda via Sirsa electrification was completed.

===Rohtak-Hansi line===

In 2023, [[Rohtak–Hansi line]], while Hansi-Satrod-Hisar section already existed since 1873, was completed and regular scheduled goods train operation had started in December 2023.<ref name=rhln1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/now-goods-trains-will-run-regularly-on-hansi-maham-rohtak-railway-line-hisar-news-c-21-hsr1020-287643-2023-12-26 Hisar News: हांसी-महम-रोहतक रेलवे लाइन पर अब नियमित दौड़ेंगी मालगाड़ियां], Amar Ujala, 26 December 2023.</ref>

===Upgrades===

In January 2025, Northern Railway Zone was preparing DPR for a 25 km long Satrod-Dabra-Chiraud rail bypass for good trains and doubling of Hisar-Jakhal line. Earlier in 2024, the FSL (Final Location Survey) for these were completed.<ref name=amarbyp1/><ref>[https://www.haryanaekhabar.com/hisar/railway-bypass-will-be-built-from-satrod-railway-station-of-hisar-to-chiraud/ Hisar rail bypass], haryanaekhabar.com, 7 January 2025.</ref> The survey for 25 km long railway bypass track from Hisar's Satrod to Chiraud via Dabra, Deva, Muklan has been completed and sent to railway headquarter for budget approval,<ref name=ns2/> and budget for DPR preparation is already in fy2025-26 pink book.<ref name=ns3>[https://www.haryanaekhabar.com/hisar/in-indian-railways-pink-book-hisar-railway-station-got-many-special-gifts-gm-will-come-to-inspect/ Indian Railways pink book hisar railway station got many special gifts gm will come to inspect], haryanaekhabar.com, 15 May 2025.</ref> This will allow freight trains to bypass the Hisar railway station freeing up the platforms for operation of more passenger trains.<ref name=ns2>[https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/haryana/hisar/news/railway-bypass-track-of-25-km-will-be-built-from-hisar-satroad-railway-station-to-chiraud-65983 haribhoomi.com Railway bypass track of 25 km from Hissar's Satrod to Chiraud], 7 Jan 2025.</ref>

In 2025-26 pink book, the budget for Raipur-[[Satrod railway station|Satrod]] track doubling was approved.<ref name=budg1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/a-new-railway-line-will-be-laid-from-hisar-yard-to-the-satroad-raipur-haryana-section-for-the-hisar-satroad-doubling-hisar-news-c-21-hsr1020-625896-2025-05-15 Hisar News: हिसार-सातरोड दोहरीकरण के लिए हिसार यार्ड से सातरोड-रायपुर हरियाणा सेक्शन तक बिछेगी नई रेललाइन], [[Amar Ujala]], 15 May 2025.</ref>

As announced in 2025, a dedicated restricted-access military yard will be constructed at Satroad railway station at the cost of Rs 124 crore, which will have 6 dedicated lines, automated digital control system, large ramp and loading platforms for the swift automated loading and unloading.<ref name=dar1>[https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/modern-military-yard-will-be-built-at-this-railway-station-2195734 हरियाणा के इस रेलवे स्टेशन पर बनेगा आधुनिक मिलिट्री यार्ड, देश की सुरक्षा होगी और मजबूत], Punjab Kesari, 12 August 2025.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Trains}}

* [[Transport in Haryana]]
** [[Hisar Airport]]
** [[Rail transport in Haryana]]

* [[Tourism in Haryana]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|673}}
{{Railway stations in Haryana}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1873]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Haryana]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Hisar district|Hisar]]
[[Category:Bikaner railway division]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Transport in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in British India]]

Tu Dhadkan Main Dil

2026-05-04T04:02:14Z

Nayeem: made the article and citations

{{short description|Indian musical drama television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| alt_name =
| genre = Drama Musical
| creator = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]
| creative_director =
| writer =
| director =
| starring = Aaradhya Patel [[Sourabh Raaj Jain]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 63
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = [[Swastik Productions]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|06|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2025|08|27}}
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| related =
}}

'''''Tu Dhadkan Main Dil''''' ({{translation|You Are The Heartbeat, I Am The Heart}}) is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series aired from 23 June 2025 to 27 August 2025 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 August 2025|title=Actor Swati Sharma on her show, Tu Dhadkan Mein Dil, ending: I’ve conditioned myself not to take such things to heart|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/actor-swati-sharma-on-her-show-tu-dhadkan-mein-dil-ending-i-ve-conditioned-myself-not-to-take-such-things-to-heart-101755375873246.html|access-date=29 August 2025|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Produced by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] under [[Swastik Productions]] and starring Aaradhya Patel and [[Sourabh Raj Jain]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=23 June 2025|title=Sourabh Raaj Jain Returns To TV With Emotional Role In 'Tu Dhadkan Main Dil'|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/sourabh-raaj-jain-tu-dhadkan-main-dil-show-details-1782430|access-date=29 June 2025|work=ABPLive|language=en}}</ref> It was replaced by ''[[Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad]]'' in its timeslot.

== Cast ==
* Aaradhya Patel as Dil Kumar: Nandini and Raghav's daughter
* [[Sourabh Raaj Jain]] as Raghav Kumar: Dil's father

=== Recurring ===
* Swati Sharma as Nandini: Dil's mother
* Ashmita Jaggi / Khushi Misra as Natasha
* Yami Khandelwal as Shanaya
* Arpit Sharma as Akhil
* Raj Logani as Chandan
* Priya Trivedi as Saloni
* Neetu Pandey as Raghav's mother
*Unknown as Gaurav: Nandini's brother
*Unknown as Gaurav's wife

== Productions ==
=== Release ===
In June 2025, [[StarPlus]] unveiled a teaser introducing the new show titled ''Tu Dhadkan Main Dil'', featuring Aaradhya Patel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=19 June 2025|title=Star Plus unveils drama Tu Dhadkan Main Dil featuring child artist Aaradhya Patel as Dil|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/star-plus-unveils-drama-tu-dhadkan-main-dil-featuring-child-artist-aaradhya-patel-dil/|access-date=29 June 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=19 June 2025|title=Tu Dhadkan Main Dil Promo: Aaradhya Patel Lets Her Heart Lead The Way|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/tu-dhadkan-main-dil-promo-aaradhya-patel-lets-her-heart-lead-the-way-ws-l-aa-aa-9394018.html|access-date=29 June 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Choudhary Mohammad Akram

2026-05-03T10:08:39Z

Nayeem: Adding a page

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Choudhary Mohammad Akram''' (born 1962) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He is an MLA from [[Surankote Assembly constituency]] in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] as an independent candidate. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He won the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]] as an independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Pahari-Gujjar divide in first battle for Jammu ST seats; BJP, INDIA play role reversal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/first-battle-jammu-st-seats-pahari-gujjar-divide-bjp-india-role-reversal-9567770/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Surankote Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/surankote-election-result-2024-live-update-9077473.html |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Akram is from Lassana village, Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of late [[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]] Aslam. He completed his B.E. in Civil Engineering in 1991 at R.E.C. Srinagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ch Mohd Akram(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SURANKOTE(POONCH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=320 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Akram won from Surankote Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 30,584 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mushtaq Ahmed Shah of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], by a margin of 8,064 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 2024: BJP state chief faces uphill task against former party colleague in Nowshera |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-elections-2024-bjp-state-chief-faces-uphill-task-against-former-party-colleague-in-nowshera-3185057 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=10 October 2024 |title=6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-independent-mlas-may-back-nc-taking-it-to-magic-no-of-48/articleshow/114097379.cms |accessdate=23 October 2024}}</ref> In the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] he polled 34,201 votes as an independent candidate and defeated his nearest rival, Mohammad Shahnawaz of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 8,551 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surankote (ST) Assembly Election Results 2024: Surankote (ST) Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir/surankote-st-constituency-result-38088 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Surankote Assembly constituency|Surankote]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Won}}||39.37%||Mohammed Shahnawaz||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29.18%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Surankote Assembly constituency|Surankote]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||46.45%||Mushtaq Ahmed Shah||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||34.20%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akram, Choudhary Mohammad}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuKashmir-INC-politician-stub}}

Margaret Murray

2026-05-02T20:30:11Z

Nayeem: stub

{{Short description|British Egyptologist (1863–1963)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FSAs|FRAI|size=100%}}
| image = Margaret Murray 1928c.jpg
| caption = Murray in 1928
| birth_name = Margaret Alice Murray
| birth_date = 13 July 1863
| birth_place = Calcutta, British India (now [[Kolkata]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|11|13|1863|7|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Welwyn]], Hertfordshire, England
| occupation = {{cslist|[[Egyptologist]]|[[archaeologist]]|[[anthropologist]]|[[folklorist]]}}
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University College London]]
| employer = University College London (1898–1935)
}}

'''Margaret Alice Murray''' (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was a British [[Egyptologist]], [[archaeologist]], [[anthropologist]], historian, and [[folklorist]]. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at [[University College London]] (UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She was president of the [[Folklore Society]] from 1953 to 1955, and published widely.

Born to a wealthy middle-class English family in [[Calcutta]], British India, Murray divided her youth between India, Britain, and Germany, training as both a nurse and a social worker. Moving to London, in 1894 she began studying Egyptology at UCL, developing a friendship with department head [[Flinders Petrie]], who encouraged her early academic publications and appointed her junior lecturer in 1898. In 1902–1903, she took part in Petrie's [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] at [[Abydos, Egypt]], there discovering the [[Osireion]] temple, and the following season investigated the [[Saqqara]] cemetery, both of which established her reputation in Egyptology. Supplementing her UCL wage by giving public classes and lectures at the [[British Museum]] and [[Manchester Museum]], it was at the latter in 1908 that she led the unwrapping of Khnum-nakht, one of the [[mummy|mummies]] recovered from the [[Tomb of two Brothers]]{{snd}}the first time that a woman had publicly unwrapped a mummy. Recognising that British [[Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination|Egyptomania]] reflected the existence of widespread public interest in [[Ancient Egypt]], Murray wrote several books on Egyptology targeted at a general audience.

Murray became closely involved in the [[first-wave feminism|first-wave feminist]] movement, joining the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] and devoting much time to improving women's status at UCL. Unable to return to Egypt due to the [[First World War]], she focused her research on the [[witch-cult hypothesis]], the theory that the [[witch trials in the early modern period|witch trials of Early Modern Christendom]] were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian, [[paganism|pagan]] religion devoted to a [[Horned God]]. Although later academically discredited, the theory gained widespread attention and proved a significant influence on the emerging [[new religious movement]] of [[Wicca]]. From 1921 to 1931, she undertook excavations of prehistoric sites on [[Malta]] and [[Menorca]] and developed her interest in folkloristics. Awarded an honorary doctorate in 1927, she was appointed assistant professor in 1928 and retired from UCL in 1935. That year she visited The British mandate of Palestine (modern day Israel , Jordan and the Palestinian territories) to aid Petrie's excavation of [[Tall al-Ajjul]] and in 1937 she led a small excavation at [[Petra]], Jordan. Taking on the presidency of the Folklore Society in later life, she lectured at such institutions as the [[University of Cambridge]] and [[City Literary Institute]], and continued to publish until her death.

Murray's work in Egyptology and archaeology was widely acclaimed and earned her the nickname of "The Grand Old Woman of Egyptology", although after her death many of her contributions to the field were overshadowed by those of Petrie. Conversely, Murray's work in folkloristics and the history of witchcraft has been academically discredited and her methods in these areas heavily criticised. The influence of her witch-cult theory in both religion and literature has been examined by scholars, and she herself has been dubbed the "Grandmother of Wicca".

==Early life==
===Youth: 1863–1893===
Margaret Murray was born on 13 July 1863 in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], then a major military city and the capital of [[British Raj|British India]].{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1961|1p=433|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=110|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3p=2}} She lived in the city with her parents James and Margaret Murray, an older sister named Mary, and her paternal grandmother and great-grandmother.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=2}} James Murray, born in India of Anglo-Irish descent, was a businessman and manager of the [[Serampore]] paper mills who was thrice elected President of the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=110|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=6}} Margaret (née Carr) had moved to India from Britain in 1857 to work as a [[missionary]], preaching [[Christianity]] and educating Indian women. She continued with this work after marrying James and giving birth to her two daughters.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=110|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=8–10}}

Although most of their lives were spent in the European area of Calcutta, which was walled off from the Indian sectors of the city, Murray encountered members of Indian society through her family's employment of ten Indian servants and through childhood holidays to [[Mussoorie]].{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=3–4, 13}} The historian [[Amara Thornton]] has suggested that Murray's Indian childhood exerted an influence over her throughout her life, expressing the view that Murray could be seen as having a hybrid transnational identity that was both British and Indian.{{sfn|Thornton|2014|p=5}} During her childhood, Murray received no formal education, and in later life expressed pride that she had never had to sit an exam before entering university.{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1961|1p=434|2a1=Oates|2a2=Wood|2y=1998|2p=9}}

In 1870, Margaret and her sister Mary were sent to Britain, moving in with their uncle John, a vicar, and his wife Harriet at their home in [[Lambourn]], Berkshire. Although John provided them with a strongly Christian education and a belief in [[Misogyny|the inferiority of women]], both of which she would reject, he awakened Murray's interest in archaeology through taking her to see local monuments.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=110|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=16–20}} In 1873, the girls' mother arrived in Europe and took them with her to [[Bonn]] in Germany, where they both became fluent in [[German language|German]].{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=110|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=21}} In 1875 they returned to Calcutta, staying there until 1877.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=21}} They then moved with their parents back to England, where they settled in [[Sydenham, London]]. There, they spent much time visiting [[The Crystal Palace]], while their father worked at his firm's London office.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=110|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=21–22}}

In 1880, they returned to Calcutta, where Margaret remained for the next seven years. She became a nurse at the Calcutta General Hospital, which was run by the Sisters of the Anglican Sisterhood of Clower, and there was involved with the hospital's attempts to deal with a [[1881–96 cholera pandemic|cholera outbreak]].{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1pp=110–111|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=22–24}} In 1881, at age 18, Margaret heard about [[James Murray (lexicographer)|James Murray]] (no relation) and his "general appeal to English speakers around the world to read their local books and send him words and quotations" for entry into the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ogilvie|first=Sarah|title=The Dictionary People: The unsung heroes who created the Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Vantage|date=2024}}</ref> She had a routine of taking a book onto the roof in the cool early-morning air. She began with [[William L'Isle]]'s edition of Aelfric's ''Saxon Treatise concerning the Old and New Testament'', from which she submitted 300 entries to Murray. She continued as a volunteer until 1888, submitting a total of 5,000 entries.

In 1887, she returned to England, moving to [[Rugby, Warwickshire]], where her uncle John, now widowed, had moved. She took up employment as a social worker dealing with local underprivileged people.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=111|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=24–25}} When her father retired to England, she moved into his house in [[Bushey|Bushey Heath]], Hertfordshire, living with him until his death in 1891.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=25}} In 1893 she travelled to [[Chennai|Madras]], Tamil Nadu, where her sister had moved to with her new husband.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=111|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=26}}

Later in 1893, Murray received her first introduction to Egyptology when her elder sister, Mary, alerted her to an advertisement in ''[[The Times]]'' for classes in Egyptian hieroglyphs taught by [[Flinders Petrie]], Murray's future mentor. Reflecting upon this in her autobiography, Murray notes it was her sister's insistence on attending these classes, largely spurred on by her own inability to do so, which set her down the path of her Egyptological career.<ref name=":0" />

===Early years at University College London: 1894–1905===
[[File:Wilkins Building 1, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Murray studied Egyptology at the UCL Wilkins Building (pictured).]]
Encouraged by her mother and sister, Murray decided to enrol at the newly opened department of Egyptology at [[University College London]] (UCL). At the time of Murray's enrolment, Egyptology was not a formally trained degree, with the exception of the [[University of Oxford]], which offered Middle Egyptian amongst a trio of "Oriental languages".<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Murray|1963|p=92}}</ref> Having been founded by an endowment from [[Amelia Edwards]], one of the co-founders of the [[Egypt Exploration Society|Egypt Exploration Fund]] (EEF), the department was run by the pioneering early archaeologist [[Flinders Petrie|Sir William Flinders Petrie]], and based in the Edwards Library of [[UCL Main Building|UCL's South Cloisters]].{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1963|1p=568|2a1=Janssen|2y=1992|2p=10|3a1=Drower|3y=2004|3p=111|4a1=Sheppard|4y=2013|4pp=26, 37, 41–44}} Murray began her studies at UCL at age 30 in January 1894, as part of a class composed largely of other women and older men.{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=10|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=111|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=44–45}} She took courses in the [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] and [[Coptic language|Coptic]] languages which were taught by [[Francis Llewellyn Griffith]] and [[Walter Ewing Crum]] respectively.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=45}}

Murray soon got to know Petrie, becoming his copyist and illustrator and producing the drawings for the published report on his excavations at [[Qift]], ''Koptos''.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=112|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=45–46}} In turn, he aided and encouraged her to write her first research paper, "The Descent of Property in the Early Periods of Egyptian History", which was published in the ''Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology'' in 1895.{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1963|1p=568|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=112|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=39, 47}} Becoming Petrie's ''de facto'' though unofficial assistant, Murray began to give some of the linguistic lessons in Griffith's absence.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=48–49, 52}} In 1898 she was appointed to the position of junior lecturer, responsible for teaching the linguistic courses at the Egyptology department; this made her the first female lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom.{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=11|2a1=Oates|2a2=Wood|2y=1998|2p=9|3a1=Drower|3y=2004|3pp=112–113|4a1=Whitehouse|4y=2013|4p=120|5a1=Sheppard|5y=2013|5pp=52–53}} In this capacity, she spent two days a week at UCL, devoting the other days to caring for her ailing mother.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=115|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=52–53}} As time went on, she came to teach courses on Ancient Egyptian history, religion, and language.{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1963|1p=568|2a1=Janssen|2y=1992|2p=12|3a1=Whitehouse|3y=2013|3p=121|4a1=Sheppard|4y=2013|4p=87}}

Among Murray's students – to whom she referred as "the Gang" – were several who went on to produce noted contributions to Egyptology, including [[Reginald Engelbach]], [[Georgina Aitken]], [[Guy Brunton]], and [[Myrtle Broome]].{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=14|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=90–91}} She supplemented her UCL salary by teaching evening classes in Egyptology at the [[British Museum]].{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=84}}
[[File:Osireion.jpg|thumb|left|The Osireion (pictured), which was first excavated by Murray]]
At this point, Murray had no experience in field archaeology, and so during the 1902–1903 field season, she travelled to Egypt to join Petrie's excavations at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]]. Petrie and his wife, [[Hilda Petrie]], had been excavating at the site since 1899, having taken over the archaeological investigation from French Coptic scholar [[Émile Amélineau]]. Murray at first joined as site nurse, but was subsequently taught how to excavate by Petrie and given a senior position.{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1963|1p=569|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=113|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=61–63}}

This led to issues with some of the male excavators, who disliked the idea of taking orders from a woman. This experience, coupled with discussions with other female excavators (some of whom were active in the feminist movement), led Murray to adopt openly feminist viewpoints.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=64–66}} While excavating at Abydos, Murray uncovered the [[Osireion]], a temple devoted to the god [[Osiris]] which had been constructed by order of Pharaoh [[Seti I]] during the period of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]].{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1961|1p=434|2a1=James|2y=1963|2p=569|3a1=Drower|3y=2004|3p=114|4a1=Sheppard|4y=2013|4pp=66–67}} She published her site report as ''The Osireion at Abydos'' in 1904; in the report, she examined the inscriptions that had been discovered at the site to discern the purpose and use of the building.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=60, 68}}

During the 1903–1904 field season, Murray returned to Egypt, and at Petrie's instruction began her investigations at the [[Saqqara]] cemetery near [[Cairo]], which dated from the period of the [[Old Kingdom]]. Murray did not have legal permission to excavate the site, and instead spent her time transcribing the inscriptions from ten of the tombs that had been excavated in the 1860s by [[Auguste Mariette]].{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1963|1p=569|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=114|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=70–76}} She published her findings in 1905 as ''Saqqara Mastabas I'', although would not publish translations of the inscriptions until 1937 as ''Saqqara Mastabas II''.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=60, 75}} Both ''The Osireion at Abydos'' and ''Saqqara Mastabas I'' proved to be very influential in the Egyptological community,{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=60}} with Petrie recognising Murray's contribution to his own career.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=86}}

===Feminism, the First World War, and folklore: 1905–1920===
[[File:Manchester Museum.jpg|thumb|right|Murray came to do much lecturing and cataloguing at Manchester Museum (pictured).]]
On returning to London, Murray took an active role in the feminist movement, volunteering and financially donating to the cause and taking part in feminist demonstrations, protests, and marches. Joining the [[Women's Social and Political Union]], she was present at large marches like the [[Mud March (Suffragists)|Mud March]] of 1907 and the [[Women's Coronation Procession]] of June 1911. She concealed the militancy of her actions in order to retain the image of respectability within academia.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|2p=117|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=105–107, 114–115}} Murray also pushed the [[professional boundaries]] for women throughout her own career, and mentored other women in archaeology and throughout academia.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=108–109}} As women could not use the men's [[common room]], she successfully campaigned for UCL to open a common room for women, and later ensured that a larger, better-equipped room was converted for the purpose; it was later renamed the Margaret Murray Room.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=118|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=110–111}} At UCL, she became a friend of fellow female lecturer [[Winifred Smith]], and together they campaigned to improve the status and recognition of women in the university, with Murray becoming particularly annoyed at female staff who were afraid of upsetting or offending the male university establishment with their demands.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=111–112}} Feeling that students should get nutritious yet affordable lunches, for many years she sat on the UCL Refectory Committee.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=115}} She took on an unofficial administrative role within the Egyptology Department, and was largely responsible for introduction of a formal certificate in Egyptian archaeology in 1910.<ref name="ODNB" />

Various museums around the United Kingdom invited Murray to advise them on their Egyptological collections, resulting in her cataloguing the Egyptian artefacts owned by the [[National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology|Dublin National Museum]], the [[National Museum of Antiquities (Scotland)|National Museum of Antiquities]] in [[Edinburgh]], and the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]], being elected a Fellow of the latter in thanks.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=116}}
Petrie had established connections with the Egyptological wing of [[Manchester Museum]] in [[Manchester]], and it was there that many of his finds had been housed. Murray thus often travelled to the museum to catalogue these artefacts, and during the 1906–07 school year regularly lectured there.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=106–107}}

In 1907, Petrie excavated the [[Tomb of two Brothers|Tomb of the Two Brothers]], a Middle Kingdom burial of two Egyptian priests, Nakht-ankh and Khnum-nakht, and it was decided that Murray would carry out the public unwrapping of the latter's mummified body. Taking place at the museum in May 1908, it represented the first time that a woman had led a public mummy unwrapping and was attended by over 500 onlookers, attracting press attention.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=116|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2012|2pp=526, 536–537|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=121, 126–127}} Murray was particularly keen to emphasise the importance that the unwrapping would have for the scholarly understanding of the Middle Kingdom and its burial practices, and lashed out against members of the public who saw it as immoral; she declared that "every vestige of ancient remains must be carefully studied and recorded without sentimentality and without fear of the outcry of the ignorant".{{sfnm|1a1=Sheppard|1y=2012|1p=539|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=126–129}} She subsequently published a book about her analysis of the two bodies, ''The Tomb of the Two Brothers'', which remained a key publication on Middle Kingdom mummification practices into the 21st century.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=116|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2012|2p=526|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3p=130}}
[[File:Glastonbury Abbey Lady Chapel c1900.jpg|thumb|left|Glastonbury Abbey (pictured) inspired Murray's interest in British folklore.]]
Murray was dedicated to public education, hoping to infuse [[Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination|Egyptomania]] with solid scholarship about Ancient Egypt, and to this end authored a series of books aimed at a general audience.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=121}} In 1905 she published ''Elementary Egyptian Grammar'' which was followed in 1911 by ''Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar''.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=89}} In 1913, she published ''Ancient Egyptian Legends'' for [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]'s "The Wisdom of the East" series.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=140–141}} She was particularly pleased with the increased public interest in Egyptology that followed [[Howard Carter]]'s [[discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun|discovery]] of the tomb of Pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]] in 1922.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=152}} From at least 1911 until his death in 1940, Murray was a close friend of the anthropologist [[Charles Gabriel Seligman]] of the [[London School of Economics]], and together they co-authored a variety of papers on Egyptology that were aimed at an anthropological audience. Many of these dealt with subjects that Egyptological journals would not publish, such as the "Sa" sign for the [[uterus]], and thus were published in ''[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|Man]]'', the journal of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute]].{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=197–198, 202–205}} It was at Seligman's recommendation that she was invited to become a member of the Institute in 1916.{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|p=13}}

In 1914, Petrie launched the academic journal ''Ancient Egypt'', published through his own [[British School of Archaeology in Egypt]] (BSAE), which was based at UCL. Given that he was often away from London excavating in Egypt, Murray was left to operate as ''de facto'' editor much of the time. She also published many research articles in the journal and authored many of its book reviews, particularly of the German-language publications which Petrie could not read.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1pp=118–119|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=199–201}}

The outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] in 1914, in which the United Kingdom went to war against [[German Empire|Germany]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], meant that Petrie and other staff members were unable to return to Egypt for excavation.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=97}} Instead, Petrie and Murray spent much of the time reorganising the artefact collections that they had attained over the past decades.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=161}} To aid Britain's war effort, Murray enrolled as a volunteer nurse in the Volunteer Air Detachment of the College Women's Union Society, and for several weeks was posted to [[Saint-Malo]] in France.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=118|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=98, 162}}

After being taken ill herself, she was sent to recuperate in [[Glastonbury]], [[Somerset]], where she became interested in [[Glastonbury Abbey]] and the folklore surrounding it which connected it to the legendary figure of [[King Arthur]] and to the idea that the [[Holy Grail]] had been brought there by [[Joseph of Aramathea]].{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=18|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=118|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3p=163}} Pursuing this interest, she published the paper "Egyptian Elements in the Grail Romance" in the journal ''Ancient Egypt'', although few agreed with her conclusions and it was criticised for making unsubstantiated leaps with the evidence by the likes of [[Jessie Weston (scholar)|Jessie Weston]].{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=19|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=118|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=164–165}}

==Later life==
===Witch-cult, Malta, and Menorca: 1921–1935===

{{Quote box
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|quote = When I suddenly realised that the so-called Devil was simply a disguised man I was startled, almost alarmed, by the way the recorded facts fell into place, and showed that the witches were members of an old and primitive form of religion, and the records had been made by members of a new and persecuting form.
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Murray's interest in folklore led her to develop an interest in the witch trials of Early Modern Europe. In 1917, she published a paper in ''Folklore'', the journal of the [[Folklore Society]], in which she first articulated her version of the witch-cult theory, arguing that the witches persecuted in European history were actually followers of "a definite religion with beliefs, ritual, and organization as highly developed as that of any cult in the end".{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=166–166}} She followed this up with papers on the subject in the journals ''Man'' and the ''[[Scottish Historical Review]]''.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=195}} She articulated these views more fully in her 1921 book ''[[The Witch-Cult in Western Europe]]'', published by Oxford University Press after receiving a positive peer review by [[Henry Balfour]], and which received both criticism and support on publication.{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=12|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=195|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=168–169}} Many reviews in academic journals were critical, with historians claiming that she had distorted and misinterpreted the contemporary records that she was using,{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=90|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=198}} but the book was nevertheless influential.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=119}}
[[File:Margaret Murray 1928b.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Murray in London in 1928]]
As a result of her work in this area, she was invited to provide the entry on "witchcraft" for the fourteenth edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' in 1929. She used the opportunity to propagate her own witch-cult theory, failing to mention the alternate theories proposed by other academics. Her entry would be included in the encyclopedia until 1969, becoming readily accessible to the public, and it was for this reason that her ideas on the subject had such a significant impact.{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=89|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=199|3a1=Drower|3y=2004|3p=119|4a1=Sheppard|4y=2013|4p=169}} It received a particularly enthusiastic reception by [[occultism|occultists]] such as [[Dion Fortune]], [[Lewis Spence]], [[Ralph Shirley]], and [[J. W. Brodie Innes]],{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=199}} perhaps because its claims regarding an ancient secret society chimed with similar claims common among various occult groups.{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|p=13}} Murray joined the Folklore Society in February 1927, and was elected to the society's council a month later, although she stood down in 1929.{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=9|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=175}} Murray reiterated her witch-cult theory in her 1933 book, ''The God of the Witches'', which was aimed at a wider, non-academic audience. In this book, she cut out or toned down what she saw as the more unpleasant aspects of the witch-cult, such as [[animal sacrifice|animal]] and [[child sacrifice|child]] sacrifice, and began describing the religion in more positive terms as "the Old Religion".{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=93|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=196|3a1=Drower|3y=2004|3p=119|4a1=Sheppard|4y=2013|4pp=169–171}}

At UCL, Murray was promoted to lecturer in 1921 and to [[senior lecturer]] in 1922.<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB|first1=Max |last1=Mallowan |first2=R. S. |last2= Simpson |title=Murray, Margaret Alice (1863–1963) |id=35169}}</ref> From 1921 to 1927, she led archaeological excavations on Malta, assisted by Edith Guest and [[Gertrude Caton Thompson]]. She excavated the Bronze Age [[megalithic]] monuments of [[Santa Sofia (pre-historic site)|Santa Sofia]], [[Santa Maria tal-Bakkari]], [[Għar Dalam]], and [[Borġ in-Nadur]], all of which were threatened by the construction of a new aerodrome. In this she was funded by the [[Percy Sladen Memorial Trust|Percy Sladen Memorial Fund]]. Her resulting three-volume excavation report came to be seen as an important publication within the field of Maltese archaeology.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1pp=121–122|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=207–210}} During the excavations, she had taken an interest in the island's folklore, resulting in the 1932 publication of her book ''Maltese Folktales'', much of which was a translation of earlier stories collected by [[Manuel Magri]] and her friend Liza Galea.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=112|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2pp=210–211}} In 1932 Murray returned to Malta to aid in the cataloguing of the Bronze Age pottery collection held in [[National Museum of Archaeology, Malta|Malta Museum]], resulting in another publication, ''Corpus of the Bronze Age Pottery of Malta''.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=112|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=210}}
[[File:Borg in Nadur.jpg|thumb|Murray excavated at Borġ in-Nadur in Malta (pictured).]]

On the basis of her work in Malta, [[Louis Clarke (antiquarian)|Louis Clarke]], the curator of the [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|Cambridge Museum of Ethnology and Anthropology]], invited her to lead excavations on the island of [[Menorca]] from 1930 to 1931. With the aid of Guest, she excavated the [[talaiotic culture|talaiotic]] sites of [[Trepucó]] and [[Sa Torreta de Tramuntana]], resulting in the publication of ''Cambridge Excavations in Minorca''.{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1961|1p=434|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=123|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=212–215}} Murray also continued to publish works on Egyptology for a general audience, such as ''Egyptian Sculpture'' (1930) and ''Egyptian Temples'' (1931), which received largely positive reviews.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=144–150}} In the summer of 1925 she led a team of volunteers to excavate Homestead Moat in [[Whomerle Wood]] near to [[Stevenage]], [[Hertfordshire]]; she did not publish an excavation report and did not mention the event in her autobiography, with her motives for carrying out the excavation remaining unclear.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=124}}

In 1924, UCL promoted Murray to the position of assistant professor,{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=10|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=115|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3p=97}} and, in 1927, she was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] for her career in Egyptology.{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1963|1p=569|2a1=Oates|2a2=Wood|2y=1998|2p=9|3a1=Drower|3y=2004|3p=115|4a1=Sheppard|4y=2013|4p=97}} That year, Murray was tasked with guiding [[Mary of Teck]], the Queen consort, around the Egyptology department during the latter's visit to UCL.{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=21|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=121}} The pressures of teaching had eased by this point, allowing Murray to spend more time travelling internationally; in 1920 she returned to Egypt and in 1929 visited South Africa, where she attended the meeting of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]], whose theme was the prehistory of southern Africa.{{sfn|Drower|2004|pp=124–125}} In the early 1930s she travelled to the [[Soviet Union]], where she visited museums in [[Leningrad]], [[Moscow]], [[Kharkov]], and [[Kiev]], and then in late 1935 she undertook a lecture tour of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=125}}

Although having reached legal retirement age in 1927, and thus unable to be offered another five-year contract, Murray was reappointed on an annual basis each year until 1935.{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=22|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=99}} At this point, she retired, expressing the opinion that she was glad to leave UCL, for reasons that she did not make clear.{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=30|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2pp=127–128|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3p=224}} In 1933, Petrie had retired from UCL and moved to [[Jerusalem]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]] with his wife; Murray therefore took over as editor of the ''Ancient Egypt'' journal, renaming it ''Ancient Egypt and the East'' to reflect its increasing research interest in the ancient societies that surrounded and interacted with Egypt. The journal folded in 1935, perhaps due to Murray's retirement.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=201}} Murray then spent some time in Jerusalem, where she aided the Petries in their excavation at [[Tall al-Ajjul]], a Bronze Age mound south of [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1961|1p=434|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=128|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=224–226}}

===Petra, Cambridge, and London: 1935–1953===
[[File:Margaret Murray 1938.jpg|thumb|upright|Murray in 1938]]
During Murray's 1935 trip to Palestine, she visited [[Petra]] in neighbouring Jordan. Intrigued by the site, in March and April 1937 she returned in order to carry out a small excavation in several cave dwellings at the site, subsequently writing both an excavation report and a guidebook on Petra.{{sfn|Drower|2004|pp=128–129}} Back in England, from 1934 to 1940, Murray aided the cataloguing of Egyptian antiquities at [[Girton College, Cambridge]], and also gave lectures in Egyptology at the university until 1942.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=226–227}} Her interest in folklore more broadly continued and she wrote the introduction to ''Lincolnshire Folklore'' by [[Ethel Rudkin]], in which she discussed how superior women were as folklorists to men.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Theo|date=1 January 1986|title=Obituary: Ethel H. Rudkin, 1893–1985|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384|journal=Folklore|volume=97|issue=2|pages=222–223|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384|issn=0015-587X|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720033137/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0015587X.1986.9716384|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

During the [[Second World War]], Murray evaded [[the Blitz]] of London by moving to Cambridge, where she volunteered for a group (probably the [[Army Bureau of Current Affairs]] or [[Royal Army Educational Corps|The British Way and Purpose]]) who educated military personnel to prepare them for post-war life.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1pp=130–131|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=228}} Based in the city, she embarked on research into the town's Early Modern history, examining documents stored in local parish churches, [[Downing College]], and [[Ely Cathedral]]; she never published her findings.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=131}} In 1945, she briefly became involved in the "[[Who put Bella in the Wych Elm?]]" murder case.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://strangeremains.com/2015/04/24/who-put-bella-down-the-wych-elm/|title=Who put Bella down the Wych Elm?|date=24 April 2015|work=Strange Remains|access-date=17 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202135946/https://strangeremains.com/2015/04/24/who-put-bella-down-the-wych-elm/|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the war ended she returned to London, settling into a [[bedsit]] room in Endsleigh Street, which was close to University College London (UCL) and the [[UCL Institute of Archaeology|Institute of Archaeology]] (then an independent institution, now part of UCL); she continued her involvement with the former and made use of the latter's library.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=131}} On most days, she visited the British Museum in order to consult their library, and twice a week she taught adult education classes on Ancient Egyptian history and religion at the [[City Literary Institute]]; upon her retirement from this position she nominated her former pupil, [[Veronica Seton-Williams]], to replace her.{{sfn|Drower|2004|pp=131–132}}

Murray's interest in popularising Egyptology among the wider public continued; in 1949 she published ''Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry'', her second work for John Murray's "The Wisdom of the East" series.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=140}} That year she also published ''The Splendour That Was Egypt'', in which she collated many of her UCL lectures. The book adopted a [[Trans-cultural diffusion|diffusionist perspective]] that argued that Egypt influenced Greco-Roman society and thus modern Western society. This was seen as a compromise between Petrie's belief that other societies influenced the emergence of Egyptian civilisation and [[Grafton Elliot Smith]]'s highly unorthodox and heavily criticised [[Hyperdiffusionism in archaeology|hyperdiffusionist]] view that Egypt was the source of all global civilisation. The book received a mixed reception from the archaeological community.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=178–188}}

===Final years: 1953–1963===
[[File:Todrmurray.jpg|thumb]]
{{Quote box
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|quote = [I] went to her hundredth birthday party where she sat enthroned—no other word for it—surrounded by family and friends. A distant cousin—what we would have called an elderly lady of eighty—was bringing greetings from even more distant relatives in Australia and suddenly forgot, as happens to many people half her age and a third of the age of Ma Murray, one name. "How stupid of me, Cousin Margaret", she said, "how stupid the name has quite gone out of my head." Ma Murray focused her eyes on this old lady twenty years her junior—cold eyes in which feeling seemed extinguished in the neutrality of eternity—and said gently and kindly, "Not stupidity, my dear. Not stupidity:
just mental laziness."
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|source = [[Glyn Daniel]], 1964{{sfn|Daniel|1964|p=2}}
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In 1953, Murray was appointed to the presidency of the Folklore Society following the resignation of former president Allan Gomme. The Society had initially approached [[John Mavrogordato]] for the post, but he had declined, with Murray accepting the nomination several months later. Murray remained president for two terms, until 1955.{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1pp=9, 91|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=132|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3p=229}} In her 1954 presidential address, "England as a Field for Folklore Research", she lamented what she saw as the English people's disinterest in their own folklore in favour of that from other nations.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=132}} For the autumn 1961 issue of ''Folklore'', the society published a ''[[festschrift]]'' to Murray to commemorate her 98th birthday. The issue contained contributions from various scholars paying tribute to her – with papers dealing with archaeology, fairies, Near Eastern religious symbols, Greek folk songs – but notably not about witchcraft, potentially because no other folklorists were willing to defend her witch-cult theory.{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1963|1p=569|2a1=Simpson|2y=1994|2p=94}}

In May 1957, Murray had championed the archaeologist [[T. C. Lethbridge]]'s controversial claims that he had discovered three pre-Christian chalk [[hill figure]]s on [[Wandlebury Hill]] in the [[Gog Magog Hills]], Cambridgeshire. Privately she expressed concern about the reality of the figures.{{sfnm|1a1=Welbourn|1y=2011|1pp=157–159, 164–165|2a1=Gibson|2y=2013|2p=94}} Lethbridge subsequently authored a book championing her witch-cult theory in which he sought the cult's origins in pre-Christian culture.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=16}} In 1960, she donated her collection of papers – including correspondences with a wide range of individuals across the country – to the Folklore Society Archive, where it is now known as "the Murray Collection".{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|pp=32, 35}}
[[File:Margaret Murray interviewed by the BBC.jpg|thumb|left|Murray being interviewed by the BBC, {{Circa|1960}}]]

Crippled with [[arthritis]], Murray had moved into a home in [[North Finchley]], north London, where she was cared for by a retired couple who were trained nurses; from here she occasionally took taxis into central London to visit the UCL library.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=132}}
Amid failing health, in 1962 Murray moved into the [[Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, Welwyn]], [[Hertfordshire]], where she could receive 24-hour care; she lived here for the final 18 months of her life.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=132|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=230}} To mark her hundredth birthday, on 13 July 1963 a group of her friends, former students, and doctors gathered for a party at nearby [[Ayot St. Lawrence]].{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=132}} Two days later, her doctor drove her to UCL for a second birthday party, again attended by many of her friends, colleagues, and former students; it was the last time that she visited the university.{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1pp=80–81|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=132|3a1=Sheppard|3y=2013|3pp=230–231}} In ''Man'', the journal of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute]], it was noted that Murray was "the only Fellow of the Institute to [reach their centenary] within living memory, if not in its whole history".{{sfn|Anonymous|1963|p=106}} That year she published two books; one was ''The Genesis of Religion'', in which she argued that humanity's first deities had been goddesses rather than male gods.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=132}} The second was her autobiography, ''My First Hundred Years'', which received predominantly positive reviews.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=132|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=231}} She died on 13 November 1963, and her body was cremated.{{sfnm|1a1=Drower|1y=2004|1p=132|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=231}}

==Murray's witch-cult hypotheses==
{{further|Witch-cult hypothesis}}
The later folklorists Caroline Oates and Juliette Wood have suggested that Murray was best known for her witch-cult theory,{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|p=7}} with biographer Margaret S. Drower expressing the view that it was her work on this subject which "perhaps more than any other, made her known to the general public".{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=119}} It has been claimed that Murray's was the "first feminist study of the witch trials",{{sfn|Winick|2015|p=567}} as well as being the first to have actually "empowered the witches" by giving the (largely female) accused both [[free will]] and a voice distinct from that of their interrogators.{{sfn|Winick|2015|p=569}} The theory was faulty, in part because all of her academic training was in Egyptology, with no background knowledge in European history,{{sfn|Noble|2005|p=12}} but also because she exhibited a "tendency to generalize wildly on the basis of very slender evidence".{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|p=13}}

Oates and Wood, however, noted that Murray's interpretations of the evidence fit within wider perspectives on the past that existed at the time, stating that "Murray was far from isolated in her method of reading ancient ritual origins into later myths".{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|p=7}} In particular, her approach was influenced by the work of the anthropologist [[James Frazer]], who had argued for the existence of a pervasive [[Dying-and-rising god|dying-and-resurrecting god myth]],{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=16|2a1=Drower|2y=2004|2p=119}} and she was also influenced by the interpretative approaches of E. O. James, [[Karl Pearson]], [[Herbert Fleure]], and [[Harold Peake]].{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|pp=16–18}}

===Argument===
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|quote = The extreme negative and positive reactions to ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'', as well as its legacy in religion and literature, register as responses to its fantastical form and content and especially to its implication of an alternate, woman-centered history of Western religion. At least one contemporary review turns Murray's suggestion of continuity between the premodern witches and contemporary women back on her in an ad hominem attack.
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}}

In ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'', Murray stated that she had restricted her research to Great Britain, although made some recourse to sources from France, Flanders, and [[New England]].{{sfn|Murray|1962|p=6}} She drew a division between what she termed "Operative Witchcraft", which referred to the performance of spells with any purpose, and "Ritual Witchcraft", by which she meant "the ancient religion of Western Europe", a fertility-based faith that she also termed "the Dianic cult".{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=11–12}} She claimed that the cult had "very probably" once been devoted to the worship of both a male deity and a "Mother Goddess" but that "at the time when the cult is recorded the worship of the male deity appears to have superseded that of the female".{{sfnm|1a1=Murray|1y=1962|1p=13|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=16}} In her argument, Murray claimed that the figure referred to as the Devil in the trial accounts was the witches' god, "manifest and incarnate", to whom the witches offered their prayers. She claimed that at the witches' meetings, the god would be personified, usually by a man or at times by a woman or an animal; when a human personified this entity, Murray claimed that they were usually dressed plainly, though they appeared in full costume for the witches' Sabbaths.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=28–31}}

Members joined the cult either as children or adults through what Murray called "admission ceremonies"; Murray asserted that applicants had to agree to join of their own free will, and agree to devote themselves to the service of their deity. She also claimed that in some cases, these individuals had to sign a covenant or were baptised into the faith.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=71, 79, 82}} At the same time, she claimed that the religion was largely passed down hereditary lines.{{sfn|Murray|1962|p=225}} Murray described the religion as being divided into [[coven]]s containing thirteen members,{{sfnm|1a1=Murray|1y=1962|1pp=190–191|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=16}} led by a coven officer who was often termed the "Devil" in the trial accounts, but who was accountable to a "Grand Master".{{sfn|Murray|1962|p=186}} According to Murray, the records of the coven were kept in a secret book, with the coven also disciplining its members, to the extent of executing those deemed traitors.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=194–200}}

Describing this witch-cult as "a joyous religion",{{sfn|Murray|1962|p=15}} she claimed that the two primary festivals that it celebrated were on May Eve and November Eve, although that other dates of religious observation were 1 February and 1 August, the winter and summer solstices, and Easter.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=12–13, 109}} She asserted that the "General Meeting of all members of the religion" were known as Sabbaths, while the more private ritual meetings were known as Esbats.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray|1y=1962|1p=97|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=16}} The Esbats, Murray claimed, were nocturnal rites that began at midnight, and were "primarily for business, whereas the Sabbath was purely religious". At the former, magical rites were performed both for malevolent and benevolent ends.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=111-112}} She asserted the Sabbath ceremonies involved the witches paying homage to the deity, renewing their "vows of fidelity and obedience" to him, and providing him with accounts of all the magical actions that they had conducted since the previous Sabbath. Once this business had been concluded, admissions to the cult or marriages were conducted, ceremonies and fertility rites took place, and then the Sabbath ended with feasting and dancing.{{sfn|Murray|1962|p=124}}

[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Devil and Woman on Horseback (CLXXXIXv).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Devil on horseback. ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'' (1493).]]
Deeming Ritual Witchcraft to be "a fertility cult", she asserted that many of its rites were designed to ensure fertility and rain-making.{{sfn|Murray|1962|p=169}} She claimed that there were four types of sacrifice performed by the witches: blood-sacrifice, in which the neophyte writes their name in blood; the sacrifice of animals; the sacrifice of a non-Christian child to procure magical powers; and the sacrifice of the witches' god by fire to ensure fertility.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=152–162}}
She interpreted accounts of witches shapeshifting into various animals as being representative of a rite in which the witches dressed as specific animals which they took to be sacred.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=30–32}} She asserted that accounts of [[familiar]]s were based on the witches' use of animals, which she divided into "divining familiars" used in [[divination]] and "domestic familiars" used in other magic rites.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=205–208}}

Murray asserted that a pre-Christian fertility-based religion had survived the Christianization process in Britain, although that it came to be "practised only in certain places and among certain classes of the community".{{sfn|Murray|1962|p=19}} She believed that folkloric stories of fairies in Britain were based on a surviving race of dwarfs, who continued to live on the island up until the Early Modern period. She asserted that this race followed the same pagan religion as the witches, thus explaining the folkloric connection between the two.{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=14, 238}} In the appendices to the book, she also alleged that [[Joan of Arc]] and [[Gilles de Rais]] were members of the witch-cult and were executed for it,{{sfn|Murray|1962|pp=270–279}} a claim which has been refuted by historians, especially in the case of Joan of Arc.{{sfn|Noble|2005|p=14}}

The later historian [[Ronald Hutton]] commented that ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'' "rested upon a small amount of archival research, with extensive use of printed trial records in 19th-century editions, plus early modern pamphlets and works of demonology". He also noted that the book's tone was generally "dry and clinical, and every assertion was meticulously footnoted to a source, with lavish quotation".{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=195}} It was not a bestseller; in its first thirty years, only 2,020 copies were sold.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=199}} However, it led many people to treat Murray as an authority on the subject; in 1929, she was invited to provide the entry on "Witchcraft" for the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', and used it to present her interpretation of the subject as if it were universally accepted in scholarship. It remained in the encyclopedia until being replaced in 1969.{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=89|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=169|3a1=Doyle White|3y=2016|3p=16}}

Murray followed ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'' with ''The God of the Witches'', published by the popular press [[Sampson Low]] in 1931; although similar in content, unlike her previous volume it was aimed at a mass market audience.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=196|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=16}} The tone of the book also differed strongly from its predecessor, containing "emotionally inflated [language] and coloured with religious phraseology" and repeatedly referring to the witch-cult as "the Old Religion".{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=93}} In this book she also "cut out or toned down" many of the claims made in her previous volume which would have painted the cult in a bad light, such as those which discussed sex and the sacrifice of animals and children.{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=93}}

In this book she began to refer to the witches' deity as the [[Horned God]], and asserted that it was an entity who had been worshipped in Europe since the [[Palaeolithic]].{{sfnm|1a1=Murray|1y=1952|1p=13|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=87}}
She further asserted that in the Bronze Age, the worship of the deity could be found throughout Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa, claiming that the depiction of various horned figures from these societies proved that. Among the evidence cited were the horned figures found at [[Mohenjo-Daro]], which are often interpreted as depictions of [[Pashupati]], as well as the deities [[Osiris]] and [[Amun|Amon]] in Egypt and the [[Minotaur]] of [[Minoan Crete]].{{sfn|Murray|1952|pp=24–27}} Within continental Europe, she claimed that the Horned God was represented by [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]] in Greece, [[Cernunnos]] in Gaul, and in various Scandinavian rock carvings.{{sfn|Murray|1952|pp=28–29}} Claiming that this divinity had been declared the Devil by the Christian authorities, she nevertheless asserted that his worship was testified in officially Christian societies right through to the Modern period, citing folkloric practices such as the [[Dorset Ooser]] and the [[Puck Fair]] as evidence of his veneration.{{sfn|Murray|1952|pp=32–37, 43–44}}

In 1954, she published ''The Divine King in England'', in which she greatly extended on the theory, taking influence from Frazer's ''[[The Golden Bough]]'', an anthropological book that made the claim that societies all over the world sacrificed their kings to the deities of nature. In her book, she claimed that this practice had continued into medieval England, and that, for instance, the death of [[William II of England|William II]] was really a ritual sacrifice.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=272|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=170}}
No academic took the book seriously, and it was ignored by many of her supporters.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=272|2a1=Noble|2y=2005|2p=12}}

===Academic reception===
====Early support====
Upon initial publication, Murray's thesis gained a favourable reception from many readers, including some significant scholars, albeit none who were experts in the witch trials.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=199}} Historians of Early Modern Britain like [[George Norman Clark]] and [[Christopher Hill (historian)|Christopher Hill]] incorporated her theories into their work, although they subsequently distanced themselves from the theory.{{sfn|Thomas|1971|p=515}} For the 1961 reprint of ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'', the Medieval historian [[Steven Runciman]] provided a foreword in which he accepted that some of Murray's "minor details may be open to criticism",{{sfn|Runciman|1962|p=5}} but in which he was otherwise supportive of her thesis.{{sfn|Cohn|1975|p=108}} Her theories were recapitulated by [[Arno Runeberg]] in his 1947 book ''Witches, Demons and Fertility Magic'' as well as [[Pennethorne Hughes]] in his 1952 book ''Witches''.{{sfn|Oates|Wood|1998|pp=28–29}} As a result, the Canadian historian Elliot Rose, writing in 1962, claimed that the Murrayite interpretations of the witch trials "seem to hold, at the time of writing, an almost undisputed sway at the higher intellectual levels", being widely accepted among "educated people".{{sfn|Rose|1962|p=14}}

Rose suggested that the reason that Murray's theory gained such support was partly because of her "imposing credentials" as a member of staff at UCL, a position that lent her theory greater legitimacy in the eyes of many readers.{{sfn|Rose|1962|p=15}} He further suggested that the Murrayite view was attractive to many as it confirmed "the general picture of pre-Christian Europe a reader of Frazer or [[Robert Graves|[Robert] Graves]] would be familiar with".{{sfn|Rose|1962|p=15}} Similarly, Hutton suggested that the cause of the Murrayite theory's popularity was because it "appealed to so many of the emotional impulses of the age", including "the notion of the English countryside as a timeless place full of ancient secrets", the literary popularity of Pan, the widespread belief that the majority of British had remained pagan long after the process of Christianisation, and the idea that folk customs represented pagan survivals. At the same time, Hutton suggested, it seemed more plausible to many than the previously dominant rationalist idea that the witch trials were the result of mass delusion.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=199}}

Related to this, the folklorist [[Jacqueline Simpson]] suggested that part of the Murrayite theory's appeal was that it appeared to give a "sensible, demystifying, liberating approach to a longstanding but sterile argument" between the rationalists who denied that there had been any witches and those, like [[Montague Summers]], who insisted that there had been a real Satanic conspiracy against Christendom in the Early Modern period replete with witches with supernatural powers. "How refreshing", noted the historian [[Hilda Ellis Davidson]], "and exciting her first book was {{em|at that period}}. A new approach, and such a surprising one."{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=90}}

====Early criticism====
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|quote = Surely, discussion of what confessedly is so unripe is premature. When Miss Murray has broadened her study to all the lands where she can find the "cult"; when she has dealt with documents worthier the name of records than the chapbooks and the formless reports that have to serve us for the British trials; when she has traced back witch-sabbath and questionary through the centuries of witch and heretic hunting that precede the British; when she has trusted herself to study the work of other students and fairly to weigh their conclusions against her own in the light of the further evidence they may adduce: then perhaps she may have modified her views. Whether she changes or confirms them, she will then have earned the right to a hearing.
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|source = George L. Burr, 1922.{{sfn|Burr|1922|p=782}}
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Murray's theories never received support from experts in the Early Modern witch trials,{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=198}} and from her early publications onward many of her ideas were challenged by those who highlighted her "factual errors and methodological failings".{{sfn|Eliade|1975|p=152}} Indeed, the majority of scholarly reviews of her work produced during the 1920s and 1930s were largely critical.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|p=169}} George L. Burr reviewed both of her initial books on the witch-cult for the ''[[American Historical Review]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Burr|1y=1922|1pp=780–783|2a1=Burr|2y=1935|2pp=491–492}} He stated that she was not acquainted with the "careful general histories by modern scholars" and criticised her for assuming that the trial accounts accurately reflected the accused witches' genuine experiences of witchcraft, regardless of whether those confessions had been obtained through torture and coercion.{{sfn|Burr|1922|p=781}} He also charged her with selectively using the evidence to serve her interpretation, for instance by omitting any supernatural or miraculous events that appear in the trial accounts.{{sfn|Burr|1922|p=782}} W. R. Halliday was highly critical in his review for ''Folklore'',{{sfnm|1a1=Halliday|1y=1922|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=198}} as was E. M. Loeb in his review for ''[[American Anthropologist]]''.{{sfn|Loeb|1922|pp=476–478}}

Soon after, one of the foremost specialists of the trial records, L'Estrange Ewen, brought out a series of books which rejected Murray's interpretation.{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=28|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=198}}
Rose suggested that Murray's books on the witch-cult "contain an incredible number of minor errors of fact or of calculation and several inconsistencies of reasoning". He accepted that her case "could, perhaps, still be proved by somebody else, though I very much doubt it".{{sfn|Rose|1962|p=56}} Highlighting that there is a gap of about a thousand years between the Christianisation of Britain and the start of the witch trials there, he argues that there is no evidence for the existence of the witch-cult anywhere in the intervening period. He further criticises Murray for treating pre-Christian Britain as a socially and culturally monolithic entity, whereas in reality, it contained a diverse array of societies and religious beliefs. He also challenges Murray's claim that the majority of Britons in the Middle Ages remained pagan as "a view grounded on ignorance alone".{{sfn|Rose|1962|pp=56–61}}

Murray did not respond directly to the criticisms of her work, but reacted to her critics in a hostile manner; in later life she asserted that she eventually ceased reading reviews of her work, and believed that her critics were simply acting out of their own Christian prejudices to non-Christian religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1971|1p=516|2a1=Simpson|2y=1994|2p=90|3a1=Oates|3a2=Wood|3y=1998|3p=28|4a1=Hutton|4y=1999|4p=198|5a1=Noble|5y=2005|5p=5}}
Simpson noted that despite these critical reviews, within the field of British [[folkloristics]], Murray's theories were permitted "to pass unapproved but unchallenged, either out of politeness or because nobody was really interested enough to research the topic".{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=94}} As evidence, she noted that no substantial research articles on the subject of witchcraft were published in ''Folklore'' between Murray's in 1917 and [[Rossell Hope Robbins]]'s in 1963. She highlighted that when regional studies of British folklore were published in this period by folklorists like [[Theo Brown]], [[Ruth Tongue]], or [[Enid Porter]], none adopted the Murrayite framework for interpreting witchcraft beliefs, thus evidencing her claim that Murray's theories were widely ignored by scholars of folkloristics.{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=94}}

====Academic rejection====
Murray's work was increasingly criticised following her death in 1963, with the definitive academic rejection of the Murrayite witch-cult theory occurring during the 1970s.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=362|2a1=Russell|2a2=Alexander|2y=2007|2p=154}} During these decades, a variety of scholars across Europe and North America – such as [[Alan Macfarlane]], Erik Midelfort, William Monter, Robert Muchembled, Gerhard Schormann, Bente Alver and Bengt Ankarloo – published in-depth studies of the archival records from the witch trials, leaving no doubt that those tried for witchcraft were not practitioners of a surviving pre-Christian religion.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=362}}
In 1971, the English historian [[Keith Thomas (historian)|Keith Thomas]] stated that on the basis of this research, there was "very little evidence to suggest that the accused witches were either devil-worshippers or members of a pagan fertility cult".{{sfn|Thomas|1971|p=514}} He stated that Murray's conclusions were "almost totally groundless" because she ignored the systematic study of the trial accounts provided by Ewen and instead used sources very selectively to argue her point.{{sfn|Thomas|1971|p=515}}

In 1975, the historian [[Norman Cohn]] commented that Murray's "knowledge of European history, even of English history, was superficial and her grasp of [[historical method]] was non-existent",{{sfn|Cohn|1975|p=109}} adding that her ideas were "firmly set in an exaggerated and distorted version of the Frazerian mould".{{sfn|Cohn|1975|p=109}} That same year, the historian of religion [[Mircea Eliade]] described Murray's work as "hopelessly inadequate", containing "numberless and appalling errors".{{sfn|Eliade|1975|pp=152–153}} In 1996, the feminist historian [[Diane Purkiss]] stated that although Murray's thesis was "intrinsically improbable" and commanded "little or no allegiance within the modern academy", she felt that male scholars like Thomas, Cohn, and Macfarlane had unfairly adopted an androcentric approach by which they contrasted their own, male and methodologically sound interpretation against Murray's "feminised belief" about the witch-cult.{{sfn|Purkiss|1996|pp=62–63}}

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|quote = That this "old religion" persisted secretly, without leaving any evidence, is, of course, possible, just as it is possible that below the surface of the moon lie extensive deposits of [[Stilton cheese]]. Anything is possible. But it is nonsense to assert the existence of something for which no evidence exists. The Murrayites ask us to swallow a most peculiar sandwich: a large piece of the wrong evidence between two thick slices of no evidence at all.
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Hutton stated that Murray had treated her source material with "reckless abandon",{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=198}} in that she had taken "vivid details of alleged witch practices" from "sources scattered across a great extent of space and time" and then declared them to be normative of the cult as a whole.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=196}} Simpson outlined how Murray had selected her use of evidence very specifically, particularly by ignoring and/or rationalising any accounts of supernatural or miraculous events in the trial records, thereby distorting the events that she was describing. Thus, Simpson pointed out, Murray rationalised claims that the cloven-hoofed Devil appeared at the witches' Sabbath by stating that he was a man with a special kind of shoe, and similarly asserted that witches' claims to have flown through the air on broomsticks were actually based on their practice of either hopping along on broomsticks or smearing hallucinogenic salves onto themselves.{{sfn|Simpson|1994|pp=90–91}} Concurring with this assessment, the historian [[Jeffrey Burton Russell]], writing with the independent author Brooks Alexander, stated that "Murray's use of sources, in general, is appalling".{{sfn|Russell|Alexander|2007|p=154}} The pair went on to claim that "today, scholars are agreed that Murray was more than just wrong – she was completely and embarrassingly wrong on nearly all of her basic premises".{{sfn|Russell|Alexander|2007|p=154}}

The Italian historian [[Carlo Ginzburg]] has been cited as being willing to give "some slight support" to Murray's theory.{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=95}} Ginzburg stated that although her thesis had been "formulated in a wholly uncritical way" and contained "serious defects", it did contain "a kernel of truth".{{sfn|Ginzburg|1983|p=xix}} He stated his opinion that she was right in claiming that European witchcraft had "roots in an ancient fertility cult", something that he argued was vindicated by his work researching the {{lang|it|[[benandanti]]}}, an agrarian visionary tradition recorded in the [[Friuli]] district of Northeastern Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries.{{sfn|Ginzburg|1983|p=xiii}} Several historians and folklorists have pointed out that Ginzburg's arguments are very different to Murray's: whereas Murray argued for the existence of a pre-Christian witches' cult whose members physically met during the witches' Sabbaths, Ginzburg argued that some of the European visionary traditions that were conflated with witchcraft in the Early Modern period had their origins in pre-Christian fertility religions.{{sfnm|1a1=Cohn|1y=1975|1p=223|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=378|3a1=Wood|3y=2001|3pp=46–47}} Moreover, other historians have expressed criticism of Ginzburg's interpretation of the {{lang|it|benandanti}}; Cohn stated that there was "nothing whatsoever" in the source material to justify the idea that the {{lang|it|benandanti}} were the "survival of an age-old fertility cult".{{sfn|Cohn|1975|p=223}} Echoing these views, Hutton commented that Ginzburg's claim that the {{lang|it|benandanti}}'s visionary traditions were a survival from pre-Christian practices was an idea resting on "imperfect material and conceptual foundations".{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=278}} He added that Ginzburg's "assumption" that "what was being dreamed about in the sixteenth century had in fact been acted out in religious ceremonies" dating to "pagan times", was entirely "an inference of his own" and not one supported by the documentary evidence.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=277}}

==Personal life==
[[File:Bust of Margaret Murray, UCL.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Murray held in the library of the [[UCL Institute of Archaeology]]. The bronze cast was produced by [[Stephen Rickard]] after having been commissioned by Murray's student Violet MacDermot.{{sfn|Janssen|1992|p=79}}]]

On researching the history of UCL's Egyptology department, the historian Rosalind M. Janssen stated that Murray was "remembered with gratitude and immense affection by all her former students. A wise and witty teacher, two generations of Egyptologists have forever been in her debt." Alongside teaching them, Murray was known to socialise with her UCL students outside of class hours.{{sfn|Janssen|1992|pp=30-31}}

Archaeologist [[Ralph Merrifield]], who knew Murray through the Folklore Society, described her as a "diminutive and kindly scholar, who radiated intelligence and strength of character into extreme old age".{{sfn|Merrifield|1993|p=10}} Davidson, who also knew Murray through the Society, noted that at their meetings "she would sit near the front, a bent and seemingly guileless old lady dozing peacefully, and then in the middle of a discussion would suddenly intervene with a relevant and penetrating comment which showed that she had missed not one word of the argument".{{sfn|Davidson|1987|p=123}} The later folklorist Juliette Wood noted that many members of the Folklore Society "remember her fondly", adding that Murray had been "especially keen to encourage younger researchers, even those who disagreed with her ideas".{{sfn|Wood|2001|p=45}}

One of Murray's friends in the Society, [[E. O. James]], described her as a "mine of information and a perpetual inspiration ever ready to impart her vast and varied stores of specialised knowledge without reserve, or, be it said, much if any regard for the generally accepted opinions and conclusions of the experts!"{{sfn|James|1963|p=568}} Davidson described her as being "not at all assertive{{nbsp}}[...] [she] never thrust her ideas on anyone. [In relation to her witch-cult theory,] she behaved in fact rather like someone who was a fully convinced member of some unusual religious sect, or perhaps, of the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], but never on any account got into arguments about it in public."{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=89}} The archaeologist [[Glyn Daniel]] observed that Murray remained mentally alert into her old age, commenting that "her vigour and forthrightness and ruthless energy never deserted her".{{sfn|Daniel|1964|p=2}}

Murray never married, instead devoting her life to her work, and for this reason, Hutton drew comparisons between her and two other prominent female British scholars of the period, [[Jane Ellen Harrison|Jane Harrison]] and [[Jessie Weston (scholar)|Jessie Weston]].{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=194}} Murray's biographer Kathleen L. Sheppard stated that she was deeply committed to public outreach, particularly when it came to Egyptology, and that as such she "wanted to change the means by which the public obtained knowledge about Egypt's history: she wished to throw open the doors to the scientific laboratory and invite the public in".{{sfn|Sheppard|2012|p=532}} She considered travel to be one of her favourite activities, although due to restraints on her time and finances she was unable to do this regularly; her salary remained small and the revenue from her books was meagre.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=124}}

Raised a devout Christian by her mother, Murray had initially become a [[Sunday School]] teacher to preach the faith, but after entering the academic profession she rejected religion, gaining a reputation among other members of the Folklore Society as a noted [[scepticism|sceptic]] and a [[rationalism|rationalist]].{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=89|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=200}} She was openly critical of organised religion,{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=12|2a1=Wood|2y=2001|2p=46}} although continued to maintain a personal belief in a [[God]] of some sort, relating in her autobiography that she believed in "an unseen over-ruling Power", "which science calls Nature and religion calls God".{{sfnm|1a1=Murray|1y=1963|1pp=196–204|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2p=200}}
She was also a believer and a practitioner of [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]], performing [[curse]]s against those she felt deserved it; in one case she cursed a fellow academic, [[Jaroslav Černý (Egyptologist)|Jaroslav Černý]], when she felt that his promotion to the position of Professor of Egyptology over her friend [[Walter Bryan Emery]] was unworthy. Her curse entailed mixing up ingredients in a frying pan, and was undertaken in the presence of two colleagues.{{sfnm|1a1=Janssen|1y=1992|1p=31|2a1=Hutton|2y=1999|2pp=200–201|3a1=Drower|3y=2004|3p=121}} In another instance, she was said to have created a wax image of [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] and then melted it during the First World War.{{sfn|Drower|2004|p=120}} Ruth Whitehouse argues that, given Murray's lack of mention of such incidents in her autobiography and generally rational approach, a "spirit of mischief" as opposed to "a real belief in the efficacy of the spells" may have motivated her practice of magic.{{sfn|Whitehouse|2013}}

