https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=NawrajBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-07T22:21:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_and_intergovernmental_reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&diff=549384Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine2026-05-31T21:12:00Z<p>Nawraj: new - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{See also|Non-government reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
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{{Broader|Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}<br />
{{Very long|date=March 2022}}[[File:International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg|thumb|300px|right|International reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine<br />
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{{legend|#0099ff|Countries that have condemned the invasion}}<br />
{{legend|#666666|Countries that have maintained a neutral stance}}<br />
{{legend|#FF6600|Countries that have supported the invasion or blamed the invasion on Ukraine and/or NATO provocation}}<br />
{{legend|#D8E0E2|Unknown}}<br />
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{{legend|#FF0000|Russia}}<br />
{{legend|#0000FF|Ukraine}}]]<br />
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[[File:United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11 L.1 vote.svg|thumb|300px|Votes on [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|the UN General Assembly resolution to condemn Russia for its invasion of Ukraine]]<br />
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{{Legend|#74C365|In favor}}<br />
{{Legend|#ab4e52|Against}}<br />
{{Legend|#FADA5E|Abstained}}<br />
{{Legend|#89CFF0|Absent}}<br />
{{legend|#C0C0C0|Non-UN member}}]]<br />
{{Campaignbox Russo-Ukrainian War}}<br />
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The [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] received widespread international condemnation, leading to [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|new sanctions being imposed on Russia]], which triggered [[Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine#Russia|a Russian financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chernova |first1=Anna |last2=Cotovio |first2=Vasco |last3=Thompson |first3=Mark |date=28 February 2022 |title=Sanctions slams Russian economy |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/russia-ruble-banks-sanctions/index.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Reactions among governments have most often been negative, with criticism and condemnation, particularly in [[Europe]], the [[Americas]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<br />
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International organizations such as the [[United Nations]] (UN) and the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) have also voiced significant criticism of the invasion, over its not having justifiable precedent. From the early phases of the invasion, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] voted to condemn Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.<br />
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== Ukraine ==<br />
Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] called for nations to either establish a [[no-fly zone]] over [[Ukraine]] or provide Ukraine with air support.<ref name="Basu">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Zachary |title=Zelensky: If West won't impose no-fly zone, "give me the planes" |url=https://www.axios.com/zelensky-ukraine-no-fly-zone-planes-7eb2e6f8-d488-4444-bc70-889141b34dcf.html |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=4 March 2022}}</ref> Zelenskyy also called for "peace", stating that he does not "want Ukraine's history to be [[Battle of Thermopylae|a legend about 300 Spartans]]."<ref name="Basu" /> Zelenskyy, in an address to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|British House of Commons]], also invoked the words of [[Winston Churchill]] by saying "We will fight at sea; we will fight in the air; we will protect our land. We will fight everywhere ... and we will not surrender."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kuenssberg |first=Laura |author-link=Laura Kuenssberg |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelensky invokes Winston Churchill as he appeals to MPs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60667964 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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Ukrainian officials have published photos and videos of killed and captured Russian soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |title=The gory online campaign Ukraine hopes will sow anti-Putin dissent probably violates the Geneva Conventions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/03/telegram-russian-war-dead-ukraine-pows/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Some experts have argued that Article 13 of the [[Third Geneva Convention]] prohibits videos of captured soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia/Ukraine: Prisoners of war must be protected from public curiosity under Geneva Convention |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/03/russia-ukraine-prisoners-of-war-must-be-protected-from-public-curiosity-under-geneva-convention/ |work=[[Amnesty International]] |date=7 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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On 2 April, Zelenskyy warned Ukrainian residents that Russian forces retreating from around Kyiv were "mining the whole territory. They are mining homes, mining equipment, even the bodies of people who were killed", and leaving behind "a lot of trip wires, a lot of other dangers."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Qena |first1=Nebi |last2=Karmanau |first2=Yuras |title=Zelenskyy: Retreating Russians leave many mines behind |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-zelenskyy-kyiv-europe-8482e237420a33a17bfb4e613e75bb66 |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=2 April 2022}}</ref><br />
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== Russia ==<br />
On 26 February 2022, the Russian communications regulator, [[Roskomnadzor]], ordered independent media outlets to take down reports that described the Russian invasion of Ukraine as an "assault, invasion, or declaration of war", threatening fines and blocks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Bans 'Invasion' And 'Assault' In Media |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/russia-watchdog-tells-media-not-to-use-words-invasion-and-assault-01645866006 |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> From 1 March, Russian schools started war-themed social studies classes for teenagers based on the Russian government's position on history; one teaching manual (publicized by independent media outlet [[MediaZona]]) asserted that "genocide" had been occurring in eastern Ukraine for eight years, and that Russia was responding with a "special peacekeeping operation" in Ukraine, which was "not a war".<ref>{{cite news |title=Do not call Ukraine invasion a 'war', Russia tells media, schools |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/2/do-not-call-ukraine-invasion-a-war-russia-tells-media-schools |access-date=7 March 2022 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 4 March declared that Russia had "absolutely no ill intentions with regard to our neighbors".<ref name="Bella">{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Robyn |last2=Bella |first2=Timothy |title=Putin wants 'normalization' of global relations, saying there is 'no need' for sanctions on Russia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/04/putin-russia-ukraine-normalization-sanctions/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220305012055/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/04/putin-russia-ukraine-normalization-sanctions/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Putin called for other countries to "think about normalizing relations and cooperating normally", stating there was "no need to escalate the situation, impose restrictions".<ref name="Bella" /><br />
On 5 March he criticized Ukraine for resisting the invasion, saying, "they are calling into question the future of Ukrainian statehood."<ref>{{cite news |last=Karmanau |first=Yuras |title=Putin says Ukraine's future in doubt as cease-fires collapse |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-3d9e50b2fa8b08ce1f74c1b09403186e |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=6 March 2022}}</ref> Also that day, the [[Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] urged the countries of the European Union and NATO to "stop pumping weapons" to Ukraine, claiming that terrorists might use the weapons against airplanes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maclean |first=William |title=Russia calls on EU, NATO to stop arms supplies to Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-calls-eu-nato-stop-arms-supplies-ukraine-2022-03-05/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=6 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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On 7 March, the Russian government adopted a list of countries and regions "taking unfriendly actions against Russia, Russian companies, and citizens" – [[Albania]], [[Andorra]], [[Australia]], [[United Kingdom]],{{Efn|This includes [[Jersey]], [[Anguilla]], [[British Virgin Islands]] and [[Gibraltar]].}} all [[European Union]] states, [[Iceland]], [[Canada]], [[Liechtenstein]], the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Monaco]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[South Korea]], [[San Marino]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Singapore]], [[United States]], [[Taiwan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Montenegro]], [[Switzerland]], and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia issues list of countries, considering their 'unfriendly actions' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-crisis/russia-issues-list-of-countries-considering-their-unfriendly-actions/2526541 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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Putin on 8 March declared that Russian "conscript soldiers are not participating in hostilities" in Ukraine "and will not participate in them". On 9 March, the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Defense]] stated that it had "discovered" Russian conscript soldiers participating in the military operation in Ukraine, and that "almost all" of these conscripts had returned to Russia, but some other conscripts had been "captured" in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dean |first1=Sarah |last2=Picheta |first2=Rob |title=Russia admits conscripts have been fighting in Ukraine, despite Putin's previous denials |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/09/europe/russia-conscripts-fighting-ukraine-intl/index.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=10 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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[[File:World nuclear weapons.png|thumb|300px|Russia and the US control 90% of the world's [[nuclear weapons]]. Putin warned that "whoever tries to hinder us" in Ukraine would see consequences "you have never seen in your history".<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin implies nuclear attack if West interferes in Ukraine. Why it's not just an empty threat |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/putin-ukraine-nato-nuclear-weapons-1.6362890 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]] |date=25 February 2022}}</ref>]]<br />
On 9 March, Russia bombed a [[maternity hospital]] in [[Mariupol]]; [[Associated Press]] journalists on the scene took photos and videos of multiple bloodstained, pregnant mothers leaving the blown-out maternity ward.<ref name="pregnant">{{cite news |last=Chernov |first=Mstyslav |title=Pregnant woman, baby die after Russia bombed maternity ward |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-maternity-hospital-pregnant-woman-dead-c0f2f859296f9f02be24fc9edfca1085 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=14 March 2022}}</ref> One pregnant woman and her baby died after the bombing.<ref name="pregnant" /> Russian officials provided different, shifting stances on the bombing.<ref name="Trevelyan">{{cite news |last=Trevelyan |first=Mark |title=Russia shifts stance on hospital bombing that sparked world outrage |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-claim-that-it-bombed-childrens-hospital-are-fake-news-2022-03-10/ |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 March 2022}}</ref> Kremlin spokesman [[Dmitry Peskov]] initially stated that Russia does "not fire on civilian targets", then later said he lacked "clear information about what happened".<ref name="Trevelyan" /> Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] criticized "pathetic shouting about so-called atrocities", stating that the hospital had no patients and doctors. According to him, it was controlled by Ukrainian extremists.<ref name="Trevelyan" /> Russia's Defense Ministry denied bombing the hospital, and accused Ukraine of staging the bombing.<ref name="Trevelyan" /> Russian officials called images of the attack "fake news" and labelled a pregnant woman pictured fleeing the bombed hospital as an actor.<ref name="pregnant" /><br />
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On 16 March, a Russian airstrike [[Mariupol theatre airstrike|hit a theatre in Mariupol]] containing hundreds of civilians; satellite pictures three days prior showed large words "DETI" ("children" in Russian) displayed as a signal to Russian forces about those inside the theatre.<ref name="Rosa">{{cite news |last=Rosa |first=Andrea |title=Rescuers search theater rubble as Russian attacks continue |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-kyiv-europe-world-news-303fbd14ea7d3f131abc9b3d5739123f |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=18 March 2022}}</ref> Russia's military denied bombing the theatre.<ref name="Rosa" /> Russia's foreign ministry said that it was a "lie" that Russia bombed the theatre, insisting that "Russia's armed forces don't bomb towns and cities".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Polityuk |first1=Pavel |last2=Labych |first2=Vera |title=Ukrainian city of Mariupol searches for survivors amid rubble of theatre |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-city-mariupol-searches-survivors-says-theatre-bomb-shelter-held-2022-03-17/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 March 2022}}</ref> During the invasion, Russia used airstrikes against Ukrainian cities including Mariupol, Kyiv and Kharkiv.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin likens opponents to 'gnats,' signaling new repression |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-business-europe-5a9f43e0e5e4da1200a440d667d6db91 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=18 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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On 16 March, Putin gave a speech calling Russian opponents of the war "scum and traitors,"<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns Russia against pro-Western 'traitors' and scum |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-warns-russia-against-pro-western-traitors-scum-2022-03-16/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=16 March 2022}}</ref> saying that "natural and necessary self-cleansing of society will only strengthen our country."<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin says Russia must undergo a 'self-cleansing of society' to purge 'bastards and traitors' as thousands flee the country |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-says-russia-must-undergo-self-cleansing-society-2022-3 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=16 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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On 25 March, the leader of the Russian military's [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|General Staff]] Main Operational Directorate, {{Interlanguage link|Sergei Rudskoi|ru|Рудской, Сергей Фёдорович}}, stated that the first stage of the operation had "generally been accomplished", and the "combat potential of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (was) considerably reduced", allowing Russia "to focus our core efforts on achieving the main goal, the liberation of [[Donbas]]" in eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trevelyan |first1=Mark |last2=Winning |first2=Alexander |title=Russia states more limited war goal to 'liberate' Donbass |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-first-phase-ukraine-operation-mostly-complete-focus-now-donbass-2022-03-25/ |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=26 March 2022}}</ref> A day later, Russian forces bombed [[Lviv]], a city in western Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hodge |first1=Nathan |last2=Kesaieva |first2=Julia |last3=Said-Moorhouse |first3=Lauren |title=Lviv, western Ukrainian city until now spared from Russian assault, rocked by powerful explosions |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/26/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-saturday-intl/index.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[CNN]] |date=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
[[File:Countries which banned Russian aircraft from their airspace due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg|thumb|300px|{{legend|#00e6e6|Countries that have banned [[List of biggest airlines of Russia|Russian aircraft]] from their airspace. Russia's retaliatory ban on aircraft from 36 countries changed global airline routes.}}]]<br />
On 1 April, Russia accused Ukraine of conducting an airstrike on Russian territory; this was the first such accusation since the start of the Russian invasion. Russia said that an airstrike on a [[Oil terminal|fuel depot]] in [[Belgorod]] had upset the peace negotiations with Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kremlin says Ukraine strike on Russian fuel depot creates awkward backdrop for talks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-says-ukraine-strike-russian-fuel-depot-creates-awkward-backdrop-talks-2022-04-01/ |access-date=1 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=1 April 2022}}</ref><br />
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After Russian forces occupied [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast]] for five weeks and then withdrew, they were [[Bucha massacre|accused by Bucha officials of extrajudicial killings of Bucha residents]]. Russia's Ministry of Defense responded on 3 April that "not a single local resident suffered from any violent actions" during the Russian occupation of Bucha.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gardner |first=Simon |title=In Ukrainian street, a corpse with hands bound and a bullet wound to the head |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-street-corpse-with-hands-bound-bullet-wound-head-2022-04-03/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 April 2022}}</ref> This claim was contradicted by many eyewitness accounts by Bucha residents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bucha killings: Satellite image of bodies site contradicts Russian claims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/60981238 |access-date=6 April 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 April 2022}}</ref><br />
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The Russian Ministry of Defence suggested that corpses of dead civilians had been placed on the streets of Bucha after "all Russian units withdrew completely" from the city on 30 March, but satellite photos were taken by [[Maxar Technologies]] showed that at least 11 body-sized objects on Bucha's Yablonska Street appeared between 9 and 11 March, remaining there for more than three weeks, in the same positions as 11 civilian corpses in a 1 April video.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malachy |last2=Botti |first2=David |last3=Willis |first3=Haley |title=Satellite images show bodies lay in Bucha for weeks, despite Russian claims. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/world/europe/bucha-ukraine-bodies.html |access-date=6 April 2022 |date=4 April 202 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220406060947/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/world/europe/bucha-ukraine-bodies.html |archive-date=6 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> A high-ranking Russian official, Mikhail Ulyanov, claimed that Bucha's mayor Anatoliy Fedoruk did not discuss "dead bodies in the streets" in a 31 March video, but Fedoruk on 7 March had already done so, and on 28 March, accused Russian forces of killings and rapes in Bucha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seitz |first1=Amanda |last2=Lajka |first2=Arijeta |title=Russian media campaign falsely claims Bucha deaths are fakes |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-business-media-facebook-21d36ea4370bab98b1cc93baa0815dd8 |access-date=6 April 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref><br />
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[[RIA Novosti]], a media outlet controlled and owned by the Russian government, published an article by Timofey Sergeytsev that declared that "Nazis who took weapons must be killed in numbers as much as possible", while "most of the [Ukrainian] people are guilty, they are passive Nazis, Nazi enablers ... and must be punished". The article also stated that Ukraine "may develop only in dependency to Russia", and that "history has proven Ukraine may not exist as a national state".<ref>{{cite news |last=Hewett |first=William |title=Russian state media releases report outlining chilling plan to fully eliminate Ukraine |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2022/04/russian-state-media-releases-report-outlining-chilling-plan-to-fully-eliminate-ukraine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406033853/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2022/04/russian-state-media-releases-report-outlining-chilling-plan-to-fully-eliminate-ukraine.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nazaryan |first=Alexander |title='Genocide masterplan': Experts alarmed after Kremlin intellectual calls for 'cleansed' Ukraine |url=https://news.yahoo.com/genocide-masterplan-experts-alarmed-after-kremlin-intellectual-calls-for-cleansed-ukraine-182354392.html |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=[[Yahoo News]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Tom |title=Russia's vision for renaming Ukraine includes executing rebels |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/russias-vision-for-renaming-ukraine-includes-executing-rebels-snl53h9fs |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=[[The Times]] |date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220405002934/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russias-vision-for-renaming-ukraine-includes-executing-rebels-snl53h9fs |archive-date=5 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 April 2022, Russia's opposition politician [[Alexei Navalny]] said the "monstrosity of lies" in the [[Mass media in Russia|Russian state media]] "is unimaginable. And, unfortunately, so is its persuasiveness for those who have no access to alternative information."<ref>{{cite news |title=Channelling Goebbels: The obscenity of Russian state TV news, as it conceals war crimes for Putin |url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/channelling-goebbels-the-obscenity-of-russian-state-tv-news-as-it-conceals-war-crimes-for-putin-1559603?ico=best_of_opinion |work=[[i (newspaper)|inews.co.uk.]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> He tweeted that "warmongers" among Russian state media personalities "should be treated as war criminals. From the editors-in-chief to the talk show hosts to the news editors, [they] should be sanctioned now and tried someday."<ref>{{cite news |title=Navalny Calls for Sanctions Against Russian State Media 'Warmongers' |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/04/06/navalny-calls-for-sanctions-against-russian-state-media-warmongers-a77237 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=6 March 2022}}</ref><br />
In July 2022, [[Alexei Gorinov]], a member of the [[Krasnoselsky District, Moscow|Krasnoselsky district council]] in Moscow, was sentenced to seven years in prison after making anti-war comments at a council meeting in March,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscow-city-councillor-gets-seven-years-jail-anti-war-comment-2022-07-08/|title=Moscow city councillor gets seven years' jail for anti-war comment|work=[[Reuters]]|date=8 July 2022}}</ref> including stating that "our country has aggressively attacked a neighbouring country" and "kids in Ukraine are dying each day".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karev |first1=Andrey |title='I'll be exonerated much sooner than this' |url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/07/10/ill-be-exonerated-much-sooner-than-this |work=[[Novaya Gazeta|Novaya Gazeta Europe]] |date=10 July 2022}}</ref> Lawyer [[Pavel Chikov]] said that this was the first jail term under the new [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62092196|title=Russia-Ukraine war: Moscow politician gets 7 years for denouncing war|work=[[BBC News]]|date=8 July 2022}}</ref><br />
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== Other countries ==<br />
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[[File:Vladimir Putin and Cyril Ramaphosa (2023-06-17).jpg|thumb|South African President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] promoted the [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|African peace plan]]]]<br />
[[File:10.04.2023 - Reunião ministerial dos 100 dias de governo (52807649734).jpg|thumb|In April 2023, Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] condemned Russia's violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity and said Russia should withdraw from Ukrainian territory it has [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|occupied]] since February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Osborn |first1=Catherine |title=Can Brazil Negotiate an End to the War in Ukraine? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/07/brazil-russia-ukraine-war-lula-putin-amorim-nonalignment/ |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=7 April 2023}}</ref>]]<br />
[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|250px|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia<br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[Unfriendly countries list]]". Countries and territories on the list imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions on Russia]] following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]<br />
[[File:Presidentti Niinistön ja pääministeri Marinin tiedotustilaisuus Ukrainan konfliktista 24.2.2022 (51901653160).jpg|thumb|Finnish President [[Sauli Niinistö]] and Prime Minister [[Sanna Marin]] at a press conference about the situation of Ukraine, 24 February 2022]]<br />
[[File:Déclaration de Jean-Yves Le Drian à l’issue de son entretien avec Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa.webm|thumb|Statement by [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]] following his interview with [[Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya]], leader of the [[Belarusian opposition]]]]<br />
[[File:Protest 'Stojíme za ukrajinou 2'.jpg|thumb|Support demonstration in Prague, 27 February 2022]]<br />
[[File:Baltijas valstu parlamentu priekšsēdētāji solidaritātes vizītē apmeklē Kijivu 01.jpg|thumb|[[Speaker of the Saeima]] [[Ināra Mūrniece]] addressing the [[Verkhovna Rada]] on 24 March 2022.]]<br />
[[File:20220302 Ambasada RP w Sarajewie, flagi PL i UA.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ukrainian flag on the Polish Embassy in [[Sarajevo]]]]<br />
[[File:Meeting between the President of the Republic of Turkey and President of Ukraine in 2022 (11).jpg|thumb|[[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] visiting Ukraine on the verge of the 2022 invasion.]]<br />
[[File:House of Lords debates situation in Ukraine (51902242817).jpg|thumb|The U.K. [[House of Lords]] debated the situation of Ukraine on 25 February 2022.]]<br />
[[File:Scottish Government Debate- Solidarity with Ukraine - 24 February 2022.webm|thumb|right|[[Scottish Government]] debate on Ukraine, 24 February 2022]]<br />
[[File:Ukrainian flag at the Senedd.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian flag outside the [[Senedd building]] in Wales]]<br />
[[File:President Biden on 2022 Russia invasion.webm|thumb|[[Joe Biden]]'s statement on the 2022 Russian invasion]]<br />
<br />
=== Condemns Russia ===<br />
[[File:Putin, the Hague is waiting for you banner (52625526430).jpg|thumb|[[Vilnius City Municipality Building]] with a banner "Putin, [[International Court of Justice|The Hague]] is waiting for you" in [[Vilnius]], Lithuania]]<br />
[[File:20230321ukraine 03.jpg|thumb|Zelenskyy with Japanese Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] in Kyiv, Ukraine, 21 March 2023]]<br />
[[File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets President Zelenskyy (53848248888).jpg|thumb|Zelenskyy with British Prime Minister [[Keir Starmer]] at the [[2024 Washington NATO summit|Washington NATO summit]], 11 July 2024]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Albania}}<br />
| President of Albania [[Ilir Meta]] convened the National Security Council and issued a statement to "strongly condemn Russia's military attack on Ukraine" as an "unprovoked and unjustifiable escalation" while expressing sorrow for lives lost and "full solidarity with the people of Ukraine, and its democratic institutions".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://albaniandailynews.com/news/albanian-president-strongly-condemns-russian-aggression-in-ukraine |title=Albanian President Strongly Condemns Russian Aggression in Ukraine |work=[[Albanian Daily News]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225025220/https://albaniandailynews.com/news/albanian-president-strongly-condemns-russian-aggression-in-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> Similar statements were made earlier by Prime Minister [[Edi Rama]] on Twitter,<ref name="prishtinainsight.com" /> Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs [[Olta Xhaçka]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://albaniandailynews.com/news/minister-xha-ka-condemns-russia-s-offense-on-ukraine |title=Minister Xhaçka Condemns Russia's Offense on Ukraine |agency=Albanian Daily News |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225025205/https://albaniandailynews.com/news/minister-xha-ka-condemns-russia-s-offense-on-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> and Ambassador to the UN [[Ferit Hoxha]] at the Security Council meeting,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://albaniandailynews.com/news/albania-s-un-ambassador-condemns-russia-s-attack-on-kiev |title=Albania's UN Ambassador Condemns Russia's Attack on Kiev |date=24 February 2022 |agency=[[Albanian Daily News]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225025205/https://albaniandailynews.com/news/albania-s-un-ambassador-condemns-russia-s-attack-on-kiev |url-status=live}}</ref> joined the United States in calling for a UN vote on a resolution condemning Russian actions, with the intention of forcing Russia to veto.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/russian-troops-advancing-closer-to-kyiv-us-says-liveblog |title=US, Albania call for UN vote Friday on resolution condemning Russia (Russia-Ukraine live updates) |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224222157/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/russian-troops-advancing-closer-to-kyiv-us-says-liveblog |url-status=live}}</ref> After a NATO summit, Rama said that Albania was ready to welcome a few thousand Ukrainian refugees fleeing the war.<ref>{{cite news |title=Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-united-nations-kyiv-6ccba0905f1871992b93712d3585f548 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=The [[Associated Press]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Andorra}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Xavier Espot]] appealed for peace, saying that "war should be no recourse".<ref>{{cite web|date=24 February 2022 |title=El Govern condemna l'atac a Ucraïna i treballa per a la repatriació dels andorrans |trans-title=The government condemns the attack on Ukraine and works for the repatriation of Andorrans |url=https://www.andorradifusio.ad/noticies/govern-condemna-atac-ucraina-treballa-repatriacio |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Andorra Difusió |language=ca |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123437/https://www.andorradifusio.ad/noticies/govern-condemna-atac-ucraina-treballa-repatriacio |url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 March, Andorra joined economic sanctions against Russia. Andorra had never previously applied sanctions towards another country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gómez Pérez |first=Victoria |date=2 March 2022 |title=Andorra se suma a les sancions econòmiques contra Rússia |trans-title=Andorra joins economic sanctions against Russia |language=ca |work=[[El Periòdic d'Andorra]] |url=https://www.elperiodic.ad/noticia/91338/andorra-se-suma-a-les-sancions-economiques-contra-russia |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br />
| Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Paul Chet Greene]] condemned the Russian invasion and urged diplomatic talks.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2022|title=Foreign Affairs Minister projects major implications from Ukraine crisis|url=https://antiguaobserver.com/foreign-affairs-minister-projects-major-implications-from-ukraine-crisis/|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Argentina}}<br />
| On 24 February, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of [[Argentina]] called on Russia to respect the charter of the [[United Nations]] and international law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ataques a Ucrania: Argentina reclamó que Rusia cese las acciones militares |trans-title=Attacks on Ukraine: Argentina demanded that Russia cease military actions |url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/mundo/ataques-a-ucrania-argentina-reclamo-que-rusia-cese-las-acciones-militares/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=La Voz |date=24 February 2022 |language=es |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123508/https://www.lavoz.com.ar/mundo/ataques-a-ucrania-argentina-reclamo-que-rusia-cese-las-acciones-militares/ |url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Alberto Fernández]] asked "the Russian Federation to put an end to the military action, respect Ukraine's sovereignty and return to dialogue."<ref>{{cite news |title=Alberto Fernández le pidió a Rusia que cese el ataque y que respete la soberanía |trans-title=Alberto Fernández asked Russia to stop the attack and to respect sovereignty |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/alberto-fernandez-le-pidio-a-rusia-que-cese-el-ataque-y-que-respete-la-soberania-nid24022022/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[La Nación]] |date=24 February 2022 |language=es |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123508/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/alberto-fernandez-le-pidio-a-rusia-que-cese-el-ataque-y-que-respete-la-soberania-nid24022022/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 February, Argentina, along with [[Brazil]] and three other Latin American states, abstained from a vote at the [[Organization of American States]] condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine, saying the organization was not a "pertinent forum."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2022/02/25/invasion-de-rusia-a-ucrania-argentina-no-apoyo-en-la-oea-la-condena-a-putin-propuesta-por-estados-unidos/ |title=Invasión de Rusia a Ucrania: Argentina no apoyó en la OEA una condena a Vladimir Putin |trans-title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine: Argentina did not support a conviction of Vladimir Putin at the OAS |language=es |website=Infobae|date=25 February 2022 }}</ref> On 2 March, Argentina voted in favor of the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1]] condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los países que votaron a favor y en contra de la resolución de la ONU que rechaza a la invasión rusa de Ucrania |trans-title=The countries that voted for and against the UN resolution rejecting the Russian invasion of Ukraine |language=es |url=https://eldiario.com/2022/03/02/paises-resolucion-onu-invasion-rusa-ucrania/ |work=eldiario.com |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> Before the UN, Foreign Minister [[Santiago Cafiero]] said that the invasion of Ukraine was "illegitimate" and condemned "military operations on Ukrainian soil," arguing further that the world "does not tolerate more deaths or wars."<ref>{{cite news|title=Santiago Cafiero, ante la ONU: "La Argentina condena la invasión a Ucrania" |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/santiago-cafiero-la-argentina-condena-la-invasion-a-ucrania-nid28022022/?outputType=amp |work=[[La Nación]] |trans-title=Santiago Cafiero, before the UN: "Argentina condemns the invasion of Ukraine" |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=es}}</ref> Argentina has also supported Ukraine at the UN Human Rights Council.<ref name="UN Human Rights Council">{{cite tweet |author=UN Human Rights Council 📍 #HRC49 |user=UN_HRC |number=1498223682958856195 |date=28 February 2022 |title=#HRC49 {{!}} FULL results of the vote to hold an "urgent debate" on #Ukraine, voted on by the Human Rights Council's 47 members. https://t.co/IhBDfcGDRp |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228090908/https://twitter.com/UN_HRC/status/1498223682958856195 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 July 2022, Fernández had a phone conversation with President Zelenskyy, where Fernández condemned the invasion again and promised more aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fernández habla con Zelenski, condena invasión y ofrece más ayuda humanitaria|url=https://www.latribuna.hn/2022/07/01/costa-rica-evacua-a-mas-de-3-000-personas-previo-a-la-llegada-de-bonnie-2/ |work=[[La Tribuna (Honduras)|La Tribuna]]|trans-title=Fernández speaks with Zelenskyy, condemns invasion and offers more humanitarian aid|date=1 July 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=es}}</ref> After the change of government in December 2023, newly inaugurated president [[Javier Milei]] took a much harsher stance towards Russia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ostiller |first1=Nate |title=Far-right politician, Ukraine supporter Javier Milei elected president of Argentina |url=https://kyivindependent.com/far-right-politician-ukraine-supporter-javier-milei-elected-president-of-argentina-3/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |date=20 November 2023}}</ref> Milei met with Zelenskyy, and authorized the transfer of two military helicopters to Ukraine, promising more military aid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Domingo |first1=Juster |title=Argentina Sends Russian-Made Helicopters to Ukraine |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2024/03/05/argentina-russia-helicopter-ukraine/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |work=The Defense Post |date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Milei: Argentina in talks with Ukraine, military aid a possibility |url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/milei-argentina-in-talks-with-ukraine-military-aid-a-possibility.phtml |access-date=21 April 2024 |work=Buenos Aires Times |date=8 April 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Australia}} <br />
| Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] denounced the invasion and imposed export controls and travel bans on Russia, as a price for the "unprovoked, unlawful, unwarranted, unjustified attacks and threats and intimidation" and reaffirmed Australia's "unwavering commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity". However, Morrison suggested that he did not expect Putin to be deterred. In response to Russia's claim of peacekeeping, Australia replied "They're not peacekeepers. They're invaders".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/scott-morrison-signals-australia-will-take-further-action-against-russia-20220224-p59z7g.html |title=Tough stance on Russia needed to deter countries like China: Prime Minister |first=Rachel |last=Clun |date=24 February 2022 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223235308/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/scott-morrison-signals-australia-will-take-further-action-against-russia-20220224-p59z7g.html |archive-date=23 February 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> On 25 February, Morrison condemned China's easing of import restrictions on Russian wheat as "inexplicable" and "completely unacceptable", and said it gave a "lifeline to Russia ... while they're invading another country".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/25/scott-morrison-denounces-china-for-offering-russia-trade-lifeline |title=Scott Morrison denounces China for offering Russia trade 'lifeline' |first=Daniel |last=Hurst |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225070053/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/25/scott-morrison-denounces-china-for-offering-russia-trade-lifeline |url-status=live}}</ref> Minister for Communications [[Paul Fletcher (politician)|Paul Fletcher]] called for a suspension on broadcasts of two Russian state-controlled TV networks, RT and [[NTV Moscow]], on 25 February; two Australian TV services suspended broadcasts of RT, one of which also suspended broadcasts of NTV Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=SBS suspends Russian state media outlets |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7636290/sbs-suspends-russian-state-media-outlets/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[The Canberra Times]] |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/02/foxtel-pulls-russia-today-channel-off-air.html|title=Foxtel pulls Russia Today channel off air|date=26 February 2022|website=[[TV Tonight]]|first=David|last=Knox|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Austria}}<br />
| Chancellor of Austria [[Karl Nehammer]] said "There is war in Europe again", condemned Russia's attack and declared Austria's solidarity with Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nehammer: "Militärisch neutral, aber solidarisch mit der Ukraine |trans-title=Nehammer: "Militarily neutral, but in solidarity with Ukraine |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000133626447/nehammer-militaerisch-neutral-aber-solidarisch-mit-der-ukraine |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Der Standard]] |language=de-AT |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123439/https://www.derstandard.at/consent/tcf/story/2000133626447/nehammer-militaerisch-neutral-aber-solidarisch-mit-der-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|The Bahamas}}<br />
| The Bahamas denounced the invasion and Foreign Minister [[Fred Mitchell (Bahamian politician)|Fred Mitchell]] stated "The invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation and led by its President Vladimir Putin is wrong, unlawful and should end and be reversed."<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title='WRONG, UNLAWFUL AND SHOULD END': The Bahamas denounces Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://ewnews.com/wrong-lawful-and-should-end-the-bahamas-denounces-russias-invasion-of-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123520/https://ewnews.com/wrong-lawful-and-should-end-the-bahamas-denounces-russias-invasion-of-ukraine |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=Eye Witness News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Barbados}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Mia Mottley]] urged Russia to withdraw and described the invasion as a violation of Ukrainian territorial integrity.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Prime Minister Mia Amor Mottley's Statement On Ukraine |url=https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/prime-minister-mia-amor-mottleys-statement-on-ukraine/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224232234/https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/prime-minister-mia-amor-mottleys-statement-on-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belgium}} <br />
| Prime Minister [[Alexander De Croo]] said the EU needed "Russian sanctions that bite", especially against the "ruling elite".<ref>{{cite web|title=Invasion de l'Ukraine : De Croo veut durcir les sanctions sur la table, "si on mord, il faut mordre durement" |trans-title=Invasion of Ukraine: De Croo wants to toughen the sanctions on the table, "if you bite, you have to bite hard" |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/invasion-de-l-ukraine-de-croo-veut-durcir-les-sanctions-sur-la-table-si-on-mord-il-faut-mordre-durement-10942629 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=RTBF |language=fr |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123435/https://www.rtbf.be/article/invasion-de-l-ukraine-de-croo-veut-durcir-les-sanctions-sur-la-table-si-on-mord-il-faut-mordre-durement-10942629 |url-status=live}}</ref> In early April, three Ukrainian families were to be placed in two of the [[Belgian royal family]]'s properties, managed by the [[Royal Trust (Belgium)|Royal Trust]], while a third property would be used for "collective accommodation of Ukrainian refugees".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-royal-family-fund-host-ukraine-refugee/ |title=Belgian royal family funds hosting of Ukrainian families |work=[[Politico]] Europe |first=Camille |last=Gijs |date=17 March 2022 |accessdate=22 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belize}}<br />
| The [[Government of Belize]] condemned the 'illegal Russian invasion' and expressed its solidarity with Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Statement by the Government of Belize on the Illegal Russian Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/statement-by-the-government-of-belize-on-the-illegal-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123521/https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/statement-by-the-government-of-belize-on-the-illegal-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Prince William]], the grandson of the [[Queen of Belize]], quoted her 1994 speech to the Belizean National Assembly, and said that people in Belize stood in solidarity with those struggling in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-03-22/william-quotes-queens-1994-social-justice-speech-at-conclusion-of-belize-tour |title='Vigilance' needed to protect freedoms as William repeats Ukraine solidarity in echo of Queen speech |work=[[ITV News]] |date=22 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Bhutan}}<br />
| Bhutan voted for [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1]], condemning the invasion.<ref name="The Diplomat">{{cite news |last1=Tiezzi |first1=Shannon |title=How Did Asian Countries Vote on the UN's Ukraine Resolution? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/03/how-did-asian-countries-vote-on-the-uns-ukraine-resolution/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=3 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Botswana}}<br />
| Botswana was one of 87 signatories to the UN letter condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="Axios">{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Mapped: 87 countries condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine at the UN |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |url=https://www.axios.com/un-security-council-vote-condemn-russia-98ff868e-6ee4-412e-b643-36e30061adb1.html |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226160123/https://www.axios.com/un-security-council-vote-condemn-russia-98ff868e-6ee4-412e-b643-36e30061adb1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' downgraded Botswana from "West leaning" to "Russia leaning".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Brunei}}<br />
| Brunei condemned the invasion, calling for the situation to be resolved without force.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=BRUNEI DARUSSALAM'S STATEMENT ON THE SITUATION IN UKRAINE |url=http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/Press%20Room/news.aspx?id=969&source=http://mofat_prod.egc.gov.bn/site/home.aspx |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}<br />
| Bulgaria condemned the invasion and Prime Minister [[Kiril Petkov]] said: "We see that this aggression was not provoked by the Ukrainian side and such actions in Europe are inadmissible".<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Bulgaria's government strongly condemns Russia's aggression against Ukraine |publisher=[[Bulgarian National Radio]] |url=https://bnr.bg/en/post/101606257/bulgarias-government-strongly-condemns-russias-aggression-against-ukraine |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
Bulgarian Minister of Defence [[Stefan Yanev]] was sacked for insisting it was wrong to describe it as a war, saying it was an "operation." He also said there was no need for Bulgaria—a member of both the EU and NATO—to adopt a "pro-Russian, pro-American or pro-European position."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/bulgaria-pm-fires-defense-minister-stefan-yanev-promote-vladimir-putin-spin/ |title=Bulgarian PM fires defense minister for promoting Putin's spin |date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cambodia}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] said that only through peaceful negotiation, and not war, could any disagreements be resolved.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/pm-war-wont-end-ukraine-row |title=PM: War won't end Ukraine row |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228185029/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/pm-war-wont-end-ukraine-row |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hun Sen condemned the actions of Russia, saying "I still stand in solidarity with Ukrainian people against the invasion."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/cambodia-pm-condemns-russian-invasion-ukraine-2022-03-28/ |title=Cambodia PM condemns Russian invasion of Ukraine |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=28 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has been alleged that Cambodia's foreign ministry wanted to remain strictly neutral and abstain at UN votes, similar to Vietnam and Laos, in the days after Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February last year but Hun Sen intervened and ordered his diplomat at the UN to co-sponsor a resolution condemning Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hutt |first=David |date=27 February 2023 |title=Ukraine war nudging Cambodia toward the West |url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/02/ukraine-war-nudging-cambodia-toward-the-west/#:~:text=It%20has%20been%20alleged%20that%20Cambodia’s%20foreign%20ministry,the%20UN%20to%20co-sponsor%20a%20resolution%20condemning%20Moscow |website=Asia Times}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Canada}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] condemned "in the strongest possible terms Russia's egregious attack on Ukraine" and stated that "these unprovoked actions are a clear further violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. They are also in violation of Russia's obligations under international law and the Charter of the United Nations."<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Trudeau to deliver remarks following Russia's attack on Ukraine |work=[[CP24]] |publication-place=Toronto |url=https://www.cp24.com/world/trudeau-to-deliver-remarks-following-russia-s-attack-on-ukraine-1.5793901 |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote='Canada condemns in the strongest possible terms Russia's egregious attack on Ukraine,' Trudeau said in a statement late Wednesday. |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123506/https://www.cp24.com/world/canada-brings-in-stronger-sanctions-after-russia-strikes-ukraine-1.5793901 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Cape Verde}}<br />
| The Prime Minister of Cape Verde [[Ulisses Correia e Silva|José Ulisses Correia e Silva]] condemned the invasion and called for a search for solutions through diplomatic channels and dialogue.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=PR e PM de Cabo Verde condenam invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia e pedem diálogo |trans-title=Cape Verde's President and Prime Minister condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and call for dialogue |url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/pr-e-pm-condenam-invas%C3%A3o-da-ucr%C3%A2nia-pela-r%C3%BAssia-e-pedem-di%C3%A1logo/6457087.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=Voice of America |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Condenamos a invasão à Ucrânia e apelamos a procura de soluções por vias diplomáticas e de diálogo. Desde 2016, Cabo Verde tem vivido momentos prolongados de crises: três anos consecutivos de seca severa; crise económica, social, energética e inflacionista associada à pandemia da COVID 19. E agora esta crise internacional perante a intervenção militar da Rússia contra a Ucrânia colocando em elevado risco a paz e a segurança globais. Tratam-se de riscos e incertezas que podem descambar em crises económicas. |trans-title=We condemn the invasion of Ukraine and call for solutions to be sought through diplomatic channels and dialogue. Since 2016, Cape Verde has experienced prolonged periods of crisis: three consecutive years of severe drought; economic, social, energy and inflationary crisis associated with the COVID 19 pandemic. And now this international crisis in the face of Russian military intervention against Ukraine, putting global peace and security at high risk. These are risks and uncertainties that can lead to economic crises. |language=pt |url=https://www.facebook.com/pmucs/posts/506269537524572 |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220408000405/https://www.facebook.com/pmucs/posts/506269537524572 |url-status=live |via=[[Facebook]]}}{{Primary source inline|date=March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Chile}}<br />
| President [[Sebastián Piñera]] said that "Russia's act of aggression and violation of Ukraine's sovereignty" violated international law,<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Piñera |first=Sebastian |author-link=Sebastian Piñera |user=sebastianpinera |number=1496859179033706501 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Chile condemns Russia's act of aggression and violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. These actions violate international law and threaten innocent lives and international peace and security. |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225072031/https://twitter.com/sebastianpinera/status/1496859179033706501 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> while [[President of Chile|President]] [[-elect]] [[Gabriel Boric]] "condemn[ed] the invasion of Ukraine, the violation of its sovereignty and the illegitimate use of force".<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Gabriel Boric Font |user=gabrielboric |number=1496877105484808202 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Rusia ha optado por la guerra como medio para resolver conflictos. Desde Chile condenamos la invasión a Ucrania, la violación de su soberanía y el uso ilegitimo de la fuerza. Nuestra solidaridad estará con las víctimas y nuestros humildes esfuerzos con la paz. |trans-title=Russia has opted for war as a means of resolving conflicts. From Chile we condemn the invasion of Ukraine, the violation of its sovereignty and the illegitimate use of force. Our solidarity will be with the victims and our humble efforts with peace. |language=es |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227041651/https://twitter.com/gabrielboric/status/1496877105484808202 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Colombia}}<br />
| President [[Iván Duque]] stated that Colombia "categorically rejects the attacks against Ukraine by Russia" and considers the invasion a violation of international law and the United Nations charter.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alsema |first=Adriaan |date=24 February 2022 |title=Colombia condemns Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://colombiareports.com/colombia-condemns-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224125219/https://colombiareports.com/colombia-condemns-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |newspaper=Colombia News &#124; Colombia Reports}}</ref><br />A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' downgraded Colombia from "Condemns Russia" to "neutral".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Costa Rica}}<br />
| President [[Carlos Alvarado Quesada|Carlos Alvarado]] released a statement on Twitter rejecting and condemning the "use of force and the violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine", saying that peace is the "only way".<ref>{{cite web |first1=Elías |last1=Camhaji |first2=Alonso |last2=Moleiro |first3=Naiara |last3=Galarraga |first4=Mar |last4=Centenera |date=24 February 2022 |title=Rusia encuentra el respaldo en sus aliados latinoamericanos tras invadir Ucrania |trans-title=Russia finds support in its Latin American allies after invading Ukraine |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-02-24/rusia-encuentra-el-respaldo-en-sus-aliados-latinoamericanos-tras-invadir-ucrania.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=El País |language=es |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224224028/https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-02-24/rusia-encuentra-el-respaldo-en-sus-aliados-latinoamericanos-tras-invadir-ucrania.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Croatia}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Andrej Plenković]] released a statement on Twitter saying: "We strongly condemn Russia's aggression and invasion on Ukraine. This unprovoked attack is a gross violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and international law".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=PM Plenkovic: We strongly condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://hr.n1info.com/english/news/pm-plenkovic-we-strongly-condemn-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224133731/https://hr.n1info.com/english/news/pm-plenkovic-we-strongly-condemn-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=N1}}</ref> Plenković also met with the Ukrainian Ambassador to Croatia, noting that Croatia would support the EU sanctions package, and stood ready to provide humanitarian and technical assistance to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Plenković: Croatia Will Support Sanctions Against Russia, Help Ukraine |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/60565-plenkovic-croatia-will-support-sanctions-against-russia-help-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224133736/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/60565-plenkovic-croatia-will-support-sanctions-against-russia-help-ukraine |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[Total Croatia News]] }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cyprus}}<br />
| President [[Nicos Anastasiades]] tweeted his condemnation "in the strongest possible terms" adding "I must say that we witness with great disappointment what is happening in violation of international law and we cannot but condemn as a country similar actions that violate the sovereignty and territorial integrity of an independent country". Meanwhile, Foreign Minister [[Ioannis Kasoulidis]] called for a ceasefire and said that "these are military operations within Europe, something we have avoided since the end of WWII".<ref>{{cite web |last=Agapiou |first=Gina |date=24 February 2022 |title=Anastasiades, Kasoulides condemn invasion, president attending EU summit (Update 4) |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/02/24/anastasiades-condemns-invasion-of-ukraine-in-strongest-possible-terms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123447/https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/02/24/anastasiades-condemns-invasion-of-ukraine-in-strongest-possible-terms/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Cyprus Mail]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}<br />
| President [[Miloš Zeman]] on 24 February called the invasion "an unprovoked act of aggression" and said that "Russia has committed a crime against peace", calling for harsh sanctions. He said he had been "wrong" to insist until a few days earlier that Russia would not invade Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 February 2022 |title=By invading Ukraine, Putin loses allies in eastern Europe |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-russia-hungary-prague-czech-republic-dfe9b03ce3553e899da79e4974fd93d7 |first=Karel|last=Janicek|access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224221210/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-russia-hungary-prague-czech-republic-dfe9b03ce3553e899da79e4974fd93d7 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
Prime Minister [[Petr Fiala]] said his government had withdrawn its agreement to Russian consulates in [[Karlovy Vary]] and [[Brno]], suspended the operation of the consulates of the Czech Republic in [[St. Petersburg]] and [[Yekaterinburg]], and stopped issuing visas for Russian citizens. He also said that the republic would insist on the adoption of the strictest anti-Russian sanctions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prague shuts down two Russian consulate generals, two Czech consulates in Russia |url=https://tass.com/world/1410191 |access-date=25 February 2022 |agency=[[TASS]] |archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224155451/https://tass.com/world/1410191|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| {{flag|Denmark}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Mette Frederiksen]] said that it was a "dark day for peace around the world", while stating that her government was ready to accept Ukrainian refugees.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Mette Frederiksen: 'I dag er en mørk dag for freden i verden' |trans-title=Mette Frederiksen: 'Today is a dark day for peace in the world' |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/mette-frederiksen-i-dag-er-en-moerk-dag-freden-i-verden |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=DR |language=da |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224201125/https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/mette-frederiksen-i-dag-er-en-moerk-dag-freden-i-verden |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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{{flag|Faroe Islands}} – Prime Minister, [[Bárður á Steig Nielsen]] said: "It's a sad day and our thoughts are with the Ukrainian people. This is not only an attack on Ukraine but also on European peace. The Faroe Islands strongly condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The attack is a clear violation of international law, which is meant to maintain justice, security and stability."<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=The Faroese government condemns the Russian attack on Ukraine |url=https://www.government.fo/en/news/news/the-faroese-government-condemns-the-russian-attack-on-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224212121/https://www.government.fo/en/news/news/the-faroese-government-condemns-the-russian-attack-on-ukraine/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=The Government of Faroe Islands}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Flag|Greenland}} – Greenland's Prime Minister, [[Múte B. Egede]], condemned the invasion, called it meaningless, and announced that Greenland would join international sanctions against Russia.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Greenland MFA|user=greenlandmfa |number=1498359624566812681 |date=28 February 2022 |title=🇬🇱 Prime Minister Múte B. Egede: "I strongly condemn Russia's actions against the Ukrainian people. It is meaningless and we want to show our solidarity with the Ukrainian people by joining the international sanctions against Russia". |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/greenlandmfa/status/1498359624566812681 |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Dominica}} <br />
| Dominica condemned the invasion and called for an end to the 'aggression'.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Statement by the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica on the situation in Ukraine |url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/statement-by-the-government-of-the-commonwealth-of-dominica-on-the-situation-in-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225131349/https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/statement-by-the-government-of-the-commonwealth-of-dominica-on-the-situation-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=Dominica News Online}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br />
| Dominican President [[Luis Abinader]] released a statement urging Russia to withdraw from Ukraine and furthermore stated that Russia was violating the political, cultural and territorial identity of Ukrainians.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Abinader: Putin no respeta la identidad política, cultural y territorial de Ucrania |trans-title=Abinader: Putin does not respect the political, cultural and territorial identity of Ukraine |language=es |url=https://www.elcaribe.com.do/destacado/abinader-putin-no-respeta-la-identidad-de-ucrania/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164118/https://www.elcaribe.com.do/destacado/abinader-putin-no-respeta-la-identidad-de-ucrania/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Ecuador}}<br />
| President [[Guillermo Lasso]] said that Ecuador would support the position of the United Nations and the Organization of American States in condemning the invasion. "The aggression is a violent intrusion and a violation of our principles for worldwide peace," he said. He added, however, that Ecuador has no plans to suspend diplomatic relations with Russia.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Oil price hits $100 a barrel following Russian invasion but exporters worry about market access |publisher=CuencaHighlife |url=https://cuencahighlife.com/oil-price-hits-100-a-barrel-following-russian-invasion-but-exporters-worry-about-market-access/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225191458/https://cuencahighlife.com/oil-price-hits-100-a-barrel-following-russian-invasion-but-exporters-worry-about-market-access/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{anchor|Estonia}}{{flag|Estonia}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Kaja Kallas]] called Russia a "threat to the whole of Europe".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lendon |first1=Brad |last2=Cotovio |first2=Vasco |date=24 February 2022 |title=Poland and Baltic countries trigger consultations under NATO article 4 |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_e828bdb524147e7b3ca4a611b767d7b4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224092134/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_e828bdb524147e7b3ca4a611b767d7b4 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[CNN]] |location=Seoul and Moscow |publication-place=Atlanta |quote=Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas said Russia's invasion of Ukraine represented a 'threat to the whole of Europe,' the Estonian government said in a statement on Thursday.}}</ref> [[Riigikogu]], the parliament of Estonia, also passed two statements on the mobilization of Russia's pre-invasion forces and the start of the attack against Ukraine in 2022, in which it expressed support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine and condemned the war started by the Russian Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riigikogu avaldus "Ukraina territoriaalse terviklikkuse toetuseks" 501 AE |trans-title=Statement of the Riigikogu "In support of the territorial integrity of Ukraine" 501 AE |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/tegevus/eelnoud/eelnou/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=Riigikogu |language=et}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Riigikogu avaldus "Venemaa Föderatsiooni agressioonist Ukraina vastu" 535 AE |trans-title=Statement of the Riigikogu "On the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine" 535 AE |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/tegevus/eelnoud/eelnou/898dbde0-0c27-4558-bf4d-1173cbf80971/Riigikogu%20avaldus%20_Venemaa%20F%C3%B6deratsiooni%20agressioonist%20Ukraina%20vastu_ |website=www.riigikogu.ee |language=et}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}<br />
| The Federated States of Micronesia [[Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations|severed diplomatic relations]] with Russia on 25 February 2022. "The FSM affirms its stalwart support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United Nations, who correctly condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The FSM supports the removal of the Russian Federation in its capacity as president of the United Nations Security Council; Russia remaining there is a façade, as they need to be upholding the international rules-based order instead of undermining it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palikir |first=Pohnpei |date=25 February 2022 |title=FSM severs diplomatic relations with Russia |url=https://www.mvariety.com/news/fsm-severs-diplomatic-relations-with-russia/article_79027fe8-9601-11ec-b64f-d3392c334c01.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Following the Unjustified & Brutal Invasion of Ukraine, the Federated States of Micronesia Severs Diplomatic Relations with the Russian Federation |url=https://gov.fm/index.php/component/content/article/35-pio-articles/news-and-updates/581-following-the-unjustified-brutal-invasion-of-ukraine-the-federated-states-of-micronesia-ceases-diplomatic-relations-with-the-russian-federation?Itemid=177 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123541/https://gov.fm/index.php/component/content/article/35-pio-articles/news-and-updates/581-following-the-unjustified-brutal-invasion-of-ukraine-the-federated-states-of-micronesia-ceases-diplomatic-relations-with-the-russian-federation?Itemid=177 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=[[Federated States of Micronesia]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Fiji}}<br />
| Acting Prime Minister [[Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum]] condemned Russia's actions in Ukraine, calling for an end to all hostilities and violation of international law and urging Russia to "return to the diplomatic table".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fiji condemns Russia's actions |url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/fiji-condemns-russias-actions/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=FBC News |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225114027/https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/fiji-condemns-russias-actions/ |url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Finland}}<br />
| President [[Sauli Niinistö]] condemned Russia's attack and President Vladimir Putin, saying "the mask has now come off and only the cold face of war is visible".<ref>{{cite web |last=Lonas |first=Lexi |date=24 February 2022 |title=Finland says debate on NATO membership 'will change' after Russian invasion |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/595656-finland-says-debate-on-nato-membership-will-change-after-russian |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=The Hill |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224162529/https://thehill.com/policy/international/595656-finland-says-debate-on-nato-membership-will-change-after-russian |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Prime Minister [[Sanna Marin]] said Russia's invasion of Ukraine would change [[Finland–NATO relations|the debate around NATO membership within her country]], and wrote on Twitter that "The attack is a grave breach of international law and threatens the life of numerous civilians. Finland expresses its solid support to Ukraine and Ukrainians and we are looking for ways to increase this support".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Finnish leaders condemn Russia attack on Ukraine |url=https://yle.fi/news/3-12331397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224083746/https://yle.fi/news/3-12331397 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=News |publisher=[[Yle]]}}</ref> On 25 February 2022, a Russian foreign ministry spokesperson threatened "military and political consequences" if Finland attempted to join NATO.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lonas |first=Lexi |date=25 February 2022|title=Russia threatens 'military and political consequences' if Finland, Sweden try joining NATO |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/russia/595853-russia-threatens-military-and-political-consequences-if-finland}}</ref><br />
<br />
Niinistö and Marin issued a joint declaration on 12 May declaring that Finland should join NATO.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://yle.fi/news/3-12442140 |title=Finnish leaders confirm support for Nato application |work=[[Yle News]] |date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|France}}<br />
| President of France Emmanuel Macron said he had spoken with Putin "to stop the fighting and talk to the Ukrainian president"<ref>{{cite web|date=25 February 2022 |title=Macron says he spoke to Putin at Zelenskiy's request |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/macron-putin-zelenskiy-ukraine-war-russia-call/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Politico]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123441/https://www.politico.eu/article/macron-putin-zelenskiy-ukraine-war-russia-call/|url-status=live}}</ref> and demanded "an immediate halt to Russian military operations in Ukraine".<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2022 |title=France's Macron demands 'targeted European sanctions' against Russia |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/02/22/France-s-Macron-demands-targeted-European-sanctions-against-Russia- |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] English |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222134620/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/02/22/France-s-Macron-demands-targeted-European-sanctions-against-Russia- |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 February 2022 |title=France condemns 'paranoid' Putin address as Macron demands sanctions against Russia |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20220221/macron-demands-targeted-european-sanctions-against-russia/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=The Local France |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222073456/https://www.thelocal.fr/20220221/macron-demands-targeted-european-sanctions-against-russia/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Gabon}}<br />
| Gabon participated in the Albanian-American-led Joint Statement following a vote on a UN Security Council resolution on Russia's aggression toward Ukraine.<ref name="Mureithi-2022">{{cite web |last=Mureithi |first=Carlos |date=25 February 2022 |title=What is Africa's position on Russia's invasion of Ukraine? |url=https://qz.com/africa/2133610/what-is-africas-position-on-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[Quartz (website)|Quartz]]}}</ref><br />A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' downgraded Gabon from "West leaning" to "neutral".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|The Gambia}}<br />
| The Gambia cosponsored the Albanian-American-led statement at the UN Security Council condemning Russia.<ref name="Greenfield-2022">{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Remarks by Ambassador Thomas-Greenfield Recognizing Additional Cosponsors of a UN Security Council Resolution Condemning Russia's Aggression |url=https://usun.usmission.gov/remarks-by-ambassador-thomas-greenfield-recognizing-additional-cosponsors-of-a-un-security-council-resolution-condemning-russias-aggression/ |first=Linda|last=Thomas-Greenfield|access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Georgia (country)|name=Georgia}}<br />
| President [[Salome Zourabichvili]] stated that "We are participating in all kinds of international financial sanctions and that's quite something for the Georgian financial sector. At the same time, we are participating in all the international resolutions that have been taken to support Ukraine. We share [with Ukraine] a common two-century history of Russian aggression and we know what that means"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2022/1036|title=President Zourabichvili: Georgia participates in all int'l financial sanctions and resolutions to support Ukraine|website=Agenda.ge|accessdate=9 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Zourabichvili said that her nation was "shocked" by Russian aggression in Ukraine. She affirmed her "solidarity with the Ukrainian people" and called for a halt in military operations.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Georgian nation shocked by Russian aggression in Ukraine, President declares |work=[[First Channel (Georgian TV channel)|First Channel]] |last=Tabatadze |first=Tamar |publication-place=[[Tbilisi]] |url=https://1tv.ge/en/news/we-stand-in-solidarity-with-ukrainian-people-georgian-president-declares/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote='Georgian nation shocked by the Russian aggression in Ukraine. We stand in solidarity with the Ukrainian people and call for a halt to the military operations. Slava Ukraini (Glory to Ukraine)!', the President wrote on Twitter. |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224130256/https://1tv.ge/en/news/we-stand-in-solidarity-with-ukrainian-people-georgian-president-declares/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The Georgian government contributed 1 million GEL from its reserve budget to help Ukrainians harmed by Russia's military assault. Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili made the decision and signed the decree authorizing the aid. The funding will be used to purchase medical supplies for Georgia's Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons, Labor, Health, and Social Affairs.<ref name="agenda.ge">{{Cite web|url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2022/584|title=Humanitarian aid to Ukraine, help for Ukrainians stranded in Georgia among Georgian Government's support initiatives since Russian invasion|website=Agenda.ge|accessdate=9 March 2024}}</ref><br />
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On 24 February, the Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia [[Shalva Papuashvili]] expressed his solidarity with Ukraine and called on the international community to take steps to "stop Russia escalating into a full-scale conflict and ensure the protection of international norms."<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Papuashvili |first=Shalva |author-link=Shalva Papuashvili |user=shpapuashvili |number=1496741009979498498 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Unfortunately, the war in #Ukraine could not be avoided. We once again call on the international community to make effective & firm steps to stop Russia from escalating into a full-scale conflict & ensure the protection of international norms. We stand with 🇺🇦 in these difficult times. |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224065728/https://twitter.com/shpapuashvili/status/1496741009979498498 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 27 February 100 tons of humanitarian aid were delivered to Ukraine via Poland, including first-aid supplies, over 30 types of pharmaceuticals, oxygen concentrators, and other humanitarian supplies. In addition, Georgia provided blood components, transfusion materials, and diagnostics.<ref name="agenda.ge"/><br />
<br />
On 4 March, the Georgian Health Ministry declared that all Ukrainian citizens in Georgia would receive free emergency medical services if needed.<ref name="agenda.ge"/><br />
<br />