==Legacy==
===In academia===
Hutton noted that Murray was one of the earliest women to "make a serious impact upon the world of professional scholarship",{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=194}} and the archaeologist Niall Finneran described her as "one of the greatest characters of post-war British archaeology".{{sfn|Finneran|2003|p=108}} Upon her death, Daniel referred to her as "the Grand Old Woman of Egyptology",{{sfn|Daniel|1964|p=2}} with Hutton noting that Egyptology represented "the core of her academic career".{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=194}} In 2014, Thornton referred to her as "one of Britain's most famous Egyptologists".{{sfn|Thornton|2014|p=1}}

However, according to the archaeologist Ruth Whitehouse, Murray's contributions to archaeology and Egyptology were often overlooked as her work was overshadowed by that of Petrie, to the extent that she was often thought of primarily as one of Petrie's assistants rather than as a scholar in her own right. By her retirement she had come to be highly regarded within the discipline, although, according to Whitehouse, Murray's reputation declined following her death, something that Whitehouse attributed to the rejection of her witch-cult theory and the general erasure of women archaeologists from the discipline's male-dominated history.{{sfn|Whitehouse|2013|pp=120, 125}}

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|quote = No British folklorist can remember Dr Margaret Murray without embarrassment and a sense of paradox. She is one of the few folklorists whose name became widely known to the public, but among scholars, her reputation is deservedly low; her theory that witches were members of a huge secret society preserving a prehistoric fertility cult through the centuries is now seen to be based on deeply flawed
methods and illogical arguments. The fact that, in her old age and after three increasingly eccentric books, she was made President of the Folklore Society, must certainly have harmed the reputation of the Society and possibly the status of folkloristics in this country; it helps to explain the mistrust some historians still feel towards our discipline.
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}}

In his obituary for Murray in ''Folklore'', James noted that her death was "an event of unusual interest and importance in the annals of the Folk-Lore Society in particular as well as in the wider sphere in which her influence was felt in so many directions and
disciplines".{{sfn|James|1963|p=568}} However, later academic folklorists, such as Simpson and Wood, have cited Murray and her witch-cult theory as an embarrassment to their field,{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=89|2a1=Wood|2y=2001|2p=45}} and to the Folklore Society specifically.{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=89|2a1=Oates|2a2=Wood|2y=1998|2p=8}} Simpson suggested that Murray's position as President of the Society was a causal factor in the mistrustful attitude that many historians held toward folkloristics as an academic discipline, as they erroneously came to believe that all folklorists endorsed Murray's ideas.{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=89}} Similarly, Catherine Noble stated that "Murray caused considerable damage to the study of witchcraft".{{sfn|Noble|2005|p=24}}

In 1935, UCL introduced the Margaret Murray Prize, awarded to the student who is deemed to have produced the best dissertation in Egyptology; it continued to be presented annually into the 21st century.{{sfn|Whitehouse|2013|p=125}} In 1969, UCL named one of their common rooms in her honour, but it was converted into an office in 1989.{{sfn|Whitehouse|2013|p=125}}

In June 1983, [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]] visited the room and there was gifted a copy of Murray's ''My First Hundred Years''.{{sfn|Janssen|1992|p=88}} UCL also hold two busts of Murray, one kept in the [[Petrie Museum]] and the other in the library of the UCL Institute of Archaeology.{{sfn|Whitehouse|2013|p=125}} This sculpture was commissioned by one of her students, [[Violet MacDermot]], and produced by the artist [[Stephen Rickard]].{{sfn|Janssen|1992|p=79}} UCL also possess a watercolour painting of Murray by [[Winifred Brunton]]; formerly exhibited in the Petrie Gallery, it was later placed into the Art Collection stores.{{sfn|Whitehouse|2013|p=125}}
In 2013, on the 150th anniversary of Murray's birth and the 50th of her death, the UCL Institute of Archaeology's Ruth Whitehouse described Murray as "a remarkable woman" whose life was "well worth celebrating, both in the archaeological world at large and especially in UCL".{{sfn|Whitehouse|2013|p=120}}

The historian of archaeology Rosalind M. Janssen titled her study of Egyptology at UCL ''The First Hundred Years'' "as a tribute" to Murray.{{sfn|Janssen|1992|p=xiii}} Murray's friend [[Margaret Stefana Drower]] authored a short biography of her, which was included as a chapter in the 2004 edited volume on ''Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists''.{{sfn|Drower|2004}} In 2013, [[Lexington Books]] published ''The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology'', a biography of Murray authored by Kathleen L. Sheppard, then an assistant professor at [[Missouri University of Science and Technology]]; the book was based upon Sheppard's doctoral dissertation produced at the [[University of Oklahoma]].{{sfnm|1a1=Sheppard|1y=2013|1p=vii|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016b|1pp=154–155}} Although characterising it as being "written in a clear and engaging manner", one reviewer noted that Sheppard's book focuses on Murray the "scientist" and as such neglects to discuss Murray's involvement in magical practices and her relationship with Wicca.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016b|pp=155–156}}

===In Wicca===
[[File:Horned God.JPG|thumb|upright|A sculpture of the Horned God of Wicca found in the [[Museum of Witchcraft and Magic]] in [[Boscastle]], Cornwall]]
Murray's witch-cult theories provided the blueprint for the [[Paganism (contemporary)|contemporary Pagan]] religion of [[Wicca]],{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=89|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=176}} with Murray being referred to as the "Grandmother of Wicca".{{sfn|Doyle White|2016b|p=156}} The [[Pagan studies]] scholar Ethan Doyle White stated that it was the theory which "formed the historical narrative around which Wicca built itself",{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|pp=16–17}} for on its emergence in England during the 1940s and 1950s, Wicca claimed to be the survival of this witch-cult.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=77}} Wicca's theological structure, revolving around a Horned God and Mother Goddess, was adopted from Murray's ideas about the ancient witch-cult,{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=87}} and Wiccan groups were named ''covens'' and their meetings termed ''esbats'', both words that Murray had popularised.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|pp=97–98}} As with Murray's witch-cult, Wicca's practitioners entered via an initiation ceremony;{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=101}} Murray's claims that witches wrote down their spells in a book may have been an influence on Wicca's [[Book of Shadows]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=120}} Wicca's early [[Wheel of the Year|system of seasonal festivities]] were also based on Murray's framework.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=132}}

Noting that there is no evidence of Wicca existing before the publication of Murray's books, Merrifield commented that for those in 20th century Britain who wished to form their own witches' covens, "Murray may have seemed the ideal fairy godmother, and her theory became the pumpkin coach that could transport them into the realm of fantasy for which they longed".{{sfn|Merrifield|1993|p=10}} The historian [[Philip Heselton]] suggested that the [[New Forest coven]] – the oldest alleged Wiccan group – was founded ''circa'' 1935 by esotericists aware of Murray's theory and who may have believed themselves to be reincarnated witch-cult members.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=28}} It was [[Gerald Gardner]], who claimed to be an initiate of the New Forest coven, who established the tradition of [[Gardnerian Wicca]] and popularised the religion; according to Simpson, Gardner was the only member of the Folklore Society to "wholeheartedly" accept Murray's witch-cult hypothesis.{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=89|2a1=Sheppard|2y=2013|2p=177}} The duo knew each other, with Murray writing the foreword to Gardner's 1954 book ''[[Witchcraft Today]]'', although in that foreword she did not explicitly specify whether she believed Gardner's claim that he had discovered a survival of her witch-cult.{{sfnm|1a1=Oates|1a2=Wood|1y=1998|1p=14|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2p=186}} In 2005, Noble suggested that "Murray's name might be all but forgotten today if it were not for Gerald Gardner".{{sfn|Noble|2005|p=17}}

{{Quote box
|width = 30em
|border = 1px
|align = left
|fontsize = 85%
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|title =
|quote = As the religion [of Wicca] emerged, many practitioners saw those who suffered in the [witch trials of the Early Modern] as their forebears, thus adopting the Murrayite witch-cult hypothesis which provided Wicca with a history stretching back far into the reaches of the ancient past. As historians challenged and demolished this theory in the 1960s and 1970s, many Wiccans were shocked. Some accepted that the theory was not actually legitimate, instead portraying the Murrayite story as a mythical history for the Craft and seeking to emphasise the religion's other historical antecessors. Other practitioners however vehemently defended Murray's hypothesis against academic critique, viewing it as a significant article of faith.
|salign = right
|source = Ethan Doyle White, 2016.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=77}}
}}

Murray's witch-cult theories were likely also a core influence on the non-Gardnerian Wiccan traditions that were established in Britain and Australia between 1930 and 1970 by the likes of [[Bob Clay-Egerton]], [[Robert Cochrane (witch)|Robert Cochrane]], [[Charles Cardell]], and [[Rosaleen Norton]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=34}}
The prominent Wiccan [[Doreen Valiente]] eagerly searched for what she believed were other surviving remnants of the Murrayite witch-cult around Britain.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=38}} Valiente remained committed to a belief in Murray's witch-cult after its academic rejection,{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=188}} and she described Murray as "a remarkable woman".{{sfn|Valiente|1989|p=24}}

In [[San Francisco]] during the late 1960s, Murray's writings were among the sources used by [[Aidan A. Kelly]] in the creation of his Wiccan tradition, the [[New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=55}} In [[Los Angeles]] during the early 1970s, they were used by [[Zsuzsanna Budapest]] when she was establishing her feminist-oriented tradition of [[Dianic Wicca]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=59}} The Murrayite witch-cult theory also provided the basis for the ideas espoused in ''Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture'', a 1978 book written by the American [[gay liberation]] activist [[Arthur Evans (author)|Arthur Evans]].{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=63}}

Members of the Wiccan community gradually became aware of academia's rejection of the witch-cult theory. Accordingly, belief in its literal truth declined during the 1980s and 1990s, with many Wiccans instead coming to view it as a myth that conveyed metaphorical or symbolic truths.{{sfnm|1a1=Simpson|1y=1994|1p=95|2a1=Doyle White|2y=2016|2pp=17, 81}} Others insisted that the historical origins of the religion did not matter and that instead Wicca was legitimated by the spiritual experiences it gave to its participants. In response, Hutton authored ''[[The Triumph of the Moon]]'', a historical study exploring Wicca's early development; on publication in 1999 the book exerted a strong impact on the British Pagan community, further eroding belief in the Murrayite theory among Wiccans.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|pp=81–83}} Conversely, other practitioners clung on to the theory, treating it as an important [[article of faith]] and rejecting post-Murrayite scholarship on European witchcraft.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|pp=77, 82}} Several prominent practitioners continued to insist that Wicca was a religion with origins stretching back to the Palaeolithic, but others rejected the validity of historical scholarship and emphasised intuition and emotion as the arbiter of truth.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|p=82}} A few "counter-revisionist" Wiccans – among them [[Donald H. Frew]], Jani Farrell-Roberts, and Ben Whitmore – published critiques in which they attacked post-Murrayite scholarship on matters of detail, but none defended Murray's original hypothesis completely.{{sfn|Doyle White|2016|pp=82–83}}

===In literature===
Simpson noted that the publication of the Murray thesis in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' made it accessible to "journalists, film-makers, popular novelists, and thriller writers", who adopted it "enthusiastically".{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=89}} It influenced the work of [[Aldous Huxley]] and [[Robert Graves]].{{sfn|Simpson|1994|p=89}} Murray's ideas shaped the depiction of paganism in the work of historical novelist [[Rosemary Sutcliff]].{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=294}} Murray's ideas about religion can also be discerned in the fictions of another British historical novelist, [[Henry Treece]].{{sfn|Gibson|2013|p=144}} It was also an influence on the American horror author [[H. P. Lovecraft]], who cited ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'' in his writings about the fictional cult of [[Cthulhu]].{{sfn|Winick|2015|p=570}} Another horror writer, [[Dennis Wheatley]], incorporated Murray's ideas about witchcraft into his novel ''[[The Devil Rides Out]]'' and cited Murray's work in his non-fiction book on the occult, ''The Devil and all his Works''.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=263}}

The author [[Sylvia Townsend Warner]] cited Murray's work on the witch-cult as an influence on her 1926 novel ''[[Lolly Willowes]]'', and sent a copy of her book to Murray in appreciation, with the two meeting for lunch shortly after.{{sfnm|1a1=Faxneld|1y=2014|1pp=642, 644|2a1=Winick|2y=2015|2p=565}} There was nevertheless some difference in their depictions of the witch-cult; whereas Murray had depicted an organised pre-Christian cult, Warner depicted a vague family tradition that was explicitly Satanic.{{sfn|Winick|2015|pp=576–577}}
In 1927, Warner lectured on the subject of witchcraft, exhibiting a strong influence from Murray's work.{{sfn|Faxneld|2014|p=645}} Analysing the relationship between Murray and Warner, the English literature scholar Mimi Winick characterised both as being "engaged in imagining new possibilities for women in modernity".{{sfn|Winick|2015|p=565}}

The fantasy novel [[Lammas Night]] is based on the same idea of the role of the royal family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fantasyliterature.com/reviews/lammas-night/|access-date=25 June 2023|first=Kelly|last=Lasiter|title=Lammas Night: Magical smack down on the Führer|date=16 July 2010|publisher=Fantasy Literature|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625171529/https://fantasyliterature.com/reviews/lammas-night/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
A bibliography of Murray's published work was published in ''Folklore'' by [[Wilfrid Bonser]] in 1961,{{sfn|Bonser|1961|pp=560–566}} her friend Drower produced a posthumous limited bibliography in 2004,{{sfn|Drower|2004|pp=135–140}} and another limited bibliography appeared in Kathleen L. Sheppard's 2013 biography of her.{{sfn|Sheppard|2013|pp=253–254}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of publication
! Title
! Co-authors
! Publisher
|-
| 1903
| ''Guide to the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities''
| —
| Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art (Edinburgh)
|-
| 1904
| [https://archive.org/details/the-osireion-at-abydos {{sort|Osireion at Abydos|''The Osireion at Abydos''}}]
| —
| Egyptian Research Account (London)
|-
| 1905
| [https://archive.org/details/saqqara-mastabas-part-1 ''Saqqara Mastabas''. Part I]; [https://archive.org/details/saqqaramastabasp11murr Part II. ]
| With chapters by Kurt Sethe
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1905
| [https://archive.org/details/saqqaramastabasp10murr ''Saqqara Mastabas Part I and Gurob'']
| ''Gurob'' by L. Loat
| Egyptian Research Account (London)
|-
| 1905
| [https://archive.org/details/elementaryegypti00murr ''Elementary Egyptian Grammar'']
| —
| University College Press (London)
|-
| 1908
| [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026854814 ''Index of Names and Titles of the Old Kingdom'']
| —
| British School of Archaeology in Egypt (London)
|-
| 1910
| [https://archive.org/details/b24875624/page/n3/mode/2up {{sort|Tomb of the Two Brothers|''The Tomb of the Two Brothers''}}]
| —
| Sheratt & Hughes (Manchester)
|-
| 1911
| [https://archive.org/details/elementarycoptic0000murr/page/n9/mode/2up''Elementary Coptic (Sahidic) Grammar''] (2nd ed. 1927)
| —
| University College Press (London)
|-
| 1913
| [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106804/page/n5/mode/2up ''Ancient Egyptian Legends'']
| —
| John Murray (London); The Wisdom of the East Series
|-
| 1921
| [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24123/page/n3/mode/2up {{sort|Witch-Cult in Western Europe|''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology''}}]
| —
| Oxford University Press (Oxford)
|-
| 1923
| ''Excavations in Malta, Part I''
| —
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1925
| ''Excavations in Malta, Part II''
| —
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1929
| ''Excavations in Malta, Part III''
| —
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1930
| [https://archive.org/details/egyptiansculptur0000murr_r3e9/page/n5/mode/2up''Egyptian Sculpture'']
| —
| Duckworth (London)
|-
| 1931
| [https://archive.org/details/egyptiantemples0000murr/page/n5/mode/2up ''Egyptian Temples'']
| —
| Sampson Low, Marston & Co. (London)
|-
| 1931
| [https://archive.org/details/godofwitches00murr {{sort|God of the Witches|''The God of the Witches''}}] (Ed/1960)
| —
| Faber & Faber (London)
|-
| 1932
| ''Maltese Folk-Tales''
| {{sortname|L. |Galea|nolink=1}}
| Empire Press (Malta)
|-
| 1933
| {{sort|Coptic Reading Book|''A Coptic Reading Book, with Glossary, for the Use of Beginners''}}
| {{sortname|Dorothy |Pilcher|nolink=1}}
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1934
| ''Cambridge Excavations in Minorca, Sa Torreta''
| —
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1934
| ''Corpus of the Bronze-Age Pottery of Malta''
| {{sortname|Horace |Beck|nolink=1}} and Themosticles Zammit
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1937
| ''Saqqara Mastabas Part II''
| —
| Egyptian Research Account (London)
|-
| 1938
| ''Cambridge Excavations in Minorca, Trapucó''
| —
| Bernard Quaritch (London)
|-
| 1939
| ''Petra, the Rock City of Edom''
| —
| Blackie
|-
| 1940
| {{sort|Street in Petra|''A Street in Petra''}}
| {{sortname|J. C. |Ellis|nolink=1}}
| British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Bernard Quaritch
|-
| 1949
| ''Ancient Egyptian Religious Poetry''
| —
| John Murray (London)
|-
| 1949
| [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2616 {{sort|Splendour that was Egypt|''The Splendour that was Egypt: A General Survey of Egyptian Culture and Civilisation''}}]
| —
| Philosophical Library (London)
|-
| 1954
| {{sort|Divine King of England|''The Divine King of England. A Study in Anthropology''}}
| —
| Faber & Faber (London)
|-
| 1963
| [https://archive.org/details/myfirsthundredye0000murr/page/n7/mode/2up ''My First Hundred Years'']
| —
| William Kimber & Co. (London)
|-
| 1963
| [https://archive.org/details/genesisofreligio0000murr/page/n5/mode/2up {{sort|Genesis of Religion|''The Genesis of Religion''}}]
| —
| Kegan Paul (London)
|}

==See also==
* [[Johann Jakob Bachofen]]
* [[Howard Carter]]
* [[James Frazer]]
* [[René Girard]]
* [[Robert Graves]]
* [[Flinders Petrie]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |author=Anonymous |title=Dr. Margaret Murray's Hundredth Birthday |journal=Man |year=1963 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=106 |jstor=2796898 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bonser |first=Wilfrid |title=A Bibliography of the Writings of Dr Murray |journal=Folklore |volume=72 |issue=3 |year=1961 |pages=560–566 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717300 }}
* {{cite news |last=Burr |first=George L. |title=Review of Margaret Murray's ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'' |journal=American Historical Review |volume=27 |number=4 |year=1922 |pages=780–783 |jstor=1837549 }}
* {{cite news |last=Burr |first=George L. |author-mask=2 |title=Review of Margaret Murray's ''The God of the Witches'' |journal=American Historical Review |volume=40 |number=3 |year=1935 |pages=491–492 |jstor=1838913 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Norman |year=1975 |title=Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt |location=Sussex and London |publisher=Sussex University Press and Heinemann Educational Books |isbn=978-0-435-82183-8 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Daniel |first=Glyn |title=Editorial |journal=Antiquity |volume=38 |issue=149 |year=1964 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068708 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Davidson |first=Hilda Ellis |title=Changes in the Folklore Society, 1949–1986 |journal=Folklore |volume=98 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1987.9716407 |year=1987 |pages=123–130 }}
* {{cite book |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |title=Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton, Chicago, and Toronto |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-84519-754-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Doyle White |first=Ethan |author-mask=2 |title=Review of Kathleen L. Sheppard, ''The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology'' |journal=Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism |volume=16 |number=1 |year=2016b |pages=154–156 |doi=10.1163/15700593-01501015 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Drower |first=Margaret S. |contribution=Margaret Alice Murray |title=Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists |editor1=Getzel M. Cohen |editor2=Martha Joukowsky |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundpi0000unse/page/109 109–141] |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11372-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundpi0000unse/page/109 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Some Observations on European Witchcraft |last=Eliade |first=Mircea |journal=History of Religions |volume=14 |number=3 |year=1975 |pages=149–172 |doi=10.1086/462721|s2cid=161503454 }}
* {{cite book |last=Faxneld |first=Per |title=Satanic Feminism: Lucifer as the Liberator of Woman in Nineteenth-Century Culture |publisher=Molin & Sorgenfrei |location=Stockholm |year=2014 |isbn=978-91-87515-04-0 }}
* {{cite journal |title=The Legacy of T.C. Lethbridge |last=Finneran |first=Niall |journal=Folklore |volume=114 |number=1 |year=2003 |pages=107–114 |jstor=30035070 |doi=10.1080/0015587032000059915|s2cid=216644161 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book| title=Imagining the Pagan Past: Gods and Goddesses in Literature and History Since the Dark Ages |last=Gibson |first=Marion |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-415-67419-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |last=Ginzburg |first=Carlo |author-link = Carlo Ginzburg|translator=John Tedeschi |translator2=Anne Tedeschi |year= 1983 |orig-year=1966 |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |location= Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-4386-0 }}
* {{cite news |last=Halliday |first=W.R. |title=Review of Margaret Murray's ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'' |journal=Folklore |volume=33 |year=1922 |pages=224–230 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-820744-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt }}
* {{cite journal |title=Dr. Margaret Murray |last=James |first=E. O. |journal=Folklore |volume=74 |number=4 |year=1963 |pages=568–569 |jstor=1258738 |doi=10.1080/0015587x.1963.9716934|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Janssen |first=Rosalind M. |title=The First Hundred Years: Egyptology at University College London, 1892–1992 |publisher=University College London |location=London |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-902137-33-2 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Review of ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'' |last=Loeb |first=E. M. |year=1922 |volume=24 |number=4 |pages=476–78 |journal=American Anthropologist |doi=10.1525/aa.1922.24.4.02a00150|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |title=G.B. Gardner and the 20th Century 'Witches' |last=Merrifield |first=Ralph |date=June 1993 |journal=Folklore Society News |volume=17 |page=10 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Witch-Cult in Western Europe |last=Murray |first=Margaret A. |year=1962 |orig-year=1921 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford }}
* {{cite book |title=The God of the Witches |url=https://archive.org/details/godofwitches00murr |url-access=registration |last=Murray |first=Margaret A. |author-mask=2 |year=1952 |orig-year=1931 |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London }}
* {{cite book |title=My First Hundred Years |last=Murray |first=Margaret |author-mask=2 |year=1963 |publisher=William Kimber |location=London }}
* {{cite journal |title=From Fact to Fallacy: The Evolution of Margaret Alice Murray's Witch-Cult Theory |last=Noble |first=Catherine |journal=The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies |year=2005 |volume=7 |number=1 |pages=5–26 |doi=10.1558/pome.v7i1.5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Oates |first1=Caroline |last2=Wood |first2=Juliette |title=A Coven of Scholars: Margaret Murray and her Working Methods |publisher=The Folklore Society |series=Archive Series 1 |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-903515-16-0 |location=London }}
* {{cite book |title=The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations |last=Purkiss |first=Diane |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=978-0-415-08762-9 }}
* {{cite book |title=A Razor for a Goat: A Discussion of Certain Problems in Witchcraft and Diabolism |last=Rose |first=Elliot |year=1962 |publisher=Toronto University Press |location=Toronto }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Foreword |last=Runciman |first=Steven |title=The Witch-Cult in Western Europe |editor=Margaret Murray |year=1962 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford }}
* {{cite book |title=A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans |last1=Russell |first1=Jeffrey B. |last2=Alexander |first2=Brooks |year=2007 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28634-0 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Between Spectacle and Science: Margaret Murray and the Tomb of the Two Brothers |last=Sheppard |first=Kathleen L. |year=2012 |journal=Science in Context |volume=25 |number=4 |pages=525–549|doi=10.1017/S0269889712000221 |s2cid=144547116 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology |last=Sheppard |first=Kathleen L. |author-mask=2 |year=2013 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7391-7417-3 }}
* {{cite news |title=Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why? |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |year=1994 |journal=Folklore |volume=105 |pages=89–96 |jstor=1260633 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Margaret Murray's Meat Curry |last=Thornton |first=Amara |journal=Present Pasts |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.5334/pp.59 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |title=Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England |last=Thomas |first=Keith |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1971 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Rebirth of Witchcraft |last=Valiente |first=Doreen |year=1989 |publisher=Robert Hale |location=London |isbn=978-0-7090-3715-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=T.C. Lethbridge: The Man Who Saw the Future |last=Welbourn |first=Terry |year=2011 |publisher=O-Books |location=Winchester and Washington |isbn=978-1-84694-500-7 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Margaret Murray (1863–1963): Pioneer Egyptologist, Feminist and First Female Archaeology Lecturer |last=Whitehouse |first=Ruth |journal=Archaeology International |volume=16 |issue=2012–2013 |date=2013 |pages=120–127 |doi=10.5334/ai.1608|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |title=Ninety-Eight Years Young |last=Williams |first=Mary |year=1961 |journal=Folklore |volume=72 |number=3 |pages=433–437 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717291 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Modernist Feminist Witchcraft: Margaret Murray's Fantastic Scholarship and Sylvia Townsend Warner's Realist Fantasy |last=Winick |first=Mimi |year=2015 |journal=Modernism/Modernity |volume=22 |number=3 |pages=565–592 |doi=10.1353/mod.2015.0051 |s2cid=143216129 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Margaret Murray and the Rise of Wicca |last=Wood |first=Juliette |year=2001 |journal=The Pomegranate: A New Journal of Neopagan Thought |volume=13 |number=15 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1558/pome.v13.i10.45 |url=http://www.equinoxpub.com/journals/index.php/POM/article/view/14580 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=59187396 }}
*{{Commons category-inline|Margaret Murray}}
*{{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=5935| name=Margaret Alice Murray}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Margaret Alice Murray |sopt=t}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Margaret}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British anthropologists]]
[[Category:English women centenarians]]
[[Category:British Egyptologists]]
[[Category:British women anthropologists]]
[[Category:British women archaeologists]]
[[Category:Historians of witchcraft]]
[[Category:Pseudohistorians]]
[[Category:20th-century British writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:British women academics]]
[[Category:19th-century British archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century British archaeologists]]
[[Category:British feminist writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:British women historians]]
[[Category:British women folklorists]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Folklore Society]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

C. S. Dias

2026-05-02T05:52:02Z

Nayeem: Adding a page

{{short description|Indian judge of Kerala High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = C. S. Dias
| honorific_prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image = CS_Dias.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 18 November 2019
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam, Kochi]], India
| mother = Phyllis Dias
| father = Adv.R.G.Dias
| spouse = Adv Mini Dias<ref name="KMUDI"/>
| children =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/csd.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''Conrad Stansilaus Dias''' (born 19 November 1969) is a judge of the [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. The court is headquartered at [[Ernakulam, Kochi]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/csd.html|title=Official}}</ref><ref name="Appointment">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Additional%20Judge%20Kerala%20High%20Court%20.PDF|title=Appointment Notification|work=Official - Department of Justice - Government of India|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="SCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/11/13/kerala-hc-appointment-of-advocate-conrad-stansilaus-dias-as-addl-judge/|title=Kerala HC Appointment of Advocate Conrad Stansilaus Dias as Addl. Judge|work=scconline.com|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Manorama">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2019/11/18/justice-c-s-dias-kerala-high-court.html|title=ജസ്റ്റിസ് ഡയസ് കേരള ഹൈക്കോടതി ജഡ്ജിയായി സത്യപ്രതിജ്ഞ ചെയ്തു|work=manoramanews.com|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Money">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/sc-collegium-recommends-16-lawyers-as-hc-judges-3698411.html|title=SC Collegium recommends 16 lawyers as HC judges|work=moneycontrol.com|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="KMUDI">{{cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=185777&u=kerala-hc-judge|title=അഡ്വ. സി.എസ്. ഡയസിനെ കേരള ഹൈക്കോടതി ജഡ്ജിയായി നിയമിച്ചു|work=keralakaumudi.com|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dias was born in Ernakulam, Kerala, to Adv.R.G.Dias and Phyllis Dias. He is an Anglo Indian. He did his schooling at the Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ernakulam. He secured his law degree from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram in 1992.<ref name="hc"/>

==Career==
Dias completed his law in 1992 and started practising as a lawyer in the [[High Court of Kerala]]. He specialised in the fields of Civil, Constitutional, Family and Arbitration laws. He served as counsel for the High Court of Kerala from 2016 to 2019, Retainer Standing Counsel for the Ministry of Railways from 2010 to 2019, Central Government Counsel from 2012- 2015; member of the National Advisory Committee to the Ministry of Women and Child Development 2018 - 2019. He was appointed as ''[[amicus curiae]]'' by the High Court in several cases, including the Puttingal fireworks tragedy case.<ref name="Amicus">{{cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56e66b0b607dba6b534375fd|title=122 Prisoners Vs State of Kerala|work=casemine.com|access-date=10 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="Amicus2">{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/91499/|title=Betsy vs Nil|work=indiankanoon.org|access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref> On 18 November 2019 he was appointed as additional judge of the High Court of Kerala.<ref name="Appointment"/><ref name="hc"/><ref name="Manorama"/> He was made a permanent judge of the High Court of Kerala on 25 May 2021. He is the Administrative Judge In Charge of Kottayam District. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Kerala State Mediation and Conciliation Centre and the Board of Governors of the Kerala High Court Arbitration Centre. He is also a member of the Sensitisation Committee for Family Courts, a member of the Computerisation and Codification Committee, and the Editorial Board Member of the Kerala High Court Newsletter - Chronicles. He is the Chairman of the Happiness, Welfare and Grievance Committee for the District Judiciary of the Kerala State.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, C. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram, alumni]]

The Fauxy

2026-04-29T10:30:52Z

Nayeem: made first page added tags

{{Short description|Indian satire website}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox website
| name = ''The Fauxy''
| logo =File:The Fauxy logo.png
| screenshot =
| collapsible =
| collapsetext =
| caption = The Fauxy Wikipedia
| url = {{URL|thefauxy.com/}}
| commercial =
| type = [[Satirical]] Website
| registration =
| language = English, Hindi, Gujarati
| headquarters = [[Gurgaon, Haryana]]
| num_users =
| content_license =
| programming_language=
| author = Vinay Sharma
| editor =
| revenue =
| alexa =
| footnotes =
| logocaption = The Fauxy
| launch_date = August 2018
| current_status = Active
}}

'''''The Fauxy''''' is an Indian satirical website that publish satirical articles on current events, entertainment, sports and public figures. It has been referred to as India's answer to [[The Onion]].

==History==
The Fauxy, registered under Prana Online Media Networks LLP, was created by Vinay Sharma and was launched in August 2018. The Fauxy is headquartered in Gurgaon Haryana and has over 50 contributors across India. According to its founder, the website was launched as there was almost no competition to the existing satire website, [[Faking News]].

Shortly after the launch, The Fauxy started getting featured on popular new portals and many of its satirical pieces were mistaken for real news.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/how-a-satire-article-on-china-selling-boycottchina-merchandise-to-indians-became-viral-news-2683019.html|title=How a Satire Article on China Selling #BoycottChina Merchandise to Indians Became 'Viral' News|work=[[CNN-News18]] |date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/bride-marrying-different-groom-miscued-paraglider-landing-1890235-2021-12-21 |title=Fact Check: Story of bride marrying different groom after miscued paraglider landing is a hoax |work=India Today |date=21 December 2021 |first=Chayan |last=Kundu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroompost.com/world/5-times-a-headline-from-the-fauxy-became-real/5071176.html|title= 5 times a headline from ‘The Fauxy’ became real|date= 9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/the-viral-posts-on-ranu-mondal-demanding-land-for-church-in-ayodhya-are-fake-2385305.html |title=The Viral Posts on Ranu Mondal Demanding Land for Church in Ayodhya are Satire | work=[[CNN-News18]]
|date= 14 November 2019}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
During the Russia-Ukraine crisis, many European countries imposed economic sanctions on Russia. The Fauxy wrote a satirical piece taking a dig at Pakistan. The article was mistaken to be true and many international media outlets covered it as real news.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefauxy.com/pakistan-imposes-economic-sanctions-on-russia-refuses-to-repay-loans|title=Satire Article on Pakistan Imposes Economic Sanctions On Russia, Refuses To Repay Loans| work=The Fauxy
|date= 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/barbie-and-nehru-fighting-for-a-cause-fake-online-parody-accounts-stir-up-real-conversations/2243866/ |title=
Barbie and Nehru fighting for a cause: Fake online parody accounts stir up real conversations| work= Financial express| date=2 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-falls-for-satire-piece-claiming-facebook-has-new-feature-to-mark-yourself-safe-from-shiv-sena-goons-says-well-done/story-w2HpQB8YTNtraQ5COSsusM.html |title=
Kangana Ranaut lauds Facebook after satire piece on its ‘new feature’ to mark yourself safe from Shiv Sena, clarifies it was ‘sarcasm’| work= Hindustan Times| date=14 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/economy/fact-check-viral-raghuram-rajan-rbi-former-governor-india-indian-economy-recession-satire-fauxy-19155 |title= fact check 'Raghuram Rajan Did Not Say India Should Be In Recession To Show Inclusivity'| work= Boomlive | date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

[[Kangana Ranaut]] trolled for sharing The Fauxy article [[Facebook]] Launches "Mark Yourself Safe From Shivsena Goons" Feature. After that Kangana tweeted on her [[Twitter]] account and wrote: {{blockquote|The news have tagged {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} account clearly says its a fictitious news source. Intended for sarcasm and satire.}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/kangana-trolled-for-sharing-satire-websites-take-on-facebooks-mark-yourself-safe-from-sena-feature |title=Kangana trolled for sharing satire website's take on Facebook's 'mark yourself safe from Sena feature' |work= [[The Free Press Journal]] |date=14 September 2020 |first=Anwesha |last=Mitra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-falls-for-satire-piece-claiming-facebook-has-new-feature-to-mark-yourself-safe-from-shiv-sena-goons-says-well-done/story-w2HpQB8YTNtraQ5COSsusM.html |title=Kangana Ranaut lauds Facebook after satire piece on its ‘new feature’ to mark yourself safe from Shiv Sena, clarifies it was ‘sarcasm’ |date=14 September 2020 |first=Abhimanyu |last=Mathur}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of satirical news websites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.Thefauxy.com The Fauxy website]
* [http://gujarati.Thefauxy.com The Fauxy Gujarati website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fauxy, The}}
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Indian satirical websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in India]]
[[Category:News parodies]]
[[Category:Indian comedy websites]]
[[Category:Indian satire]]

Chenkuttuvan

2026-04-29T06:22:32Z

Nayeem: Adding new stub

{{Short description|2nd century Chera dynasty ruler in south India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| caption = Chera coin from early historic south India (Napier Museum, Thiruvananthapuram)
| succession = [[Chera dynasty|Chera ruler]]
| name = Chenkuttuvan
| title = Kadal Pirakottiya Kadalottiya
| image = File:Chera Coin.jpg
| reign = c. 180 CE{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=49-50}}
| predecessor =
| father = [[Nedum Cheralathan]]{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=50–51}}
| mother = Chola Manakkilli{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=504-18}}
| spouse = Illanko Venmal (Chilappathikaram)
| house = [[Chera dynasty|Chera]]
}}
{{Chera Dynasty}}
'''Chenkuttuvan''' (c. 180 CE,{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=49-50}} literally 'the Righteous Kuttuvan'{{sfn|Sastri|1958|p=114-115}}), title '''Kadal Pirakottiya,{{sfn|Gurukkal|2013|p=}}''' identified with '''Kadalottiya''' '''Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan,{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=4-5 and 21-23}}''' was the most celebrated [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler of early historic [[South India|southern India]].{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-23}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=384-85}} He is also mentioned in [[Silapathikaram|Chilappathikaram]], the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epic poem purportedly composed by the Chera prince [[Ilango Adigal|Ilanko Adikal]]''.'''{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=4-5 and 21-23}}'''''

Chenkuttavan is eulogized by the poet [[Paranar]] in the fifth decade of the [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu Collection]], part of the [[Ettuthokai|Ettuthokai Anthology]] of [[Sangam literature|early Tamil literature (the Sangam Literature)]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=52–53}} He was likely a member of the [[Muziris|Muchiri-Karur]] branch (associated with present-day central [[Kerala]]) of the Chera dynasty.{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=49-50}} During his reign, the Chera territory encompassed the [[Malabar Coast]] (present-day [[Kerala]]) and the interior [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu country]] (western [[Tamil Nadu]]).{{sfn|Menon|1967}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=67–68}} The influx of [[Greco-Roman world|Yavana (Greco-Roman)]] gold into south India through the Indian Ocean [[spice trade]] during Chenkuttavan's reign is memorably described in ancient Tamil poems.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2013|p=}}

According to Fifth Decade, [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu]], Chenkuttavan achieved a major victory against a northern "[[Indo-Aryan languages|Arya]]" king, occupied the forests of "Idumbil", and won another significant battle at a location called "Viyalur" (possibly against the powerful Ezhimala chieftain Nannan{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=384-85}}).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-24}} He also destroyed Kodukur, likely located in the Kongu country, defeated a chieftain named Mannan of Mokur, and successfully intervened in a succession dispute in the [[Chola dynasty|Chola country]], installing his chosen contender on the throne.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-24}}

The martial achievements of Chenkuttavan are described — albeit in an exaggerated manner — in the medieval Tamil epic poem [[Silapathikaram|Chilappathikaram]]''.''{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=50–51}} A method known as the "[[Gajabahu synchronism|Gajabahu Synchronism/Triple Synchronism]]", based on Canto 30:160 from this epic, is widely used by scholars to date Chenkuttuvan's reign to around the 2nd century CE.{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=99–101}}

== Early Tamil texts ==
Chenkuttavan is praised by the poet [[Paranar|Kacharu Cheyyul Paranar]] in the fifth decade of [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu Collection]], part of the [[Ettuthokai|Ettuthokai Anthology]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=52–53}}{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=116}} In the Pathitrupathu, he is described as the Lord of the Kudavar people (that is, of Kudanadu) and as the Kuttuvan (the Lord of the Kuttuvar people).{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=374 and 121}}

Chenkuttavan was the son of the Chera ruler [[Nedum Cheralathan|"Imayavaramban" Nedum Cheralathan]], the Lord of the Westerners, and Chola Manakilli, a princess from family of the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas of Uraiyur]].{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-23}}{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=4-5 and 21-23}} "Kalankayakkanni" Narmudi Cheral and "Adu Kottu Pattu" Cheralathan were his elder and younger half-brothers, respectively (Pathitrupathu Collection).{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=278-79}} The wife of Chenkuttuvan was certain Illanko Venmal, the daughter of a velir chieftain (Chilappathikaram).{{sfn|Menon|1967}}{{sfn|Menon|2007|pp=67–68}} According to [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu]], Chenkuttuvan ruled the Chera country for 55 years.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=110-111}}{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=278-79}} His son was known as "Kuttuvan Cheral", possibly the ruler of the "Umpar Kadu" region.{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=278-79 and 345}}

The [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu Collection]] that praises Chenkuttuvan notably contains references to burial grounds with urns holding the remains of earlier Chera rulers.{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp= 129}}

The patikam to Pathitrupathu, Decad V, mentions Chenkuttuvan's expedition to bring the sacred stone for the creation of the [[Pattini]] idol, during which he defeated and killed an "[[Indo-Aryan languages|Arya]]" king. Scholars believe that the exaggerated account of Chenkuttuvan's military expedition to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Ganges Valley]], as found in Chilappathikaram, may have been a later interpolation into this text or an associated ancient (now lost) tradition.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=110-111}}{{sfn|Sastri|1958|p=114-115}}

The ten [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu]] songs praising Chenkuttuvan are;{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=146}}

# The Venkai-tree with Glowing Flowers
# The Shining Seat of Vessels
# The Shelves that Cannot be Climbed
# The Sturdy Limbs Destroyed by Pain
# The Food with Meat Curry
# The Wheels with Bloody Ridge
# Viralis with Delicate Forehead
# A Great and High Life
# The Warriors with Red Hands
# The Frightening Flood-like Vanguard

== Relation to maritime trade ==
Poet [[Paranar]] praises the Chera ruler Chenkuttuvan for his maritime prowess.

{{cquote|"Kuttuvan not finding an enemy worthy to fight with became angry, with martial might besieged the sea and with magnificent spear drove back the sea whose wave rose high".{{sfn|Menon|1987|p=24–25}}
}}

Early Tamil poems refer to the "hill products" and "sea products" — later mainly being precious pearls — associated with Chenkuttuvan, and to the [[Yavana]] ([[Greco-Roman world|Graeco-Roman]]) gold that "reached ashore by boats" in exchange (Purananuru 343).{{sfn|Gurukkal|2013|p=}} Chenkuttuvan's mastery over the sea may have earned him the frequently used title "Kadal Pirakottiya", which roughly translates to "One Who Left the Sea Behind" or "One Who Drove Back the Sea".{{sfn|Gurukkal|2013|p=}}{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=134}}

In the Pathitrupathu, Chenkuttuvan is described as "the conqueror of the cool sea with sounding waves" and as the distributor of sapphire-coloured wine from the shining seat of vessels—a possible reference to Mediterranean wine.{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=118 and 121}}

== Military achievements ==
Poet Paranar also praised Chenkuttuvan's military prowess -

{{cquote|"Kuttuvan of the Gold Garland, whose army destroyed the beauty of many lands, till the noise rose loud of the drums used in numerous battles with the monarchs of the country between Comorin (Cape Comorin) on the south and Himalayas, the mountain that rises high as the northern boundary."{{sfn|Menon|1987|p=24–25}}
}}

The following are the military achievements of Chenkuttuvan from early Tamil poems.

# The panegyric to the fifth decade describes Chenkuttuvan as "the king feared by the northerners", who wanted to take a sacred stone for the idol of the goddess [[Pattini]]. He is also reported to have killed a certain "Arya king" and bathed in the sacred [[Ganges|Ganges River]].{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=145}}
# It is recorded that Chenkuttavan camped at a location called "Idumbil" with his warriors.{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=145}} He won a major victory at another location called "Viyalur" (perhaps in the country of [[Ezhimala]] Nannan and against Nannan).{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=384-85}}{{sfn|Sastri|1958|p=114-115}} The "fort" of Kodukur, perhaps in the Kongu country, was also destroyed.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-23}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=384-85}}
# He also defeated a chieftain called "Pazhaiyan" Mannan of Mokur (while aiding his ally Arukai, an enemy of the Mannan of Mokur) ([[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu]], 45, V Pathikam and repeated in Chilappathikaram, XXVIII, 124-26'').''{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-23}}'''''{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=4-5 and 21-23}}'''''
# It is recorded that Chenkuttuvan successfully intervened in a succession dispute in the [[Chola dynasty|Chola country]] and established his relative (brother-in-law) [[Nalankilli|Killi]] on the throne. The other nine Chola contenders to the throne were defeated in a battle at a location known as "Vayil" or "Neri-vayil".{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-23}}

Additional achievements described in Chilappathikaram include;

# In the Chilappathikaram, Chenkuttuvan is described as the ruler who "overthrew the Kadambu [tribe] with fences of the vast/dark water" or as the one "who overthrew the Kadambu of the Sea."{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=278-79 and 345}}
# He also conquered the Kongar (or the people of the Kongu country) in a martial campaign (Chilappathikaram'', XXV, 152-53)''.{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-23}}

According to Chilappathikaram, Cheran Chenkuttuvan's northern expedition to the [[Ganges]] is described as follows:

{{cquote|"Villavan Kodai (his minister), then addressed the king: "May your righteous rule last many years! You fought against your equals who surrendered their tiger-flag and fish-flag on the bloody battlefield of [[Konkan]]. This (incident) has reached the ears of elephants stationed in the eight directions. My eyes will never forget the sight of your advancing elephant in the midst of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] hosts which destroyed the joint forces of [[Konkani language|Konkanar]], [[Odia language|Kalingar]], the cruel [[Kannada|Karunatar]], [[Bengali language|Bangalar]], [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangar]], Kattiyar famous for their innumerable spears, and the northern [[Indo-Aryan languages|Aryas]].

"Nor can we forget the valour you displayed singlehanded, when having made your mother bathe in the full and rising floods of the mighty [[Ganges]], you waged such a terrific war against a thousand [[Indo-Aryan languages|Aryas]], that the cruel God of Death stood aghast."
| source = [[Cilappatikaram]] (Vanjikkandam; Katcikkadai), 150 - 164<ref>{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Silappadikaram |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1939 |page=289 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35913/page/289/mode/1up |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

{{quote|"Confronted with such a warrior, Uttaran (Sans. Uttara), Vicittiran (Vicitra), Uruttiran (Rudra), Bairvan (Bhairava), Cittiran (Citra), Singan (Simha), Tanuttaran (Dhanurdhara), Sivetan (Siveta), and other kings of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|north]], along with Kanaka and Vijaya marched at the head of a confederate army vast as the ocean, saying : 'Let us see the prowess of the southern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] kings.’ When they advanced thus Senguttuvan inwardly rejoiced, even as a hungry lion in search of prey would rejoice at the sight of a herd of elephants, and sprang upon the different forces of the enemy decorated with kanci garlands. The pandal of flags swallowed the sun's rays; the earth (the battlefield) re-echoed to the sounds of the cruel drums covered with well-tanned skins, white conches, roaring drums, long horns and sweet cymbals (pandil), reinforced by the all-pervading thunder of the royal war-drum with its hairy covering seeming to devour lives given in sacrifice."|source=[[Cilappatikaram]] (Vanjikkandam; Katcikkadai), 182 - 196<ref>{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Silappadikaram |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1939 |page=300 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35913/page/300/mode/1up |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

According to the Pathitrupathu, Chenkuttuvan was renowned for his [[chariots]], adorned with flags swaying at their tops, as well as for his horses and elephants.{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=118,121 and 128}} The text contains multiple references to swords, bows and arrows, and "walls protected by deep moats".{{sfn|Ferenczi|2022|p=|pp=131}} It is also mentioned that Chenkuttuvan’s warriors used bull-hide shields to protect themselves from enemy darts ([[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu]], 45).{{sfn|Aiyar|1937|p=21-23}}
== Chenkuttavan Chera in ''Chilappathikaram'' ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 250
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Kannagi statue, Marina beach, Chennai.jpg
| image2 =
| footer = Kannaki statue in Chennai, Tamil Nadu
}}
Authorship of the Tamil epic [[Silappatikaram|Chilappathikaram]] is traditionally ascribed to prince [[Ilango Adigal|Ilanko Adikal]] (literally "the prince ascetic"; Kudakko Cheral Ilanko), who appears in the work as the younger brother of Chenkuttuvan Chera.{{sfn|Tikkanen|2015|p=}} The third part of [[Silappatikaram|Chilappathikaram]] (the Vanchi Kantham) narrates Chenkuttuvan's expedition to the [[Himalayas]] to collect the virakkallu (sacred stone) for an idol of the goddess [[Kannagi|Kannaki]]-[[Pattini]].{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=50–51}}{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=99–101}}

According to the patikam of Chilappathikaram, the royal astrologer at the Chera king's court predicted that the younger prince, or the Ilanko, would succeed the king. In response, Ilanko immediately renounced his claim to the throne and chose to live as an ascetic. He relocated to a [[Jainism|Jain]] monastery (the Kunavayir Kottam) on the outskirts of Vanchi, where he composed the epic Chilappathikaram.{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=99–101}}

=== Context ===
Chera king Chenkuttuvan and his queen, Ilanko Venmal, were moved by [[Kannagi|Kannaki]]'s tragic story, and the queen wanted her to be worshipped as a "Goddess of Chastity". In response, Chenkuttuvan sought advice from his court, which suggested carving a stone block from the sacred [[Himalayas]] to create the "virakkallu" (the sacred stone) for the Kannaki idol.{{sfn|Ilango Adigal|1939|p=}}

The king then ordered a military expedition to the Himalayas. Setting out from his capital, Vanchi, Chenkuttuvan first led his army to the Blue Mountain (the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiris]]), where he was welcomed by learned Brahmanas, the people of Konkana country, the Karunatar, and the people of Kongu country, as well as the Ovar. There, he also met Sanjaya, an envoy of king Nutruvar Kannar (the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]]). Sanjaya informed Chenkuttuvan that the Nutruvar Kannar had no conflicts with the Chera ruler. Chenkuttuvan responded that he needed vessels to cross the [[River Ganges]].{{sfn|Ilango Adigal|1939|p=}}

The Chera army then marched to the Ganges, crossed it using the vessels provided by the Nutruvar Kannar, and camped in the "uttara country". Soon, the northern [[Indo-Aryan languages|Arya]] rulers—led by Kanaka and Vijaya, sons of Balakumara, along with allied princes Uttara, Vichitra, Rudra, Bhairava, Chitra, Singha, Dhanurdhara, and Sveta—confronted Chenkuttuvan's forces with a massive army. After a fierce battle, the northern alliance was defeated, and the sacred stone for the Kannaki-Pattini idol was secured.{{sfn|Ilango Adigal|1939|p=}}

Princes Kanaka and Vijaya were taken as prisoners and brought to the southern country. Two and a half months after his departure, Chenkuttuvan returned victoriously to Vanchi, where the temple for Kannaki-Pattini was consecrated with the virakkallu from the Himalayas.{{sfn|Ilango Adigal|1939|p=}}

The [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple|Bhagavati Temple]] in [[Kodungallur]], Kerala, is believed to be the Kannaki temple thus consecrated.{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=99–101}}

== Dating Chenkuttavan Chera ==
A method known as [[Gajabahu synchronism|Gajabahu Synchronism/Triple Synchronism]], first propounded by scholar [[V. Kanakasabhai Pillai]], is widely used by the scholars to date Chenkuttavan Chera to 2nd century CE.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=110-111}} The method is often criticized for its dependency on numerous conjectures.{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=99–101}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=37–39|ps=: The opinion that the Gajabahu Synchronism is an expression of genuine historical tradition is accepted by most scholars today}} However, complementary epigraphical/archeological evidence broadly seems to support the Gajabahu dating. The method was famously supported by historian [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]].{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=49-51}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=38}}

=== Gajabahu Synchronism ===
As stated in [[Silappatikaram|Chilappathikaram]] (text proper, canto 30:160), several neighboring kings were invited by king Chenkuttavan to the installation of [[Kannagi|Kannaki-Pattini]] at Vanchi.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=110-111}} These included the "Arya" kings Kanaka and Vijaya, the Kongu king of Kudaku, the king of Malva, and "Kayavaku", the king of [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=110-111}}

The 30th Canto, 160, in translation, reads -<blockquote>"The monarch of the world [Chenkuttavan] circumambulated the shrine thrice and stood there proffering his respects. In front of him the Arya kings released from prison, kings removed from central jail, the Kongu ruler of Kudaku, the king of Malva and Kayavaku, the king of sea-girt Ceylon, prayed reverently to the deity thus...</blockquote>Kayavaku, the king of [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]], can tentatively be identified with [[Gajabahu I of Sri Lanka|Gajabahu I]], king of [[Sri Lanka]] (r. ''c.'' 173 — 195 CE{{sfn|Subbarayalu|2014|p=49-50}}). In this context, Chenkuttavan (and the early Tamil poems) can be dated to either the first or the last quarter of the 2nd century CE.{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=99–101}}

The Gajabahu dating is generally considered the "sheet anchor" for dating events in early historic Tamil texts (and the early historic rulers of southern India).{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=99–101}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=37–39|ps=: The opinion that the Gajabahu Synchronism is an expression of genuine historical tradition is accepted by most scholars today}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=38}}

== In popular culture ==
=== Films ===
* The Tamil-language film [[Raja Rani (1956 film)|''Raja Rani'']] (1956) features [[Sivaji Ganesan]] playing the role of Chenkuttavan in a [[Story within a story#Play within a film|play within the film]].
* Chenkuttavan is briefly portrayed by an uncredited actor at the beginning of the Tamil-language film [[Poompuhar (film)|''Poompuhar'']] (1964).
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Aiyar |first1=K. G. Sesha |author-link1= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277483 |title=Chera Kings of the Sangam Period |publisher=Luzac and Co. |year=1937 |isbn= |location=London |pages= |chapter= |orig-year=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ferenczi |first=R. |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/11295/1/Eo%CC%88tvo%CC%88s%20Lora%CC%81nd%20Tudoma%CC%81nyegyetem_new_2024.pdf |title=An Annotated Translation of the Patiṟṟuppattu and the Political Geography of the Early Cēra Kingdom |publisher=University of Hamburg |editor-last=Wilden |editor-first=E. |location=Hamburg |publication-date=2022 |pages= |chapter= |editor-last2=Wojtilla |editor-first2=Gyula}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |date=2013 |title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Misnomer in Political Economy |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=48 |issue=26–27}}
* {{cite book |author=Ilango Adigal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n7/mode/1up |title=The Silappadikaram |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1939 |isbn= |translator-last=Dikshitar |translator-first=V. R. Ramachandra}}
* {{cite book | last1=Menon | first1=A. Sreedhara | author-link= A. Sreedhara Menon | title=A Survey of Kerala History | date=1967 | publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7WaZe2PBy8C | language=en | oclc=555508146 }}
** {{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=A. Sreedhara|author-link1=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey of Kerala History|publisher=D C Books|location=Kerala, India|isbn=978-8126415786|edition=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|orig-year=1967}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kerala History and its Makers|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|publisher=D C Books|year=1987|location=Kottayam|pages=}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sastri|first1=K. A. Nilakanta|author-link1= |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-south-india-prehistoric-times-fall-vijayanagar |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1958 |isbn= |location= |pages=|chapter= |orig-year=|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sastri|first1=K. A. Nilakanta|author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, Vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages=|chapter= |orig-year=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century |date=2008 |publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Longman]] |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shulman |first=David |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674059924 |title=Tamil: A Biography |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2016 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Subbarayalu |first=Y. |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772 |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noburu |location=New Delhi |pages=49–50 |chapter=Early Tamil Polity}}
* {{Cite web |date=2015 |editor-last=Tikkanen |editor-first=Amy |title=Silappathikaram |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Silappathikaram#ref845622 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil V. |url=https://brill.com/display/title/752?language=en |title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature |publisher=Brill |year=1992 |location=Leiden |orig-year=1991}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |url=https://archive.org/details/smileofmuruganontamilliteratureofsouthindiakamilzvelebilbrill_368_E |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1973 |location=Leiden |pages=}}

[[Category:People from the Chera kingdom]]
[[Category:Chera kings]]

Gyan Tiwari

2026-04-27T06:09:27Z

Nayeem: Adding a info.

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gyan Tiwari
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1968|07|5}}
| birth_place = [[Sitapur]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Sevata Assembly constituency|Sevata]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = Mahendra Kumar Singh
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
}}
'''Gyan Tiwari''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Sevata Assembly constituency]] of [[Sitapur district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18150/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/gyan-tiwari |title=Gyan Tiwari |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/gyan-tiwari/ |title=Gyan Tiwari, BJP MLA from Sevata |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref>

==Early life==

Gyan Tiwari was born on 5 July 1968 in [[Sitapur]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family of Swami Dayal Tiwari.<ref name="upla"/> He married Anju Tiwari on 7 March 1994, and they had three children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Gyan Tiwari completed his graduation at the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2069 |website=myneta.info |access-date=21 June 2024 |title=Gyan Tiwari(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SEVATA(SITAPUR)}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
| 02 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="upla"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Sevata Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Gyan}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sitapur district]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Trishagni

2026-04-23T18:42:30Z

Nayeem: made some data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Trishagni
| image = Trishagni.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
| producer = NFDC
| writer =
| screenplay = Nabendu Ghosh K.Shailendra (dialogue)
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''Moru O Sangho''|[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] [[Pallavi Joshi]] [[Nitish Bhardwaj]]
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1988}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Trishagni |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/trishagni/movieshow/61329607.cms |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>
| runtime = 102 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Trishagni''''' ({{Langx|hi|तृषाग्नि|4=The Sandstorm}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1988|1988]] [[Hindi film]] directed by [[Nabendu Ghosh]], who also co-wrote the screenplay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Trishagni (1988) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADHI |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1989-01-01 |title=Trishagni Cast List {{!}} Trishagni Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/trishagni/cast/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |language=en}}</ref> The film was based on a historical short story set some time after the Asokan Missions, ''Moru O Sangho'' written by [[Saradindu Bandopadhyay]], and inspired by [[Buddha]]'s ''[[Fire Sermon]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Conscience of the race: India's offbeat cinema |author=Bibekananda Ray |author2=Naveen Joshi |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division |year=2005|isbn=8123012985 |page=69 }}</ref> The film starred [[Nana Patekar]], [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]], [[Nitish Bharadwaj]], [[Pallavi Joshi]] in the lead roles.<ref name=":0" />

The film received critical acclaim,<ref>{{cite book |title= Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema |author=Gulzar |author-link= Gulzar |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003|isbn=8179910660 |page=554 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=trishagni+1988&pg=PT578 }}</ref> and was awarded the [[36th National Film Awards|1988]] [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]], "For excellent exploration of complex philosophical theme for the first time in Indian cinema."<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=30 April 2013|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107085713/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-13 |title=On the Buddha’s Trail - Nabendu Ghosh's Trishagni {{!}} Ratnottama Sengupta |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/trishagni-nabendu-ghosh/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Silhouette Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film is set in the Buddhist town of Sariput in the deserts of [[Central Asia]], around 200 B.C., when the town is struck by a devastating sandstorm that leaves only four survivors: two monks, and two children, taking refuge in the monastery. Twenty years later, the monks have aged, while the boy ([[Nitish Bhardwaj]]) and the girl ([[Pallavi Joshi]]) have grown up and fallen in love. The jealous monk deceitfully persuades the boy to become a monk, but the girl wins him back. As a result, both are expelled from the monastery, which is when the sandstorm strikes again.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trishagni |url=http://www.induna.com/1000012599-productdetails/ |publisher=induna |access-date=30 April 2013 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509001134/http://www.induna.com/1000012599-productdetails/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trishagni (1988) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/trishagni-1988 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Uchanda
* [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as Thera
* [[Pallavi Joshi]] as Iti
* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] as Nirvana

==Song==
The film contains only one song, composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]].
* "Aisa Lage Kahin Door Se" - [[Asha Bhosle]]

== Critical reception ==
Trishagni is also one of the films featured in Avijit Ghosh's book, 40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0300575}}
* [https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/trishagni-nabendu-ghosh/]
* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08949468.2020.1830674 Review Essay in Visual Anthropology]

[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Films about Buddhism]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1988 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]

Inscription stones of Bengaluru

2026-04-21T10:57:03Z

Nayeem: Adding article.

{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|12.87682|N|77.62646|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
'''Inscription stones of Bengaluru''' refers to numerous historical stone plaques, tablets, and rock carvings bearing inscriptions ([[Epigraphy|epigraphs]]) and sometimes sculptures (such as [[hero stone]]s) found throughout the [[Bengaluru]] metropolitan area in [[Karnataka]], India. Within the limits of the modern [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]], approximately 175 such stones have been documented in various historical surveys and publications.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

These artifacts, dating from the Ganga dynasty period (c. 4th century CE) through the Chola, Hoysala, Vijayanagara, Maratha, Mysore Kingdom, and British periods up to the early 20th century, provide invaluable primary source material for understanding the region's history, toponymy, language evolution, socio-religious practices, and administrative structures. They include various types, such as ''Vīragallu'' (hero stones), grant inscriptions (recording donations of land or taxes), temple inscriptions, royal decrees, ''[[Hero stone|Nisidhi]]'' stones (Jain memorials), and records of construction activities.

Written predominantly in [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages and scripts, with some examples in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Grantha script|Grantha]], and [[Persian language|Persian]], these inscriptions are distributed across numerous historical localities within modern Bengaluru, including Begur, Hebbal, Malleshwaram, Kodigehalli, Domlur, and Yelahanka. Notable discoveries include the Begur inscription (c. 890 CE), which contains the earliest known written reference to the name "Bengaluru".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n40/mode/1up?q=Eamathesvara+ |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914-15}}</ref> Systematic documentation began with [[B. Lewis Rice]]'s ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'' in the late 19th century, followed by publications from the Mysore Archaeological Department and others. However, rapid urbanization, neglect, and weathering pose significant threats to the survival of these artifacts. Preservation efforts are undertaken by governmental bodies like the Karnataka State Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage, alongside non-governmental organizations such as The Mythic Society, INTACH Bengaluru Chapter, and citizen initiatives like the 'Inscription Stones of Bengaluru' project, which focuses on discovery, documentation, digital preservation, and raising public awareness.

== Toponymy ==
[[File:Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of The Beguru Bengaluru 900CE Kannada Inscription.png|thumb|The 900CE Begur inscription containing the name "Benguluru" in it.]]
Inscriptions found in the city have contributed immensely to the study of place names of many Bengaluru localities. In addition, they have helped prove the millennium-old antiquity of the settlement known as Bengaluru. The oldest reference to the name of the city is found at the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nāgeśvara]] temple complex in [[Begur, Bengaluru|Begur]]. The inscription is dated to circa 900 CE and mentions "Bēngul̤ūr" as a territory around which a war was fought.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/ |title=Report on the working of the Archaeological Researches in Mysore during the year 1914-15 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of Mysore |year=1916}}</ref>

A 1247 CE inscription at the [[Old Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Sōmēśvara Temple]] in Old Madiwala mentions 'Veṇgalūr's big tank'.<ref name=":1" /> It is a common feature of Tamil phonetics to replace 'Ba' as used in Kannada with 'Va'.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=S |first=Karthik |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಸ್ಥಳನಾಮ ನಿಷ್ಪತ್ತಿ ಲಿಖಿತ ಆಕರಗಳ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ |journal=ನುಡಿಜಾಗರ |publisher=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ನಗರಜಿಲ್ಲಾ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು |publication-date=2016 |pages=122–136}}</ref>

A Telugu inscription at the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Bangalore|Ranganātha Temple]] in Chikkapete dated 1628 CE mentions 'Bēngul̤ūr' and 'Bēngal̤ūr' numerous times. Notably, it also mentions that [[Kempe Gowda I|Keṃppegauni]]'s son, the second Keṃpegaunayya was ruling at the time of engraving, and extensively lists various peoples and places in and around the settlement. Shortly after, a 1669 CE boulder inscription in present-day [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|Malleshwaram]] also mentions 'Bēngul̤ura Mahanāḍu', indicating the size of the settlement was large by the time's standards.<ref name=":1" />

An inscription at Kothanur dated 1705 CE records the village being donated for the upkeep of the Venkaṭeśvara Temple in 'Bēngul̤ūra koṭē', i.e. the Bangalore Fort. Similar inscriptions of donation mentioning the city by name are found in Bingipura and Vajarahalli dated 1759 CE and 1765 CE respectively. All these donations were made by the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wodeyars.]]<ref name=":1" />

Inscriptions dated to the last two decades of the 18th century CE from the Manchi Sōmēśvara Temple in Chikkapete record the building of the temple and the grant it received for upkeep. These were commissioned by a noble from the [[Haleri|Hālēri]] Court in Kodagu and mention the temple being located in 'Bēngal̤ūr's Cikkapēṭe'.<ref name=":4" />

Similarly, inscriptions have confirmed the ancient origins of various localities within the modern city. For example, an inscription found in Malleshwaram, dated 1669 CE, refers to the area as "Mallapura", predating its modern layout. The Hebbal Kittayya inscription from 750 CE mentions "Perbboḷalnāḍu", considered the archaic form of Hebbal. Inscriptions from the 13th-16th centuries refer to Domlur by names like "Tombalur" or "Dombalur". A 10th-century inscription found in Jakkur contains the word "jakkiyū", likely an early version of the area's name, which appears clearly as "Jakkur" in a 1342 CE inscription. An inscription from 1304 CE found in Doddanekkundi mentions the village name as "Nerkundi". Other examples derived from inscriptions include Vinnamangala (modern Binnamangla, mentioned 1266 CE), Bidarkal (modern Doddabidirkal, mentioned 750 CE), Vengalur (modern Madivala, mentioned 1247 CE), Agara (mentioned 870 CE), Gunjur (mentioned 1301 CE), Hoody (mentioned 1332 CE), Kothanur (mentioned 1705 CE), Yeshwantpura (mentioned 1650 CE), Nagashettihalli (mentioned 1342 CE), Kyatamaranahalli (mentioned 1386 CE), and Hessarghatta (mentioned from 1292 CE onwards). These findings help trace the evolution of place names and demonstrate continuous settlement in these areas over centuries.<ref name="ToponymyGeneral">{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Land on Which We Stand – Connect with IISc |url=https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2020/03/the-land-on-which-we-stand/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=L |first=Udaya Kumar P. |date=2020-01-01 |title=3D DIGITAL SCANNING OF EPIGRAPHS: IN THE CONTEXT OF BENGALURU'S INSCRIPTIONS |url=https://www.academia.edu/44618177 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society}}</ref>

These findings help trace the evolution of place names and demonstrate continuous settlement in these areas over centuries.