Prime Minister [[Irakli Garibashvili]] said that Georgia's government could not impose separate sanctions against Russia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kucera |first=Joshua |url=https://eurasianet.org/georgia-says-it-wont-join-international-sanctions-against-russia |title=Georgia says it won't join international sanctions against Russia |date=25 February 2022 |work=Eurasia.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vice Prime Minister/Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, [[David Zalkaliani]] stated that "Military aggression launched by Russia against Ukraine is totally intolerable". He called on international partners to give a strict response to the violation of international law by Russia and ensure the de-escalation of the situation.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Zalkaliani |first=David |author-link=David Zalkaliani |user=DZalkaliani |number=1496763625872179232 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Military aggression launched by Russia against Ukraine is totally intolerable. We #StandWithUkraine and call on our international partners to give a strict response to the violation of international law by Russia and ensure the de-escalation of the situation. |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224082717/https://twitter.com/DZalkaliani/status/1496763625872179232 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia]] expressed extreme concern about developments in Ukraine. According to its statement, Russia's military actions undermined Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty as well as the UN Charter and fundamental principles of international law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=საქართველოს საგარეო საქმეთა სამინისტრო – Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/News/sagareo-saqmeta-saministros-ganckhadeba-(42).aspx?CatID=5&lang=en-US |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=mfa.gov.ge |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921041010/https://mfa.gov.ge/News/sagareo-saqmeta-saministros-ganckhadeba-(42).aspx?CatID=5&lang=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Economy Minister Levan Davitashvili said that Georgia was part of every international sanction against Russia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2022/1576|title=Georgia part of all international decisions on sanctions against Russia - Economy Minister|website=Agenda.ge|accessdate=9 March 2024}}</ref><br />
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A Parliamentary delegation of Georgia visited two Ukrainian cities where Papuashvili strongly opposed Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The opposition United National Movement (UNM), Georgia's main opposition party, paid a surprise visit to Kyiv on the same day, sending a separate delegation that included party chairman Nika Melia and former Georgian President [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oc-media.org/georgia-sends-parliamentary-delegation-to-bucha-and-irpin/ |title=Georgia sends parliamentary delegation to Bucha and Irpin |date=18 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Germany}}<br />
| [[Annalena Baerbock]], minister of foreign affairs, said that the world woke up in a different world. She announced massive sanctions against Russia. Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] called the invasion a "serious mistake" of Putin's.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frühauf |first=Sarah |date=24 February 2022 |title=Berlin im Schockzustand |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/krieg-ukraine-reaktionen-deutschland-101.html |website=tagesschau.de |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224220744/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/krieg-ukraine-reaktionen-deutschland-101.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Germany initially ruled out sending weapons to Ukraine and prevented Estonia from sending German-made howitzers to Ukraine.<ref name="Telegraph 20220226">{{cite web |last=Huggler |first=Justin |title='What will they send next? Pillows?': Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko hits back at Berlin over helmets |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/01/26/will-send-next-pillows-kyiv-mayor-vitali-klitschko-hits-back/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Germany said it was sending 5,000 helmets and a field hospital to Ukraine,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herszenhorn |first1=David M. |last2=Bayer |first2=Lili |date=26 February 2022 |title=Germany still blocking arms supplies to Ukraine |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-war-russia-germany-still-blocking-arms-supplies/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> to which Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko responded, "What will they send next? Pillows?"<ref name="Telegraph 20220226" /> On 26 February, in what was seen by observers as a reaction to mounting pressure from allies in NATO and EU, Germany reversed itself and allowed Estonia to send nine German-made howitzers and the Netherlands to send 400 rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and additionally agreed to send 1,000 anti-tank weapons and 500 Stinger anti-aircraft defence systems to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-war-russia-germany-still-blocking-arms-supplies/|title=Germany to send Ukraine weapons in historic shift on military aid |first1=David M. |last1=Herszenhorn |first2=Lili |last2=Bayer |first3=Hans |last3=von der Burchard |work=[[Politico]] |date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> At an emergency parliamentary session on 27 February, Scholz spoke of a "new era" that had begun with the Russian invasion. Germany would from then on invest more than the NATO target of two percent of the gross domestic product in defence. 100 billion euros would be made available for investments in the army in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220227-a-new-era-germany-rewrites-its-defence-foreign-policies |title='A new era': Germany rewrites its defence, foreign policies |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> According to ''[[Bild]]'', German President [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] planned to travel to Kyiv in April 2022 as a signal of solidarity but was snubbed by Ukrainian officials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jennen |first1=Birgit |title=German President Steinmeier Snubbed Over Planned Ukraine Visit, Bild Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-12/german-president-snubbed-over-planned-ukraine-visit-bild-says |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |date=12 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Ghana}}<br />
| Foreign Minister [[Shirley Ayorkor Botchway]] condemned the invasion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ghana condemns Russia's "unprovoked" attack on Ukraine |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-condemns-russia-s-unprovoked-attack-on-ukraine.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123448/https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-condemns-russia-s-unprovoked-attack-on-ukraine.html |url-status=live|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Greece}}<br />
| President [[Katerina Sakellaropoulou]] said that "we strongly condemn the Russian attack on an independent country" as "a clear violation of international law and our values".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Sakellaropoulou condemns Russian attack on Ukraine |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1178303/sakellaropoulou-condemns-russian-attack-on-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123454/https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1178303/sakellaropoulou-condemns-russian-attack-on-ukraine/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=eKathimerini.com}}</ref> On 8 March 2022, [[International Women's Day]], Sakellaropoulou appeared at the [[Hellenic Parliament]] with a dress in the colors of Ukraine's flag, in tribute to the Ukrainian women affected by the war.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=el:Η Σακελλαροπούλου ντύθηκε στα χρώματα της Ουκρανίας – Το μήνυμά της για την Παγκόσμια Ημέρα της Γυναίκας |trans-title=Sakellaropoulou dressed in the colors of Ukraine – Her message for International Women's Day |language=el |date=8 March 2022 |website=ProtoThema |url=https://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/1219618/i-sakellaropoulou-duthike-sta-hromata-tis-oukranias-to-minuma-tis-gia-tin-pagosmia-imera-tis-gunaikas/ |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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Prime Minister [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] condemned the "revisionist" actions of Russia against Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Mitsotakis: Greece unequivocally condemns Russian invasion |date=24 February 2022 |url=https://en.protothema.gr/pm-mitsotakis-greece-unequivocally-condemns-russian-invasion/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224214931/https://en.protothema.gr/pm-mitsotakis-greece-unequivocally-condemns-russian-invasion/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greek PM condemns Russian attack, says Greece energy supply secure |date=24 February 2022 |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/greek-pm-condemns-russian-attack-093126729.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123439/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=2_cc-session_e50420c1-f499-4059-bb04-c6dbb0bacf85 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Greece condemns 'revisionist' Russia attack on Ukraine |url=https://www.macaubusiness.com/greece-condemns-revisionist-russia-attack-on-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123434/https://www.macaubusiness.com/greece-condemns-revisionist-russia-attack-on-ukraine/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=Macau Business}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Grenada}}<br />
| Grenada condemned the invasion.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2022|title=Grenada condemns Russia's assault on Ukraine|url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/grenada-condemns-russias-assault-ukraine|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Guatemala}}<br />
| President [[Alejandro Giammattei]] released a statement on Twitter, condemning the Russian invasion.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=DrGiammattei |author-link=Alejandro Giammattei |first=Alejandro |last=Giammattei |number=1497047037359321088 |date=25 February 2022 |title=Condenamos enérgicamente la invasión militar a Ucrania por parte de la Federación de Rusia, acción que contraviene los principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, el derecho internacional y los tratados internacionales. |trans-title=We strongly condemn the military invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, an action that contravenes the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, international law and international treaties |access-date=25 February 2022 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225222732/https://twitter.com/drgiammattei/status/1497047037359321088 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| {{flag|Guyana}}<br />
| Guyana condemned the invasion and urged Russia to respect Ukrainian sovereignty.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chabrol |first=Denis |date=24 February 2022 |title=Guyana unites against Russia's invasion of Ukraine |work=Demerara Waves |url=https://demerarawaves.com/2022/02/24/guyana-unites-against-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164121/https://demerarawaves.com/2022/02/24/guyana-unites-against-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Guyana calls on Russia to respect Ukraine's sovereignty |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/guyana-calls-russia-respect-ukraines-sovereignty |access-date=25 February 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Haiti}}<br />
| Haiti expressed concerns at the situation in Ukraine and urged the two countries to find a diplomatic solution. Haiti cosponsored a UN Security Council resolution condemning Russia.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Haïti se prononce sur l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine |trans-title=Haiti speaks out on Russian invasion of Ukraine |language=fr |url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/234403/haiti-se-prononce-sur-linvasion-russe-de-lukraine |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164122/https://lenouvelliste.com/article/234403/haiti-se-prononce-sur-linvasion-russe-de-lukraine|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Greenfield-2022" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iceland}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Katrín Jakobsdóttir]] condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine as "an unacceptable breach of international law."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russians In Iceland & Icelandic Government Condemn Invasion Of Ukraine, Protests Planned |url=https://grapevine.is/news/2022/02/24/russians-in-iceland-icelandic-government-condemn-invasion-of-ukraine-protests-planned/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=The Reykjavik Grapevine |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224233326/https://grapevine.is/news/2022/02/24/russians-in-iceland-icelandic-government-condemn-invasion-of-ukraine-protests-planned/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Indonesia}} <br />
| [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] spokesman Teuku Faizasyah expressed concern about the conflict. Indonesia urged Russia to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 February 2022 |title=Indonesia Desak Rusia Hormati Kedaulatan Ukraina |work=internasional |trans-title=Indonesia Urges Russia to Respect Ukraine's Sovereignty |language=id |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220224133517-106-763488/indonesia-desak-rusia-hormati-kedaulatan-ukraina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224133154/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220224133517-106-763488/indonesia-desak-rusia-hormati-kedaulatan-ukraina |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]] |author1=Pwn }}</ref> A ministry press release said that the attack on Ukraine was "unacceptable".<ref>{{cite web |title=Pernyataan Pemerintah Indonesia Mengenai Serangan Militer Di Ukraina {{!}} Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia |trans-title=Indonesian Government Statement Regarding Military Attacks in Ukraine {{!}} Ministry of Foreign Affairs Portal of the Republic of Indonesia |language=id |url=https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/3360/berita/pernyataan-pemerintah-indonesia-mengenai-serangan-militer-di-ukraina |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=kemlu.go.id}}</ref> [[Indonesian President]] [[Joko Widodo]] also tweeted "Stop war. War brings suffering to mankind and endangers the world."{{Efn-la|Indonesian: "Setop perang. Perang itu menyengsarakan umat manusia, dan membahayakan dunia."}}<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Widodo |first=Joko |author-link=Joko Widodo |user=jokowi |number=1496805962274930688 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Setop perang. Perang itu menyengsarakan umat manusia, dan membahayakan dunia. |trans-title=Stop the war. The war torments mankind, and endangers the world. |language=id |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226022746/https://twitter.com/jokowi/status/1496805962274930688 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 February 2022 |title=Indonesia calls for negotiation and diplomacy after Russia attacks Ukraine, will not impose sanctions |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/putin-russia-ukraine-invasion-indonesia-thailand-philippines-malaysia-response-2517031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224133158/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/putin-russia-ukraine-invasion-indonesia-thailand-philippines-malaysia-response-2517031 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia}}</ref> The [[People's Representative Council]] also issued a condemnation statement.<ref>{{cite web |last=Prasetia |first=Fransiskus Adhiyuda |date=25 February 2022 |title=Komisi I DPR: Indonesia Mengecam Bentuk Penjajahan Termasuk Invasi Rusia Ke Ukraina |trans-title=House of Representatives Commission I: Indonesia Condemns Forms of Colonialism, Including Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.tribunnews.com/internasional/2022/02/24/komisi-i-dpr-indonesia-mengecam-bentuk-penjajahan-termasuk-invasi-rusia-ke-ukraina |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Tribunnews.com |language=id-ID |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224115710/https://www.tribunnews.com/internasional/2022/02/24/komisi-i-dpr-indonesia-mengecam-bentuk-penjajahan-termasuk-invasi-rusia-ke-ukraina |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Italy}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Mario Draghi]] promised "whatever it takes to restore Ukrainian sovereignty" and said it was "impossible to have meaningful dialogue with Moscow", demanding Russia unconditionally pull its forces back to the internationally established borders.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Italy's Draghi promises "whatever it takes" to restore Ukrainian sovereignty |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-draghi-promises-whatever-it-takes-restore-ukrainian-sovereignty-2022-02-24/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123445/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-draghi-promises-whatever-it-takes-restore-ukrainian-sovereignty-2022-02-24/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Republic of Ireland}}<br />
| President [[Michael D. Higgins]] called the Russian invasion "unacceptable and immoral" and stated: "This violence must stop. Troops must be withdrawn by Russia. The rise of militarism must end. Full humanitarian access must be given to all civilians in need. Every glimmer of hope through diplomacy must be seized."<ref>{{cite news |last=Moloney |first=Eoghan |date=1 March 2022 |title='The abuse by the powerful of its neighbour' – President Michael D Higgins condemns 'unacceptable' Russian invasion |work=[[Irish Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/the-abuse-by-the-powerful-of-its-neighbour-president-michael-d-higgins-condemns-unacceptable-russian-invasion-41398744.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302234430/https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/the-abuse-by-the-powerful-of-its-neighbour-president-michael-d-higgins-condemns-unacceptable-russian-invasion-41398744.html |archive-date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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Taoiseach [[Micheál Martin]] condemned the "outrageous" actions of Russia in Ukraine and promised "severe sanctions from EU", while saying: "Our thoughts must be with the innocent people of Ukraine at this, their most difficult hour."<ref>{{cite web |last=McGrath |first=Dominic |date=24 February 2022 |title=Taoiseach condemns 'outrageous' actions of Russia, promises 'severe' sanctions |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/politics/taoiseach-micheal-martin-condemnds-outrageous-26318781 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[Irish Mirror]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224133721/https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/politics/taoiseach-micheal-martin-condemnds-outrageous-26318781 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tánaiste [[Leo Varadkar]] stated that whilst Ireland is [[Irish neutrality|militarily neutral]], "in this conflict, Ireland is not neutral at all", acknowledging the country's "unwavering and unconditional" support for Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Sarah |last2=Beesley |first2=Arthur |title=Ireland is 'not neutral', says Tánaiste as 70 Irish citizens remain in Ukraine |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/ireland-is-not-neutral-says-t%C3%A1naiste-as-70-irish-citizens-remain-in-ukraine-1.4811139 |access-date=25 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224180943/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/ireland-is-not-neutral-says-t%C3%A1naiste-as-70-irish-citizens-remain-in-ukraine-1.4811139 |url-status=live}}</ref> He compared the invasion of Ukraine to the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|invasion]] of [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1939, calling Putin "the Hitler of the 21st century".<ref>{{cite web|title=Leo Varadkar: 'Putin is the Hitler of the 21st century' |url=https://www.independent.ie/news/leo-varadkar-putin-is-the-hitler-of-the-21st-century-41386424.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Irish Independent]] |first=Seoirse |last=Mulgrew |date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Jamaica}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Andrew Holness]] condemned Russia, stating "Jamaica is consistent in its support for the universal respect and adherence to the principles of international law, the respect for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of all nations. We, therefore, cannot support, and, in fact, we condemn the invasion of Ukraine".<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Jamaica's PM condemns Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/jamaicas-pm-condemns-russias-invasion-ukraine |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=Loop Jamaica News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Japan}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] condemned the invasion and announced that it would cooperate with the United States on further sanctions against Russia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan Condemns Russia, to Work With U.S. on Sanctions |date=24 February 2022 |last=Landers |first=Peter |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/japan-condemns-russia-to-work-with-u-s-on-sanctions-Ydmb2xPvukrqu8DtPKb7 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224181323/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/japan-condemns-russia-to-work-with-u-s-on-sanctions-Ydmb2xPvukrqu8DtPKb7 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 February, Japan implemented new sanctions, including an export ban on [[semiconductor]]s and other high-tech products, and froze the assets of three Russian banks, but later stated that it would not confiscate the frozen Russian foreign reserves parked with the Bank of Japan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan cannot confiscate Russian foreign reserves at BOJ -finmin Suzuki |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-japan-reserves/japan-cannot-confiscate-russian-foreign-reserves-at-boj-finmin-suzuki-idUKT9N2VD046 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 March 2022}}</ref> It also considered extending sanctions to Belarus, because of its support for the invasion. On 26 February, Japan agreed to increase deterrence efforts with the U.S., with Japanese Foreign Minister [[Yoshimasa Hayashi]] stating that the "impact of this will not stop in Europe." [[Japan–Russia relations]] had previously been characterized by Japanese attempts to avoid antagonizing Russia, particularly in that the [[Kuril Islands dispute]] was Russia's only territorial dispute in Asia. However, Japan was increasingly concerned about the geopolitical implications of the annexation on China and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Michelle |title=Japanese and U.S. foreign ministers agree to step up joint deterrence efforts |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/26/russia-ukraine-war-news-updates/#link-A7EK2YAU6NBFPGEYRIIY3H2HFI |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parallels with Taiwan colour Asian views of the war in Ukraine |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/02/26/parallels-with-taiwan-colour-asian-views-of-the-war-in-ukraine |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Kenya}}<br />
| Kenya participated in the Albanian-American-led Joint Statement following a vote on a UN Security Council resolution on Russia's aggression toward Ukraine.<ref name="Mureithi-2022" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Kiribati}}<br />
| Kiribati cosponsored a UN Security Council resolution condemning Russia.<ref name="Greenfield-2022" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Kuwait}}<br />
| Kuwait participated in the US-led joint statement following a vote on a UN Security Council resolution on Russia's aggression.<ref name="usun.usmission.gov" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Latvia}}<br />
| [[President of Latvia]] [[Egils Levits]] strongly condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine, calling for "all possible support, including weapons" to Ukraine and "the harshest possible sanctions" against Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the President of Latvia Egils Levits on Russian invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.president.lv/en/article/statement-president-latvia-egils-levits-russian-invasion-ukraine |publisher=Chancery of the [[President of Latvia]] |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> In a later interview he called the invasion the "beginning of the end for Putin".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invasion of Ukraine is beginning of the end for Putin – Levits |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/president/invasion-of-ukraine-is-beginning-of-the-end-for-putin--levits.a446636/ |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |agency=[[LETA]] |date=6 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> On 26 February, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Latvia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia]] suspended issuing visas to Russian nationals with the exception of [[humanitarian visa]]s.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Latvia ready to take in Ukrainian refugees, visas for Russians to be suspended |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/latvia-ready-to-take-in-ukrainian-refugees-visas-for-russians-to-be-suspended.a445142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/latvia-ready-to-take-in-ukrainian-refugees-visas-for-russians-to-be-suspended.a445142/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Two days later, [[Saeima]] approved legal amendments allowing Latvian nationals to voluntarily fight on the Ukrainian side against the Russian invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saeima moves to let Latvians fight for Ukraine without fear of prosecution |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/saeima/saeima-moves-to-let-latvians-fight-for-ukraine-without-fear-of-prosecution.a445637/ |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> On 4 March, [[Riga City Council]] renamed a section of the street in front of the Russian Embassy to Ukrainian Independence Street.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Please write to: Russian embassy, Ukrainian independence street, Rīga |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/please-write-to-russian-embassy-ukrainian-independence-street-riga.a446424/ |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] [[Krišjānis Kariņš]] expressed that the [[Economy of Latvia|Latvian economy]] and exports should continue to transition away from Russia, and the dependence on Russian energy imports should be reduced as soon as possible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Kariņš: 'No hope for economic cooperation with Russia' |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/pm-karins-no-hope-for-economic-cooperation-with-russia.a447072/ |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |date=9 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Lebanon}} <br />
| The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)|Lebanese Foreign Ministry]] on 24 February condemned Russia's invasion, and called on Moscow to "immediately halt military operations."<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Lebanese Foreign Ministry Condemns Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |work=[[Naharnet]] |publication-place=Lebanon |url=https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/288138-lebanese-foreign-ministry-condemns-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213435/https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/288138-lebanese-foreign-ministry-condemns-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia's embassy in Lebanon expressed surprise at this condemnation, releasing a statement that "The statement... surprised us [the Russian embassy] by violating the policy of dissociation and by taking one side against another in these events, noting that Russia spared no effort in contributing to the advancement and stability of the Lebanese Republic".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bassam |first=Laila |date=25 February 2022 |title=Russia says it is surprised by Lebanon's condemnation of invasion |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-says-it-is-surprised-by-lebanons-condemnation-invasion-2022-02-25/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226100000/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-says-it-is-surprised-by-lebanons-condemnation-invasion-2022-02-25/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' downgraded Lebanon from "West leaning" to "neutral".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Lesotho}}<br />
| Lesotho participated in the Albanian-American-led Joint Statement following a vote on a UN Security Council resolution on Russia's aggression toward Ukraine.<ref name="usun.usmission.gov">{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Joint Statement Following a Vote on a UN Security Council Resolution on Russia's Aggression Toward Ukraine|url=https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-statement-following-a-vote-on-a-un-security-council-resolution-on-russias-aggression-toward-ukraine/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[United States Mission to the United Nations]] |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226022057/https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-statement-following-a-vote-on-a-un-security-council-resolution-on-russias-aggression-toward-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Liberia}}<br />
| The Liberian government said that the unprovoked attack was unacceptable, and "[urged] Russia to ease hostilities".<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Liberia condemns Russia Unprovoked Attack on Ukraine; As Pope Francis Calls for Calm |work=The Independent Probe Newspaper |url=https://www.independentprobe.com/liberia-condemns-russia-unprovoked-attack-on-ukraine-as-pope-francis-calls-clam/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226170915/https://www.independentprobe.com/liberia-condemns-russia-unprovoked-attack-on-ukraine-as-pope-francis-calls-clam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Libya}}<br />
| Foreign Minister [[Najla Mangoush]] condemned Russia's military intervention as a violation of international law, and called on Moscow "to calm and retreat."<ref>{{cite web |last=Abdullah |first=Walid |date=24 February 2022 |title=Libya condemns Russian military operation in Ukraine |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/libya-condemns-russian-military-operation-in-ukraine/2513252 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224165251/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/libya-condemns-russian-military-operation-in-ukraine/2513252 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=aa.com.tr}}</ref> A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' downgraded Libya from "West leaning" to "neutral".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br />
| Liechtenstein condemned the invasion in a statement published on the government's official website.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Liechtenstein verurteilt die russische Aggression gegen die Ukraine |trans-title=Liechtenstein condemns Russian aggression against Ukraine |url=https://www.regierung.li/de/mitteilungen/228791/?typ=news |website=regierung.li |access-date=25 February 2022 |language=de |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225204536/https://www.regierung.li/de/mitteilungen/228791/?typ=news |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The government of Liechtenstein promised [[Swiss franc|CHF]] 500,000 from its existing International Humanitarian Cooperation and Development Budget to humanitarian projects for those affected by the war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Regierung beschliesst Nachvollzug von Sanktionen und gibt IHZE Gelder frei |url=https://medienportal.regierung.li/Medienmitteilungen/Detail/228795 |website=medienportal.regierung.li |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921041327/https://medienportal.regierung.li/Medienmitteilungen/Detail/228795 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Lithuania}} <br />
| Lithuania strongly condemned the invasion and called for military, economic and humanitarian aid for Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuania declares state of emergency, calls for sanctions on Belarus as Russia attacks Ukraine|url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1624004/lithuania-declares-state-of-emergency-calls-for-sanctions-on-belarus-as-russia-attacks-ukraine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319105022/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1624004/lithuania-declares-state-of-emergency-calls-for-sanctions-on-belarus-as-russia-attacks-ukraine|archive-date=19 March 2022|url-status=live|website=LRT|date=24 March 2022|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> President of Lithuania [[Gitanas Nauseda]] declared a state of emergency, ordering the NATO country's armed forces to deploy along its borders in response to "possible disturbances and provocations due to large military forces massed in Russia and Belarus".<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Lithuania declares state of emergency after Russia invades Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/lithuania-declares-state-emergency-after-russia-invades-ukraine-2022-02-24/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224145525/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/lithuania-declares-state-emergency-after-russia-invades-ukraine-2022-02-24/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Xavier Bettel]] condemned the invasion on Twitter.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Bettel |first=Xavier |author-link=Xavier Bettel |user=Xavier_Bettel |number=1496755880989179906 |date=24 February 2022 |title=I strongly condemn Russia's military aggression. We are consulting closely with EU partners and Allies to respond to this attack on Ukraine and call on President Putin to put an immediate end to it. My thoughts are with the people of Ukraine who have to suffer this ordeal. |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225182245/https://twitter.com/Xavier_Bettel/status/1496755880989179906 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Foreign minister [[Jean Asselborn]], in an interview with local radio, said the "physical elimination" of Putin was potentially the only way out of the war. He later described his remarks as a "slip of the tongue" and an emotional reaction to having just heard of Russia's indiscriminate attacks on Kharkiv.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asselborn says Putin death remarks a "mistake" |url=https://delano.lu/article/asselborn-says-putin-death-rem |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=delano.lu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Malawi}}<br />
| President [[Lazarus Chakwera]] urged Russia to withdraw.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mkandawire |first=Mwayi |date=26 February 2022 |title=Malawi supports calls for Russia to withdraw forces from Ukraine |url=https://malawi24.com/2022/02/26/malawi-urges-russia-to-withdraw-forces-from-ukraine/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Malawi 24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Malaysia}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Ismail Sabri]] expressed concern over the "escalation of conflict in Ukraine". He called for dialogue and "peace and security".<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Ukraine: PM expresses concern, but stops short of calling it an 'invasion' |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/612199 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> Independent news portal [[Malaysiakini]] noted that the statement lacked forceful language and did not mention Russia or call the conflict as an "invasion", prompting a response accusing the news portal of diverting from "the gist of the press statement".<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=PMO protests Malaysiakini article on Ismail's Ukraine statement |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/612239 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[Malaysiakini]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226171853/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/612239 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 February, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Foreign Ministry]] denied a report by the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' that it had "bungled" the evacuation of Malaysian nationals from Ukraine by forcing them to travel to Poland in private vehicles to escape the Russian invasion, after reports that the chartered bus scheduled to pick them up failed to arrive. This was followed by allegations that the Malaysian government had dismissed the possibility of a Russian invasion as a "Western narrative".<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayamany |first=Keertan |title=Foreign Ministry denies report of bungled Ukraine evacuation, says retreat planned since Feb 16 |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/02/27/foreign-ministry-denies-report-of-bungled-ukraine-evacuation-says-retreat-p/2044271 |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227155335/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/02/27/foreign-ministry-denies-report-of-bungled-ukraine-evacuation-says-retreat-p/2044271 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Azmi |first=Hadi |title=Ukraine invasion: Malaysian diplomats flee Kyiv by road as government draws flak for evacuation bungling |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3168507/ukraine-invasion-malaysian-diplomats-flee-kyiv-road-government |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227030459/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3168507/ukraine-invasion-malaysian-diplomats-flee-kyiv-road-government |archive-date=27 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> At the UN emergency session, Malaysia's representative announced it would vote in favor of the draft resolution condemning the invasion.<ref name="unemsession" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Maldives}}<br />
| Maldives voted for [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1]], condemning the invasion.<ref name="The Diplomat"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Malta}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Robert Abela]] said that during the meeting of European leaders Malta had "spoken in favour of peace in Ukraine", adding that doing so "did not compromise Malta's position of neutrality", as Malta's constitution affirms the island as a [[Neutral country|neutral state]] adhering to a policy of non-alignment.<ref>{{cite web|title=No major impact on Malta economy from Russian invasion of Ukraine, Abela says |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/no-major-impact-on-malta-economy-from-russian-invasion-of-ukraine.936990 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Times (Malta)]] |date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123450/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/no-major-impact-on-malta-economy-from-russian-invasion-of-ukraine.936990 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}<br />
| Marshall Islands cosponsored a UN Security Council resolution condemning Russia.<ref name="Greenfield-2022" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mauritius}}<br />
| The Mauritian government called for a peaceful resolution of the conflict and joined the call to return to peaceful dialogue between the parties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mauritius calls for peaceful resolution of Russia-Ukraine conflict |url=https://www.panapress.com/Mauritius-calls-for-peaceful-res-a_630715866-lang2-free_news.html |agency=Panafrican News Agency |access-date=1 March 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mexico}}<br />
| The [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico]] [[Marcelo Ebrard]], on behalf of President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], issued a statement on Twitter, rejecting and condemning the Russian invasion. He demanded a cessation of hostilities to achieve a peaceful resolution.<ref>{{cite web |last=Olivares Alonso |first=Emir |date=24 February 2022 |title=México condena enérgicamente "invasión" de Rusia a Ucrania: SRE |trans-title=Mexico strongly condemns Russia's "invasion" of Ukraine: SRE |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2022/02/24/politica/mexico-condena-energicamente-invasion-rusa-a-ucrania-ebrard/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=La Jornada |language=es |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123525/https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2022/02/24/politica/mexico-condena-energicamente-invasion-rusa-a-ucrania-ebrard/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 March, however, López Obrador announced that Mexico would not participate in economic sanctions against Russia and criticised the overseas censorship of Russian state media.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2022 |title=Mexico's president says he will not impose sanctions on Russia |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-01-22#h_16ea9365f2eb3f81a9b5c09f85de66b9 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> At the [[2022 G20 Bali summit]], López Obrador reaffirmed that Mexico would, officially, remain neutral on the conflict.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/mexico-stay-neutral-ukraine-president-says-ahead-biden-meeting-2022-07-08/|title=Mexico to stay neutral on Ukraine, president says ahead of Biden meeting|date=8 July 2022|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Moldova}}<br />
| President [[Maia Sandu]] condemned the act of war, calling it "a blatant breach of international law and of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=The World Reacts to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/world-reacts-russias-invasion-ukraine |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Lawfare |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113123719/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/world-reacts-russias-invasion-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> She added that [[Moldova]] was ready to accept tens of thousands of people fleeing Ukraine after the Russian attack and vowed to keep the borders open to help.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jake |last=Epstein |date=24 February 2022 |title=Thousands of Ukrainian refugees flee to Moldova after Russian attack |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ukrainian-refugees-flee-moldova-borders-open-after-russia-attack-2022-2 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Business Insider]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225113725/https://www.businessinsider.com/ukrainian-refugees-flee-moldova-borders-open-after-russia-attack-2022-2 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Monaco}}<br />
| [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert II]] affirmed his support for Ukraine in a statement: "The Principality reaffirms its support of international laws, and to the sovereignty, the integrity and the independence of states." and "Monaco is at the side of the Ukrainian population and human rights."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=MONACO FLIES THE COLOURS OF UKRAINE IN FULL SUPPORT |url=https://news.mc/2022/02/28/monaco-flies-the-colours-of-ukraine-in-full-support/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Minister of State (Monaco)|Minister of State]] [[Pierre Dartout]] announced his concern and said that Monaco was on the side of the Ukrainian people. He urged the Russians to cease their military operation immediately and for dialogue to resume.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Verany |first=Cédric |date=25 February 2022 |title=Guerre en Ukraine: "Monaco soutient toutes les initiatives qui permettraient de faire cesser les opérations militaires" |trans-title=War in Ukraine: "Monaco supports all initiatives that would put an end to military operations" |language=fr |url=https://www.monacomatin.mc/politique/guerre-en-ukraine-monaco-soutient-toutes-les-initiatives-qui-permettraient-de-faire-cesser-les-operations-militaires-749082 |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Monaco Royal Palace said in a statement "The Principality has adopted and implemented, without delay, procedures for freezing funds and economic sanctions identical to those taken by most European States."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Monaco clamps down on Russian assets after Ukraine invasion |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/wealth-hub-monaco-also-clamping-down-russian-assets-following-ukraine-invasion-2022-02-28/ |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Montenegro}}<br />
| President [[Milo Đukanović]] condemned the Russian invasion, saying it "violates all fundamental principles of international law, undermines European security, and endangers its stability." Deputy Prime Minister [[Dritan Abazović]] also tweeted that Montenegro stands with NATO and EU partners.<ref name="EWB" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Nepal}}<br />
| Nepal opposed the invasion and said principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity must be fully respected.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Nepal opposes Russian invasion of Ukraine |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/02/24/nepal-opposes-russian-invasion-of-ukraine |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225004058/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/02/24/nepal-opposes-russian-invasion-of-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|New Zealand}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine and called for Russia to immediately withdraw from Ukraine in a bid to avoid a "catastrophic and pointless" loss of life. New Zealand has suspended high-level diplomatic engagements with Russia and introduced travel bans and export controls.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ardern |first1=Jacinda |last2=Mahuta |first2=Nanaia |title=Aotearoa New Zealand condemns Russian invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/aotearoa-new-zealand-condemns-russian-invasion-ukraine |website=Beehive.govt.nz |publisher=[[New Zealand Government]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225113349/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/aotearoa-new-zealand-condemns-russian-invasion-ukraine |archive-date=25 February 2022 |date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Live: 'Decades of peace undermined': Jacinda Ardern condemns Russian invasion of Ukraine, death toll climbs to 137 |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/300526009/live-decades-of-peace-undermined-jacinda-ardern-condemns-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-death-toll-climbs-to-137 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123540/https://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/300526009/full-coverage-russian-invasion-of-ukraine--day-one-and-two}}</ref> In early March 2022, the [[New Zealand Parliament]] passed legislation imposing sanctions on Russian elites, organisations and assets deemed complicit in the invasion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament unanimously passes Russia Sanctions Bill |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/463022/parliament-unanimously-passes-russia-sanctions-bill |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309155948/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/463022/parliament-unanimously-passes-russia-sanctions-bill |archive-date=9 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In late March, the [[New Zealand Defence Force]] dispatched nine intelligence analysts to assist British and Belgian intelligence gathering work relating to the war in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=9 NZDF personnel sent to help with Ukraine intelligence |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/03/28/9-nzdf-personnel-sent-to-help-with-ukraine-intelligence/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[1News]] |date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329034131/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/03/28/9-nzdf-personnel-sent-to-help-with-ukraine-intelligence/ |archive-date=29 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-April 2022, New Zealand dispatched a [[C-130 Hercules]] aircraft and 58 military personnel to assist with logistics and transportation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Whyte |first=Anna |date=11 April 2022 |title=War in Ukraine: NZ to send Hercules aircraft, personnel to Europe |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/04/11/war-in-ukraine-nz-to-send-hercules-aircraft-personnel-to-europe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411042522/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/04/11/war-in-ukraine-nz-to-send-hercules-aircraft-personnel-to-europe/ |archive-date=11 April 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=[[1News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Flag|Cook Islands}} – In a statement, the Cook Islands Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration said: "The Cook Islands join with others in condemning Russia's unprovoked invasion of the Ukraine. We call on Russia to end the hostilities and violations of the international rule of law."<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Cook Islands condemns Russia's invasion of neighbouring Ukraine |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/regional/pacific-islands/cook-islands-condemns-russias-invasion-of-neighbouring-ukraine0/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[Cook Islands News]] |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226202019/https://www.cookislandsnews.com/regional/pacific-islands/cook-islands-condemns-russias-invasion-of-neighbouring-ukraine0/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Netherlands}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Mark Rutte]] condemned Russia's actions in the "strongest possible terms", saying that "one country and one man are responsible", while calling for "maximum sanctions" against Russia.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Dutch condemn Ukraine invasion ahead of crisis cabinet, EU meetings |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2022/02/dutch-condemn-ukraine-invasion-ahead-of-crisis-cabinet-eu-meetings/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=DutchNews.nl |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123455/https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2022/02/dutch-condemn-ukraine-invasion-ahead-of-crisis-cabinet-eu-meetings/ |url-status=live}}</ref> King [[Willem-Alexander]] and Queen [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands|Máxima]] stated that their "hearts go out to the people of Ukraine and everyone affected by the violence."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/latest/news/2022/02/24/response-by-king-willem-alexander-and-queen-maxima-to-the-situation-in-ukraine |title=Response by King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima to the situation in Ukraine |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164121/https://www.royal-house.nl/latest/news/2022/02/24/response-by-king-willem-alexander-and-queen-maxima-to-the-situation-in-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dutch royal family]] announced it would host six to eight families of refugees from Ukraine from mid-April at [[Het Oude Loo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/03/22/dutch-royals-open-doors-15th-century-castle-fleeing-war-ukraine/ |title=Dutch royals open doors of their 15th century castle to those fleeing war in Ukraine |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Nick |last=Gutteridge |date=22 March 2022 |accessdate=22 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Nigeria}}<br />
| On 24 February 2022, the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nigeria)|Nigerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] describing the invasion as a "surprise". It announced plans for the evacuation of Nigerian citizens from Ukraine. However, it avoided condemning the actions of Russia, and reaffirmed Russia's claims that the attacks in Ukraine had "been confined to military installations".<ref>{{cite news |last=Okafor |first=Chiamaka |date=24 February 2022 |title=Nigeria 'surprised' but fails to condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/513615-nigeria-surprised-but-fails-to-condemn-russian-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224155432/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/513615-nigeria-surprised-but-fails-to-condemn-russian-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> On 26 February 2022, after Foreign Minister [[Geoffrey Onyeama]] met with Ukrainian Ambassador to Nigeria Kirdoda Valerii, Russian ambassador to Nigeria [[Alexey Shebarshin]], and envoys from the [[G7]] countries, he officially condemned Russia's invasion and urged Russian troops be withdrawn.<ref>{{cite news |title=We Urge Russia To 'Pull Back' On Ukraine Attacks – FG |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/02/26/we-urge-russia-to-pullback-on-ukraine-attacks-fg/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |publisher=Channels Television}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|North Macedonia}}<br />
| President [[Stevo Pendarovski]] condemned the Russian invasion as "an attack on the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, blatant violation of the basic principles of international law, attack on the democratic order and a threat to the stability of Europe."<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Pendarovski |first=Stevo |author-link=Stevo Pendarovski |user=SPendarovski |number=1496784450453127170 |date=24 February 2022 |title=I strongly condemn the military actions that #Russia is taking against #Ukraine, which will unavoidably lead to irreparable human loss and material damage. |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124103/https://twitter.com/SPendarovski/status/1496784450453127170 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prime Minister [[Dimitar Kovačevski]] announced his government's readiness to receive refugees from Ukraine if the situation there deteriorated further.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trkanjec |first=Zeljko |date=24 February 2022 |title=North Macedonia ready to accept refugees from Ukraine |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/north-macedonia-ready-to-accept-refugees-from-ukraine/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Euractiv]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Norway}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] assured that Norway "condemns Russia's military attack on Ukraine in the strongest possible terms".<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Norway condemns Russia's military attack on Ukraine |publisher=[[Government.no]] |publication-place=Oslo |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norway-condemns-russias-military-attack-on-ukraine/id2902136/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote='Norway condemns Russia's military attack on Ukraine in the strongest possible terms. This attack is a serious violation of international law and endangers the lives of innocent people,' said Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre. |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224104622/https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norway-condemns-russias-military-attack-on-ukraine/id2902136/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Palau}}<br />
| Palau participated in the Albanian-American-led Joint Statement following a vote on a UN Security Council resolution on Russia's aggression toward Ukraine.<ref name="usun.usmission.gov" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Paraguay}}<br />
| Paraguay condemned the invasion.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Paraguay condena los ataques al pueblo ucraniano |trans-title=Paraguay condemns the attacks on the Ukrainian people |url=https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/noticias-de-embajadas-y-consulados/paraguay-condena-los-ataques-al-pueblo-ucraniano |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123539/https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/noticias-de-embajadas-y-consulados/paraguay-condena-los-ataques-al-pueblo-ucraniano |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=www.mre.gov.py |language=es}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br />
| Papua New Guinea cosponsored a UN Security Council resolution condemning Russia.<ref name="Greenfield-2022" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Panama}}<br />
| Panama lamented the invasion and stated their support for Ukrainian sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Panamá lamenta la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania y aboga por el diálogo y el derecho internacional |trans-title=Panama regrets Russia's invasion of Ukraine and advocates dialogue and international law |language=es |url=https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/politica/panama-lamenta-la-invasion-de-rusia-ucrania-y-aboga-por-el-dialogo-y-el-derecho |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123505/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/politica/panama-lamenta-la-invasion-de-rusia-ucrania-y-aboga-por-el-dialogo-y-el-derecho|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Peru}}<br />
| Foreign Affairs Minister [[César Landa]] said in a statement: "Faced with the violation of [the] sovereignty, territory, and integrity of Ukraine, Peru rejects the use of force and states its opinion through the Foreign Affairs Ministry, invoking respect for international law."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Peru urges respect for international law |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peru-urges-respect-for-international-law-882298.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123513/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peru-urges-respect-for-international-law-882298.aspx |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=Andina Peruvian News Agency}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Philippines}}<br />
| The Philippines [[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Department of Foreign Affairs]] urged the international community to reaffirm its commitment to peaceful dialogue and "more than words" and cited the UN General Assembly's Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes. Foreign Secretary [[Teodoro Locsin Jr.]] committed to going to the Ukrainian border to personally oversee the repatriation of Filipinos in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bajo |first=Anna Felicia |title=Philippines to int'l community: Reaffirm commitment to peaceful settlements of disputes |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/823047/philippines-to-int-l-community-reaffirm-commitment-to-peaceful-settlements-of-disputes/story/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=[[GMA News]] |date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123432/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/823047/philippines-to-int-l-community-reaffirm-commitment-to-peaceful-settlements-of-disputes/story/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Philippines later said it would vote to condemn the invasion at the emergency special session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2022 |title=Philippines to vote to condemn Russia invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/823421/philippines-votes-to-condemn-russia-invasion-of-ukraine/story/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=[[GMA Integrated News]]}}</ref> President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] appealed to Putin, who is also his personal friend, on 23 May to rein in Russian armed forces following reports of civilians deaths, and to assure safety for those fleeing the area. He acknowledged the conflict was a war against a sovereign nation rather than a "special military operation".<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte to Putin: Rein in your soldiers in Ukraine, spare civilians |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/05/24/22/duterte-to-putin-rein-in-your-soldiers-in-ukraine |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2022 |title=Philippine President Duterte slams Putin for Ukraine killings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/24/philippines-president-duterte-slams-putin-for-ukraine-killings |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Poland}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Mateusz Morawiecki]] wrote on Twitter that "We must immediately respond to Russia's criminal aggression on Ukraine Europe and the free world has to stop Putin",<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title='Unprovoked and unjustified:' world reacts to attack on Ukraine |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220224-unprovoked-and-unjustified-world-reacts-to-attack-on-ukraine |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[France 24]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224065317/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220224-unprovoked-and-unjustified-world-reacts-to-attack-on-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> and its government announced that the country was "ready to accept migrants and has prepared hospitals and a train to transport Ukrainians wounded in the assault".<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Germany offers Poland help with refugees from Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-offers-poland-help-with-refugees-ukraine-2022-02-24/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224100537/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germany-offers-poland-help-with-refugees-ukraine-2022-02-24/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji|National Broadcasting Council]] banned the Russian state-controlled television network [[RT (TV network)|RT]] on 24 February.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kayali |first1=Laura |last2=Goujard |first2=Clothilde |title=Europe increases pressure on Kremlin-backed broadcaster RT |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/western-europe-increases-pressure-on-kremlin-backed-broadcaster-rt/ |website=[[Politico Europe]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Portugal}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[António Costa]] "vehemently condemns the military action triggered by Russia today on Ukrainian soil" in a press statement following a meeting with the minister of state and foreign affairs, the minister of defence, and the chief of the general staff.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal vehemently condemns Russian action on Ukrainian soil |website=portugal.gov.pt |url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/en/gc22/communication/news-item?i=portugal-vehemently-condemns-russian-action-on-ukrainian-soil |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123530/https://www.portugal.gov.pt/en/gc22/communication/news-item?i=portugal-vehemently-condemns-russian-action-on-ukrainian-soil |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Romania}}<br />
| President [[Klaus Iohannis]] condemned Russia's military aggression against Ukraine via Twitter. He said that "Romania, together with the entire international democratic community, strongly rejects this irresponsible behaviour that undermines the foundations of international relations and the current order of international law", and that "the Russian Federation has once again shown that it is not is interested in the constructive and responsible dialogue offered by the European and Euro-Atlantic community" and that Romanian citizens should leave Ukraine as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite news |title=Klaus Iohannis, după ce Putin a atacat Ucraina: "Condamn cu putere, în numele României, agresiunea militară a Rusiei" |trans-title=Klaus Iohannis after Putin attacked Ukraine: "I strongly condemn, on behalf of Romania, Russia's military aggression" |language=ro |date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Digi24]] |url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/klaus-iohannis-dupa-ce-putin-a-atacat-ucraina-condamn-cu-putere-in-numele-romaniei-agresiunea-militara-a-rusiei-1848253 |access-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224102703/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/klaus-iohannis-dupa-ce-putin-a-atacat-ucraina-condamn-cu-putere-in-numele-romaniei-agresiunea-militara-a-rusiei-1848253 |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|San Marino}}<br />
| The [[San Marino Secretary for Foreign Affairs]] issued a statement saying that "the military escalation in Ukraine is a great wound for all the people and nations who strongly believe in the values of peace and strongly condemn war" and "the San Marino institutions and government are in deep shock at this time".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esteri.sm/pub1/EsteriSM/dettaglio_notizia.html?idItem=0f8945eb-ac82-4527-bf5d-9a9e6be9016f |title=Dichiarazione del Segretario di Stato per gli Affari Esteri Luca Beccari in merito agli ultimi sviluppi sulla situazione in Ucraina |language=it |trans-title=Statement by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Luca Beccari on the latest developments on the situation in Ukraine |website=esteri.sm |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224151504/https://www.esteri.sm/pub1/EsteriSM/dettaglio_notizia.html?idItem=0f8945eb-ac82-4527-bf5d-9a9e6be9016f |archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saint Lucia}}<br />
| Saint Lucia expressed concern about the invasion and supported the [[Caribbean Community|CARICOM]] statement condemning Russia.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Pierre Concerned About Economic Impact Of Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://stluciatimes.com/pierre-concerned-about-economic-impact-of-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226210840/https://stluciatimes.com/pierre-concerned-about-economic-impact-of-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Samoa}}<br />
| Samoa's permanent representative to the United Nations, Fatumanava-o-Upolu III Pa'olelei Luteru, described the invasion as "unprovoked" and stated that "Samoa is greatly concerned by the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. Such action is a clear violation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty." He also called for Russia and Ukraine to engage in peace negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Samoa stands in solidarity with the people of Ukraine |url=https://talamua.com/2022/03/03/samoa-stands-in-solidarity-with-the-people-of-ukraine/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=Talamua Media |date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302193559/https://talamua.com/2022/03/03/samoa-stands-in-solidarity-with-the-people-of-ukraine/ |archive-date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}<br />
| President [[Julius Maada Bio]] urged an end to the war in Ukraine "for the sake of humanity", stating that he believes "even those who sympathise with [[Russia]] are in favour of stopping this war".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=18 May 2023 |title=Sierra Leone: President Julius Bio urges end to Ukraine war for 'sake of humanity' |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/18/sierra-leone-president-julius-bio-urges-end-to-ukraine-war-for-sake-of-humanity/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |website=Africa News |language=en}}</ref> Amid his 2023 candidacy for reelection, Bio indicated that he hopes diplomacy led by African leaders can help broker an end to the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoije |first=Katarina |date=10 June 2023 |title=Sierra Leone's Bio Hopes African Mission Can End Ukraine War |language=en |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-10/sierra-leone-s-bio-hopes-african-mission-can-end-ukraine-war |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Singapore}}<br />
| [[Singapore]]'s [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said Singapore "strongly condemns any unprovoked invasion of a sovereign country under any pretext," and that "the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine must be respected."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine Ambassador to Singapore urges global solidarity, 'massive' sanctions on Russia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-ambassador-singapore-urges-global-solidarity-massive-sanctions-russia-2517836 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=CNA}}</ref> "All parties concerned should continue to pursue dialogue, including diplomatic means, towards a peaceful settlement of the dispute, in accordance with international law, and avoid activities that will further raise tensions in the region."<ref>{{cite web |last=Tham |first=Davina |date=23 February 2022 |title=Ukraine's sovereignty, territorial integrity 'must be respected', says Singapore as Russia recognises breakaway regions |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-respect-sovereignty-territorial-integrity-2512591 |access-date=22 February 2022 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222073318/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/ukraine-respect-sovereignty-territorial-integrity-2512591 |url-status=live}}</ref> Local news outlets reported that Singapore might join international sanctions on Russia, and was unlikely to take a direct economic hit from export curbs on Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore may join Russia sanctions; no major hit to trade sector, but risks remain |website=businesstimes.com.sg |date=23 February 2022 |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/singapore-may-join-russia-sanctions-no-major-hit-to-trade-sector-but-risks-remain |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> On 28 February 2022, Singapore announced sanctions against Russia, export controls on items "that can be used directly as weapons in Ukraine to inflict harm or to subjugate the Ukrainians" and moved to "block certain Russian banks and financial transactions connected to Russia". The move was a first by a Southeast Asian country and a departure from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' refusal to condemn the invasion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Singapore to Sanction Russia in 'Almost Unprecedented' Move |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=28 February 2022 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-28/singapore-to-sanction-russia-in-almost-unprecedented-move |access-date=28 February 2022 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Singapore to slap unilateral sanctions on Russia in 'almost unprecedented' move |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3168648/ukraine-invasion-singapore-impose-unilateral-sanctions-russia |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Slovakia}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Eduard Heger]] stated that "The Russian imperialism has been restored in front of our eyes in its aggressive, militant form" and about Russian president Vladimir Putin added "All victims of this war will be his victims and he will be responsible for them in the eyes of the global public."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Heger: Putin will be held responsible for all the victims of this war |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22847964/russia-grossly-violated-international-laws.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=The Slovak Spectator |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224131214/https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22847964/russia-grossly-violated-international-laws.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 February 2022, [[Bratislava Castle]] and the seat of President of Slovakia [[Grassalkovich Palace]] in Bratislava was light up in blue and yellow in solidarity with Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 February 2022 |title=Bratislavský hrad aj prezidentský palác sa rozsvietili vo farbách ukrajinskej vlajky |trans-title=Both Bratislava Castle and the Presidential Palace lit up in the colors of the Ukrainian flag |language=Slovak |url=https://www.tyzden.sk/politika/82070/bratislavsky-hrad-aj-prezidentsky-palac-sa-rozsvietili-vo-farbach-ukrajinskej-vlajky/|access-date=25 February 2022 |website=tyzden |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123459/https://www.tyzden.sk/politika/82070/bratislavsky-hrad-aj-prezidentsky-palac-sa-rozsvietili-vo-farbach-ukrajinskej-vlajky/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Slovakia also provided Ukraine with an [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] air defense system.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 April 2022 |title=Slovakia says it has given S-300 air defence system to Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/8/slovakia-says-it-has-given-s-300-air-defence-system-to-ukraine |access-date=12 April 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Slovenia}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Janez Janša]] condemned Russia's "unprecedented military aggression against Ukraine" and demanded that Russia immediately withdraw its military and fully respect Ukraine's territorial integrity, reaffirming Slovenia's support of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Janša |first=Janez |author-link=Janez Janša |user=JJansaSDS |number=1496737141539450883 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Together with our @NATO and #EU allies we strongly condemn Russia's unprecedented military aggression against Ukraine. Russia must immediately withdraw its military and fully respect Ukraine's territorial integrity. A no-fly zone over 🇺🇦 has to be introduced. #StandWithUkraine https://t.co/MhYVbXTFcP |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226035035/https://twitter.com/JJansaSDS/status/1496737141539450883 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The national flag of Ukraine was hung from the Slovenian Parliament in [[Ljubljana]] as a symbol of solidarity and brotherhood between the two countries.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Janša |first=Janez |author-link=Janez Janša |user=JJansaSDS |number=1496802232410464261 |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukrainian flags 🇺🇦 hung in solidarity on government buildings in Slovenia. #StandWithUkriane 🇺🇦 🇸🇮 https://t.co/kM4LovgZaf |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093052/https://twitter.com/jjansasds/status/1496802232410464261 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|South Korea}} <br />
| President [[Moon Jae-in]] said that South Korea would join sanctions against Russia. He said: "The use of armed forces causing human casualties cannot be justified under any circumstances".<ref>{{cite web |last=Yoon |first=Dasl |date=24 February 2022 |title=South Korea to Join International Sanctions Against Russia |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/lWVKjsfqmMqjUYwuynxO |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224113422/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/lWVKjsfqmMqjUYwuynxO |url-status=live}}</ref> The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said: "The Korean government strongly condemns Russia's armed invasion against Ukraine as a violation of the principles of the UN Charter" and "the Korean government will support and join the international community's efforts, including economic sanctions, to curb armed invasion".<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=25 February 2022 |title=MOFA Spokesperson's Statement on Situation Regarding Ukraine |url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=322002&page=1 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=mofa.go.kr |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea}}</ref> On 1 March, South Korea announced it would stop all transactions with seven main Russian banks and their affiliates, and restrict the purchase of Russian treasury bonds.<ref>{{cite web|title=정부, 러시아 주요 7개 은행 거래 중지...국고채 거래도 중단 |trans-title=Government announces, stop transactions with 7 main Russian banks... Treasury bond transactions also halted |url=https://www.fnnews.com/news/202203011644322929 |website=Financial News |date=March 2022 |language=ko |accessdate=2 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=한·미 재무 당국, '우크라 침공' 대러 제재 협의…美 "韓정부 발표 환영" |trans-title=Korea·US financial authorities, 'Ukraine Invasion' anti-Russia sanctions consultation... The US 'Welcomes Korean government's announcement' |url=https://www.newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20220302_0001777337&cID=10101&pID=10100 |website=Newsis |date=2 March 2022 |language=ko |accessdate=2 March 2022}}</ref> In April 2022, South Korea turned down Ukraine's request for ground-based systems targeting aircraft and ballistic missiles, citing its "principled stance" of not providing lethal hardware. At the time, Ukraine had already been provided with approximately 25,000 anti-air and 60,000 anti-tank systems by the U.S. and its allies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan-kyong |first1=Park |date=11 April 2022 |title=Zelensky cites Korean war in appeal to Seoul to send anti-aircraft weapons |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3173820/ukraine-war-seoul-rejects-kievs-request-anti-aircraft-weapons |work=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Spain}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Pedro Sánchez]] condemned the "intolerable military actions of the Russian government in Ukrainian soil" on Twitter after holding a meeting of the [[National Security Council (Spain)|Spanish National Security Council]] presided over by [[Felipe VI of Spain|King Felipe VI]].<ref>{{cite tweet |first=Pedro |last=Sánchez |author-link=Pedro Sánchez |user=sanchezcastejon |number=1496862724248199173 |title=Condenamos las intolerables acciones militares del gobierno ruso en territorio ucraniano. Los valores que compartimos con Europa nos guiarán en esta crisis. España defenderá la legalidad internacional, se desvivirá por restablecer la paz y será solidaria con las zonas afectadas. |trans-title=We condemn the intolerable military actions of the Russian government on Ukrainian territory. The values we share with Europe will guide us through this crisis. Spain will defend international legality, will go out of its way to restore peace and will show solidarity with the affected areas. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224221746/https://twitter.com/sanchezcastejon/status/1496862724248199173 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live |language=es}}</ref><br />
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Minister of Foreign Affairs [[José Manuel Albares]] called the attack "unjustifiable" and a "blatant violation of international law", and announced that Spain was coordinating with EU partners and NATO allies.<ref>{{cite tweet |first=José Manuel |last=Albares |author-link=José Manuel Albares |user=jmalbares |title=The unjustifiable Russian attack on Ukraine is a blatant violation of international law. We condemn this aggression and call for its cessation. Spain is coordinating a response with EU partners and @NATO allies. Our solidarity with the government and people of Ukraine |number=1496742485116153856 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224070319/https://twitter.com/jmalbares/status/1496742485116153856 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Minister of Defence [[Margarita Robles]] asked for "really severe" sanctions and called Russian actions "of an extraordinary gravity" but noted that there would be no NATO troops on Ukrainian soil as the country "is not a NATO member".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |date=24 February 2022 |title=Robles apuesta por sanciones "severísimas" a Rusia y subraya que no habrá tropas de la OTAN en Ucrania |language=es |trans-title=Robles bets on "very severe" sanctions against Russia and stresses that there will be no NATO troops in Ukraine |url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-robles-apuesta-sanciones-severisimas-rusia-subraya-no-habra-tropas-otan-ucrania-20220224203012.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123500/https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-robles-apuesta-sanciones-severisimas-rusia-subraya-no-habra-tropas-otan-ucrania-20220224203012.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 27 February, Spanish Defence Minister Margarita Robles announced the shipment of 20 tons of defense military equipment to Ukraine<ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Miguel |date=27 February 2022 |title=España envía 20 toneladas de equipos militares de protección a Ucrania |trans-title=Spain sends 20 tons of military protection equipment to Ukraine |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2022-02-27/espana-envia-20-toneladas-de-equipos-militares-de-proteccion-a-ucrania.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> and advanced the request to send the [[Spanish frigate Blas de Lezo (F103)|frigate Blas de Lezo]] in conjunction with a NATO mission.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=España envía dos buques al Mar Negro y ofrece cazas a la OTAN en plena escalada de tensión en Ucrania |trans-title=Spain sends two ships to the Black Sea and offers fighters to NATO in full escalation of tension in Ukraine |url=https://www.infolibre.es/politica/espana-envia-buques-mar-negro-ofrece-cazas-otan-plena-escalada-tension-ucrania_1_1217469.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[:es:Infolibre|infolibre]] |language=es}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Suriname}}<br />