== Types of inscriptions ==
The inscription stones found in Bengaluru encompass a variety of types, reflecting different aspects of historical life:

=== [[Hero stone|Vīragallus]] with inscriptions ===
These memorial stones are erected to immortalize individuals who died performing heroic deeds, such as protecting their community in battle or cattle raids. Many examples, particularly dating back to the 9th and 10th centuries but spanning periods like the Ganga, Nolamba, Chola, Hoysala, and Vijaynagar dot the greater Bengaluru region. They often feature relief carvings depicting the heroic event, the hero's journey to heaven (''svarga''), and worship. These artifacts act as valuable sources for understanding socio-cultural details and micro-history. Examples have been found in areas such as Begur, Hebbal, Agara, Kengeri, T. Dasarahalli, and Kaikondrahalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=UNDERSTANDING BENGALURU\x27S HERO STONES: AN INTRODUCTORY GUIDE |url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1_SUcYKQIJb7lCq-keoQ9QmAnjJ3ndnlZcYWPFHt-EbM/edit#slide=id.g2aeef9a8181_0_0}}</ref>

=== Grants and donations ===
These inscriptions record grants of land, villages, taxes, gifts to temples, or other resources and acts of charity. They were typically made by rulers, officials, merchant guilds, or individuals to temples, Brahmins (as ''Agrahara''), monasteries, or for public works like tank construction. They provide information about land ownership, social hierarchies, and economic activity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2022 |title=Bengaluru: Digitised inscriptions unearth origins of 11th-century temple |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-digitised-inscriptions-unearth-origins-of-11th-century-temple-1148258.html |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Examples include the [[Hebbal-Kittayya inscription|Hebbal-Kittauya]] Ganga inscription (c. 750 CE), the [[Kodigehalli inscriptions and hero stones#Kodigehalli inscription (1431 CE): Prataparaya's Donation to God Someyadeva|Kodigehalli inscriptions]] (14th-16th centuries CE), and the [[Malleshwaram inscriptions and hero stones#Malleshwaram 1669 CE Ekoji's Mallapura Mallikarjuna temple donation inscription|Malleshwaram inscription]] (1669 CE). Inscriptions of this kind are also found in Jakkur, Allalasandra, Kethamaranahalli and other places in Bengaluru.<ref name=":1" />

=== Temple inscriptions ===
Found on the walls, pillars, or foundations of temples, these inscribe details about temple construction, patronages, rituals, donations for temple maintenance, festivals, or the installation of deities. They reveal the antiquity and significance of various temples in Bengaluru and provide insights into the religious dynamics of the past.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |date=3 July 2019 |title='New Bengaluru' may have been the oldest |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-bengaluru-may-have-been-the-oldest/articleshow/70052534.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Temples at [[Malleshwaram inscriptions and hero stones#Malleshwaram 1669 CE Ekoji's Mallapura Mallikarjuna temple donation inscription|Malleshwaram]], [[Domlur inscriptions and hero stones#Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription|Domlur]], Madivala, [[Begur inscriptions and hero stones#Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple construction inscription|Begur]], Belur,<ref name=":2" /> and Vibhutipura contain such inscriptions. For example, the 1669 CE inscription found in Malleshwaram records the donation of a village to the Mallikarjuna temple by the Maratha king Ekoji I. The Chokkanathaswamy Temple in Domlur also contains several Chola and Hoysala period inscriptions.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== Royal decrees and edicts ===
These pronouncements by rulers and officials communicate official orders or proclamations, offering insights into administrative practices, legal systems, and political events. Such inscriptions are found in Domlur, Madivala, Kumbarahalli, and Begur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2009 |title=Here lies the Bengaluru inscription... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/here-lies-bengaluru-inscription-2576025 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

=== Nisidhi inscriptions ===
These are Jaina religious inscriptions erected in remembrance of people who voluntarily led themselves to death by a ritual called ''[[Sallekhana]]''. These memorial stones specific to [[Jainism]] commemorate the voluntary death undertaken by Jain ascetics or devout laity. Examples of such inscriptions are found in Begur and [[Kalya inscriptions and hero stones|Kalya]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== Construction Commissions ===
[[File:Flour trace of the 750CE Hebbal-Kittayya inscription.jpg|thumb|265x265px|The 750CE Hebbal-Kittayya hero-stone with inscription]]

These are inscriptions that document the building or renovation of public works, such as Lakes (''kere''),<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2023 |title=Inscriptions help trace the history of Bengaluru's lakes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/inscriptions-help-trace-history-of-bengalurus-lakes-2824212?fbclid=IwAR0qyv1a83rG-P9oZZNswzqFEKXHkyz4l2fz3ln9QMwsH6OB5r4IsvwkP_Q |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> ''Santhes'' (Markets), Temples, Villages, or fortifications. Such inscriptions are found in Ramasandra, Hoodi, and Begur. [[File:Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription.jpg|thumb|196x196px|16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription, [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Cŏkkanātha Temple]]]]
[[File:A view of the room in which the Malleshwaram 1669CE Ekoji's Mallapura Mallikarjuna Temple Donation Inscription is.jpg|thumb|Malleshwaram 1669CE Ekoji Inscription|193x193px]]

== Epigraphy of localities ==
Historical inscriptions are widespread across numerous localities around the city. They indicate the antiquity of human presence and the history of multiple modern settlements. They often also contribute to [[Toponymy|toponymical]] studies of these areas.

=== [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]] ===
The [[Hebbal-Kittayya inscription|Hebbal Kittayya Inscription]] found in this locality is one of the oldest in the city, dating to 750 CE. This inscribed hero-stone was rediscovered on 1 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hebbal-Kittayya Mantapa - Historical landmark - Bengaluru - Karnataka | Yappe.in |url=https://yappe.in/karnataka/bengaluru/hebbal-kittayya-mantapa/992484}}</ref> The name Perbboḷalnāḍu, mentioned in the inscription, is thought to be the archaic form of the contemporary name Hebbal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krishnamurthy |first=P. V. |title=ಗಂಗ ಶ್ರೀಪುರುಷನ ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಳದ ಅಪ್ರಕಟಿತ ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು ಶಾಸನ |url=https://archive.org/details/dp.itihasadarpanabo0000hgrabook37-38 |journal=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಪಣ |date=2018 |volume=37-38 |pages=177–182}}</ref> Inscriptions recording donations from the 17th century CE are also found in the area. By this period, these texts already refer to the territory by its current name.<ref name=":1" />

=== [[Domlur]] ===
{{main|Domlur (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}
Most ancient inscriptions of this locality document donations to the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Cŏkkanātha Temple]].<ref name=":1" /> This temple was likely first established in the 13th century CE and continued to be patronized well into the 16th century CE before going into disuse.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=April–July 2022 |title=43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions/mode/1up |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |volume=113 |pages=170–184}}</ref> Inscriptions refer to the region by various names such as Tombalur, Dombalur, and Tesi Manicka Patanam, the first being the oldest as well as most common. These texts are rich with names of patrons, priests and rituals of the temple and many other social features.<ref name="The Economic Times"/>

=== [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|Malleshwaram]] ===
{{main|Malleshwaram (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}
Malleshwaram has yielded two inscriptions of historical significance. The first, dated to 1669 CE, records a donation to the [[Kadu Malleshwara Temple|Mallikarjuna]] temple by the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] king [[Vyankoji Bhosale|Ekoji I]]. This inscription mentions the village of Mallapura, an archaic version of the modern name Malleshwaram, and provides insights into the Maratha presence and administrative practices in the region.<ref name="B. Lewis Rice">{{Cite book |last=B. Lewis Rice |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphia-carnatica-vol.-9-supplement |title=Epigraphia Carnatica Vol. 9 Supplement}}</ref> It also features symbolic engravings of the sun, moon, and linga, which hold cultural and religious significance.

The second inscription, known as the Jakkarayanakere inscription, is undated but likely related to a donation or grant. Although incomplete, it mentions the historical administrative division of "Yalahanka Naad" (present-day [[Yelahanka]]), offering valuable geographical context. The inscription's current location and physical condition remain unknown.<ref name="B. Lewis Rice"/>

Together, these inscriptions shed light on the historical development of Malleshwaram, its connections to broader regional dynamics, and the social and religious practices of the past.

=== [[Jakkur]] ===
{{main|Jakkur (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}
[[File:Jakkur 10th century Kalnadu Kannada Inscription 03.jpg|thumb|Kalnadu 10th century CE inscription]]
Inscriptions dated ranging from the 9th to the 15th century CE have been found in this area. Two undatable inscriptions estimated [[Palaeography|palaeographically]] to be from circa 10th century have been discovered here in recent years. One of these contains the word "jakkiyū", which is possibly an archaic form of the modern name.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=December 2021 |title=ಜಕ್ಕೂರು, ಅಲ್ಲಾಳಸಂದ್ರ, ಅಗ್ರಹಾರ, ದಾಸರಹಳ್ಳಿ |url=https://archive.org/embed/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru |journal=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ವೈಭವ |volume=2 |issue=}}</ref> An inscription recording a land grant from 1342 CE makes clear mention of Jakkur as a village.<ref name=":1" />

=== [[Chikkabanavara]] ===
[[File:Flour Taracing image of The Chikkabanavara 17th-century Brahmin Krishna's Inscription 10.jpg|thumb|[[Chikkabanavara]] 17th-century Brahmin Krishna Inscription|212x212px]]
{{main|Chikkabanavara (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}

Inscriptions dating from the 12th to the 17th centuries CE have been recorded in this locality. Most of these inscriptions are recent discoveries made during the renovation of a [[Temple tank|Kalyani]] in the area. One of these, palaeographically dated to circa 17th century CE, reads "kam. . .banavara", suggesting that the name goes back at least four centuries. Other inscriptions in this area also have unique features. One seems to have inscribed the invocatory verse of [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]]'s [[Harshacharita|Harṣacarita]], for example. Another has cryptic lines that cannot be contextualized, though the "rāja bāṇasura" mentioned could possibly relate to the name of the principality.

=== Allalasandra ===
[[File:Allalasandra Yantra kallu 06.jpg|thumb|Allalasandra Yantra Stone Inscription|242x242px]]
{{main|Allalasandra (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}

The locality has inscriptions dated between the 11th and 19th centuries CE. One currently untraceable inscription dated to 1340CE records land being donated to one sēnabhōva Allāl̤a, who is possibly the individual the village is named after.<ref name=":1" /> Another inscription dated 1544 CE mentions the village by its current name and records that the whole village was donated for the worship of "lord Alāl̤anātha of [[Jakkur|Jakur]]". A [[yantra]] stone with an inscription dated palaeographically to the 19th century CE mentions "Āl̤alasamudra", an archaic version of modern parlance.<ref name=":0" />

=== Singapura ===
{{main|Singapura (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}
[[File:Chikkabettahalli.jpg|thumb|Chikkabettahalli Singappanayaka Inscription|239x239px]]
All inscriptions referring to this village revolve around the temple of the deity today called Varadarāja. The first of these is found at nearby Chikkabettahalli village dated 1524 CE, which records Singapanāyaka donating said village to the deity Tiruvēnagal̤anāta of Tirumalē at Singāpura.<ref name=":1" /> It is thought possible that the village of Singāpura received its name from the same Singapanāyaka. Two further inscriptions dated 1528 CE and 1530 CE from Singapura and Harohalli respectively also refer to temple donations using the name of the area still prevalent today.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Singapura |url=https://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english/ |journal=Bangaluru Itihaasa Vaibhava (Bengaluru's Grand History) |publisher=The Mythic Society |publication-date=November 2021 |volume=1}}</ref>

=== Dasarahalli (Tumkur road) ===
{{Main|T Dasarahalli (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}
[[File:Dasarahalli Chalk trace.jpg|thumb|Dasarahalli Skirmish Hero Stone|182x182px]]
Inscribed hero stones dated from the 8th to the 11th centuries CE have been found in this area. Two of these stones commemorate heroes who fell during cattle raids. Two others record warriors dying in war and skirmish.<ref name=":1" />

=== [[Yelahanka]] ===
{{Main|Yelahanka (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}
While Yelahanka-nadu, also referred to as Elava, Yelavaka, and Illaipaka in various records, was a major principality from the 15th to 17th centuries CE, not much of its traces are found in the present-day locality of the same name.<ref name=":2" /> Epigraphy in the modern bounds of this area is limited to inscriptions at the Veṇugopāla temple. Three inscriptions on the ''Garudagamba'' of the temple record the erection of the pillar for an Ānjaneya temple by Seṭṭi merchants.<ref name=":1" />

=== [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] ===
{{Main|Begur (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones}}
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (908-938 AD) of Western Ganga dynasty King Ereyappa on hero stone at Begur.jpg|thumb|Begur Herostone mentioning Bĕṃpūru|237x237px]]
This is an ancient locality with an abundance of epigraphical evidence. An inscribed hero stone found here, dated to 890CE, identifies this region as 'Bĕṃpūru' - a possible archaic version of the modern name. This same inscription also contains mentions of numerous other ancient settlements in the Bengaluru region. The [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nāgeshvara]] temple complex has numerous inscriptions dating from the 11th to 15th centuries CE. The earliest of these refer to the area as "Veppūr" an archaic form of Begur.<ref name=":1" /> Numerous memorial stones have been found in the area dating to the 9th and 10th centuries CE. An inscription from 1416 CE records the existence of a [[Jain temple|Jinālaya]] in this region, the ruins of which can still be found.

=== Belur ===
[[File:Floor trace begur.jpg|thumb|Belur 1381CE Donation Inscription |246x246px]]
This village, now the location of the National Aerospace Laboratories campus, has a temple complex housing multiple Tamil inscriptions. The earliest of these is in and dated to 1295 CE and is engraved on the basement of the Sōmēsvara Temple in the complex.<ref name=":2" /> Another donation inscription dated 1381 mentions 'Vēlūr', the archaic version of the present name.<ref name=":1" /> Sculptures from the 8th and 10th centuries have been found at this complex, pushing the date of this settlement back further.

== Languages and scripts ==
Most inscriptions in the city are in the [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages. Some epigraphs in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]] have also been found. A few inscriptions from the 18th century CE onwards are also in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Various scripts, such as [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Tamil script|Tamil]], [[Devanagari]] and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], have been used as suitable in these inscriptions.

==Publications documenting Bengaluru's inscriptions==

=== [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] ===
This series, published by the Mysore Archaeological Department and later the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Karnataka, is the most comprehensive source of inscription information in Karnataka. Its ninth volume,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia Cranatica |publisher=Mysore Government Central Press |year=1905 |volume=9 |location=Bangalore |pages=}}</ref> published in 1905, specifically focuses on [[Bangalore district|Bangalore District]] and covers almost 1500 inscriptions from the region.

=== Mysore archaeology reports ===
These Annual Reports of Mysore Archaeology Department starting from the late 19th century document new inscription discoveries made by members of the Archaeological Survey of Mysore during fieldwork. Reports from years ending 1910, 1914, 1915, 1919, 1922, and 1942 record findings from the region of Bengaluru.<ref name=":3" />

=== [[South Indian inscriptions]] ===
This series, published by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], includes several volumes dedicated to inscriptions from Karnataka, with some containing references to inscriptions found in Bengaluru.

=== [[The Indian Antiquary]] ===
This pioneering journal of Oriental research, published from 1872 to 1916, featured numerous articles and translations of inscriptions from Bengaluru, offering valuable insights into early interpretations and discoveries.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

=== Local journals and articles ===
Numerous local journals and research articles have featured studies and translations of specific Bengaluru inscriptions, offering in-depth analysis and interpretations. Notably, publications like Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Itihasa Darshana, and Itihasa Darpana, Sadhane, Karnataka Lochana, Kannada Sahitya parishatpatrike, and Manavika Karnataka, have made significant contributions to documenting and understanding these historical records.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Current status and preservation ==
According to recent field research, it has been found that 30-40% of all epigraphs recorded in the past are currently untraceable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=L |first1=Udaya Kumar P. |date=January 2023 |title=Revolutionizing Inscription Conservation- The Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project |url=https://www.academia.edu/115893579 |journal=Studies in Indian Epigraphy |volume=XLVIII |via=Academia}}</ref> Due to rapid urbanization, they have either been moved to different locations, reused for other purposes or destroyed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2023 |title=Engraved in time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Nov/23/engraved-in-time-2635302.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Natural weathering and corrosion also deteriorate the surface and engravings of these artifacts, even if placed at a secure location.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Freese |first=Tina |date=10 February 2023 |title=J P Nagar to Hebbal: 55-YO Is Preserving Bengaluru's History With 300 Inscription Stones |url=https://thebetterindia.com/310637/pl-udaya-kumar-preserves-historical-inscription-stones-bengaluru-localities-mythic-society/ |work=The Better Indian}}</ref>

=== Preservation initiatives ===

==== Inscription Stones of Bengaluru ====
This is a citizen-led initiative dedicated to protecting and promoting historical inscriptions. Their efforts include creating a comprehensive database of inscription locations, photographs, and translations, as well as raising awareness about the importance of these stones and advocating for their preservation. Their operations involve on-site visits to locate inscriptions and explain their significance to localities. They also organize events for outreach and education to involve the public of various strata to participate actively in preserving and popularizing historical inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udaya Kumar |first=P L |date=3 November 2018 |title=Inscription Stones of Bangalore - A Citizen Project |url=http://www.tamilheritage.in/2018/11/inscription-stones-of-bangalore-citizen.html |website=Tamil Heritage Trust}}</ref>

==== The Mythic Society's Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project ====
The project began in January 2021 and aims to 3D digitally conserve 1500 ancient stone inscriptions in the greater Bengaluru region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sayeed |first=Vikhar Ahmed |date=3 March 2022 |title=Rerecording history: Bengaluru's Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project helps preserve millennia-old stone inscriptions |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/rerecording-history-bengaluru-based-inscriptions-3d-digital-conservation-project-helps-preserve-millenia-old-stone-inscriptions/article38445335.ece |work=Frontline}}</ref> The project uses commercially available handheld 3D scanners to create digital models of the inscriptions. Such models would remain intact and accessible with no impact of aging. Even if the physical inscription was destroyed or lost, these digital replicas will maintain all possible information about the inscription. As of February 2024, the project has digitized 600 inscriptions and steadily adding more to its database. The project prioritizes scanning inscriptions in urban and semi-urban locations as they face a higher risk of destruction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Fathima |date=12 February 2024 |title=Mythic Society's Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project seeks to rescue city's microhistory from oblivion |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/mythic-societys-bengaluru-inscriptions-3d-digital-conservation-project-seeks-to-rescue-citys-microhistory-from-oblivion/ |work=South First}}</ref>

==== INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) Bangalore Chapter ====
The trust's mission is to safeguard and preserve India's extensive natural, architectural, and cultural heritage. Their Bangalore Chapter consists of a diverse team of professionals raising awareness, facilitating dialogue between the government and the public, providing architectural and engineering advice for heritage building owners, and documenting the city's history. The trust came forward to reinstall the 10th century CE Bengaluru Inscription at Begur with shelter at the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nāgeshvara]] temple complex.<ref>{{Cite news |last=D N |first=Shree |date=6 December 2019 |title=What's in a stone? A city's age |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/what-s-in-a-stone-a-city-s-age-780799.html |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The organization has also conducted detailed documentation of the [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Sōmēsvara Temple]] at [[Ulsoor|Halasuru]], including its inscription, and developed an interactive virtual exhibition of the site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Someshwara Temple |url=https://www.intachblr.org/ulsoorsomeshwara/index.php |publisher=INTACH Bangalore Chapter}}</ref>

=== Digital preservation ===
The Mythic Society's Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project has also led to the development of digital tools to further the study and preservation of Bengaluru inscriptions. Two such tools are Aksharabhandara and Kannada Inscription Tool, which were first announced on 5 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |author=Uday Kumar P L |date=2024-10-05 |title=Advancing Indian Epigraphy: Insights from the Bengaluru 3D Conservation Project |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/6Xk0AGFI5bs |website=YouTube |publisher=Tamil Heritage Trust}}</ref>

==== Aksharabhandara ====
[[File:Mobile Version of the Aksharabhandara Software.jpg|thumb|485x485px|The Aksharabhanadara Software.]]
Aksharabhandara is a software application designed for the study and exploration of historical inscriptions and letter forms, with a focus on ancient Kannada scripts. Developed by Karthik Aditya, the application provides a comprehensive database of over 30,000 images of individual letters and complete inscriptions extracted from 3D models of inscription stones in the Bengaluru region.
The Mythic Society showcased Aksharabhandara at the 87th Akhila Bharata [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana]], where it garnered significant attention from the public and media. Thousands of visitors, including literature lovers, [[Kannada]] enthusiasts, and students, interacted with the software, demonstrating a keen interest in learning about and decoding ancient scripts. [[File:Demonstration of Aksharabhandara Software at the 87th Akhila Bharata Kannada Sahitya Sammelana.jpg|thumb|255x255px|Demonstration of Akshara Bhandara software at the 87th Akhila Bharata Kannada Sahitya Sammelana.]]

The success of this demonstration, which attracted significant media coverage in publications like [[Prajavani]], [[Vijaya Karnataka|Vijay Karnataka]], [[Udayavani]], and [[Samyukta Karnataka]], as well as on [[Zee News]] Kannada, highlights the potential of Aksharabhandara to make Kannada's rich heritage more accessible to a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=R G Halli |first=Siddu |date=23 December 2024 |title=ಅಖಿಲ ಭಾರತ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನ: ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕಲಿಕೆಗೆ 'ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ' |url=https://www.prajavani.net/art-culture/sahitya-sammelana/kannada-sahitya-sammelana-concludesakshara-bhandara-3098155 |work=Prajavani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://epaper.samyukthakarnataka.com/articledetails/Mandya/SMYK_MNDY/page/2/article/SMYK_MNDY_20241222_02_1/zoom |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=epaper.samyukthakarnataka.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Praveen Chandra |title=ಮಂಡ್ಯ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಮನಸೆಳೆದ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ, ಇಂದಿನ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮೂಲಕ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ ಓದುವ ಖುಷಿ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/karnataka/mandya-kannada-sahitya-sammelana-akshara-bhandara-read-ancient-kannada-characters-very-easy-talks-udaya-kumar-pl-pcp-181734836503639.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಶಾಸನಕ್ಕೆ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಸ್ಪರ್ಶ: ಮಂಡ್ಯ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ' |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.in/karnataka-news/digital-touch-to-legislation-akshara-bhandara-at-conference/articleshow-h0gdahr |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Karthik K. |date=2024-12-22 |title=Kannada Sahitya Sammelana displays ancient scripts, celebrates heritage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2024/Dec/22/kannada-sahitya-sammelana-displays-ancient-scripts-celebrates-heritage |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===== Key features =====
* Extensive Database: Includes over 30,000 images of vowels, consonants, conjunct consonants, numbers, and complete inscriptions.
* Interactive Learning: Features a "Practice" section designed to help users learn and test their knowledge of ancient Kannada scripts.
* 3D Scanning Technology: The application's database is built on 3D scans of hundreds of inscription stones in the Bengaluru region.

===== Development =====
Aksharabhandara was conceived and produced by the Mythic Society's Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation project. Key contributors include:

* Developer: Karthik Aditya
* Icon Design: Manjunatha R
* Image Extraction: Interns from St. Joseph's University and Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru

All digital images within the software are produced and owned by the Mythic Society's Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation project.

''Notes'': ''As of October 2024, Aksharabhandara is in beta release and some features may not function as expected.''

==== Kannada Inscription Tools ====
[[File:Kannada Inscription Tool.jpg|thumb|586x586px|The Kannada Inscription Tool.]]
Kannada Inscription Tools is a free and open-source web application designed to assist in the study and analysis of Kannada inscriptions. Developed using Streamlit, this user-friendly tool provides a range of features that simplify the process of counting and comparing historical Kannada texts.

===== Features =====

====== Potential misread akshara predictor ======
Based on a thorough study of 200 Bengaluru inscriptions, this tool identifies characters in a Kannada sentence that may have been misread and suggests likely corrections. This feature leverages patterns of misreading identified by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team.

====== Akshara counter ======
Accurately counts the number of Kannada characters in a given text. This is crucial because Kannada's syllabic nature often causes inaccuracies in standard character counting software.

====== Compare two Kannada inscriptions ======
This tool simplifies the process of comparing two versions of an inscription (e.g., an earlier reading and a new reading). By utilizing the Levenshtein distance algorithm, it accurately identifies differences between the texts, reducing the labor and potential for error in manual comparisons.

===== Development =====
These tools were developed by interns Deepthi B J and Ujwala Yadav, MSc Data Science students at NMKRV Women's College, Bengaluru in conjunction with the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team.

==== The 'Inscription Stones of Bengaluru' Google Map ====
The 'Inscription Stones of Bengaluru' Google Map was initiated as a citizen project in 2018 and is now actively developed by the [[Daly Memorial Hall|Mythic Society]]'s Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Team, is a comprehensive online resource documenting nearly 1,500 inscriptions. This map is accessible to everyone with online access through a computer or smartphone and serves as a centralized repository of information, consolidating data from various sources. With features such as a search option, color-coded periods, and detailed information on each inscription, the map is crucial in promoting public engagement with Bengaluru's epigraphic heritage.

Inscriptions documented in all previously mentioned sources as well as newspaper articles, social media, etc., have all been compiled and marked on the map. The map is continuously updated to incorporate additional information and reflect any changes or recent discoveries.[[File:HowOldIsBengaluru English.png|thumb|452x452px|Inscription Stones of Bangalore - Google Map]]

===== The features of the map =====
The map includes a search option that allows users to find information such as individuals' names, place names, references to lakes, taxes, temples, and other related content within the inscriptions' text.

''The map represents various icons to represent Inscriptions:''

* Green Heart: which represents that the inscription stone is present at the site
* Red Skull: The Inscription is no longer traceable or might have been vandalized
* Question Mark: The current status of the inscription is not known

''By clicking on the icons on the map, an explanation of the information that can be obtained such as''

* The Inscription date
* The present status of the inscription which also refers to the physical condition of the inscription, it also includes whether the inscription is intact or damaged
* The English translation of the inscription is also given which provides a readable and understandable version of the text in English.
* The English Transliteration which provides the text of the inscription in the [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] format
* The Kannada transliteration of the inscription is also given which provides a representation of the inscription's text in the Kannada alphabet.
* The documentation source plays a very important role which refers to the publication or record in which the inscription was first documented
* The rereading of the inscription is also given which is done by the team

The map uses a color-coding scheme to represent the different periods from which the inscriptions originate.

This allows users to quickly identify the age of each inscription and gain a general understanding of the chronological distribution of inscriptions across Bengaluru. In addition to the color-coding scheme, the map also includes labels that provide more specific information about the dating of each inscription. The color scheme is as follows:

* Brown: 500-700CE
* Purple: 700-800CE
* Dark Violet: 800-900CE
* Light Violet: 900-1000CE
* Blue: 1000-1100CE
* Green: 11001200CE
* Yellow: 1200-1300CE
* Orange: 1300-1400CE
* Lavender: 1400-1500CE
* Pink: 1500-1600CE

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Inscription stones of Bengaluru}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/inscriptionstones/ Inscription Stones of Bangalore | Facebook]
*[https://www.google.com/mymaps/viewer?mid=10MkVJhxpkbsDbhXxJpAS82KtKMI&hl=en_US The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru]
*[https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=15I1EDbDPleNu5mC8hnr5Qs_fNMYWIEc&ll=12.984123747413049%2C77.54608476749677&z=11 Herostones of Bengaluru]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada inscriptions]]

Milak Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:16Z

Nayeem: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Milak
| map_image = 38-Milak.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 38
| mla = [[Rajbala]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 381,258 (2022)
}}
'''Milak''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Rampur district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 38.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 24 September 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=24 September 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=24 September 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/milak.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Milak Assembly constituency is Shahabad Tehsil; PCs Ramnagar, Dhamora, Puraina, Ainchora, Larhpur, Lohapatti Bholanath, Bhainsori, Jalif Nagla, Vikrampur, Khutia, Dhanelipurbi, Param, Kripyapanday, Purainya Kalan of Milak KC & Milak MB of Milak Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Milak Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/milak.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Vijay Singh (Indian politician)|Vijay Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajbala]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Milak<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajbala Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:97948}}
|percentage = 43.11
|change = +1.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Singh (Indian politician)|Vijay Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92036}}
|percentage = 40.5
|change = +6.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surendra Singh Sagar
|votes = {{formatnum:31492}}
|percentage = 13.86
|change = -4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kumar Eklavya
|votes = {{formatnum:2836}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1479}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5912}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change = -5.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227230}}
|percentage = 63.57
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Milak<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajbala
|votes = {{formatnum:89861}}
|percentage = 41.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Singh (Indian politician)|Vijay Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73194}}
|percentage = 33.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Radhe Shyam Rahi
|votes = {{formatnum:39271}}
|percentage = 18.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandrapal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:7914}}
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1477}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16667}}
|percentage = 7.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216334}}
|percentage = 63.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Milak<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=24 September 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Singh (Indian politician)|Vijay Singh]]
|votes = 56,798
|percentage = 31.54
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chandra Pal Singh
|votes = 36,635
|percentage = 20.34
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Radhey Shyam
|votes = 34,964
|percentage = 19.41
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates
|votes = 51,691
|percentage = 28.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,163
|percentage = 11.2
|change = -
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = 180,088
|percentage = 58.53
|change = -
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Rampur district]]
*[[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rampur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

St. Thomas Mount Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:45Z

Nayeem: made basic info from scratch

{{Short description|Former state assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = St. Thomas Mount
|constituency_no = 16
|type = SLA
| map_image = MG Ramachandran 2017 stamp of India.jpg
| map_caption = Dr. [[M. G. Ramachandran]] - only [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]] from this constituency
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|district = [[Chingleput district|Chingleput]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 1976
|electors = {{formatnum:163527}}
|reservation = None
}}
The '''St. Thomas Mount Assembly constituency''' was one of the 234 [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[Federated state|state]] in southern [[India]]. It was in existence for the [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] and [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]] assembly elections. At that time, this constituency was represented only by the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. Later, it was merged with the [[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur assembly constituency]] from the [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]] assembly election.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=2|Term of office
!rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
|-
!rowspan=3|1
|rowspan=3|'''[[M. G. Ramachandran]]''' (1917–1987)
|15 March 1967
|5 January 1971
|[[4th Madras Assembly|4th]] {{small|([[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|22 March 1971
|14 October 1972
|rowspan=2|5th {{small|([[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]])}}
|-
|17 October 1972
|31 January 1976
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float = right
|title = Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar = #ddd
|width = 260px
|barwidth = 250px
|bars = {{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.11}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.67}}
}}

===Assembly election 1971===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[St. Thomas Mount]]<ref name="1971_TN_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3326-tamil-nadu-1971/|title=1971 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|votes = 65,405
|percentage = 61.11
|change = {{decrease}}5.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|candidate = T. L. Raghupathy
|votes = 40,773
|percentage = 38.10
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. Varadarajan
|votes = 850
|percentage = 0.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 24,632
|percentage = 23.01
|change = {{decrease}}11.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 107,028
|percentage = 67.31
|change = {{decrease}}9.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}5.56
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[St. Thomas Mount]]<ref name="1967_TN_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3325-tamil-nadu-1967/|title=1967 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|votes = 54,106
|percentage = 66.67
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = T. L. Raghupathy
|votes = 26,432
|percentage = 32.57
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = K. Kasinathan
|votes = 613
|percentage = 0.76
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,674
|percentage = 34.10
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 81,151
|percentage = 76.57
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title=Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate=July 8, 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate=5 October 2010}}

{{coord|13.01|80.19|display=title}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

Oinam Ibeyaima

2026-04-13T06:47:21Z

Nayeem: new new info added tags!

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Oinam Ibeyaima''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯏꯕꯦꯌꯥꯏꯃꯥ}}) is a [[Meitei Christians|Meitei Christian]] from [[Manipur]], India, who has been recognized as the tallest woman in the state. She stands 6.3 feet (191 cm) tall. She is also known for her work in [[Christian mission]]ary activities in the [[Imphal Valley|valley districts of Manipur]], which are mainly [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2013-12-22|title=Manipur's tallest woman on campaign for more churches|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/manipurs-tallest-woman-on-campaign-for-more-churches/articleshow/27748796.cms|access-date=2025-11-05|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Manipur's tallest woman in the news for a fellowship campaign : 20th dec13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..201213.dec13|access-date=2025-11-05|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Early life and height recognition ==

Ibeyaima was born in Wangoo Sandangkhong village. In 2004, during an official function at Gandhi Memorial Hall in [[Imphal]], she was declared the tallest woman in Manipur at the age of 39.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Religious work ==

Ibeyaima is a Christian convert and completed her Christian missionary training in 1996. She married Maibam Tiken, a [[Pastor]] from Phouden Keirenphabi village in [[Thoubal district]], in 2004. Since their marriage, the couple has conducted regular ministerial campaigns almost every week under Believers' Church in [[Thoubal]] and [[Bishnupur district]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Their missionary work has resulted in the establishment of a local church in Salungpham, Thoubal district, and plans for additional churches in the area are ongoing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Ibeyaima and her husband continue to work together in missionary campaigns, aiming to expand Christian communities and establish churches in Thoubal and Bishnupur districts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Christian homileticists]]
[[Category:Tallest things]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chiraan Fort Palace

2026-04-10T07:18:10Z

Nayeem: Adding new post.

{{Short description|Historic building in Begumpet, Hyderabad, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Chiraan Fort Palace
| native_name = Aiwan-i Begumpet
| native_name_lang = [[Urdu]]
| logo =
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| former_names = Devdi Fareed Nawaz Jung
| alternate_names = Devdi Nazir Nawaz Jung
| etymology =
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| cancelled =
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| address = [[Begumpet]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| location_city = 
| location_country = [[Begumpet]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.439370|78.475105|region:IN-TS_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
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| current_tenants = Chiran Fort Club
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'''Aiwan-i Begumpet''', also known as '''Chiraan Fort Palace''' ('''Chiran Fort Club'''), and '''Devdi Fareed Nawaz Jung''', or '''Devdi Nazir Nawaz Jung''', was built in 1880 by Sir [[Viqar-ul-Umra]], Amir of the Great Paigah Dynasty of [[Hyderabad State|Deccan]], who served as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Begumpet Palace|url=https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/20108|journal=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries]]|year=2010|access-date=19 July 2022 |last1=Bahadur |first1=Nawab Vikar-ul-Umra }}</ref> The palace was built after the construction of [[Falaknuma Palace]] gifted to the sixth [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]], Asaf Jah VI. Devdi is one of the complexes in the [[Paigah Palace]] residence house of the Paigah Nobility. In the hierarchy of nobles of Hyderabad, the Paigah family ranked immediately next to the ruling family of [[Nizams]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Inside Hyderabad: An Insider's Look at the Best of Hyderabad| url=|publisher=Rupa and Company|isbn=9788129113405|page=42|year=2008}}</ref>

== History ==
In the hierarchy of nobles of Hyderabad, the Paigah family ranked immediately next to the ruling family of Nizams.

The Paigahs were also the foremost palace builders of Hyderabad. The Falaknuma Palace was built by Nawab Viqar ul-Umra and was later acquired by the Nizam VI. Near the Chiraan Fort Palace lies the Deoris of [[Paigah Palace]] Nawab Muzaffar Nawaz Jung, Nawab Nazir Nawaz Jung, Nawab Khair Nawaz Jung, and Nawab Hassan Yar Jung, who were grandsons of [[Viqar-ul-Umra|Sir Viqar-ul-Umra]]. Chiraan fort was used as a residence for Sir Nawab Fareed Nawaz Jung and his family. The palace was passed down through three generations as residence until Sahebzade Hyder Nawab (grandson of Fareed nawaz Jung and paternal grandson of [[Moin-Ud-Daula Bahadur]]) converted the palace into a club/restaurant.
[[File:Hyder nawab paigah.jpg|thumb|Grandson of Fareed Nawaz Jung Hyder Nawab paigah with his granddaughter]]

==See also==
*{{Annotated link|Architecture of Hyderabad}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons cat|Chiraan Fort}}

[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1889]]
[[Category:Hotels in Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Palaces of Paigah of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]

Alexandra Taylor (actress)

2026-04-05T21:13:16Z

Nayeem: Done

{{Short description|British model and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alexandra Taylor
| birth_place = [[Ashton-under-Lyne]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| citizenship = British
| education = [[Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts]] [[University of Huddersfield]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|Actress}}
| years_active = 2022–present
| notable_works = ''[[Ogo Bideshini]]'' ''[[Abar Proloy]]'' ''[[Jazz City]]''
}}

'''Alexandra Taylor''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Model (person)|model]] and actress who appears in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] films. She primarily works in the Tollywood film industry. She made her acting debut with the 2022 Bengali film ''[[Ogo Bideshini]]''. She is also known for her roles in ''[[Bagha Jatin (2023 film)|Bagha Jatin]]'', ''Babu Shona'', ''Annapurna'', and other films.

== Career ==
Taylor began her acting career with the 2022 Bengali film ''[[Ogo Bideshini]]'', where she portrayed the character Suzanne.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-14 |title=Alexandra Taylor: I’m moving into Kolkata in January, want to be recognized as a Bengali actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/alexandra-taylor-im-moving-into-kolkata-in-january-want-to-be-recognized-as-a-bengali-actress/articleshow/96217486.cms |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Alexandra Taylor: Kolkata will be my new home soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-alexandra-taylor-kolkata-will-be-my-new-home-soon/4f0aa71293471 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মারকুটে নায়ক নন, 'ওগো বিদেশিনী' ছবিতে মন কাড়ল মিষ্টি প্রেমিক অঙ্কুশ, পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/ankush-hazras-new-movie-ogo-bideshini-movie-review/pid/778292/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref> In 2023, she appeared in the film ''[[Bagha Jatin (2023 film)|Bagha Jatin]]'', playing Mrs. Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সৃজিতের ছবিতে আলেকজ়ান্দ্রা টেলর? ‘সই না করে কিছু বলব না’, কৌতূহল উস্কে জবাব অভিনেত্রীর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-actress-alexandra-taylor-doing-movie-with-director-srijit-mukherji-dgtl/cid/1592877 |website=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-07 |title=কলকাতায় এসে মুগ্ধ, স্বদেশ ভুলে এই শহরেই মন সঁপেছেন বিদেশিনী |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/do-you-know-who-this-actress-name-alexandra-taylor-986122.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> In the same year, she made her web series debut with ''[[Abar Proloy]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandra Taylor on Abar Proloy: Raj Chakraborty is such an incredible person and a great director |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/alexandra-taylor-on-abar-proloy-raj-chakraborty-is-such-an-incredible-person-and-a-great-director/d0d71174a5172 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[United Kacche]]''. In 2025, she appeared in the film ''Babu Shona'' as Lizel<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-27 |title=কিডন্যাপার জিতু, চোর শ্রাবন্তী! নতুন ছবিতে কেমন জমবে রসায়ন? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/new-bengali-film-jeetu-kamal-and-shrabanti-chatterjee-is-doing-a-new-commercial-film-named-babu-sona-973664 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-30 |title=Alexandra New Film: কোন ছবির কাজে কলকাতা ছেড়ে উড়ে গেলেন আলেকজান্দ্রা টেইলর? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/alexandra-taylor-jets-off-for-new-film-shooting/wb20230330130454681681701 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> and in ''Annapurna'' as Nicole.<ref>{{Cite news |last=রায় |first=অদিতি বসু |title=নারীকেন্দ্রিক ছবি মানেই সরব বিদ্রোহ নয়, বরং এক অন্য সংগ্রামের গল্প বলে ‘অন্নপূর্ণা’ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-movie-annapurna-dgtl/cid/1597293 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251110135939/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-movie-annapurna-dgtl/cid/1597293 |archive-date=2025-11-10 |access-date=2026-04-03 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title='আমার সন্তান যেন থাকে দুধেভাতে', অন্নপূর্ণা সত্যিই অনন্যা - ananya-chatterjees-bengali-film-annapurna-review |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/ananya-chatterjees-bengali-film-annapurna-review/tid/156838 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website= |language=bn}}</ref> In 2026, she appeared in the web series ''[[Jazz City]]'', portraying the character Pamela.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Jazz City review: A period drama that never finds its rhythm |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jazz-city-review-a-period-drama-that-never-finds-its-rhythm-10592326/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Jazz City review: Historical drama about the birth of Bangladesh is painfully indulgent and out of tune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jazz-city-review-historical-drama-about-the-birth-of-bangladesh-is-painfully-indulgent-and-out-of-tune-101773939859755.html |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2022
|''[[Ogo Bideshini]]''
|Suzzaine
|-
|2023
|''[[Bagha Jatin (2023 film)|Bagha Jatin]]''
|Mrs. Kennedy
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''Babu Shona''
|Lizel
|-
|''Annapurna''
|Nicole
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''Maya Satya Bhram''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya Satya Bhram: ‘বেলাইন’-এর পরে ‘মায়া সত্য ভ্রম’ নিয়ে ফিরছেন পরিচালক শমীক রায়চৌধুরী; সামনে এল ছবির ফার্স্ট লুক |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/maya-satya-bhram-beline-fame-samik-roy-choudhury-to-be-back-with-suspense-thriller-ss-1932877.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241105053237/https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/maya-satya-bhram-beline-fame-samik-roy-choudhury-to-be-back-with-suspense-thriller-ss-1932877.html |archive-date=2024-11-05 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=bengali.news18.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samik Roy choudhury going to direct another thriller movie |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/samik-roy-choudhury-going-to-direct-another-thriller-movie-160726 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn-IN}}</ref>
|{{TBA}}
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Abar Proloy]]''
|Britney
|-
|''[[United Kacche]]''
|Christina
|-
|2026
|''[[Jazz City]]''
|Pamela
|}

== Award and recognition ==
In 2021, Taylor participated in the ''[[Miss England]]'' beauty pageant, where she was awarded the title of ''Miss Tameside 2020/21'' and finished in second place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Sophie |last2=Gibbons |first2=Lottie |date=2021-03-26 |title=Young girl went to bed and woke unable to walk or leave the house |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/girl-12-went-bed-woke-20259841 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Katie |date=2021-08-23 |title=Meet the five Miss Manchester winners hoping to be crowned Miss England |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/meet-five-inspirational-miss-manchester-21375046 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-07 |title=Meet the Lancashire lass who's been fast-tracked to the Miss England finals 2021 |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/19497207.meet-jessica-gagen-lancashire-lass-fast-tracked-miss-england-finals/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=Lancashire Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Instagram|id=alexandrataylor.x}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Alexandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British female models]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Huddersfield]]

Satya Harishchandra (1943 film)

2026-04-01T04:12:49Z

Nayeem: made basic page and citations

{{short description|1943 Kannada film directed by R. Nagendra Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satya Harishchandra
| image = 1943 Kannada film Satya Harischandra advertisement.png

| caption = Advertisement for the film
| director = [[R. Nagendra Rao]]
| producer = [[A. V. Meiyappan]] R. Nagendra Rao
| writer =
| narrator =
| screenplay = R. Nagendra Rao
| starring = [[Subbaiah Naidu]] Lakshmibai R. Nagendra Rao
| music = R. Sudarshanam
| cinematography = P. V. Krishna Iyer
| editing = [[M. V. Raman]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions|Pragathi Studios]]
| distributor = Famous Talkie Distributors
| released = {{film date|1943|5|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Satya Harishchandra''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸತ್ಯ ಹರಿಶ್ಚಂದ್ರ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1943 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[R. Nagendra Rao]]. It stars [[Subbaiah Naidu]], Lakshmibai and Rao. The music of the film was composed by R. Sudarshanam. The film was successful at the box office and ran for 100 days in [[Dharwad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Satya Harischandra 100 days in Dharwad|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3690-satya-harischandra-100-days-in-dharwad.html|publisher=Chitraloka|date=14 August 2013|accessdate=5 October 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007022532/http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3690-satya-harischandra-100-days-in-dharwad.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie was dubbed in Tamil making it the first Kannada movie to be dubbed in other language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/2019-the-year-when-kannada-cinema-went-national/article30348537.ece|title = 2019: The year when Kannada cinema went national|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 December 2019|last1 = R|first1 = Shilpa Sebastian}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Subbaiah Naidu]] as [[Harischandra]]
* [[R. Nagendra Rao]]
* Lakshmibai as [[Shaivya (queen)|Chandramathi]]
* [[G. V. Krishnamurthy Rao]]
* M. G. Marirao
* B. S. Raja Iyengar as [[Narada]]
* Kamalabai
* Narasimhan (credited as Master Narasimhan)}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by R. Sudarsanam with lyrics for the soundtracks penned by Gamiki Ramakrishna Sastry.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Kaamadhenu Namipena
| lyrics1 = Gamiki Ramakrishna Sastry
| extra1 = Kamala Bai
| length1 =
| title2 = Paahi Shubhacharithe
| lyrics2 = Gamiki Ramakrishna Sastry
| extra2 = Raja Iyengar
| length2 =
| title3 = Sadaa Sukhee
| lyrics3 = Gamiki Ramakrishna Sastry
| extra3 = Lakshmi Bai
| length3 =
| title4 = Shanthiye Jeevana
| lyrics4 = Gamiki Ramakrishna Sastry
| extra4 = Raja Iyengar
| length4 =
}}

== Production and release ==
Film producer [[A. V. Meiyappan]] went to his hometown of [[Karaikudi]] after the success of his 1941 [[Tamil film]] ''[[Sabapathy]]'' due to apprehensions surrounding bombing of [[Madras]] by the Japanese with the [[World War II]] on. He returned to Madras and began the production of ''Satya Harishchandra'' as a joint venture with the theatre troupe SSS Natakamandali. [[R. Nagendra Rao]] was roped in to direct and A. T. Krishnaswamy as the assistant director.<ref name="SH">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ|title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema|pages=107–108|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|last=Pillai|first=Swarnavel Eswaran|year=2015|location=India|isbn=978-93-5150-121-3}}</ref> The cast included [[Subbaiah Naidu]] playing the role of the [[Harischandra]], Lakshmibai as Chandramathi; Rao, J. V. Krishnamurthy Rao, M. G. Marirao, Kamalabai and Narasimhan. Musician B. S. Raja Iyengar made his acting debut playing [[Narada]].<ref>{{cite web|title="Harischandra"|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZLw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=JEwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3171%2C8343769|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 April 2017|page=4|date=29 May 1943}}</ref> The edited length of the film was restricted to {{convert|11000|feet|metres}} due to wartime regulation of raw stock. It was released on 28 May 1943.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gala Release To-day|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19430527&printsec=frontpage|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 April 2017|page=6|date=28 May 1943}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.

The film was dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and released as ''Harishchandra'' on 6 January 1944. It was the first Indian film to be dubbed into another language. A. T. Krishnaswamy wrote the dialogues for the Tamil film while R. Nagendra Rao helped him with the words that would match the artistes' lip movement. [[V. S. Raghavan (director)|V. S. Raghavan]] was the pioneering sound engineer who dubbed the film.<ref name="SH" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/harishchandra-1944/article3024007.ece|title=Harischandra 1944|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 November 2007|accessdate=10 January 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|authorlink=Randor Guy|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180110011726/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/harishchandra-1944/article3024007.ece|archivedate=10 January 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0263969|Satya Harishchandra}}
* [http://chiloka.com/movie/satya-harishchandra-1943 Satya Harishchandra] on Chiloka

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1940s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Raja Harishchandra]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]

Corjuem Fort

2026-03-29T14:01:13Z

Nayeem: quick expand layout after review

{{Short description|Fortress in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Corjuem Fort
|native_name = Forte da Assunção de Corjuem
|partof = [[Goa]]
|location = [[Bardez]], [[Goa]]
|image = Fort_Corjuem.jpg
|caption = Aerial view of the fortress
|map_type =India Goa
|coordinates = {{coord|15.5968|73.8928|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
|map_size = 200
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Location of Corjuem Fort in Goa
|type = Fortress battery
|code =
|built = {{Start date|1705}}
|builder = Caetano de Melo e Castro
|materials =
|height =
|used = Decommissioned in 1834
|demolished = No
|condition = Under Restoration<ref>https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/corjuem-fort-restoration-to-be-completed-by-march-2026/35486.html</ref>
|ownership =
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlled by = [[Portuguese India]] (1705–1961) [[India]] (1961–present)
| website = {{URL|https://corjuemisland.com/}}
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

'''Fort Assunção'''<ref>Joaquim Pedro Celestino Soares: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=C0JqWz6mmnkC&dq=forte%20de%20carambolim&pg=PA48-IA5 Bosquejo das possessoes portuguezas no Oriente]'' Imprensa nacional, 1851</ref> or '''Corjuem Fort''' is a fortress situated {{convert|4|km|mi}} from the village of [[Aldona]] on the [[river island]] of Corjuem, [[Goa]]. It was a military fortress for the defense of [[Portuguese India]]. It is smaller than the other forts in Goa, but it gives a good view of the surrounding river and land. It is a protected monument under the Goa, Daman and Diu Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|last1=Fernandes|first1=Joaquim|title=Goa government to restore Corjuem fort|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goa-government-to-restore-Corjuem-fort/articleshow/40411454.cms|access-date=21 August 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|date=Aug 19, 2014}}</ref>

Corjuem Fort is {{convert|12|km|mi}} from [[Panjim]].

==Location==
The Fort of Corjuem ({{langx|pt|italic=yes|Forte de Corjuem}}) is situated on an [[Corjuem island|island]] with the same name in [[Bardez]], to the east of the village of [[Aldona]], from which it is separated by the [[Mapusa River|Mapuçá River]] (a tributary of the [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]]). It is one of the only two inland forts that are surviving that are made of pitted [[laterite]].

==History==
[[File:Ferreiras at Corjuem.jpg|thumb|Ferreira family of Corjuem, including famous composer and lawyer Adv. Carlos Ferreira, Adv. Jose Heliodoro Ferreira, Dr. Jose Filippe Alvares and Dr. Armando Ferreira Alvares.]]
Under the Portuguese Viceroy Caetano de Mello e Castro, the control of the island came back under [[Portuguese India]]'s administration.<ref>[[:pt:Caetano de Melo e Castro]], Retrieved 10 May 2012{{Circular reference|date=September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=da Fonseca|first=José Nicolau|title=Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa|date=January 1878|publisher=Thacker & Co.|pages=85|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Jos%C3%A9_Nicolau_da_Fonseca_An_historical_and_arch%C3%A6olo?id=-aA5AQAAIAAJ&feature=more_from_author}}</ref> This fort built in 1705, by the Portuguese, as a defense against [[Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683)|Maratha aggression]], and was subsequently rebuilt and reinforced by them to boost up defenses along [[Panjim]].
In the eighteenth century, this fort successfully protected the Portuguese from the Bhonsles and the Ranes, who were camped just beyond the [[Mandovi River]].

[[File:Dr_Jaime_Portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Jaime Valfredo Rangel]], Industrialist, politician and owner of Corjuem Fort<ref>{{cite web | title=After renovation, Corjuem Fort to see heritage tourism | work=The Times of India | date=3 June 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-renovation-corjuem-fort-to-see-heritage-tourism/articleshow/100712746.cms }}</ref>]]

In the early 1800s, the fort was used as a Military School and had in its defenses a battery of four guns. The fortress defended the town of [[Corjuem]] and also has a chapel under the parochial church of Aldona. The fort fell into disuse after the success of [[Novas Conquistas]], as it had lost its purpose as a border defense.<ref>{{cite book|last=da Fonseca|first=José Nicolau|title=Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa|date=January 1878|publisher=Thacker & Co.|pages=86|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Jos%C3%A9_Nicolau_da_Fonseca_An_historical_and_arch%C3%A6olo?id=-aA5AQAAIAAJ&feature=more_from_author}}</ref>

==Development of Corjuem==

Since the early 1800s<ref>https://corjuemisland.com/</ref> the custodian of the island and Fort have been Joao Filippe Ferreira and his descendants.<ref>{{cite web | title=Khorjuve also known as Corjuem in Goa, Corjuem fort information, About the Corjuem Aldona bridge, Places to visit in Corjuem | url=https://www.goaholidayhomes.com/information/khorguve.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Corjuem Village Population - Bardez - North Goa, Goa | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/626683-corjuem-goa.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Corjuem Fort (January 2026) Timings,Tickets,reviews,Tips,Contact number | url=https://www.explorebees.com/India/Goa/Goa/Corjuem+Fort/pl25265 }}</ref>
He also installed the altar of St. Anthony in the Fort. His family was influential in the construction of the 5 chapels and 3 temples in the village as well as being the benefactors of the Corjuem Gymkhana and the Mae de Deus School Corjuem.<ref>{{cite web | title=Preserving the Past: Corjuem Fort Emerges as a Beacon of Heritage Tourism | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.goaprism.com/preserving-the-past-corjuem-fort-emerges-as-beacon-of-heritage-tourism/ }}</ref> They developed the island post 1961, working with the authorities on roads, electrification and both the bridges.

Corjuem which was earlier just a ward of Aldona with no separate parish, first considered as a separate village in the Census of 1971 with 467 people, now has over 2,700 and comes under the Aldona Panchayat.

The Fort is currently under restoration by the Directorate of Archaeology Govt of Goa with backing from the Alvares Ferreira and Ferreira Rangel families.<ref>{{cite web | title=After renovation, Corjuem Fort to see heritage tourism | work=The Times of India | date=3 June 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-renovation-corjuem-fort-to-see-heritage-tourism/articleshow/100712746.cms }}</ref>

==Folklore==
[[File:Carlos Eugenio Pic.png|thumb|Adv. Carlos Eugenio Ferreira, the most famous son of Corjuem]]
The fort also has an interesting incident in which an ambitious Portuguese woman named [[Maria Ursula Lancastro y Abreu|Ursula e Lancastre]], who determined to see the man's world, dressed as a male and took up navigation and military roles. She landed up at Corjuem as a soldier and many years later, voluntarily revealed her gender as she wished to marry a man.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bryn Thomas|first=Douglas Streatfeild-James|title=Lonely Planet : Goa|date=Feb 1998|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=0864424884|page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZUwAQAAIAAJ&q=Ursula+e+Lancastre}}</ref>
The famous [[Dekhni]] song Hanv Saiba Poltoddi Voitam" by Carlos Eugenio Ferreira, grandson of Joao Fillipe Ferreira was written about crossing the river behind Corjuem Fort<ref>https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/pdf/2025/06/08/0806025-md-ga-13.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=January 2026}}</ref>[[File:Carlos_Eugenio_Ferreira.jpg|thumb| Hanv Saiba Poltoddi Voitam composed by Carlos Eugenio Ferreira Goa's most famous [[Dekhni]] song ]]

==Santuário de Santo António de Lisboa==
There is a Shrine dedicated to [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]] within the walls of the fort, at its entrance. It is under the ownership of the Parish of Aldona and is regularly patronized and renovated.

==References==
{{reflist}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/corjuem-fort-to-be-developed-as-heritage-touristic-destination/articleshow/59758817.cms |title=Corjuem fort to be developed as heritage touristic destination |date=Oct 2018 |website=timesofindia}}</ref>

{{coord|15.59678|73.89281|type:landmark_region:IN-GA|display=title}}
{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Portuguese forts]]
[[Category:Forts in Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1705]]
[[Category:1705 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1894 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1890s disestablishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1705]]

Indian Football League

2026-03-29T08:33:08Z

Nayeem:

{{Short description|Second division men's association football league in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Redirect|I league|League in Indonesia|I-League (Indonesia)}}{{Infobox football league
| name = Indian Football League
| image = Indian Football League.png
| pixels = 180
| organiser = [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2007}} (as ''I-League''; succeeding ''[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]'') {{Start date and age|2026}} (as ''Indian Football League'')
| country = India
| confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| teams = [[#Current clubs|10]]<ref>https://www.facebook.com/ILeagueOfficial/photos/the-indian-football-league-2025-26-will-kick-off-on-february-27-more-details-bit/896922206054404/</ref>
| levels = [[Indian football league system#Men's|2]]
| promotion = [[Indian Super League]]
| relegation = [[I-League 2]]
| domest_cup = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| league_cup = [[Durand Cup]]
| confed_cup = [[AFC Champions League Two]] (via ''Super Cup'')
| champions = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] (1st title)
| top_goalscorer = [[Ranti Martins]] (214 goals)
| most_successful_club = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] (3 titles)
| tv = [[DD Sports|DD Sports]] Waves (OTT)
| website = {{URL|https://indianfootballleague.in}}
| current = [[2025–26 Indian Football League]]
}}

The '''Indian Football League''' ('''IFL'''), previously known as '''I-League''', is the men's second professional [[association football|football]] division of the [[Indian football league system#Men's|Indian football league system]], behind the [[Indian Super League]]. Administered by the [[All India Football Federation]], it is currently contested by 10 clubs. It operates as a system of [[promotion and relegation]] with the Indian Super League (ISL) and the [[I-League 2]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= New roadmap for Indian football proposes Hero ISL as premier league|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/new-roadmap-for-indian-football-proposes-hero-isl-as-premier-league|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=14 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The competition was founded in 2007 as '''I-League''', the successor to the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], with the first season commenced in November 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/about-us/history-of-i-league/ |title=History of I-League |publisher=AIFF |website=i-league.org |access-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614150349/https://i-league.org/about-us/history-of-i-league/ |archive-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="AIFF2007">{{cite news |title=AIFF's I-League to have 10 teams |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |access-date=27 June 2018 |work=Rediff |date=21 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042458/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The league was launched as India's first top-tier professional football league with the aim to increase the player pool for the [[India national football team|India national team]].<ref name="AIFF2007"/> It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the I-League 2 and at first only promotion system with the ISL, from the 2022–23 season.<ref name="AIFF2007"/>

Since the inception of the I-League, a total of ten clubs have been crowned [[List of Indian football champions|champions]]. [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] have won the most titles in league history, being crowned champions three times. [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]], [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] and [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] have won the league twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-brilliant-gokulam-kerala-fc-edge-past-mohammedan-sc-win-consecutive-i-league-titles|title=Brilliant Gokulam Kerala FC edge past Mohammedan SC to win historic consecutive I-League titles|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=14 May 2022|access-date=15 May 2022|first=Sayantan|last=Guha|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515124228/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-brilliant-gokulam-kerala-fc-edge-past-mohammedan-sc-win-consecutive-i-league-titles|archive-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]], [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]], [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]], [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]], [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]], [[Punjab FC|Roundglass Punjab]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] have won it once.

Since the inaugural season to 2011, the league was sponsored by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] and known as ''ONGC I-League''. Between 2011 & 2013 and again from 2023 & 2025, it did not have a title sponsor. For [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]] season, [[Bharti Airtel|Aitel]] was the title sponsor and it was known as ''Airtel I-League''. From 2014 to 2023, it was sponsored by [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero]] and known as ''Hero I-League''. Following the rebranding as IFL in 2026, [[Star Cement]] became the title sponsor for the league.

== History ==
=== Origins ===
In 1996, the first domestic league was started in India, known as the National Football League,<ref name=GoldenTimes>{{cite web |title=Indian National League (I-League) 2011–12 Season Review |url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/indian-national-league-i-league-2011-12-season-review/ |website=Goalden Times |date=6 July 2012 |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007072457/http://www.goaldentimes.org/indian-national-league-i-league-2011-12-season-review/ |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> in an effort to introduce professionalism in Indian football.<ref name=GoldenTimes/> Despite that ambition, that has not been achieved to this date. During the National Football League days, the league suffered from poor infrastructure and unprofessionalism from its clubs. One of the clubs in the league, [[FC Kochin]], went defunct in 2002 after it was revealed that the club had not paid salaries since 2000, after making up 2.5 crores of losses in a season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=M.G. |title=The final whistle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20020506-first-indian-professional-football-club-fc-kochin-faces-closure-as-players-migrate-795344-2002-05-05 |website=India Today |date=6 May 2002 |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717065437/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/first-indian-professional-football-club-fc-kochin-faces-closure-as-players-migrate/1/219886.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After a decade of decline with the National Football League, the All India Football Federation decided it was time for a change. This resulted in the modern day iteration of the top-tier in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://ileague.in/history/ |website=ileague.in |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716214408/http://ileague.in/history/ |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

=== Formation ===
After the [[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]] NFL season, it was announced that it would be rebranded as the I-League for the 2007–08 season.<ref name="I-League relaunched">{{cite web |title=AIFF's I-League to have 10 teams |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162341/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The league's first season consisted of eight teams from the previous NFL campaign and two teams from the 2nd Division to form a 10 team league.<ref name="I-League relaunched"/> [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), the title sponsors of the previous NFL, were named as the title sponsors of the I-League before the league kicked off in November 2007.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amin-ul Islam |first1=Mohammad |title=I-League partners ONGC cry foul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/I-League-partners-ONGC-cry-foul/articleshow/2579593.cms |website=Times of India |date=28 November 2007 |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928143611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/I-League-partners-ONGC-cry-foul/articleshow/2579593.cms |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The league also announced a change in their foreign-player restrictions with the new rule being that all the clubs could sign four foreigners – three non-Asian and one which must be Asian.<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League Clubs have Too Many Foreigners: Bhutia |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/ILeague-Clubs-have-Too-Many-Foreigners-Bhutia/668120 |website=Outlook India |access-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716233754/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/ILeague-Clubs-have-Too-Many-Foreigners-Bhutia/668120 |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The league also announced that, for the first season, matches will be broadcast on [[Sony Sports Network|Zee Sports]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Sports, AIFF ready with ONGC I-League |url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2007/print.php?id=1195724736 |website=Televisionpoint |access-date=11 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322125703/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2007/print.php?id=1195724736 |archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref>

The original ten clubs in the I-League's first season were [[Air India F.C.|Air India]], [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]], [[Dempo SC|Dempo]], [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], [[JCT F.C.|JCT]], [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]], [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]], [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] and [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]].