| Suriname condemned the invasion.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Suriname veroordeelt Russische militaire interventie in Oekraïne |trans-title=Suriname condemns Russian military intervention in Ukraine |language=nl |url=https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2022/02/24/suriname-veroordeelt-russische-militaire-interventie-in-oekraine/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164120/https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2022/02/24/suriname-veroordeelt-russische-militaire-interventie-in-oekraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sweden}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Magdalena Andersson]] stated that "Sweden condemns in the strongest terms Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine. Russia's acts are also an attack on the European security order. It will be met by a united and robust response in solidarity with Ukraine. Russia alone is responsible for human suffering."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Press conference by the Swedish Prime Minister on the occasion of Russia's invasion of Ukraine |work=government.se |url=https://government.se |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224215810/https://government.se/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Andersson announced that Sweden would apply for NATO membership on 16 May, in coordination with neighboring [[Finland–NATO relations|Finland's application]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rolander |first=Niclas |date=16 May 2022 |title=Sweden Makes Formal Decision to Apply for NATO Membership |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-16/swedish-government-makes-formal-decision-to-apply-for-nato-entry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014062734/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-16/swedish-government-makes-formal-decision-to-apply-for-nato-entry |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Switzerland}}<br />
| The Swiss foreign ministry called Russia's actions an "invasion" and a "gross violation of international law", while Swiss President [[Ignazio Cassis]] announced that the country would support EU sanctions on travel and finance but would still not impose sanctions of its own.<ref>{{cite web|author=swissinfo.ch |title=Switzerland resists imposing own sanctions against Russia |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/switzerland-faces-dilemma-over-russia-sanctions/47376184 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224232918/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/switzerland-faces-dilemma-over-russia-sanctions/47376184 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[Swiss Federal Council]] reversed course on 28 February, announcing that Switzerland was imposing the same sanctions on Russian assets as the European Union. Exempt from these sanctions were payments for energy raw materials. According to Cassis, the decision was unprecedented but consistent with [[Swiss neutrality]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/world/europe/switzerland-russian-assets-freeze.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228152858/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/world/europe/switzerland-russian-assets-freeze.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Switzerland says it will freeze Russian assets, setting aside a tradition of neutrality. |first=Nick |last=Cumming-Bruce |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> The Ukraine Recovery International Conference took place in [[Lugano]], [[Switzerland]] on 5 July 2022, to finance the rebuilding of the war-torn nation.<ref>[https://www.urc2022.com UkraineRecovery Conference 2022, Lugano. Switzerland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720081352/https://www.urc2022.com/ |date=20 July 2022 }} Retrieved 13 July 2022.</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Thailand}}<br />
| Thailand's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] expressed "deep concern" and said that it supported "peaceful settlement to the situation through dialogue."<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=24 February 2022 |title=Thailand's Statement on the Situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.mfa.go.th/en/content/statement-24-feb-22?page=5d5bd3da15e39c306002aaf9&menu=5d5bd3cb15e39c306002a9b0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224181247/https://www.mfa.go.th/en/content/statement-24-feb-22?page=5d5bd3da15e39c306002aaf9&menu=5d5bd3cb15e39c306002a9b0 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=[[Kingdom of Thailand]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Timor-Leste}}<br />
| Timor-Leste was one of 87 signatories to the UN letter condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="Axios" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br />
| Foreign Minister Amery Browne condemned the invasion.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022|title=T&T condemns Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://stlucia.loopnews.com/content/tt-condemns-russias-invasion-ukraine-5 |access-date=25 February 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tunisia}}<br />
| Tunisia called on all parties to work on settling the conflict through peaceful means, expressed "great concern" over the aggravation of tension in the region."<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Tunisia calls for peaceful means in Ukraine |url=https://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/en/press/news/detail/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=3272&cHash=200dc7373e64a9cad037b2dba001de5b |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Tunisia |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228135820/https://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/en/press/news/detail/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=3272&cHash=200dc7373e64a9cad037b2dba001de5b |url-status=live}}</ref> Tunisia called on its nationals in Ukraine not to leave the country without prior coordination.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Emergency Meeting With ICRC, IOM and UNHCR Offices |url=https://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/en/press/news/detail/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=3268&cHash=d714405e2ea3582b5abf81c0b5772480 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Ministère des Affaires Étrangères |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226190322/https://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/en/press/news/detail/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=3268&cHash=d714405e2ea3582b5abf81c0b5772480 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
| [[Elizabeth II|The Queen]] made a "generous" donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.<ref name="Royal-Donations">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/03/03/queen-makes-generous-private-donation-ukraine-fund-show-royal/ |title=The Queen makes 'generous' private donation to Ukraine fund as Royal family shows its support |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Hannah |last=Furness |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] said that he was "appalled by the horrific events in Ukraine" and "President Putin has chosen a path of bloodshed and destruction by launching this unprovoked attack".<ref>{{cite news |last=Demianyk |first=Graeme |date=24 February 2022 |title=Boris Johnson Condemns Russia's 'Unprovoked Attack' On Ukraine |work=[[HuffPost]] |publication-place=New York City |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/boris-johnson-response-attack-russia-ukraine-putin_uk_621713afe4b0afc668baee29?d_id=3199306 |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote=I am appalled by the horrific events in Ukraine and I have spoken to President Zelenskyy to discuss next steps. President Putin has chosen a path of bloodshed and destruction by launching this unprovoked attack on Ukraine. The UK and our allies will respond decisively. |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064549/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/boris-johnson-response-attack-russia-ukraine-putin_uk_621713afe4b0afc668baee29?d_id=3199306 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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During a visit to [[Southend-on-Sea]], the [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] condemned the Russian invasion, stating: "What we saw in the [[murder of David Amess|terrible tragedy in Southend]] was an attack on democracy, on an open society, on freedom itself. We are seeing those same values under attack today in Ukraine in the most unconscionable way. In the stand we take here, we are in solidarity with all those who are resisting brutal aggression."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/prince-charles-condemns-russian-invasion-ukraine |title=Prince Charles condemns Russian invasion of Ukraine: 'Brutal aggression' |publisher=[[Fox News]] |first=Stephanie |last=Nolasco |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> His wife, the [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall|Duchess of Cornwall]], made a "substantial" donation to the ''[[Daily Mail]]''{{'}}s refugee campaign.<ref name="Royal-Donations" /><br />
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The [[Royal Households of the United Kingdom#Household of the Prince and Princess of Wales|royal household]] of the [[William, Prince of Wales|Duke]] and [[Catherine, Princess of Wales|Duchess of Cambridge]] stated on Twitter: "In October 2020 we had the privilege to meet President Zelenskyy and the First Lady to learn of their hope and optimism for Ukraine's future. Today we stand with the President and all of Ukraine's people as they bravely fight for that future."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a39238895/prince-william-kate-middleton-ukraine-tweet/ |title=Prince William and Kate Middleton Share Support for People of Ukraine |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |first=Quinci |last=Legardye |date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> The couple also made a private donation and were thanked by President Zelenskyy for their message of support.<ref name="Royal-Donations" /><br />
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Secretary of State for Defence [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]] described Russia's actions as "naked aggression against a democratic country".<ref>{{cite news |last=Demianyk |first=Graeme |date=24 February 2022 |title=Boris Johnson Condemns Russia's 'Unprovoked Attack' On Ukraine |work=[[HuffPost]] |publication-place=New York City |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/boris-johnson-response-attack-russia-ukraine-putin_uk_621713afe4b0afc668baee29?d_id=3199306 |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote=This is naked aggression against a democratic country which had dared to express a different aspiration than being a supine neighbour to Russia. |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064549/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/boris-johnson-response-attack-russia-ukraine-putin_uk_621713afe4b0afc668baee29?d_id=3199306 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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{{flag|Gibraltar}} – "Today's actions by Russia, launching a full-scale invasion of a sovereign, democratic nation without any provocation or reasonable excuse, is nothing short of appalling. None of us expected to witness such unforgivable aggression in Europe in our lifetimes. Gibraltar therefore joins with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leaders of other nations and people around the world in condemning this action in the most strident terms", said Chief Minister [[Fabian Picardo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Statement from the Chief Minister on the Crisis in Ukraine – 121/2022 |publisher=HM [[Government of Gibraltar]] |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/statement-from-the-chief-minister-on-the-crisis-in-ukraine-1212022-7707 |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224211202/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/statement-from-the-chief-minister-on-the-crisis-in-ukraine-1212022-7707 |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Picardo called for a ban of the Russian state-controlled television network RT on 25 February; television providers in Gibraltar agreed to suspend broadcasts of RT.<ref>{{cite web |title=RT broadcasts suspended on Rock as Govt tightens visa rules for Russians |url=https://www.chronicle.gi/rt-broadcasts-suspended-on-rock-as-govt-tightens-visa-rules-for-russians/ |website=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
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{{flag|Guernsey}} – "Guernsey follows the UK's sanctions regime and UK foreign policy and will continue to do so. Some of the announced measures will apply automatically and this has already been communicated to the industry. Some of the other sanctions announced yesterday may require new legislation in the UK and if so, the States will move in step with the UK to ensure that all new sanctions will apply and be enforced uniformly."<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Statement from Guernsey's Deputy Chief Minister on events unfolding in Ukraine |publisher=The official website for the [[States of Guernsey]] |url=https://www.gov.gg/eventsinukraine |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225110338/https://www.gov.gg/eventsinukraine |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
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{{flag|Isle of Man}} – The Isle of Man government is in close contact with the UK government and will remain so regarding the unfolding situation in Ukraine. "We will take action in line with the UK government."<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Statement from Isle of Man Government on situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.gov.im/news/2022/feb/25/statement-from-isle-of-man-government-on-situation-in-ukraine/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225085322/https://www.gov.im/news/2022/feb/25/statement-from-isle-of-man-government-on-situation-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> It since closed its airspace and ports to Russian airplanes and ships, and extended the UK's sanctions to automatically apply on the Isle of Man. The chief minister [[Alfred Cannan]] condemned the actions of the Russian President.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isle of Man News |url=https://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Manx Radio}}</ref><br />
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{{flag|Jersey}} – The Deputy (Acting) Chief Minister, Senator [[Lyndon Farnham]], issued the following statement: "We are fully alongside the United Kingdom in its condemnation of this aggressive action, and we will act promptly in line with the UK's response. The UK is ultimately responsible for our foreign relations as a matter of international law, and we implement both U.K. and UN sanctions.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ministers respond to situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/UkraineResponse.aspx |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226143358/https://www.gov.je/News/2022/Pages/UkraineResponse.aspx |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United States}}<br />
| President [[Joe Biden]] released a statement condemning the Russian invasion as "unprovoked and unjustified" and accused Putin of starting a "premeditated war that will bring a catastrophic loss of life and human suffering".<ref>{{cite news |last=Parti |first=Tarini |date=24 February 2022 |title=Biden Calls Putin's Ukraine Actions an 'Unprovoked and Unjustified' Attack |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |publication-place=New York City |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/biden-calls-putin-s-ukraine-actions-an-unprovoked-and-unjustified-attack-CGTFzK7GobHRwkC103AB |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote=President Biden said in a statement Wednesday that Russian President Vladimir Putin's actions against Ukraine were an 'unprovoked and unjustified attack.' 'President Putin has chosen a premeditated war that will bring a catastrophic loss of life and human suffering,' the statement said. |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064548/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/biden-calls-putin-s-ukraine-actions-an-unprovoked-and-unjustified-attack-CGTFzK7GobHRwkC103AB |url-status=live}}</ref> Biden stated the US would not dispatch its own forces to protect Ukraine, however, Biden did authorize sanctions directly targeting Putin and Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |date=8 December 2021 |title=Biden says US troops in Ukraine are off the table but promises withering sanctions if Russia invades |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/08/politics/biden-putin-us-troops/index.html |access-date=26 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Sriram |date=26 February 2022 |title=U.S. Sanctions Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/latest-news/us-sanctions-vladimir-putin-and-foreign-minister-sergei-lavrov/article65087369.ece |access-date=26 February 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2022 State of the Union Address]], Biden announced that all US airspace would be closed to all Russian aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. to close airspace to Russian planes, further weakening its aviation industry |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2022/03/01/airspace-russia-ukraine/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Biden additionally condemned [[Russian oligarch]]s who supported Putin, stating that "We are joining with our European allies to find and seize your yachts, your luxury apartments, your private jets. We are coming for your ill-begotten gains."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kevin Liptak |title=5 takeaways from President Biden's State of the Union speech |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/02/politics/state-of-the-union-biden-takeaways/index.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] threatened to increase sanctions against Russia at the [[Munich Security Conference]]: "Let me be clear, I can say with absolute certainty: If Russia further invades Ukraine, the United States, together with our allies and partners, will impose significant and unprecedented economic costs."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harris on Ukraine: World at 'a decisive moment in history' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/harris-warns-russia-unprecedented-sanctions-invades-82999066 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=ABC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
House speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] vowed the House would pass as much funding as needed to support the Ukrainian government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Ian |date=28 February 2022 |title=Pelosi says Congress will provide any economic help Ukraine needs |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/596106-pelosi-says-congress-will-provide-ukraine-aid-whatever-the-need |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=The Hill}}</ref><br />
<br />
Senate Majority Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] said that "there's a Holocaust going on" in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seddiq |first=Oma |date=8 March 2022 |title=Chuck Schumer says 'there's a Holocaust going on' in Ukraine amid push to send billions in aid to the country |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chuck-schumer-theres-a-holocaust-going-on-in-ukraine-2022-3 |website=BusinessInsider}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Uruguay}}<br />
| President [[Luis Lacalle Pou]] condemned Russia's "actions contrary to international law", and declared that Uruguay "is a country that is always committed to peace", for which he encouraged the return of negotiations for a "civilised resolution" of the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|work=El País |title=El mensaje de Luis Lacalle Pou ante la guerra en Ucrania: "urge resolver civilizadamente el conflicto" |date=24 February 2022 |trans-title=Luis Lacalle Pou's message regarding the war in Ukraine: "It is urgent to resolve the conflict in a civilised way" |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/mundo/mensaje-luis-lacalle-pou-guerra-ucrania-urge-resolver-civilizadamente-conflicto.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |language=es}}</ref> In an official statement from the [[Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)|Ministry of Foreign Relations]], the government stated that the principles of the Charter of the United Nations were "notoriously violated" after the Russian military attacks; and announced that four Uruguayan citizens were evacuated from Ukraine to Cyprus, and that it was monitoring the situation, attending to the situation of its "compatriots" in order to provide them with the proper assistance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uso de la fuerza contra Ucrania |trans-title=Use of force against Ukraine |url=https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-relaciones-exteriores/comunicacion/comunicados/uso-fuerza-contra-ucrania |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224230515/https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-relaciones-exteriores/comunicacion/comunicados/uso-fuerza-contra-ucrania |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Situación de uruguayos en Ucrania |trans-title=Situation of Uruguayans in Ukraine |url=https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-relaciones-exteriores/comunicacion/comunicados/situacion-uruguayos-ucrania |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224230508/https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-relaciones-exteriores/comunicacion/comunicados/situacion-uruguayos-ucrania |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=es}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Governments in exile====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}<br />
| [[Permanent Representative of Afghanistan to the United Nations|Chargé d'Affaires of Afghanistan's Permanent Mission to the United Nations]] [[Naseer Faiq|Naseer Ahmad Faiq]], who represents the country's internationally recognized former government, the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]], voted for [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1]], condemning the invasion.<ref name="The Diplomat"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
| The Minister of International Cooperation of the [[Government in exile|exiled]] [[National Unity Government of Myanmar]], [[Sasa (politician)|Dr. Sasa]], said "The unprovoked, unjustified attacks on Ukraine by Russia are inexcusable and unacceptable."<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Dr. Sasa |user=DrSasa22222 |number=1497153840285892608 |date=25 February 2022 |title=The unprovoked, unjustified attacks on Ukraine by Russia are inexcusable and unacceptable. Russia's actions are against the UN charter and International law. In the strongest terms, we condemn this brutal invasion. Our prayers and solidarity are with the brave people of Ukraine |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225192353/https://twitter.com/drsasa22222/status/1497153840285892608 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Non UN members====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kosovo}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Albin Kurti]] condemned the Russian invasion as "the largest military aggression, not only in Europe, since the end of the Second World War", stating "we stand in solidarity with the people of Ukraine and stand together with the EU, NATO, the US, and the UK for state sovereignty, territorial integrity, the country's independence and the right of self-determination for the people of Ukraine", alongside condemnations by the Kosovar parliament. Meanwhile, President [[Vjosa Osmani]] said that the people of Kosovo supported Ukrainians "as they face an unprovoked war as a result of Russian aggression", stating on Twitter that "we will work with our allies. ... Russian hegemony will not triumph. Freedom and democracy will win".<ref name="prishtinainsight.com" /> A joint statement by Kosovo's president, prime minister and senior ministers furthermore condemned attempts to draw parallels to Kosovo's own declaration of independence from Serbia: "Dictator Putin's effort to refer to the Kosovo case and draw parallel are totally unstable, abusive and an attempt to camouflage the lack of any base or reason for the barbarous attack of its forces against a sovereign state."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-latest-updates-0224-303b0bfdc6148c8738d6ac0ca78142fd |title=Live updates: UN Council to vote on condemning invasion |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224170520/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-latest-updates-0224-303b0bfdc6148c8738d6ac0ca78142fd |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Northern Cyprus}}{{Efn|Northern Cyprus is a disputed state recognized by only one UN member, Turkey. It is internationally considered to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.}}<br />
| The Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly recommended all Turkish Cypriots in Ukraine to take all possible safety measures as well as services for those looking to leave Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Özgüç |first1=Ömer |date=25 February 2022 |title=Announcement for Our Citizens in Ukraine |work=Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://mfa.gov.ct.tr/announcement-for-our-citizens-in-ukraine-2/ |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Taiwan}}{{efn|For the status of Taiwan, see: [[Sovereign state#De facto and de jure states|De facto and de jure states]], [[Political status of Taiwan]], [[List of sovereign states#Taiwan]], [[One China]], [[Two Chinas]] and [[List of states with limited recognition]]}} <br />
| [[President of the Republic of China|President]] [[Tsai Ing-wen]] stated "our government condemns Russia's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and urges all parties to continue to resolve the disputes through peaceful and rational means."<ref>{{cite news |title=China says Ukraine crisis completely different from Taiwan claims |url=https://news.yahoo.com/taiwan-condemns-russia-over-ukraine-062745089.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223072219/https://news.yahoo.com/taiwan-condemns-russia-over-ukraine-062745089.html |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] announced that Taiwan would join international sanctions against Russia and expressed regret over Russia's decision to "use force and intimidation in bullying others instead of resolving disputes through peaceful diplomatic negotiations."<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan to join international sanctions against Russia |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202202250003 |date=25 February 2022 |first=Teng |last=Pei-ju |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=focustaiwan.tw |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225031122/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202202250003 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taiwan moved to block Russian banks from the SWIFT system and sent 27 tonnes of military aid. Later, President Tsai Ing-wen, [[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]] [[Lai Ching-te|William Lai]] and [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] [[Su Tseng-chang]] announced they would each donate one month of salary towards humanitarian aid for Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan president to donate salary for Ukraine relief efforts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/3/2/taiwan-president-to-donate-salary-for-ukraine-relief-efforts |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Leans to Ukraine ===<br />
While these countries have taken some neutral positions, in general they have been described as being supportive of Ukraine.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| Foreign Minister [[AK Abdul Momen]] called for the conflict to be peacefully resolved in line with the Charter of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Bangladesh calls for a peaceful end to Ukraine-Russia crisis through UN Charter |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2022/02/25/bangladesh-calls-for-a-peaceful-end-to-ukraine-russia-crisis-through-un-charter |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Bdnews24.com]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225080728/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2022/02/25/bangladesh-calls-for-a-peaceful-end-to-ukraine-russia-crisis-through-un-charter |url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] asked all concerned persons to observe the Russia-Ukraine war situation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Star Digital |date=28 February 2022 |title=Closely observe Russia-Ukraine war situation, PM directs |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/closely-observe-russia-ukraine-war-situation-pm-directs-2972366 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> Russia is building a megaproject in Bangladesh, the [[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]]. Russia provides all the funding and logistics for this project, but experts suspect that the war could disrupt the work. Even though 77% of the construction work is already done, the war situation could prolong the rest of the construction. The [[Soviet Union]], of which Russia and Ukraine were both part, helped Bangladesh gain independence from Pakistan in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh Liberation War]], by providing extensive military and diplomatic assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=When Russia Stunned US & UK Naval Forces And Helped India Win The 1971 War |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/when-russia-stunned-us-uk-naval-forces-helped-india-win-1971-war-563248.html |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The neutral stance the country took in the invasion was believed to be related to concerns that Bangladesh itself did not want to be threatened by larger [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear armed]] neighbours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine Invasion Prompts Tepid Response From South Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/ukraine-invasion-sparks-tepid-response-from-south-asia/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |first=B. Z. |last=Khasru |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' changed Bangladesh from "Neutral" to "West leaning".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters">{{cite news |date=31 March 2023 |title=Who are Russia's supporters? |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/03/31/who-are-russias-supporters |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803100708/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/03/31/who-are-russias-supporters |archive-date=3 August 2023 |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> In 2023, Bangladesh for the first time condemned Russia and stated it's 'violation of international law'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Bangladesh shifts position on Ukraine war, says it's 'violation of international law' |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/bangladesh-ukraine-war-stance-04272023155432.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Benar News}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Brazil}} <br />
| [[File:09.05.2025 - Reunião com o Presidente da Federação da Rússia, Vladimir Putin - Grande Palácio do Kremlin - 54506917922.jpg|thumb|Putin with Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] in Moscow, Russia, 9 May 2025]] President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] declined to condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine, while departing from his government's official stance at the United Nations to say Brazil would remain neutral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro won't condemn Putin, says Brazil will remain neutral over invasion |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/bolsonaro-wont-condemn-putin-says-brazil-will-remain-neutral-over-invasion-2022-02-27/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=27 February 2022 |last=Stargardter |first=Gabriel}}</ref> Brazil supported a resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine at a United Nations Security Council meeting on 25 February.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paraguassu |first=Lisandra |date=26 February 2022 |title=Brazil to vote for resolution condemning Russian invasion of Ukraine -sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-vote-resolution-condemning-russian-invasion-ukraine-sources-2022-02-25 |url-access=limited |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Vice-president [[Hamilton Mourão]] suggested use of force against Russia in the context of military crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Some Latin American nations call for Russian withdrawal from Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 February 2022|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/some-latin-american-nations-call-russian-withdrawal-ukraine-2022-02-25/ |last=Cobb |first=Julia Symmes}}</ref> However, on 27 February, President Jair Bolsonaro said that he would not condemn the invasion and that Brazil would remain neutral.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/bolsonaro-wont-condemn-putin-says-brazil-will-remain-neutral-over-invasion-2022-02-27/ |title=Bolsonaro won't condemn Putin, says Brazil will remain neutral over invasion |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> In 2023, Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] condemned the invasion, but suggested Ukraine could "give up Crimea" in exchange for [[2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations|peace]] and Russia's withdrawal from the Ukrainian territory it occupied after February 2022, which Ukraine rejected.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil's Lula Visits China With Ukraine Peace Talks On His Agenda |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/china-brazils-lula-visit-ukraine-peace-crimea/32362646.html |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil's Lula condemns invasion of Ukraine, touts peace initiative |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraine-invites-brazils-lula-visit-criticizes-his-peace-efforts-2023-04-18/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=18 April 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br />
| Croat and Bosniak members of the tripartite presidency, [[Željko Komšić]] and [[Šefik Džaferović]], issued separate statements condemning the Russian invasion, with Komšić saying that Bosnia would support Ukraine.<ref name="prishtinainsight.com">{{cite news |url=https://prishtinainsight.com/kosovo-leaders-condemn-russian-attack-affirm-solidarity-with-ukraine/ |title=Kosovo Leaders Condemn Russian Attack, Affirm Solidarity With Ukraine |agency=Prishtina Insight |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123432/https://prishtinainsight.com/kosovo-leaders-condemn-russian-attack-affirm-solidarity-with-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Serb member [[Milorad Dodik]] did not, instead stating that Bosnia and Herzegovina was neutral. He'd said the previous day that events showed it was good Bosnia and Herzegovina had not joined NATO, and that the country would not support sanctions.<ref name="EWB">{{cite news |url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2022/02/24/russian-attack-on-ukraine-serbia-and-republika-srpska-yet-to-take-a-position/ |title=Russian attack on Ukraine: Serbia and Republika Srpska yet to take a position |agency=European Western Balkans |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123505/https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2022/02/24/russian-attack-on-ukraine-serbia-and-republika-srpska-yet-to-take-a-position/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Foreign Minister [[Bisera Turković]] said: "Bosnia and Herzegovina remains firmly committed to Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and we call for an immediate end to fighting and shelling! OSCE principles, security and international law are under attack today. Hostility and suffering of innocent civilians must end immediately". Turković called on Russia and Belarus to refrain from using force in the interests of peace, and regional and global stability.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=FM Turkovic: BiH remains firmly committed to Ukraine's Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity |work=[[Sarajevo Times]] |url=https://sarajevotimes.com/fm-turkovic-bih-remains-firmly-committed-to-ukraines-sovereignty-and-territorial-integrity/ |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Hungary}}<br />
| President [[János Áder]] said "Hungary was also forced to endure a [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|similar (invasion) in 1956]]". Áder added that "we [Hungary] have done everything we could to urge the leadership in Moscow to remain level-headed and exercise restraint. Unfortunately, we could not succeed because, as it has now become clear, Russia was carrying out a premeditated plan which was followed by the conscious deception of its international partners".<ref>{{cite web|date=26 February 2022 |title=President Áder: Hungary Strongly Condemns Russia's Attack on Ukraine|url=https://hungarytoday.hu/ader-russia-ukraine-hungary-president-attack-1956/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Hungary Today}}</ref><br />
Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] stated that "together with our EU and NATO allies, we condemn Russia's military attack", adding that sending either troops or military equipment to Ukraine was "out of the question, though we will, of course, provide humanitarian aid".<ref>{{cite web|date=26 February 2022 |title=PM Orbán: "Together with Our EU and NATO Allies, We Condemn Russia's Military Attack"|url=https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-russia-attack-condems-aggression/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Hungary Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' downgraded Hungary from "Condemns Russia" to "West leaning".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Israel}}<br />
| Israeli Prime Minister [[Naftali Bennett]] called for a halt to the violence and pledged humanitarian aid to Ukraine, also offering to mediate and broker a ceasefire between Russia and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Lazar |title=Bennett refrains from condemning Russia in first remarks since invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-refrains-from-condemning-russia-in-first-remarks-since-invasion-of-ukraine/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224145907/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-refrains-from-condemning-russia-in-first-remarks-since-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=27 February 2022 |title=Israel offers to mediate a ceasefire between Russia and Ukraine |url=https://www.axios.com/israel-russia-ukraine-mediation-97369080-a058-4ad1-92d5-0652482d64ca.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> Foreign Affairs Minister and Alternate Prime Minister [[Yair Lapid]] called the attack "a grave violation of the international order. Israel condemns the attack, and is ready and prepared to provide humanitarian assistance to the citizens of Ukraine. Israel is a country that has experienced wars, and war is not the way to resolve conflicts."<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel condemns attack in Ukraine |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/israel-condemns-attack-in-ukraine-24-feb-2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Berman |first=Lazar |date=24 February 2022 |title=Jerusalem pans Russian attack on Ukraine: 'A grave violation of international order' |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalem-pans-russian-attack-on-ukraine-a-grave-violation-of-international-order/ |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/02/24/Israel-s-Lapid-condemns-Russian-attack-on-Ukraine |title=Israel's Lapid condemns Russian attack on Ukraine |date=24 February 2022 |website=[[Al Arabiya English]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 27 February 2022, Israeli Interior Minister [[Ayelet Shaked]] declared a two-month visa extension for all Ukrainian tourists in Israel, so they could receive temporary asylum from the war in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Shaked |first=Ayelet |author-link=Ayelet Shaked |user=Ayelet__Shaked |script-title=he:החלטתי לאפשר לתיירים מאוקראינה השוהים בישראל כדין ומעוניינים להאריך כרגע את שהותם לקבל הארכה של חודשיים, בתקווה כי המצב באוקראינה יחזור לסדרו בהקדם. אין צורך להגיע ללשכות, זה יקרה באופן גורף. |language=he |trans-title=I have decided to allow tourists from Ukraine who are legally staying in Israel and are currently interested in extending their stay to receive a two-month extension, in the hope that the situation in Ukraine will return to normal soon. There is no need to go to the bureaus, it will happen en masse |number=1497970896128122887 |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227162448/https://twitter.com/Ayelet__Shaked/status/1497970896128122887 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 March 2022, Shaked announced an official policy of hosting Israel's Ukrainian refugees who were not eligible for [[aliyah]]. All 16,000 Ukrainians in Israel before the invasion who were not citizens would receive an automatic three-month extension of their residence visa in Israel. If the war continued beyond that, they would be able to stay in Israel automatically and even receive work permits and the right to Israeli medical insurance. An Israeli pension for non-Israeli Ukrainian adults who would not be able to work in the future was also being considered. It also decided to cancel the economic guarantee requirement for Israeli citizens who hosted Ukrainians in their homes, and opened an additional quota of 5,000 Ukrainian refugees. Any Ukrainian would be able to submit an online application on the Foreign Ministry website and until the quota was filled, in the absence of other issues, would be able to come to Israel temporarily. Israeli citizens would be able to apply to invite Ukrainian citizens, up to one nuclear family per applicant, and these would receive as much priority as possible. In total, Israel planned to host 25,000 refugees for the duration of the war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shaked |first=Ayelet |newspaper=Ynet |author-link=Ayelet Shaked |script-title=he:5,000 אשרות זמניות, ביטול הפקדת הערבות בנתב"ג: המדיניות החדשה לקליטת פליטי המלחמה. |language=he |trans-title=5,000 temporary visas, cancellation of the guarantee deposit at Ben Gurion Airport: the new policy for the absorption of war refugees |date=8 March 2022 |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/h1wfteb115#autoplay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227162448/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/h1wfteb115#autoplay |archive-date=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 March, Shaked announced that anyone with a relative in Israel would be exempt from the quota and still would receive legal refugee status.<br />
<br />
On 3 July 2022, the Israeli Supreme Court abolished the quotas on Ukrainian refugees and allowed unlimited entry of refugees into Israel. The President of Ukraine welcomed the decision as a sign of "a true, developed democracy".<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1543567692204068865 |user=ZelenskyyUa |title=I commend the decision of the Supreme Court of the State of Israel, which obliges the government of 🇮🇱 to abolish any additional restrictions on the entry of citizens of 🇺🇦. The rule of law and respect for human rights is exactly what distinguishes a true, developed democracy! |first=Zelensky |last=Volodymyr |date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite voting to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Israel has offered to be a mediator in the crisis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/09/middleeast/mideast-summary-03-09-2022-intl/index.html | title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine puts Israel in a tricky spot | website=[[CNN]] | date=9 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Jordan}}<br />
| The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Jordan urged the international community and the parties to spare no effort to promote restraint and de-escalation, and called for peaceful settlement of the conflict through dialogue to restore security and stability in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-urges-restraint-de-escalation-ukraine-crisis |title=Jordan urges restraint, de-escalation in Ukraine crisis |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jordan has been classified as a "West leaning" state on the Russia-Ukraine crisis according to ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br />
| At the UN emergency session, ambassador [[Inga Rhonda King]] stated that the country "unequivocally insists that the Russian Federation cease its military operations and immediately withdraw (its) forces from Ukraine."<ref>{{cite news |title=St Vincent calls for end to Russia-Ukraine war |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/St_Vincent_calls_for_end_to_Russia-Ukraine_war_245286?profile=1373 |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[Jamaica Observer]] |date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br />
| President of São Tomé and Príncipe [[Carlos Vila Nova]] said that the country "is not in favor of war" in Ukraine and hopes that the parties can still talk "to resolve disputes".<ref>{{cite news |last=Afonso |first=Josimar |date=26 February 2022 |title=Ucrânia: São Tomé e Príncipe não é a favor da guerra e apela à diplomacia – PR |trans-title=Ukraine: São Tomé and Príncipe is not in favor of war and calls for diplomacy – PR |url=https://www.msn.com/pt-pt/noticias/africa/ucr%C3%A2nia-s%C3%A3o-tom%C3%A9-e-pr%C3%ADncipe-n%C3%A3o-%C3%A9-a-favor-da-guerra-e-apela-%C3%A0-diplomacia-pr/ar-AAUlY6g?li=BB120NQD&srcref=rss |access-date=2 March 2022 |language=pt}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Serbia}}<br />
| While condemning the invasion of Ukraine, Serbia refused to back sanctions against Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/while-condemning-ukraine-invasion-serbia-refuses-to-back-sanctions-against-russia/ |title=While condemning Ukraine invasion, Serbia refuses to back sanctions against Russia |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225201548/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/while-condemning-ukraine-invasion-serbia-refuses-to-back-sanctions-against-russia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Serbia respected Ukraine's territorial integrity and considered Russia's action against it "wrong", but would not impose sanctions against Moscow, Serbian President [[Aleksandar Vučić]] said on 25 February. Vučić said the National Security Council concluded the Republic of Serbia considers "very wrong the violation of territorial integrity of a number of countries including Ukraine."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/serbia-will-not-impose-sanctions-against-moscow-president-says-2022-02-25/?rpc=401& |title=Serbia will not impose sanctions against Moscow, president says |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225194816/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/serbia-will-not-impose-sanctions-against-moscow-president-says-2022-02-25/?rpc=401 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dragojlo |first=Sasa |title=Serbia Supports Ukraine's Sovereignty But Opposes Sanctions on Russia, Vucic says|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/02/25/serbia-supports-ukraines-sovereignty-but-opposes-sanctions-on-russia-vucic-says/ |website=[[Balkan Insight]] |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Vučić also said that he would condemn Russia's recognition of the independence of separatist regions in eastern Ukraine only if Zelenskyy condemned the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] in 1999 on public television.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serbia will denounce Russia if Zelenskiy condemns NATO's 1999 bombing |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/serbia-will-denounce-russia-if-zelenskiy-condemns-natos-1999-bombing/ |website=[[Euractiv]] |date=23 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Serbian Foreign Minister [[Nikola Selaković]] said that "Russia was Serbia's biggest support in its battle to preserve its territorial integrity and sovereignty and avoid the stigmatisation of the entire Serb people." Serbian Interior Minister [[Aleksandar Vulin]] stressed that Serbia would not join NATO: "While Aleksandar Vučić is the head of the state, you should have no dilemma as to what our attitude toward the NATO alliance is."<ref name="Euractiv-2022-02-25">{{cite web|title=Serbia resists 'pressure' to impose sanctions on Russia |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/serbia-resists-pressure-to-impose-sanctions-ont-russia/ |website=[[Euractiv]] |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> While there was no agreement on sanctions on Russia, Serbia nevertheless expressed regrets over events, describing both Russia and Ukraine as friendly states and underlining full support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |author=n.a. |date=25 February 2022 |title=Serbian President: Serbia will not impose sanctions on Russia |url=https://hr.n1info.com/english/news/serbian-president-serbia-will-not-impose-sanctions-on-russia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://hr.n1info.com/english/news/serbian-president-serbia-will-not-impose-sanctions-on-russia/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |publisher=[[N1 (TV channel)]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/02/25/serbia-supports-ukraines-sovereignty-but-opposes-sanctions-on-russia-vucic-says/ |title=Serbia Supports Ukraine's Sovereignty But Opposes Sanctions on Russia, Vucic says |last=Dragojlo |first=Sasa |date=25 February 2022 |publisher=[[Balkan Insight]] |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><br />
[[File:Aleksandar Vučić & Vladimir Putin 2025.jpg|thumb|Serbian President [[Aleksandar Vučić]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], 2 September 2025]]<br />
After the military assault began, some Serbian pro-government newspapers hailed Russia's invasion of Ukraine, praising that Russia "overran" Ukraine, Moscow's troops "reached Kyiv in a day" and that the Russian attack on Ukraine was a "response to NATO threats".<ref>{{cite web |last=Stojanovic |first=Milica |title=Serbian Pro-Regime Media Praise Russia 'Overrunning' Ukraine says |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/02/25/serbian-pro-regime-media-praise-russia-overrunning-ukraine/ |website=[[Balkan Insight]] |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Serbian Parliament Speaker [[Ivica Dačić]] said that Serbia would never impose sanctions on its friend Russia, despite the pressure that it faced. Dačić also added that "Russia is our most influential ally for preserving our territorial integrity and sovereignty in Kosovo."<ref name="Euractiv-2022-02-25" /> The initial weak response by the government was criticised by some commentators in the country and the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/opinions/2022/2/26/srbija-se-opredijelila-trezveni-suicid-hladne-glave |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://balkans.aljazeera.net/opinions/2022/2/26/srbija-se-opredijelila-trezveni-suicid-hladne-glave |archive-date=27 February 2022 |title=Srbija se opredijelila: Trezveni suicid hladne glave |trans-title=Serbia has opted for: Sober cold-headed suicide |language=sr |first=Bojan |last=Tončić |date=26 February 2022 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Balkans|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=27 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/videos/2022/2/25/vukovic-srbija-pokazala-da-joj-je-odnos-sa-rusijom-prioritet-u-odnosu-na-eu|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://balkans.aljazeera.net/videos/2022/2/25/vukovic-srbija-pokazala-da-joj-je-odnos-sa-rusijom-prioritet-u-odnosu-na-eu|archive-date=27 February 2022 |title=Vuković: Srbija pokazala da joj je odnos sa Rusijom prioritet u odnosu na EU |trans-title=Vukovic: Serbia has shown that its relationship with Russia is a priority in relation to the EU |language=sr |date=26 February 2022 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=27 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Serbian organization [[Women in Black]] organised anti-war demonstrations in [[Belgrade]], and the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] organised a collection of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=Žene u crnom: Stop ratu u Ukrajini (FOTO) |trans-title=Women in Black: Stop the War in Ukraine (PHOTO) |url=https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/zene-u-crnom-stop-ratu-u-ukrajini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/zene-u-crnom-stop-ratu-u-ukrajini/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[Danas (newspaper)|Danas]] |language=sr}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=Patrijarh Porfirije: Šaljemo pomoć braći u Ukrajini |trans-title=Patriarch Porphyry: We are sending help to the brothers in Ukraine |url=https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/drustvo/4719123/ukrajina-rusija-pomoc-patrijarh-spc-rat.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/drustvo/4719123/ukrajina-rusija-pomoc-patrijarh-spc-rat.html |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |publisher=[[Radio Television of Serbia]] |language=sr}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 2 March Serbia voted 'yes' to the UN's resolution condemning the Russian attack on Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=Serbia votes 'yes' to UN's resolution condemning attack on Ukraine |work=N1 |url=https://rs.n1info.com/english/news/serbia-votes-yes-to-uns-resolution-condemning-attack-on-ukraine/}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 May Serbia signed the "Tirana declaration" and deplored in the strongest terms the illegal and unjustified aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in violation of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=VII Adriatic and Ionian Council / EUSAIR Ministerial Meeting Tirana Declaration |url=https://www.adriatic-ionian.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/TIRANA-declaration-Final-13_05_22.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[The Economist]]'' classifies Serbia as "neutral".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}}<br />
| [[File:President Putin meeting President Erdogan (2025) 01.jpg|thumb|Putin with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] at the [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|SCO Summit]] in Tianjin, China, 1 September 2025]] Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and the [[Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said that Russian actions were "unacceptable" and condemned Russia for its "grave violation of international law", while reiterating "support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity".<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's rapprochement with Russia may not survive the war in Ukraine |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/02/24/turkeys-rapprochement-with-russia-may-not-survive-the-war-in-ukraine |access-date=25 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224201620/https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/02/24/turkeys-rapprochement-with-russia-may-not-survive-the-war-in-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> A commercial Turkish-owned vessel was hit by a Russian bomb off the coast of [[Odesa]]. Turkish authorities said there were no casualties and the ship safely arrived in the territorial waters of [[Romania]], a NATO ally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish-owned ship hit by bomb off coast of Odessa, no casualties – Turkish authority |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/turkish-owned-ship-hit-by-bomb-off-coast-odessa-no-casualties-turkish-authority-2022-02-24/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224164051/https://www.reuters.com/world/turkish-owned-ship-hit-by-bomb-off-coast-odessa-no-casualties-turkish-authority-2022-02-24/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 February, Turkish Foreign Minister [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]] referred to the invasion as a "war", bringing the conflict under the 1936 [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits]] and permitting Turkey to prohibit Russian warships in the [[Bosporus]] and [[Dardanelles]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Turkey, overseeing passage to Black Sea, calls Russian invasion 'war' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-implement-international-pact-access-shipping-straits-due-ukraine-war-2022-02-27/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=28 February 2022 |date=27 February 2022}}</ref> On 28 February, Erdoğan publicly confirmed the closure, and pledged to maintain relations with both Ukraine and Russia.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|date=28 February 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/erdogan-says-turkey-cannot-abandon-ties-with-russia-or-ukraine-2022-02-28/ |title=Erdogan says Turkey cannot abandon ties with Russia or Ukraine|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
A year after the invasion of Ukraine, ''[[The Economist]]'' downgraded Turkey from "West leaning" to "neutral".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Neutral countries ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Afghanistan]]<br />
| On 25 February 2022 the [[Taliban]] called for "resolving the crisis through dialogue and peaceful means."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2022/02/25/taliban-russia-ukraine-crisis-peaceful-means/ |title=Taliban calls on Russia and Ukraine to end the crisis through 'peaceful means' |work=[[Euro Weekly News]] |date=25 February 2022 |first=Matthew |last=Roscoe |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123429/https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2022/02/25/taliban-russia-ukraine-crisis-peaceful-means/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Angola}}<br />
| The Angolan government urged a ceasefire and warned that the conflict, in addition to causing human and material damage, caused "a climate of tension between the two countries, with international proportions". The Angolan Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that "the parties must strive for the peaceful resolution of the conflict."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodrigues |first=Venâncio |date=26 February 2022 |title=Ucrânia/ Rússia: Angola apela ao cessar-fogo |url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/ucr%C3%A2nia-r%C3%BAssia-angola-apela-ao-cessar-fogo/6460491.html |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}}<br />
| The Armenian MFA spokesman on 23 February expressed "hope that the existing problems between the two friendly states would be resolved through diplomatic dialogue", and declared Armenia's readiness to accept refugees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://jam-news.net/op-ed-armenia-stays-neutral-in-conflict-between-russia-and-ukraine/ |title=Op-ed: "Armenia stays neutral in conflict between Russia and Ukraine" |first=Armine |last=Martirosyan |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/interviews-articles-and-comments/2022/02/23/spox_comment_russia_ukraine/11308 |title=Answers of the MFA Spokesperson to the questions of "Armenpress" news agency |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |date=23 February 2022}}</ref> On 1 June 2023, during an interview, [[prime minister of Armenia]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]] stated, "Armenia is not an ally of Russia in the war in Ukraine."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-pashinian-russia-ally-ukraine-war/32441884.html | title=Pashinian Says Armenia Is Not Russia's Ally In Moscow's War With Ukraine | work = Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty | date=2 June 2023|access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 7 September 2023 [[Anna Hakobyan]], the wife of Pashinyan, met with [[Ukrainian President]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] and his wife [[Olena Zelenska]] in [[Kyiv]], Ukraine.<ref name="pashinyans-wife-to-ukraineSU">{{cite news |url=https://jam-news.net/visit-of-pashinyans-wife-to-ukraine/ |title=Pashinyan's wife's visit to Ukraine: who she met and what she discussed|date=7 September 2023|access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> She traveled to Kyiv at the invitation of the [[First Lady of Ukraine]] to participate in the "Summit of First Ladies and Gentlemen."<ref name="pashinyans-wife-to-ukraineSU"/> Hakobyan personally handed over 1,000+ smartphones, tablets, and laptops for primary schoolchildren at the [[Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine]] in Kyiv.<ref name="Hakobyan7418899SU">{{cite web|title=Armenia sends Ukraine first assistance since start of war – digital devices for schools|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/09/7/7418899/|date=7 September 2023|access-date=7 September 2023|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]}}</ref> This was Armenia's first delivery of [[List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|humanitarian aid for Ukraine]] since the Russian invasion started in February 2022.<ref name="Hakobyan7418899SU"/> In June 2024, Armenia participated in the [[June 2024 Ukraine peace summit|Ukraine peace summit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32993202.html|title=Armenia To Join Swiss Summit On Ukraine|work=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան |date=14 June 2024|via=www.azatutyun.am |last1=ռ/կ |first1=Ազատություն }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
| The president of [[Azerbaijan]] [[Ilham Aliyev]] expressed his support for territorial integrity of Ukraine, and urged his Ukrainian counterparts to "never to agree to the violation of your territorial integrity".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Svante E. Cornell |date=6 May 2022 |title=Russia's southern neighbors take a stand |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3479461-russias-southern-neighbors-take-a-stand/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2022 |title=President Ilham Aliyev shares formula for Azerbaijan's successful battle to restore its territorial integrity |url=https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3589675.html |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Trend.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=President Aliyev: Azerbaijan supports territorial integrity of Ukraine {{!}} Caliber.Az |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/76140/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=caliber.az |language=en}}</ref> Ilham Aliyev also offered to organize talks between Ukraine and Russia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apa.az/en/foreign-policy/zelenskyy-says-presidents-of-turkiye-and-azerbaijan-have-offered-to-organize-talks-with-russia-video-369499 |title=Zelenskyy says Presidents of Turkiye and Azerbaijan have offered to organize talks with Russia |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226192359/https://apa.az/en/foreign-policy/zelenskyy-says-presidents-of-turkiye-and-azerbaijan-have-offered-to-organize-talks-with-russia-video-369499 |url-status=live}}</ref> instructed Azerbaijan's State Oil Company [[SOCAR]] to provide free fuel to Ukraine's ambulances and [[State Emergency Service of Ukraine|State Emergency Service]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Володимир Зеленський |user=ZelenskyyUa |number=1497638775027122179|title=Tweet by president Volodymyr Zelenskyy}}</ref> and sent humanitarian aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Володимир Зеленський |user=ZelenskyyUa |number=1497599500889821186|title=Tweet by president Volodymyr Zelenskyy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Азербайджан отправил гуманитарную помощь в Украину |url=https://ru.oxu.az/politics/577489 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Oxu.Az |language=ru}}</ref><br />
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The government of Azerbaijan has taken a neutral position on the conflict, and has maintained strong cooperation with both Moscow and Kyiv.<ref>[https://azeritimes.com/2022/03/03/war-between-russia-and-ukraine-which-side-is-azerbaijan-on/:~:text=Despite%20the%20declaration%20on%20allied%20declaration%20which%20Azerbaijan,by%20Azerbaijani%20authorities%20support%20the%20position%20of%20Kyiv War between Russia and Ukraine] ''The Azeri Times'' {{dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bolivia}}<br />
| The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bolivia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] stated that, as "a pacifist state", the Bolivian government urged Russia and Ukraine to avoid the use of force and seek diplomatic de-escalation "within the framework of International Law and the Charter of the United Nations". It did not explicitly condemn the Russian invasion, instead citing a "lack of dialogue and understanding" as causing further escalation in the conflict.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2022 |title=Bolivia no condena el ataque a Ucrania, pero hace un 'llamado de paz' a las partes en conflicto |trans-title=Bolivia does not condemn the attack on Ukraine, but makes a 'peace appeal' to the parties in conflict |language=es |work=[[Página Siete]] |publication-place=La Paz |url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2022/2/24/bolivia-no-condena-el-ataque-ucrania-pero-hace-un-llamado-de-paz-las-partes-en-conflicto-324282.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote=Bolivia, como Estado pacifista, promueve el derecho de los pueblos a vivir en paz, por lo cual la prioridad debe ser proteger la vida, en el marco del respeto al Derecho Internacional, de los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario. |trans-quote=Bolivia, as a pacifist State, promotes the right of peoples to live in peace, for which the priority must be to protect life, within the framework of respect for International Law, Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224185909/https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2022/2/24/bolivia-no-condena-el-ataque-ucrania-pero-hace-un-llamado-de-paz-las-partes-en-conflicto-324282.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later, on 28 February, before the UN General Assembly, Bolivia rejected the "invasion and unilateral actions" of Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolivia rechaza en la ONU invasión de Rusia a Ucrania y advierte intereses de potencias occidentales |trans-title=Bolivia rejects the Russian invasion of Ukraine at the UN and warns western powers' interests on the conflict |url=https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2022/03/01/bolivia-rechaza-en-la-onu-invasion-de-rusia-a-ucrania-y-ve-intereses-de-potencias-occidentales |work=[[La Razón (La Paz)|La Razón]] |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=es}}</ref> Nonetheless, Bolivia has consistently abstained from UN and OAS motions condemning Russia or demanding a cessation of hostilities and voted against expelling Russia from the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chuquimia |first=Marco Antonio |date=24 March 2022 |title=Bolivia, Cuba, El Salvador y Nicaragua otra vez se abstuvieron de votar contra Rusia y en favor de un inmediato cese de hostilidades |language=es |work=[[El Deber]] |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://eldeber.com.bo/pais/bolivia-cuba-el-salvador-y-nicaragua-otra-vez-se-abstuvieron-de-votar-contra-rusia-y-en-favor-de-un-_272075 |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325015638/https://eldeber.com.bo/pais/bolivia-cuba-el-salvador-y-nicaragua-otra-vez-se-abstuvieron-de-votar-contra-rusia-y-en-favor-de-un-_272075 |archive-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Ahora en la OEA, Bolivia se abstiene de votar en contra de Rusia |language=es |work=[[Correo del Sur]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |publication-place=Sucre |url=https://correodelsur.com/politica/20220325_ahora-en-la-oea-bolivia-se-abstiene-de-votar-en-contra-de-rusia.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326002249/https://correodelsur.com/politica/20220325_ahora-en-la-oea-bolivia-se-abstiene-de-votar-en-contra-de-rusia.html |archive-date=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2022 |title=Asamblea General de la ONU suspende a Rusia del Consejo de DDHH; Bolivia se opuso |language=es |work=[[Correo del Sur]] |publication-place=Sucre |url=https://correodelsur.com/mundo/20220407_asamblea-general-de-la-onu-suspende-a-rusia-del-consejo-de-ddhh-bolivia-se-opuso.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407193459/https://correodelsur.com/mundo/20220407_asamblea-general-de-la-onu-suspende-a-rusia-del-consejo-de-ddhh-bolivia-se-opuso.html |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> A year after the invasion of Ukraine, [[The Economist]] downgraded Bolivia from "neutral" to "Russia leaning".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|El Salvador}}<br />
| The [[Nayib Bukele]] administration has taken neutrality as its stance on the Russia-Ukraine conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 February 2023 |title=El Salvador abstained from voting on the UN resolution to demand Russian withdrawal from Ukraine |url=https://elsalvadorinfo.net/russia-ukraine-war/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=El Salvador INFO}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Egypt}}<br />
| Prime Minister [[Mostafa Madbouly]] expressed his hope the situation would soon be resolved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptian Cabinet discusses Russia-Ukraine crisis |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2031236/middle-east |work=Arab News |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224212318/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2031236/middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Honduras}}<br />
| Honduras condemned the Russian invasion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Honduras reitera su condena al uso de la fuerza y las acciones militares en Ucrania |trans-title=Honduras reiterates its condemnation of the use of force and military actions in Ukraine |language=es |date=24 February 2022 |work=Hondudiario |url=https://hondudiario.com/uncategorized/honduras-reitera-su-condena-al-uso-de-la-fuerza-y-las-acciones-militares-en-ucrania/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213609/https://hondudiario.com/uncategorized/honduras-reitera-su-condena-al-uso-de-la-fuerza-y-las-acciones-militares-en-ucrania/ |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> In December 2023, Honduras voted against condemning Russia at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |date=19 December 2023 |title=Situation of human rights in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, including the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol :: resolution /: adopted by the General Assembly |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4030715 |journal=Human Rights Situations and Reports of Special Rapporteurs and Representatives}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|India}} <br />
| [[File:President Vladimir Putin meeting Prime Narendra Modi on the sidelines of the 2024 BRICS Summit (2).jpg|alt=Russian President Vladimir Putin shaking hands Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the 16th BRICS Summit in 2024, in front of the Indian and Russian flags.|thumb|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at the [[16th BRICS summit|16th BRICS Summit]] on 22 October 2024.]]Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] appealed for an immediate cessation of violence in a phone call to Putin on 24 February. He also spoke with Zelenskyy on 26 February without ascribing responsibility for the violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuchay |first1=Bilal |last2=Hashim |first2=Asad |title=India, Pakistan take a similar diplomatic path on Russia-Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/28/ukraine-russia-india-and-pakistan-walk-similar-diplomatic-tightrope |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=28 February 2022}}</ref> The Indian government refrained from taking a stand or criticizing Russia.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Modi Appeals for 'Cessation of Violence' in Call With Putin, First Indian Reaction to Russian Attack |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/modi-appeals-for-cessation-of-violence-in-call-with-putin-first-indian-reaction-to-russian-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225025207/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/modi-appeals-for-cessation-of-violence-in-call-with-putin-first-indian-reaction-to-russian-attack |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref> India was also worked on trading with Russia using [[Indian rupee|rupees]] to circumvent sanctions.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2022 |title=Rupee-ruble trade to be ready by next week: Report |agency=[[CNBC]] TV |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/rupee-ruble-trade-to-be-ready-by-next-week-report-12931362.htm}}</ref> India is the only member of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]] not to ban Russian exports. The Ukrainian ambassador to India, Igor Polikha,&nbsp;told&nbsp;reporters in India that he was "deeply dissatisfied" with India's position.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shih |first=Gerry |title=India avoids condemning Russian invasion of Ukraine, keeps aloof from Biden's coalition against Moscow |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/25/india-ukraine-russia-biden/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> India also abstained from the United Nations Security Council resolution condemning the Russian invasion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Swati |title=India on why it abstained on Russia resolution: Who said what at UN meet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ukraineindia-on-why-it-abstained-on-russia-resolution-who-said-what-at-unsc-101645838751050.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> <br />
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Many Western capitals criticised India for its refusal to condemn the invasion.<ref>{{cite news |title=China woos India as both face Western ire over Ukraine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/25/india-china-russia-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=25 March 2022}}</ref> UK Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]]<ref name="visit cancelled"/> and Prime Minister of Japan [[Fumio Kishida]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan PM urges Modi to take tougher line against Russian invasion |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/20/japan-pm-presses-modi-for-indian-action-on-ukraine |work=www.aljazeera.com |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=20 March 2022}}</ref> contacted Modi and tried to persuade him to condemn the invasion. The UK also expressed concern over India's rupee-ruble trade arrangements.<ref name="visit cancelled">{{cite news |title=Rift over Ukraine exposed as high-powered UK delegation to India called off |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/mar/24/rift-over-ukraine-exposed-as-high-powered-uk-delegation-to-india-called-off |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 March 2022}}</ref> Foreign Minister S Jaishankar said that India would pursue an independent foreign policy and consider options in the current market to meet its energy needs. He added that imports from Russia were just a fraction of India's overall imports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/uk-respects-india-s-decision-to-buy-russian-oil-says-liz-truss-1096612.html |title=UK respects India's decision to buy Russian oil, says Liz Truss |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
| Kazakhstan, a neighbour and ally of Russia, reportedly denied a request for its troops to join Russian forces in the invasion. The former Soviet republic also said it would not be recognizing the Russia-created breakaway republics, the Luhansk People's Republic and the Donetsk People's Republic, [[NBC News]] reported.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Russia ally Kazakhstan denies request to join attack on Ukraine: Report |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/russian-ally-kazakhstan-denies-request-to-join-attack-on-ukraine-report |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Washington Examiner]] |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226125202/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/russian-ally-kazakhstan-denies-request-to-join-attack-on-ukraine-report |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Defense (Kazakhstan)|Kazakh defense ministry]] insisted the matter had not even come up. A statement issued on its Telegram channel on 27 February said: "A request to send Kazakh military to Ukraine or any other country hasn't been received and, correspondingly, hasn't been considered."<ref>{{cite web|date=6 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war casts Kazakhstan's reliance on Russia in harsher light|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Ukraine-war-casts-Kazakhstan-s-reliance-on-Russia-in-harsher-light |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=[[Nikkei Asia]] |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306224328/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Ukraine-war-casts-Kazakhstan-s-reliance-on-Russia-in-harsher-light |url-status=live}}</ref> Kazakhstan avoided criticising Russia's move to invade a fellow ex-Soviet republic however.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Kazakh provider blocks Russian TV stations over Ukraine war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/kazakh-provider-blocks-russian-tv-stations-over-ukraine-war-2022-02-28/?rpc=401& |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228112959/https://www.reuters.com/world/kazakh-provider-blocks-russian-tv-stations-over-ukraine-war-2022-02-28/?rpc=401 |url-status=live}}</ref> President of Kazakhstan [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] stated that his country would not recognize Luhansk and Donetsk Republics, which he considers to be quasi-states, because if the right of nations to self-determination was realized on the entire globe, over 500 or 600 states would emerge in the world instead of present 193, and it would result in chaos.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan-Russia frictions over Ukraine war go public |url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-russia-frictions-over-ukraine-war-go-public |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=20 June 2022 |agency=Eurasianet |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