=== The early seasons (2007–2012) ===
The first I-League match took place on 24 November 2007 between [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] and [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]. The match, which took place at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao]], ended 3–0 in favour of Dempo with [[Chidi Edeh]] scoring the first goal in league history in the third minute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dempo beat Salgaocar 3–0 with Chidi's brace |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/dempo-beat-salgaocar-3-0-with-chidis-brace-019613.html |website=ONE India |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717080112/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/11/24/dempo-beat-salgaocar-3-0-with-chidis-brace-1195916716.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> After eighteen rounds it was Dempo who came out as the first champions in the I-League.<ref name="Hindu Dempo Champions 2007">{{cite news |title=Dempo SC is I-League champion |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/dempo-sc-is-ileague-champion/article3336931.ece |website=The Hindu |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217162307/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/dempo-sc-is-ileague-champion/article3336931.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Viva Kerala Football Club|Viva Kerala]] and Salgaocar, however, ended up as the first two teams to ever be relegated from the I-League.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salgaocar, Viva Kerala relegated from I-League |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/salgaocar-viva-kerala-relegated-from-i-league_10018495.html |website=www.theindian.com |publisher=Tha Indian |date=17 February 2008| access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717185553/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/salgaocar-viva-kerala-relegated-from-i-league_10018495.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 |location=Margao, Goa|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The next season the I-League was expanded from 10 to 12 teams. [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]], [[United SC|Chirag United]], [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]], and [[Vasco SC|Vasco]] were all promoted from the I-League 2 to make the expansion possible.<ref name="ILeague National Tournament">{{cite web |last1=Rajan |first1=P Sujesh |title=Is the I-League a national tournament? |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/is-the-ileague-a-national-tournament-/364621/ |website=Indian Express |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140717164438/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/is-the-ileague-a-national-tournament-/364621/ |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This however brought up early concerns over how "national" the I-League was. The [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]] season would see eleven of the twelve teams come from three different cities. The previous season saw all ten teams come from four different cities.<ref name="ILeague National Tournament"/> [[Bhaichung Bhutia]], then captain of the [[India national football team|India national team]], said that it was the [[All India Football Federation|federations]] job to spread the game across the country and that it needed to happen.<ref name="ILeague National Tournament"/>

Regardless of the early criticism, the I-League went on as scheduled and once the 2008–09 season concluded. it was Churchill Brothers who came out on top.<ref>{{cite web |title=Young Brothers outlast their elders |url=http://www.foxsportspulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=0-996-0-0-0&sID=12633&articleID=8880625&news_task=DETAIL |website=FOX Sports |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720150848/http://www.foxsportspulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=0-996-0-0-0&sID=12633&articleID=8880625&news_task=DETAIL |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then, before the [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]] season, the league was once again expanded from 12 teams to 14. In order to make this happen Salgaocar, Viva Kerala, [[Pune FC|Pune]], and [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] were all promoted from the 2nd Division to the I-League.<ref name="Telegraph India Nationals">{{cite web |title=Shillong's Lajong FC defy odds |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090419/jsp/sports/story_10842811.jsp |website=Telegraph India |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716173547/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090419/jsp/sports/story_10842811.jsp |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This helped the I-League retain some criticism about how national the league was as now the league would be played in seven different cities/states: [[Goa]], [[Kerala]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Shillong]].<ref name="Telegraph India Nationals"/>

After the 2009–10 season it was Dempo who came out on top for the second time in I-League history.<ref name="Hindu Dempo Champions 2007"/>

==== Conflict of parties ====
On 9 December 2010 the All India Football Federation signed a 15-year, 700-crore deal with [[Reliance Industries]] and [[IMG (company)|International Management Group]] of the United States.<ref name="IMG Deal 2010">{{cite news |title=AIFF signs 700-crore deal with IMG-RIL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/AIFF-signs-700-crore-deal-with-IMG-RIL/articleshow/7072492.cms?referral=PM |website=Times of India | date=9 December 2010 |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530143649/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/AIFF-signs-700-crore-deal-with-IMG-RIL/articleshow/7072492.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The deal gave IMG-Reliance exclusive commercial rights to sponsorship, advertising, broadcasting, merchandising, video, franchising, and rights to create a new football league.<ref name="IMG Deal 2010"/> This deal came about after the AIFF ended their 10-year deal with Zee Sports five years early.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacharjee, Prasad |first=Neeladri, Aashin |date=4 July 2025 |title=How did AIFF change course from I-League to ISL? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-failure-or-indian-football-not-ready-for-indian-super-league-aiff-fsdl-mra-2025-crisis/article69758707.ece |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Sportstar}}</ref>

Two months later, on 8 February 2011, it was reported that twelve of the fourteen I-League clubs held a private meeting in Mumbai to discuss the ongoing issues related to the league.<ref name="Owners Meeting February 2011">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=Indian Football : BREAKING NEWS (8th February, 2012) : I-League Clubs On War Path With AIFF? |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-breaking-news-8th-february-2012-i-league-clubs-on-war-path-with-aiff/ |website=The Hard Tackle |date=8 February 2012 |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314133754/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-breaking-news-8th-february-2012-i-league-clubs-on-war-path-with-aiff/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was never revealed what was exactly talked about at this meeting.<ref name="Owners Meeting February 2011"/> Then, on 22 February, it was announced that the same twelve I-League clubs that attended the meeting would not be signing the AFC–licensing papers needed to play in the I-League.<ref name="TOI Clubs Refuse">{{cite news |title=I-League clubs refuse to accept AIFF diktat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/I-League-clubs-refuse-to-accept-AIFF-diktat/articleshow/11982740.cms |website=Times of India |date=22 February 2012 |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316032301/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/I-League-clubs-refuse-to-accept-AIFF-diktat/articleshow/11982740.cms |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The reasoning for this was because the I-League clubs were not happy over the fact that IMG-Reliance had so far done nothing to promote the I-League and that they demanded the I-League be made a separate entity from both the AIFF and IMG-Reliance.<ref name="TOI Clubs Refuse"/> At this time however there were rumours that IMG-Reliance had been planning on revamping the I-League along the same lines as [[Major League Soccer]] of the United States for the 2012–13 season.<ref name="TOI Clubs Refuse"/>

On 11 March 2012, following the disbanding of two former I-League clubs – [[JCT FC|JCT]] and [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]], it was announced that the I-League clubs would be forming their own organization known as the ''Indian Professional Football Clubs Association'' (IPFCA) in order to safeguard their interest and promote football in India.<ref name="Hindu March 2012">{{cite web |title=I-League club owners press for sustainable revenue model |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article2982415.ece |website=The Hindu |date=11 March 2012 |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144740/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article2982415.ece |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Every club, except for [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]] and AIFF–owned [[Indian Arrows|Pailan Arrows]], joined the newly formed organization.<ref name="Hindu March 2012"/> Soon after, it was announced that there would be a meeting held between the AIFF, IMG-Reliance, and the IPFCA on 20 April 2012. In this meeting, IMG-Reliance would present their plan on how they would grow the I-League but the meeting never occurred for reasons unknown.<ref name="AIFF IPFCA Non-Meeting">{{cite web |last1=Bali |first1=Rahul |title=AIFF and IMG-Reliance's 'Slack' behaviour results in no plan on Indian football being presented |url=http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/3059078 |website=Goal.com |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314141014/http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/3059078 |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Then, on 4 May 2012, the AIFF hosted the last ad hoc meeting – an annual meeting between the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] and AIFF to assess the growth of Indian football. The AFC president at the time, [[Zhang Jilong]], was also in attendance at this meeting.<ref name="IPFCA Ad hoc">{{cite web |last1=Bali |first1=Rahul |title=AFC president Zhang Jilong greeted with I-League clubs' absence |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/05/05/3081509/afc-president-zhang-jilong-greeted-with-i-league-clubs |website=Goal.com |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103939/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/05/05/3081509/afc-president-zhang-jilong-greeted-with-i-league-clubs |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported that the IPFCA would use this meeting to voice their displeasure at the AIFF and IMG-Reliance but the association never showed up at the meeting.<ref name="IPFCA Ad hoc"/>

On 18 June 2012 the IPFCA was officially sanctioned under the Society's Act of 1960.<ref name="IPFCA Society">{{cite web |title=IPFCA office bearers nominated |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/ipfca-office-bearers-nominated/ |website=SportsKeeda |date=16 June 2012 |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716061923/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/ipfca-office-bearers-nominated/ |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== League improvement ====
Despite the ongoing war between the AIFF, IMG-Reliance, and the IPFCA, the league did manage to improve its product on the field and awareness did increase during this period. It all started when the India national team participated in the [[AFC Asian Cup]] in [[2011 AFC Asian Cup|2011]] for the first time in 27 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=After 27 years, India bids to make mark on Asian Cup |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/595840/after-27-years-india-bids-to-make-mark-on-asian-cup |website=Dawn |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719002853/http://www.dawn.com/news/595840/after-27-years-india-bids-to-make-mark-on-asian-cup |archive-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite being knocked-out in the group stage after losing all three of their games, India came back home more popular than ever. [[Subrata Pal]], of Pune gained the most popularity after his impressive performances in goal for India during the Asian Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subrata Pal the spiderman on trial in Germany |url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2012/07/17/subrata-pal-the-spiderman-on-trial-in-germany/ |website=Indian Football Network |date=17 July 2012 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144327/http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2012/07/17/subrata-pal-the-spiderman-on-trial-in-germany/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, before the Asian Cup, [[Sunil Chhetri]] became the second Indian footballer in the modern footballing era to move abroad when he signed for the [[Kansas City Wizards]] in Major League Soccer in 2010. He also became the first exported Indian from the I-League.<ref>{{cite web |title=KC Wizards sign Sunil Chhetri – will be first Indian player to play in MLS |url=http://theoriginalwinger.com/2010-03-26-kc-wizards-sign-sunil-chhetri-will-be-first-indian-player-to-play-in-mls |website=The Original Winger |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314135603/http://theoriginalwinger.com/2010-03-26-kc-wizards-sign-sunil-chhetri-will-be-first-indian-player-to-play-in-mls |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The league was then given a major boost from its main derby, the [[Kolkata derby]], between East Bengal and Mohun Bagan. On 20 November 2011, 90,000 people watched at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] as Mohun Bagan defeated East Bengal 1–0.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Amoy |title=Mohun Bagan 1–0 East Bengal – Marines Go Second As Trevor Morgan Suffers First Derby Defeat |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal/1215860/report |website=Goal.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103930/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal/1215860/report |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The league also saw more expansion to others areas with the promotion of [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]] from the 2nd Division,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mangar |first1=Nirmal |title=United Sikkim enters I-League – Draw for Bhaichung boys |url=http://www.samachar.com/united-sikkim-enters-i-league-meseLqghgfc.html |website=Samachar |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716072158/http://www.samachar.com/united-sikkim-enters-i-league-meseLqghgfc.html |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> however, their reign was short lived as financial troubles saw them relegated the next season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ayush |title=Club management to blame for United Sikkim's relegation |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/04/22/3921495/club-management-to-blame-for-united-sikkims-relegation |website=Goal.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103956/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/04/22/3921495/club-management-to-blame-for-united-sikkims-relegation |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Meanwhile, while the league continued to grow, so did the players' demand. During this period plenty of Indian players were wanted on trial by foreign clubs, mainly in Europe. After his return from MLS, Sunil Chhetri and international teammate [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] were called for trials at [[Scottish Premier League]] side [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeje Lalpekhlua, Sunil Chhetri at Glasgow Rangers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Jeje-Lalpekhlua-Sunil-Chhetri-at-Glasgow-Rangers/articleshow/10886660.cms |website=Times of India |date=27 November 2011 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921020245/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Jeje-Lalpekhlua-Sunil-Chhetri-at-Glasgow-Rangers/articleshow/10886660.cms |archive-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subrata Pal had trials at [[RB Leipzig]] before finally signing for [[FC Vestsjælland|Vestsjælland]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subrata Paul signs 6-month contract with FC Vikings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Subrata-Paul-signs-6-month-contract-with-FC-Vikings/articleshow/29618387.cms |website=Times of India |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920154544/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Subrata-Paul-signs-6-month-contract-with-FC-Vikings/articleshow/29618387.cms |archive-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> And [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] underwent trials at then [[Premier League]] side [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] and finally signing for [[Stabæk Fotball]], Norway in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurpreet Singh Sandhu set for a trial cum training stint with Wigan Athletic |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/07/15/3243610/gurpreet-singh-sandhu-set-for-a-trial-cum-training-stint |website=Goal.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303102418/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/07/15/3243610/gurpreet-singh-sandhu-set-for-a-trial-cum-training-stint |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the same time, as Indian players demand abroad increased, the demand for higher quality foreigners in the I-League also increased. Former [[A-League Men|A-League]] player of the year and [[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rican]] international [[Carlos Hernández (footballer, born 1982)|Carlos Hernández]] signed with [[United SC|Prayag United]] before the [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] season from the [[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Carlos signs one year deal with Prayag United |url=http://www.indiansportsnews.com/top-stories/15302-carlos-signs-one-year-deal-with-prayag.html |website=Indian Sports News |date=27 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314132919/http://www.indiansportsnews.com/top-stories/15302-carlos-signs-one-year-deal-with-prayag.html |archive-date=14 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lebanon national football team|Lebanese]] international [[Bilal Najjarine]] also signed with Churchill Brothers in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ayush |title=Lebanese defender Bilal Najjarin leaves Churchill Brothers |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/01/24/3697682/lebanese-defender-bilal-najjarin-leaves-churchill-brothers |website=Goal.com |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103935/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/01/24/3697682/lebanese-defender-bilal-najjarin-leaves-churchill-brothers |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Demotion to second tier ===
On 18 May 2016, [[IMG (company)|IMG]]–[[Reliance Industries|Reliance]], along with the AIFF and I-League representatives met during a meeting in Mumbai. At the meeting, it was proposed that starting from the 2017–18 season, the Indian Super League becomes the top-tier football league in India while the I-League gets relegated to the second tier, but the idea was not entertained by the I-League representatives.<ref name="Meeting 2016">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Neeladri |last2=Prasad |first2=Aashin |date=4 July 2025 |title=Inside the I-League crisis: How AIFF and the ISL deal sidelined Indian clubs |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-crisis-aiff-fsdl-isl-indian-football-ecosystem-collapse-news/article69760076.ece |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

In 2017, [[FIFA]] and the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] had appointed a committee to look at the footballing landscape in the country which was in disarray due to two simultaneous leagues running together, and come up with solutions to re-establish a [[Indian football league system|singular league pyramid]] which would be acceptable for everyone.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Chiranjit |title=REVEALED - AFC and FIFA's complete blueprint for re-structuring ISL, I-League and Indian football |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/14611-revealed--afc-and-fifas-complete-blueprint-for-re-structuring-isl-i-league-and-indian-football |website=The Fan Garage |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422111652/https://thefangarage.com/articles/14611-revealed--afc-and-fifas-complete-blueprint-for-re-structuring-isl-i-league-and-indian-football |url-status=live }}</ref> In the month of June, IMG–Reliance, the AIFF and the I-League representatives, met with the AFC in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in order to find a new way forward for Indian football.<ref name="Kuala Lampur">{{cite news|title=Still no consensus on ISL, I-League merger despite high-profile meet|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/still-no-consensus-on-isl-i-league-merger-despite-high-profile-meet/articleshow/59038000.cms|access-date=13 August 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2017|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703151254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/still-no-consensus-on-isl-i-league-merger-despite-high-profile-meet/articleshow/59038000.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The AFC were against allowing the ISL as the premier league in India while the clubs like East Bengal and Mohun Bagan wanted a complete merger of ISL and I-League.<ref name="Kuala Lampur"/> A couple weeks later, the AIFF proposed that both ISL and I-League run simultaneously on a short–term basis with the I-League champions retaining the spot for the [[AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League qualifying stage]], while the [[AFC Cup|AFC Cup qualifying stage]] spot going to the ISL champions.<ref name="Recognition">{{cite news|title=ISL gets official recognition from AFC, becomes second national football league|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-gets-official-recognition-from-afc-becomes-second-national-football-league-3755201.html|access-date=13 August 2017|work=FirstPost|date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102044117/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-gets-official-recognition-from-afc-becomes-second-national-football-league-3755201.html|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposal from the AIFF was officially approved by the AFC on 25 July 2017, with the ISL replacing the domestic cup competition, the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 July 2017|title=AFC competitions committee's decisions published|work=The Asian Football Confederation|url=http://www.the-afc.com/media-releases/afc-competitions-committee%E2%80%99s-decisions-published|url-status=live|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816010704/http://www.the-afc.com/media-releases/afc-competitions-committee%E2%80%99s-decisions-published|archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>

On 14 October 2019, the AFC held a summit in Kuala Lumpur, chaired by the AFC Secretary General [[Windsor John]], which involved key stakeholders from the AIFF, the [[Football Sports Development Limited|FSDL]], the ISL and the I-League clubs, and other major stakeholders to propose a new roadmap to facilitate the football league system in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Chiranjit |title=REVEALED: Inside the AFC-AIFF meeting that transformed ISL, I-League and Indian football |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18145-revealed-inside-the-afc-aiff-meeting-that-transformed-isl-i-league-and-indian-football |website=The Fan Garage |date=14 October 2021 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531133432/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18145-revealed-inside-the-afc-aiff-meeting-that-transformed-isl-i-league-and-indian-football |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the roadmap that was prepared by the AFC and the AIFF at the summit and was finally approved by the AFC Executive Committee on 26 October in [[Da Nang]], in 2019–20 season, ISL will attain the country's top-tier league status, allowing the ISL premiers to play AFC Champions League and the I-League champions to play AFC Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE APPROVE INDIAN FOOTBALL ROADMAP |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/afc-executive-committee-approve-indian-football-roadmap |website=The AIFF |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917202459/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/afc-executive-committee-approve-indian-football-roadmap |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, starting with the 2022–23 season, I-League will lose the top-tier status, wherein the champion of the I-League will stand a chance to be promoted to the ISL with no participation fee. In its recommendation for 2024–25, it was agreed to fully implement promotion and relegation between the two leagues, and abolition of parallel league system.<ref>{{cite web |title=New roadmap for Indian football proposes Hero ISL as premier league |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/new-roadmap-for-indian-football-proposes-hero-isl-as-premier-league |website=Indian Super League |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101060825/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/new-roadmap-for-indian-football-proposes-hero-isl-as-premier-league |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Restructure and Rebranding ===
[[File:AIFF I-League.svg|thumb|100px|right|alt=svg low resolution of I-league logo|Earlier logo of the league as I-League, depicting the trophy.]]
On 28 January 2026, in a press conference AIFF indicated that the league would set to be rebranded as "''Indian Football League''" from [[2025–26 Indian Football League|2025–26]] season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selvaraj |first1=Jonathan |title=I-League to begin on Feb. 21, set to be rebranded as Indian Football League |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-2025-26-season-date-start-confirmed-format-details-news-indian-football-league/article70561073.ece |access-date=26 February 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226115734/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-2025-26-season-date-start-confirmed-format-details-news-indian-football-league/article70561073.ece |archive-date=26 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the press conference, a new governance structure for leagues were rolled out. It was announced a new Governing Council will be formed in which the clubs, the AIFF and the commercial partner would be represented and hold equity. The clubs together would own 60 percent of stake, the AIFF would own 10 percent and the commercial partner would own 30 per cent of stake in the league. However, legally AIFF will continue to own the league, but it had limited it's role to mainly compliance and disciplinary matter and narrowed it's influence in commercials dealings. Finally, on 12 February 2026, the AIFF’s Executive Committee approved the rebranding of the I-League to the Indian Football League.<ref>{{cite news |title=I-League officially rebranded as Indian Football League |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-officially-rebranded-indian-football-league-news/article70625435.ece |access-date=26 February 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226122946/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-officially-rebranded-indian-football-league-news/article70625435.ece |archive-date=26 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> It had also released a new logo for the rebranded league.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Indian Football League|author-link=Indian Football League |user=IndFtblLeague |number=2026972336248009018 |title=Every line has meaning. Every colour carries weight. This isn’t just a crest. It’s a commitment to competition, identity, and growth.}}</ref>

== Competition format ==
Since the league began in 2007, the rules have changed over the years. Each club plays each other twice during the season, once at home and the other time away. At the end of the season, the club with the most points wins the league and gains promotion to the top flight Indian Super League. In the case of a tie, head-to-head record and the goal difference are looked.<ref>{{cite web |title=2015–16 Regulations |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/downloaddocumentlibrary.php?id=83 |website=The All India Football Federation |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221055142/https://www.the-aiff.com/downloaddocumentlibrary.php?id=83 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Clubs ==
=== Current clubs ===
{{Further|2025–26 I-League}}
{{Location map+
|India3
|float=right
|width=390
|caption=Locations of the I-League clubs
|places=


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.73 |long=92.72 |label= {{nowrap|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]}}|mark=Red pog.svg|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.25 |long=73.95 |label= 
{{nowrap|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]}}|mark=Red pog.svg|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |label= <div style="font-size:100%">{{nobreak|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.1191009 |long=88.190474 |label_size=90 |label=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] |position=bottom}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=30.88 |long=76.06 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.58 |long=91.89 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;position">[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=17.38 |long=78.49 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">{{nowrap|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=26.90 |long=75.80 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.1645 |long=92.9376|label=[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]|mark=Red pog.svg|position=bottom}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=11.25 |long=75.77 |label= <div style="font-size:90%">[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]</div>|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=34.07 |long=74.82 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nowrap|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=12.96 |long=77.61 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]}}</div>|position=left}}
}}

<section end="map" />

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size"
|-
!Club
!State/UT
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Margao]]
|Raia Panchayat Stadium
|8,000
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Panaji]]
|[[Duler Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
|25,000
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|50,000
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
|[[Namdhari FC#Stadiums|Namdhari Stadium]]
|1,000
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|Vidhyadhar Nagar Stadium
|3,000
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]]
|[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|11,000
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Shillong]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC#Home ground|SSA Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Deccan Arena]]
|1,500
|}

== All time clubs==
A total of '''42''' clubs have participated so far in the I-League since its inception from 2007, up to the 2025–26 season.
The following is a list of clubs that have played in the '''I-League''' at any time since its formation in 2007 to the current season. Teams playing in the next season are indicated in '''bold'''.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
| style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"| || I-League
|-
| style="width:10px; background:#c1ddfd;"| || [[Indian Super League]]
|-
| style="width:10px; background:#ffffcc;"| || [[I-League 2]]
|-
| style="width:10px; background:#ffffff;"| || [[I-League 3]] & [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
|-
| style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"| ||Defunct clubs
|-
| style="width:10px; background:#D7BDE2;"| ||Operational academies
|}

''{{As of|2025}}''
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Pos.
!Team
!{{Abbr|S|Season}}
!{{Abbr|P|Matches played}}
!{{Abbr|W|Won}}
!{{Abbr|D|Draw}}
!{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!{{Abbr|GF|Goal for}}
!{{Abbr|GA|Goal against}}
!{{Abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
!{{Abbr|Pts|Total points}}
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
!{{Tooltip|1st App|First appearance}}
!{{Tooltip|Last / Recent app|Recent season in I-League}}
!Highest finish

|- style="width:10px; background:#D7BDE2;"
| '''1''' || '''[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]'''|| '''15''' || '''325''' || '''150''' || '''90''' || 85 || '''570''' || '''394''' || '''175''' || '''539''' || 2 || '''4''' || 2 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]|| [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]|| {{Sort|02|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#c1ddfd;"
| '''2'''|| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] || 13 || 276 || 126 || 75 || 75 || 425 || 282 || 143 || 453 || 0 || 4 || '''3''' || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]|| [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]] || {{Sort|09|2nd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#c1ddfd;"
| '''3''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 13 || 276 || 126 || 85 || 65 || 430 || 301 || 129 || 451{{refn|group=|All points prior (12) to this match were deducted as they refused to play the second half of [[Kolkata Derby]] in the 2012-13 season. https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/aiff-revoke-mohun-bagans-i-league-ban-but-deduct-12-points}}
| 2 || 3 || 1 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]|| [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]] || {{Sort|04|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''4''' || '''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]''' || 9 || 210 || 98 || 57 || 55 || 372 || 242 || 130 || 352 || '''3''' || 0 || 1 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]|| [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]] || {{Sort|01|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''5''' || '''[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]''' || 11 || 240 || 68 || 70 || '''103''' || 302 || 374 || -96 || 274 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]|| [[2024-25 I-League|2024–25]] || {{Sort|19|5th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''6''' || '''[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]''' || 11 || 203 || 69 || 52 || 82 || 269 || 274 || -5 || 259 || 1 || 0 || 0 || [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] || [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]|| {{Sort|06|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D7BDE2;"
| '''7''' || [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]|| 8 || 182 || 70 || 46 || 66 || 258 || 229 || 29 || 256 || 1 || 0 || 1 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]] || [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] || {{Sort|05|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''8'''|| '''[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]'''|| 8 || 154 || 72 || 34 || 48 || 263 || 184 || 79 || 246 || 2 || 0 || 0 || [[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]|| [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]|| {{Sort|21|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffcc;"
| '''9''' || [[Sporting CG|Sporting Goa]]|| 8 || 178 || 62 || 57 || 59 || 241 || 249 || -8 || 243 || 0 || 0 || 1 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]] || [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] || {{Sort|12|3rd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''10''' || [[Pune FC|Pune]]|| 6 || 148 || 63 || 45 || 40 || 219 || 168 || 51 || 234 || 0 || 1 || 1 || [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]] || [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]] || {{Sort|10|2nd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''11''' || [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]|| 9 || 204 || 53 || 72 || 79 || 219 || 281 || -62 || 231 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]] || [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]] || {{Sort|18|5th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''12''' || '''[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]''' || 7 || 135 || 53 || 46 || 36 || 181 || 146 || 35 || 205 || 0 || 0 || 2 || [[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]] || [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]|| {{Sort|14|3rd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffcc;"
| '''13''' || [[United SC|United]] || 6 || 150 || 48 || 55 || 47 || 202 || 200 || 2 || 199 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]] || [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] || {{Sort|17|4th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#c1ddfd;"
| '''14'''|| [[Punjab FC|Punjab]] ''(including [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]] season records)''|| 7 || 127 || 52 || 35 || 40 || 170 || 149 || 21 || 191 || 2 || 0 || 0 || [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]|| [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]|| {{Sort|08|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#c1ddfd;"
| '''15'''|| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] || 6 || 125 || 49 || 34 || 42 || 174 || 161 || 13 || 181 || 1 || 2 || 0 || [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]|| [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]|| {{Sort|27|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''16''' || [[Indian Arrows]] || 9 || 178 || 38 || 43 || 97 || 143 || 287 || -144 || 157 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]] || [[2020–21 I-League|2021–22]]|| {{Sort|23|8th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''17'''|| '''[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]'''|| 4 || 86 || 43 || 21 || 22 || 159 || 111 || 48 || 150 || 0 || 2 || 1 || [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]|| [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]|| {{Sort|34|2nd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#c1ddfd;"
| '''18''' || [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] || 4 || 78 || 42 || 20 || 16 || 131 || 79 || 52 || 146 || 2 || 1 || 0 || [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] || [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]] || {{Sort|03|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffcc;"
| '''19'''|| [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]|| 7 || 132 || 38 || 30 || 64 || 155 || 211 || -56 || 144 || 0 || 1 || 0 || [[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]|| [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]|| {{Sort|11|2nd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffff;"
| '''20''' || [[Air India FC|Air India]] || 6 || 144 || 33 || 45 || 66 || 142 || 249 || -107 || 144 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]] || [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] || {{Sort|22|8th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffcc;"
| '''21''' || [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] || 6 || 112 || 36 || 25 || 51 || 134 || 178 || -44 || 133 || 0 || 0 || 1 || [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]] || [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]|| {{Sort|32|3rd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D7BDE2;"
| '''22'''|| [[JCT FC|JCT]]|| 4 || 92 || 29 || 27 || 36 || 93 || 100 || -7 || 114 || 0 || 0 || 1 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]|| [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]|| {{Sort|13|3rd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''23'''|| [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]|| 5 || 85 || 31 || 21 || 33 || 112 || 126 || -14 || 114 || 1 || 0 || 0 || [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]|| [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]|| {{Sort|07|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''24'''|| '''[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]'''|| 4 || 86 || 27 || 24 || 35 || 109 || 144 || -35 || 105 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]|| [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]|| {{Sort|36|5th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''25'''|| [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]|| 3 || 66 || 25 || 25 || 16 || 97 || 69 || 28 || 100 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]|| [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]|| {{Sort|16|4th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''26'''|| [[Viva Kerala FC|Viva Kerala]]|| 4 || 96 || 22 || 23 || 51 || 96 || 160 || -64 || 89 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]|| [[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]|| {{Sort|24|9th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#c1ddfd;"
| '''27''' || [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] || 2 || 46 || 23 || 14 || 9 || 90 || 72 || 18 || 83 || 1 || 0 || 0 || [[2023-24 I-League|2023–24]] || [[2024-25 I-League|2024–25]] || {{Sort|37|1st}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''28''' || '''[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]''' || 2 || 46 || 15 || 11 || 20 || 55 || 72 || -17 || 59 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2023-24 I-League|2023–24]] || [[2024-25 I-League|2024–25]] || {{Sort|39|6th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''29''' || [[ONGC FC|ONGC]] || 2 || 52 || 12 || 19 || 21 || 55 || 76 || -21 || 55 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]] || [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] || {{Sort|25|9th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffcc;"
| '''30''' || [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] || 3 || 48 || 13 || 13 || 22 || 42 || 60 || -18 || 52 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]] || [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]|| {{Sort|33|8th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''31''' || '''[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]''' || 2 || 46|| 14 || 7 || 25 || 65 || 84 || -17 || 49 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2023-24 I-League|2023–24]] || [[2024-25 I-League|2024–25]] || {{Sort|38|6th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''32''' || [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] || 2 || 34 || 7 || 12 || 15 || 38 || 55 || -17 || 33 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] || [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]] || {{Sort|20|7th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffff;"
| '''33''' || [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]] || 2 || 52 || 7 || 11 || 34 || 37 || 108 || -71 || 32 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]] || [[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]] || {{Sort|29|12th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''34'''|| [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]|| 1 || 20 || 8 || 6 || 6 || 27 || 27 || 0 || 30 || 0 || 0 || 1 || [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]|| [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]|| {{Sort|15|3rd}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffff;"
| '''35'''|| [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]|| 2 || 39 || 6 || 11 || 22 || 34 || 65 || -31 || 29 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]|| [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]|| {{Sort|35|13th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#ffffff;"
| '''36'''|| [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]|| 1 || 24 || 6 || 7 || 11 || 29 || 38 || -9 || 25 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]|| [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]|| {{Sort|28|11th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''37''' || '''[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]''' || 1 || 22 || 5 || 6 || 11 || 24 || 42 || -18 || 21 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2024-25 I-League|2024–25]]|| [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]|| {{Sort|41|11th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#bbb;"
| '''38'''|| [[Kalyani Bharat FC|Kalyani Bharat]]|| 1 || 20 || 4 || 6 || 10 || 13 || 28 || -15 || 18 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]|| [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]|| {{Sort|26|11th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D7BDE2;"
| '''39'''|| [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]|| 1 || 26 || 2 || 9 || 15 || 23 || 63 || -40 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]|| [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]|| {{Sort|31|14th}}

|- ="width:10px; background:#ffffff;"
| '''40'''|| [[CD Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]]|| 1 || 22 || 2 || 4 || 16 || 14 || 49 || -35 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]|| [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]|| {{Sort|30|12th}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''41''' || '''[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || [[2025-26 I-League|2025–26]]|| [[2025–26 I-League|2025–26]]|| {{Sort|41|-}}

|- style="width:10px; background:#D0F0C0;"
| '''42''' || '''[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || [[2025-26 I-League|2025–26]]|| [[2025–26 I-League|2025–26]]|| {{Sort|42|-}}
|}

=== Clubs qualifying for I-League ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Direct corporate bid entered clubs to I-League
!Season
!Clubs
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|[[Bharat FC|Bharat]]
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]]
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]], [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]], [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|-
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|[[Inter Kashi]], [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+Promoted clubs from [[I-League 2]] to I-League
!Season
!Clubs
|-
| align="center" | [[I-League 2nd Division 2008|2008]]
|[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]], [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]], [[United SC|United]], [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2009 I-League 2nd Division|2009]]
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]], [[Viva Kerala]], [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]], [[Pune FC|Pune]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2010 I-League 2nd Division|2010]]
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2011 I-League 2nd Division|2011]]
|[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]], [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round|2012]]
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]], [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2013 I-League 2nd Division final round|2013]]
|[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]], [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2014 I-League 2nd Division final round|2014]]
|[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2015 I-League 2nd Division|2015]]
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2015–16 I-League 2nd Division final round|2015–16]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division final round|2016–17]]
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2020]]
|[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2021 I-League Qualifiers|2021]]
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]], [[Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2022–23 I-League 2|2022–23]]
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]], [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2023–24 I-League 2|2023–24]]
|[[Sporting Club Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]], [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
| align="center" | [[2024–25 I-League 2|2024-25]]
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]], [[Chanmari FC]]
|}

=== Clubs promoted/relegated from I-League ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+Promoted clubs from I-League to [[Indian Super League]]
!Season
!Clubs
|-
| align="center" | [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|[[Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+Relegated clubs from I-League to [[I-League 2]]
!Season
!Clubs
|-
||[[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]
|[[Viva Kerala FC|Viva Kerala]], [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|-
||[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]], [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|-
||[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
|[[Sporting Clube de Goa]], [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
||[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
|[[JCT FC|JCT]], [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
|-
||[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
|[[Viva Kerala]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]
|-
||[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|[[Air India (football club)|Air India]], [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|-
||[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|-
||[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
||[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|None{{efn|name=fn1|Aizawl FC were relegated, but reinstated to [[2016–17 I-League|I-League]] due to withdrawal of 3 Goan clubs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/i-league-2016-17-aizawl-fc-reinstated-after-relegated-last-season-salgaocar-fc-opt-out |title=I-League 2016/17: Aizawl FC reinstated after getting relegated last season, Salgaocar FC opt out |date=26 September 2016 |work=sportskeeda.com |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817055844/https://m.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/i-league-2016-17-aizawl-fc-reinstated-after-relegated-last-season-salgaocar-fc-opt-out |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
||[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
|-
||[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|None{{efn|name=fn2|Churchill Brothers SC were relegated, but reinstated to [[2018–19 I-League|I-League]] after the appeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/aiff-reinstates-churchill-brothers-in-i-league/articleshow/65882043.cms|title=AIFF reinstates Churchill Brothers in I-League|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 September 2018|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118202531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/aiff-reinstates-churchill-brothers-in-i-league/articleshow/65882043.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
||[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|None{{efn|name=fn3|[[Aizawl FC]] were relegated, but reinstated to [[2020–21 I-League|I-League]] after inclusion of two I-League clubs to [[Indian Super League]]}}
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|None{{efn|name=fn4|[[NEROCA FC]] were relegated but were reinstated by AIFF after viewing the situation of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/aiff-likely-to-keep-relegation-on-hold-in-i-league/articleshow/82306931.cms|title=AIFF likely to keep relegation on hold in I-League|date=29 April 2021|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430193943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/aiff-likely-to-keep-relegation-on-hold-in-i-league/articleshow/82306931.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|None{{efn|name=fn5|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC]] were relegated but were reinstated after the closure of the [[Indian Arrows]] project.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=AIFF set to ban foreign players from lower leagues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-set-to-ban-foreign-players-from-lower-leagues/articleshow/94490651.cms |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=twitter.com |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222172303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-set-to-ban-foreign-players-from-lower-leagues/articleshow/94490651.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|[[Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]], [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]], [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|None{{efn|name=fn6|After being relegated at the end of the [[2021–22 I-League]] season, [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] and [[Sporting Club Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] was allowed to participate this season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=AIFF appeal committee issues stay order on relegation in I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/aiff-appeal-committee-issues-stay-order-on-relegation-in-i-league-2859059 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>}}
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Timeline ===
<timeline>
DateFormat = yyyy
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:20
Period = from:2007 till:2026
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom
PlotArea = right:70 left:0 bottom:75 top:0 #> to display a count on left side of graph, use "left:20" to suppress the count, use "left:20"<#

Colors =
id:line value:pink
id:Full value:rgb(0.742,0.727,0.852) legend:League_member
id:Former value:rgb(0.4,0.80,0.67) legend:Former_member
id:Future value:rgb(0.5,0.7,0.95) legend:Future_member
id:Other value:rgb(0.996,0.996,0.699) legend:Other_leagues

PlotData=

width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:S

bar:1 color:Full from:2007 till:2014 text: Churchill Brothers (2007–2014)
bar:1 color:Full from:2016 till:end text: Churchill Brothers (2016–present)

bar:2 color:Former from:2007 till:2020 text: Mohun Bagan (2007–2020)
bar:2 color:Other from:2020 till:end text: ISL

bar:3 color:Former from:2007 till:2020 text: East Bengal (2007–2020)
bar:3 color:Other from:2020 till:end text: ISL

bar:4 color:Full from:2007 till:2016 text: Dempo (2007–2016)
bar:4 color:Other from:2016 till:2022 text: Goa Pro League
bar:4 color:Other from:2022 till:2024 text: IL-2
bar:4 color:Full from:2024 till:end text: Dempo (2024–present)

bar:5 color:Former from:2007 till:2008: text: [(i)]
bar:5 color:Other from:2008 till:2009 text: IL-2
bar:5 color:Former from:2009 till:2016 text: [(ii)] Salgaocar •(i) (2007–2008) •(ii) (2009-2016)
bar:5 color:Other from:2016 till:end text: Goa Pro League

bar:6 color:Former from:2007 till:2016 text: Sporting Goa (2007–2016)
bar:6 color:Other from:2016 till:end text: Goa Pro League
bar:7 color:Former from:2007 till:2013 text: Air India (2007–2013)
bar:7 color:Other from:2013 till:end text: Mumbai Football League

bar:8 color:Former from:2007 till:2011 text: JCT (2007–2011)

bar:9 color:Former from:2007 till:2010 text: Mahindra United (2007–2010)

bar:10 color:Former from:2007 till:2012 text: Viva Kerala (2007–2012)

bar:11 color:Former from:2008 till:2017 text: Mumbai (2008-2017)
bar:11 color:Other from:2007 till:2008 text: IL-2

bar:12 color:Other from:2007 till:2008 text: IL-2
bar:12 color:Former from:2008 till:2014 text: United SC(2008–2014)
bar:12 color:Other from:2014 till:2015 text: IL-2
bar:12 color:Other from:2022 till:2023 text: IL-2
bar:12 color:Other from:2015 till:2022 text: Calcutta Football League

bar:13 color:Other from:2007 till:2008 text: IL-2
bar:13 color:Former from:2008 till:2009 text: [(iii)]
bar:13 color:Other from:2009 till:2013 text: IL-2 •(iii) Mohammedan (2008–2009)
bar:13 color:Former from:2013 till:2014 text: [(iv)]
bar:13 color:Other from:2014 till:2020 text: IL-2 •(iv) Mohammedan (2013–2014)
bar:13 color:Former from:2020 till:2024 text: Mohammedan (2020–2024)
bar:13 color:Other from:2024 till:end text: ISL

bar:14 color:Other from:2007 till:2008 text: IL-2
bar:14 color:Former from:2008 till:2009 text: [(v)]
bar:14 color:Other from:2009 till:2010 text: IL-2
bar:14 color:Other from:2010 till:end text: Goa Pro League •(v) Vasco (2008-2009)

bar:15 color:Other from:2007 till:2009 text: IL-2
bar:15 color:Former from:2009 till:2015 text: Pune (2009-15)

bar:16 color:Other from:2008 till:2009 text: IL-2
bar:16 color:Full from:2009 till:2019 text: Shillong Lajong (2009-2019)
bar:16 color:Full from:2023 till:end text: Shillong Lajong (2023–present)
bar:16 color:Other from:2019 till:2022 text: Shillong Premier League
bar:16 color:Other from:2022 till:2023 text: IL-2

bar:17 color:Former from:2010 till:2013 text:AIFF XI/Pailan Arrows (2010-2013)
bar:17 color:Former from:2017 till:2022 text: Indian Arrows (2017-2022)

bar:18 color:Former from:2010 till:2013 text: ONGC (2010-2013)
bar:18 color:Other from:2007 till:2010 text: IL-2

bar:19 color:Other from:2007 till:2008 text: IL-2
bar:19 color:Other from:2009 till:2010 text: IL-2
bar:19 color:Former from:2010 till:2012 text: HAL (2010-2012)
bar:19 color:Other from:2012 till:end text: Bangalore Super Division

bar:20 color:Former from:2012 till:2013 text: [(vi)]
bar:20 color:Other from:2010 till:2012 text: IL-2
bar:20 color:Other from:2013 till:2014 text: IL-2
bar:20 color:Other from:2014 till:end text: Sikkim Premier League •(vi) United Sikkim (2012-2013)

bar:21 color:Other from:2017 till:end text: ISL
bar:21 color: Former from:2013 till:2017 text: Bengaluru (2013-2017)

bar:22 color:Other from:2009 till:2013 text: IL-2
bar:22 color:Former from:2013 till:2014 text: [(vii)]
bar:22 color:Other from:2014 till:end text: Shillong Premier League •(vii) Rangdajied United (2013-2014)

bar:23 color:Former from:2014 till:2015 text: Royal Wahingdoh (2014-2015)
bar:23 color:Other from:2010 till:2014 text: IL-2

bar:24 color:Former from:2014 till:2015 text: Bharat (2014-2015)

bar:25 color:Other from:2007 till:2011 text: Mizoram Premier League
bar:25 color:Other from:2011 till:2015 text: IL-2
bar:25 color:Full from:2015 till:end text: Aizawl (2015–present)

bar:26 color:Former from:2015 till:2017 text: DSK Shivajians (2015-2017)
bar:26 color:Other from:2007 till:2013 text: Pune Football League
bar:26 color:Other from:2012 till:2013 text: IL-2

bar:27 color:Other from:2015 till:2016 text: IL-2
bar:27 color:Former from:2016 till:2020 text: Minerva Punjab (2016-2020)
bar:27 color:Former from:2020 till:2023 text: RoundGlass Punjab (2020-2023)
bar:27 color:Other from:2023 till:end text: ISL

bar:28 color:Former from:2016 till:2021 text: Chennai City (2016-2021)

bar:29 color:Full from:2017 till:end text: Gokulam (2017–present)

bar:30 color:Other from:2015 till:2017 text: IL-2
bar:30 color:Former from:2017 till:2024 text: NEROCA (2017–2024)
bar:30 color:Other from:2024 till:end text: IL-2

bar:31 color:Full from:2018 till:end text: Real Kashmir (2018–present)
bar:31 color:Other from:2016 till:2018 text: IL-2

bar:32 color:Other from:2017 till:2019 text: IL-2
bar:32 color:Former from:2019 till:2024 text: TRAU (2019–2024)
bar:32 color:Other from:2024 till:end text: IL-2

bar:33 color:Other from:2007 till:2020 text: Delhi Football League
bar:33 color:Former from:2020 till:2023 text: Sudeva Delhi (2020-2023)
bar:33 color:Other from:2023 till:end text: IL-2

bar:34 color:Full from:2021 till:end text: Sreenidi Deccan (2021–present)

bar:35 color:Full from:2021 till:end text: Rajasthan United (2021–present)
bar:35 color:Other from:2020 till:2021 text: IL-2

bar:36 color:Former from:2021 till:2023 text: Kenkre (2021-2023)
bar:36 color:Other from:2023 till:2024 text: IL-2
bar:36 color:Other from:2024 till:end text: IL-3
bar:36 color:Other from:2010 till:2017 text: IL-2
bar:36 color:Other from:2017 till:2021 text: Mumbai Football League
bar:36 color:Other from:2020 till:2021 text: IL-2

bar:37 color:Other from:2007 till:2020 text: Delhi Football League
bar:37 color:Other from:2020 till:2023 text: IL-2
bar:37 color:Full from:2023 till:end text: Delhi (2023–present)

bar:38 color:Former from:2023 till:2025 text: Inter Kashi (2023–2025)
bar:38 color:Other from:2025 till:end text: ISL

bar:39 color:Full from:2023 till:end text: Namdhari (2023–present)

bar:40 color:Other from:2023 till:2024 text: IL-3 IL-2
bar:40 color:Full from:2024 till:end text: Sporting Bengaluru (2024-present)

bar:41 color:Other from:2022 till:2024 text: CFL
bar:41 color:Other from:2024 till:2025 text: IL-3 IL-2
bar:41 color:Full from:2025 till:end text: Diamond Harbour (2025-present)

bar:42 color:Other from:2007 till:2015 text: Mizoram Premier League
bar:42 color:Other from:2015 till:2016 text: IL-2
bar:42 color:Other from:2016 till:2025 text: Mizoram Premier League
bar:42 color:Full from:2025 till:end text: Chanmari (2025-present)

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:2007
TextData =
fontsize:L
textcolor:black
pos:(0,30) tabs:(400-center)
text:
</timeline>

== Sponsorship ==
Since the original National Football League, the Indian league has always been sponsored. When the I-League began in 2007 the last sponsor from the old National Football League, [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]], were brought in as the sponsors, making the league be known as the ''ONGC I-League''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bali |first1=Rahul |title=ONGC Agrees To Sponsor The I-League |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/08/26/1461617/ongc-agrees-to-sponsor-the-i-league |website=Goal.com |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302021032/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/08/26/1461617/ongc-agrees-to-sponsor-the-i-league |archive-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, after the [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]] season, the deal with ONGC was not renewed and the I-League was left without a sponsorship deal till 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Santikari |first1=Soumalya |title=All India Football Federation wants to jazz up I-League from next season |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/aiff-wants-to-jazz-up-i-league-from-next-season-90429-2012-01-20 |website=India Today |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716204406/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aiff-wants-to-jazz-up-i-league-from-next-season/1/169948.html |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 September 2013, it was announced that [[telecommunication]]s company, [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] would be the new title sponsor of the I-League, thus making the league known as the ''Airtel I-League''.<ref>{{cite web |title=AIFF signs up Airtel for new I-League season |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/4630/soccerex/2013/09/24/4285010/aiff-signs-up-airtel-for-new-i-league-season |website=Goal.com |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302021028/http://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/4630/soccerex/2013/09/24/4285010/aiff-signs-up-airtel-for-new-i-league-season |archive-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2014, it was announced that [[Hero MotoCorp]] would replace Airtel as the title sponsor for the league and hence the league would be known has ''Hero I-League''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i-league.org/hero-i-leagues-1st-kolkata-derby-on-jan-25/ |title=Hero I-League's 1st Kolkata Derby on Jan 25 |date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217162300/http://i-league.org/hero-i-leagues-1st-kolkata-derby-on-jan-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The league is currently without a title sponsor, as Hero decided not to renew its sponsorship deal with Indian football after [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]] season.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://khelnow.com/football/2023-09-indian-football-hero-motocorp-pull-out-sponsorship|title=Hero MotoCorp pulls out of ISL & Indian football sponsorship |date=12 September 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023|website= Khelnow.com}}</ref> Following the rebranding of the league from I-League to Indian Football League (IFL) in 2026, [[Star Cement]] became the title sponsor of the league.<ref name="Star Title sponsor">{{cite web |title=Indian Football League lays a strong foundation for the future with Star Cement |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-league-lays-a-strong-foundation-for-the-future-with-star-cement |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=11 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311152228/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-league-lays-a-strong-foundation-for-the-future-with-star-cement |archive-date=11 March 2026 |date=11 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
|+ Title sponsors
! scope="col" |Period
! Title sponsor
! Brand
|-
! scope=row|2007–2011
| [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]
| ONGC I-League
|-
! scope=row|2011–2013
| No sponsor
| I-League
|-
! scope=row|2013–2014
| [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]]
| Airtel I-League
|-
! scope=row|2014–2023
| [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero]]
| Hero I-League
|-
! scope=row|2023–2025
| No sponsor
| I-League
|-
! scope=row|2026–
| [[Star Cement]]
| Star Cement Indian Football League
|}

== Media coverage ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
|+ Broadcasting partners
! Period
! TV telecast
! Online streaming
|-
! scope=row|2007–2010
| [[Sony Ten|Zee Sports]]
| —
|-
! scope=row|2010–2017
| [[Sony Ten|Ten Action]], [[Ten Sports]]
| [[DittoTV]]
|-
! scope=row|2017–2019
| [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]
| [[Hotstar]], [[JioTV]]
|-
! scope=row|2019–2022
| [[1Sports]]
| [[Facebook]], [[JioTV]]
|-
! scope=row|2022–2023
| [[Eurosport (Indian TV channel)|Eurosport]], [[DD Sports]]
| [[Discovery+|Discovery plus]]
|-
! scope=row|2023–2024
| [[Eurosport (Indian TV channel)|Eurosport]]
| [[FanCode]]
|-
! scope=row|2024–2025
| [[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Neeladri |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sony Sports to broadcast upcoming rounds of I-League 2024-25: Shrachi MD Rahul Todi |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/i-league-2024-25-tv-channel-sony-to-broadcast-upcoming-rounds-shrachi-sports-app-indian-football-news/article68903302.ece |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
| {{URL|https://ssen.co/|SSEN}}
|-
! scope=row|2026–present
| [[DD Sports]], [[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports]]
| Waves, [[SonyLIV]]
|}

== Coaches ==
The role of the [[head coach]] in the I-League varies from club to club. Some like to appoint [[technical director|technical]] or [[sporting director]]s as well as [[manager (association football)|manager-style]] coaches.<ref name="AIFF Strict TDs">{{cite web |title=AIFF is set to act strict |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140509/jsp/sports/story_18323654.jsp#.U7BZY41dUU8 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613073330/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140509/jsp/sports/story_18323654.jsp#.U7BZY41dUU8 |archive-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The All India Football Federation does impose licensing requirements for head coaches in the I-League, the rule being that the head coach must have an [[AFC Professional Coaching Diploma]] in order to coach in the I-League. However, some clubs and coaches like [[Subhash Bhowmick]], [[Subrata Bhattacharya (footballer)|Subrata Bhattacharya]], [[Sukhwinder Singh (football coach)|Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Bimal Ghosh]] were known for accepting a technical director role in order to bypass the head coaching requirements.<ref name="AIFF Strict TDs" /> This has bought about a lot of controversial news, most recently being when Churchill Brothers won the I-League after the [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] season with Subhash Bhowmick not winning the "Coach of the Year" award, due to being listed as the technical director.<ref name="AIFF Strict TDs" />

Seeing this, the AIFF technical director, [[Rob Baan]], as well as others, advocated that the federation make it mandatory for both technical directors and head coaches to have an AFC Pro-Diploma.<ref name="AIFF Strict TDs"/> On 14 May 2014 this was officially put into act by the AIFF during their I-League licensing committee meeting.<ref>{{cite news |title=A-Licence degree must for technical directors: AIFF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/A-Licence-degree-must-for-technical-directors-AIFF/articleshow/35120576.cms |website=Times of India |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920154535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/A-Licence-degree-must-for-technical-directors-AIFF/articleshow/35120576.cms |archive-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In terms of coaching performance, after the first seven seasons of the I-League, an Indian head coach has won the I-League four times while a foreign head coach has won it three times. [[Zoran Đorđević (football manager)|Zoran Đorđević]] of [[Serbia]] was the first foreign head coach to win the I-League.<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League: Don't Let The Players Go – Zoran Djordjevic |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/04/20/1218789/i-league-dont-let-the-players-go-zoran-djordjevic |website=Goal.com |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103933/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/04/20/1218789/i-league-dont-let-the-players-go-zoran-djordjevic |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AIFF suspends Ashley Bengaluru FC coach banned for 4 matches and fined Rs 50,000 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140424/jsp/sports/story_18273052.jsp#.U7BggI1dUU8 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605151614/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140424/jsp/sports/story_18273052.jsp#.U7BggI1dUU8 |archive-date=5 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Italy|Italian]] coach [[Vincenzo Alberto Annese]] became the first coach to win back-to-back I-League titles in [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]] and [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]] seasons.

[[Armando Colaco]] was the first Indian coach to win the I-League in the league's opening season and he has the most I-League championships at three.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majumdar |first1=Samya |title=East Bengal Should Continue With Armando Colaco Next Season |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/east-bengal-should-continue-with-armando-colaco-next-season/ |website=The Hard Tackle |date=15 April 2014 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723035711/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/east-bengal-should-continue-with-armando-colaco-next-season/ |archive-date=23 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Khogen Singh]] is the latest Indian coach to win the I-League in [[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]] season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhutani |first1=Rahul |title=Churchill Brothers – Defending I-League Champions Stare At A Possible Relegation |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/churchill-brothers-defending-i-league-champions-stare-at-a-possible-relegation/ |website=The Hard Tackle |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722210416/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/churchill-brothers-defending-i-league-champions-stare-at-a-possible-relegation/ |archive-date=22 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Current coaches in the I-League
|-
!Nat.
!Name
!Club
!Appointed
!Time since appointment
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}} || Victor Lalbiakmawia ||[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|1}} || {{ayd|2024|10|1}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|ESP}}}} || [[José Hevia]] || [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|06|06}} || {{ayd|2025|06|06}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|Cyprus}}}} || [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]] || [[Churchill Brothers]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|25}} || {{ayd|2024|10|25}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}} || [[Samir Subash Naik|Samir Naik]] || [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|01}} || {{ayd|2017|07|01}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}} || Ishant Singh || [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|28}} || {{ayd|2025|1|28}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}} || Vikas Rawat || [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|3|12}} || {{ayd|2025|3|12}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}} || [[Bobby Nongbet]] || [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|9|16}} || {{ayd|2022|9|16}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}} || [[Ishfaq Ahmed]] || [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|10|27}} || {{ayd|2022|10|27}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}}||Harpreet Singh||[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|11|25}}|| {{ayd|2023|11|25}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|ESP}}}}||[[Kibu Vicuña]]||[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|02|23}}|| {{ayd|2023|02|23}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}}||Dipankur Sharma||[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|01|06}}|| {{ayd|2025|01|06}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}}||[[Yan Law]]||[[Delhi FC|Delhi]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|06|25}}|| {{ayd|2023|06|25}}
|-
|{{sort|India|{{flagicon|IND}}}}||[[Chinta Chandrashekar Rao]]||[[Sporting Club Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|04|01}}|| {{ayd|2023|04|01}}
|}

[[File:Zico.jpg|thumb|Former Dempo manager [[Armando Colaco]] was the longest serving and most successful manager in the history of the I League.|alt=The torso and head of a grey-haired white man in a football stadium. He is wearing spectacles and a black coat.|220x220px]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Winning head coaches
|-
!Head coach
!Wins
!Winning year(s)
!Team
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Armando Colaco]]
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|3
|2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12
|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ashley Westwood (footballer, born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|2
|2013–14, 2015–16
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vincenzo Alberto Annese]]
|2020–21, 2021–22
|[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Staikos Vergetis]]
|rowspan="11" style="text-align:center"|1
|2022–23
|[[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Kibu Vicuña]]
|2019–20
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Akbar Nawas]]
|2018–19
|[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khogen Singh]]
|2017–18
|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|2016–17
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjoy Sen]]
|2014–15
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mariano Dias]]
|2012–13
|[[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Karim Bencherifa]]
|2010–11
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|-
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Zoran Đorđević (football manager)|Zoran Đorđević]]
|2008–09
|[[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|2023–24
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]]
|2024-25
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|}

== Champions ==
{{Further-text|[[List of Indian football champions|Indian football champions]]}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Season
!style="background:gold"|Champions
!style="background:silver"|Runners-up
!style="background:#c96"|Third place
!Club
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[JCT FC|JCT]]
|10
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|12
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]] (2)
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[Pune FC|Pune]]
|14
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|14
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]] (3)
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|14
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]] (2)
|[[Pune FC|Pune]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|14
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|13
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|11
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (2)
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|9
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|10
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|10
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|11
|-
| style="text-align:center"|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (2)
| colspan="2"|''Not awarded''{{efn|name=fn1}}
|11
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|11
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (2)
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|13
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|[[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|12
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|13
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[Real Kashmir]]
|12
|}

;Notes:
{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Matches after 14th March 2020 were cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Mohun Bagan were declared the champions, having enough point difference between the second-placed club.<ref name="SS1">{{cite news |last1=Sharma|first1=Amitabha Das|title=No relegation, no individual prize money in I-League 2019-20 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-2019-20-cancelled-aiff-approval-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-gokulam-kerala-relagtion-indian-football-news-covid-19-coronavirus/article31394211.ece |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu |date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627195952/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-2019-20-cancelled-aiff-approval-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-gokulam-kerala-relagtion-indian-football-news-covid-19-coronavirus/article31394211.ece|archive-date=27 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

== Performance by club ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Club !! Titles !! Runners-up !! Third place !! Winning season !! Runners-up season !! Third place season
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|3
|0
|1
|2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12
|
|2010–11
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|2
|4
|1
|2008–09, 2012–13,
|2007–08, 2009–10,
2020–21, 2024-25
|2011–12
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|2
|3
|1
|2014–15, 2019–20
|2008–09, 2015–16, 2016–17
|2017–18
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|2
|1
|0
|2013–14, 2015–16
|2014–15
|
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|2
|0
|2
|2020–21, 2021–22
|
|2022–23, 2023–24
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|1
|1
|0
|2023–24
|2021–22
|
|-
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|1
|0
|1
|2010–11
|
|2013–14
|-
|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|1
|0
|0
|2017–18
|
|
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|1
|0
|0
|2016–17
|
|
|-
|[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|1
|0
|0
|2018–19
|
|
|-
|[[Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|1
|0
|0
|2022–23
|
|
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|1
|0
|0
|2024-25
|
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|0
|4
|3
|
|2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2018–19
|2012–13, 2015–16, 2016–17
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|0
|2
|1
|
|2022–23, 2023–24
|2021–22
|-
|[[Pune FC|Pune]]
|0
|1
|1
|
|2012–13
|2009–10
|-
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|0
|1
|0
|
|2017–18
|
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|0
|0
|2
|
|
|2018–19, 2024-25
|-
|[[JCT FC|JCT]]
|0
|0
|1
|
|
|2007–08
|-
|[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|0
|0
|1
|
|
|2008–09
|-
|[[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|0
|0
|1
|
|
|2014–15
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|0
|0
|1
|
|
|2020–21
|}

== Records and statistics ==
=== Individual game highest attendance records ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
!Home
!Score
!Away
!Attendance
!Stadium
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1 || Mohun Bagan || align=center | 1–0 || East Bengal || align=center | 90,000||Salt Lake Stadium||{{dts|format=dmy|2011|11|20}}
|-
| align=center | 2 || Mohun Bagan || align=center | 0–1 || East Bengal || align=center | 80,000||Salt Lake Stadium||{{dts|format=dmy|2013|11|24}}
|-
| align=center | 3 || Mohun Bagan || align=center | 2–1 || East Bengal || align=center | 63,756 || Salt Lake Stadium ||
{{dts|format=dmy|2020|1|19}}
|-
| align=center | 4 || Mohun Bagan || align=center | 1–1 || East Bengal || align=center | 63,342 || Salt Lake Stadium ||{{dts|format=dmy|2016|1|26}}
|-
| align=center | 5 || Mohun Bagan || align=center | 1–0 || East Bengal || align=center | 57,780 || Salt Lake Stadium ||{{dts|format=dmy|2015|3|28}}
|-
|}

=== Seasonal statistics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season !! Total goals !! Matches played !! Average per game
|-
|[[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]] || 226 || 90 || 2.51<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2007–08 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2007-2008/regular-season/r5773/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325012248/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2007-2008/regular-season/r5773/ |archive-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]] || 318 || 132|| 2.41<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2008–09 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2008-2009/regular-season/r7539/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922000356/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2008-2009/regular-season/r7539/ |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]] || 486 || 182 || 2.67<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2009–10 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2009-2010/regular-season/r10302/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017013331/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2009-2010/regular-season/r10302/ |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]] || 489 || 182 || 2.69<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2010–11 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2010-2011/regular-season/r13090/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819155402/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2010-2011/regular-season/r13090/ |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]] || 521 || 182 || 2.88<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2011–12 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2011-2012/regular-season/r16043/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804012656/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2011-2012/regular-season/r16043/ |archive-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] || 530 || 182 || 2.91<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2012–13 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20122013/regular-season/r18294/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026025216/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20122013/regular-season/r18294/ |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] || 402 || 156 || 2.47<ref name="2013 season">{{cite web |title=I-League 2013–14 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20132014/regular-season/r22699/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724112126/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20132014/regular-season/r22699/ |archive-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]] || 280 || 110 || 2.55<ref name="2014 season">{{cite web |title=I-League 2014–15 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20142015/regular-season/r29929/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822031206/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20142015/regular-season/r29929/ |archive-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]] || 186 || 72 || 2.58<ref name="2015 season">{{cite web |title=I-League 2015–16 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20152016/regular-season/r33458/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425124252/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20152016/regular-season/r33458/ |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]] || 225 || 90 || 2.5<ref name="2016 season">{{cite web |title=I-League 2016–17 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2017/regular-season/r35297/?ICID=PL_3N_01 |website=Soccerway |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904160308/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2017/regular-season/r35297/?ICID=PL_3N_01 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]] || 204 || 90 || 2.27<ref name="2017 season">{{cite web |title=I-League 2017–18 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2018/regular-season/r40849/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102610/https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2018/regular-season/r40849/ |archive-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]] || 303 || 109 || 2.78
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]] || 187 || 69{{efn|name=fn1}} || 2.71
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|216
|80
|2.7
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|294
|114
|2.58
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|360
|132
|2.73
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|503
|156
|3.22
|}

=== Player transfer fees ===
==== Top transfer fees paid by I-League clubs ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Player !! Fee !! Year !! Transfer out !! Transfer in !! Reference
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Uga Okpara]]
|{{INRConvert|7|c}}
|2009
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]]
|{{INRConvert|3|C}}
|2011
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lester Fernandez]]
|{{INRConvert|20|l}}
|2012
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune FC|Pune]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[United SC|Prayag United]]
|
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ronaldo Oliveira]]
|{{INRConvert|10|l}}
|2019
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|}

==== Top transfer fees received by I-League clubs ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Player !! Fee !! Year !! Transfer out !! Transfer in !! Reference
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Khalid Aucho]]
|{{INRConvert|4|C}}
|2019
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Misr Lel Makkasa SC|Misr Lel Makkasa]]
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://kawowo.com/2019/07/07/uganda-cranes-midfielder-aucho-seals-deal-at-egyptian-top-flight-side/ | title=Uganda Cranes midfielder Aucho seals deal at Egyptian top flight side | first=David | last=Isabirye | date=7 July 2019 | publisher=Kawowo Sports | access-date=22 August 2019 | archive-date=17 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817105554/https://kawowo.com/2019/07/07/uganda-cranes-midfielder-aucho-seals-deal-at-egyptian-top-flight-side/ }}</ref>
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|{{INRConvert|1.14|C}}
|2014
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Manzi]]
|{{INRConvert|1|C}}
|2020
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Albirex Niigata]]
|
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]
|{{INRConvert|90|l}}
|2014
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|
|-
|}

=== Top scorers ===
{{Main|I-League Golden Boot}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+I-League Golden Boot winners
!scope="col"|Season
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Club
!scope="col"|Goals
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref(s)
|-
|[[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|style="text-align:center"|22
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="AIFF Books 07-11">{{cite web |title=From the history books |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |website=The All Indian Football Federation |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717033518/http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|style="text-align:center"|26
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="AIFF Books 07-11"/>
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|style="text-align:center"|22
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="AIFF Books 07-11"/>
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]]
|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|style="text-align:center"|30
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="AIFF Books 07-11"/>
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]]
|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|style="text-align:center"|32
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bera |first1=Kaustav |title=Ranti Martins bags a double as I-League 2011–12 top performers announced |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/06/15/3176353/ranti-martins-bags-a-double-as-i-league-2011-12-top |website=Goal.com |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608053623/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/06/15/3176353/ranti-martins-bags-a-double-as-i-league-2011-12-top |archive-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]]
|[[United S.C.|Prayag United]]
|style="text-align:center"|27
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranti Martins voted Best Player of I-League 2012–13 |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5019 |website=The All India Football Federation |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717051112/http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5019 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Bengaluru FC]]
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|14
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2013–14 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20132014/regular-season/r22699/ |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111112717/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20132014/regular-season/r22699/ |archive-date=11 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Darryl Duffy]]
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Cornell Glen]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|style="text-align:center"|17
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2014 season"/>
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2015 season"/>
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|style="text-align:center"|11
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2016 season"/>
|-
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|style="text-align:center"|13
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2017 season"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
!scope="row" align="left"|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Pedro Manzi]]
|align="left"|[[Chennai City FC]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|21
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai City Crowned I-League 2018-19 Champions After Win Against Minerva Punjab |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/chennai-city-crowned-i-league-2018-19-champions-after-win-against-minerva-punjab-2005254 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627200614/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/chennai-city-crowned-i-league-2018-19-champions-after-win-against-minerva-punjab-2005254|archive-date=27 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Willis Plaza]]
|align="left"|[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
!{{NA}}
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center"|''Not Awarded''{{efn|name=fn1}}
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
!scope="row" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|align="left"|[[TRAU FC]]
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
!scope="row" align="left"|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|align="left"|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|style="text-align:center"|15
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
!scope=row align=left|{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
|align=left|[[Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|align=center|16
|
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
!scope=row align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]
|align=left|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|align=center|19
|
|-
|[[2024-25 I-League|2024-25]]
!scope="row" align="left"|{{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| align="left" |[[Sreenidi Deccan]]
|style="text-align:center"|17
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Indian top scorers
!scope="col"|Season
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Club
!scope="col"|Goals
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref(s)
|-
|[[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]]
!scope="row"|[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|style="text-align:center"|9
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Indian top scorers">{{cite web |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Amoy |title=League: Sunil Chhetri two goals away from surpassing Bhaichung Bhutia's 17-year-old record |url=https://cricket.yahoo.com/news/league-sunil-chhetri-two-goals-114752578.html |website=Goal.com |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812090014/https://cricket.yahoo.com/news/league-sunil-chhetri-two-goals-114752578.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
!scope="row"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|style="text-align:center"|9
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Indian top scorers"/>
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
!scope="row"|[[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|style="text-align:center"|13
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Indian top scorers"/>
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
!scope="row"|[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|[[Indian Arrows]]
|style="text-align:center"|13
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Indian top scorers"/>
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
!scope="row"|[[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]
|[[Indian Arrows|Pailan Arrows]]
|style="text-align:center"|9
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Indian top scorers"/>
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
!scope="row"|[[C. K. Vineeth]]
|[[United SC|Prayag United]]
|style="text-align:center"|7
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Indian top scorers"/>
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
!scope="row"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|style="text-align:center"|14
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2013 season"/>
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|align="left"|[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|style="text-align:center"|7
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2014 season"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
!scope="row"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|5
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2015 season"/>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Sunil Chettri]]
|align="left"|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|7
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2016 season"/>
|-
!scope="row"|[[C. K. Vineeth]]
|align="left"|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
|align="left"|[[Indian Arrows]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|4
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2017 season" />
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Subhash Singh]]
|align="left"|[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Jobby Justin]]
|align="left"|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|style="text-align:center"|9
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian I-League Scoring Stats - 2019-20 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/IND.2/season/2018/indian-i-league |access-date=26 July 2020 |work=[[ESPN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083005/https://www.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/IND.2/season/2018/indian-i-league|archive-date=26 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
!{{NA}}
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center"|''Not Awarded''{{efn|name=fn1}}
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|align="left"|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Thahir Zaman]]
|align="left"|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|5
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Shubho Paul]]
|align="left"|[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
!scope="row" align="left"|Seilenthang Lotjem
|align="left"|[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|6
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Samuel Kynshi]]
|align="left"|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
|align="left"|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|style="text-align:center"|15
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|[[2024-25 I-League|2024-25]]
!scope="row" align="left"|[[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia]]
|align="left"|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:center"|
|}

{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] the league was suspended and no individual prizes were awarded.<ref name="SS1"/> However, [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] of [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]] scored the highest number of goals, having scored 12 goals in 15 matches; whereas, [[Rochharzela]] of [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] scored 6 goals in 15 matches, highest among Indians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian I-League Scoring Stats - 2019-20 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/IND.2/indian-i-league |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[ESPN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627201933/https://www.espn.com/soccer/stats/_/league/IND.2/indian-i-league|archive-date=27 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> }}
}}

== Awards ==
=== The trophy ===
The I-League has been awarding the champion trophy since 2013, when [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] won the league.<ref name="New Trophy">{{cite news |title=AIFF designs new trophy for I-League champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/AIFF-designs-new-trophy-for-I-League-champions/articleshow/19912694.cms |website=Times of India |date=6 May 2013 |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920154539/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/AIFF-designs-new-trophy-for-I-League-champions/articleshow/19912694.cms |archive-date=20 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="New Trophy"/> It is modeled along the lines of the champion trophies in the top European leagues.<ref name="New Trophy"/> Regarding the trophy, the AIFF general secretary Kushal Das said: "It is the endeavour of AIFF to practice the best principles of other leagues and accordingly we thought to create a more contemporary look to the I-League trophy in line with trophies given in European leagues".<ref name="New Trophy"/>

=== Season awards ===
End of the season I-League awards were previously conducted by the [[Football Players' Association of India]]. Currently, the awards include [[Hero Motocorp|Hero]] of the league, [[I-League Golden Boot|golden boot]], golden glove, the best head coach ([[Syed Abdul Rahim]] Award), the best defender ([[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]] Award), the best midfielder and the emerging player of the league.

==== Hero of the League ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Player
!Club
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Manzi]]
|[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|{{Flagicon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|}

==== Syed Abdul Rahim Award ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Head coach
!Club
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]<ref name="2009 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Dave Booth]]
|[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]<ref name="2010 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Armando Colaco]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]<ref name="2011 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Karim Bencherifa]]
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]<ref name="2012 Awards 2"/>
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor Morgan]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]<ref name="2013 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Derrick Pereira]]
|[[Pune FC|Pune]]
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]<ref name="2014 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ashley Westwood (footballer, born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjoy Sen]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ashley Westwood (footballer, born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|-
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]<ref name="2017-18 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gift Raikhan]]
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Raja|date=2019-03-29|title=The 2018/19 I-League End of Season Awards {{!}} Sportsbeatsindia|url=https://sportsbeatsindia.com/the-2018-19-i-league-end-of-season-awards/|access-date=2021-03-27|language=en-US|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620080529/https://sportsbeatsindia.com/the-2018-19-i-league-end-of-season-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Akbar Nawas]]
|[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I-League 2020-21: List of Award Winners as TRAU FC Win Maximum Accolades|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/i-league-2020-21-list-of-award-winners-as-trau-fc-win-maximum-accolades-3581582.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=News18|date=27 March 2021 |language=en|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327202502/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/i-league-2020-21-list-of-award-winners-as-trau-fc-win-maximum-accolades-3581582.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[L.Nandakumar Singh|L. Nandakumar Singh]]
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vincenzo Alberto Annese]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|}

==== Emerging player of the season ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Player
!Position
!Club
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]<ref name="2009 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Baljit Sahni]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]<ref name="2010 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joaquim Abranches]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]<ref name="2011 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Indian Arrows|Pailan Arrows]]
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]<ref name="2012 Awards 2"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manandeep Singh]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Indian Arrows|Pailan Arrows]]
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]<ref name="2013 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alwyn George]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|[[Indian Arrows|Pailan Arrows]]
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]<ref name="2014 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alwyn George]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Winger]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]
|[[Defender (association football)|Left Back]]
|[[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]]
|-
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]<ref name="2017-18 Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/i-league-2017-18-minerva-punjab-presented-with-winners-trophy-nerocas-gift-raikhan-named-seasons-best-coach-4401551.html |title=I-League 2017–18: Minerva Punjab presented with winners' trophy; NEROCA's Gift Raikhan named season's best coach |date=22 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220106/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/i-league-2017-18-minerva-punjab-presented-with-winners-trophy-nerocas-gift-raikhan-named-seasons-best-coach-4401551.html |archive-date=23 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]
|[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-13|title=The 2018/19 I-League End of Season Awards|url=https://theawayend.co/2019/03/13/the-2018-19-i-league-end-of-season-awards/|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Away End|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231317/https://theawayend.co/2019/03/13/the-2018-19-i-league-end-of-season-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam|Phrangi Buam]]
|[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]<ref name=":0" />
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Emil Benny]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jiteshwor Singh]]
|[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
|[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|}

==== Foreign player of the year ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Player
!Position
!Club
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]<ref name="2009 Awards">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Rahul |title=Chhetri Shines At First FPAI Awards Nite! |url=http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/1684648/ |website=Goal.com |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720230107/http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/1684648/ |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]<ref name="2010 Awards">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Rahul |title=FPAI Awards: Mohammed Rafi Bags The Best Indian Player, While Subrata Is Still The Fan's Favourite |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2010/09/13/2115689/fpai-awards-mohammed-rafi-bags-the-best-indian-player-while?ICID=AR_RA_1 |website=Goal.com |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103952/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2010/09/13/2115689/fpai-awards-mohammed-rafi-bags-the-best-indian-player-while?ICID=AR_RA_1 |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]<ref name="2011 Awards">{{cite web |title=Indian Football Awards 2011 |url=http://www.thefpai.net/events.php?folder=events/awards2011/ |website=The Football Players Association of India |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719172745/http://www.thefpai.net/events.php?folder=events%2Fawards2011%2F |archive-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]<ref name="2012 Awards">{{cite web |last1=Bera |first1=Kaustav |title=Ranti Martins bags a double as I-League 2011–12 top performers announced |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/06/15/3176353/ranti-martins-bags-a-double-as-i-league-2011-12-top |website=Goal.com |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608053623/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/06/15/3176353/ranti-martins-bags-a-double-as-i-league-2011-12-top |archive-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]<ref name="2013 Awards">{{cite news |last1=Marar |first1=Nandakumar |title=FPAI honours outstanding performers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fpai-honours-outstanding-performers/article4747085.ece |website=The Hindu |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213026/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fpai-honours-outstanding-performers/article4747085.ece |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ranti Martins]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[United SC|Prayag United]]
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]<ref name="2014 Awards">{{cite news |title=Westwood bags FPAI best coach award, PK lifetime achievement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Westwood-bags-FPAI-best-coach-award-PK-lifetime-achievement/articleshow/34389027.cms |website=Times of India |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921014742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Westwood-bags-FPAI-best-coach-award-PK-lifetime-achievement/articleshow/34389027.cms |archive-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Darryl Duffy]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|}

==== Indian Player of the Season ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Player
!Position
!Club
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]<ref name="2009 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]<ref name="2010 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]<ref name="2011 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]<ref name="2012 Awards 2">{{cite web |title=Indian Football Awards 2012 |url=http://www.thefpai.net/events.php?folder=events/awards2012/ |website=The Football Players Association of India |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193912/http://www.thefpai.net/events.php?folder=events%2Fawards2012%2F |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nabi]]
|[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]<ref name="2013 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
|[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]<ref name="2014 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|}

==== Fans' player of the year ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
!Player
!Position
!Club
|-
|[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]<ref name="2009 Awards 2">{{cite web |title=Indian Football Awards 2009 |url=http://www.thefpai.net/events.php?folder=events/awards2009/ |website=The Football Players Association of India |access-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718200203/http://www.thefpai.net/events.php?folder=events%2Fawards2009%2F |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie]]
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
|-
|[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]<ref name="2010 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
|[[Pune FC|Pune]]
|-
|[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]<ref name="2011 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]<ref name="2012 Awards 2"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Francis Fernandes]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]<ref name="2013 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Zohib Islam Amiri]]
|[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]<ref name="2014 Awards"/>
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Boithang Haokip]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|}

== Clubs in Asia ==
{{Main|Indian football clubs in Asian competition}}

Traditionally, I-League clubs have done well in the [[AFC Cup]]. In [[2008 AFC Cup|2008]] [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] managed to reach the semi-finals, before being defeated by [[Al-Safa' SC|Al-Safa]] of [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=East Bengal's Golden Continental Run |url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/east-bengals-golden-continental-run/ |website=Goalden Times |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007104640/http://www.goaldentimes.org/east-bengals-golden-continental-run/ |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] also managed to reach the semi-finals in [[2013 AFC Cup|2013]], before being knocked-out by [[Kuwait SC|Al-Kuwait]].<ref name="AFC Cup Loss East">{{cite web |title=Kuwait SC prove too good for East Bengal in AFC Cup SF |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/kuwait-sc-prove-too-good-for-east-bengal-in-afc-cup-semi-final/20131022.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717193012/http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/kuwait-sc-prove-too-good-for-east-bengal-in-afc-cup-semi-final/20131022.htm |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] is the only I-League club to reach the AFC Cup final in [[2016 AFC Cup Final|2016]], losing to [[Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya]] of [[Iraq]].<ref name="Bengaluru FC first Indian club to reach AFC Cup final">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Bengaluru-FC-first-Indian-club-to-reach-AFC-Cup-final/articleshow/54942481.cms |title=Bengaluru FC first Indian club to reach AFC Cup final |work=The Times of India |date=19 October 2016 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023232505/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-first-indian-club-to-reach-afc-cup-final/articleshow/54942481.cms |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in the [[AFC Champions League Elite|AFC Champions League]], no I-League club has ever managed to make it past the qualifiers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru FC set sight on AFC Champions League qualification |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/223401-bengaluru-fc-set-sight-on-afc-champions-league-qualification |website=NDTV Sports |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716222744/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/223401-bengaluru-fc-set-sight-on-afc-champions-league-qualification |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Season
![[AFC Cup]]
!Position
![[AFC Champions League Elite|AFC Champions League]]
!Position
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| {{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| rowspan=2 {{Awards table sorting|Play-off Round}}
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| style="background:#c96;" {{Awards table sorting|Semi-finals}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2009-10 I-League|2009–10]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| rowspan=2 {{Awards table sorting|Play-off Round}}
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Round of 16}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| rowspan=2 {{Awards table sorting|Play-off Round}}
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Round of 16}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| rowspan=2 data-sort-value="1"|''DNP''
|-
|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| style="background:#c96;" {{Awards table sorting|Semi-finals}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| rowspan=2 data-sort-value="1"|''DNP''
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
| [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| {{Awards table sorting|Round of 16}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Pune FC|Pune]]
| rowspan=2 {{Awards table sorting|Qualifying Round 1}}
|-
|[[Pune FC|Pune]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Round of 16}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| rowspan=2 {{Awards table sorting|Preliminary Round 1}}
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Round of 16}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| rowspan=2 {{Awards table sorting|Preliminary Round 2}}
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|style="background:silver;" {{Awards table sorting|Runners-up}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| style="background:#c96;" {{Awards table sorting|Inter-zone finals}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| rowspan=2 {{Awards table sorting|Preliminary Round 2}}
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| rowspan="2" {{Awards table sorting|Play-off Round}}
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Inter-zone semi-finals}}
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2019]]
|[[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
|[[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Preliminary Round 2}}
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
| data-sort-value="1"|''Cancelled''
|[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Preliminary Round 1}}
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Inter-zone semi-finals}}
|
|
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{Awards table sorting|Group stage}}
|
|
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}

* [[Football in India]]
* [[History of Indian football]]
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions]]
* [[IFA Shield]]
* [[National Football League Second Division (India)|NFL Second Division]]
* [[National Football League Third Division (India)|NFL Third Division]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629213824/http://www.kolkatasports.com/ileague-2015-fixture.php "iLeague Fixtures"] – League Winner (archived 29 June 2017). Retrieved on 31 May 2015.

{{I-League}}
{{AFC second leagues}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Sport}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:I-League| ]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Football leagues in India]]
[[Category:All India Football Federation competitions]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2007]]
[[Category:Second-level association football leagues in Asia]]

Valliyur Subramanya Swamy Temple

2026-03-17T13:07:40Z

Nayeem: made first location basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Valliyur Subramanya Swamy Temple
| image = Vallioor Murugan temple vimanam view from rock.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Valliyur Subramanya Swamy Temple
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Subramanya Swamy Temple, [[Valliyur]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.380383|N|77.614557|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| location = [[Valliyur]]
| elevation_m = 125.21
| deity = [[Kartikeya|Anantha Kalyana Subramanyar]]
| festivals = Chitrai festival
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Subramanya Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] situated at [[Valliyur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murugan temples,Temples of Lord Murugan The Arupadai Veedu,Temples In tamil Nadu,List Of Temples In Tamil Nadu,Tamil Nadu Temples |url=https://www.tamilselvi.com/Murugan-temples.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.tamilselvi.com}}</ref> in [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-29 |title=Valliyur Subramanya Swamy Temple |url=https://travelyy.com/temple/valliyur-subramanya-swamy-temple-Tirunelveli-TN-India |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Travelyy.com |language=en}}</ref> of [[Tamil Nadu]] in the peninsular [[India]]. The sanctum of the temple is a rock-cut hill.

A diamond studded spear is held by the main deity Subramanyar here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valliyur Sri Subramaniyar Swami Kovil |url=https://murugan.org/temples/valliyur.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=murugan.org}}</ref>

This temple is revered by the hymns of [[Tiruppukal|Thiruppugallh]], composed by [[Arunagirinathar]], the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] [[Saint]]-[[Poet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=Valliyur Temple |url=
https://www.murugantemples.com/valliyur-temple/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.murugantemples.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Location ==
This temple is located at an altitude of about {{convert|125.21|m|ft}} above the mean sea level with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|8.380383|N|77.614557|E}}) at Valliyur.
== Maintenance ==
The temple is maintained under the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Subramaniaswamy Temple, Valliyoor - 627117, Tirunelveli District [TM038078]., |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=38078 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
== Deities ==
Apart from [[Kartikeya|Subramanyar]], His consort [[Valli]], [[Nataraja]] and [[Dakshinamurti]] are the other deities who bless the devotees in this temple.

== Gallery ==
<gallery class=center>
Valliyursubramaniaswamytemple1.jpg|Temple entrance
Murugan Temple, Vallioor.jpg|During night
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]

Chennai 2 Singapore (soundtrack)

2026-03-15T11:16:56Z

Nayeem: Adding a entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Chennai 2 Singapore
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran]]
| cover = Chennai 2 Singapore (soundtrack).jpg
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 11 September 2016
| recorded = 2015–2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 55:23
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = [[Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

'''''Chennai 2 Singapore''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2017 [[Tamil Film|Tamil film]] [[Chennai 2 Singapore|of the same name]] directed by [[Abbas Akbar]]. The soundtrack and score for the film is composed by [[Ghibran]] who planned to release the film's audio in six countries via road travel, which is something unique for a South Indian film. The album featuring six tracks were released one by one so as to cover all six countries through this drive.

The promotional audio drive began on 12 August 2016 and ended on 11 September 2016, in which the team started its drive from [[Chennai]] and travelled to [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and the drive ended in [[Singapore]]. The album also released in streaming platforms, on the last day of the drive. The songs opened with mixed reviews from critics but was well received by audience for its "city based numbers" in the music album. The first song "Vaadi Vaadi" opened with positive response from audiences and eventually topped the charts in all radio stations and music streaming services.

== Background ==
{{Quote box
| quote="While there are three romantic numbers, the other three will be experimental. I feel they will appeal to the youth. Everyone has a crazy, whacky side that they don’t reveal — this film gave me a chance to express that side of me, musically."
| source = — [[Ghibran]] on the ''Chennai 2 Singapore'' album<ref name=":2" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
Ghibran was involved in the project owing to his friendship with Akbar during his times at [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 July 2015 |title=Ghibran to compose for Chennai Singapore |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Ghibran-to-compose-for-Chennai-Singapore/articleshow/48248104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519121343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Ghibran-to-compose-for-Chennai-Singapore/articleshow/48248104.cms |archive-date=19 May 2018 |access-date=2021-05-30 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=2017-12-21 |title=The film crew of recently released Chennai 2 Singapore speaks on what went on to make the comedy drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-film-crew-of-recently-released-chennai-2-singapore-speaks-on-what-went-on-to-make-the-comedy-drama/article22130037.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032829/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-film-crew-of-recently-released-chennai-2-singapore-speaks-on-what-went-on-to-make-the-comedy-drama/article22130037.ece |archive-date=2020-11-09 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The composer worked on six tracks for the film in October 2015 and recording of the songs began in December 2015. The album also featured new lyricists and playback singers working on the film's soundtrack.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Ghibran's road trip from Chennai to Singapore |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ghibran%E2%80%99s-road-trip-from-chennai-to-singapore-news-tamil-qbgngDjiaggbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107061615/http://www.sify.com/movies/ghibran%E2%80%99s-road-trip-from-chennai-to-singapore-news-tamil-qbgngDjiaggbg.html |archive-date=7 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Think Music]] purchased the film's audio rights in the same month.<ref name=":0" />

Since the film consisted of newcomers in the lead, Ghibran decided to plan for a unique marketing strategy for the release, considering how Kamal Haasan released the album of ''[[Uttama Villain]]''—which Ghibran had composed for—through an [[online application]].<ref name=":1" /> During his free time, he searched through [[Google Maps]] for checking the destination from Chennai to Singapore, the navigation also had options to travel via road. Ghibran then discussed with Akbar regarding plans for a road trip, while also making it as an opportunity for a unique music release.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-08-10 |title=Ghibran's musical drive |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Ghibran%E2%80%99s-musical-drive/article14562189.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222153132/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Ghibran%E2%80%99s-musical-drive/article14562189.ece |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2021-05-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2016, Ghibran announced that all the six tracks in the album, will be released in six countries connecting [[India]] and [[Singapore]];<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2 January 2016 |title=Ghibran to drive from Chennai to Singapore, by road |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ghibran-to-drive-from-chennai-to-singapore-by-road/articleshow/50415789.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606230843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ghibran-to-drive-from-chennai-to-singapore-by-road/articleshow/50415789.cms |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> each track will be released one by one so that the team would cover all the countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Chennai to Singapore songs to be unveiled in six countries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/chennai-to-singapore-songs-to-be-unveiled-in-six-countries/story-vlJybm3LSQrO2TuxR3XJ2H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802205946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/chennai-to-singapore-songs-to-be-unveiled-in-six-countries/story-vlJybm3LSQrO2TuxR3XJ2H.html |archive-date=2016-08-02 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=KR |date=2016-04-30 |title=6 Songs of a Film to be Launched in 6 Different Countries! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/apr/30/30-931057.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915104209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/apr/30/30-931057.html |archive-date=2019-09-15 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The initial plan of the tour is to begin with Chennai and then cross through [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]], thereby completing the destination with Singapore, and wanted to complete the trip within 20 days.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-31 |title='Chennai to Singapore' songs to be released in six countries |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chennai-to-singapore-songs-to-be-released-in-six-countries-116073100170_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803220800/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chennai-to-singapore-songs-to-be-released-in-six-countries-116073100170_1.html |archive-date=2016-08-03 |access-date=2021-05-30 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Engaging his fans and friends through his social media pages, Ghibran asked for advice about the road trip. He also sent a wish for [[Ajith Kumar]] known for his road skills to offer his advice.<ref name=":1" />

== Marketing and release ==
The audio drive flag-off event began on 12 August 2016—coinciding the composer's birthday—at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Subakeerthana |first=S. |date=2016-08-01 |title=Bon voyage, Chennai to Singapore team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/01/bon-voyage-chennai-to-singapore-team-1500039.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213658/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/01/bon-voyage-chennai-to-singapore-team-1500039.html |archive-date=2021-06-02 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The first song "Vaadi Vaadi" was released on the same day when the event started.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Chennai 2 Singapore Songs {{!}} Vaadi Vaadi Song (Music Video) {{!}} Ghibran {{!}} Abbas Akbar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pLyM361P0E |access-date=2021-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812060831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pLyM361P0E |archive-date=2016-08-12 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Ghibran described it as a "formula dream song in the [[Western (genre)|Western genre]]", which is said to be a "relaxed" and "feel good song".<ref name=":1" />

Ghibran along with the film's director [[Abbas Akbar]], cinematographer Karthik Nallamuthu, Shiv Keshav who was the media manager in charge of social-media updates about the trip, and the composer's assistant Aravind were part of the audio drive.<ref name=":4" /> During the drive, Ghibran also worked in other projects so he made a mini recording studio set-up in his [[Ford Endeavour]] along with battery backup.<ref name=":2" /> Starting with [[Chennai]], the team drove to [[Vijayawada]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and then to [[Manipur]], from there the team proceeded to [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name=":1" /> The second song "Poda" was released in [[Bhutan]] on 19 August, which was a tongue twisting rap number;<ref name=":1" /> it was sung by actor [[RJ Balaji]], in his maiden attempt in playback singing.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQEOAxli3zc |title=Chennai 2 Singapore Songs {{!}} Poda Song with Lyrics {{!}} Ghibran {{!}} Abbas Akbar |language=en |access-date=2021-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907123405/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQEOAxli3zc |archive-date=2016-09-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The team further faced challenges during the road trip with natural calamities and last minute document cancellations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=2016-09-09 |title=To Singapore, with songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/composer-ghibran-talks-to-chitradeepa-anantharam-about-his-audio-drive-to-relase-the-music-of-his-upcoming-film-chennai-2singapore/article15435166.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213336/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/composer-ghibran-talks-to-chitradeepa-anantharam-about-his-audio-drive-to-relase-the-music-of-his-upcoming-film-chennai-2singapore/article15435166.ece |archive-date=2021-06-02 |access-date=2021-05-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=30 August 2016 |title=Ghibran's audio launch road trip stumbles at Imphal |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/ghibrans-audio-launch-road-trip-stumbles-at-imphal-1.1888116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603061239/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/ghibrans-audio-launch-road-trip-stumbles-at-imphal-1.1888116 |archive-date=2021-06-03 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref> As the team reached [[Myanmar]] during 2 September, an earthquake of 7.4 magnitude had occurred causing Ghibran to cancel the trip midway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2016 |title=Ghibran cancels road trip for Chennai to Singapore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ghibran-cancels-road-trip-for-chennai-to-singapore/articleshow/53977280.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017030730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ghibran-cancels-road-trip-for-chennai-to-singapore/articleshow/53977280.cms |archive-date=2016-10-17 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> but they eventually proceeded the release following the support of his technical team.<ref name=":1" /> The third song "Pogadhe" which is said to be a "melancholic number" by Ghibran was released on the same date.<ref>{{Citation |title=Chennai 2 Singapore Songs {{!}} Pogadhe Song with Lyrics {{!}} Ghibran {{!}} Abbas Akbar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UakOgT4znjg |access-date=2021-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902113122/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UakOgT4znjg |archive-date=2016-09-02 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> The fourth song "Texas Pogiren" which was described as a "whacky number" was released on 7 September in [[Thailand]],<ref name=":1" /> and the fourth song "Gun Inbam" was released in [[Malaysia]] on 10 September.<ref>{{Citation |title=Chennai 2 Singapore Songs {{!}} Gun Inbam Song with Lyrics {{!}} Ghibran {{!}} Abbas Akbar {{!}} Emcee Jesz |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Jt3rJYu4iQ |access-date=2021-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910124044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Jt3rJYu4iQ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

The following day, as the trip was about to be completed, all the songs were leaked online through social media platforms.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2016-09-11 |title=Chennai2Singapore songs leaked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/chennai2singapore-songs-leaked/articleshow/54274652.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917193022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/chennai2singapore-songs-leaked/articleshow/54274652.cms |archive-date=2016-09-17 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ghibran released a heartfelt note describing the challenges they faced during the trip and also being overwhelmed by the reception of the songs. But also being upset about the leak, he expressed the fans not to download the songs from piracy sites.<ref name=":5" /> The sixth song "Ro Ro Roshini" was released in [[Singapore]] on 11 September.<ref>{{Citation |title=Chennai 2 Singapore Songs {{!}} Ro Ro Roshini Song with Lyrics {{!}} Ghibran {{!}} Abbas Akbar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BfQsjCvkuc |access-date=2021-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017173139/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BfQsjCvkuc |archive-date=2016-10-17 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> To accommodate the success of the audio drive, the female version of "Pogadhe" was also unveiled on the same date as Singapore,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Chennai 2 Singapore Songs {{!}} Pogadhe (Female) Song with Lyrics {{!}} Ghibran {{!}} Abbas Akbar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjd-fiGndMw |access-date=2021-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911082040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjd-fiGndMw |archive-date=2016-09-11 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> along with the complete album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-11 |title=Chennai 2 Singapore (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/bs/album/chennai-2-singapore-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1143175334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603111328/https://music.apple.com/bs/album/chennai-2-singapore-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1143175334 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Apple Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-11 |title=Chennai 2 Singapore (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4QP7rp7ysqLvhiKk4aQvQn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121185133/https://open.spotify.com/album/4QP7rp7ysqLvhiKk4aQvQn |archive-date=21 January 2019 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Spotify}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra4 = Narrow Smith, Sharanya Gopinath
| lyrics1 = Soundararajan K
| extra1 = Rajan Chelliah
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Poda
| lyrics2 = Sikkander, Anbumani
| extra2 = [[RJ Balaji]], Abishek Raja
| length2 = 3:01
| title3 = Pogadhe
| lyrics3 = Jaya Rathakrishnan
| extra3 = Rajan Chelliah
| note3 = Male
| length3 = 4:21
| extra7 = Suthashini
| total_length = 55:23
| lyrics4 = Narrow Smith, Sarva Kannan
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Gun Inbam
| lyrics5 = Sikkander, Jil Sri
| extra5 = Sharanya Gopinath, [[Abbas Akbar]], Emcee Jesz
| length5 = 3:27
| title6 = Ro Ro Roshini
| lyrics6 = [[Karthik Netha]], [[Ghibran]]
| extra6 = Nivas
| length6 = 4:40
| title7 = Pogadhe
| lyrics7 = Jaya Rathakrishnan
| title1 = Vaadi Vaadi
| title4 = Texas Pogiraen
| lyrics11 = –
| note7 = female
| length7 = 4:27
| title12 = Gun Inbam – Karaoke Version
| note8 = karaoke
| length8 = 3:46
| title9 = Poda
| lyrics9 = –
| extra9 = Ghibran
| note9 = karaoke
| length9 = 2:58
| title10 = Pogadhe
| lyrics10 = –
| extra10 = Ghibran
| note10 = male, karaoke
| length10 = 4:19
| title11 = Texas Pogiraen
| extra11 = Ghibran
| note11 = Karaoke
| length11 = 4:01
| title8 = Vaadi Vaadi
| extra8 = [[Ghibran]]
| lyrics12 = –
| extra12 = Ghibran
| length12 = 3:25
| title13 = Ro Ro Roshini – Karaoke Version
| lyrics13 = –
| extra13 = Ghibran
| length13 = 4:40
| title14 = Pogadhe
| lyrics14 = –
| extra14 = Ghibran
| lyrics8 = –
| note14 = female, karaoke
| length14 = 4:23
}}

== Reception ==
The unique promotional strategy garnered immense hype and publicity for the film with celebrities such as [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] praising Ghibran's initiative for the unique music launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2016-08-26 |title=Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth to the rescue |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260816/kamal-haasan-and-rajinikanth-to-the-rescue.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826141210/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260816/kamal-haasan-and-rajinikanth-to-the-rescue.html |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-20 |title=Vijay Sethupathi all praise for Chennai 2 Singapore crew |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200516/vijay-sethupathi-all-praise-for-chennai-2-singapore-crew.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229210913/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200516/vijay-sethupathi-all-praise-for-chennai-2-singapore-crew.html |archive-date=2017-12-29 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Reviewing for the film's soundtrack, [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' further added "Chennai 2 Singapore's hyper-inventive soundtrack is Ghibran's mic drop moment".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2016-09-11 |title=Chennai 2 Singapore (Music review), Tamil – Ghibran |url=https://milliblog.com/2016/09/11/chennai-2-singapore-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914154354/https://milliblog.com/2016/09/11/chennai-2-singapore-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |archive-date=2016-09-14 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "The best thing about the movie is the unconventional and zappy music by Ghibran, who is also the co-producer of the movie."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2017-12-16 |title=Chennai 2 Singapore Movie Review: A film that can be enjoyed only in parts! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/161217/chennai-2-singapore-movie-review-a-film-that-can-be-enjoyed-only-in-parts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106030403/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/161217/chennai-2-singapore-movie-review-a-film-that-can-be-enjoyed-only-in-parts.html |archive-date=2018-01-06 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Gibran, who has also produced this film, has done a better job with the background score than with the songs. The best song in the album, Vaadi vaadi is picturised well, giving it a video music album feel."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2017-12-16 |title='Chennai 2 Singapore' review: A wacky no-brainer that’s worth a watch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Dec/16/chennai-2-singapore-review-a-wacky-no-brainer-thats-worth-a-watch-1728534.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017230912/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Dec/16/chennai-2-singapore-review-a-wacky-no-brainer-thats-worth-a-watch-1728534.html |archive-date=2018-10-17 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Ashameera Aiyappan of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "the main pillar for the film is Ghibran’s music. The man is on a roll with ''[[Aramm]]'', ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru|Theeran Adhigaram Ondru]]'', ''[[Maayavan]]'' and now, ''Chennai 2 Singapore''. The album is already a hit. The background constantly keeps adding the fun element to the narrative [...] The music is vibrant, fresh and light-hearted, making the overall experience much better."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=2017-12-15 |title=Chennai 2 Singapore movie review: This Abbas Akhtar-Gokul film is a mindless entertainer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chennai-2-singapore-movie-review-abbas-akhtar-gokul-star-rating-4984156/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118074541/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chennai-2-singapore-movie-review-abbas-akhtar-gokul-star-rating-4984156/ |archive-date=2018-01-18 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Critic based at ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "For the first time this year (''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]], Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru, Maayavan, Aramm'' and now, ''Chennai 2 Singapore''), Ghibran has scored sixer in both songs and background score, it’s been a dream year for him. Songs are all shot extremely well in 'music video' style."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-15 |title=Chennai 2 Singapore review: A slapstick fun entertainer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-2-singapore-review-a-slapstick-fun-entertainer-review-tamil-rmpkWyijbchhi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216054449/http://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-2-singapore-review-a-slapstick-fun-entertainer-review-tamil-rmpkWyijbchhi.html |archive-date=2017-12-16 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Udhav Naig of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "composer Ghibran’s tunes should be enough to make you sit through this film, which, in hindsight, could have been a much better slapstick attempt."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=2017-12-16 |title=‘Chennai 2 Singapore’ review: Spoofing romance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chennai-2-singapore-review-spoofing-romance/article21822664.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030330/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chennai-2-singapore-review-spoofing-romance/article21822664.ece |archive-date=2025-08-10 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
Ghibran performed a [[concert version]] of the song "Vaadi Vaadi" which was released on 21 May 2020, during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Vaadi Vaadi (From "Chennai 2 Singapore") [Concert Version] [Live] – Single by Ghibran |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vaadi-vaadi-from-chennai-2-singapore-concert-version/1515379651 |access-date=2021-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831012914/https://music.apple.com/us/album/vaadi-vaadi-from-chennai-2-singapore-concert-version/1515379651 |archive-date=2021-08-31 |url-status=live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2016 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Soundtracks by Indian artists]]

Taqi Rahim

2026-03-15T05:14:28Z

Nayeem: made some post added tags

{{Short description|Indian soldier, writer and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Taqi Rahim
| caption =
| death_date = 1998
| occupation = [[Freedom fighter]], [[Writer]], [[Historian]]
| notable_works = ''Tahreek-e-Aazadi Mein Bihar Ke Musalmano Ka Hissa'', ''Zikr-e-Yunus'', ''Jinnah Aur Gandhi'', ''Bihar Ke Muslim Khwas'', ''Islam Aur Hindustani Saqafat''
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| known_for = Propagating Urdu at the national level, contribution to the Indian freedom movement
| title = President, Inquilabi Muslim Conference
| organizations = Inquilabi Muslim Conference, [[Communist Party of India]], Bihar State Janvadi Adhikar Suraksha Samiti
}}

'''Taqi Rahim''' (died 1998) was an Indian freedom fighter, writer and historian who worked to propagate Urdu at the national level.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igpJAQAAIAAJ&q=taqi+rahim |title=Indian Journal of Politics |publisher=Department of Political Science, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2006 |pages=198 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Md Zakir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZFvBQAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE&pg=PA29 |title=1857 Aur Bihar Ki Patrakarita: 1857 Aur Bihar Ki Patrakarita: Journalism and the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |isbn=978-93-5048-312-1 |pages=28–29 |language=hi}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpraAAAAMAAJ&q=taqi%20rahim |title=Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1971-72 |date=1997 |publisher=National Book Agency |isbn=978-81-7626-000-8 |pages=298, 300 |language=en}}</ref>

He had written and translated ''Tahreek-e-Aazadi Mein Bihar Ke Musalmano Ka Hissa, Zikr-e-Yunus,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qādrī |first=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkfYAAAAMAAJ&q=taqi+rahim |title=The Celebrated Garden: A Study of Phulwari Sharif Family of Muslim Divines |date= |publisher=[[North-Eastern Hill University|North-Eastern Hill University Publications]] |year=1998 |location=Shillong |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> ''Jinnah Aur Gandhi, Bihar Ke Muslim Khwas, Islam Aur HIndustani Saqafat.''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svhWAAAAYAAJ&q=taqi+rahim |title=Liberation |date=2000 |publisher=Nimai Ghose |pages=282 |language=en}}</ref> He was president of Inquilabi Muslim Conference and also a member of the Central Control Commission elected by the Sixth Congress of Communist Party of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homage |url=https://archive.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2002/december/homage4.htm |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=archive.cpiml.org}}</ref> He was a member of the Bihar State Janvadi Adhikar Suraksha Samiti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talwar |first=Veer Bharat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fpjgdO2NzcC&dq=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE&pg=PA511 |title=Naksalwadi Ke Daud Mein |date= |publisher=Anamika Publishers and Distributors |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7975-163-3 |pages=511 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Scholarly works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=Taqi |url=https://www.gandhimuseum.in/gssdl/viewpdf/991 |title=Mahatma Gandhi Aur Hindu Muslim Ekta |publisher=Gandhi Sangrahalay |year=1999 |location=Patna |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=Taqi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tahreek-e-aazadi-mai-bihar-ke-musalmano-ka-hissa-taqi-raheem-ebooks/ |title=Tahreek-e-Aazadi Mein Bihar Ke Musalmano Ka Hissa |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |year=1998 |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=Taqi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/svatantrta-andolan-me-bihar-ke-musalmano-ka-yogdan-taqi-raheem-ebooks |title=Swatantrta Andolan Mein Bihar Ke Musalmano Ka Hissa |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library |year=2000 |location=Patna |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=Taqi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/zikr-e-yunus-ebooks |title=Zikr-e-Yunus |publisher=Taqi Rahim |year=1985 |location=Patna |language=ur}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://www.rekhta.org/authors/taqi-raheem/ Taqi Raheem] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahim, Taqi}}

[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]

Krithi Shetty

2026-03-14T22:37:38Z

Nayeem: improved citations additionally and improved wording

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian actress (born 2003)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krithi Shetty
| image = Krithi Shetty in 2024 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Krithi in 2024
| birth_name = Krithi Krishna Shetty
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|09|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2019–present
|
}}

'''Krithi Shetty''' (born 21 September 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Krithi Shetty Birthday Special: Unseen Photos of the 'Uppena' actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krithi-shetty-birthday-special-unseen-photos-of-the-uppena-actress/photostory/78232654.cms |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212155837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krithi-shetty-birthday-special-unseen-photos-of-the-uppena-actress/photostory/78232654.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. Shetty is an recipient of a [[Filmfare Award South]] and a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]]. She made her acting debut in the Telugu film ''[[Uppena]]'' (2021) which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Uppena' mints Rs 70 crore in first week: Vaishnav Tej and Vijay Sethupathi starrer is unstoppable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/uppena-mints-rs-70-crore-in-first-week-vaishnav-tej-and-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-is-unstoppable/articleshow/81106896.cms |access-date=25 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=19 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225185127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/uppena-mints-rs-70-crore-in-first-week-vaishnav-tej-and-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-is-unstoppable/articleshow/81106896.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Krithi Shetty was born on 21 September 2003 in [[Mangalore]], Karnataka,<ref name="KS">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=Krithi Shetty: నాకూ ఫ్యాన్స్‌ ఉంటారని ఊహించలేదు |trans-title=Krithi Shetty: I did not expect to have fans |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/day-everyone-cried-set-uppena-krithi-shetty-1343110 |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201033523/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/day-everyone-cried-set-uppena-krithi-shetty-1343110 }}</ref> to a [[Tulu language |Tulu]]-speaking [[Bunt (community) |Bunt]] family.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6ySJNaRVA4&t=20m5s |title=Krithi Shetty exclusive Interview about Bangarraju Movie {{!}} GreatAndhra |date=11 January 2022 |language=te |publisher=Great Andhra |time=20:05 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200849/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6ySJNaRVA4&t=20m5s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mangalore belle Krithi Shetty to debut opposite Panja Vaisshnav Tej in 'Uppena' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mangalore-belle-krithi-shetty-to-debut-opposite-panja-vaisshnav-tej-in-uppena/articleshow/69387578.cms |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=18 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201033521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mangalore-belle-krithi-shetty-to-debut-opposite-panja-vaisshnav-tej-in-uppena/articleshow/69387578.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aj" /> Her father is a businessman, and her mother is a fashion designer.<ref name="KS" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EIoPDgJmGk |title=Alitho Saradaga {{!}} Krithi Shetty, Kalyan Krishna {{!}} 17 January 2022 {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} ETV Telugu |date=17 January 2022 |language=te |publisher=[[ETV (Telugu)]] |time=38:50 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307191009/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EIoPDgJmGk |url-status=live}}</ref> She was brought up in Mumbai.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} During her academic career, she worked in commercials.<ref name="aj">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=అభిమానుల్ని ఊహించలేదు! కృతి శెట్టి |trans-title=Did not expect fans! Krithi Shetty |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/kruthi-shetty-fans-did-not-expect-20210210121731 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210030736/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/kruthi-shetty-fans-did-not-expect-20210210121731 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Shetty made her debut in a lead role, aged 17, with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Uppena]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title='Uppena' fame Krithi Shetty is a big fan of this Mega hero! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/uppena-fame-krithi-shetty-is-a-big-fan-of-this-mega-hero/articleshow/79231104.cms |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=15 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225190110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/uppena-fame-krithi-shetty-is-a-big-fan-of-this-mega-hero/articleshow/79231104.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> directed by Buchi Babu Sana and produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]] and [[Sukumar Writings]]. The film was commercially successful at the box office, collecting over {{INRConvert|100|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/panja-vaishnav-tej-kriti-shetty-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-uppena-world-television-premiere-gets-record-trp-18-5/ |title=Panja Vaishnav Tej, Kriti Shetty, Vijay Sethupathi starrer Uppena world television premiere gets record TRP of 18.5 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 April 2021 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919035144/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-0&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1703385816666648943&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollywoodhungama.com%2Fnews%2Fsouth-cinema%2Fpanja-vaishnav-tej-kriti-shetty-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-uppena-world-television-premiere-gets-record-trp-18-5%2F&sessionId=3a52613517443fb60f21b5f154f0c193c6b7849d&theme=light&widgetsVersion=aaf4084522e3a%3A1674595607486&width=550px |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'s}} Neeshitha Nyayapati wrote, "The debutants Vaisshnav and Krithi manage to pull off the intricacies of their characters well for the most part.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=12 February 2021 |title=Uppena Movie Review : A predictable tale that's executed well |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uppena/movie-review/80876393.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124123103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uppena/movie-review/80876393.cms}}</ref>

Later that year, she appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' opposite [[Nani (actor)|Nani]].<ref name="NP" /> ''Shyam Singha Roy'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success grossing over ₹60 crore at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T2BLive.Com |date=2022-01-21 |title=Shyam Singha Roy Total Collections |url=https://t2blive.com/shyam-singha-roy-total-collections/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=T2BLive |language=en-US}}</ref> She next starred in ''[[Bangarraju]]'' opposite [[Naga Chaitanya]]. Bangarraju emerged as a successful film and grossed over ₹66 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Year Ender 2022: RRR సహా 2022లో టాలీవుడ్ బాక్సాఫీస్ దగ్గర హిట్టైన చిత్రాలు ఇవే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/year-ender-2022-tollywood-box-office-hit-films-report-bangarraju-dj-tillu-rrr-kgf-2-major-dhamaka-hit-2-bimbisara-karthikeya2-movies-got-success-ta-1559562.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> This was followed by a series of commercial failures in the latter half of 2022 and 2023 with her next film ''[[The Warriorr]]'', directed by [[N. Lingusamy]] and appearing opposite [[Ram Pothineni]], which received negative reviews from critics and was a [[box-office bomb|commercial failure]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Warrior' Day 5 box office collection: Here is how much Ram Pothineni and Krithi Shetty's bilingual action drama mints over the first weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/the-warrior-day-5-box-office-collection-here-is-how-much-ram-pothineni-and-krithi-shettys-bilingual-action-drama-mints-over-the-first-weekend/articleshow/92985117.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805085304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/the-warrior-day-5-box-office-collection-here-is-how-much-ram-pothineni-and-krithi-shettys-bilingual-action-drama-mints-over-the-first-weekend/articleshow/92985117.cms}}</ref> Her next release in the same year was the Telugu film ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'', directed by M. S. Rajashekhar Reddy<ref name="mn" /> opened to negative reviews and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title='మాచర్ల నియోజకవర్గం' 5 డేస్ కలెక్షన్స్.. నితిన్ ఖాతాలో మరో ఫ్లాప్.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/macherla-niyojakavargam-5-days-total-world-wide-box-office-collections-ta-1411456.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>

Her last release of 2022 was ''[[Aa Ammayi Gurinchi Meeku Cheppali]]'' which was directed by [[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]] where she co-starred with [[Sudheer Babu]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2021 |title=Sudheer Babu and Krithi Shetty set to collaborate with Mohana Krishna Indraganti for his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sudheer-babu-and-krithi-shetty-set-to-collaborate-with-mohana-krishna-indraganti-for-his-next/articleshow/80098998.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102063640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sudheer-babu-and-krithi-shetty-set-to-collaborate-with-mohana-krishna-indraganti-for-his-next/articleshow/80098998.cms }}</ref><ref name="aagmc" /> opened to mixed reviews and became a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aa Ammayi Gurinchi Meeku Cheppali is a FLOP |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994534032/Aa-Ammayi-Gurinchi-Meeku-Cheppali-is-a-FLOP |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref> She then made her Tamil-language debut in 2023 with [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s bilingual ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' (2023) co-starring [[Naga Chaitanya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krithi-shettys-character-name-and-first-look-in-venkat-prabhus-custody-revealed/articleshow/97086588.cms|title=Krithi Shetty's character name and first look in Venkat Prabhu's 'Custody'|date=18 January 2023|work=The Times of India|quote=The young actress, who us making her straight Tamil film with 'Custody'|access-date=22 May 2023|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422223619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krithi-shettys-character-name-and-first-look-in-venkat-prabhus-custody-revealed/articleshow/97086588.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Custody'' opened to mixed reviews and did not do well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=కస్టడీ క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎంత పోయిందంటే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/naga-chaitanya-krithi-shetty-custody-closing-collections-sr-1873588.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>

In 2024, she starred in ''[[Manamey]]'' alongside [[Sharwanand]] and although the film opened to mixed reviews, it became a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T2BLive.Com |date=2024-06-27 |title=Sharwanand Manamey Movie 20 Days Total WW Collections! |url=https://t2blive.com/sharwanand-manamey-movie-20-days-total-ww-collections/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=T2BLive |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
| Excellence student
| [[Hindi]]
|
| <ref name="super">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2021 |title=Krithi Shetty: ఉప్పెనలో నటించకముందు హృతిక్ రోషన్ మూవీలో క‌నిపించిన‌ కృతి.. ఏ సినిమానో తెలుసా |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/actress-krithi-shetty-acted-in-hrithik-roshan-super-30-movie-before-uppena-mnj-774832.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419191247/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/actress-krithi-shetty-acted-in-hrithik-roshan-super-30-movie-before-uppena-mnj-774832.html }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Uppena]]''
| Sangeetha "Bebamma"
| rowspan="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2019 |title=Mangalore belle Krithi Shetty to debut opposite Panja Vaisshnav Tej in 'Uppena' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mangalore-belle-krithi-shetty-to-debut-opposite-panja-vaisshnav-tej-in-uppena/articleshow/69387578.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711094812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mangalore-belle-krithi-shetty-to-debut-opposite-panja-vaisshnav-tej-in-uppena/articleshow/69387578.cms }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
|Keerthi
|
| <ref name="NP">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=Nani plays Vasu in Shyam Singha Roy, film to release in December. See poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-plays-vasu-in-shyam-singha-roy-film-to-release-in-december-see-poster-1864777-2021-10-14 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=India Today |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014111602/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-plays-vasu-in-shyam-singha-roy-film-to-release-in-december-see-poster-1864777-2021-10-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
| ''[[Bangarraju]]''
| Naga Lakshmi
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy movie review highlights: Nani, Sai Pallavi, Krithi Shetty, Madonna Sebastian's film is an exciting ride so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shyam-singha-roy-movie-review-highlights-nani-sai-pallavi-krithi-shetty-madonna-sebastians-film-is-an-exciting-ride-so-far/articleshow/88466651.cms |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224192529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shyam-singha-roy-movie-review-highlights-nani-sai-pallavi-krithi-shetty-madonna-sebastians-film-is-an-exciting-ride-so-far/articleshow/88466651.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''
| Swathi
|
|<ref name="mn">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=Nithiin and Krithi Shetty begin Macherla Niyojakavargam shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-and-krithi-shetty-begin-macherla-niyojakavargam-shoot-1851547-2021-09-10 |website=India Today |access-date=10 September 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910144409/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithiin-and-krithi-shetty-begin-macherla-niyojakavargam-shoot-1851547-2021-09-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aa Ammayi Gurinchi Meeku Cheppali]]''
| Dr. Alekhya & Akhila
| Dual role
| <ref name="aagmc">{{Cite news |date=2 March 2021 |title=Sudheer Babu's third film with Mohana Krishna Indraganti |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohana-krishna-indragantis-third-film-with-sudheer-babu-is-aa-ammayi-gurinchi-meeku-cheppali/article33971055.ece |access-date=16 July 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421064041/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohana-krishna-indragantis-third-film-with-sudheer-babu-is-aa-ammayi-gurinchi-meeku-cheppali/article33971055.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Warriorr]]''
| "Whistle" Mahalakshmi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual films
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram Pothineni, Krithi Shetty's 'The Warrior' shoot wraps up. Makers share pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-krithi-shettys-the-warrior-shoot-wraps-up-makers-share-pics/articleshow/91864369.cms |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=29 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531074147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-krithi-shettys-the-warrior-shoot-wraps-up-makers-share-pics/articleshow/91864369.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Custody (2023 film)|''Custody'']]
| Revathi
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga Chaitanya and Krithi Shetty starrer Custody shoot wraps up; Actor shares BTS video from the sets |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/naga-chaitanya-and-krithi-shetty-starrer-custody-shoot-wraps-up-actor-shares-bts-video-from-the-sets-1210500 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226154206/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/naga-chaitanya-and-krithi-shetty-starrer-custody-shoot-wraps-up-actor-shares-bts-video-from-the-sets-1210500 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Manamey]]''
| Subhadra
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2023|title=Krithi Shetty's look from Sharwa 35 Revealed on her Birthday|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/krithi-shettys-look-from-sharwa-35-revealed-on-her-birthday|access-date=14 October 2023|website=Film Companion|language=en|archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023192158/https://www.filmcompanion.in/amp/story/news/krithi-shettys-look-from-sharwa-35-revealed-on-her-birthday|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''
| Lekshmi Nambiar
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Ajayante Randam Moshanam: Tovino Thomas-Krithi Shetty's fantasy drama goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011120015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2026
| ''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]''
| Wu
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2023|title=Krithi Shetty Bags Karthi Movie|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070923/krithi-shetty-bags-author-backed-role-in-kollywood.html|access-date=14 October 2023|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023192158/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070923/krithi-shetty-bags-author-backed-role-in-kollywood.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Love Insurance Kompany]]}}
| Dheema
| Post-production
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Pradeep and Krithi Shetty pair up for Vignesh Shivan's 'LIC' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pradeep-and-krithi-shetty-pair-up-for-vignesh-shivans-lic/articleshow/106005326.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216150548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pradeep-and-krithi-shetty-pair-up-for-vignesh-shivans-lic/articleshow/106005326.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Genie}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2023|title=Jayam Ravi's next titled Genie: Krithi Shetty, Kalyani Priyadarshan, and Wamiqa Gabbi roped in for the project|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jayam-ravis-next-titled-genie-krithi-shetty-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-wamiqa-gabbi-roped-in-for-the-project-8761674/|access-date=5 July 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705164159/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jayam-ravis-next-titled-genie-krithi-shetty-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-wamiqa-gabbi-roped-in-for-the-project-8761674/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}



==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of acting awards and nominations
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Uppena]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2022 |title=Winners of 67th Filmfare award - 2022 - Telugu |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011918/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=SIIMA 2022: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922034205/https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{IMDb name|nm9598771}}
* {{Instagram|krithi.shetty_official}}
* {{Twitter|IamKrithiShetty}}

{{Authority control}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Krithi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Padshahnama

2026-03-13T15:08:44Z

Nayeem: minor update formatting for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|17th-century Indian history}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Padshahnama
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Padshahnama Manuscript.jpg
| caption = The cover of the Windsor Padshahnama
| author = Muhammad Amin Qazvini Jalaluddin Tabatabai [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Mughal Empire]] ([[India]])
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| series =
| genre = [[Biography]]
| publisher = Muhammad Waris
| release_date = 1630–1637
| english_release_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| wikisource = Padshahnama
| set_in = 17th century [[Mughal India]]
| congress =
| dewey =
}}
'''Padshahnama''' or '''''Badshah Nama''''' ({{langx|fa|پادشاهنامه or پادشاه‌نامه}}; {{lit|The Book of the Emperor|i=yes}}) is a group of works written as the official history of the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jahan I]]. Unillustrated texts are known as ''[[Shahjahannama]]'', with ''Padshahnama'' used for the illustrated manuscript versions. These works are among the major sources of information about Shah Jahan's reign. Lavishly illustrated copies were produced in the imperial workshops, with many [[Mughal miniature]]s. Although military campaigns are given the most prominence, the illustrations and paintings in the manuscripts of these works illuminate life in the imperial court, depicting weddings and other activities.
[[File:Shah Jahan op de pauwentroon.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Emperor [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jahan I]] on the [[Peacock Throne]]]]
The most significant work of this genre was written by [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]], the pupil of Akbar's biographer [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abdul Fazal]], in two volumes. He could not write the third volume of this genre because of the infirmities of old age.<ref name="majumdar">Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.9</ref>

==History==
[[File:The capture of Orchha by imperial forces (October 1635).jpg|thumb|The Mughal Army led by Prince [[Aurangzeb]], Syed Khan-i-Jahan, Abdullah Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang and Khan Dauran enter [[Orchha]].]]
Shah Jahan in his eighth regnal year asked Muhammad Amin Qazvini to write an official history of his reign and he completed his ''Badshahnama'' in 1636, which covers the first ten (lunar) years of Shah Jahan’s reign.<ref name="majumdar"/>

Jalaluddin Tabatabai wrote another ''Badshahnama'', but the extant portion of the text covers only four years, from fifth to eighth regnal year of the emperor. The project was later given to [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]], who wrote his ''Badshahnama'' in two volumes. The first volume of this work is based upon Qazvini’s work but has more details. The second volume covers the next ten (lunar) years of Shah Jahan’s reign. He completed his work in 1648. Lahori died in 1654. Muhammad Waris, a pupil of Lahori was given the responsibility to complete the task and his ''Badshahnama'' (completed in 1656) covers the rest of the period of Shah Jahan’s reign. His work was published by the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]] as the third volume of the ''Badshahnama'' of Lahori.

==Extant manuscripts==
In 1799, [[Saadat Ali Khan II]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]] in northern [[India]], sent the ''Badshahnama'', to King [[George III]] of Great Britain. Today, the imperial illustrated manuscript of the ''Badshahnama'' of Lahori is preserved in the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Royal Library]] at [[Windsor Castle]], and is known as the '''Windsor Padshahnama'''. It was produced between 1630 and 1657 and contains 44 miniatures, some full page narrative scenes of battles, court ceremonies and other events (11 are across two pages), and some smaller individual portraits, surrounded by geometric decoration. These illustrate the [[genealogy]] of the [[Mughal dynasty]] which begins the work. The page size is 58.6 x 36.8 cm, and 13 different lead artists worked on the volume.<ref>[https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025/the-padshahnama "The Padshahnama 1656-57"], [[Royal Collection]]</ref> In 1994, while the volume was being rebound for conservation reasons, the opportunity was taken to tour all the miniatures in an exhibition that was shown in [[New Delhi]], the [[Queen's Gallery]] in London, and six American cities.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/cou.1999.4.3.011?needAccess=true&journalCode=ycou20 Review] of [[Milo C. Beach|Beach, Milo C]]. and Ebba Koch, ''The King of the World: The Badshahnama: An Imperial Mughal Manuscript from the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Royal Library]], [[Windsor Castle]]'', Thames & Hudson. 1997, in ''The Court Historian'', Volume 4, 1999 - Issue 3, [https://doi.org/10.1179/cou.1999.4.3.011]</ref>

Manuscripts of the ''Badshahnama''s of Qazvini and Waris are preserved in the [[British Library]]. The original manuscript of the ''Badshah Nama'' that depicts the complete reign of Shah Jahan is preserved in [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]], [[Patna]], India.<ref name="ot">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/islamic-knowledge-house-khuda-bakhsh-library-retains-glory/309270|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131050436/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?309270|url-status=live|archive-date=January 31, 2013|title=Islamic knowledge house, Khuda Bakhsh Library retains glory|date=Jul 8, 2005|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

Other individual miniatures are held in a number collections. The [[Khalili Collection of Islamic Art]] has one miniature in which Shah Jahan and his court watch two elephants fighting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rogers |first=J. M. |title=The arts of Islam : treasures from the Nasser D. Khalili collection |date=2008 |edition= Revised and expanded|publisher=Tourism Development & Investment Company (TDIC) |location=Abu Dhabi |oclc=455121277 |page=280|authorlink=J. M. Rogers}}</ref> There were some later illustrated manuscript copies made; for example the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York has miniatures from 17th-century versions, and the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] from one of around 1800.

==Context==
The ''Padshahnama'' fits into a tradition of imperial autobiographies or official court biographies, seen in various parts of the world.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} In [[South Asia]] these go back to the ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' and ''[[Harshacharita]]'' from [[ancient India]], and the medieval ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''. The Mughals' ancestor [[Timur]] had been celebrated in a number of works, mostly called ''Zafarnama'' ("Book of Victories"), such as those by [[Zafarnama (Shami biography)|Shami]] and [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Yazdi]]. The latter is the best known, and was also produced in an illustrated copy in the 1590s by [[Akbar]]'s workshop. The tradition was continued by the Mughals with the ''[[Baburnama]]'' (autobiography, not illustrated before Akbar), ''[[Akbarnama]]'' (biography), and ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'' or ''Jahangir-nameh'' (memoirs of [[Jahangir]]).

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="170" heights="200">
File:The surrender of the Fort at Udgir to Khan Dawran (October 1636).jpg|The Mughal commander Khan Dauran captures [[Udgir Fort|the Fort at Udgir]].
File:The siege of Daulatabad (April-June 1633).jpg|The [[Mughal Army]] captures [[Daulatabad fort]] in the year 1633.
File:A'zam Khan captures Fort Dharur (January 1631).jpg|Mughal commander Azim Khan captures [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]].
File:Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar (7 June 1633).jpg|Prince [[Aurangzeb]] riding against the maddened [[War elephant]] Sudhakar in the year 1633.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abdul Hamid Lahori |url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/ShahJahan/Prince_Awrangzeb_facing_a_maddened_elephant_named_Sudhakar.htm |title=Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar |year=1636 |work=Badshahnama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034412/http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/ShahJahan/Prince_Awrangzeb_facing_a_maddened_elephant_named_Sudhakar.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=July 1, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:The siege of Qandahar (May 1631).jpg|The siege at [[Kandhar Fort]] (May 1631)
File:Shah Jahan Receives Persian Ambassadors.jpg|alt=Shah Jahan receiving Persian Safavid ambassador Ali Mardan Khan in the year 1638.[7][8]|[[Shah Jahan]] receiving [[Persia|Persian]] [[Safavid]] ambassador [[Ali Mardan Khan]] in the year 1638.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abdul Hamid Lahori |title=Shah Jahan Receives Persian Ambassadors |url=http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/ShahJahan/Shah_Jahan_Receives_Persian_Ambassadors.htm |work=Badshahnama}}</ref><ref>Ebba Koch (1994), ''Diwan-i 'Amm and Chihil Sutun: The Audience Halls of Shah Jahan'', p.1</ref>
</gallery>

==Texts online==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite book|last=Lahori|first=Abdul Hamid |authorlink=Abdul Hamid Lahori|title=Badshanama of Abdul Hamid Lahori|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924006140374#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1875|publisher=Hafiz Press, Lahore |others=tr. by Henry Miers Elliot }}
*[http://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Fauth%3D3%26work%3D001 Bádsháh-Náma of 'Abdu-L Hamíd Láhorí] ''[[Packard Humanities Institute]]''
* [http://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201017%26ct%3D21 Sháh Jahán-Náma of 'Ináyat Khán]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Milo C. Beach|Beach, Milo C]]. and Ebba Koch, ''The King of the World: The Badshahnama: An Imperial Mughal Manuscript from the [[Royal Library, Windsor|Royal Library]], [[Windsor Castle]]'', Thames & Hudson. 1997. {{ISBN|0-500-97448-9}}.
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831 | url=https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335 }} (see index: p. 148-152; plate 25)

==External links==
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025/the-Badshahnama Illustrations from the Badshahnama]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Royal Collection]]; [https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/splendours-of-the-subcontinent-four-centuries-of-south-asian-paintings/the-padshahnama-book-of-emperors-of-abd-al-hamid-lahori more images]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181007141935/http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist188/mainframe.htm King of the World – The Badshahnama] at [[University of Pennsylvania]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padshahnama}}
[[Category:Mughal royal books]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:17th-century history books]]
[[Category:History books about the 17th century]]
[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:17th-century illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]
[[Category:British Library collections]]

Puliyoorkurichi

2026-03-12T00:22:07Z

Nayeem: new basic entry w/ sources!

{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Puliyoorkurichi''' ({{langx|ta|புலியூர்குறிச்சி}}, also transliterated as '''Puliyurkurichi''' or '''Puliurkuruchi''') is a small village in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a suburb of [[Padmanabhapuram]], about {{convert|3|km}} southeast of [[Thuckalay]] on the [[National Highway 66 (India)|Trivandrum-Nagercoil Highway]].

== Udayagiri Fort ==
Puliyoorkurichi is adjacent to [[Udayagiri Fort#Fort in Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari District)|Udayagiri Fort]], its principal point of interest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tharakandiyil |first1=Nada |title=Power, trade and religion: a study of Travancore (1729-1805) |journal=M.Phil. Thesis |date=2021 |page=85 |url=http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH31624.pdf |access-date=7 October 2024 |publisher=Centre for Historical Studies, School for Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sukumaran |author2=Parthiban |title=Vascular plant diversity of Udayagiri fort, Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu, India |journal=Bioscience Discovery |date=17 July 2014 |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=205 |url=https://biosciencediscovery.com/Vol%205%20No.%202%20July%202014/S%20Sukumaran204-217.pdf |access-date=7 October 2024 }}</ref>

The fort was named after King Udayanan of the [[Padmanabhapuram]], and was originally the camping and training ground for the king’s army. Some remains of the furnace used for making ammunition survive. The fort became a [[nature park|natural park]] with a [[treehouse]], herbal garden, deer and bird enclosures, and an aquarium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udhayagiri Fort {{!}} Excellent Eco - Tourism Spot with Fort |url=https://www.onlinekanyakumari.com/udhayagiri-fort-kanyakumari-excellent-eco-tourism-spot-with-fort/ |website=OnlineKanyakumari |access-date=7 October 2024 |date=15 November 2015}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Puliyoorkurichi covers some {{convert|250|km2}}.

== Demographics ==
It has a population of about 2000. Two streets of Brahmin dwellings are in the village: Single Street consists of single row houses and Double Street has a double row of houses.

== Economy ==
The main crops are rice, [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]], and coconut palm.

== Culture ==
A [[Ganesh]] temple with Sivaalayam is in a compound in the Single Street. The [[Kovil|''koil'']] (temple) is called Pillayaar Koil. The speciality of this Pillayaar Koil is that people connected or even outsiders come and pray for their wishes. Most of the wishes are fulfilled and in return people offer 1008 " Kozhakattai" (Mothakam) made of poor am covered by rice flower. Almost 200 days/year people offer thanks to Ganesh. Once this ''Gramam'' had enough properties to look after the temple, but now it depends on contributions. The [[Shiva|Siva]] temple in the same compound is maintained by the state government.

In Double Street a Ramar Koil sits, where regular Bhajans were held. All Hindu celebrations are performed in the village cost.

This village performs "Padukkai" to Melankode Amman Koil every year, as the villagers feel that Melankode is their Kaval Theivam.{{clarify|date=October 2024}}

== Education ==
An engineering college is also situated near this village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|8|14|38|N|77|19|55|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]

{{Kanyakumari-geo-stub}}

Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani

2026-03-11T13:04:16Z

Nayeem: made first stub from scratch

{{Short description|Television series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{all plot|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vishkanya...Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani.jpeg
| caption = 
| genre = [[Supernatural]]
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| producer =
| director = Alind Srivastava Nissar Parvej
| starring = [[Aishwarya Khare]] [[Vin Rana]]
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| channel = [[Zee TV]], [[&TV]]
| company = [[Peninsula Pictures]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 143
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|03|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|09|16}}
}}
'''''Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani''''' or simply '''''Vishkanya''''' (''lit.'' venomous girl) is a [[Soap opera|soap]] set in the old neighbourhood of the city of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/promos/vishkanya-a-extraordinary-love-story-coming-soon-only-on-zee-tv.html|title=Vishkanya coming soon on Zee TV}}</ref> The show is about a love story of fictional characters Aparajita Ghosh and Malay Mittal.

==Plot==
Aparajita, also known as Appu, is born as a ''[[Vishkanya]]'', a venomous girl whose body is poisonous and could prove fatal to anyone upon contact. Initially, she was not aware that she was poisonous or that she was used as a pawn to destroy the Mittal family by her maternal aunt, Kalpana Ghosh, whom she believes to be her mother. Kalpana kept her locked in her room since she was a little girl, avoiding any contact with outsiders. This ignited curiosity among her neighbors, especially Malay.

The first time she was allowed out was for a party at the Mittal mansion, where she met Malay for the first time. Malay was instantly smitten by her beauty and delicate grace despite her mysterious aura. A series of events led Appu to begin questioning her true identity. She demanded answers from Kalpana about unexplained facts such as her skin turning blue whenever she was distressed. Kalpana revealed that she was a descendant of ''Vishkanya''. For generations, daughters in her family were used as a weapon to destroy kingdoms and cities. Kalpana urged her to kill every member of the Mittal family, especially Malay, to hurt his mother. Years earlier, Malay's father married Kalpana despite already being married to Malay's mother, Nandita. Enraged, Nandita hired a man to kill Kalpana, but he mistakenly harmed Kalpana's sister and Appu’s mother, Niranjana, causing Malay's father and Niranjana to be paralyzed.

Kalpana swore revenge on Nandita Mittal by planning to make Malay fall in love with Appu and then dispose of him later. Appu was disturbed by this but could not bring herself to do as Kalpana asked and distanced herself from him. Malay, however, kept relentlessly pursuing her without knowing the reason. Against all odds, they both fell in love with each other, but Nandita plotted several schemes to separate them. Nandita hired her brothers to kill Appu and bury her to stop her from marrying Malay. They brutally tortured her and left her to die in acid underground.

In the end, Malay reluctantly married Vardaan due to a misunderstanding caused by his mother and under the influence of the rest of his family. In the sequence of events, Malay had a change of heart and began to love Vardaan, much to Appu's dismay, and he broke up with her afterward. Finally, Appu decided to seek revenge against the Mittal family for everything she had suffered. Through various tricks and with Kalpana's aid, Appu managed to marry Malay, but at this point he did not love her anymore and still remained unaware of her supernatural identity. Vardaan divorced Malay under the influence of Appu, and Malay was then forced to marry Appu. Vardaan saved Appu's life, and Appu decided to let Vardaan and Malay be together.

Appu told Vardaan about her supernatural identity. Just before Malay and Vardaan's wedding, Kasturi (assistant of Kala Saaya, the head of all evil) came to kill Appu, but Vardaan intervened and saved her. Appu managed to kill Kasturi. Before dying, Vardaan made Appu promise to take care of Malay.