| The Foreign Ministry of Kyrgyzstan called on Russia and Ukraine to negotiate. "We're following the development of the situation in Ukraine with dismay and concern. Proceeding from our historically friendly relations with the peoples of Russia and Ukraine, we hope that the parties will achieve peace promptly, including by means of creating new formats and mechanisms of the conflict settlement at the negotiating table to prevent further casualties and damage," the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kyrgyzstan)|Kyrgyz Foreign Ministry]] said on Friday.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Kyrgyzstan calls on Russia, Ukraine to sit down at negotiating table |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/74369/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |agency=[[Interfax]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225183648/https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/74369/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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President [[Sadyr Japarov]] commented that the invasion may have been necessary "to protect the peaceful population of the territories of Donbas." That prompted Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to recall Ukraine's ambassador to Kyrgyzstan to protest the country's statement "justifying the aggression against Ukraine."<ref>{{cite news| last=Murtazashvili | first=Jennifer Brick | title=Central Asian countries now have two big worries about Russia |newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2 March 2022 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/02/central-asian-countries-now-have-two-big-worries-about-russia/ | access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| [[File:Meeting with President of Mongolia Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh.jpg|thumb|Putin and Mongolian President [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]] in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 3 September 2024]] [[Battsetseg Batmunkh]], Mongolia's foreign minister, said the government was observing events with concern. She noted that "if the situation continued to escalate it may contribute negatively to world peace and stability", and called on the parties to quickly negotiate a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=mn:Б.Батцэцэг: Талууд дипломат арга замаар хурцадмал байдлыг намжаах нь чухал гэсэн байр суурьтай байгаа |trans-title=B.Battsetseg: The parties are of the opinion that it is important to reduce tensions through diplomatic means |language=mn |date=2 March 2022 |work=Ikon |url=https://ikon.mn/n/2hcf |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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In advance of a [[Mongolia–Russia relations|visit by Putin to Mongolia]] on 3 September 2024, the ICC stated that Mongolia was obligated to place Putin under arrest, due to [[Mongolia]] being a signatory of the Rome Statute of the ICC.<ref>{{cite news |last=Santos |first=Sofia Ferreira |date=30 August 2024 |title=Mongolia Obliged to Arrest Putin If He Visits – ICC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0e852r50x7o |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref> After failure to make the arrest, Mongolia was described by Ukraine as complicit in Putin's war crimes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin Evades Arrest in Mongolia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/radionational-breakfast/putin-evades-arrest-in-mongolia/104305828 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=4 September 2024 |quote=The Ukrainian Government have (...) [claimed] this makes Mongolia complicit in Putin's war crimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennetts |first1=Marc |title=Vladimir Putin defies ICC Arrest Warrant on Mongolia Visit |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/russia-ukraine-war/article/vladimir-putin-icc-arrest-warrant-mongolia-gsnsdq3nb |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[The Times]] |date=3 September 2024 |quote=Kyiv said that Mongolia’s failure to execute the ICC warrant meant it was complicit in Putin’s crimes}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Morocco}}<br />
|Morocco's Foreign Ministry released a statement reiterating its support for the territorial integrity of all UN states.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=The Kingdom of Morocco is following with concern the evolution of the situation between the Russian Federation and Ukraine |url=https://www.diplomatie.ma/en/kingdom-morocco-following-concern-evolution-situation-between-russian-federation-and-ukraine |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates (Morocco)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates]]}}</ref> The country was absent from the 2 March UN General Assembly vote condemning the invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=El Atti |first=Basma |date=4 March 2022 |title=Morocco chooses neutrality as UN condemns Putin's war |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/morocco-chooses-neutrality-un-condemns-putins-war |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=[[The New Arab]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
According to several reports, Morocco had authorized a secret delivery of twenty refurbished [[T-72B]] tanks to Ukraine by early 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2023 |title=Tanks to Ukraine mark change in Moroccan foreign policy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/tanks-to-ukraine-mark-change-in-moroccan-foreign-policy/a-64527084 |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=El Atti |first=Basma |date=30 January 2023 |title=Morocco remains silent amid reports of weapons to Ukraine |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/morocco-remains-silent-amid-reports-weapons-ukraine |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=[[The New Arab]] |language=en}}</ref> In response, foreign minister [[Nasser Bourita]] later denied this, and said that Morocco was engaged in a policy of "[[wikt:positive neutrality#Noun|positive neutrality]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Morocco did not sell tanks to Ukraine, Bourita affirms |url=https://en.hespress.com/59562-morocco-did-not-sell-tanks-to-ukraine-bourita-affirms.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Namibia}}<br />
| Namibia called on the United Nations to peacefully resolve the situation. The Namibian Government also looked to evacuate 100 Namibians in Ukraine, should it become necessary.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Government calls on UN for resolution in Ukraine |url=https://informante.web.na/?p=315090 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=Informanté}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
| Pakistan's Prime Minister, [[Imran Khan]], said that conflict was not in anyone's interest. Khan also underlined Pakistan's belief that disputes should be resolved through dialogue and diplomacy.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mian |last=Abrar |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/02/24/pm-imran-regrets-ukraine-russia-tensions-says-conflict-not-in-anyones-interest/ |title=PM Imran regrets Ukraine-Russia tensions, says conflict not in anyone's interest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123419/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/02/24/pm-imran-regrets-ukraine-russia-tensions-says-conflict-not-in-anyones-interest/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Pakistan Today]] |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> After an appeal from 22 diplomatic missions for Pakistan to condemn Russia at the UN General Assembly was released to the public, Khan hit out at Western envoys over their inaction over [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]], said supporting NATO in Afghanistan had backfired for Pakistan, and asked why no letter was written to appeal to India, which had also abstained.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peshimam |first=Gibran |editor-last=Liffey |editor-first=Kevin |title=Pakistani premier hits out at Western envoys' joint letter on Russia |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistani-premier-hits-out-western-envoys-joint-letter-russia-2022-03-06/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=6 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Islamabad views Moscow as a key long-term partner in Central Asia and the Middle East, looking for increased trade and investment in the region to supplement its national development.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.geopolitica.info/pakistan-russia-ukraine/ | title=Pakistan's Dilemma in ties with Russia Amid Continuing Ukraine Crisis | date=15 June 2023 }}</ref> Pakistan's Prime Minister, [[Imran Khan]] stated "We are friends of Russia, and we are also friends of the United States. We are friends of China and Europe."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theintercept.com/2023/08/09/imran-khan-pakistan-cypher-ukraine-russia/ | title=Secret Pakistan Cable Documents U.S. Pressure to Remove Imran Khan | date=9 August 2023 }}</ref> Pakistan has been considered among the countries to be Russia leaning since the invasion of Ukraine according to [[The Economist]].<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
<br />
Ambassador of Russia to Pakistan, Mr. Danila Ganich termed mutual relations between Russia and Pakistan as crucial for both countries' national interests and global stability.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/pak-russia-relations-termed-crucial-for-globa-1740970.html | title=Pak-Russia Relations Termed Crucial for Global Stability }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Qatar}}<br />
| Amir Sheikh [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] called on all parties to exercise restraint and resolve the dispute through constructive dialogue and diplomatic methods. He cautioned against further escalation.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Qatar urges Russia, Ukraine to seek peaceful means |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/710595/Qatar-urges-Russia-Ukraine-to-seek-peaceful-means |website=[[Gulf Times]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225094128/https://www.gulf-times.com/story/710595/Qatar-urges-Russia-Ukraine-to-seek-peaceful-means |url-status=live}}</ref> A year after the invasion of Ukraine, [[The Economist]] downgraded Qatar from "West leaning" to "neutral".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />
| Saudi Arabia's Deputy Foreign Minister [[Waleed A. Elkhereiji|Waleed El Khereiji]] and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Wendy Sherman]] on the first day of the invasion discussed a "strong international response to support Ukrainian sovereignty", according to the U.S. Department of State website.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Senior Saudi, U.S. officials discuss response to Ukraine crisis -State Dept |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/senior-saudi-us-officials-discuss-response-ukraine-crisis-state-dept-2022-02-25/?rpc=401& |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225180840/https://www.reuters.com/world/senior-saudi-us-officials-discuss-response-ukraine-crisis-state-dept-2022-02-25/?rpc=401 |url-status=live}}</ref> Saudi Arabia remained committed to the OPEC+ agreement, Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] told French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] on 27 February, in an endorsement for the bloc's alliance with Russia in its invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=Saudi crown prince says kingdom still committed to OPEC+ oil agreement with Russia |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/022722-saudi-crown-prince-says-kingdom-still-committed-to-opec-oil-agreement-with-russia |website=[[S&P Global Platts]] |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227224139/https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/022722-saudi-crown-prince-says-kingdom-still-committed-to-opec-oil-agreement-with-russia |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|South Africa}} <br />
| [[Naledi Pandor]], Minister of the [[Department of International Relations and Cooperation]] (DIRCO), blamed neither Russia nor Ukraine, calling for "inclusive talks led by the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]]" and "enhanced diplomacy".<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=World Reaction to the Invasion of Ukraine |work=[[Wilson Center]] |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/world-reaction-invasion-ukraine |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> The Head of Public Diplomacy at DIRCO said that South Africa had "adopted a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] position", discouraged the imposition of sanctions and called on NATO to respect Russian security concerns.<ref>{{cite web |last=Monyela |first=Clayson |date=11 March 2022 |title=OPINIONISTA: Ukraine needs an inclusive and lasting roadmap to peace |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-03-11-ukraine-needs-an-inclusive-and-lasting-roadmap-to-peace/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Ramaphosa blames NATO for Russia's war in Ukraine |url=https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news/south-africa/ramaphosa-blames-nato-for-russias-war-in-ukraine/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=Moneyweb}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Government of the Western Cape|provincial cabinet]] of the [[Western Cape Province]] passed a resolution criticizing the Russian invasion. It called for a full withdrawal of Russian forces and criticized the ambiguous position of the South African government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Premier Alan Winde on provincial cabinet's condemnation of Russia's Invasion |website=westerncape.gov.za |publisher=[[Western Cape Government]] |url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/news/premier-alan-winde-provincial-cabinet%E2%80%99s-condemnation-russia%E2%80%99s-invasion |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
A year after the invasion of Ukraine, [[The Economist]] downgraded South Africa from "neutral" to "Russia leaning".<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
| The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the Government of Sri Lanka was deeply concerned about the escalation of violence in Ukraine and called on all parties to exercise maximum restraint and work towards the immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain peace, security and stability in the region, and emphasised the need for diplomacy and sincere dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mfa.gov.lk/mst-ukraine/|title=Statement on Developments in Ukraine – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Sri Lanka|accessdate=9 March 2024|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301034447/https://mfa.gov.lk/mst-ukraine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Tajikistan}}<br />
| Tajikistan has decided to maintain its neutral stance in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and its authorities have not yet made any official statements on the situation. Since Russia invaded Ukraine, Tajikistan has been comparatively the most exposed of the five Central Asian countries. A few other countries in the region, including Tajikistan, decided not to take part in the UNGA's emergency special session on the Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022. Tajikistan, in particular, is heavily reliant on Russia for its energy, economic, and security requirements. In reality, Russia is Tajikistan's most significant trading and security partner.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/the-caspian-regions-reactions-to-the-current-russo-ukrainian-war-a-series-tajikistan | title=CPC &#124; the Caspian Region's Reactions to the Current Russo-Ukrainian War, a Series: Tajikistan }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br />
| The United Arab Emirates abstained from the vote on the U.N. Security Council resolution deploring the invasion, calling it a "foregone conclusion".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |date=26 February 2022 |title=Russia vetoes U.N. Security action on Ukraine as China abstains |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-vetoes-un-security-action-ukraine-china-abstains-2022-02-25/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226003953/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-vetoes-un-security-action-ukraine-china-abstains-2022-02-25/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A senior Emirati diplomat [[Anwar Gargash]] said that the United Arab Emirates "believes that taking sides would only lead to more violence".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uae-not-taking-sides-ukraine-conflict-favours-negotiations-official-2022-02-27/ |title=UAE not taking sides in Ukraine conflict, senior official says |work=[[Reuters]] |date=27 February 2022}}</ref> The United Arab Emirates representative to the UN stating "the UAE.. articulates its firm position on the need to de-escalate and find a peaceful solution to the crisis between the parties concerned."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2022/03/03/uae-urges-parties-in-ukraine-to-exercise-self-restraint-and-de-escalate/ |title=UAE urges parties in Ukraine to exercise self-restraint and de-escalate |work=The National |date=3 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />
| [[File:Мацква.ру, репортаж с Парада Победы 2023 на Красной площади, фото 21.jpg|thumb|Putin with Uzbek President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] and other post-Soviet leaders at the [[2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Moscow Victory Day Parade]] on 9 May 2023]]Press Secretary to the President of Uzbekistan [[Sherzod Asadov]] said in a Facebook post: "The President of Russia informed the head of our state of the reasons and circumstances of the decision to launch a special operation. In his turn, the leader of Uzbekistan expressed hope that the parties will soon find mutually acceptable ways to resolve the situation and prevent its further escalation. I would like to emphasize that Uzbekistan takes a balanced, neutral position on this matter."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/74522/ |title=Uzbekistan affirms neutrality in relation to Russian action in Ukraine |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Since yesterday, I have been receiving requests from our media outlets and bloggers to comment on the results of a recent telephone conversation between the Presidents of Uzbekistan and Russia. In this regard, I would like to inform our colleagues of the following. Besides the contemporary issues on a dense bilateral agenda, the leaders of Uzbekistan and Russia also exchanged views on the current situation around Ukraine. The President of Russia informed the head of our state on the reasons and circumstances of the decision to launch a special operation. In his turn, the leader of Uzbekistan expressed hope that the parties will soon find mutually acceptable ways to resolve the situation and prevent its further escalation. I would like to emphasize that Uzbekistan takes a balanced, neutral position on this matter. Our country traditionally has close, friendly relations with both Russia and Ukraine. We are interested in ensuring peace, stability and sustainable development in our vast region. All disputes and disagreements that arise must be addressed solely on the basis of the international law norms.|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=291937843040331&id=100066723511888 |access-date=26 February 2022 |via=[[Facebook]]}}{{Primary source inline|date=March 2022}}</ref> The Embassy of Uzbekistan in Poland is evacuating its citizens from Ukraine through Poland, Foreign Ministry of Uzbekistan said.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan evacuates its citizens from Ukraine through Poland |url=https://akipress.com/news:668492:Uzbekistan_evacuates_its_citizens_from_Ukraine_through_Poland/ |access-date=28 February 2022 |agency=[[AKIpress News Agency]] |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228113734/https://akipress.com/news:668492:Uzbekistan_evacuates_its_citizens_from_Ukraine_through_Poland/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon reports of Uzbek nationals fighting in Ukraine, [[Ministry of Justice (Uzbekistan)|Ministry of Justice]] stated that any Uzbek national found to have enlisted in the service of a foreign army or police service could face a prison term of up to five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasianet.org/report-uzbekistan-nationals-involved-in-russian-invasion-of-ukraine|title=Report: Uzbekistan nationals involved in Russian invasion of Ukraine|date=3 March 2022|publisher=Eurasianet}}</ref> On 17 March, Uzbekistan Foreign Minister [[Abdulaziz Kamilov]] said that he did not recognize the independence of the LPR and the DPR, supported the territorial integrity of Ukraine and wanted a peaceful solution to the situation. He added that Uzbekistan had provided humanitarian aid to Ukraine and would continue this work. He also noted that the country intended to cooperate on both sides of the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://podrobno.uz/cat/politic/uzbekistan-ne-priznaet-nezavisimost-luganskoy-i-donetskoy-respublik-glava-mid/ |title=Uzbekistan does not recognize independence of Luhansk and Donetsk republics – Foreign Minister |date=14 March 2022 |publisher=Podrobno.uz}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Vietnam}}<br />
| [[File:Vladimir Putin and Nguyen Phu Trong (2024-06-20) 02.jpg|thumb|Putin and [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]], the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] in Hanoi, Vietnam, 20 June 2024]] The spokesperson for the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)|Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], Lê Thị Thu Hằng, stated Vietnam "calls on parties concerned in the Ukraine crisis to exercise self-restraint, enhance dialogue efforts and step up diplomatic measures to peacefully settle differences with respect for the United Nations Charter and fundamental principles of international law, thus contributing to ensuring peace, security, and stability in the region and the world."<ref>{{cite web |title=Viet Nam calls on relevant parties in Ukraine crisis to exercise self-restraint |date=24 February 2022 |url=https://en.baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-calls-on-relevant-parties-in-ukraine-crisis-to-exercise-self-restraint-111220224093956009.htm |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Government News |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123432/https://en.baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-calls-on-relevant-parties-in-ukraine-crisis-to-exercise-self-restraint-111220224093956009.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Zambia}}<br />
| In response to questions from an MP, Vice president [[Mutale Nalumango]] stated that Zambia could not make a unilateral decision regarding the conflict, and that they would "not make a position as an individual country but as a grouping to various bodies that the country belongs to".<ref>{{cite news |last=Yambani |first=Victoria |title=Zambia Takes Neutral Position In Russia Ukraine Conflict |url=https://zambianobserver.com/zambia-takes-neutral-position-in-russia-ukraine-conflict/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[The Zambian Observer]] |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> The country also made plans to evacuate all known Zambians in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zambia: Government will start evacuating Zambians, residents in Ukraine |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2022/02/25/government-will-start-evacuating-zambians-residents-in-ukraine/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> At the [[Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly|emergency special session]] the Zambia's representative announced the country would support the draft resolution condemning the invasion.<ref name="unemsession">{{cite web |title=As Russian Federation's Invasion of Ukraine Creates New Global Era, Member States Must Take Sides, Choose between Peace, Aggression, General Assembly Hears |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/ga12406.doc.htm |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=1 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Non UN members====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Holy See}} <br />
| [[Pope Francis]] has stated that the events in Ukraine have caused "great pain in his heart". The pope called for 2 March 2022, [[Ash Wednesday]], to be a day of prayer and fasting for peace. In an unprecedented departure from diplomatic protocol, the pope went to the Russian embassy on 25 February 2022, to relay his concern over Russia's invasion of Ukraine to Moscow's ambassador.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |title=Departing from protocol, pope goes to Russian embassy over Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-went-russian-embassy-express-concern-over-war-moscow-envoy-2022-02-25/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}<br />
| In a press release, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta announced that they were supplying Ukraine refugees with "emergency relief, food and psychosocial support."<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Malteser International Aid Reaches Ukraine |url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/malteser-international-aid-reaches-ukraine/ |publisher=[[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=The Order of Malta at the forefront in delivering aid to Ukrainian refugees |url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/order-malta-forefront-delivering-ukrainian-refugees/ |publisher=[[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303142308/https://www.orderofmalta.int/order-malta-forefront-delivering-ukrainian-refugees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Leans to Russia ===<br />
Many of these countries are described as neutral but have remained friendly with Russia ever since it was isolated by the international community.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Algeria}}<br />
| [[File:С Президентом Алжира Абдельмаджидом Теббуном в ходе пленарного заседания XXVI ПМЭФ. Фото - Павел Бедняков.jpg|thumb|Putin Algerian President [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] at the [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum]], 16 June 2023]]The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Algeria)|Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said it was "following developments" and called for Algerians in Ukraine to adhere to instructions given by the Algerian embassy.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |script-title=ar:وزارة الخارجية تؤكد حرصها على ضمان سلامة أفراد الجالية الوطنية بأوكرانيا |trans-title=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs affirms its keenness to ensure the safety of members of the national community in Ukraine |language=ar-DZ |work=Aldjazair News |url=https://nn-algeria.dz/%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d9%83%d8%af-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%b5%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b6%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7/ |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Algerian government attempted to adopt a Russia-leaning stance without explicitly expressing support for Russia's invasion. This included denying plans to replace Russian gas exports to Europe and opposing a statement that the Ukrainian embassy in Algeria had released that stated the country wanted to hire "foreign nationals to joint resistance against the Russian occupation and defend global security".<ref>Middle East, politics. “An Insight into Algeria’s Position on Russia-Ukraine Conflict.” Futureuae, futureuae.com/en-US/Mainpage/Item/7192/declared-neutrality-an-insight-into-algerias-position-on-russia-ukraine-conflict. Accessed 19 August 2023.</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Burundi}}<br />
| Burundi's foreign minister insisted that his country would not take sides in Russia's war against Ukraine.<ref>Presse, AFP - Agence France. “Burundi Sticks to Ukraine Neutrality as Russia’s Top Diplomat Visits.” Barron’s, 30 May 2023, https://www.barrons.com/news/burundi-sticks-to-ukraine-neutrality-as-russia-s-top-diplomat-visits-a4771272.</ref> However, in December 2023, Burundi reversed this position and voted against condemning Russia at the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4030715?ln=en | title=Situation of human rights in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, including the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol :: Resolution /: Adopted by the General Assembly | date=19 December 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|China}}<br />
|[[File:Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin.jpg|thumb|Putin with [[Xi Jinping]], the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] before the [[2025 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Moscow Victory Day Parade]], 8 May 2025]] [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] and [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] spoke to Russian President Vladimir Putin on 25 February, calling for Russia and Ukraine to resolve the issue through negotiation.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=China's Xi Jinping Speaks To Putin, Calls For "Negotiation" With Ukraine |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/chinas-xi-jinping-speaks-to-russian-president-vladimir-putin-calls-for-negotiation-with-ukraine-2789342 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164105/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/chinas-xi-jinping-speaks-to-russian-president-vladimir-putin-calls-for-negotiation-with-ukraine-2789342 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Xi speaks to Putin and calls for 'negotiation' with Ukraine |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/02/25/world/xi-jinping-vladimir-putin-call/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164109/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/02/25/world/xi-jinping-vladimir-putin-call/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Putin told Xi that "Russia is willing to conduct high-level negotiations with Ukraine."<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Putin tells Xi that Russia willing to hold high-level talks with Ukraine -China's CCTV |url=https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/putin-tells-xi-that-russia-willing-to-hold-high-level-talks-with-ukraine-chinas-cctv |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Financial Post]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> China's UN Ambassador [[Zhang Jun (ambassador)|Zhang Jun]] said that "We believe that all countries should solve international disputes by peaceful means in line with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter."<ref>{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Simone |date=22 February 2022 |title=As the West condemns Russia over Ukraine, Beijing strikes a different tone |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/22/china/china-ukraine-russia-reaction-united-nations-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224143159/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/22/china/china-ukraine-russia-reaction-united-nations-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=24 February 2022 |title=China refuses to accept Russia has 'invaded' Ukraine, blames US for war |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/china/ukraine-crisis-china-russia-war-us-b2022237.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> In a 25 February statement, [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)|Chinese Foreign Minister]] and [[State Councillor|State Councilor]] [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] said that Ukraine's territory and sovereignty should be respected and urged talks as soon as possible.<ref name="Frank-2022">{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Joel |date=25 February 2022 |title=China Foreign Ministry: Ukraine's territory and sovereignty should be respected, urges talks |url=https://www.fxstreet.com/news/china-foreign-ministry-ukraines-territory-and-sovereignty-should-be-respected-urges-talks-202202251901 |access-date= |website=FXStreet}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=China says it respects Ukraine's sovereignty and Russia's security concerns |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/china-says-it-respects-ukraines-sovereignty-russias-security-concerns-2022-02-25/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Ambassador to Ukraine [[Fan Xianrong]] and Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Zhao Lijian]] echoed the sentiment in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=The Chinese ambassador said that China is a friend of Ukraine and is willing to help Ukraine develop its economy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded |url=https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2022_03_17_630809.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141500/https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2022_03_17_630809.shtml |archive-date=20 March 2022 |website=[[Guancha.cn]] |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Feng |first=John |date=17 March 2022 |title=China doubles down on support for Ukraine, backs peace talks to end war |url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-ukraine-peace-talks-russia-war-1688954 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en}}</ref> Various state media in Beijing quoted Scholz's description of the day of invasion as "a terrible day for Ukraine and a dark day for Europe."<ref>{{cite news |author=童黎 [Tong Li] |date=24 February 2022 |script-title=zh:当地时间2月24日凌晨，俄罗斯总统普京宣布在乌克兰东部顿巴斯地区展开"军事行动"，来自乌俄两方的最新消息接连不断，各方相继表态。 |trans-title=The situation in Russia and Ukraine has changed abruptly, and all parties have expressed their views |url=https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2022_02_24_627615.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323063447/https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2022_02_24_627615.shtml |archive-date=23 March 2022 |website=[[Guancha.cn]] |language=zh-hans}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=阮佳闻 [Ruan Jiawen] |date=24 February 2022 |script-title=zh:德总理：这对乌克兰来说是可怕的一天，对欧洲来说是黑暗的一天 |trans-title=German Chancellor: It's a terrible day for Ukraine, a dark day for Europe |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_16835100 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=[[The Paper (newspaper)|The Paper]], [[CCTV News (Chinese)|CCTV News]] |language=zh-hans}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |script-title=zh:德国总理：这对乌克兰来说是可怕的一天 对欧洲来说是黑暗的一天 |trans-title=German Chancellor: It's a terrible day for Ukraine, a dark day for Europe |url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/world/gjcj/2022-02-24/doc-imcwiwss2674807.shtml |work=Sina Finance |language=zh-hans |agency=[[Beijing Daily]]}}</ref> China criticized sanctions against Russia, and said it understood Russia's 'security concerns' over NATO's eastward expansion.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Does China support the Russian invasion of Ukraine? |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/02/25/does-china-support-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine.html |work=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> China's Vice Foreign Minister [[Le Yucheng]] claimed that if NATO "enlargement goes further, it would be approaching the 'outskirts of Moscow' where a missile could hit the Kremlin within seven or eight minutes."<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Ukraine: UK warns against postwar reset with Putin — as it happened |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-uk-warns-against-postwar-reset-with-putin-as-it-happened/a-61182407 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> On 22 February 2023, China blamed the invasion on the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2023 |title=A year later, China blames U.S. 'hegemony' — not Russia — for war in Ukraine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/22/china-us-blame-ukraine-war/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In December 2023, China voted against condemning Russia at the United Nations.<ref name="auto" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}<br />
| Ethiopia's Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] has called for restraint in the Ukraine conflict, noting his country's own suffering during the [[Tigray War]]. The statement notably did not condemn Russia for invading its neighbor.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/6468646.html | title=Ethiopia Calls for Restraint in Ukraine Crisis | date=3 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 14 November 2022, Ethiopia sided with Russia on a UN General Assembly vote calling for Russia to pay war reparations to Ukraine.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/><br />
<br />
Ethiopia has been considered among the countries to be Russia leaning since the invasion of Ukraine according to ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}<br />
| [[File:Vladimir Putin and Thongloun Sisoulith (2024 Victory Day).jpg|thumb|Putin and [[Thongloun Sisoulith]], the [[General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] before the [[2025 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Moscow Victory Day Parade]], 8 May 2025]] The Lao PDR government called on all parties to exercise utmost restraint and pursue efforts to deescalate and supported efforts to find a peaceful settlement through diplomatic means.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://laotiantimes.com/2022/02/26/laos-issues-official-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine/ |title=Laos Issues Official Statement on Situation in Ukraine |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Laos has been considered among the countries to be Russia leaning since the invasion of Ukraine according to ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
<br />
The Lao state-run news agency reliably repeated comments from Russian diplomats, including in a briefing in early May that "with the help of foreign countries, Ukraine has become a center of attraction for terrorists and mercenaries" and "The West is openly encouraging Kiev to attack Russia." Diplomatic, military, and trade overtures with Russia have increased.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/07/will-laos-be-sanctioned-for-embracing-russia/ | title=Will Laos be sanctioned for embracing Russia? | date=27 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/russias-continuing-ties-southeast-asia-and-how-they-affect-ukraine-war-part-2 | title=Russia's Continuing Ties to Southeast Asia and How They Affect the Ukraine War: Part 2 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Sudan}}<br />
| Sudan coordinated an evacuation of Sudanese citizens in Ukraine with authorities in Poland and Romania.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ismail |first=Talal |date=26 February 2022 |title=Sudan to evacuate nationals in Ukraine via Poland, Romania |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-to-evacuate-nationals-in-ukraine-via-poland-romania/2515906 |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Deputy Head of the Sovereign Council [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]] stated: "Russia has the right to act in the interests of its citizens and protect its people. It has the right under the constitution and under the law. The whole world must realize that it has the right to defend its people."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article255658/|title=Sudan says Hemetti did not support Putin's policy on Ukraine|work=Sudan Tribune|date=24 February 2022|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225043210/https://sudantribune.com/article255658/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sudan has been considered among the countries to be Russia leaning since the invasion of Ukraine according to ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Uganda}}<br />
| [[Muhoozi Kainerugaba]], son of Ugandan President [[Yoweri Museveni]] and commander of the Special Forces Command, stated that [[Uganda]] could send soldiers to Russia to help Putin quell the rebellion if necessary.{{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Removed unreliable source}}<br />
<br />
Uganda has been considered among the countries to be Russia leaning since the invasion of Ukraine according to ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name="Who are Russia's supporters"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Non UN members====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Artsakh}}{{Efn|Artsakh (or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) was a self-proclaimed breakaway state in the South Caucasus, whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan.}}<br />
| President of Artsakh [[Arayik Harutyunyan]] welcomed the decision of President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin to recognize the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 June 2022|language=en|title=President of Artsakh welcomes recognition of independence of Donetsk and Lugansk by Russia|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1076142/|website=armenpress.am|date=22 February 2022 }}</ref> The Government of the Artsakh Republic sent 14 tons of humanitarian aid to the residents of the Kyiv and Zaporizhzhia regions through Russian peacekeeping troops in Artsakh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artsakh sends 14 tons of humanitarian aid to Ukraine |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1077319/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=armenpress.am |date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Transnistria}}{{efn|{{Transnistria note}}}}<br />