The show then takes a three-month leap and introduces Mandira, Nandita's sister, who is killed by Kala Saaya.

Kala Saaya took Mandira's form and came to the Mittal mansion, where she killed Chiki, Avi's fiancée. Kala Saaya (who is made of smoke) called another assistant, Yakshini, who is the embodiment of lust. Yakshini came to the Mittal mansion as Laila, who was to marry Avi. Appu found them suspicious and managed to burn Yakshini's house, a tree (it is believed that a Yakshini's powers are in its house). Kala Saaya kidnapped Kalpana and ordered Appu to become intimate with Malay, as Appu's offspring would free her from an old-age curse and give her powers. Malay heard them talking, and Malay and Appu pretended that they had become intimate and faked Malay's death (as becoming intimate with a Vishkanya results in death). Appu told Kala Saaya to let her meet her aunt, and she agreed.

There, Appu killed Kala Saaya and decided to go to the [[Himalayas]] to spend her life there. Malay realized his love for Appu and stopped her. Then Baba (a priest) came with a rabbit and ordered Appu to kill it. Appu scratched it but nothing happened. Baba then told her that a goddess had taken the venom out of her body in return for Kala Saaya’s death and that she could now live in peace. Appu and Malay get married and live together happily.

==Cast and characters==

=== Main ===
* [[Aishwarya Khare]] as Aparajita “Appu” Mittal (née Ghosh): A [[Vishakanya|Vishkanya]]; Niranjana's daughter; Kalpana's niece and foster daughter; Arjun's ex-fiancée; Malay's wife
* [[Vin Rana]] as Malay Mittal: Nandita's son; Avi's cousin; Vardaan's ex-husband; Aparajita's husband

=== Recurring ===
* [[Rohini Banerjee]] as Kalpana Ghosh: Appu's aunt and foster mother; Tapur’s mother
* [[Prachi Sinha]] as Vardaan “Veda” Sinha (formerly Mittal):Malay's ex and former wife
* Kashish Duggal Paul as Nandita Mittal: Malay's mother
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Mandira / Kala Saaya
* Ekta Sharma as Kumkum Rasik Mittal: Avi's mother; Malay's aunt
* Amit Khanna as Rasik Mittal: Avi's father; Malay's uncle
* Simi Mukherjee<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/bengali-actress-simi-mukherjee-to-enter-zee-tvs-vishkanya--ek-anokhi-prem-kahani/15915491.shtml|title=Bengali actress Simi Mukherjee to enter Zee TV's Vishkanya – Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani|last=Mukherjee|first=Simi|date=April 19, 2016|work=Merinews.com|access-date=April 19, 2016}}</ref> as Niranjana Ghosh: Appu's mother; Kalpana’s sister
* Medha Bhattacharya as Tapur Ghosh: Kalpana’s daughter; Appu's cousin; Malay’s half-sister
* Gagan Singh as Avinash "Avi" Mittal: Malay's cousin
* Krishna Shetty as Arjun Jha: Appu's ex-fiancé
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Renu
* Nirmal Soni as Atosh: Malay's uncle
* Tanveer as Sunder: Malay's uncle
* Akash Pandey as Nigam: Malay's uncle
* Nishikant Dixit as Madan: Malay's uncle
* [[Annie Gill]] as Kanika: Malay's ex-fiancée
* [[Ekroop Bedi]] as Yakshini / Laila: Avi's fiancé

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/vishkanya/0-6-236/ Official Website]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]

Anu Joseph

2026-03-10T13:22:37Z

Nayeem:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anu Joseph
| image =
| birth_date =

| alt =
| height =
| birth_name = 
| birth_place = [[Kasargod]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2000–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Anu Joseph''' is an Indian actress in the [[Malayalam]] television industry.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/gaining-a-foothold/article5350874.ece Gaining a foothold - The Hindu]</ref> She made her acting debut in 2003, through the Malayalam Movie, ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' directed by [[T. V. Chandran]]. Anu was a participant of [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)|Bigg Boss Malayalam season 5]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-30 |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 5: Actor Anu Joseph enters the show as third wildcard contestant |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/bigg-boss-malayalam-5-actor-anu-joseph-enters-the-show-as-third-wildcard-contestant/articleshow/99886791.cms |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Career==
Anu Joseph won the Kalathilakam title in the school Youth Festival and became the part of Kalabhavan dance troupe to perform classical art forms and started getting offers from serials. Anu made her debut in the serial Chithralekha aired on Surya TV and later went on to do many popular serials including Makalude Amma, [[Minnukettu]], Aalilathaali, Snehachandhrika, Pazhassi Raja and Oridathoridathu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/anu-joesph-death-hoax-busted-news-karyam-nisaram-actress-killed-car-accident-fake-627984 |title=Anu Joseph Death Hoax Busted: News of 'Karyam Nisaram' Actress Killed in Car Accident is Fake |date=2 April 2015 |newspaper=International Business Times |first=Nicy |last=V.P |accessdate=6 September 2019}}</ref> While she plays an innocent and sweet girl in Alilathaali, she portrays a pretentious woman in Oridathoridathu. However, it was through [[Minnukettu]] that she got noticed.<ref name=".0">{{cite news |title=Anu Joseph: Bold face of Malayalam showbiz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/anu-joseph-bold-face-of-malayalam-showbiz/photostory/45003606.cms |work=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref> Her breakthrough role was Advocate Sathyabhama in [[Karyam Nissaram (Serial)|''Karyam Nissaram'']].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/karyam-nissarams-anu-joseph-i-have-acted-in-many-serials-but-people-still-love-me-as-satyabhama/articleshow/75231389.cms Karyam Nissaram's Anu Joseph: I have acted in many serials but people still love me as ‘Satyabhama’ - Times of India]</ref> In 2023, she entered Big Boss Malayalam as a wild card entrant.

==Television==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}

===TV serials===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Serial!!Channel !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2004 || ''Chitralekha'' || [[Surya TV]] ||Nun ||
|-
|2004 || ''Arikil Oral Koode'' || [[DD Malayalam]]||Maya || Telefilm
|-
|2004–2009 || ''[[Minnukettu]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Surya TV]] || Yamuna || Lead Role, First serial in Malayalam to cross 1000 episodes{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
|-
|2005 || ''Culcutta Hospital'' || Nurse ||
|-
|2005|| ''Padan Maranna Vishu Pakshi''||Reshmi|| Telefilm
|-
| || ''Atmeeya Kachavadam'' ||-|| ||Telefilm
|-
|2005 || ''Thalolam'' ||[[DD Malayalam]]|| Renuka||
|-
|2006–2007 || ''Nombarappoovu'' || rowspan="2" | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Radhika || Antagonist
|-
|2006–2007 || ''Vikramadithyan'' || ||
|-
|2006 || ''Magalude Amma'' || rowspan="2" | [[Surya TV]] || Priya ||
|-
|2006 || ''Makal Marumagal'' || ||
|-
|2006 || ''Snehachandrika'' || rowspan="2" | [[Doordarshan]] || ||
|-

|2006||''Yathra''|| ||
|-
|2007 || ''Velankanni Mathavu'' || [[Surya TV]] || Annie ||
|-
|2007||[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||||
|-
|2008-2009|| ''Aalilathaali'' || Sumithra Devi || Lead Role
|-
|2008 || ''Pazhasshi Raja'' || [[Surya TV]] ||Neeli ||
|-
|2008 || ''Devimahatmyam'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Rohini ||
|-
|2008 || ''Priymanasi'' || [[Surya TV]] || Manasi || Lead Role
|-
|2009|| ''Sree Mahabhagavatham'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Keerthi Sena ||
|-
|2009 || ''Thulabharam'' || rowspan="4" | [[Surya TV]] || Sumi Sreedharan Kalarikkal || Lead Role
|-
|2009 || ''Manassariyathe'' || Maya/Stella|| Lead Role
|-
|2009–2012 || ''Chakkarabharani'' || Menaka Teacher ||
|-
|2010 || ''Adiparasakthi'' || Sreedevi||
|-
|2010 || ''Swami Ayyappan Saranam'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Ammu||
|-
|2010 || ''Swamiye Saranamayyappa'' || [[Surya TV]] || Neelima||
|-
|2011 || ''In Jawahar Colony'' || [[Jaihind TV]] ||Maya ||
|-
|2012 || ''Alaudinte Albuthavilakku'' || rowspan="3" | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Umaiba Maharani ||
|-
|2012 || ''Agniputhri'' || Shari ||
|-
|2012 || ''Amma'' || Revathi ||
|-
|2012 || ''Ramayanam'' || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || [[Sumitra]] ||
|-
|2012 || ''Sreepadmanabham'' || rowspan="2" | [[Amrita TV]] || [[Yashoda]] ||
|-
|2012 || ''Ponnum Poovum'' || ||
|-
|2012–2017 || ''[[Karyam Nissaram (Serial)|Karyam Nissaram]]'' || [[Kairali TV]] || Adv.Sathyabhama a.k.a. Bhama || Lead Role, Satire, completed 1104 episodes<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-03 |title='Karyam Nissaram' serial comes to an end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/karyam-nissaram-serial-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/58976361.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-19 |title=Karyam Nissaram's Anu Joseph: I have acted in many serials but people still love me as 'Satyabhama' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/karyam-nissarams-anu-joseph-i-have-acted-in-many-serials-but-people-still-love-me-as-satyabhama/articleshow/75231389.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2013 || ''Gandhari'' || [[Jaihind TV]] || ||
|-
|2014 || ''Balamani'' || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Devaprabha IPS ||
|-
|2013–2014 || ''Oridathoridathu'' || [[Asianet Plus]] || Mollykutty ||
|-
|2016 || ''Parassini Sree Muthappan'' || [[Jaihind TV]] || Thamburatty ||
|-
|2017 || ''Moonu Pennungal'' || [[Surya TV]] || Aparna ||
|-
|2018 || ''Sakudumbam Shyamala''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sakudumbam-shyamala-a-new-comedy-serial/articleshow/59929995.cms Sakudumbam Shyamala : A new comedy serial - Times of India]</ref> || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]] || Shyamala || Lead role
|-
|2018 || ''[[Aliyan VS Aliyan]]''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/anu-joseph-to-do-a-cameo-in-aliyan-vs-aliyan/articleshow/66344635.cms Anu Joseph to do a cameo in Aliyan vs Aliyan]</ref> || [[Amrita TV]] || SI Anupama ||
|-
|2019 || ''Sabarimala Swami Ayyappan''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kaushik-babu-makes-a-comeback-with-sabarimala-swami-ayyappan/articleshow/67525383.cms Kaushik Babu makes a comeback with Sabarimala Swami Ayyapan - Times of India]</ref> || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || [[Devi|Adi Parashakthi]] ||
|-
|2019–2020 || ''Puttum Kattanum''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/puttum-kattanum-mohana-krishnan-and-satyabhama-are-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/69753474.cms Puttum Kattanum : Mohana Krishnan and Satyabhama are back with a bang]</ref> || [[Kairali TV]] || Chinthamani ||
|-
|2020–2021 || ''Life is Beautiful Season 2''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/life-is-beautiful-2-bigg-boss-fame-rajith-kumar-is-back-to-tv-with-a-sitcom/articleshow/79410213.cms Life is beautiful : Bigboss fame Rajith Kumar is back to TV with a sitcom]</ref> || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Suhasini ||
|-
|2022||''Nandanam''|| rowspan="2" |[[Flowers TV]]||Devi||
|-
|2024–present||''[[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Sukhamo Devi]]''||Vasundhara [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|2024||''[[Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Yakshiamma||
|}

===Other shows===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title!!Channel !! Role !! Notes
|-
|''Tharolsavam'' || rowspan=2 | [[Kairali TV]] || rowspan=2|Contestant ||
|-
|''Tharolsavam2'' ||
|-
|''Sundari Niyum Sundaran Njanum'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Contestant || Along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Fast Track'' || Manorama News || Herself ||
|-
|''Pappayum 12 Nakshathrangalum'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Herself||
|-
|''Don't Do Don't Do'' || [[Asianet Plus]] || Host || Along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Smart Show'' || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || Herself ||
|-
|''Onaradham'' || [[Surya TV]] || Host || Along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Deal Or No Deal ''|| Surya TV || Participant || Along with Anish Ravi /Shalu Kurian
|-
|''Star War''<ref>[https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/day-with-actress-chilanka-anu-joseph-shared-new-video/articleshow/80434041.cms പലരും ചോദിക്കാറുണ്ട് എന്റെ ആരാണ് ചിലങ്കയെന്ന്: ചേച്ചി വിവാഹത്തിന് എന്ത്കൊണ്ട് എത്തിയില്ലെന്ന് എന്നോടും ചോദിച്ചു; വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി ചിലങ്കയും അനുവും!]</ref> || Surya TV || Host || Along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Comedy Super Nite 2'' || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]] || Herself || Along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Onam Ponnonam'' || Surya TV || Host || along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Star War Season 2'' || Surya TV || Host || Along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Pookalam Varavayi'' || Surya TV || Host || along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Devamrutham'' || [[Kaumudy TV]] || Host ||
|-
|''Ennishtam'' || ACV|| Herself||
|-
|''Super Comedy Challenge'' || [[DD Malayalam]] || Host || along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Comedy Utsavam''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actors-aneesh-ravi-and-anu-joseph-to-make-a-comeback-with-comedy-utsavam/articleshow/67456093.cms Actors Aneesh Ravi and Anu Joseph to make a comeback with Comedy Utsavam]</ref> || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]] || Sathyabhama (guest appearance) || along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''[[Badai Bungalow]]''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-anu-joseph-to-join-badai-bungalow-2/articleshow/69040612.cms Anu Joseph to join Badai Bungalow]</ref> || Asianet || Clara ||
|-
|''Keralolsavam''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aneesh-ravi-and-anu-joseph-is-back-with-kerlalothsavom/articleshow/69725916.cms Aneesh Ravi and Anu Joseph is back with Keralolsavam]</ref> || Surya TV || Host || along with Anish Ravi
|-
|''Star Magic''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/team-star-magic-to-entertain-fans-with-a-parody-of-jurassic-park/articleshow/79993397.cms Team Star Magic to entertain fans with a parody of Jurassic Park]</ref> || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]] || Participant|| Ongoing
|-
|''She Celebrity Talk Time'' || She News TV || Herself|| Online
|-
|''Oru Adipoli Muthiri Rasam'' || Red Link Online || Presenter|| Online
|-
|''Anu Joseph Official'' ||Youtube||Host|| Her channel
|-
|''Parayam Nedam'' ||Amrita TV||Participant||
|-
|''Red Carpet'' ||Amrita TV||Mentor||
|-
|''My G Flowers Oru Kodi'' ||Flowers||Participant||
|-
|''Cook with Comedy'' ||Asianet||Performer||
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)]]'' ||Asianet||Contestant||Wild Card entry, Day 34 Evicted Day 70 Guest for 14th week
|-
|}
; Drama
*''Kalathil Dineshan''

;Albums
*''Karuthalanu Karuth''
*''Girl Friend''
*''Manikyakkallu''
*''Vennila Manath''
*''Kadathu Thonikkaran''
*''Vaadiyathanelum Poovalle Fathima''
*''Piriyatha Sneham''
*''Sree Bhadrakali''
*''Ithanente Mannu Ithanente Thalam''
* ''Sarwa Mangalle''
* ''Thamarakannan''
* ''Pallival''
* ''Srivishnumayarchana''
* ''Onapookkalam''

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2003 || ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' || Wahida ||
|-
|2004 || ''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]'' || Chembarathy ||
|-
|2004 || ''[[Swarna Medal (2004 film)|Swarna Medal]]'' || Anu ||
|-
|2005 || ''Pass Pass'' || -||
|-
|2009 || ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || Usha ||

|-
|2013 || ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'' || Sherly ||
|-
|2013 || ''Pothumappu'' || Mumthaz ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || Nicey Mathew ||
|-
|2014 || ''Kerala Today'' || {{N/A}}|| Dubbed for Iti Acharya Character : Rekha C Nair
|-
|2014 || ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' || Saliy ||
|-
|2015 || ''[[Pathemari]]'' || Nirmala ||
|-
|2015 || ''[[Mythri (2015 film)|Mythri]]'' || Rema ||
|-
|2016 || ''12 Vayassu''<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080316/keeping-it-real.html Keeping it real - The Hindu]</ref> ||Thulasi's mother || Short film
|-
|2017 || ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Child helpline officer ||
|-
|2017 || ''Hadiya'' || -||
|-
|2017 || ''Seethakali'' ||- ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' || Deepa Pradeep ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[And the Oscar Goes To...]]'' || Sameera ||
|-
|2019||''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]''||Seetha||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mohabbathin Kunjabdulla]]'' || Latha ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Changayi]]'' || Zeenath ||
|-
| 2022|| ''Escape'' ||Shiva's mother ||
|-
|2022||''Mahi''||Police Inspector Karthika||
|-
| 2022 || ''Vellakkarante Kamuki'' || Anitha ||
|-
| 2022|| ''Kakkapponnu'' || Akhila teacher ||
|-
| 2023|| ''[[Adi (2023 Indian film)|Adi]]'' || Sajeev's sister||
|-

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7759290}}
* {{facebook|Anujosephofficial}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Anu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Utpal Shanghvi Global School

2026-03-08T14:50:19Z

Nayeem: made a page with sources

{{Short description|Private school in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Utpal Shanghvi Global School
| location = J.V.P.D, [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]]
| campus_size =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.1121237|72.8285123|display=inline,title}}
| founded = 1982
| founder = Juhu Parle Education Society
| principal = Rakhi Mukherjee
| motto =
| grades =
| houses =
| website = {{URL|http://www.ppsijc.org/index.aspx}}
}}
'''Utpal Shanghvi Global School''' ('''USGS''') is a [[private school]] in J.V.P.D Scheme area of, [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]], India. The school follows the [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]] state board syllabus, [[Cambridge University]] certified [[IGCSE]] syllabus and the [[International Baccalaureate]] PYP programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=HT Top Mumbai Schools 2019: 10 best international schools |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/10-best-international-schools-in-mumbai/story-iYRawG1dtSZqM7h99C4W0K.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 1994, the school was first in India to get [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001 certification]].

==Foundation==
Utpal Shanghvi Global School is managed by Juhu Parle Education Society and started in June 1982, with pre-primary and primary divisions following the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education|Maharashtra state board]]. The secondary section of the school commenced the following year in June 1983. The curriculum of [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) developed by [[Cambridge International Examinations]] (CIE) and the [[International Baccalaureate]] PYP programme was introduced in 2005 and 2022 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yasser |first=Qureshi |date=2022-05-11 |title=Interview: Rakhi Mukherjee, Principal, Utpal Shanghvi Global School |url=https://educationworld.in/interview-rakhi-mukherjee-principal-utpal-shanghvi-global-school/ |url-status=live |website=Education World}}</ref><ref name="top6"/>

== Extra-curricular activities ==
The school celebrates its annual function day, Blitzing, in December every year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Utpal-Shanghvi-Global-School-celebrates-Annual-Day-function-in-Mumbai/articleshow/50189127.cms | title=Utpal Shanghvi Global School celebrates Annual Day function in Mumbai | work=Times of India | date=16 December 2015 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> In 2017, around 3000 people, being the school's staff, students, and their parents, arranged and participated in a cleanliness drive on [[Children's Day (India)|Children's Day]] supporting the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/11636-students-participate-civic-awareness-drive | title=Students participate in civic awareness drive | work=Sunday Guardian | date=17 November 2017 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> Various students of the school have represented in sports competitions on state, national and international levels in table tennis,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ritvik-nagles-aggressive-strategy-helps-him-clinch-u-16-table-tennis-title/18793180 | title=Ritvik Nagle's aggressive strategy helps him clinch U-16 Table Tennis title | work=Mid Day | date=3 December 2017 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> badminton,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mekhla-shocks-top-seed-pooja-to-win-u-16-title/17798158 | title=Mekhla shocks top seed Pooja to win U-16 title | work=Mid Day | date=1 December 2016 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> judo,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-ishaan-kanojia-wins-silver-medal-at-khelo-india-after-cracking-2-ribs-barely-breathing/19057178 | title=Mumbai's Ishaan Kanojia wins silver medal despite cracking 2 ribs, barely being able to breathe | work=Mid Day | date=13 February 2018 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> and football.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/football/out-to-kick-ball/articleshow/59465664.cms | title=Out to kick ball | work=Mumbai Mirror | date=6 July 2017 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mssa-div-ii-football-khushi-scores-brace-as-utpal-shanghvi-beat-st-annes/17663165 | title=MSSA Div II football: Khushi scores brace as Utpal Shanghvi beat St. Anne's | work=Mid Day | date=4 November 2016 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

== Ranking ==
The school became the first Indian school to receive [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001 certification]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=papIAAAAYAAJ&q=utpal+shanghvi+school&dq=utpal+shanghvi+school | title=Business India - Issues 642-647 | publisher=A H Advani | year=2002 | pages=24}}</ref> In 2011, student Payoshaa Shah received the [[Dr Manmohan Singh Scholarship]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/2-city-students-win-scholarships-to-cambridge/story-a8J2bYViEouRNRlJCexz0I.html | title=2 city students win scholarships to Cambridge | work=Hindustan Times | date=25 March 2011 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> It also received the [[International School Award]] by [[British Council]] for 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/British-Council-award-for-6-Mumbai-schools/articleshow/48076092.cms | title=British Council award for 6 Mumbai schools | work=Times of India | date=15 July 2015 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> The school has been ranked as 8th and 6th in the [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Mumbai Western suburbs region]] by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' in the years 2016 and 2017 respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ht-top-schools-west-8-utpal-shanghvi-global-school/story-FAYuSalAUtZW9uZicjQgeN.html | title=HT Top Schools 8: Utpal Sanghvi Global School | work=Hindustan Times | date=22 September 2016 | access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="top6">{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/8-utpal-shanghvi-global-school/story-KLzMkStDXSh4o1sszTjQhO.html | title=HT Top Schools 6: Utpal Sanghvi Global School | work=Hindustan Times | date=23 September 2017 | access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> In 2019, around 23% students of the 170 who appeared for the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] secured above 90% marks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/igcse-a-level-exam-results-city-sees-rise-in-students-scores/story-WqUUSzWrSaYcebXfPOaeKJ.html | title=IGCSE, A level exam results: City sees rise in students scores | work=Hindustan Times | date=16 May 2019 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> The principal of school, Rakhi Mukherjee, noted that the school's average was 84% marks in the IGCSE exams and that all students first class and above.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ssc-schools-with-100-success-rate-halve-to-1794/articleshow/69706822.cms | title=SSC schools with 100% success rate halve to 1,794 | work=Times of India | date=9 June 2019 | access-date=23 October 2019 | author=Borwankar, Vinamrata}}</ref> Reports of students securing top ranks in IGCSE exams have been covered in national level newspapers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/28-mumbai-students-bag-top-in-the-world-award-by-cambridge/story-NkPMr7IMDfusqQahBndymO.html | title=28 Mumbai students bag 'Top in the World' award by Cambridge | work=Hindustan Times | date=26 October 2018 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/20-mumbai-students-top-cambridge-international-exams/story-bAW3RNY0hq1n8JTiUJvBwO.html | title=20 Mumbai students top Cambridge International Exams | work=Hindustan Times | date=18 October 2016 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>

== Notable alumni and faculty ==
; Alumni
* [[Aditya Narayan]], singer, actor, TV show host (former child actor and son of singer [[Udit Narayan]]) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-MUM-OMC-bollywood-actor-singer-anchor-aditya-narayan-birthday-special-5662805-PHO.html | title=ऐसा दिखता है आदित्य नारायण का घर, जीते हैं ऐसी लाइफ |language=hi | work=Bhaskar | date=5 August 2017 | access-date=23 October 2019 | author=Rajput, Mradul Singh}}</ref>
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]], actress<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/personal-agenda-with-shriya-pilgaonkar-the-worst-thing-about-a-bollywood-party-is-that-you-cannot-be-100-per-cent-honest/story-dYQoItWUsVdDXHfUiCSvGP.html | title=Personal Agenda with Shriya Pilgaonkar: The worst thing about a Bollywood party is that you cannot be 100 per cent honest! | work=Hindustan Times | date=14 September 2019 | access-date=22 October 2019 | author=Vij, Drishti}}</ref>
* [[Vatsal Sheth]], actor<ref name="Vatsal">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vatsal-seths-onscreen-aunt-was-once-his-maths-teacher/ | title=Vatsal Seth's onscreen aunt was once his maths teacher! | work=Indian Express | date=17 September 2014 | access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>
*[[Pushtiie Shakti]], actor
*[[Adhyayan Suman]], actor (son of actor [[Shekhar Suman]] ) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/27suman.htm | title=Coming soon: Shekhar Suman's kid on the big screen! | work=rediff | date=27 May 2008 | access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>

; Faculty
* [[Jyoti Gauba]], teacher turned actress, taught mathematics at school.<ref name="Vatsal"/>

==See also==
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]
[[Category:Schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)

2026-03-08T14:06:55Z

Nayeem: done

{{Short description|Maharashtra state ministry}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय सार्वजनिक बांधकाम (सार्वजनिक उपक्रमांसह) विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Meghana Bordikar]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]
state ('''[[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] - MSRDC''').<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings), Government of Maharashtra|url=https://public/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-date=2013-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711052620/https://public/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''
is Current Deputy Chief Minister and Minister of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)}} '''मंत्री सार्वजनिक बांधकाम (सार्वजनिक उपक्रमांसह)'''
|image= File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg
| incumbent = [[Eknath Shinde]] (Deputy Chief Minister)
| incumbentsince = 21 December
2024
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor ='''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}} 
(2024-2024)
| deputy =
* '''[[Meghana Bordikar]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Public Works
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| |'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) MSRTC
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-

|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Ram Meghe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur Constituency No. 40]]- [[Amravati district|Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|80px]] 
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]] 
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|30|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Nitin J Gadkari.JPG|75px]] 
|'''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Nagpur Graduates Constituency No. 03 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|31 January}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|01|31}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Nitin J Gadkari.JPG|75px]] 
|'''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Nagpur Graduates Constituency No. 03 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vikramsinh Patankar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|15}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Anil Deshmukh.png|75px]]
| '''[[Anil Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol Constituency No. 48]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2007
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vimal Mundada]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij Constituency No. 232]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed Constituency No. 230]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 201p
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed Constituency No. 230]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Eknath Khadse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar Constituency No. 20]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
||{{small|04 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|04}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 December}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|04|2019|11|12}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]] 
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Dadaji Bhuse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer Constituency No. 81]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri._Sanjay_Bansode.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Bansode]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir Constituency No. 237]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Dadaji Bhuse]] (2023–2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Meghana Bordikar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur Constituency No. 95]]- [[Parbhani District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Eknath Shinde]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:State public works departments of India]]

Mayor Nair

2026-03-04T09:15:33Z

Nayeem: general fixed page per sources also

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayor Nair
| image = Mayor Nair.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. R. Puttanna]]
| screenplay = S. R. Puttanna
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Mayor of Casterbridge]]''|[[Thomas Hardy]]}}
| producer = P. A. Thangal
| starring = [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] Balu Ramesh
| cinematography = R. N. K. Prasad
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| music = [[L. P. R. Varma]]
| studio = Kalpana Productions
| released = {{Film date|1966|12|24|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Mayor Nair''''' is a 1966 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[S. R. Puttanna]] and produced by P. A. Thangal. The film stars [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]], Balu and Ramesh. It is an adaptation of [[Thomas Hardy]]'s 1886 novel ''[[The Mayor of Casterbridge]]''. The film was released on 24 December 1966.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=16 April 2017 |title=Mayor Nair: 1966 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mayor-nair-1966/article18074625.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831071526/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mayor-nair-1966/article18074625.ece |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}
== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*Balu
*Ramesh
*[[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]
*Kamaladevi
*Kerala Gopi
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]]
*P. A. Thangal
*[[Santha Devi]]
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[L. P. R. Varma]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=മേയര്‍ നായര്‍ (1966) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508164702/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2334 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Indrajaalakkaara" || [[L. R. Eeswari]]
|-
| "Mudiniraye Pookkalumaay" || [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
| "Thottaal Pottunna Praayam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Vaanampaadi Vaanampaadi" || S. Janaki, P. Jayachandran
|-
| "Vaishaakha Pournami" || P. Jayachandran
|-
| "Varnapushpangal" || S. Janaki, P. Jayachandran, [[L. P. R. Varma]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0232069}}

{{The Mayor of Casterbridge}}

[[Category:1966 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Mayor of Casterbridge]]

Sher-E-Hindustan (1998 film)

2026-03-04T00:01:46Z

Nayeem: Starting Data - done

{{For|the 2019 Bhojpuri film|Sher-E-Hindustan (2019 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Sher-E-Hindustan
|image = Sher-E-Hindustan.jpg
|caption = DVD cover
|native_name = शेर-ऐ-हिंदुस्तान
|director = [[T. L. V. Prasad]]
|producer = Rajiv Babbar
|cinematography = S. Navkant
|starring = {{ubl|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]|[[Sanghavi]]|[[Hemant Birje]]|[[Gavin Packard]]|[[Puneet Issar]]|[[Tej Sapru]]|[[Hemanth Ravan|Hemant Ravan]]|[[Gulshan Grover]]}}
|music = [[Anand–Milind]]
|studio = Aabha Films
|editing = [[Shyam Mukherjee (filmmaker)|Shyam Mukherjee]] Kaka Malik
|released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|1|16}}
|runtime = 140 minutes
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|gross = {{crore|4.5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/1998/page/1/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sher-E-Hindustan (Translated: Lion Of India)''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[T. L. V. Prasad]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sanghavi]], [[Hemant Birje]], [[Gavin Packard]], [[Puneet Issar]], [[Hemanth Ravan|Hemant Ravan]] and [[Gulshan Grover]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sher-E-Hindustan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBDczXQ1Lyk|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/adventures-tarzan-fame-hemant-birje-his-wife-suffer-injuries-road-accident-reports-993049|title='Adventures of Tarzan' fame Hemant Birje, his wife suffer injuries in road accident: Reports|date=13 January 2022|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-mithun-chakraborty-the-b-grade-king-of-bollywood-1776673-2021-03-07|title=From the archives: Mithun Chakraborty, the B-grade king of Bollywood|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|work=[[India Today]]|date=7 March 2021|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
Honest police inspector Kranti Kumar takes charge of a police station in a small village where mafia don Choudhary Charannath works as a minister and his gang terrorizes the villagers, including his 4 children. Kranti takes hard steps against them. A village girl Naina falls in love with Kranti and after a while Kranti also reciprocates her feelings. A fight starts between Kranti and Choudhury's henchmen, and at last, Kranti defeats Charannath and kills him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sher-E-Hindustan - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2612|website=Box Office India|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Police inspector Kranti Kumar
*[[Sanghavi]] as Naina
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Minister Choudhary Charannath Lal Rai
*[[Hemant Birje]] as Nagraj - 2nd son of Choudhary
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Jagraj - 1st son of Choudhary
*[[Gavin Packard]] as Dhanraj - 3rd son of Choudhary
*[[Puneet Issar]] as Police inspector Khulbhushan
*[[Hemanth Ravan|Hemant Ravan]] as Kishan, Police constable
*[[Madhoo]] as [[item number|item dancer]], special guest appearance
*Kasam Ali as Balraj - 4th son of Choudhary
*Sagar Singh - Sudhir Police Constable
*Hemant Bhatt - Raj Police Constable
*Inder Khosla - Chotu Police Constable
*Jeetu Gangavne - Gori Police constable
*Laxmi as Kranti's sister
*Lekha Govil as Kranti's mother

==Soundtrack==
{| class=wikitable
!No.!!Title!!Singer(s)
|-
|1
|"Dakiya Babu Daku Hai Pakka"
|[[Sapna Mukherjee]]
|-
|2
|"Mujhe Kambal Manga De"
|[[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|-
|3
|"Chui Mui Chui Mui"
|Poornima
|-
|4
|"Chikne Chikne Gaal"
|[[Vinod Rathod]], Poornima
|-
|5
|"Wo Ja Rahi Hai"
|Abhijeet, Poornima
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0455199|Sher-E-Hindustan}}
{{T. L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1998 action drama films]]
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ponna (poet)

2026-02-28T07:05:01Z

Nayeem: improve section for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|10th century Kannada poet}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| title = "UbhayakaviChakravarti" "Kavi-chakravarthi"
| name = Ponna
| image =
| birth_name = Ponna
| birth_date = 10th century
| death_date = 10th or 11th century CE
| occupation = [[Kannada]] [[Poet]]
| notable_works = "''Jinaksharamale''" "Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya" "''Shantipurana''" ([[Shantinatha]] purana)
}}

'''Ponna''' (c. 945) was a noted [[Kannada]] poet in the court of [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] Emperor [[Krishna III]] (r. 939–968 CE). The emperor "Krishna III" honoured Ponna with the title - "Ubhaya ''Kavichakravarthi'' " (emperor among poets) because of his command over both Kannada and Sanskrit.<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 14–16.</ref> and for their rich poetic imagery, devotion to [[Jain]] themes, and courtly refinement.<ref>Settar, S. (1989). ''Jainism in South India: Art, Architecture, Literature & Religion''. Dharwad: Karnatak University. pp. 75–76.</ref><ref name="krishna">{{harvp|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=18}}</ref><ref name="krishna1">{{harvp|Sastri|1958|p=383}}</ref><ref name="krishna2">{{harvp|Rice|1921|p=31}}</ref> Ponna is often considered one among the "three gems of [[Kannada literature]]" ("Ratnatraya"), ''lit'' meaning "Three gems"; [[Adikavi Pampa]] and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] being the other two) for ushering it in full panoply.<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="gems">{{harvp|Rice|1921|p=30}}</ref><ref name="bhuva"/> According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Ponna is known to have claimed superiority over all the poets of the time.<ref name="krishna"/> According to scholars Nilakanta Shastri and E.P. Rice, Ponna belonged to Punganur, now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], but later migrated to [[Manyakheta]] (in present-day [[Kalaburagi district]], [[Karnataka]]), the Rashtrakuta capital. He is best remembered for his classic Jain puranas such as "Shantipurana" (shantinatha purana}, which narrates the life of [[Shantinatha]], the 16th Tirthankara of [[Jainism]], and Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya, a eulogistic poem on his patron king.<ref>Rice, E.P. (1921). ''A History of Kannada Literature''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–54.</ref>

==Writings==
His most famous extant works in Kannada are "''Shantipurana "'' ([[shantinatha]] purana), written in ''champu'' style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), "Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya", a eulogical writing, and "Jinaksharamale", a "Jain Purana" and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars ("Jainas") in 39 chapters ("kandas"). {{Sfn|Das|2005|p=143}}<ref name="krishna2"/><ref name="kanda">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620</ref><ref name="sankar">Mukherjee (1999), p. 291</ref>''Ramakatha'', a writing based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], of which only a few stanzas are available is also attributed to Ponna.<ref name="ganga">{{harvp|Garg|1992|p=67}}</ref> Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, ''Gatapratiagata'', is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="bhuva">{{harvp|Kamath|2001|p=90}}</ref><ref name="datta">Rao in {{harvp|Datta|1988|p=1240}}</ref>

"Shantipurana" is an important Jain purana, and a eulogy of the 16th Jain [[Tirthankara]], [[Shantinath|Shantinatha Swami]]. It was written to commemorate the attainment of ''[[nirvana (Jainism)|nirvana]]'' ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (''ashwasas'') of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the [[protagonist]]. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (''Vidwat Kavi''). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called [[Asaga]], whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.<ref name="krishna2" /><ref name="kanda"/><ref name="asaga">{{harvp|Warder|1988|p=248}}</ref>

Scholars were divided about Ponna's protagonist in ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya''. The scholar D.L. Narasimhachar had opined that Ponna had eulogised Shankaraganda, a vassal king under emperor Krishna III. This opinion was based on the fact that Shankaraganda held the honorific ''Bhuvanaikarama''. However, modern Kannada poet [[Govinda Pai]] argued in his 1936 article, ''Ponnana Bhuvanaikaramanu yaru'' ("Who was Ponna's Bhuvanaikarama"?), that king Shankaraganda being a Jain by faith could not have been the central figure in a secular writing and that emperor Krishna III also held the same title. Later, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar confirmed the validity of Govinda Pai's findings.<ref name="bhuvanaika">{{harvp|Bhat|1933|p=105}}</ref>

==Influence and style==
Ponna was one of the most-notable writers of the classical age of Kannada literature, a period usually categorised as starting from the middle of 10th century and lasting for about a hundred and fifty years thereafter. During this era, Ponna and two other poets, Adikavi Pampa and Ranna, produced works of lasting merit, writings that set a standard in poetic form and composition that would influence future poets for centuries.<ref name="century">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 754</ref> So adept were these poets that their style of ''champu'' brought together the best of the earlier masters of Sanskrit literature in various proportions, giving their narration an artificiality: poet Bana's prose, Kalidasa's graceful verses, Bhatta Narayana's dramaticism and Megaduta's lyrical flavour are seen used deftly giving naturalised and assimilated Sanskrit words in the Kannada language priority over native (''desi'') expressions.<ref name="deft">{{harvp|Datta|1988|p=1699}}</ref> Despite adherence to strict classical Sanskritic models (''margam''), the native composition styles of Kannada language, such as the ''[[tripadi]]'' (three-line verse), are found distributed in the narratives poems of these poets.<ref name="poem">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4392</ref><ref name="epics"/> Just as Ponna eulogised his patron emperor Krishna III as ''Bhuvanaikarama'', so did the other Jain poets of the classical age. Kannada writings by them used impressive Sanskrit-derived verses interspersed with prose to extol the virtues of their protagonists, who were often compared to heroes from the Hindu epics. While [[Adikavi Pampa]] (''Pampa Bharata'', c. 941) compared his patron, the feudatory [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari II|Arikesari]], to [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]], in his version of the
[[Mahabharata]], Ranna (c. 983) found it suitable to compare his patron, Chalukya [[Satyashraya|King Satyashraya]], to Pandava prince [[Bhima]].<ref name="epics">{{harvp|Nagaraj|2003|p=344}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta K. A. |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |orig-year=first published 1955 |year=1958 |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-560686-8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India#mode/2up |via=archive.org}}
* {{citation |last=Rice |first=E. P. |title=Kannada Literature |orig-year=first published 1921 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0063-0}}
* {{citation |last=Narasimhacharya |first=R |title=History of Kannada Literature |year=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0303-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara }}
* {{citation |last=Garg |first=Ganga Ram |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1 |year=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-374-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present |orig-year=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
* {{citation |last=Nagaraj |first=D. R. |chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture |editor=Sheldon I. Pollock |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |year=2003 |publisher= University of California Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&dq=critical+tensions+in+history+kannada+literary+culture&pg=PA323 |isbn=0-520-22821-9 |pages=323–382 }}
* {{citation |last=Various |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 1 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-1803-8}}
* {{citation |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2 |year=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{citation |last=Various |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 5 |year=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-1221-8}}
* {{citation |last=Warder |first=A.K. |title= Indian Kavya Literature |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-0450-3}}
* {{citation |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |title= A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings - 1850 |year=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=81-250-1453-5}}
* {{citation |last=Bhat |first=M. Thirumaleshwara |title=Govinda Pai |year=1993 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-7201-540-2}}
* {{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC |title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular |first=Sisir Kumar |last=Das |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |date=2005 |isbn=9788126021710}}

{{authority control}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponna, Sri}}
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:10th-century Jain poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta people]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]

Chloris gayana

2026-02-24T03:29:15Z

Nayeem: quick update

{{Short description|Species of grass}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Chloris gayana (Poaceae), Mexico.jpg
|genus = Chloris (plant)
|species = gayana
|authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]
}}

'''''Chloris gayana''''' is a species of [[Poaceae|grass]] known by the common name '''Rhodes grass'''. It is native to Africa but it can be found throughout the tropical and subtropical world as a [[introduced species|naturalized species]].

It can grow in many types of habitat. It is also cultivated in some areas as a palatable [[grazing|graze]] for animals and a groundcover to reduce [[erosion]] and quickly revegetate denuded soil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Chloris_gayana.htm |title=Tropical Forages |access-date=2009-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017033750/http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Chloris_gayana.htm |archive-date=2017-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is tolerant of moderately [[soil salinity|saline]] and [[alkali soil|alkaline soils]] and irrigation.<ref>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Chloris_gayana.html Purdue Horticulture]</ref>{{rp|2}}

==Description==
This is a perennial grass which can reach one half to nearly three meters in height and spreads via [[stolon]]s. It forms tufts and can spread into wide monotypic stands. The [[inflorescence]] is a single or double whorl of fingerlike racemes up to 15 centimeters long. Each spikelet in the raceme is a few millimeters long and contains one or two fertile florets and up to four sterile florets.

==Growing conditions==
Its seasonal growth is in the spring and summer and its rainfall requirement is 600–750 mm per year.<ref name="fao.org">[http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000199.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619035356/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000199.htm |date=2017-06-19 }} Chloris gayana, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations</ref> This low rainfall requirement means that this grass can survive in drier places. Rhodes grass can grow in a variety of soil conditions.<ref name = "Suttie">{{cite book |last1=Suttie |first1=J. M. |author2=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |chapter=Hay Crops – Cereals and Grasses |pages=63–86 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYcDhblVEssC&pg=PA63 |title=Hay and Straw Conservation: For Small-scale Farming and Pastoral Conditions |date=2000 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org |isbn=978-92-5-104458-2 }}</ref> Its ideal soil would be anything greater than a 4.3 pH level in terms of acidity.<ref name = "Sanford">{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Geoff |last2=Sanford |first2=Paul |last3=Wiley |first3=Tim |title=Perennial pastures for Western Australia |journal=Bulletins |publisher=Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia |date=1 December 2006 |url=https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/bulletins/1/ }}</ref>{{rp|2}} In addition to this, ''Chloris gayana'' has a moderate aluminum tolerance.<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|2}} The fact that this type of grass survives on little rainfall, can grow in low pH soils, and has a moderate tolerance to aluminum means that it may be beneficial to poor farmers in the sub-tropics. Less work is required to maintain this grass which means that the farmers can focus on other priorities. It is also beneficial to farmers who own land with poor soil.

Benefits from ''Chloris gayana'' can also be found in the plant's growth. The seed germinates quickly (1–7 days) depending on temperature.<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|2}} and it often achieves full ground cover within three months of sowing.<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|2}} This too is good for farmers when it comes to covering bare soil. The fact that ''Chloris gayana'' can grow quickly means that farmers could use it to protect the soil from eroding.

==Stress tolerance==
An important feature of ''Chloris gayana'' is its drought tolerance.<ref name = "Ponsens">{{cite journal |last1=Ponsens |first1=J. |last2=Hanson |first2=J. |last3=Schellberg |first3=J. |last4=Moeseler |first4=B.M. |title=Characterization of phenotypic diversity, yield and response to drought stress in a collection of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) accessions |journal=Field Crops Research |date=July 2010 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=57–72 |doi=10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.008 }}</ref>{{rp|70}} The reason why it is drought tolerant can be found in its roots. Production may effect with mild drought period if it is cultivated for forage purpose. ''Chloris gayana'' roots are able to extract water at a depth of 4.25 meters.<ref name="fao.org"/> Since this grass has good drought tolerance, it could also be beneficial to farmers for ensuring livestock are fed in times of drought.

Another important feature of ''Chloris gayana'' can be found in its salt tolerance. In terms of grass species, this type appears to be one of "the most salt-tolerant species"<ref name = "Deifel">{{cite journal |last1=Deifel |first1=Kurt S. |last2=Kopittke |first2=Peter M. |last3=Menzies |first3=Neal W. |title=Growth Response of Various Perennial Grasses to Increasing Salinity |journal=Journal of Plant Nutrition |date=September 2006 |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=1573–1584 |doi=10.1080/01904160600848870 |s2cid=85308838 }}</ref>{{rp|1583}} in terms of grasses. In "saline conditions, plant growth is restricted".<ref name="Deifel"/>{{rp|1574}} Since ''Chloris gayana'' shows good salt tolerance, this type of grass can be beneficial to farmers who have salinity problems in their soil.

==Genetic stocks==
There are various genetic varieties of ''Chloris gayana'' that exist like Katambora, Pioneer and Callide. "Katambora" is an important genetic variety that originates from Zimbabwe.<ref name="fao.org"/> It has been found to be more persistent on poorer soil than other genetic varieties.<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|1}}<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|3}} Katambora is meant for hay production because it is leafier, finer-stemmed, and produces better dry matter.<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|3}} "Katambora" is diploid type.<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|3}} Diploid types of ''Chloris gayana'' in general show good frost tolerance, salt tolerance, and drought tolerance.<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|3}}

A different type of ''Chloris gayana'' are tetraploid types. Tetraploid types of ''Chloris gayana'' have a major characteristic in which they flower late in the season which means the feed quality is maintained longer<ref name = "Sanford"/>{{rp|3}} It has also been determined that tetraploid varieties of ''Chloris gayana'' have "higher concentrations of nutrients".<ref name = "jones">{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=R. J. |last2=Loch |first2=D. S. |last3=LeFeuvre |first3=R. P. |title=Differences in mineral concentration among diploid and tetraploid cultivars of rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana) |journal=Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture |date=1995 |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=1123–1129 |id={{ProQuest|48310796}} |doi=10.1071/ea9951123 }}</ref>{{rp|1128}} Both tetraploid and diploid varieties at the pre-flowering stage of growth have "adequate concentrations of nutrients".<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|1128}} Understanding the different genetic varieties of ''Chloris gayana'' is beneficial to farmers. Knowing the different types will allow a farmer to choose what is best for their situation.

==Practical information==
''Chloris gayana'' can be very helpful to farmers and NGOs in terms of sustainable agricultural development. Pasture establishment for farmers "demand high capital cost and labour."<ref name = Tadesse>Tadesse, Alemu (1990), The Unexploited Potential of Improved Forages in the Mid-Altitude and Lowland Areas of Ethiopia, Institute of Agricultural Research Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5536e/x5536e10.htm#establishment_of_improved_forages_in_natural_pastures</ref> A possible solution to this would be to intercrop ''Chloris gayana'' with food crops. This would be economically feasible for resource poor farmers.<ref name="Tadesse"/> ''Chloris gayana'' can be undersown to maize after final weeding of the crop without affecting maize grain yield.<ref name="Tadesse"/> In addition to this, "growing cultivated forages, in association with food crops, can contribute to the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative supply of livestock feed."<ref name = "Hassen">{{cite journal |last1=Hassen |first1=A. |last2=Gizachew |first2=L. |last3=Rethman |first3=N. F. G. |last4=Niekerk |first4=WA van |title=Influence of undersowing perennial forages in maize on grain, fodder yield and soil properties in the sub-humid region of western Ethiopia |journal=African Journal of Range & Forage Science |date=1 March 2007 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=35–41 |doi=10.2989/102201107780178168 |hdl=2263/5772 |s2cid=54080270 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|38}} Intercropping ''Chloris gayana'' with a food crop is a practical method farmers can use when it comes to sustainable agricultural development.

There are some practical tips that farmers should be aware of when it comes to harvesting ''Chloris gayana''. For example, "the crop is most productive in the first two or three cuts".<ref name="Suttie"/> The [[nutritional value|nutritive value]] of this forage is high when the grass is young, but it decreases with maturity.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Boudon A., Lebas F., 2016. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/480 Last updated on April 15, 2016, 14:23</ref> Farmers should be aware of this in order to make sure that they can take full advantage of this type of grass. In terms of grazing, ''Chloris gayana'' should be grazed when the weather is not appropriate for harvesting.<ref name="Suttie"/> This too is important for being able to use this type of grass efficiently.

There are other practical uses that farmers can benefit from when growing ''Chloris gayana''. It can help with weed control because it can outcompete and smother weeds.<ref name = "Smith">{{cite report |last1=Valenzuela |first1=Hector |last2=Smith |first2=Jody |title=Rhodesgrass |date=August 2002 |hdl=10125/12746 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|2}} In addition to this, ''Chloris gayana'' is also able to deal with soil erosion on sloped fields by holding [[topsoil]].<ref name="Smith"/>{{rp|2}} ''Chloris gayana'' can also be mixed with legumes such as cowpea, stylo, and alfalfa which also improves soil nutrient levels.<ref name="Smith"/>{{rp|3}} Managing weeds, soil erosion, and improving the soil are all important issues a farmer must deal with. ''Chloris gayana'' can be a good option for a farmer when it comes to trying to solve these problems.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8904,8905 Jepson Manual Treatment]
*[https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CHGA2 USDA Plants Profile]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110611150316/http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Chloris_gayana&type=treatment Grass Manual Treatment]
*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Chloris+gayana Photo gallery]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3133411}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chloris (plant)|gayana]]
[[Category:Grasses of Africa]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Grasses of Lebanon]]

Milki

2026-02-22T12:28:17Z

Nayeem: minor edit

{{For|the town in India|Milki, Malda}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{ethnic group|
| group = Milki,Jatt Muslims
| native_name = Muslim Jats
| population =
| popplace = India, Pakistan
| langs = Urdu, Punjabi
| rels = Islam
| related =
}}

'''Milki''' also known as Jatt Muslims are community in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Rajendra K. |title=Indian Society, Institutions and Change |publisher =Atlantic |year=2004 |page=71 |isbn=978-81-7156-665-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBOh24IJ9t8C&pg=PA71}}</ref> The term milki originates from the word milk meaning revenue-free land grants. It refers to the collection of shaikh lineages in Awadh region. Milki shaikhs married other Milki families of Awadh in the past as they claim foreign descent but not this distinction doesn't exist

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Taj Mahal (disambiguation)

2026-02-21T08:26:40Z

Nayeem: redirect created

{{wiktionary|Taj Mahal}}
The '''[[Taj Mahal]]''' is a mausoleum in Agra, India, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.

'''Taj Mahal''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Places==
* [[Taj Mahal Bangladesh]], a replica in Bangladesh
* [[Taj Mahal, Bhopal]], the palace of Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal
* [[Taj Mahal, Bulandshahr]] (also known as Taj Mahal or Mini Taj Mahal or Qadri's Taj Mahal, and officially known as Maqbara Yadgare Mohabbat Tajammuli Begum), a replica of the historic Taj Mahal of Agra located in Kaser Kalan, a small village in Bulandshahr of Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Taj Mahal, Iran]], a village in Kerman Province, Iran
* [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], tomb of Mughal empress Dilras Banu Begum in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India; known as the Taj Mahal of Deccan

==Brands and enterprises==
* Taj Mahal, an Indian lager produced by [[United Breweries Group]]
* [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]], a hotel in Mumbai, India
* Trump Taj Mahal, a hotel and casino resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey, US; now known as the [[Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City]]

==People==
* [[Taj Mahal (musician)]] (born 1942), American blues musician

==Arts, entertainment, and media==
===Films===
* [[Taj Mahal (1941 film)|''Taj Mahal'' (1941 film)]], an Indian historial drama film about Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal
* [[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|''Taj Mahal'' (1963 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language drama film by M. Sadiq about the construction of the Taj Mahal by Shah Jahan
* [[Taj Mahal (1995 film)|''Taj Mahal'' (1995 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language romance film produced by D. Ramanaidu
* [[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|''Taj Mahal'' (1999 film)]], an Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Bharathiraja
* [[Taj Mahal (2008 film)|''Taj Mahal'' (2008 film)]], an Indian Kannada-language romance film directed by R. Chandru
* [[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|''Taj Mahal'' (2010 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language film directed by Arun Singaraju
* [[Taj Mahal (2015 film)|''Taj Mahal'' (2015 film)]], 2015 Franco-Belgian film about the Mumbai Attacks set in the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel
* ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'', a 2005 Indian Hindi-language film about Shah Jahan and his Mughal court

===Music===
* [[Taj Mahal (album)|''Taj Mahal'' (album)]], by Taj Mahal
* "{{lang|pt-BR|Taj Mahal|italic=no}}", a song by Jorge Ben Jor from [[Ben (Jorge Ben album)|''Ben'' (album)]]

===Poetry===
* {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/The Taj-Mahal, at Agra|The Taj-Mahal, at Agra]]}}, a poem by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]].

===Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media===
* [[Taj Mahal (board game)|''Taj Mahal'' (board game)]], introduced in 2000 in Germany

==See also==
* {{in title|Taj Mahal}}
* [[Taj Mahal Hotel (disambiguation)]]
* [[Baby Taj]], Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra, India

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Indian Airlines Flight 427

2026-02-19T22:31:03Z

Nayeem: added references

{{Short description|1993 aircraft hijacking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| occurrence_type = Hijacking
| name = Indian Airlines Flight 427
| image = Indian Airlines Boeing 737-2A8; VT-EGE, December 1998 BUI (5404996252).jpg
| caption = An Indian Airlines Boeing 737-200, similar to the aircraft involved in the hijack
| date = {{nowrap|April 24 – 25, 1993}}
| summary= [[Aircraft hijacking|Hijacking]]
| site = [[Raja Sansi Airport]], [[Amritsar]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|42|28|N|074|47|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| occupants = 141
| passengers = 135 (including the hijacker)
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 1 (hijacker)
| injuries = 0
| survivors = 140
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-2A8]]
| origin = [[Srinagar Airport]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| destination = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[Delhi]], India
| operator = [[Indian Airlines]]
| tail_number = VT-EDS
| IATA = IC427
}}
'''Indian Airlines Flight 427''' was a domestic passenger flight of the [[Indian Airlines]] between [[Srinagar Airport]] and the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. The aircraft was involved in an aircraft hijacking that took place in [[India]] between 24 and 25 April 1993. Commandos from the [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) rescued all 141 hostages of the [[Indian Airlines]] [[Boeing 737]], on the ground at [[Amritsar airport]] (where it was forced to land after being denied overflight permission by Pakistan to reach Kabul). The lone hijacker, Mohammad Yousuf, was killed within 3 minutes of commandos entering the plane, before he could react and harm any of the hostages. The rescue was code-named '''Operation Ashwamedh'''.

== Hijacking ==

Indian Airlines Flight IC427 departed Delhi at 13:57 for Srinagar with 6 crew members and 135 passengers on board. During the flight, a passenger, who first identified himself as Syed Salauddin, claimed that he was carrying [[pistol]]s and a [[hand grenade]], and asked the plane to be flown to [[Kabul]]. At 14:43, the Delhi [[Air Traffic Control]] received a message that the plane had been hijacked and was heading for Kabul in Afghanistan.<ref name="Parliament_1993">{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses6/09260493.htm |title=Hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC427 on 24th April 1993 |publisher=Parliament of India |date=1993-04-26 |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120080105/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses6/09260493.htm |archive-date=20 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=asn>{{cite web |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19930424-1|title=Hijacking description|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|date=1993|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>

The [[Lahore]] Air Traffic Control refused to permit the plane to enter the Pakistani airspace, and the flight returned to India after circling over Lahore.<ref name="LAT_thwart"/> Eventually, the plane landed at [[Amritsar]] in India at 15:20. The hijacker demanded refueling, and again asked for the plane to be flown to Kabul. The Crisis Management Group (CMG) at the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India]] and the Central Committee at Delhi Airport responded to the situation. The Deputy Commissioner and the Senior Superintendent of Police of the [[Amritsar district]] were sent to the airport to negotiate with the hijacker. At 18:00, the Director General of Punjab Police arrived in Amrtisar, and took charge of the negotiation process. However, the hijacker remained adamant on his demand, and even fired a warning shot which pierced through the body of the aircraft.<ref name="Parliament_1993"/>

==NSG operation==
The negotiations with the hijacker were done by Sri.M.R.Sivaraman I A S a member of the CMG a former DGCA and current revenue secretary of India from the Cabinet secretariat. The negotiations continued the whole day long and the hijacker insisted on the aircraft being flown to Pakistan. The negotiator spoke to Pakistan DGCA and they refused entry to the aircraft. The hijacker's request for the aircraft to be flown back to Delhi was also rejected. In the meanwhile, the CMG had moved a crack NSG team from Delhi to Amritsar and positioned it strategically. After the hijacker fired a shot, the negotiator warned the hijacker of dire consequences and asked him to surrender which he refused. The CMG then informed the PM that the aircraft would be stormed. The negotiator then issued the order to the NSG's crack 52 Special Action Group team to storm the aircraft and take down the hijacker. The hijacker was surprised by the sudden entry of the commandos into the plane. Before he could react he was taken down. The operation ended in five minutes, at 01:05, without any casualty or injury to any hostage or further damage to the aircraft.<ref name="Parliament_1993"/><ref name="Limca1999">{{cite book |title=Limca Book of Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IP1tAAAAMAAJ&q=Jalaluddin+alias+Mohammed+Yunus+Shah |year=1999 |publisher=Bisleri }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=National Security Guard |journal=Indian Defence Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmnfAAAAMAAJ |volume= 8 |issue=3 |year=1993 |publisher=Lancer |page=61 |isbn=9788170621409 }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

The hijacker, later identified as Jalaluddin alias Mohammed Yunus Shah,<ref name="Limca1999"/> was shot dead by NSG.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Rahul |last2=Sandhu |first2=Kanwar |date=15 May 1993 |title=NSG foils Hizbul Mujahedin terrorist's bid to hijack Boeing 737 |publisher=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930515-nsg-foils-hizbul-mujahedin-terrorists-bid-to-hijack-boeing-737-765382-2012-12-13 |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> Two loaded 9 mm pistols and a grenade were recovered from him.<ref name="Parliament_1993"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 1993 |title=HIJACKER SLAIN AS COMMANDOS STORM PLANE IN INDIA |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/04/25/hijacker-slain-as-commandos-storm-plane-in-india/722f34a9-048b-4c94-b607-01437d2ce2b0/ |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> The Indian authorities claimed the hijacker was a member of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], but the group denied responsibility.<ref name="LAT_thwart">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-04-25-mn-27280-story.html |title=Indian Commandos Kill Gunman to Thwart Hijacking |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1993-04-25 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes#1990s|List of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes]]
* [[List of aircraft hijackings#1990s|List of aircraft hijackings]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location#India|List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline (D–O)#I|List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft#1993|List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|last=|title=Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation 1993|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]], [[U.S. Department of Transport]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{ASN accident|id=19930424-1|type=Hijacking}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1993}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Air India}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian (airline) accidents and incidents|427]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Original]]
[[Category:History of Amritsar]]
[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in India]]
[[Category:1993 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 1993]]
[[Category:April 1993 in India]]

Namo Drone Didi Scheme

2026-02-16T10:53:46Z

Nayeem: new

{{Short description|Indian welfare scheme}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox project
| name = Namo Drone Didi Scheme
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| mission_statement =
| commercial =
| type = Employment
| products =
| location =
| country = [[India]]
| owner =
| founder =
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| key_people =
| launched = {{Start date and age|2023|11||df=y}}
| established =
| disestablished = 
| funding =
| budget =
| current_status = Active
| website =
}}
'''Namo Drone Didi Scheme''' ({{Langx|hi|नमो ड्रोन दीदी योजना}}) Is an initiative launched by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-11 |title='Namo Drone Didi' scheme will open opportunities for women learning news skills: PM Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/namo-drone-didi-scheme-will-open-opportunities-for-women-learning-news-skills-pm-modi/articleshow/108384462.cms |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Rs 500 crore for Namo Drone Didi scheme, Rs 365 crore for natural farming mission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rs-500-crore-for-namo-drone-didi-scheme-rs-365-crore-for-natural-farming-mission-9471931/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2020242|title=Press ReleaseI:Press information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=कैसे होता है नमो ड्रोन दीदी का चयन? जानिए आवेदन से लेकर बाकी सभी जरूरी डिटेल्स |url=https://www.aajtak.in/agriculture/utility/story/namo-drone-didi-scheme-open-opportunities-kheti-kisani-news-how-females-get-selected-for-drone-didi-scheme-hplbs-1897061-2024-03-13 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Namo Drone Didi Scheme was launched by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] through video conferencing on 30 November 2023. Under the Drone Didi scheme, the government will spend Rs 1,261 crore. Drones will be provided to 15,000 women self-help groups with this money. This scheme will be implemented through [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur|Krishi Vigyan Kendras]] (KVKs) across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=नमो ड्रोन दीदी योजना महिलाओं को उनकी स्थानीय कृषि आपूर्ति श्रृंखलाओं का अभिन्न हितधारक बनने में मदद कर रही है: प्रधानमंत्री |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/hi/news_updates/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2-2/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drone Didi Yojana: 'ड्रोन दीदी' बनकर महिलाएं भरेंगी सपनों की उड़ान, केंद्र देगी ट्रेनिंग और सैलरी; ऐसे करें आवेदन - Drone Didi Yojana: Women will fly their dreams by becoming 'Drone Didi', center will provide training and salary; Apply like this |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-namo-drone-didi-scheme-for-details-application-form-benefits-23671977.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=क्‍या है ड्रोन दीदी स्‍कीम जिसके लिए मिले 500 करोड़? किसे कैसे होगा फायदा, जानें सबकुछ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/what-is-namo-drone-didi-scheme-for-which-rs-500-cr-allocated-who-will-benefit-and-how-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/107365437.cms |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drone Didi Yojana: सरकार खेतों में यूरिया और पेस्टिसाइड का छिड़काव करने के लिए महिलाओं को दे रही है ड्रोन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/utility/namo-drone-didi-yojana-benefits-and-eligibility-criteria-2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Implementation ==
* In January 2024, [[IIT Mandi|IIT Mandi's]] [[IIT_Mandi#IIT_Mandi_iHub_and_HCI_Foundation|iHub and HCI Foundation]] launched '''Drone Didi''<nowiki/>', an entrepreneurship development program recognized by [[National Skill Development Corporation|National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)]]. The aim is to train women of [[Himachal Pradesh]] drone operation skills with a specific focus on agri-drone applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=IIT Mandi iHub showcases the success of 'Drone Didi' program to President Droupadi Murmu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/features/iit-mandi-ihub-showcases-the-success-of-drone-didi-program-to-president-droupadi-murmu-101705492238077.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] applauded the program calling it success of the ''Drone Didi'' scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=IIT Mandi iHub showcases success of 'Drone Didi' programme to President Murmu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-mandi-ihub-showcases-success-of-drone-didi-programme-to-president-murmu-2493342-2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* In February 2024, [[IIT Guwahati]] launched India's largest drone pilot training center in a 18-acre area. DGCA will issue Remote Pilot Certificate (RPC) to students completing the training program.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-23 |title=India's largest drone pilot training facility at IIT-Guwahati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/indias-largest-drone-pilot-training-facility-at-iit-g-guwahati/articleshow/107929802.cms |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* In May 2024, [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)]] signed an MoU with [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] to start training centers in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Noida]]. The goal is to skill 500 women. Every batch will have only 20 women and will go through a 15-day curriculum as guided by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare]]
[[Category:Agricultural finance in India]]
[[Category:Women in India]]

Flags of Indian princely states

2026-02-12T00:34:22Z

Nayeem: Adding new info

{{short description|none}}
This is a list of flags used by [[Princely states]] during [[British Raj|British rule]] in [[India]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-princ.html | title=Indian Princely States }}</ref>


==[[Baluchistan Agency|Baluchistan]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:FlagofKalat.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Khanate of Kalat]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the State of Kharan.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[State of Kharan]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the State of Las Bela.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[State of Las Bela]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Makran (Princely State).svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[State of Makran]] ||
|}

==[[Central Provinces]] and [[Central India Agency|Central India States]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Ajaigarh.png|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Ajaigarh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau AliRajpur.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Alirajpur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Chhatarpur.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Chhatarpur State]] ||A horizontal blue-white bicolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Principality of Barwani, India.gif|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Barwani State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Bhaisunda flag.PNG|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Bhaisunda|Bhaisunda State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Bhopal.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Bhopal State]]||A horizontal black-white-green tricolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Dewas Senior State.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Dewas Senior|Dewas State (Senior Branch)]] ||A red flag featuring Hindu god [[Hanuman]].
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Dewas.png|150px]] || || Flag of [[Dewas Junior|Dewas State (Junior Branch)]] || A red non-rectangular flag featuring Hindu god [[Hanuman]].
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Dhar.png|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Dhar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Gwalior State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Indore.svg|border|150px]] || 1818–1950 || Flag of [[Indore State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Indore Flag.svg|150px]] || 1732–1818 || Flag of [[Indore State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Jaoraflag.png|border|150px]] || 1895–1947 || Flag of the [[Jaora State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Jaora.svg|150px]] || c.1865–1895 || Flag of the [[Jaora State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Jhabuaflag.png|150px]] || || Flag of [[Jhabua State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kilchipur.gif|150px]] || || Flag of [[Khilchipur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Kurwai Princely State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kurwai State]] ||A horizontal green-black-yellow tricolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Nagod state flag.png|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Nagod State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Narsinghgarh Flag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Narsinghgarh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Orchha State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Orchha State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Panna.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Panna State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Rajgarhflag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Rajgarh State]]
||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Ratlam.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Ratlam State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Rewa State.svg|border|150px]] || ?-1947 || Flag of the [[Rewa State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Former Flag of the Rewa State.svg|border|150px]] || 19th century || Flag of the [[Rewa State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Sitamau state flag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Sitamau State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Sohawal State-flag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Sohawal State]] ||
|}

==[[Deccan States Agency|Deccan States]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Akalkot flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Akkalkot State]] ||A red field.
|-
| [[File:Aundh flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Aundh State]] ||A brownish field.
|-
| [[File:Bhor historical flag.png|border|150px]] || || rowspan=2 | Flag of the [[Bhor State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Bhor flag.svg|150px]] || ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Janjira.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Janjira State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Jath flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Jath State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Jawhar flag.svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Jawhar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Kapshi Jagir Flag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kapshi Jagir]] ||
|-
| [[File:Kolhapur flag.svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kolhapur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:KIurundwadjr flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kurundvad Junior]] ||An orange field
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kurundvad Senior]] ||A red field.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Nagpur.svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Nagpur kingdom]] ||
|-
| [[File:Phaltan flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Phaltan State]] ||A horizontal orange-green bicolour.
|-
| [[File:Sangli flag.svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Sangli State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Surgana State flag.png|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Surgana State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Jamkhandiflag.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Jamkhandi State]] || A brown field with the coat of arms of the Jamkhandi State in the centre.
|-
| [[File:Mudhol flag.svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Mudhol State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Ramdurg.svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Ramdurg State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Sandur flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Sandur State]] ||
|}

==[[Eastern States Agency|Eastern States]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Kharsawan state flag.png|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kharsawan State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Saraikela State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Saraikela State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bastar State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Bastar state]] ||The flag of the Principality of Bastar is of two vertical parts, blue and white. On the dividing line the [[Trishula|trident of Shiva]] is placed in the inverted colors. In the canton there is a crescent moon facing the fly.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Chhuikhadan.svg|150px]] || || Flag of [[Chhuikhadan State]] ||A plain purple flag in the shape of a right-angled triangle.
|-
| [[File:Jashpurflag.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Jashpur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kanker (Princely State).png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kanker State]] ||An orange flag featuring Hindu god [[Hanuman]] as well as a crescent.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Kawardha State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kawardha State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Khairagarh Princely State (No Coat of Arms).svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Khairagarh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Koriya State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Koriya State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Nandgaon State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Nandgaon State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Raigarh State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Raigarh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Sarangarh State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Sarangarh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Surguja State.svg|150px]] || || Flag of [[Surguja State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Udaipur State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Manipur.svg|border|150px]] ||rowspan="2" | 1891–1907 || rowspan="3" | Flag of the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] ||
|-
| [[File:In manipur3.gif|border|150px]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|border|150px]] || ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Baramba Princely State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Baramba State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Baudh.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Baudh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Daspalla.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Daspalla State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Dhenkanal.png|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Dhenkanal State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Erroneous Flag of the Jeypore Kingdom.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kingdom of Jeypore]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Kalahandi Princely State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kalahandi State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Keonjharflag.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Keonjhar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Khandpara.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Khandpara State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Mayurbhanj.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Mayurbhanj State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Pal Lahara State Flag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Pal Lahara State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Parla khimedi.gif|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Talcher Princely State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Talcher State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Cooch Bihar State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Cooch Behar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Unofficial flag of Tripura.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Twipra Kingdom]] || unofficial flag
|}

==[[Gujarat]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of Ambliara state.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Ambliara State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Balasinor princely state flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Balasinor State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bansda.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Bansda State]] || A horizontal red-yellow bicolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Manavadarflag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Bantva Manavadar]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Baria State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Baria State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Baroda.png|150px]] || ?-1874 || rowspan=3 | Flag of [[Baroda State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Baroda State standard ca 1874-1936.png|border|150px]] || 1874–1936 ||
|-
| [[File:Baroda flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1936–1949 ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bhavnagar.svg|border|150px]] || ?-1947 || Flag of [[Bhavnagar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Cambayflag.png|border|150px]] || ?-1947 || Flag of [[Cambay State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Chota Udaipur.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Chhota Udaipur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Cutch flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Cutch State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Danta-estat.PNG|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Danta State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Dharampur.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Dharampur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Dhrangadhra.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Dhrangadhra State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Dhrol flag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Dhrol State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Idar Flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Idar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Jambughoda State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Jambughoda State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Jasdan state flag.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Jasdan State]] ||
|-
| [[File:State Flag of Junaghad.jpg|border|150px]] || 1948 || Flag of [[Junagadh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Lunavada State flag.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Lunavada State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Malpur State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Malpur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Raktdhvaj.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Makaji Meghpar]] ||
|-
| [[File:MMeghpar FLAG.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Makaji Meghpar]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Mansa.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Mansa, Gujarat|Mansa State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Mohanpur State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Mohanpur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Morvi State.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Morvi State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Nawanagar State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Nawanagar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Palanpur.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Palanpur State]] ||A horizontal green-yellow-red tricolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Porbandar State.svg|150px]] || ?–1948 || Flag of the [[Porbandar State|Kingdom of Porbandar]] || A yellow-orange flag with a purple border with the draw of a red swallowtailed flag inside.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Rajkot Principality.gif|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Rajkot State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Rajpipla.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Rajpipla State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Rajpura (Halar) Coat of arms.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Rajpara State (Halar)|Rajpara State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Ranasan State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Ranasan State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Sachin State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Sachin State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Sant Princely State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Sant State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Surat State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Surat|Surat State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Vala State.svg|150px]] || || Flag of [[Vala State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Wao.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Vav, Gujarat|Vav State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Vijaynagar State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Vijaynagar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Wadagam State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Wadagam State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Wadhwan flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Wadhwan State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Wankaner State.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Wankaner State]] ||
|}

==[[Punjab States Agency|Punjab States]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Loharu.svg|border|150px]] || 1803–1947 || Flag of [[Loharu State]] ||Green-yellow bicolour.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Pataudi Princely State.svg|border|150px]] || 1804–1948 || Flag of [[Pataudi State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Chamba.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Chamba State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Dhami.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Dhami State]] || An orange field with a green canton.
|-
| [[File:Bilaspur flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Bilaspur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Kangra.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kangra State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Kumarsain Princely State Flag.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kumarsain|Kumarsain State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Kutlehar State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kutlehar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Mandi State.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Mandi State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Suket flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Suket State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Nishan Sahib.svg|150px]] || 1799–1849 || Flag of the [[Sikh Empire]] (''[[Nishan Sahib]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/empire/architecture.html#arch4|title=Nishan Sahib Khanda Sikh Symbols Sikh Museum History Heritage Sikhs|website=www.sikhmuseum.com|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>||
|-
| [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|150px]] || 1799–1849 || Flag of the Sikh Empire (variant) ||
|-
| [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|150px]] || 1716–1799 || Flag of The [[Misl|Sikh Confederacy]] ||
|-
| [[File:Faridkot flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Faridkot State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Kapurthala flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kapurthala State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Nabha flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Nabha State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Patiala flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Patiala State]] ||
|}

==[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (1846-1936).svg|border|150px]] || 1846–1936 || rowspan="2 " | [[State flag of Jammu and Kashmir|Flag]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|border|150px]] || 1936–1953 ||
|}

==[[Madras States Agency|Madras States]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Arakkal Kingdom (18th century).svg|border|150px]] || 1700–1819 || rowspan=2 | Flag of the [[Arakkal Kingdom]] || A white banner with a border of 22 red triangles.
|-
| [[File:Arakkal flag 1.png|border|150px]] || 1545–1700 || A red banner with a crescent and star.
|-
| [[File:Cochin flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1799–1949 || Flag of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Thekkumkur.png|border|150px]] || 1103–1750 || Flag of [[Thekkumkur|Kingdom of Thekkumkur]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Travancore.svg|border|150px]] || 1729–1949 || Flag of the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] || Red flag with a dextrally-coiled silver conch shell (Turbinella pyrum) at its centre.
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Banganapalle.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Banganapalle State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Pudukkottai flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Pudukkottai state]] ||
|}

==[[Mysore]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|border|150px]] || 1799–1950 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] || Red and Brown coloured flag of the Kingdom of Mysore which ruled over most of Karnataka and at its zenith most of South India.
|}

==[[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Alwar State (1775-1931).svg|border|150px]] || 1775–1931 || rowspan="2 | Flag of the [[Alwar State]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=yZ621ktU_ehEvvqZ&v=XGiynvvQfUk&feature=youtu.be |title=Indian Durbar (1938) - filmed in Alwar |date=2017-08-10 |last=BFI |access-date=2025-04-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>||
|-
| [[File:Alwar flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1931–1948 ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Bharatpur Princely State (1880-c.1943).svg|border|150px]] || 1880–1943 || rowspan="2" | Flag of [[Bharatpur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bharatpur.svg|border|150px]] || 1943–1947 ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bikaner.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Bikaner State]] ||A horizontal red-orange bicolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Banswara flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Banswara State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bundi.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Bundi State]] ||A yellow field.
|-
| [[File:Dholpur flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Dholpur State]] ||A horizontal blue-yellow bicolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Jodhpur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Gaurati.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Gaurati State]] ||
|-
| [[File:In mewar-state.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Mewar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Dungarp.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Dungarpur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|border|150px]] || 1877–1922 || rowspan="3" | Flag of [[Jaipur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|border|150px]] || 1922–1946 ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg|150px]] || 1699–1818 ||
|-
| [[File:Jaisalmer Flag.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Jaisalmer State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Jhalawar.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Jhalawar State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Jiliya.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Jiliya|Jiliya Kingdom]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Karauli.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Karauli State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kishangarh.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kishangarh State]] ||A horizontal black-white-red tricolour flag. Not be confused with the flag of the [[German Empire]].
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kotah.svg|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Kota State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Partabgarh.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Pratapgarh State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Shahpura.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Shahpura State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Tonk.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Tonk State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Sirohi.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of the [[Sirohi State]] ||
|-
| [[File:In rajput.png|border|150px]] || || Unofficial flag of the [[Rajputana Agency]] ||
|}

==[[Hyderabad]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
|-
| [[File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|border|150px]] || 1947–1948 || rowspan="3" | Flag of The [[Hyderabad State]] || An orange flag with 6 black stripes and 4 white stripes. The script along the top reads Al Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads Ya Uthman which translates to "Oh [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Osman]]". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah".
|-
| [[File:Flag of Hyderabad (1900–1947).svg|border|150px]] || 1900–1947 || 2 striped green and red flag with a white crescent and star
|-
| [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|150px]] || 1700–1900 || An orange triangular flag with a green crescent.
|}

==[[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="min-width:250px"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Garhwal Kingdom]] ||A horizontal white-green bicolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Kumaon Kingdom.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Kumaon Kingdom]] ||
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Baoni.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Baoni State]] ||A horizontal green-yellow-green tricolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Benares State-Flag2.png|150px]] || || Flag of [[Benares State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Beri State.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Beri State]] ||A horizontal red-yellow bicolour flag.
|-
| [[File:Drapeau Charkhari.jpg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Charkhari State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Dhurwai state.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Dhurwai State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Rampur State]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Sailana.svg|150px]] || || Flag of [[Sailana State]] ||A plain red flag in the shape of a right-angled triangle.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Tori-Fatehpur State-2.png|border|150px]] || || Flag of [[Tori Fatehpur]] ||
|}

==See also==
*[[Flag of India]]
*[[List of Indian flags]]
*[[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)]]
*[[List of princely states of British India (by region)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of flags}}
{{Princely states of India}}

[[Category:Lists and galleries of flags|India]]
[[Category:Flags of India| ]]
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists|Flags]]

Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor

2026-02-04T21:36:02Z

Nayeem: further cleaned up structure for accuracy and fixed typos

{{short description|Award category}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Vijay for Best Début Actor''' is presented by [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as part of its annual [[Vijay Awards]] ceremony, recognizing achievements in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Kollywood]]) films.

==The list==
The following is a list of award winners and the films for which they won.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year
! Actor
! Film
! Link
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2017 || [[Vasanth Ravi]] || ''[[Taramani]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || [[Dulquer Salmaan]] || ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Gautham Karthik]] || ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' ||
|-
| 2012 || [[Vikram Prabhu]] || ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || <ref>{{cite news|agency=IANS |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-13/news-interviews/39227707_1_chevalier-sivaji-award-best-film-vijay-awards |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616080033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-13/news-interviews/39227707_1_chevalier-sivaji-award-best-film-vijay-awards |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-16 |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |date=2013-05-13 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] || ''[[Veppam]]'' || <ref>{{cite web |author=Ramchander |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2012/ajith-vikram-vijay-awards-096600.html |title=Vijay Awards 2012 winners |publisher=Oneindia |date=2012-06-18 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-date=27 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027095349/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2012/ajith-vikram-vijay-awards-096600.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2010 || [[Vidharth (actor)|Vidharth]] || ''[[Mynaa]]'' || <ref>{{cite web |author=Ramchander |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/vijay-awards-winners-list-2011-270611-aid0017.html |title=5th Vijay Awards winners list |publisher=Oneindia |date=2011-06-27 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011717/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2011/vijay-awards-winners-list-2011-270611-aid0017.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] || ''[[Pasanga]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|author=K. Lakshmi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article441682.ece |title=‘Pasanga' steals show at Vijay awards – The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu |date=2010-05-30 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2008 || [[Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj]] ||''[[Sakkarakatti]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Karthi]] || ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |title=Star Vijay Awards 2007|work=Star Box Office |access-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726022319/http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |archive-date=26 July 2008 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2006 || || ||
|}

==Nominations==
*'''2007 [[Karthi]] – ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'''''
**[[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]] – ''[[Mirugam]]''
**[[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] – ''[[Kalloori]]''
**[[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] – ''[[Chennai 600028]]''
**[[Vinay Rai]] – ''[[Unnale Unnale]]''
*'''2008 [[Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj]] – ''[[Sakkarakatti]]'''''
**[[Ajmal Ameer]] – ''[[Anjathey]]''
**[[Krishna Sekhar]] – ''[[Alibhabha]]''
**[[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] – ''[[Subramaniapuram (2008 film)|Subramaniyapuram]]''
*'''2009 [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] – ''[[Pasanga]]'''''
**Johnny – ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]''
**[[Ramakrishnan (actor)|Ramakrishnan]] – ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]''
**[[Tharun Gopi]] – ''[[Mayandi Kudumbathar]]''
**[[Vishnu Vishal]] – ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]''
*'''2010 [[Vidharth]] – ''[[Mynaa]]'''''
**[[Atharvaa]] – ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]''
**[[Arulnidhi]] – ''[[Vamsam]]''
**[[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] – ''[[Angaadi Theru]]''
**[[Myshkin (director)|Myshkin]] – ''[[Nandhalala]]''
*'''2011 [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] – ''[[Veppam]]'''''
**[[Unni Mukundan|Krishna]] – ''[[Seedan]]''
**Jeyanth – ''[[Margazhi 16]]''
**Shabarish – ''[[Markandeyan]]''
**[[Veera Bahu]] – ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]''
*'''2012 [[Vikram Prabhu]] – ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'''''
**[[Sivakarthikeyan]] – ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''
**[[Dinesh (actor)|Dinesh]] – ''[[Attakathi]]''
**[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] – ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
**[[Sri (actor)|Sri]] – ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''
* '''2013 [[Gautham Karthik]] – ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'''''
** [[Ashok Selvan]] – ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]''
** [[Sundeep Kishan]] – ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]''
** [[Nivin Pauly]] – ''[[Neram]]''
** [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] – ''[[Puthagam]]''
* '''2014 [[Dulquer Salmaan]] – ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'''''
** [[Chandran]] – ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''
** Naga – ''[[Pisaasu]]''
** [[Abhinay Vaddi]] – ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]''
** [[Santhosh Prathap]] – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''

==See also==
* [[Tamil cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijay Awards|Debut Actor]]
[[Category:Film awards for male debut actors]]

Parsis cricket team

2026-02-04T10:09:22Z

Nayeem:

{{Short description|Cricket team in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Parsis cricket team
|nickname=Parsees| founded = 1877
| ground = [[Parsi Gymkhana Ground]]
|city=[[Mumbai]]| owner = [[Parsi Gymkhana, Marine Drive|Parsi Gymkhana]]
| title1 = [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay tournament]]
| title1wins = 10
|notable players=|website={{URL|https://www.parseegymkhana.in}}}}
The '''Parsis''' ({{aka}} Parsees) '''cricket team''' was an Indian [[first-class cricket]] team which took part in the annual [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay tournament]]. The team was founded by members of the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] community in [[Bombay]]. It is affiliated to [[Mumbai Cricket Association]].

Many players of Parsis cricket team played for Mumbai cricket team as well as [[India national cricket team]].

==Bombay Quadrangular==
The Parsis competed in the Bombay tournament from its outset in 1877, when they challenged the [[Europeans cricket team]] at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] to a two-day match. At this time, the competition was known as the [[Bombay Quadrangular|Presidency Match]].<ref>Guha, p. 16.</ref> It was recognised as a first-class tournament from 1892–93 until its final staging in 1945–46. The Parsis won the first-class tournament outright 10 times, and shared victory 11 times.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Tours of England==
The Parsis made two tours of England in the 1880s, though none of the matches have been recognised as first-class. See: [[Parsis cricket team in England in 1886]] and [[Parsis cricket team in England in 1888]].<ref>Guha, pp. 29–33.</ref>

==Notable players==
Following is the list of notable players who played or playing for Parsi cricket team/Parsi Gymkhana :<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/parsee-gymkhana-create-history-by-winning-third-successive-title/articleshow/88520509.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|status=live|title=Parsee Gymkhana create history by winning third successive title </ref>
* [[Polly Umrigar]]
* [[Farokh Engineer]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[Vasant Raiji]], ''India's Hambledon Men'', Tyeby Press, 1986
* [[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'', Andre-Deutsch, 1990
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], ''A Corner of a Foreign Field – An Indian History of a British Sport'', Picador, 2001

[[Category:1877 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1877]]
[[Category:Former senior cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Parsi culture]]

Itishree Murder Case

2026-02-03T22:28:40Z

Nayeem: Adding new stub.

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{notability|date=June 2016}}
}}

The murder of a non-formal teacher named Itishree Pradhan in the remote village of [[Tikiri]] under [[Rayagada|Kashipur]] Block in the [[Rayagada district]] generated nationwide uproar and consternation.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Itishree murder case: NHRC seeks report on probe|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/itishree-murder-case-nhrc-seeks-report-on-probe/article5728750.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 February 2014 |accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> This is one of the rare cases where the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] has not been able to trace out the main accused.<ref name="orissadiary">{{cite web|title=CBI grills ex-Headmaster in Itishree murder case|url=http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=59678|website=orissadiary.com|accessdate=30 June 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817153142/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=59678|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="odishasuntimes">{{cite web|title=Itishree murder: CBI announces cash reward for info|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/03/14/itishree-murder-cbi-announces-cash-reward-for-info/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316011648/http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/03/14/itishree-murder-cbi-announces-cash-reward-for-info/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 16, 2016|website=odishasuntimes.com|accessdate=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="odishanewsinsight">{{cite web|title=SC orders CBI Probe into Itishree Murder Case|url=http://www.odishanewsinsight.com/odisha/sc-orders-cbi-probe-itishree-murder-case/|website=www.odishanewsinsight.com|date=20 January 2015 |accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref> Though politicians of the national parties, likes of the Congress and the BJP want to hold BJD involved in it, any political party is not involved therein.

==Background==
The allegations as described in the criminal case record (C.T.No.48 of 2014 on the file of the Sessions Judge, Rayagada) are that one Itishree Pradhan, a contractual government teacher of Project U.P.School, Tikiri, was harassed by one Netrananda Dandosena, S.I. of schools of Kasipur Block who happens to be the ex-Headmaster of the school. Unable to bear the harassment anymore, the victim lodged written reports against the accused as well as his family members. Apparently, no action was taken against the culprits. The victim made representations to various authorities and organizations for her redress. Meanwhile, the accused went on harassing her in various ways to back off or withdraw the complaints. The allegations further disclose that on 27.10.2013 at about 9.20 PM when the victim was listening to music, an unknown culprit entered the room of the victim and threatened her to withdraw the cases against the accused persons. When she declined, the culprit poured kerosene on her & set her ablaze. A very badly burnt Itishree was taken to the PHC, Tikiri. The Medical Officer administered preliminary treatments and apprehending her imminent demise, recorded her [[dying declaration]]. The victim was referred to the District Headquarters Hospital for specialized treatment. The matter was reported to the Police and the Tahasildar-cum-Executive Magistrate, Rayagada also recorded a dying declaration. The deceased was thereafter referred to Seven Hills Hospital at Visakhapatnam where she succumbed to severe burns on 01.11.2013 at 11.14 A.M.

==Investigation==
The inaction of the local government officials was highly blamed as the media highlighted the issue. The State Government directed the CID (CB) to investigate the case. Accused Netrananda Dondosena was charge-sheeted and faced trial in C.T. No. 48 of 2014 on the file of the Sessions Judge, Rayagada. The Apex Court, based on a [[Public interest litigation in India|PIL]] filed by one Sudeepta Lenka, a law graduate from Bengalure, directed further investigation by CBI to apprehend the main accused in the case.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web|title=CBI to investigate Itishree case: SC|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150121/jsp/frontpage/story_9434.jsp#.V2TpNNJ96M9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121092527/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150121/jsp/frontpage/story_9434.jsp#.V2TpNNJ96M9|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 21, 2015|website=www.telegraphindia.com/|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="judis.in">{{cite web|title=Judgment|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41311|website=judis.nic.in|accessdate=14 August 2016|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920061833/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41311|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pragativadi">{{cite news|title=Itishree Murder Case|url=http://pragativadi.com/itishree-murder-case-dandasena-moved-gujarat-narcotic-test/|accessdate=12 June 2017|agency=Pragativadi News Service|date=June 6, 2017}}</ref>

==Judgment==
The accused was held guilty of the offences U/sec. 120(B) of the IPC for having conspired to murder the deceased punishable u/sec 302 of the IPC. The trying Judge observed in the judgment that the convict deserves exemplary punishment to serve as a deterrent to potential conspirators and accordingly sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for life on 26.04.2016.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|title=Itishree Pradhan Murder: School Inspector Sentenced to Life by Rayagada Court|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Itishree-Pradhan-Murder-School-Inspector-Sentenced-to-Life-by-Rayagada-Court/2016/04/26/article3401292.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427124741/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Itishree-Pradhan-Murder-School-Inspector-Sentenced-to-Life-by-Rayagada-Court/2016/04/26/article3401292.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 27, 2016|website=www.newindianexpress.com|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="ecourts">{{cite web|title=Judgment in C.T.48 of 2014|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/services/cases/display_pdf.php?filename=/orders/222900002152014_1.pdf&caseno=C.T./215/2014&cCode=2&appFlag=|website=ecourts.gov.in|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]

Jalal-ud-Din Khalji

2026-02-02T15:04:08Z

Nayeem: Adding a info.

{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1290 to 1296}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jalal-ud-din Khalji {{lang|ps|{{nq|{{nobold|جلال الدین خلجی}}}}}}
| title = [[Sultan]]
| image = File:Imaginary portrait of Sultan Firuz Khalji.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Imaginary portrait of Jalaluddin Khalji (enthroned, {{circa|1640}})
| succession = 12th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| reign = 13 June 1290 – 19 July 1296
| coronation = 13 June 1290
| predecessor = [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]]
| successor = [[Alauddin Khalji]] [[Ruknuddin Ibrahim]] (acting)
| spouse = ''Malika-i-Jahan''
| issue = Khan-i-Khan Mahmud Arkali Khan [[Ruknuddin Ibrahim|Ruknuddin Ibrahim Qadr Khan]] ''[[Malika-i-Jahan (Alauddin Khalji)|Malika-i-Jahan]]'' (wife of [[Alauddin Khalji]])
| royal house = [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]]
| birth_place = [[Paktia, Afghanistan]]<ref>[[Hermann Kulke]], [[Dietmar Rothermund]]: ''Geschichte Indiens. Von der Induskultur bis heute''. 2. verbesserte und aktualisierte Auflage. Beck, München 1998, {{ISBN|3-406-43338-3}} (''Beck's historische Bibliothek'').</ref>
| birth_date = {{circa|1220}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1296|07|19|1220|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]], [[Delhi Sultanate|India]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Jalal-ud-Din Khalji''', also known as '''Firuz al-Din Khalji''', '''Jalaluddin Khilji''' or '''Firuz II''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|جلال الدین خلجی}}}}; {{circa|1220}} – 19 July 1296) was the [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] from 1290 until his death in 1296. He was the founder and first [[Sultan]] of the [[Khalji dynasty]] that ruled the [[Delhi Sultanate]] of India from 1290 to 1320.

Originally named '''Firuz''', Jalal-ud-Din started his career as an officer of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]], and rose to an important position under Sultan [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muizzuddin Qaiqabad]]. After Qaiqabad was paralyzed, a group of nobles appointed his infant son [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]] as the new Sultan, and subsequently tried to kill Jalal-ud-Din. Instead, Jalal-ud-Din had the group of nobles killed and became regent. A few months later, he deposed Kayumars, and became the new Sultan.

As a Sultan, he repulsed a [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasion]], and allowed many Mongols to settle in India after their conversion to Islam. He captured [[Mandawar, Rajasthan|Mandawar]] and [[Jhain]] from the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]] king [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]], although he was unable to capture the Chahamana capital [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]. During his reign, his nephew [[Alauddin Khalji|Ali Gurshasp]] raided [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa|Bhilsa in 1293]] and [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|Devagiri in 1296]].

Jalal-ud-Din, who was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public. During the first year of his reign, he ruled from Kilokhri to avoid confrontations with the old [[Turkic people|Turkic]] nobles of the imperial capital [[Delhi]]. Several nobles considered him as a weak ruler, and unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow him at different times. He meted out lenient punishments to the rebels, except in case of a [[dervish]] Sidi Maula, who was executed for allegedly conspiring to dethrone him. Jalal-ud-Din was ultimately assassinated by his nephew Ali Gurshasp, who subsequently ascended the throne as [[Alauddin Khalji]].

== Early life ==

Jalal-ud-din was a member of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] tribe,{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=98 |ps =: Malik Firoz was a Turk of the Khalji tribe. His ancestors had migrated from Turkestan}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=575452554|page=98|postscript=:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks." }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=126|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks." }}</ref> a tribe of originally [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin that after migration from [[Turkistan]] had settled in [[Afghanistan]] for over 200 years, adopting many Afghan customs. The result was the birth of a [[Turco-Afghan]] culture, and the [[Ghilji]] tribe.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Michael H. |title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 |language=en |quote=In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=93|quote=The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|publisher=Atlantic|year=2002|isbn=81-269-0123-3|page=28}} "The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."</ref><ref name="EB-Khalji">''the Khiljī tribe had long been settled in what is now Afghanistan ...'' [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty Khalji Dynasty]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2010. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 23 August 2010.</ref>

The contemporary chronicles of the Delhi Sultanate do not provide much information about Jalaluddin's background. According to the 15th century text ''[[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi]]'', Jalaluddin was a son of "Bughrush", which seems to be a mistake for Yughrush. According to ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' (1260), the son of ''[[Amir]]'' Yughrush - probably Jalaluddin - visited Delhi with a Mongol embassy in 1260. According to the [[Ilkhanate]] chronicler [[Wassaf]], Jalaluddin served the Mongols as the commander (''[[shahna]]'') of Binban, located just west of the [[Indus River]].{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|2013|p=44}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=80}} According to Amir Khusrau's ''Miftah al-Futuh'', Jalaluddin fought against the refractory Mongol and Afghan tribes in the [[Salt Range]]: it is possible that this refers to his exploits in the Mongol service.{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|2013|p=44}}

Jalaluddin probably entered the Delhi Sultanate service sometime during the reign of [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]]. According to [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], he was in the service of Balban's son [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]]. This likely happened sometime before 1280, during Bughra Khan's tenure as the governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]]. Jalaluddin gradually rose to prominence as a commander in north-western India, with Samana as his headquarters.{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|2013|p=44}}

Before his ascension to the throne, Jalal-ud-din was known as ''Malik'' Firuz. He and his brother Shihabuddin (father of [[Alauddin Khalji]]) served Balban for several years.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=308}} He rose to the position of ''sar-i-jandar'' (chief of the royal bodyguards), and was later appointed as the governor of the frontier province of Samana. As the governor, he distinguished himself in the Sultanate's conflicts with the [[Chagatai Khanate|Mongol]] invaders.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=140}}

After Balban's death in 1287, Delhi's [[kotwal]] Malik al-Umara Fakhruddin enthroned Balban's teenage grandson [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]] (or Kayqubad) with the title Muizzuddin. Qaiqabad was a weak ruler, and the administration was actually run by his officer Malik Nizamuddin.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=53}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=304}} After Nizamuddin was poisoned by some rival officers, Qaiqabad summoned Jalal-ud-din from Samana to Delhi, gave him the title "Shaista Khan", appointed him as the ''ariz-i-mumalik'', and made him the governor of [[Bulandshahr|Baran]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=308}}

By this time, Qaiqabad's health had deteriorated, and two rival factions of nobles vied for the power in Delhi. One faction, led by Malik Aytemur Surkha, sought to maintain the power of the old Turkic nobility, and wanted to retain Balban's family on the throne.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=308}} The other faction, led by Jalal-ud-din, supported the rise of the new nobility.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=308}}

== As a regent of Kayumars ==
{{main|Khalji Revolution}}
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Delhi (Khaljis). Jalal al Din Firuz. 1290-1296 AD. AV Tanka (10.95 gm). Delhi mint. Dated AH 691 (1291-2 AD). Legend citing the sultan Legend citing the caliph al Must'asim.jpg|thumb|300px|Coinage of Jalal al Din Firuz. Delhi mint. Dated AH 691 (1291-2 AD). Legend citing the caliph [[Al-Musta'sim]].]]
When Qaiqabad was incurably paralyzed, Malik Surkha and his associate Malik Kachhan appointed his infant son [[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Kayumars]] (or Kayumarth) on the throne with the title Shamsuddin II. The two nobles then conspired to kill their rival nobles, including Jalal-ud-din (then Malik Firuz). At this time, Jalal-ud-din was conducting an inspection of the royal army at Bhugal Pahari (Baharpur according to [[Ziauddin Barani]]). His nephew Malik Ahmad Chap, who held the office of ''naib-i amir-i hajib'', informed him about the conspiracy. Jalal-ud-din then moved his quarters to Ghiyaspur, and summoned his relatives from [[Bulandshahr|Baran]] on the pretext of preparing for an impending [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasion]]. Other officers on Surkha's hit list also joined the Khaljis.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=309}}

Shortly after, Jalal-ud-din received an order summoning him to the royal court in Delhi, and realized that this was part of a plot to kill him. He excused himself on the pretext of conducting an inspection of the army at [[Kannauj]]. Kachhan then personally marched from Delhi to Kannauj, and told Jalal-ud-din that his presence was sought in Delhi immediately. Jalal-ud-din pretended not knowing anything about the conspiracy, and requested Kachhan to rest in a tent, while he finished the inspection. In the tent, Jalal-ud-din had Kachhan beheaded, and had his body thrown into the [[Yamuna River]], starting a war between the two rival factions.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=309}}

Jalal-ud-din's sons marched to Delhi, entered the royal palace, and brought the titular Sultan Kayumars to Jalal-ud-din's camp. Malik Surkha and his associates tried to retrieve Kayumars, but were captured and killed. Jalal-ud-din's men also abducted some sons of Malik al-Umara Fakhruddin, the [[kotwal]] of Delhi, and therefore, Fakhruddin dissuaded the people of Delhi from trying to retrieve Kayumars.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=309}}

After eliminating the officers of the rival faction, Jalal-ud-din continued to acknowledge Kayumars as the Sultan of Delhi. He became the governor of [[Bhatinda]], [[Dipalpur]] and [[Multan]] provinces. Initially, he offered Kayumars' regency to Balban's nephew Malik Chajju and Fakhruddin. However, Malik Chajju preferred to be the governor of [[Kara-Manikpur]], and Fakhruddin also rejected the offer.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=309}} Therefore, Jalal-ud-din himself became the regent.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=310}}

Qaiqabad died on 1 February 1290: according to [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya Sirhindi]] he died of starvation after being neglected, but another account states that he was murdered on Jalal-ud-din's orders by an officer whose father had been executed by him.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=54}} Kayumars' titular reign (1290) lasted for around 3 months, before he was deposed by Jalal-ud-din.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=310}}

== Ascension to the throne ==
[[File:Delhi Sultanate under Jalaluddin Khalji - based on A Historical Atlas of South Asia.svg|thumb|Extent of the Delhi Sultanate at the time of Jalal-ud-din Khalji's ascension (1290)]]
Jalal-ud-din (known as Malik Firuz until this point), ascended the throne of Delhi in June 1290, at the unfinished Kilokhri (also Kilughari or Kailugarhi) Palace near Delhi.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=311}} At the time of his ascension, Jalal-ud-din was very unpopular. He had little support among the old Turkic nobles, who viewed him as an Afghan (Pashtun), believing him to be of non-Turkic ancestry. In addition, he was an old man of around 70 years, and his mild nature was seen as unsuitable for the position.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=141}} Because of his unpopularity, he decided not to move to Balban's palace at Delhi, and lived at Kilokhri, an Afghan enclave which served as the de facto capital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=55 |language=English}}</ref> He finished the palace, and turned Kilokhri into an important town.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=141}}

Jalal-ud-din avoided making any radical changes to the administrative set-up, and retained the old Turkic nobles in the offices that they held during Balban's reign.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=142}} For example, Fakhruddin was retained as the ''kotwal'' of Delhi, Khwaja Khatir was retained as the ''[[vizier|wazir]]'', and Balban's nephew Malik Chajju was retained as the governor of Kara-Manikpur.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|pp=311-312}} The surviving members of Balban's royal family moved to Kara under Chajju's governorship.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=313}}{{sfn|S. Roy|1967|p=12}}

At the same time, Jalal-ud-din appointed his relatives and associates to the important offices.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=311}} He appointed his brother Yaghrash Khan as the head of the army ministry ({{transliteration|ar|ariz-i-mamalik}}), and his nephew Ahmad Chap as {{transliteration|ar|naib-i barbek}}.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=312}} He gave his eldest son Mahmud the title Khan-i-Khan; the next two sons were given the titles Arkali Khan and Qadr Khan.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=142}} He also appointed his nephews [[Alauddin Khalji|Ali Gurshasp]] (later Sultan Alauddin) and [[Ulugh Khan|Almas Beg]] as ''Amir-i-Tuzuk'' (equivalent to [[Master of ceremonies]]) and ''Akhur-beg'' (equivalent to [[Master of the Horse]]) respectively.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=41}}{{sfn|S. Roy|1967|p=12}}

Gradually, Jalal-ud-din overcame the initial hostility that he had faced from the citizens of Delhi. He gained reputation as a humble and kind-hearted monarch, as opposed to the preceding despots like Balban. After entering Delhi, he had the royal entrance to the Red Palace dismounted, and refused to sit on the king's seat in the royal audience-hall, saying that the crown had been forced upon him because of the malicious intents of Surkha and Kachhan.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=312}}

== Malik Chajju's revolt ==

While the general public admired Jalal-ud-din as a kind-hearted and sincere person, a section of nobles despised him as a weak ruler. In August 1290, Balban's nephew Malik Chajju Kashli Khan, who now headed the former royal family, staged a revolt against Jalal-ud-din at Kara. Chajju seems to have opted for the governorship of the easternmost province of Kara-Manikpur to remain away from imperial control, and possibly, because he hoped to seek support from his cousin [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]] (father of Qaiqabad), who had become an independent ruler of the eastern [[Bengal]] region in 1287.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=313}}

Chajju styled himself as Sultan Mughisuddin, and declared his independence. As a mark of his sovereignty, he issued his own coins, and had the ''[[khutba]]'' read in his name.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=314}} Ali Hatim Khan, the governor of [[Awadh]], as well as other older nobles appointed in the eastern region, supported him.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=313}} Chajju was also supported by a number of [[Hindu]] chiefs of the Gangetic plains, who had not paid their tribute for some years, and who swore allegiance to Balban's family. Under these circumstances, Jalal-ud-din's loyal officers in the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]] region started withdrawing from the region.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=314}}

Chajju was confident that he enjoyed more support than Jalal-ud-din, who was yet to find favour among the old nobles of Delhi and its neighbouring areas. Therefore, he marched towards Delhi along the left bank of the Ganges River, and then the [[Ramganga River]]. He probably planned to enter Delhi from [[Amroha district|Amroha area]]. At [[Badaun]], his supporters Malik Bahadur and Alp Ghazi joined him with their troops.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=314}}

Jalal-ud-din set out to crush the revolt after appointing his eldest son, who held the title ''[[Khan-i Khanan]]'', in-charge of Delhi. He led his army towards Badaun via [[Kol Tehsil|Koil]] (modern Aligarh). The vanguard of his army, led by his second eldest son Arkali Khan, marched ahead of the rest of the army, and spotted Chajju's army on the other side of the Ramganga River. Chajju's soldiers had seized all the boats, so Arkali Khan's contingent could not cross the river. At night, Arkali Khan sent a raiding party to Chajju's camp on [[raft]]s and [[skiff]]s. The raids caused panic among Chajju's soldiers, who deserted their camp, and moved northwards. Arkali Khan plundered the deserted camp for two days, and then pursued the enemy. He came across Chajju's army at a Ramganga river crossing, and fought an indecisive battle. Meanwhile, Jalal-ud-din's army crossed the Ganges river at Bhojpur (near Farrukhabad), and engaged Chajju's supporters in another battle.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=315}}

At night, an agent of Chajju's Hindu supporter Bhim Deva (Biram Deva Kotla according to ''Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi'') informed him that Jalal-ud-din would attack his army from rear. Chajju then secretly left the camp with some of his followers. In the morning, Arkali Khan crossed the river, and easily defeated the remaining army of Chajju. Chajju's supporters Alp Ghazi and Bhim Deva were killed, while Malik Masud and Malik Muhammad Balban were captured. The rest of Chajju's army then surrendered. Chajju himself took shelter in a walled village, but the village headman turned him over to Jalal-ud-din's army.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=315}}

Aakali Khan then joined Jalal-ud-din, and the combined imperial army marched to the eastern districts to punish the chiefs who had supported Chajju. Some chiefs, such as that of Rupal, surrendered and saved themselves by offering heavy [[tribute]]s.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=315}} Others, such as that of Kahsun, faced plundering raids. The Hindu rebels were executed, and the Muslim rebels of Indian origin were sold as slaves.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=316}}

Jalal-ud-din treated the Turkic Muslim rebels kindly, despite objections by his nephew Ahmad Chhap. When the imprisoned rebel nobles were brought to his camp in chains, he disapproved of their mistreatment. He ordered them to be released, dressed well and entertained. He invited the high-ranking rebel nobles, such as Amir Ali Sarjandar, to a feast. Even Malik Chajju, who was captured a few days later, was sent to an honourable confinement at Multan instead of being executed; his associates were released.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=316}} Jalal-ud-din openly praised the rebels for their loyalty to their deceased master Balban.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=142}} When Ahmad Chhap objected to such leniency, Jalal-ud-din declared that he was not habituated to killing Muslims,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=41}} and argued that the pardoned nobles would be grateful to him and remain loyal to him.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=316}}

== Mongol invasion ==
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasions of India}}
Sometime after Chajju's revolt, the Mongols invaded the north-west frontier of the Delhi Sultanate. The invasion was led by Abdullah, who was a grandson of Hallu ([[Hulagu Khan]]) according to [[Ziauddin Barani]], and a son of "the prince of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]" according to [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya]]'s ''Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi''.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=317}}

The frontier provinces of [[Dipalpur]], [[Multan]], and [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] were governed by Jalal-ud-din's son Arkali Khan. Jalal-ud-din personally led an army to repulse the invaders. The two armies faced each other at a place named Bar-ram, and their [[vanguard]]s engaged in some skirmishes. The skirmishes ended with advantage for the Delhi forces, and the Mongols agreed to retreat. Jalal-ud-din called Abdullah his son after exchanging friendly greetings.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=317}}

A group of Mongols, led by Ulghu (another grandson of Hulagu), decided to embrace [[Islam]], and sought Jalal-ud-din's permission to settle in India.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=317}} In the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongols were regarded as hardened criminals, who had been involved in murders and highway robbery. Despite this, Jalal-ud-din accepted their regrets, and allowed them to settle in the lower Ganges plain, on the [[Bengal|Lakhnauti]] (Bengal) frontier of his kingdom.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=318}} He also provided the new settlers with accommodation, allowances and social ranks.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=317}} These Mongols came to be known as "New Muslims".{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=144}}

== Ranthambore campaign ==

The [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]] king [[Hammiradeva|Hammira-deva]] ruled a kingdom centred around [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]], located to the south-west of Delhi. Hammira's expansionist policy had threatened the [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]] and [[Haryana]] frontiers of the Delhi Sultanate, which prompted Jalal-ud-din to invade his kingdom.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=318}}

=== Siege of Mandawar ===

Jalal-ud-din marched via [[Rewari]] and Narnaul to reach the [[Alwar district|Alwar]] frontier of Hammira's kingdom. He first besieged fortress of [[Mandawar, Rajasthan|Mandawar]] (called "Mandor" by [[Ziauddin Barani]] and [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya Sirhindi]]).{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=318}} Mandawar was once a part of the Delhi Sultanate, but had been lost to the Chahamanas in the preceding years; Jalal-ud-din recaptured it in 1292.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=143}} After this victory, he raided the countryside, obtaining a large number of cattle.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=318}}

According to Yahya's ''Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi'', the siege of Mandawar lasted for four months. However, historian A. B. M. Habibullah believes that this was the duration of the entire Ranthambore campaign, including the sieges of Mandawar, Jhain and Ranthambore.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=318}}

Jalal-ud-din's eldest son, ''Khan-i Khanan'', died on the eve of the Mandawar campaign.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=320}}

=== Battle of Jhain ===
{{Main|Battle of Jhain}}

In 1291,{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=132}} Jalal-ud-din marched across the [[Karauli]] region to [[Jhain]], a town that guarded the approaches to the Chahamana capital Ranthambore. A reconnaissance party of the Delhi army, led by Qara Bahadur, defeated a Chahamana contingent. Jalal-ud-din then sent a larger detachment to besiege the Jhain fort. When the invaders reached within two ''farsang''s of the fort, a Chahamana army led by [[Gurdan Saini|Gardan Saini]] came out of the fort and engaged them in a battle. The Delhi army emerged victorious, and Gardan Saini was killed in action. The invaders then pursued the retreating Chahamana soldiers across [[Chambal River|Chambal]], [[Kunwari River|Kunwari]] and [[Banas River|Banas]] rivers. The remaining Chahamana contingents stationed at Jhain then evacuated the fort, and retreated to Ranthambore.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=318}}

Following this victory, the invaders engaged in plunder, and dismantled the Jhain fort.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=318}} Jalal-ud-din, an [[iconoclast]], broke the non-Islamic idols, although he admired their sculpture and carvings.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|pp=318-319}}

{{blockquote|''Three days after this, the Shah entered Jhain at midday and occupied the private apartment of the rai He then visited the temples, which were ornamented with elaborate work in gold and silver. Next day he went again to the temples, and ordered their destruction, as well as of the fort, and set fire to the palace, and thus made hell of paradise. While the soldiers sought every opportunity of plundering, the Shah was engaged in burning the temples, and destroying the idols. There were two bronze idols of Brahma each of which weighed more than a thousand mans. These were broken into pieces and the fragments distributed amongst the officers, with orders to throw them down at the gates of the masjid on their return''.|''Miftahul-Futuh''<ref>{{Citation|work=The History of India By its own historians Vol 3|publisher=Türbman & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458719/page/n551/mode/1up|pages=541–542|editor-last1=Elliot|editor-first1=H.M. |title=Jalaluddin captures Jhain|year=1871 }}</ref>}}

The ''Miftah al-Futuh'', written by his courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], claims that thousands of defenders were killed in the siege of Jhain, while the Delhi army lost only one Turkic soldier.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=319}}

The Sultan was always hostile to Hindus. According to [[Ziauddin Barani]], Jalaluddin is believed to have said.
<blockquote>''What is our defense of the faith, that we suffer these Hindus, who are the greatest enemies to god (Allah) and of the religion of [[Mohammad|Mustafa]], to live in comfort and do not flow streams of their blood''<ref>{{Citation|work=Legacy of Muslim rule in India|editor-last1=Lal|editor-first1=Kishori Saran|url=https://archive.org/details/the-legacy-of-muslim-rule-in-india-k.-s.-lal/page/n46/mode/1up|publisher=Adithya Prakashan|page=42|title=Jalaluddin|year=1993 }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Siege of Ranthambore ===

After conquering Jhain, Jalal-ud-din ordered his army to besiege the [[Ranthambore Fort]], which was situated on a steep hill, and was reputed to be impregnable. He issued orders for the construction of [[siege engines]] such as ''maghrabis'' ([[catapult]]s), {{transliteration|ar|sabats}}, {{transliteration|ar|gargajes}}, and a {{transliteration|ar|pasheb}} (mound to reach the hilltop). According to the Delhi chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], he abandoned the siege when he came out to inspect the progress of the construction, and realized the ensuing siege would cost many Muslim lives. Barani states that Jalal-ud-din declared he would not risk the hair of a single Muslim for "ten such forts". Jalal-ud-din's nephew Ahmad Chap opposed this decision saying that it would embolden the Hindus, and asked him to emulate the earlier Muslim kings such as [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] and [[Ahmad Sanjar|Sanjar]], "whose undoubted piety never limited their kingly action." But Jalal-ud-din argued that the comparisons to Mahmud and Sanjar were unfair, because their dominions did not include "a single [[idolatry|idolater]]".{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=319}}

== Invasion of Javalipura ==
According to the Gujarati chronicler Jinaprabha Suri, in 1291-92 CE (1398 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), the Jalaluddin invaded the [[Chahamanas of Jalore|Chāhamāna]] kingdom of [[Jalore|Javalipura]] during the early reign of Chahamana ruler [[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samantasimha]]. However, Samantasimha's southern neighbour, Sarangadeva the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king of Gujarat, came to his rescue. Jalaluddin's army advanced up to Sanchore, but was forced to retreat by Sarangadeva, who was perhaps concerned that the Delhi Sultan would invade Gujarat next.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=36}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=159}}

== Conspiracies against Jalal-ud-Din ==
[[File:Coin of Jalal ud din Khilji.jpg|thumb|A coin of Jalal-ud-Din Khalji]]

=== Conspiracy of Tajuddin Kuchi ===

Several of Jalal-ud-Din's courtiers believed that he was a weak king, who could not inspire the necessary fear among his subjects and the enemies of the Sultanate. During the Ranthambore campaign, some of his closest associates met at the house of Malik Tajuddin Kuchi. In a drunken stupor, they talked about killing Jalal-ud-Din and raising Tajuddin to throne.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=319}}

When Jalal-ud-din became aware of this, he summoned the erring courtiers to a private conference. But instead of punishing them, he shamed them by daring them to kill him with his own sword.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=319}} The courtiers asked for forgiveness, attributing their behavior to drunkenness, with Nusrat Sabbah making a "clever and flattering confession".{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|pp=319-320}} The meeting ended with wine-drinking and poetry recitals by Jalal-ud-Din.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=319}}

=== Alleged conspiracy of Sidi Maula ===

Jalal-ud-Din was lenient towards his detractors, and even the most persistent detractors were only banished to their {{transliteration|ar|[[iqta'|iqtas]]}} for one year. The only instance in which he meted out more severe punishments was during the alleged conspiracy of Sidi Maula.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=320}}

Sidi Maula was a foreign-born religious leader, who belonged to a sect of unorthodox Muslim ''[[dervish]]es''. He owned a huge ''[[khanqah]]'', and had been reputed for his vast charities since the reign of Qaiqabad. His institution attracted most of the dispossessed Balban-era [[emir|umara]] and officers. His followers also included Jalal-ud-Din's nobles, including Qazi Jalal Kashani and the now-deceased crown prince ''Khan-i Khanan''.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=320}}

Sidi Maula allegedly planned to kill Jalal-ud-Din to become ''[[khalifa]]'', although these allegations were never proven. According to a near-contemporary account, the allegations were first made by the jealous ''dervishes'' of a rival sect. It was alleged that Sidi Maula had asked Hathya ''Paik'' and Niranjan ''Kotwal'' to assassinate Jalal-ud-Din on a Friday. These two were Balban-era Hindu officers (''[[pahalwan|pahilwans]]'' or wrestlers, according to [[Ziauddin Barani]]). Malik Ulghu, the Mongol commander who had entered Jalal-ud-Din's service, reported the allegations to Arkali Khan, while Jalal-ud-Din was busy besieging Mandawar. Arkali Khan, who disliked the associates of his elder brother ''Khan-i Khanan'', accepted the allegations as true, and arrested the alleged conspirators.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=320}}

When Jalal-ud-Din returned to Delhi, the alleged conspirators were brought before him, and pleaded not guilty. The orthodox Muslim ''[[ulama]]'', who were unable to present any concrete evidence against the accused, suggested a [[Trial by ordeal#By fire|trial by fire]]. When Jalal-ud-Din was convinced that the accused were guilty, he ordered the Hindu conspirators Hathya and Niranjan to be executed. He then banished Qazi Jalal Kashani and the Balban-era officers who followed Sidi Maula. Next, Jalal-ud-Din turned to Sidi Maula, and lost his composure when Sidi Maula repeatedly denied his involvement in the conspiracy.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=320}} An annoyed Jalal-ud-Din asked a group of ''[[Qalandariyya|qalandar]]s'' to knife Sidi Maula. Arkali Khan later had the wounded Sidi Maula crushed under the feet of an elephant.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=321}}

Sidi Maula's execution was followed by a severe [[dust storm]], and a [[drought]] resulting from the failure of seasonal rains. These conditions resulted in a severe [[famine]], during which the prices of foodgrains became exorbitant, and a number of people committed suicide by jumping into the [[Yamuna River]].{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=143}} Sidi Maula's admirers considered these unfortunate events as proof of his innocence.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=321}}

== Ali Gurshasp's conspiracy ==

After deposing Malik Chajju, Jalal-ud-din had appointed his nephew Ali Gurshasp (later Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]]) as the governor of Kara (on the banks of Ganges, 69 km west of the city of Allahabad in present Kaushambi district in Uttar Pradesh). Ali's father had died when he was young, and Jalal-ud-din had brought him and his brother Almas Beg (later [[Ulugh Khan]]) up. Jalal-ud-din had also married his daughters to Ali and Almas. Ali's domestic life was miserable, as he was not on good terms with his wife and his mother-in-law, and he wanted to end his dependence on Jalal-ud-din's family. At Kara, the former supporters of Malik Chajju instigated him to overthrow Jalal-ud-din.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=321}}

To raise money for a coup against Jalal-ud-din, Ali [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa|raided Bhilsa in 1293]]. Bhilsa was a temple town in the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]], which had already been weakened by [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]], [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]], and [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] invasions.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=321}} As a result of this raid, he obtained a large number of cattle and precious metals.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=322}} During his stay in Bhilsa, he learned about the immense wealth of the southern Yadava kingdom, as well as the routes leading to their capital [[Devagiri]] (present-day Daulatabad in Maharashtra). He shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalal-ud-din to win the Sultan's confidence, but withheld the information on the Yadava kingdom. Pleased with the loot, Jalal-ud-din gave Ali the office of ''Ariz-i Mamalik'', which was once held by Ali's father. He also granted Ali the governorship of [[Awadh]] in addition to that of [[Kara-Manikpur]]. He also granted Ali's request to use the surplus revenue for enlisting additional troops to raid the other wealthy but weakly-defended territories beyond Chanderi.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=322}}

Over the next few years, Ali secretly planned a [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raid on Devagiri]]. In 1296, he set out for Devagiri with an 8,000-strong cavalry. He left the administration of Kara to Alaul Mulk, who misled Jalal-ud-din's administration in Delhi about Ali's real destination.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=322}} At Devagiri, Ali collected a large amount of wealth.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=323}} When Jalal-ud-din heard about Ali's success at Devagiri, he was pleased at the prospect of a vast treasure coming to him. He moved to [[Gwalior]], hoping that Ali would come there to meet him en route to Kara. However, Ali marched directly towards Kara. Jalal-ud-din's councillors, such as Ahmad Chap, advised him to intercept Ali at Kara, but Jalal-ud-din trusted his nephew, and returned to Delhi. In Delhi, Ali's brother Almas Beg assured the Sultan of Ali's loyalty.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=323}}

After reaching Kara, Ali sent Jalal-ud-din a detailed report on the raid, and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Jalal-ud-din's mind against him. He asked for a signed letter of pardon, which Jalal-ud-din dispatched immediately. At Kara, Jalal-ud-din's messengers were astonished when they learned about Ali's military strength and his plans to dethrone Jalal-ud-din. Ali detained them, and prevented them from communicating with Delhi.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=323}} Meanwhile, Almas Beg convinced Jalal-ud-din that Ali always carried poison in his handkerchief and would commit suicide out of guilt, if not personally pardoned by Jalal-ud-din. A gullible Jalal-ud-din, concerned about his beloved nephew, asked Almas to visit Kara and dissuade Ali from committing suicide, promising to visit Kara himself shortly after.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=324}}

== Assassination ==
[[File:The Execution of Jalal-al-Din Firuzshah II (r1290-96), Jami al-Tawarikh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|The Execution of Jalal-ud-Din Khalji (r 1290-96), with the usurper [[Alauddin Khalji]] enthroned. ''[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]'' (1314 painting).]]
In July 1296, Jalal-ud-din marched to Kara with a large army to meet Ali during the holy month of [[Ramadan|Ramzan]]. He directed his commander Ahmad Chap to take the major part of the army to Kara by land, while he himself journeyed down the [[Ganges River]] with 1,000 soldiers. When Jalal-ud-din's entourage came close to Kara, Ali sent Almas Beg to meet him. Almas Beg convinced Jalal-ud-din to leave behind his soldiers, saying that their presence would frighten Ali into committing suicide. Jalal-ud-din boarded a boat with a few of his companions, who were made to unbuckle their weapons. As they rode the boat, they saw Ali's armed troops stationed along the riverbank.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=324}} Almas told them that these troops had been summoned to accord a worthy reception to Jalal-ud-din.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=145}} Jalal-ud-din complained about Ali's lack of courtesy in not coming to greet him at this point.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=324}} However, Almas convinced him of Ali's loyalty by saying that Ali was busy arranging a presentation of the loot from Devagiri and a feast for him.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=145}}

Satisfied by this explanation, Jalal-ud-din continued his journey to Kara, reciting [[Quran]] on the boat. When he landed at Kara, Ali's retinue greeted him, and Ali ceremoniously threw himself at his feet. Jalal-ud-din lovingly raised Ali, gave him a kiss on cheek, and chided him for doubting his uncle's affection.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=324}} At this point, Ali signaled his follower Muhammad Salim, who struck Jalal-ud-din with his sword twice.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=145}} Jalal-ud-din survived the first blow, and ran towards his boat, but the second blow killed him. Ali raised the royal canopy over his head, and proclaimed himself the new Sultan.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=324}} Jalal-ud-din's head was put on a spear and paraded across Ali's provinces of Kara-Manikpur and Awadh.{{sfn|A. L. Srivastava|1966|p=145}} His companions on the boat were also killed, and Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=325}}

According to the contemporary writer [[Amir Khusrau]], Ali ascended the throne (as [[Alauddin Khalji]]) on 19 July 1296 (16 Ramazan 695). The later writer [[Ziauddin Barani]] dates Jalal-ud-din's death and Ali's ascension to 20 July 1296, but Amir Khusrau is more reliable.{{sfn|A. B. M. Habibullah|1992|p=324}}

== Cultural activities ==

Jalal-ud-din's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] wrote ''Miftah al-Futuh'' (1291) to commemorate his victories.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=50}}

==In popular culture==
*Jalal-ud-din is portrayed by [[Raza Murad]] in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s epic film ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jain|first1=Arushi|title=Padmavati: Raza Murad shares his character poster, deletes it later|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padmavati-raza-murad-shares-his-character-poster-deletes-it-later-ranveer-singh-4873610/|access-date=14 October 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=4 October 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. B. M. Habibullah |chapter=The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor1-link=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |editor2-link=K. A. Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=A. L. Srivastava |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D. |edition=Second |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=607636383 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=S. Roy |chapter=The Khaljī Dynasty |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |edition=Second |year=1967 |orig-year=1960 |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=634843951 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sunil Kumar |chapter=The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107034280 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalji, Jalal Ud Din Firuz}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Khalji dynasty|Jalal-ud-din]]
[[Category:1296 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:13th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]

Vivek Agrawal

2026-01-08T01:11:39Z

Nayeem:

{{short description|Indian film producer}}{{For|the judge of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh with a similar name|Vivek Agarwal (judge)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek B. Agrawal
| birth_name = Vivek Bajrang Agrawal
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Film director|screenwriter|producer}}
| yearsactive = 1994{{endash}}present
}}
'''Vivek B. Agrawal''' (born 3 April 1974) is an Indian film producer, screenwriter, and film director who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. His productions include the English-language feature film ''[[Land Gold Women]]'' (2011), which won the [[National Film Award for Best English Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]].<ref>{{cite news |title= From Bollywood to Birmingham |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7548509.stm | work=BBC News | date=8 August 2008}}</ref> Agrawal's production credits span multiple successful films, including [[Queen (2013 film)|''Queen'']] (2014), ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015), [[Udta Punjab|''Udta'' ''Punjab'']] (2016), [[Super 30 (film)|''Super 30'']] (2019), [[83 (film)|''83'']] (2021), ''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl On the Train]]'' (2021), and ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]'' (2022).

Agrawal also produced the first Indian [[Netflix Original]] series [[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games'']] (2018), where he supervised all eight episodes of the first season. In addition to producing, Agarwal directed the Hindi feature film ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'', starring [[Arjun Rampal]].

==Early life and career==
Vivek Agrawal was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} At the age of 15, Agarwal developed interest in filmmaking. After completing a bachelor's degree in accounting and finance management, he left a master's program in economics and finance to work in the film industry as a [[production assistant]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I7jYK7iJqg |title=What goes into making a good film in India? With Bollywood producer Vivek Agrawal {{!}} TBCY |date=2021-07-16 |last=The Brand Called You |access-date=2024-06-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Agarwal served as the head of [[Phantom Films]] from 2011 to 2019 and later led production at [[Reliance Entertainment]]. During this time, he oversaw the development and production of over 30 films and web series.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==''Land Gold Women''==
Agarwal co-produced ''Land Gold Women'' through A Richer Lens Entertainment Private Limited, a [[production company]] he co-founded with his wife, Avantika Hari Agrawal. Avantika Hari directed and wrote the film, which addresses the issue of [[Honor killing|honor-based violence]]. ''Land Gold Women'' was released in India alongside the Movement to End Honour Violence, a campaign organized by A Richer Lens.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film looks at 'honour killings' |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7548653.stm|date= 8 August 2008 | work=BBC News}}</ref> The company maintains offices in [[Mumbai]], [[Dubai]], and [[London]], Agarwal serving as its CEO.

'''Awards and Recognition'''

''[[Land Gold Women]]'' received multiple accolades, including:
* '''National Film Award''' (2010) for Best Feature Film in English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=B. O. C. |date=2010-01-26 |title=Land Gold Women wins National Award for Best English Film |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/land-gold-women-wins-national-award-for-best-english-film/30338 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Business Of Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sandy |date=2019-03-16 |title=Vivek Agrawal – Film producer of ‘Land Gold Women’ fame - My Words & Thoughts |url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/vivek-agrawal-film-producer-of-land-gold-women-fame/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Purple Orchid Award''' for Best Film from the Foreign Correspondents Association.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Best Script/Screenplay''' (Avantika Hari) at the [[Asian Festival of First Films]] (2009).
* '''Royal Reel Award''' for Excellence in Filmmaking at the [[Canada International Film Festival]] (2010).<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada International Film Festival |url=http://canadafilmfestival.com/Festival/FilmSchedule/tabid/328/Default.aspx |publisher=[[Royal Reel]] |date=January 28, 2010 |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103184133/http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/Festival/FilmSchedule/tabid/328/Default.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* '''Best of Show Award''' at The Indie Fest, USA.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* '''Best Film (Runner-up)''' at the ReelHeART International Film Festival in Toronto.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* '''Best Actor''' (Narinder Samra) and '''Best Cinematography''' (David Rom) at the ReelHeART International Film Festival.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The film premiered in the [[International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama]] section of the International Film Festival of Goa in 2009. It also received nominations for its soundtrack and for Best UK Feature (Avantika Hari Agrawal) at the [[East End Film Festival]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Producer
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Moksha: Salvation]]''
|{{partial|Associate}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]''
|{{partial|Assistant}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2006
|''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Victory (2009 film)|Victory]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|''[[Land Gold Women]]''
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2012
|''[[London, Paris, New York]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2013
|''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Associate}}
|
|-
|''Meridian Lines''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Associate}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Associate}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Associate}}
|
|-
|''[[Udta Punjab]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Associate}}
|
|-
|''[[Wrong Side Raju]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Associate}}
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail|Commando 2]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Associate}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[High Jack (film)|High Jack]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|[[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games'']]
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Executive}}
|Television series
|-
|2019
|''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Ghoomketu]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga|Sherdill]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
|
|-
|''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]''
|{{No}}
|{{partial|Co-Producer}}
| Co-produced with [[S. Sashikanth]], [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]], [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]], [[Neeraj Pandey]]
|-
|''[[Code Name: Tiranga]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Aabeer Gulaal]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|[[Section 84]]}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://in.linkedin.com/in/vivek-bajrang-agrawal-a7936548/ Vivek Bajrang Agrawal]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Vivek}}
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Jolly Abraham

2026-01-08T00:13:46Z

Nayeem: updated page

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jolly Abraham
| native_name =
| image = Jollee Abraham.JPG
| caption = Jolly Abraham in 2009
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Singer, actor
| years_active = 1973–1996
| label = Audiotracs
| website = http://jolleeabraham.com/
}}
'''Jolly Abraham''', also known as '''Jollee Abraham''', is an Indian [[gospel singer]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/jolleeabraham.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527013949/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/jolleeabraham.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 May 2011|title = Jollee Abraham - Profile | Lakshman Sruthi - 100% Manual Orchestra |}}</ref> and film singer in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=584|title = Jolly Abraham}}</ref>

== Career and Personal Life ==
Abraham sang more than 100 Malayalam movie songs during the 1970s and 1980s. His debut song was for ''Chattambikalyani'' in 1973. He was born in [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]], [[Eranakulam]], and is a graduate in BSc Botany from Sacred Heart College [[Thevara]], [[Kochi]]. He has also sung a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] movie songs. Married with two children, he lives in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=singers&artist=Jolly%20Abraham|title=Profile of Malayalam Singer Jolly%20Abraham}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==

===As an actor===
* ''Aakramanam'' (1981)
* ''[[Kilinjalgal]]'' (1981) (Tamil movie)
* ''[[Aattuvanchi Ulanjappol]]'' (1984)

===As a singer===

* Kaattinkaravaal ... '''Kunjikkaikal'' (1974)
* Ushassinte Radhathil ... ''Kunjikkaikal'' (1974)
* Pandoru Mukkuvan ... ''Kunjikkaikal'' (1974)
* Jayikkaanaay Janichavan ... ''[[Chattambikkalyaani]]'' (1975)
* Bhagavadgeethayum Sathyageetham ... ''[[Omanakkunju]]'' (1975)
* Rajanigandhi ... ''[[Panchami (film)|Panchami]]'' (1976)
* Maanam Potti Veenu ... ''[[Paarijatham (1976 film)|Paarijaatham]]'' (1976)
* Govinda naama Sankeerthanam ... ''Thuruppugulan''
* Sahyaachalathile ... ''[[Penpuli]]'' (1977)
* Maamalayile Poomaram ... ''[[Aparaadhi]]'' (1977)
* Kaapaalikare ... ''[[Rathimanmadhan]]'' (1977)
* Eenam Paadithalarnnallo ... ''[[Sneham (1977 film)|Sneham]]'' (1977)
* Enikkippol Paadanam ... ''[[Madhuraswapnam]]'' (1977)
* Pidichaal Pulinkombil ... ''[[Madhuraswapnam]]'' (1977)
* Ankavaalillatha ... ''[[Pattalaam Jaanaki]]'' (1977)
* Ambalappuzha Paalppaayasam ... ''[[Parivarthanam]]'' (1977)
* Swapna Bhoovil Vellikkudakkeezhe ... "[[Daaliya Pookkal]]" (1980)
*Singing Christian songs from 1995
* Adada Angu from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Mayabazaar 1995]]'' (1995)
*Oru Chinna manikkuyilu from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Katta Panchayathu]]'' (1996)
*Nadigai Paarkum Naatagam from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Oru Nadigai Natakam Parkiral]]'' (1978)
*Onnonnanam Kunnathu from the Malayalam Movie ... ''[[Chanchattam (1991 film)|Chanchattam]]'' (1991)
*Manjhinte from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Nirvrithi]]'' (2003)
*Varika nee vasanthame from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Pambaram]]'' (1979)
*Annushasukal from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Aadipaapam]]'' (1989)
*Doore Neelavaanam from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Oormakale Vida Tharu]]'' (1980)
*Indulekha Maranju from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Avivahitharude Swargam]]'' (1979)
*Annushasukal from the Malayalam movie ... '' [[Aadipaapam]]'' (1979)
*Nazhikakal Than from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Seetha (1980 film)|Seetha]]''
*Varika nee vasanthame from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Pambaram]]''
*Shantha Rathri Thiru rathri from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Thuramukham]]'' (1979)
*Viswamohini from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Madhurikkunna Raathri]]'' (1978)
*Anthikkadappurathoru from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Chamayam (1993 film)|Chamayam]]''
*Dheemtha Thakka from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Guruvayur Kesavan (film)|Guruvayur Kesavan]]''
*AMBALAPPUZHA PAALPPAAYASAM from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Parivarthanam]]'' (1977)
*Maanishaada from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Arangum Aniyarayum]]'' (1980)
*Yaa Habbi from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Manithali]]'' (1984)
*Innathe Pulariyil from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Agni Vyooham]]'' (1979)
*Kwaja Sheikhin Maqbaraa from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Maniyara]]'' (1983)
*Allah Allah from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Indradhanussu]]'' (1979)
*Innuma polladha vetkam from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Thiruppangal]]'' (1981)
*Mangai Endral Vanam Kooda Irangum from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Iraivan Kodutha Varam]]'' (1978)
*Vala kilukkam Kelkkanallo from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Sphodanam]]'' (1981)
*Ponnurukki Poomalayil from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Penn Simham]]'' (1986)
*Aakaasha Swapnamo from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Penn Simham]]'' (1986)
*Bhagavadhgeethayum from the Malayalam ... ''[[Omanakkunju]]'' (1975)
*Aalinganathin from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Iniyathra]]'' (1979)
*Kaliyugamoru from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Sathrusamhaaram]]'' (1978)
*Makarasankramaraathriyil from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Kaumarapraayam]]'' (1979)
*Kaaveri Nadikkarayil Valarnna Kanyakayo from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Kaumarapraayam]]'' (1979)
*Makarasankramaraathriyil from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Kaumarapraayam]]'' (1979)
*Aalolalochanakal from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Vellayani Paramu]]'' (1979)
*Reena Meena - Manmathan Ratchikanum from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' (1980)
*Enne Njan marannu from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Naayattu]]'' (1980)
*Gomedakam from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Himam]]'' (1983)
*Vilambuvaan Thulumbumee from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Himam]]'' (1983)
*Ezhu Swarangal from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Samudram (film)|Samudram]]'' (1977)
*Sahyaachalathile from the Malayalam movie ... ''[[Penpuli]]'' (1977)
*Malai Raani Mundhaanai from the Tamil movie ...''[[Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi]]'' (1979)
*Gangai karaiyil from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Geetha Oru Shenbagapoo]]'' (1980)
*Oduvathu Azhagu Ratham Theduvathu Puthiya Mugam from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Deiveega Raagangal]]'' (1980)
*Thangaali Bees from the Kannada movie ...''[[onde raktha]]'' (1984)
*Odum Thira Onnam Thira from the Malayalam movie ...''[[Aakkramanam]]'' (1981)
*Manmadan from the Tamil movie ... ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' (1980)
*Adiyenai paaramma pidivaatham yenamma vanakkathirkuria kaathaliye from Tamil movie ''[[Vanakkathirkuria Kaathaliye]]''
*Oru Chinna Manikkuyilu Sindhu Padikkuthadi from Tamil movie ''[[Katta Panchaayathu]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2132103}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170910111447/http://jolleeabraham.com/ Website Jolly Abraham]
{{Subject bar
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|d-search =
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|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Jollee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian gospel singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}
{{India-musician-stub}}

G. A. K. Lohani

2026-01-05T13:05:28Z

Nayeem: Adding post.

{{short description|Bangladeshi communist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name= G. A. K. Lohani
|native_name=গোলাম আম্বিয়া খান লোহানী
|native_name_lang=bn
|birth_date = {{birth date|1892|12|2|df=y}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1938|09|17|1892|12|2|df=y}}
|image=GAK_Lohani.jpg
|caption= [[NKVD]] mugshot of Lohani in 1938
|birth_place= [[Sirajganj]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])
|death_place= [[Kommunarka shooting ground]], [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]]
|organization= [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], [[Communist International]], [[Krestintern]], [[International Red Aid]]
|relatives= {{ubl|[[Fazle Lohani]] (nephew)|[[Fateh Lohani]] (nephew)|[[Husna Banu Khanam]] (niece)}}
}}

'''Ghulam Ambia Khan Lohani''' (2 December 1892 – 17 September 1938), stylized as '''G. A. K. Lohani''', or '''Luhani''', was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] revolutionary, journalist and professor from modern-day [[Bangladesh]] who struggled against [[British Raj]].

During 1914–1925, Lohani lived in Europe, where he studied law and then became active in the local [[labor movement]] and [[Indian independence movement]]. Inspired by Russia's 1917 [[October Revolution]], he attended the 1921 [[3rd World Congress of the Communist International]] where he corresponded with [[Vladimir Lenin]]. In 1925, he moved permanently to the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], where he worked as a translator, researcher and professor, authoring numerous articles on [[South Asia]]n society and revolutionary strategy.<ref name="vasilkov">{{cite book|last1=Vasilkov|first1=Ya. V.|last2=Sorokina|first2=M. Yu.|date=2003|title=Люди и судьбы. Биобиблиографический словарь востоковедов - жертв политического террора в советский период (1917-1991)|trans-title=People and Fates. Biobibliographic Dictionary of Orientalists - Victims of Political Terror in the Soviet Period (1917-1991)|url=http://memory.pvost.org/pages/lohani.html|language=Russian|publisher=Петербургское Востоковедение / Petersburg Vostokovdenie|isbn=5-85803-225-7|page=496}}</ref>

In 1938, during the [[Great Purge]], Lohani was arrested and executed by the [[NKVD]] on false charges of espionage. He was posthumously [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] (found innocent) in 1957.<ref name="vasilkov"/>

==Biography==

===Early life===
Ghulam Ambia Khan Lohani was born into a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] [[Pashtun diaspora#Bangladesh and Sri Lanka|''Khan Pathan'']] family descended from the ''[[Lohani]]'' tribe in [[Sirajganj]], then part of the [[Pabna District]] of modern-day [[Bangladesh]]. His mother's name was Syeda Sirajunnesa and his father Ghulam Azam Khan Lohani was a lawyer. He was nicknamed "Maju" and had two younger brothers.<ref name="rahman">{{cite web|url=https://bangalianaa.com/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80/|title=গোলাম আম্বিয়া খান লোহানী: এক অজানা বিপ্লবীর কাহিনী|trans-title=Golam Ambia Khan Lohani: The story of an unknown revolutionary|last=Rahman|first=Matiur|date=2 December 2019|website=Bangalianaa|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Lohani studied at [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], the predecessor of today's [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="basu">{{cite book|last=Basu|first=Jyoti|date=1997|title=Documents Of The History Of The Communist Movement In India, Volume One 1917-1928|location=Calcutta|publisher=National Book Agency|page=98|isbn=8176260002}}</ref>

===Studies in Europe===
[[File:GAK Lohani auto.jpg|thumb|upright|Autographed portrait of Lohani from 17 July 1914]]

In 1914, Lohani moved to [[London]] to study law.<ref name="roy">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=M. N.|date=1984|title=M. N. Roy's Memoirs|location=Delhi|publisher=Ajanta Publications|pages=482|isbn=0836412966}}
</ref> According to [[Bhupendranath Datta]], he lived a "fast life" there and married a French woman.<ref name="basu"/> In 1916, he was listed as a member of the [[British Committee of the Indian National Congress]].<ref name="bcinc">{{cite book|last=Indian National Congress|first=British Committee|date=1916|title=India, Volume 46|publisher=University of Chicago|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3I-AQAAMAAJ&q=lohani}}</ref> In 1917, he wrote to the widowed Lady Juliet Duff: "I seldom hear from you these days. The post is as barren as a wilderness. Yours truly, GAK Luhani."<ref name="baring">{{cite book|last=Baring|first=Maurice|date=1981|title=Dear Animated Bust: Letters to Lady Juliet Duff, France, 1915-1918|publisher=Michael Russell|page=142|isbn=9780859550864}}</ref> From 1917–1920, Lohani was active in the labor and socialist movements and unaffiliated to any party. During this time he was a paid campaigner for the [[Liberty (advocacy group)|National Council for Civil Liberties]].<ref name="rahman"/>

Lohani was inspired by the 1917 [[October Revolution]] and became active in the [[Hands Off Russia]] movement.<ref name="rahman"/> Speaking at a 1919 London conference demanding the withdrawal of British troops from Russia, he was billed as a member of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]].<ref name="gleanings">{{cite news|title=British Bolshevists: Conference of Rebels in London|newspaper=The Times|date=18 January 1919|page=10}}</ref> The anti-socialist [[British Empire Union]] wrote a letter to the [[Home Office]] dated 15 January 1919, warning them about this event due to its organizers' links with [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky]], and [[Rosa Luxemburg]], the presence of activists like [[Sylvia Pankhurst]], and an alleged connection between Lohani and "the Chicago trials".<ref name="gidley">{{cite thesis|last=Gidley|first=Ben Peter|date=2003|title=Citizenship and Belonging: East London Jewish Radicals 1903-1918|publisher=Goldsmiths College, University of London|url=https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/11852/1/419861.pdf|access-date=20 November 2020|page=64}}</ref> The letter concluded by suggesting Lohani's deportation: "Surely such men as Luhani can be deported. we [sic] do not want the scum of the earth in this country."<ref name="gidley 1">Gidley, p. 65</ref>

In 1919, Lohani was also organizing [[lascar]]s in London into the Workers' Welfare League of India led by [[Shapurji Saklatvala]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Glynn|first=Sarah|date=May 2016|title=Class, ethnicity and religion in the Bengali East End: A political history|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=93|isbn=9781847799586}}</ref><ref name="adhikari vol2">{{cite book|last=Adhikari|first=Gangadhar|date=1974|title=Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India, Volume Two 1923-1925|location=New Delhi|publisher=People's Publishing House|page= 75|asin=B0006C3POU}}</ref> Datta wrote that Lohani was introduced to [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] ("Chatto") in Berlin, by the latter's sister [[Sarojini Naidu]].<ref name="basu"/> They worked together during and after World War I.<ref name="barooah">{{cite book|last=Barooah|first=Nirode K.|date=2004|title=Chatto, the life and times of an Indian anti-imperialist in Europe|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=326|isbn=9780195665475}}</ref>

===Third Comintern Congress (1921)===

====Visit to Moscow====
In May 1921, following discussions between the Soviet government and remnants of the [[Berlin Committee|Berlin-based Indian Independence Committee]],<ref name="basu 89">Basu, p. 89</ref> Lohani visited [[Moscow]] alongside fellow independence fighters Chatto, [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]], [[Bhupendranath Datta]], Nalini Gupta, Abdul Hasan, and [[Agnes Smedley]], to take part in the [[3rd World Congress of the Communist International|Third Comintern Congress]] as representatives of India.<ref name="persits">{{cite book|last=Persits|first=M. A.|date=1983|title=Revolutionaries of India in Soviet Russia: Mainsprings of the Communist Movement in the East|location=Moscow|publisher=Progress Publishers|page=258|asin=B0000D5UK0}}</ref> The name "India" at the time referred to the [[British Raj]], a colonial state which included [[India|modern-day India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]].

===="Thesis on India and the World Revolution"====
Alongside Chatto and Khankhoje, Lohani challenged the "left" communist line of the existing [[Communist Party of India]] (founded in [[Tashkent]] in 1920 by [[M. N. Roy]], [[Abani Mukherji]], and [[M. P. T. Acharya]]) by publishing a 14-page document, "Thesis on India and the World Revolution", which they sent to Lenin and the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International|ECCI]] on 7 July 1921, and presented to the Oriental Commission of the Third Congress. Roy claimed that Lohani wrote the document.<ref name="roy 482"/> According to Chatto's biographer Nirode K. Barooah, the document strongly bears Chatto's writing style, but it was Lohani who read the document out loud to the commission.<ref name="barooah 174">Barooah, p. 174</ref>

The thesis (or "theses") opened by asserting that out of all of Asia and Africa, British India had the most importance for the world revolution. However, the authors also cautioned against excessive enthusiasm.<ref name="barooah 163">Barooah, p. 163</ref>

The first part began with a detailed analysis of the [[South Asia]]n social and political situation. The [[proletariat]] of British India was described as overlapping with the peasantry due to seasonal employment. The working class represented at maximum 5 million out of 315 million, poorly organized with low class consciousness, and sharply divided by "vertical lines" of caste and religion.<ref name="barooah 163-4">Barooah, pp. 163-4</ref> They blamed [[Deindustrialisation in India|India's underdevelopment]] on the "imperial policy of England to keep India in an industrially backward condition".<ref name="barooah 164">Barooah, p. 164</ref>

The second part called for an anti-imperialist united front with nationalist groups,<ref name="persits 262">Persits, p. 262</ref> arguing that national liberation was a necessary first step toward proletarian class consciousness.<ref name="barooah 164"/> The overthrow of British imperialism would be followed immediately by socialist revolution.<ref name="persits 263">Persits, p. 263</ref>

The final part of the document targeted British imperialism, "more than any other bourgeois coalition in existence today" as the main "menace" to Soviet Russia and world communism.<ref name="barooah 166">Barooah, p. 166</ref> Lohani, Chatto, and Khankoje further alleged that the British proletariat could not be trusted to support their revolution.<ref name="persits 264">Persits, p. 264</ref> They pointed to the weakness of the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]], which they explained by the presence of a large "[[Labor aristocracy|Labour Aristocracy]]" within the British working class, complicit in the imperialist system and unwilling to oppose colonial exploitation.<ref name="barooah 165">Barooah, p. 165</ref>

====Opposition to Tashkent CPI====
The thesis had indirectly undermined the existing authority of Roy and the "Tashkent" CPI by calling for a new propaganda organization to recruit advanced workers in British India.<ref name="persits 261">Persits, p. 261</ref> Speaking in defense of the thesis, Lohani went further and called the CPI a "bogus party", demanding it be disaffiliated from the Comintern and a new organization formed to replace it.<ref name="adhikari vol1">{{cite book|last=Adhikari|first=Gangadhar|date=1972|title=Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India, Volume One 1917-1922|location=New Delhi|publisher=People's Publishing House|page=256|asin=B0006C3POU}}</ref> Ironically, [[Muzaffar Ahmad]] later cited Lohani's indirect admission of the CPI's Comintern affiliation as proof of the party's legitimacy.<ref name="ahmad">{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Muzaffar|translator-last=Sinha|translator-first=Prabhas Kumar|date=1970|title=Myself and the Communist Party of India, 1920-1929|location=Calcutta|publisher=National Book Agency|page=60|asin=B0042LW4IY}}</ref>

On 4 August 1921, Chatto and Lohani elaborated their criticisms in a follow-up document, "Memorandum to the Indian Commission to the Comintern".<ref name="persits 261"/> They also requested to meet with Lenin personally to present their case.<ref name="rahman"/> The memorandum insisted that the CPI had been founded prematurely by Europe-based expatriates and dubious communists,<ref name="persits 261"/> and reiterated the demand for a propaganda organization on the ground as the prelude to forming a real party.<ref name="barooah 166"/> Roy later remarked, "it was evident from their behaviour that they wanted to challenge my right to represent the Indian revolutionary movement".<ref name="roy 489-90">Roy, Memoirs, pp. 489-90</ref>

====Message from Lenin====
Lenin responded in a letter to Lohani, Chatto, and Khankhoje, as recalled by Chatto and recorded by his widow L. E. Karunovskaya: "I have read your Theses with great interest. But why the new theses? I shall soon talk with you about that."<ref name="persits 264"/>

According to Datta,<ref name="basu 101">Basu, p. 101</ref> Lenin's response was more sympathetic: "I have read your theses. I agree with you. British imperialism must be destroyed. When I can meet you, will be communicated to you by my secretary. P.S.: Please excuse my incorrect English."<ref name="adhikari vol1 255">Adhikari, Volume One, p. 255</ref>

Chatto stated that he lost the original copy of Lenin's letter.<ref name="barooah 175">Barooah, p. 175</ref> The register of Lenin's outgoing letters at the [[Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute]] lists a "No. 501" dated 8 July 1921, in English, addressed to Lohani, Chatto and Khankoje, but the letter is missing.<ref name="manian">{{cite book|last1=Manian|first1=Ilasai|last2=Rajesh|first2=V.|date=2020|title=The Russian Revolution and India|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=9781000264562}}</ref>

It is disputed whether the hoped-for meeting with Lenin ever took place. Roy claimed that Lenin received them in person (minus Lohani who was not considered senior enough), but the Soviet leader refused to commit to anything, and greatly disappointed them.<ref name="roy 482">Roy, Memoirs, p. 482</ref> Datta never mentioned meeting Lenin,<ref name="gupta">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sobhanlal Datta|date=1980|title=Comintern, India and the Colonial Question, 1920-37|location=Calcutta|publisher=KP Bacchi & Company|page=47|isbn=0836414977}}</ref> and in 1934 Chatto said that the meeting with Lenin never happened, because of Roy's scheming.<ref name="barooah 288">Barooah, p. 288</ref>

====End of the visit====
Lohani, Chatto, and Khankhoje were ultimately unsuccessful in winning Comintern support.<ref name="barooah 168">Barooah, p. 168</ref> According to Chatto, the main reason was that Comintern leaders [[Karl Radek]] and [[Bela Kun]] supported Roy, and prevented the Berlin group from meeting Lenin and [[Grigory Zinoviev]].<ref name="barooah 169">Barooah, p. 169</ref> Both sides in the dispute accused each other of working for, or being linked to, imperialist foreign intelligence agencies.<ref name="barooah 170">Barooah, p. 170</ref>

Lohani stayed behind in Moscow longer than the others, working at the Agitprop section at Comintern headquarters.<ref name="drachkovitch">{{cite book|last=Drachkovitch|first=Milorad M.|date=1986|title=Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|page=282|isbn=9780817984038}}</ref> Roy wrote that Lohani later met with him and expressed regret for taking Chatto's side.<ref name="roy 490-1">Roy, Memoirs, pp. 490-1</ref> Roy had a poor opinion of Chatto and Smedley, but stated Lohani was an excellent orator who acted as the Berlin group's main spokesperson and author.<ref name="roy 484-5">Roy, Memoirs, pp. 484-5</ref>

===Return to Western Europe===
From 1921–1925, Lohani moved frequently between France, Germany, and Switzerland, supporting himself as a journalist, translator and language instructor, and remaining politically active. In addition to [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[English language|English]], he spoke [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Hindi]].<ref name="rahman"/> In Paris, Lohani co-founded and edited ''The Masses of India'', a pro-Communist newspaper, and edited it together with Evelyn Trent Roy (wife of M. N. Roy).<ref name="drachkovitch"/> He also worked with the "Comité pro-Hindu" organized by Evelyn Roy and [[Henri Barbusse]].<ref name="rahman"/> In 1922 he published an article praising [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s organizing abilities, and acknowledging some merits of his [[civil disobedience]] tactic for the independence struggle.<ref name="lohani 1922">{{cite journal|last=Lohani|first=G. A. K.|date=18 May 1922|title=Gandhi et l'impérialisme britannique|trans-title=Gandhi and British Imperialism|journal=Le Bulletin Communiste |volume=troisième année|issue=21|pages=411–412|language=fr|url=https://www.marxists.org/francais/luhani/works/1922/03/gandhi.htm}}</ref> On 4 February 1924, Lohani wrote from Paris to his mother, asking for money and complaining of health problems. His marriage was also breaking down.<ref name="rahman"/>

===Life in the USSR===

====Cominternist Academic====
In 1925, Lohani moved to the USSR after the French government revoked his residency permit due to his anti-British activities.<ref name="rahman"/> Living in Moscow as a Comintern operative, Lohani wrote a number of articles on South Asian society and revolutionary strategy. He sided with Roy against [[Eugen Varga]]'s thesis that imperialism was preventing any significant industrialization in British India. Lohani argued that Britain was industrializing its South Asian colony through investment and modernization of production,<ref name="gupta 75-6">Gupta, pp. 75-6</ref> and export of capital there had been a stated goal of the British government since the Indian Industrial Commission of 1916–1918.<ref name="inprecor vol 6 no 33"/> He cited expansion of the iron industry and capitalist transformation of agriculture as evidence that Britain was laying the groundwork for future industrialization, while maintaining that British rule was still incapable of ending feudal exploitation of the peasantry.<ref name="inprecor vol 6 no 12">{{cite journal|last=Lohani|first=G. A. K.|date=11 February 1926|title=Political Organisation of Labour in India|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1926/v06n12-feb-11-1926-Inprecor.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=6|issue=12|pages=172–3|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="inprecor vol 6 no 33">{{cite journal|last=Lohani|first=G. A. K.|date=22 April 1926|title=Agricultural Policy of British Imperialism in India|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1926/v06n33-apr-22-1926-inprecor.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=6|issue=33|pages=511–2|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

In his writings for the Comintern, Lohani repeatedly stated that a revolutionary crisis in British India was approaching, that [[dominion]] status and reform efforts were inadequate bourgeois measures, and only the worker and peasant masses could lead the revolution. In 1927–1928, he praised the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] as vanguard of the masses alongside the CPI.<ref name="inprecor vol 7 no 71">{{cite journal|last=Lohani|first=G. A. K.|date=15 December 1927|title=The British Commission on Constitutional Reform in India|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1927/v07n71-dec-15-1927-Inprecor-op.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=7|issue=71|pages=1621–2|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 6">{{cite journal|last=Lohani|first=G. A. K.|date=2 February 1928|title=The New Phase of the National Revolutionary Struggle in India|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1928/v08n06-feb-02-1928-Inprecor-op.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=8|issue=6|pages=132–3|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> In 1928, he wrote that the 1920–1922 [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] had been a missed opportunity for revolution.<ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 6"/> Praising the strikes and protests against the [[Simon Commission]], Lohani said the proletarian vanguard "spits on your Royal Commission" and instead proposes the slogan of a "Constituent Assembly" representing the entire people.<ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 6"/><ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 8">{{cite journal|last=Lohani|first=G. A. K.|date=16 February 1928|title=The Protest Movement against the Simon Commission in India|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1928/v08n08-feb-16-1928-Inprecor-op.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=8|issue=8|pages=165–6|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> He criticized the [[Indian National Congress]] for trying to contain the anti-Commission protests, and denounced the Congress call for a "National Assembly" as a fraud that would only represent the elite while leading to a treacherous compromise with British imperialism.<ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 8"/> In May 1928, Lohani wrote that labor militancy in India was declining under heavy economic and police pressure.<ref name="post">{{cite book|last=Post|first=Ken|date=July 27, 2016|title=Revolution's Other World: Communism and the Periphery, 1917–39|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|page=129|isbn=9781349258642}}</ref>

In 1926–1927, Lohani contributed to Indologist studies as a researcher of the All-Russian Association of Orientology (VNAV).<ref name="vasilkov"/> During this time he was affiliated with the [[Krestintern|Peasant International]] (Krestintern) led by [[Tomasz Dąbal]], and worked for [[International Red Aid]].<ref name="rahman"/> Lohani taught Bengali at the [[Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies]] and other courses at the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]] and Moscow Workers' University. He worked as a translator for radio broadcasts and written publications,<ref name="vasilkov"/> and acted as the interpreter for [[Motilal Nehru|Motilal]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] when they visited the USSR in 1926.<ref name="rahman"/> In addition to being a member of the Communist Party of India, Lohani joined the Soviet [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] in 1928.<ref name="barooah 326">Barooah, p. 326</ref> At least 8 unpublished reports or articles written by him have been identified in Soviet archives.<ref name="rahman"/>

====Sixth Comintern Congress (1928)====
On 22 May 1928, Roy left the Soviet Union for [[Berlin]], ostensibly to seek medical treatment. He had in fact fallen into disgrace with [[Joseph Stalin]] and fled, never to return. Lohani came under suspicion as Roy's close associate,<ref name="windmiller">{{cite book|last1=Windmiller|first1=Marshall|last2=Overstreet|first2=Gene D.|date=1960|location=Bombay|title=Communism in India|publisher=Perennial Press|page=112}}</ref> and there was pressure to abandon his ideas.<ref name="roy works">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=M. N.|date=2000|title=Selected Works of M. N. Roy, 1927-1932|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=174|isbn=9780195654356}}</ref>

Lohani attended the Sixth Congress of the Comintern (17 July to 2 September 1928) as a delegate from "India".<ref name="adhikari vol1 75">Adhikari, Volume One, p. 75</ref> The Comintern was moving toward the [[Third Period]], a leftist policy of abandoning united fronts (such as the CPI's alliance with the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]]) in favor of immediate preparations for independent revolution.

Lohani came under heavy criticism, beginning with [[Otto Wille Kuusinen]] who attacked his "poetical description of industrialization and decolonization", accusing Lohani of downplaying the revolutionary crisis in British India, and of having illusions in nationalism and reformism.<ref name="gupta 125">Gupta, p. 125</ref><ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 68">{{cite journal|last=Kuusinen|first=Otto Wille|date=4 October 1928|title=The Revolutionary Movement in the Colonies|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1928/v08n68-oct-04-1928-inprecor-op.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=8|issue=68|page=1229|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> Pyotr Abramovich Shubin (representing the USSR) criticized Roy as the true inventor of "decolonization" theory, claiming that Lohani had merely given it a name.<ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 78">{{cite journal|date=8 November 1928|title=Continuation of the Discussion, and Concluding Speeches on the Colonial Questions|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1928/v08n78-nov-08-1928-inprecor-op.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=8|issue=78|pages=1454, 1463–4, 1472|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> Christoph Wurm (representing the ECCI) alleged that Lohani's statements contained a "great danger", in that Lohani falsely believed India was being "decolonized" and already had the appearance of an independent bourgeois state. Wurm also raised suspicions over Lohani's apparent enthusiasm for Indian economic growth.<ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 78"/> The British delegation, itself under attack by Kuusinen, distanced itself from Roy and Lohani by denying any responsibility for their opinions.<ref name="basu 407">Basu, p. 407</ref>

Lohani defended himself by asserting that Kuusinen had made a "complete travesty and misrepresentation" of his and Roy’s positions. Lohani said that he had "nothing whatever to do with the so-called 'decolonization of India' theory" and repeatedly insisted he had only used the term "decolonization" in a provisional way. He argued that the first use of the term "decolonization" was at a special ECCI commission formed in 1927, in which there had been no significant opposition or disagreement. Lohani complained that the current commission, by inaccurately presenting his views, was being "unfair" to delegates of the Congress as well as himself and Roy.<ref name="haithcox">{{cite book|last=Haithcox|first=John Patrick|date=March 8, 2015|title=Communism and Nationalism in India: M.N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920-1939|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=126|isbn=9781400869329}}</ref><ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 78"/> Defending himself again two weeks later, Lohani reiterated that he believed the class struggle in British India was intensifying, the bourgeoisie was counter-revolutionary, and the masses were leading the way. He claimed there was no substantial disagreement between himself and Kuusinen, and that he was mostly in agreement with the views of the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|CPGB]].<ref name="inprecor vol 8 no 81">{{cite journal|date=21 November 1928|title=Declaration of Comrade Luhani|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1928/v08n81-nov-21-1928-inprecor-op.pdf|journal=Inprecor|volume=8|issue=81|page=1529|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

====Final years====
In the wake of the Sixth Congress, some organizations Lohani worked in were shut down. VNAV was dissolved and the Soviet Orientalists were criticized for a "pseudo-Marxist stand".<ref name="sahai-achuthan">{{cite journal|last=Sahai-Achuthan|first=Nisha|date=February 1983|title=Soviet Indologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies: Works on Contemporary India in the Soviet Union|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=42|issue=2|page=325|doi=10.2307/2055117|jstor=2055117|s2cid=155081181}}</ref> [[Krestintern]] was shuttered indefinitely after being attacked as from all sides as "completely inadequate".<ref name="jackson">{{cite journal|last=Jackson, Jr.|first=George D.|date=June 1966|title=The Krestintern and the Peasant as Revolutionary|journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |series=Neue Folge|volume=14|issue=2|pages=227–228}}</ref> The Comintern ordered its activists to abandon the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]],<ref name="rao">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=M. V. S. Koteswara|date=2003|title=Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920-1939|publisher=Prajasakti Book House|page=112|isbn=8186317376}}</ref> which soon collapsed.

At the 10th Enlarged Plenum of the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International|ECCI]] in July 1929, Lohani finally renounced his old views and declared himself in agreement with the new Comintern line.<ref name="haithcox 132">Haithcox, p. 132</ref><ref name="windmiller 140">Windmiller, p. 140</ref> Amidst calls to purge the CPI of "Mensheviks", Lohani denounced the absent Roy as a counter-revolutionary,<ref name="post"/> and "a Nehru", that is "an agent of the reformist national bourgeoisie", albeit one more talented than Nehru himself.<ref name="haithcox 133">Haithcox, p. 133</ref> In a complete reversal from his position the year before, Lohani stated that Britain was preventing British India from industrializing.<ref name="degras">{{cite book|last=Degras|first=Jane Tabrisky|date=1965|title=The Communist International, 1919-1943, Volume 3: 1929-1943|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=21|isbn=0714615560}}</ref> Roy, who was formally expelled from the Comintern later that year, was reputedly shocked by Lohani's capitulation.<ref name="roy works 13">Roy, Works, p. 13</ref>

Lohani was named in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]] as a known communist conspirator active abroad.<ref name="manjar">{{cite thesis|last=Manjar|first=Habib|date=2008|title=Communist Movement and Communal Question in India, 1920-1948|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144526776.pdf|access-date=20 November 2020|page=247}}</ref>

In the 1930 article "Browder vs. Luhani", [[The Militant]], newspaper of the Trotskyist [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)]], mocked [[Earl Browder]]'s Third Period denunciation of the "bourgeois slogan of '[[Constituent Assembly]]'" by noting that "Luhani, the Stalinist who replaced Roy" had called for a Constituent Assembly for British India in 1928.<ref name="militant">{{cite news|title=Browder vs. Luhani|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/themilitant/1930/12jul1930.pdf|location=New York|work=The Militant|page=7|date=12 July 1930|accessdate=21 November 2020|language=English}}</ref>

===Arrest and execution===
On 27 February 1938, during Stalin's [[Great Purge]], Lohani was arrested by the [[NKVD]] on espionage charges. On 17 September 1938, he was executed at the [[Kommunarka shooting ground]]. Lohani was [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] by the [[Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union|Military Collegium]] on 9 July 1957 due to the lack of evidence against him.<ref name="vasilkov"/>

==Publications==

===In English===
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1926/v06n12-feb-11-1926-Inprecor.pdf "Political Organisation of Labour in India", ''Inprecor'', 11 February 1926. Vol. 6, No. 12], pp 172–3
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1926/v06n33-apr-22-1926-inprecor.pdf "Agricultural Policy of British Imperialism in India", ''Inprecor'', 22 April 1926. Vol. 6, No. 33], pp. 511–2
* "India and British Policy towards the USSR", ''Inprecor'', 14 April 1927. Vol. 7, No. 24, p. 495
* "The Indian Nationalist Press and the Anglo-Soviet Rupture", ''Inprecor'', 21 July 1927. Vol. 7, No. 42, p. 933
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1927/v07n71-dec-15-1927-Inprecor-op.pdf "The British Commission on Constitutional Reform in India", ''Inprecor'', 15 December 1927. Vol. 7, No. 71], pp. 1621–2
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1928/v08n06-feb-02-1928-Inprecor-op.pdf "The New Phase of the National Revolutionary Struggle in India", ''Inprecor'', 2 February 1928. Vol. 8, No. 6], pp. 132–3
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/inprecor/1928/v08n08-feb-16-1928-Inprecor-op.pdf "The Protest Movement against the Simon Commission in India", ''Inprecor'', 16 February 1928. Vol 8, No. 8], pp. 165–6
* "The Strike Situation in India", ''Inprecor'', 1928. Vol. 8, No. 29, p. 540

===In French===
* [https://www.marxists.org/francais/luhani/works/1922/03/gandhi.htm "Gandhi et l'impérialisme britannique"] [Gandhi and British imperialism], 18 May 1922. ''Le bulletin communiste'' n° 21 (troisième année)

===In Russian===
* "Положение в Индии" [Situation in India]. ''КИ''. 1926. № 9. С. 50-52
* "Сельскохозяйственная политика британского империализма" [Agricultural policy of British imperialism]. ''Крестинтерн''. 1926. № 3/5. С. 175-177
* "приготовления в Индии" [The danger of war against the USSR and British military preparations in India]. ''Большевик''. 1927. № 21. С. 75-87
* "Индия и британская политика в отношении СССР" [India and British policy towards the USSR]. ''КИ''. 1927. № 16. С. 31-36
* "Развитие политического кризиса в Индии" [Development of the political crisis in India]. ''КИ''. 1928. № 48. С. 19-23
* "Положение в Индии" [Situation in India]. ''КИ''. № 48. С. 33-39; № 49. С. 23-31
* "Новая волна террора в Индии" [A new wave of terror in India]. ''Путь МОПРа''. 1929. № 8. С. 13-14

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohani, G. A. K.}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:National Council for Civil Liberties people]]
[[Category:Soviet rehabilitations]]
[[Category:Great Purge victims from India]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union]]

2024 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2026-01-04T05:06:24Z

Nayeem:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|kkr }}
| season = [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
| coach = [[Chandrakant Pandit]]
| captain = [[Shreyas Iyer]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| image = Tata IPL EDEN 47th Match KKR vs SRH 02.png
| imagesize = 270px
| comp1 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|IPL League]]
| comp1 result = Qualified for Playoffs (Qualifier 1)
| comp2 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|IPL Qualifier 1]]
| comp2 result = Advanced to the Final
| comp3 = [[2024 Indian Premier League final|IPL Final]]
| comp3 result = Champions (3rd title)
| most runs = [[Sunil Narine]] (488)
| most wickets = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (21)
| most catches = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (10)
| most dismissals = [[Phil Salt]] (12)
| prevseason = [[2023 {{IPL Teams 1|kkr }} season|2023]]
| nextseason = [[2025 {{IPL Teams 1|kkr }} season|2025]]
}}
The [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 season]] was the 17th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[{{IPL Teams 1|kkr }}]]. They were one of the ten teams competed in the [[2024 Indian Premier League]]. The Kolkata Knight Riders finished at the 7th place in [[2023 Indian Premier League|previous season]]'s League stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL Points Table {{!}} IPL Standings {{!}} IPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/points-table-standings |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The Kolkata Knight Riders drew an average home attendance of 64,872 in the IPL in 2024.

Ahead of the 2024 season, [[Shreyas Iyer]] returned as the captain after missing out the 2023 season due to back injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title="Kolkata Knight Riders sign Jason Roy to replace Shreyas Iyer for IPL 2023 season" |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket/kolkata-knight-riders-sign-jason-roy-to-replace-shreyas-iyer-for-ipl-2023-season/cid/1927424 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Shreyas Iyer Returns as Captain of KKR, Nitish Rana Named Vice-Captain |url=https://www.kkr.in/news/shreyas-iyer-returns-as-captain-of-kkr-nitish-rana-named-vice-captain |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.kkr.in |language=en}}</ref> After their 9th win on [[2024 Indian Premier League#match60|11 May 2024]], Kolkata became the first team to be qualified for the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Playoffs|Playoffs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKR vs MI Cricket Scorecard, 60th Match at Kolkata, May 11, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-mumbai-indians-60th-match-1426298/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-12 |title=KKR become first team to qualify for IPL 2024 playoffs after MI win |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2024-kkr-vs-mi-kolkata-playoffs-qualification-eden-gardens-2538070-2024-05-12 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> After their abandoned match on [[2024 Indian Premier League#match63|13 May 2024]], Kolkata qualified for the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GT vs KKR Cricket Scorecard, 63rd Match at Ahmedabad, May 13, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/gujarat-titans-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-63rd-match-1426301/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=IPL 2024 points table update: KKR book place in Qualifier 1, GT out of playoffs race after rain abandons their match |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2024-points-table-kkr-gt-qualifier-1-playoffs-9326557/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> They finished the [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]] at the 1st place with 9 wins and 3 losses, garnering 20 points and seeding their place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]].<ref name=pts/>

After defeating [[2024 Sunrisers Hyderabad season|Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]] played on 21 May at [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]], Kolkata became the first team to advance to the [[2024 Indian Premier League final|2024 final]] for the 4th time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKR vs SRH Cricket Scorecard, Qualifier 1 at Ahmedabad, May 21, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-qualifier-1-1426309/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Starc shows the way as KKR blow away Sunrisers to march into IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-qualifier-1-1426309/match-report |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> After defeating [[2024 Sunrisers Hyderabad season|Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League final|final]] played on 26 May at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]], Kolkata won their 3rd IPL title after [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] and [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKR vs SRH Cricket Scorecard, Final at Chennai, May 26, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Dhruva |date=2024-05-26 |title=KKR vs SRH, IPL 2024 Final: Kolkata Knight Riders thumps listless Sunrisers Hyderabad to win third title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2024-final-result-kolkata-knight-riders-beats-sunrisers-hyderabad-wins-third-title-after-10-years-scorecard/article68219328.ece |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sunil Narine]] was named as the "Ultimate Fantasy player of the season" and was awarded with [[Indian rupee|₹]]10 [[lakh]] (US$13,000) cash prize along with a trophy. [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] was named as the "Catch of the season" and was awarded with [[Indian rupee|₹]]10 [[lakh]] (US$13,000) cash prize along with a trophy. [[Sunil Narine]] was also the "Most Valuable Player of the season" (450 points)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2024/playerPoints?stats_type=bowling|title=Indian Premier League 2024 Stats -Most Valuable Player|work=[[Indian Premier League]]|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> and was awarded with [[Indian rupee|₹]]10 [[lakh]] (US$13,000) cash prize along with a trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-05-26 |title=IPL 2024 Final, Presentation Ceremony Full List of Awards: Sunil Narine gets Most Valuable Player of the Season; Virat Kohli wins Orange Cap |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-final-2024-full-list-of-award-winners-presentation-orange-purple-cap-mvp-sixes-fours-catch-emerging-player-fairplay/article68218334.ece |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Squad ==

* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
* Ages are given as of 22 March 2024, the date of the first match played in the competition
{|class="wikitable
|+Squad for the [[2024 Indian Premier League]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Captain
|-
|96||'''[[Shreyas Iyer]]'''||{{cr|India}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|12|6|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[leg break]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 2022 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.5|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
|9||'''[[Manish Pandey]]'''||{{cr|IND}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1989|9|10|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right arm-medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
|20||'''[[Jason Roy]]'''||{{cr|England}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|7|21|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right arm-medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.8|c}} || Overseas; Withdrew{{Efn|name=roy|[[Phil Salt]] replaced [[Jason Roy]], after the latter withdrew due to Personal reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3991/kkr-name-phil-salt-as-replacement-for-jason-roy|title=KKR Name Phil Salt As Replacement For Jason Roy|access-date=6 May 2024| work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>}}
|-
|27||'''[[Nitish Rana]]'''||{{cr|India}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|12|27|df=y}}||Left-handed||Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]
|-
|35||'''[[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]'''||{{cr|India}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|10|12|df=y}}||Left-handed||Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|55|l}} ||
|-
|18||[[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]]||{{cr|India}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2005|06|05|df=y}}||Right-handed||Slow left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox spin]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|28||'''[[Phil Salt]]'''||{{cr|England}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|8|28|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right arm [[off spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas; Replacement;{{Efn|name=roy}} Withdrew{{Efn|name=Salt|[[Phil Salt]] withdrew due to the upcoming [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20WC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Shreyas Iyer, KKR players flock Instagram as Phil Salt leaves IPL for Pakistan series and T20 World Cup |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shreyas-iyer-kkr-players-flock-instagram-as-phil-salt-leaves-ipl-for-pakistan-series-and-t20-world-cup-101715673851838.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|–||'''[[K. S. Bharat]]'''||{{cr|India}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|10|03|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[off spin]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
|21||'''[[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]]'''||{{cr|AFG}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|11|28|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[medium fast]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2023 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|12|| '''[[Andre Russell]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1988|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2014 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12|c}} || Overseas
|-
|74|| '''[[Sunil Narine]]''' || {{cr|WIN}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1988|5|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2012 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c}} || Overseas
|-
|25|| '''[[Venkatesh Iyer]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|12|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|-
|19|| [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] || {{cr|India}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|4|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|50||'''[[Sherfane Rutherford]]'''||{{cr|WIN}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|08|15|df=y}}||Left-handed||Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas
|-
|6||[[Anukul Roy]]||{{cr|India}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|11|30|df=y}}||Left-handed||Slow left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox spin]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2022 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers
|-
|56||'''[[Mitchell Starc]]'''||{{cr|Australia}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|01|30|df=y}}||Left-handed||Left-arm [[fast bowling|fast]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|24.75|c}} || Overseas
|-
|14||[[Vaibhav Arora]]||{{cr|IND}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|12|14|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm fast medium||style="text-align:center;"| 2023 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|60|l}} ||
|-
|–||'''[[Gus Atkinson]]'''||{{cr|ENG}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|01|19|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1|c}} || Overseas; Withdrew{{Efn|name=Atkinson|[[Dushmantha Chameera]] replaced [[Gus Atkinson]], after the latter withdrew due to Workload management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3989/kolkata-knight-riders-name-dushmantha-chameera-as-replacement-for-gus-atkinson|title=Kolkata Knight Riders name Dushmantha Chameera as replacement for Gus Atkinson|access-date=6 May 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>}}
|-
|79||'''[[Dushmantha Chameera]]'''||{{cr|Sri Lanka}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1992|01|11|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas; Replacement{{Efn|name=Atkinson}}
|-
|55||'''[[Chetan Sakariya]]'''||{{cr|IND}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|02|25|df=y}}||Left-handed||Left-arm fast medium||style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
|22||[[Harshit Rana]]||{{cr|India}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|12|22|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast medium]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|45||Sakib Hussain||{{cr|IND}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2004|12|14|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm fast medium||style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers
|-
|–||'''[[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]'''||{{cr|AFG}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|3|28|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[off spin|off break]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas; Withdrew{{Efn|name=Rahman|[[Allah Ghazanfar]] replaced [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]], after the latter withdrew due to Injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=KKR Name Allah Ghazanfar As Replacement For Mujeeb Ur Rahman; Keshav Maharaj Joins RR In Place Of Prasidh Krishna |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4010/kkr-name-allah-ghazanfar-as-replacement-for-mujeeb-ur-rahman-keshav-maharaj-joins-rr-in-place-of-prasidh-krishna |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=IPLT20}}</ref>}}
|-
|05||[[Suyash Sharma]]||{{cr|IND}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2003|5|15|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2023 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|70||'''[[Allah Ghazanfar]]'''||{{cr|AFG}}||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2007|7|15|df=y}}||Right-handed||Right-arm [[off spin|off break]]||style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} || Overseas; Replacement{{Efn|name=Rahman}}
|-
|29|| '''[[Varun Chakravarthy]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1991|8|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|}<section end=squad/>
* Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Knight Riders Squad – Indian Premier League, 2024 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-squad-1413553/series-squads |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|CEO|| [[Venky Mysore]]
|-
|Team manager|| Wayne Bentley
|-
|Head coach|| [[Chandrakant Pandit]]
|-
|Batting coach|| [[Abhishek Nayar]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Bharat Arun]]
|-
|Fielding coach|| [[Ryan ten Doeschate]]
|-
|Mentor|| [[Gautam Gambhir]]
|}

== Sponsors ==
* '''Kit manufacturer''': playR
* '''Main shirt sponsor''': [[Dream11]]
* '''Back shirt sponsor''': [[Balkrishna Industries|BKT]]
* '''Chest branding''': [[Lux Cozi]]

== League stage ==

=== Points table ===
{{2024 Indian Premier League Points table|team={{IPL Teams 2|kkr }}}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression
|create
| W3, W10, W16, L22, W28, L31, W36, L42, W47, W51, W54, W60, N63, N70


| W71, U, W74


|caption=League progression
|teams={{IPL Teams 1|kkr }}
|knockoutType=2
|matchesPerTeam=14
|matchReportArticle=2024 Indian Premier League}}

=== Fixtures and results ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match3}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match10}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match16}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match22}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match28}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match31}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match36}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match42}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match47}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match51}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match54}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match60}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match63}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match70}}

== Playoffs ==

=== Bracket ===
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|bracket}}

=== Qualifier 1 ===
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match71}}

=== Final ===
{{Main|2024 Indian Premier League final}}

{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match74}}

== Statistics ==
{{Hatnote|Top 5 tiers for each category are listed}}

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Innings
!Highest score
|-
!488
|[[Sunil Narine]]
|14
|109
|-
!435
|[[Phil Salt]]
|12
|89[[not out|*]]
|-
!370
|[[Venkatesh Iyer]]
|13
|70
|-
!351
|[[Shreyas Iyer]]
|14
|58[[not out|*]]
|-
!222
|[[Andre Russell]]
|9
|64[[not out|*]]
|}
*Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wickets
!Player
!Matches
!Best bowling
|-
!21
|[[Varun Chakravarthy]]
|14
|3/16
|-
!rowspan=2|19
|[[Harshit Rana]]
|11
|3/24
|-
|[[Andre Russell]]
|13
|3/25
|-
!rowspan=2|17
|[[Sunil Narine]]
|14
|2/22
|-
|[[Mitchell Starc]]
|13
|4/33
|}
*Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.kkr.in/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/kolkata-knight-riders {{IPL Teams 1|kkr }} on IPLT20 Website]

{{{{IPL Teams 1|kkr }} }}
{{2024 Indian Premier League}}



[[Category:2024 Indian Premier League|{{IPL Teams 1|kkr }}]]
[[Category:{{IPL Teams 1|kkr }} seasons]]

2024 Indian general election in Ladakh

2025-12-23T18:36:11Z

Nayeem: Created

{{Short description|2024 Indian election in UT of Ladakh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir
| previous_year = 2019 (Jammu and Kashmir)
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Ladakh
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 20 May 2024
| seats_for_election = Lone Lok Sabha seat from Ladakh
| turnout = 71.82% ({{increase}}0.77%)
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Ladakh
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Ladakh
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Ladakh#Opinion polls
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party1 = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| leader1 = '''[[Mohmad Haneefa]]'''
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = '''[[Ladakh]]'''
| leader_since1 = –
| seats_before1 = –
| seats1 = 1
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote1 = '''65,259'''
| percentage1 = '''48.15%'''
| swing1 = ''New''
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Adv. Tashi Gyalson.jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader3 = [[Tashi Gyalson]]
| alliance3 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat3 = [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| leader_since3 = 2024
| seats_before3 = 1
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 1
| seats3 = 0
| popular_vote3 = 31,505
| percentage3 = 23.58%
| swing3 = {{decrease}}10.36%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader2 = Tsering Namgyal
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| leader_since2 = 2020
| seats_before2 = 0
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}
| popular_vote2 = 37,397
| percentage2 = 27.59%
| swing2 = {{increase}}10.79%
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Ladakh Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Result Map of the 2024 general election in Ladakh
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election3 = 33.94%, 1 seat
| last_election2 = 16.80%, 0 seat
| last_election1 = ''Did not exist''
}}

The '''[[2024 Indian general election]]''' was held in [[Ladakh]] on 20 May 2024 to elect 1 member of the 18th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kargil results make BJP’s bid for Ladakh parliament seat an uphill task in 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kargil-results-make-bjps-bid-for-ladakh-parliament-seat-an-uphill-task-in-2024/article67400136.ece|website=The Hindu|language=en|date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ladakh council election, A warning for the BJP|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20231023-ladakh-council-election-a-warning-for-the-bjp-2448606-2023-10-13|website=India Today|language=en|date=13 October 2023}}</ref> These elections are the first elections to be held in Ladakh after the separating of the territory from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] and granting it a separate [[Union territory]] status.

== Election schedule ==

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
!Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#DB7093|V
|-
!Notification date
|26 April 2024
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|3 May 2024
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|4 May 2024
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|6 May 2024
|-
!Date of poll
|'''20 May 2024'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|}

==Parties and alliances==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Tashi Gyalson]]
|1
|-
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|Tsering Namgyal
|1
|-
|}

==Candidates==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
!1
|[[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Tashi Gyalson]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Tsering Namgyal
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Ladakh (1)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Ladakh}}

== Results ==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|65,259
|47.96%
|''New''
|1
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,397
|27.88%
|{{increase}}10.73%
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|31,956
|23.49%
|{{decrease}}10.36%
|1
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|912
|0.67%
|{{decrease}}0.06%
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!1,35,524
!100%
! -
! 3
! 1
! -
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner
!colspan="7"|Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
|71.82%{{increase}}
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|[[Mohmad Haneefa]]
|65,629
|48.15%
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|Tsering Namgyal
|37,397
|27.59%
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|27,862
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|20.56%
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}


[[Category:Indian general elections in Ladakh]]
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Ladakh]]

Sector 42-43 metro station

2025-12-13T07:06:39Z

Nayeem: minor reworked details to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Metro station in Haryana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:RMRG logo.svg|60px|link=Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] Gurugram Sector 42-43
| type =
| style = Rapid Metro Gurgaon
| image =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.457392|N|77.096895|E|}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = Platform-1 → [[Sector 55–56 metro station|Sector 55–56]] Platform-2 → [[Phase 3 metro station|Phase 3]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2017|04|25}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 V, [[direct current|DC]] via [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SUL
| owned = Haryana Mass Rapid Transport Corporation Limited (HMRTC) <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/rapid-metro |title= Rapid Metro Gurugram}}</ref>
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Rapid Metro Gurgaon|line=1|left=Sector 53-54|right=Phase 1}}
| map_type = India Delhi#India Haryana
| map_size = 300
| map_dot_label = Sector 42-43
| route_map = {{Rapid Metro Gurgaon Line 1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Gurugram Sector 42-43''' is a station of the [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] in [[Haryana]], India. The station was opened to the public on 25 April 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two more Rapid Metro Phase 2 stations made operational in Gurgaon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/two-more-rapid-metro-phase-2-stations-made-operational-in-gurugram/story-3qWj8gjoSjxbjkvGassCpJ.html |accessdate=27 February 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 April 2017}}</ref> It is owned by Haryana Mass Rapid Transport Corporation Limited (HMRTC) and operated by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Delhi MetroRail Corporation(DMRC) {{!}} Official Website |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/rapid-metro |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> Earlier it was operated by Rapid Metro Gurgaon Limited (RMGL).

==Nearby==
[[State Bank of India]], ICICI Bank ATM.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rapid Metro Gurgaon}}
* {{Cite web |title=Rapid Metro Gurgaon |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/rapid-metro |website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation}}
* {{Cite web |title=Rapid Metro Gurgaon |url=http://rapidmetrogurgaon.com/home/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221208/http://rapidmetrogurgaon.com/home/ |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Former website}}

{{Rapid Metro Gurgaon navbox}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]
[[Category:Rapid Metro Gurgaon stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gurgaon district]]

{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Fearless Nadia

2025-11-29T04:53:47Z

Nayeem: Adding new data.

{{Short description|Australian-born Indian actress (1908–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Fearless Nadia in 11 O'Clock (1948).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Fearless Nadia in ''[[11 O'Clock]]'' (1948)
| birthname = Mary Ann Evans
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|1|8}}
| birth_place = [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]], Australia
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|1|9|1908|1|8}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername = Mary Evans Wadia Nadia Wadia
| occupation = Actress, stuntwoman
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Homi Wadia]]|1961}}
| relatives = See [[Wadia family]]
| yearsactive = 1933–1970
}}

'''Mary Ann Evans''' (8 January 1908 – 9 January 1996), also known by her stage name '''Fearless Nadia''', was an Australian-Indian actress and stuntwoman, who worked in [[Indian cinema]]. She is most remembered as the masked, cloaked adventurer in ''[[Hunterwali]]'', released in 1935,<ref name="one">{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/me-wadia.html |title=Mary Evans Wadia, aka Fearless Nadia Biography |work=tifr.res.in |date=21 July 1997 |accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="two">{{cite web |url=http://nfaipune.nic.in/hunterwali.htm |title=Hunterwali Ki Beti(1935) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006100724/http://nfaipune.nic.in/hunterwali.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013 |work=[[NFAI]]}}</ref><ref name="three">{{cite web |url=http://memsaabstory.wordpress.com/2008/01/28/fearless-nadia |title=Profile and images |work=memsaabstory.wordpress.com |date=19 February 2008 |accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref> which was one of the earliest female-led [[Indian films]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Dr. Piyush Roy |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlCwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |title=Bollywood FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Greatest Film Story Never Told |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=7 |isbn=9781493050833}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cinema: Female Interest |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?222111 |date=24 November 2003 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013132250/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?222111 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===
Fearless Nadia was born as Mary Ann Evans on 8 January 1908 in [[Perth]], Western Australia. She was the daughter of Scotsman Herbertt Evans, a volunteer in the [[British Army]], and Margret. They lived in Australia, before coming to India. Mary was one year old when Herbertt's regiment was seconded to [[Bombay]]. Mary came to Bombay in 1913 at the age of five with her father.

In 1915, her father's untimely death at the hands of [[Imperial German Army|Germans]] during [[World War I]] prompted the family's move to [[Peshawar]] (now in [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="zero"/> She learnt horseback riding, hunting, fishing, and shooting during a stay in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]).

During the 1920s, Evans returned to Bombay (now Mumbai) with her mother and a son, Robert Jones, about whom not much is known, and then studied ballet under Madam Astrova.<ref name="one" />

She had earlier tried her hand at a job in the Army & Navy Store in Bombay (Mumbai) as a salesgirl and had at one point wanted to learn "short-hand and typing to get a better job". Astrova's troupe performed for British soldiers at military bases, for Indian royalty, and for other crowd in small towns and villages. She mastered the art of cartwheels and splits, which came in handy later during her film stunts. An Armenian fortune teller had foretold that a successful career lay ahead but she would have to choose a name starting with the letter 'N'. She chose the name Nadia because it was "exotic-sounding".<ref name="zero"/>

===Career===
[[File:Nadia-hunterwali-1935.jpg|150px|thumb|Poster of ''[[Hunterwali]]'' (1935) featuring Fearless Nadia.]]
She toured India as a theatre artist and began working for Zarko Circus in 1930. She was introduced to [[Bollywood|Hindi films]] by [[JBH Wadia|Jamshed "J.B.H." Wadia]] who was the founder of [[Wadia Movietone]], the behemoth of stunts and action in 1930s Bombay. At first, J.B.H. was bemused at Mary's insistence on trying out for the movies, but he took a gamble by giving her a cameo as a slave girl (in a hand-painted colour sequence that accentuated her blonde hair and sparkling blue eyes) in the film ''Desh Deepak'', and then as Princess Parizaad in ''Noor-e-Yaman''. Nadia proved a huge hit with the audience, whereupon, considering her skills at performing circus and other stunts, J.B.H., by then joined by his younger brother [[Homi Wadia|Homi]], chose to develop her into a star.<ref name="zero">{{cite web |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/the-woman-with-a-whip |title=The woman with a Whip |author=Shaikh Ayaz |date=18 November 2012 |publisher=[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]: OPEN |access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> In 1967–68, when she was in her late 50s, she appeared in a James Bond spoof called ''[[Khiladi (1968 film)|Khiladi]]'' (''The Player'').<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wenner, D. |author2=Morrison, R. |year=2005 |title=Fearless Nadia: the true story of Bollywood's original stunt queen |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780143032700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCdlAAAAMAAJ |access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nadia married [[Homi Wadia]] in 1961 and thus became Nadia Wadia.<ref>{{cite news |title=International focus on 'Fearless Nadia' |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200803160923.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125094708/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200803160923.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 March 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/me-wadia.html Mary Evans Wadia, aka Fearless Nadia] rsTIFR.</ref> The couple did not have children, but Homi adopted Nadia's son.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-18 |title=Fearless Nadia: The Australian stuntwoman who captivated Indians |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68271363 |access-date=2025-09-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Death==
Nadia died on 9 January 1996, soon after her 88th birthday,<ref name=":0" /> due to age-related diseases.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Legacy==
According to the BBC, Nadia was "perhaps the first foreigner to attain cult status in Bollywood".<ref name=":0" />

In 1993, Nadia's grandnephew, [[Riyad Vinci Wadia]], made a documentary of her life and films, called ''Fearless: The Hunterwali Story''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 1994 |title=Inspired, absorbed, exhausted... |work=Filmnews |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213731560 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref> After watching the documentary at the 1993 [[Berlin International Film Festival]], Dorothee Wenner, a German freelance writer, and film curator, wrote ''Fearless Nadia: The true story of Bollywood's original stunt queen'', which was subsequently translated into English in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wat a stunt! |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/28/stories/2005032801480100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512192048/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/28/stories/2005032801480100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 March 2005 |access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> In [[Vishal Bharadwaj]]'s Hindi film ''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]'', the role played by [[Kangana Ranaut]] was inspired by Nadia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rangoon—The story of the fiery 'Hunterwali'! |url=http://www.newsx.com/entertainment/44307-rangoon-the-story-of-the-fiery-hunterwali |work=Newsx.com |date=22 October 2016 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

To commemorate her 100th birthday, in 2015 the Government of India issued a postage stamp with her likeness.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

On 8 January 2018, Google displayed a doodle paying tribute to Fearless Nadia's 110th birthday. The artist commissioned for the doodle was the Indian comic illustrator Devaki Neogi.<ref name="Google 2018">{{cite web |title=Fearless Nadia's 110th Birthday |date=8 January 2018 |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/fearless-nadias-110th-birthday/ |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Krishna 2018">{{cite web |last=Krishna |first=Navmi |title=Google Doodle celebrates Bollywood's Fearless Nadia |website=The Hindu |date=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/google-doodle-celebrates-bollywoods-fearless-nadia/article22394881.ece |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> In the same year, the University of Melbourne and the Australia India Institute published a collection of original essays entitled ''Fearless Nadia Occasional Papers''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.arc-135381 |title=Fearless Nadia Papers |date=2011 |publisher=Australia India Institute |editor-last=University of Melbourne |location=Melbourne, Vic}}</ref>

==Filmography (selected)==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1935
! scope="row" | ''[[Hunterwali]] (A Woman with a Whip)''
| Princess Madhuri a.k.a. Hunterwali
|
|-
| 1936
! scope="row" | ''[[Miss Frontier Mail]]''
| Savita a.k.a. Miss Frontier Mail
|
|-
| 1938
! scope="row" | ''[[Lutaru Lalna]] (Dacoit Damsel or The Dacoit Girl)''
| Indira
|
|-
| 1939
! scope="row" | ''[[Punjab Mail (film)|Punjab Mail]]''
|
|
|-
| 1940
! scope="row" | ''[[Diamond Queen (1940 film)|Diamond Queen]]''
| Madhurika
|
|-
| 1941
! scope="row" | ''[[Bambaiwali]] (The Girl from Bombay)''
|
|
|-
| 1942
! scope="row" | ''[[Jungle Princess]]''
|
|
|-
| 1942
! scope="row" | ''[[Muqabala]]''
| Madhuri
|
|-
| 1943
! scope="row" | ''[[Hunterwali Ki Beti]]''
| Princess Madhuri a.k.a. Hunterwali
|
|-
| 1943
! scope="row" | ''[[Mauj]]''
|
|
|-
| 1948
! scope="row" | ''[[11 O'Clock]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| 1949
! scope="row" | ''[[Dhoomketu]] (The Comet)''
|
|
|-
| 1953
! scope="row" | ''[[Jungle Ka Jawahar]] (Hero of the Forest)''
| Mala
|
|-
| 1956
! scope="row" | ''Jungle Queen''
|
|
|-
|1956
!Baghdad Ka Jadu
|Yasmina
|
|-
| 1968
! scope="row" | ''[[Khiladi (1968 film)|Khiladi]]''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Fearless Nadia}}
*{{IMDb name|0269884}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006100724/http://nfaipune.nic.in/hunterwali.htm Hunterwali images]
*[http://www.universetale.com/fearless-nadia-the-first-stunt-woman-of-hindi-cinema/ Fearless Nadia]
*''[https://www.acmi.net.au/works/94136--fearless-the-hunterwali-story/ Fearless: The Hunterwali story]''
*{{citation |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/evans-mary-ann-nadia-29918 |title=Mary Ann (Nadia) Evans (1908–1996) |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |access-date=12 Sep 2024}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fearless Nadia}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Australian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Australian descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:People who lost Australian citizenship]]
[[Category:Wadia family]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian actresses]]

Imdad al-Fatawa

2025-11-17T00:44:55Z

Nayeem: Adding a data.

{{Short description|Book by Ashraf Ali Thanwi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Imdad al-Fatawa
| image = Imdad-ul-Fatawa.jpg
| alt = Cover
| caption = Urdu Cover
| author = [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
| title_orig = امداد الفتاوى
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[British India]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| subject = [[Fiqh]]
| genre = [[Fatwa]]
| published =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| oclc =
| editor = [[Muhammad Shafi]]
}}
'''''Imdad al-Fatawa''''' ({{langx|ur|امداد الفتاوى}}), also known as ''Fatawa Ashrafia'', is a collection of [[Fatwa|fatwas]] in the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi fiqh]] compiled by [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], a scholar from India who addressed new issues and challenges.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ziauddin |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144516617.pdf |title=A Study Of Fiqh Literature In Urdu Since 1857 A.D. |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1996 |location=India |type=PhD |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref> The book was refined and arranged by his successor and disciple, [[Muhammad Shafi]], and it contains topics ranging from purification and prayer to issues related to the interpretation of the Quran, Hadith, Sufism, and theology. The six-volume book covers various topics such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, prohibited and permissible activities, and more.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Hameed |first=Abdul |title=Fatwas approach in the Indian subcontinent through books: "Imdad Fatwas" by Mufti Ashraf Ali Al-Thanawy |publisher=[[International Islamic University, Islamabad]] |year=2019 |location=Pakistan |language=ar |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/12370 |type=PhD |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020034646/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/12370 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wasaya |first1=Allah |last2=Dr. Wahid Bakhsh |date=2022-12-30 |title=The methodology of inference from "Al-Aadat al-Muhkamat" in "Imdad ul Fatawa" |url=https://www.alsharqjr.com/index.php/home/article/view/57 |journal=Al-Sharq (Journal of Religious Studies) |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=110–121 |issn=2710-3692}}</ref>

== Background ==
In the initial days, the book consisted of four volumes, but later more volumes were added by arranging and publishing the parts of the book.

== Content ==
Volume 1 of the book includes the Book of Purification, Book of Prayer, Book of Recitation and Reading, and Book of Funeral Prayer. Volume 2 covers the Book of Zakat and Charity, Book of Fasting and Seclusion, Book of Ihram and the Rites of Hajj, Book of Marriage, Book of Prohibitions, Book of Friends and Guardians, Book of Divorce, Book of Punishments and Retributions, Book of Faith, Book of Endowments, Book of Vows, Book of Laws, and Mosques. Volume 3 covers the Book of Sales, Book of Usury, Book of Guardianship, Book of Allah, Book of Shame, Book of Renting, Book of Lawsuits, Book of Judgments, Book of Mediation, Book of Mercy, Book of Arbitration, Book of Partnership and Division, Book of Agriculture, Book of Offences, Book of Wills, Book of Inheritance, Book of Reconciliation, and Book of Damages. Volume 4 covers the Book of Prohibitions and Permissions, which details what is permissible, impermissible, reprehensible, and desirable, as well as teaching and learning, impurities and purifications, halal and haram food and drink, rules regarding gifts and invitations, clothing, gold, silver, copper, and iron, and topics related to marriage and fornication. Volume 5 covers interpretation of the Quran, Hadith, Suluk (Sufism), Ruya, Bidat, beliefs, and theology. Finally, Volume 6 covers miscellaneous issues such as grammar and doubts, debates with false sects, new philosophy, Karamat, subsidiary topics, and more.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farosh |first1=Hassan |last2=Khan |first2=Abzahir |last3=Adil |first3=Muhammad |date=2022-12-15 |title=An Introductory Study of Imdād ul-Fatawā of Hazrat Mulānā Ashraf 'Alī Thānvī: An Analyses |url=http://www.al-idah.pk/index.php/al-idah/article/view/810 |journal=Al-Idah |language=en |volume=40 |issue=– 2 |pages=269–270 |doi=10.37556/al-idah.040.02.0810 |s2cid=255027961 |issn=2664-3375|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi fiqh]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [[iarchive:ImdadulFatawa-6Volumes-ByShaykhAshrafAliThanvir.a|''Imdad al-Fatawa'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Ashraf Ali Thanwi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imdad al-Fatawa}}
[[Category:Deobandi fiqh literature]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Books by Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Books about Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Sharia]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Fatwas]]