| On 26 February, [[Vadim Krasnoselski]], the president of the breakaway state of Transnistria internationally recognized as part of Moldova, in response to what he called rumors and false information that Transnistria would attack Ukraine, said that Transnistria was a peaceful state, never had plans to attack its neighbours and called those who spread these claims people without control over the situation or provocateurs with malicious intentions. Krasnoselski also noted the large ethnically [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] population in Transnistria and that [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] is taught in Transnistrian schools and is one of the official languages of the republic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stiripesurse.ro/liderul-de-la-tiraspol-vadim-krasnoselski-transnistria-este-un-stat-pasnic-nu-am-avut-niciodata-planuri-de-natura-agresiva-fata-de-vecinii-nostri_2261995.html |title=Liderul de la Tiraspol, Vadim Krasnoselski: Transnistria este un stat pașnic. Nu am avut niciodată planuri de natură agresivă față de vecinii noștri |trans-title=Tiraspol leader Vadim Krasnoselski: Transnistria is a peaceful state. We have never had aggressive plans against our neighbors |first=Bogdan |last=Antonescu |newspaper=stiripesurse.ro |date=26 February 2022 |language=ro}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Supports Russia ===<br />
{{Update section|date=July 2025}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Belarus}}<br />
| Belarus has taken an active stance of supporting Russia in its invasion of Ukraine. Belarus has let Russian troops freely use their territory to cross the border into the northern side of Ukraine (see [[Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]).<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Burkina Faso}} <br />
| President [[Ibrahim Traoré]] stated "There is a desire to change politics which leads us to turn our backs on our traditional partners and turn towards our true friends like Russia."<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2023 |title=Eritrean, Burkina Faso leaders align with Russia, deny Putin's terrorist war |url=https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729225316/https://tvpworld.com/71644604/eritrean-burkina-faso-leaders-align-with-russia-deny-putins-terrorist-war |archive-date=29 July 2023 |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=[[TVP World]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Central African Republic}}<br />
| On 14 November 2022, the Central African Republic sided with the Russian Federation on a UN General Assembly vote calling for Russia to pay war reparations to Ukraine.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/15/un-calls-for-russia-to-pay-reparations-how-did-countries-vote | title=UN calls for Russia to pay reparations. How did countries vote? }}</ref> In 2023, President [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]] expressed support for Russian involvement in Ukraine.<ref name="chathamhouse.org">{{Cite web |title=Russia-Africa summit fails to deliver concrete results |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/08/russia-africa-summit-fails-deliver-concrete-results |accessdate=9 March 2024 |website=Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank|date=August 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cuba}}<br />
| [[File:Meeting between Vladimir Putin and Miguel Díaz-Canel on May 9, 2024.jpg|thumb|Putin and [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]], the [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]] in Kremlin, Moscow, 9 May 2024]] The Cuban government blamed the United States for the crisis in Ukraine and backed Russia's right to "self-defense", but said the conflict should be resolved diplomatically.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuba blames U.S. for the crisis in Ukraine, but stops short of endorsing Putin's invasion |work=[[Miami Herald]] |first=Nora |last=Gámez Torres |date=23 February 2022 |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article258694343.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164140/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article258694343.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Eritrea}}<br />
| Eritrea was one of five countries that voted against the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|UN General Assembly resolution condemning Russia]].<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ivana |last1=Saric |first2=Zachary |last2=Basu |title=141 countries vote to condemn Russia at UN |url=https://www.axios.com/united-nations-ukraine-russia-141-55872481-a143-4423-9d3d-80450f01c754.html |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> In 2023, President [[Isaias Afwerki]] expressed support for the Russian involvement in Ukraine.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/><ref name=":13"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iran}} <br />
| [[File:Meeting between Putin and Khamenei 2.jpeg|thumb|Putin with Iranian Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] and Iranian President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] in Tehran, Iran, 19 July 2022]] Iranian president [[Ebrahim Raisi]] phoned Putin to support stopping NATO expansion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/putin-raisi-say-in-phone-call-iran-deal-would-help-maintain-stabilty-1.10633983 |work=[[Haaretz]] |title=Putin, Raisi Speak Amid Ukraine Invasion, Say Iran Deal Would 'Help Maintain Stability' |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225105636/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/putin-raisi-say-in-phone-call-iran-deal-would-help-maintain-stabilty-1.10633983 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/in-phone-call-irans-raisi-tells-putin-that-nato-expansion-a-serious-threat/ |title=In phone call, Iran's Raisi tells Putin that NATO expansion a 'serious threat' |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123419/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/in-phone-call-irans-raisi-tells-putin-that-nato-expansion-a-serious-threat/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian Foreign Minister [[Hossein Amirabdollahian]] tweeted, "The #Ukraine crisis is rooted in NATO's provocations. We don't believe that resorting to war is a solution. Imperative to establish ceasefire & to find a political and democratic resolution."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1400/12/05/2670226/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF |title=امیرعبداللهیان: بحران اوکراین ریشه در اقدامات تحریکآمیز ناتو دارد- اخبار دیپلماسی ایران – اخبار بین الملل تسنیم &#124; Tasnim |website=خبرگزاری تسنیم &#124; Tasnim |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224223610/https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1400/12/05/2670226/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, he stated that Iran would not be recognizing Crimea, or the other regions of Ukraine as property of Russia, because "Iran recognizes the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the countries."<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=Iran does not recognize the entry of Crimea and four regions into Russia - Abdollahian |url=https://www.turan.az/ext/news/2023/1/free/politics_news/en/600.htm |work=Turan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=Iranian FM: Iran does not recognize annexation of Crimea and Ukraine's 4 other regions |url=https://apa.az/public/en/asia/iranian-fm-iran-does-not-recognize-annexation-of-crimea-and-ukraines-4-other-regions-394157 |work=apa |language=en}}</ref> [[Mohammad Javad Larijani]], secretary of the High Council for Human Rights in Iran, told [[Islamic Republic News Agency|IRNA]] that the government had not backed the military operation against Ukraine, but Tehran "has not closed eyes on the plots hatched by the US and its allies."<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Iran pursuing national interests in dealing with Ukraine conflict|url=https://en.irna.ir/news/84663516/Iran-pursuing-national-interests-in-dealing-with-Ukraine-conflict |access-date=26 February 2022 |agency=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]] |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226160905/https://en.irna.ir/news/84663516/Iran-pursuing-national-interests-in-dealing-with-Ukraine-conflict |url-status=live}}</ref> Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] said that "in Ukraine, we are in favour of stopping the war", and that the crisis showed that the West could not be trusted, and its support for "administrations and politicians that have been installed by them" was a "mirage". He also implied that the Ukrainian government lacked the full support of its people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/iran-khamenei-ukraine-war-russia-us-policies-nato |title=Iran's Khamenei: 'Mafia regime' of US created Ukraine crisis |first=Maziar |last=Motamedi |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> He blamed US policies for the invasion and accused Washington of meddling in the "internal affairs of the country, setting up demonstrations against the government, creating velvet revolutions, creating colour coup d'etats".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220301-iran-s-leader-says-ukraine-is-victim-of-us-policy |title=Iran's leader says Ukraine is 'victim' of US policy |date=1 March 2022 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP) |website=[[France24]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mali}} <br />
| [[File:Assimi Goïta with Russian president Vladimir Putin July 2023.jpg|thumb|Putin with [[Assimi Goïta]] at the [[2023 Russia–Africa Summit|Russia–Africa Summit]] in St. Petersburg, July 2023]]In 2023, Malian military junta leader [[Assimi Goïta]] expressed support for Russian involvement in Ukraine.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<br />
| The spokesperson for [[Myanmar]]'s [[State Administration Council]], [[Zaw Min Tun (general)|Zaw Min Tun]], supported Russia, stating that it "was acting to protect its sovereignty" and praised Russia's role in "balancing global power".<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Myanmar Regime Backs Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |work=The Irrawaddy |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-regime-backs-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164116/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-regime-backs-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=[[The Irrawaddy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220225-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-justified-says-myanmar-junta |title=Russian invasion of Ukraine 'justified', says Myanmar junta |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164114/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220225-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-justified-says-myanmar-junta |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nicaragua}}<br />
| President [[Daniel Ortega]] and his wife, Vice President [[Rosario Murillo]], expressed their support to Putin's deployment of troops to Ukraine after its recognition of the separatist Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. Ortega accused NATO and the United States of allegedly conspiring the 2014 [[Revolution of Dignity]] which resulted in the removal from office of president [[Viktor Yanukovych]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ortega supports Putin's deployment of troops to Ukraine after recognizing separatist regions |work=Confidencial |date=24 February 2022 |url=https://www.confidencial.com.ni/english/ortega-supports-putins-deployment-of-troops-to-ukraine-after-recognizing-separatist-regions/|access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224174235/https://www.confidencial.com.ni/english/ortega-supports-putins-deployment-of-troops-to-ukraine-after-recognizing-separatist-regions/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Niger}} <br />
| Since the [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état]], the ruling [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland]] has voted against condemning Russia at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="auto" /> Under the previous government, Niger was one of 87 signatories to the UN letter condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="Axios" /><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|North Korea}}<br />
| [[File:Russia's President Vladimir Putin on state visit to North Korea.jpg|thumb|Putin with [[Kim Jong Un]], the [[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]] in Pyongyang, North Korea, 19 June 2024]] [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)|North Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] published a commentary on 26 February titled "The United States must not undermine the foundation of international peace and stability", ascribing the armed conflict to US "high-handedness and arbitrariness," and accusing Washington of pursuing "military supremacy" in disregard of Russian security concerns. In a post on the foreign ministry website, Ri Ji-song, a researcher at the Society for International Politics Study, made the remarks—the North's first public mention of the conflict following Russia's invasion of Ukraine earlier that week. "The root cause of the Ukrainian crisis also lies in the high-handedness and arbitrariness of the U.S. which has held on solely to the unilateral sanction and pressure while pursuing only global hegemony and military supremacy in disregard of the legitimate demand of Russia for its security," Ri wrote. The Yonhap News Agency quoted a North Korean studies professor at Ewha University in Seoul as calling the post a "cautious" official response from Pyongyang, since it was released in the name of an individual.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sang-Ho |first1=Song |date=26 February 2022 |title=N. Korea blames U.S.' 'high-handedness and arbitrariness' for Ukraine crisis|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220226002400325 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226162154/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220226002400325 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the fall of 2024, North Korea sent military personnel to Russia who fought against Ukraine for Russia in Russian uniforms and under Russian command (see [[North Korean involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]).<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagcountry|Ba'athist Syria}} (before [[Fall of the Assad regime|2024]])<br />
| President [[Bashar al-Assad]] praised the Russian invasion as a "correction of history" and accused Western nations of using "dirty methods to support terrorists in Syria and Nazis in Ukraine".<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=25 February 2022 |title=Russia's Ukraine invasion a "correction of history": Assad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/russias-ukraine-invasion-a-correction-of-history-assad/articleshow/89829534.cms |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Venezuela}} (before [[2026 United States intervention in Venezuela|2026]])<br />
| The country's government blamed NATO and the United States for the crisis in Ukraine, stating that they had violated the [[Minsk agreements]]. President [[Nicolás Maduro]] said before the invasion was launched that Venezuela was with Putin, but also urged a diplomatic dialogue to avoid an increase in the conflict.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sequera |first=Vivian |date=25 February 2022 |title=Venezuela blames U.S., NATO for Ukraine conflict |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/venezuela-blames-u-s---nato-for-ukraine-conflict/47381114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164131/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/venezuela-blames-u-s---nato-for-ukraine-conflict/47381114 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Swissinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pitazo |first1=Redacción El |date=25 February 2022 |title=Gobierno de Maduro emite comunicado y evita condenar invasión a Ucrania |trans-title=Maduro's government issues a statement and avoids condemning the invasion of Ukraine |url=https://elpitazo.net/internacional/gobierno-de-maduro-emite-comunicado-y-evita-condenar-invasion-a-ucrania/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[El Pitazo]] |language=es}}</ref> Maduro officially sent "a hug of solidarity" to Putin, whom he described as a "brother of Venezuela."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/08/15/undertones-russias-war-strengthens-venezuelan-solidarity-with-ukraine/ | title=Undertones: Russia's war strengthens Venezuelan solidarity with Ukraine | date=15 August 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}<br />
| Zimbabwe evacuated 256 nationals from Ukraine, advising nationals to leave Ukraine if safe to do so.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |work=The Herald |title=Zim to evacuate 256 citizens from Ukraine |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/zim-to-evacuate-256-citizens-from-ukraine/ |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> On 14 November 2022, Zimbabwe sided with the Russian Federation on a UN General Assembly vote calling for Russia to pay war reparations to Ukraine.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> In 2023, Zimbabwe's President [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] voiced support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Non UN members====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! State<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|Abkhazia}}{{Efn|Abkhazia's status is disputed. It is internationally recognized in whole as part the country of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Abkhazia is recognized as independent by five UN member states as well as four partially or wholly unrecognized states.}}<br />
| [[President of Abkhazia|President]] [[Aslan Bzhania|Aslan Bzhaniya]] stated that Russia's invasion of Ukraine was "absolutely justified."<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Abkhazia recognises Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk |url=https://oc-media.org/abkhazia-recognises-ukraines-donetsk-and-luhansk/ |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Flag|South Ossetia}}{{Efn|South Ossetia's status is disputed. It is internationally recognized in whole as part of the country of Georgia. South Ossetia is recognized as independent by five UN member states as well as four partially or wholly unrecognized states.}}<br />
| The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement: "The Republic of South Ossetia expresses its support for the decision of the Russian Federation to conduct the special military operation to protect the residents of Donbas from the current nationalist regime of Kyiv."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia in connection with the special military operation of the Russian Federation n the protection of residents of Donbas |url=https://mfa.rsogov.org/en/node/3552 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 March 2022, South Ossetian President [[Anatoly Bibilov]] began sending troops to Ukraine to assist Russia with the invasion.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=Georgia's Breakaway Region sends troops to Ukraine |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/26/georgias-breakaway-region-sends-troops-to-ukraine-a77094 |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=Georgian breakaway region says it sent troops to Ukraine to 'help protect Russia' |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/georgian-breakaway-region-says-it-sent-troops-to-ukraine-to-help-protect-russia/ |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Expulsion of diplomats ==<br />
More than a dozen countries expelled Russian diplomats following the invasion, citing [[espionage]] activities incompatible with diplomatic status,<ref>{{cite web|title=European countries expel dozens of Russian envoys |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/29/europeans-expel-dozens-of-russian-envoys-to-combat-espionage |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> and then also Russian killing of civilians in the [[Bucha massacre]].<ref name="aj-ger-fra-expulsions">{{cite web|title=Germany, France to expel dozens of Russian diplomats |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/4/germany-expelling-substantial-russian-diplomats-minister |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="tg-eu-further-expulsions">{{cite web|title=EU allies expel 200 Russian diplomats in two days after Bucha killings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/05/eu-allies-expel-over-120-russian-diplomats-in-two-days-after-bucha-killings |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Additionally, the European Union declared 19 Russian diplomats [[Persona non grata|personae non-gratae]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia: The European Union declared 19 diplomats personae non-gratae |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/russia-european-union-declared-19-diplomats-personae-non-gratae_en|date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Country<br />
!Diplomats expelled<br />
!Date announced<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Austria}}<br />
|4<ref>{{cite web|title=Austria expelling four Russian diplomats |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/austria-says-it-is-expelling-four-russian-diplomats-2022-04-07/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=7 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|7 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Belgium}}<br />
|21<ref name="bene-exp-dip">{{cite web|title=Belgium, others expel Russian diplomats over alleged spying activities |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-expels-21-russia-diplomats-alleged-spying-activities/ |website=[[Politico]] |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|29 March<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}<br />
|10<ref>{{cite web|title=Bulgaria Expels 10 Russian Diplomats, Baltics Follow Suit With Another 10 Expulsions |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-10-russian-diplomats-expelled/31759580.html |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> + 70<br />
|18 March<br />
|On 28 June 2022, Bulgaria additionally expelled 70 diplomats for espionage and interference in internal affairs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bulgaria kicks out 70 Russian 'diplomats' for espionage|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/bulgaria-kicks-out-70-russian-diplomats-for-espionage/|date=28 June 2022|access-date=28 June 2022|website=Euroactiv}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Croatia}}<br />
|24<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/press-22794/press-release-247452/247452 |website=Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|11 April<br />
|18 diplomats and six members of the administrative staff at the Russian Embassy: 24 employees in total.<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}<br />
|1<ref>{{cite web|title=Czech Republic expels Russian diplomat |url=https://english.radio.cz/czech-republic-expels-russian-diplomat-8746254 |website=Radio Prague International |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|30 March<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Denmark}}<br />
|15<ref name="tg-eu-further-expulsions"/><br />
|5 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Estonia}}<br />
|3<ref name="baltic-exp-dip">{{cite web |title=Baltic nations expel 10 Russian diplomats |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/baltic-nations-expel-ten-russian-diplomats-2022-03-18/ |website=[[Reuters]] |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> + 14<br />
|18 March<br />
|On 5 April 2022, Estonia closed two consulates and expelled additional 14 diplomats/staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estonia expels Russian diplomats, closes two consular offices |url=https://news.err.ee/1608555373/estonia-expels-russian-diplomats-closes-two-consular-offices |website=[[Eesti Rahvusringhääling|ERR]] |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Finland}}<br />
|2<ref>{{cite web|title=Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan ja ajankohtaisselonteko esillä TP-UTVA:ssa |language=fi |trans-title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine and a current report in [[Ministerial Committee on Foreign and Security Policy|TP-UTVA]] |url=https://www.presidentti.fi/tiedote/venajan-hyokkays-ukrainaan-ja-ajankohtaisselonteko-esilla-tp-utvassa/ |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|8 April<br />
|In addition, one Russian embassy employee has been denied a visa extension.<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|France}}<br />
|35<ref name="aj-ger-fra-expulsions"/> + 6<br />
|4 April<br />
|On 11 April 2022, France expelled six more Russian diplomats.<ref>{{cite web|title=France declares six Russian spies 'persona non grata' over clandestine operation |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-will-fall-line-with-ecowas-sanctions-mali-borrell-says-2022-01-13 |website=[[Reuters]] |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Germany}}<br />
|40<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany Expels 40 Russian Diplomats With Suspected Spy-Agency Links |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-04/germany-expels-40-russian-diplomats-with-suspected-spy-links |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|4 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Greece}}<br />
|12<ref name="aj-gr-nor-expulsions">{{cite web |title=Greece, Norway order expulsion of Russian envoys amid Ukraine war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/6/greece-norway-order-expulsion-of-russian-diplomats |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=6 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|6 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Republic of Ireland}}<br />
|4<ref name="bene-exp-dip"/><br />
|29 March<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Italy}}<br />
|30<ref>{{cite web|title=Italy says Ukraine war crimes must be punished, expels Russian diplomats |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italy-expels-30-russian-diplomats-over-security-fears-2022-04-05/ |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><br />
|5 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Japan}}<br />
|8<ref>{{cite web|title=Japan expels eight Russian diplomats, condemns situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-expels-eight-russian-diplomats-condemns-situation-ukraine-2022-04-08 |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><br />
|8 April<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|{{flag|Latvia}}<br />
|3<ref name="baltic-exp-dip"/> + 13<br />
|18 March<br />
|On 5 April 2022, Latvia closed two consulates and expelled additional 13 diplomats/staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's consulates to be closed in Latvia, staff expelled |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/russias-consulates-to-be-closed-in-latvia-staff-expelled.a451174/ |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=LSM}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Lithuania}}<br />
|4<ref name="baltic-exp-dip"/> + 1<br />
|18 March<br />
|On 4 April 2022, Lithuania also expelled the Russian ambassador and closed one consulate.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2022 |title=Lithuania expels Russian ambassador, downgrades diplomatic ties |url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1662330/lithuania-expels-russian-ambassador-downgrades-diplomatic-ties |website=LRT |access-date=4 April 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}<br />
|1<ref>{{cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Jean Asselborn annonce l'expulsion d'un diplomate de l'ambassade de Russie au Luxembourg |language=fr |trans-title=Jean Asselborn announces the expulsion of a diplomat from the Russian Embassy in Luxembourg |url=https://maee.gouvernement.lu/fr/actualites.gouvernement%2Bfr%2Bactualites%2Btoutes_actualites%2Bcommuniques%2B2022%2B04-avril%2B06-expulsion-diplomate-ambassade-russie.html |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|6 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Montenegro}}<br />
|1<ref>{{cite web|title=Montenegro Expels Russian Diplomat, Citing 'Security Agency Advice' |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/03/04/montenegro-expels-russian-diplomat-citing-security-agency-advice/ |website=Balkan Insight |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> + 4<br />
|4 March<br />
|On 7 April 2022, Montenegro expelled four more Russian diplomats.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=MVP: Četvoro ruskih diplomata proglašeno personama non grata |language=hr |trans-title=MVP: Four Russian diplomats declared persona non grata |url=https://www.gov.me/clanak/mvp-cetvoro-ruskih-diplomata-proglaseno-personama-non-grata |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />
|17<ref name="bene-exp-dip"/><br />
|29 March<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Nowrap|{{flag|North Macedonia}}}}<br />
|5<ref>{{cite news|title=North Macedonia Expels Five Russian Diplomats For 'Inappropriate' Activities |newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/north-macedonia-expels-russian-diplomats-/31774367.html |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> + 6<br />
|28 March<br />
|On 15 April 2022, North Macedonia expelled six more Russian diplomats.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=North Macedonia declares additional six Russian diplomats persona non grata |url=https://www.mfa.gov.mk/en/page/13/post/2923/north-macedonia-declares-additional-six-russian-diplomats-persona-non-grata |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Norway}}<br />
|3<ref name="aj-gr-nor-expulsions"/><br />
|6 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Poland}}<br />
|45<ref>{{cite web|title=Poland expels 45 Russian diplomats suspected of espionage |url=https://www.dw.com/en/poland-expels-45-russian-diplomats-suspected-of-espionage/a-61233320 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|23 March<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Portugal}}<br />
|10<ref name="tg-eu-further-expulsions"/><br />
|5 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Romania}}<br />
|10<ref>{{cite web|title=Declararea ca personae non gratae a 10 reprezentanți ai Ambasadei Federației Ruse în România |language=ro |trans-title=Declaration as persona non gratae of 10 representatives of the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Romania |url=http://www.mae.ro/node/58335 |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|5 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Slovakia}}<br />
|3<ref>{{cite web|title=Slovakia charges two suspects with spying for Russia |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/03/14/slovakia-expels-three-russian-diplomats-for-alleged-spying-and-bribery |website=[[Euronews]] |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> + 35<br />
|14 March<br />
|On 30 March 2022, Slovakia expelled 35 more Russian diplomats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovakia expels 35 Russian diplomats accused of espionage |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/slovakia-expels-35-russian-diplomats-accused-of-espionage/ |website=[[Euractiv]] |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Slovenia}}<br />
|33<ref name="tg-eu-further-expulsions"/><br />
|5 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Spain}}<br />
|25 (about)<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain to expel around 25 Russian diplomats following Bucha massacre |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20220405/spain-to-expel-around-25-russian-diplomats-following-bucha-massacre/ |newspaper=The Local Spain |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|5 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Sweden}}<br />
|3<ref name="tg-eu-further-expulsions"/><br />
|5 April<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|United States}}<br />
|12<ref>{{cite web|title=US is expelling 12 Russian UN diplomats |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/politics/us-expels-russian-un-diplomats/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|28 February<br />
|Expelled diplomats are from the UN delegation.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Intergovernmental and international organizations ==<br />
{{Div col |colwidth=30em}}<br />
[[File:Sanctions 2014 Russia2.svg|thumb|left|400px|{{legend|#10197e|[[Russia]]}}<br />
----<br />
''Countries that have introduced sanctions on Russia in 2014:''{{update inline|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{legend|#11b060|Countries that have introduced sanctions}}<br />
{{legend|#107e47|European Union countries that have collectively introduced sanctions}}<br />
]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
* {{flag|United Nations}} – Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] stated that the Russian invasion was "the saddest moment in my tenure" and called on Putin to withdraw his troops "in the name of humanity".<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2022 |title=Biden says Putin launched a 'premeditated war' on Ukraine that will result in 'catastrophic loss of life and human suffering' |work=[[Insider (news website)|Business Insider]] |publication-place=New York City |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-statement-putin-launched-premeditated-war-on-ukraine-2022-2 |access-date=24 February 2022 |quote='This is the saddest moment in my tenure as secretary general of the United Nations,' UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said. 'President Putin, in the name of humanity, bring your troops back to Russia' and don't start 'what could be the worst war since the beginning of the century.' |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224040313/https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-statement-putin-launched-premeditated-war-on-ukraine-2022-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 February, the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] failed to adopt a draft resolution which would have "deplored, in the strongest terms, the Russian Federation's aggression" on Ukraine. Of the 15 member states on the Security Council, 11 were in support, whilst three abstained from voting. The draft resolution failed due to a Russian veto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/sc14808.doc.htm |title=Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Ending Ukraine Crisis, as Russian Federation Wields Veto |date=25 February 2022 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2022/02/ukraine-vote-on-draft-resolution.php |title=Ukraine: Vote on Draft Resolution |date=25 February 2022 |website=Security Council Report}}</ref> Due to the deadlock, the Security Council passed a resolution to convene the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] for the [[Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly|eleventh emergency special session]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |title=U.N. Security Council calls rare General Assembly session on Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-security-council-calls-rare-general-assembly-session-ukraine-2022-02-27/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.reuters.com/world/un-security-council-calls-rare-general-assembly-session-ukraine-2022-02-27/|archive-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=27 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 2 March, the General Assembly voted to deplore "in the strongest possible terms" Russia's aggression against Ukraine by a vote of 141 to 5, with 35 abstentions.<ref name="generalassembly">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/02/united-nations-russia-ukraine-vote|title=UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal|first=Julia|last=Borger|work=The Guardian|date=2 March 2022|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|resolution]] also called for the Russian Federation to "immediately cease its use of force against Ukraine" and "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw all of its military forces."<ref name="generalassembly" /> Only Russia, [[Belarus]], [[Syria]], [[North Korea]] and [[Eritrea]] voted against the resolution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-general-assembly-including-israel-votes-overwhelmingly-to-condemn-russia/|title=UN General Assembly, including Israel, votes overwhelmingly to condemn Russia|work=The Times of Israel|date=2 March 2022|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> On 4 March, the [[UN Human Rights Council]] adopted a resolution by a vote of 32 to 2, with 13 abstentions, calling for the withdrawal of Russian troops and Russian-backed armed groups from Ukraine and humanitarian access to people in need. The resolution also established a commission to investigate alleged rights violations committed during Russia's military attack on Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113292 |title=Human Rights Council to establish Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine |publisher=[[United Nations|UN News]] |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304214034/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113292 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 23 March, the UN Security Council failed to back a Russian humanitarian resolution calling for the protection of civilians and their safe passage. It was criticised by French and American representatives for not mentioning Russia's role in the ongoing crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN council defeats Russia humanitarian resolution on Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-united-nations-general-assembly-europe-africa-united-nations-17a15dfcddd51bf2858efc9485f59801 |work=[[AP News]] |date=23 March 2022}}</ref> On 24 March, the UN General Assembly voted 140 to 5 in favor of [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/2|a resolution approving aid access and civilian protection in Ukraine]], which again criticized Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-general-assembly-adopts-ukraine-aid-resolution-criticizes-russia-2022-03-24/|title=U.N. General Assembly adopts ukraine aid resolution, criticizes Russia|work=[[Reuters]]|date=24 March 2022|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> On 7 April, the UN General Assembly voted 93–24, with 58 abstentions, to [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3|suspend Russia from the UN Human Rights Council]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-vote-suspending-russia-human-rights-council-over-ukraine-2022-04-07/ |title=United Nations suspends Russia from human rights body over Ukraine |first=Michelle |last=Nichols |work=[[Reuters]] |date=7 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><br />
* {{flag|African Union}} – [[Chairperson of the African Union Commission|Chairman of the African Union Commission]] [[Moussa Faki]] and Chair of the African Union and Senegalese president [[Macky Sall]] called on Russia and "any other regional or international actor to imperatively respect international law, territorial integrity and national sovereignty of Ukraine" and urged both parties to the conflict to establish an immediate ceasefire and start political negotiations without delay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220224/african-union-statement-situation-ukraine |title=Statement from Chair of the African Union, H.E President Macky Sall and Chairperson of the AU Commission H.E Moussa Faki Mahamat, on the situation in Ukraine &#124; African Union |website=au.int |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225112929/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20220224/african-union-statement-situation-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Arctic Council]] – On 3 March, all member states of the Arctic Council besides Russia (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the United States) released a joint statement condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine, describing it as a flagrant violation of the organization's "core principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity". They also noted, "the grave impediments to international cooperation, including in the [[Arctic]], that Russia's actions have caused". The seven members announced they would no longer attend meetings of the Council in Russia, which currently holds the organization's rotating chairmanship.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Naalakkersuisut]]|date=3 March 2022|title=Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation following Russia's Invasion of Ukraine|url=https://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/News/2022/03/0303_faelles_erklaering|access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|ASEAN}} – Foreign ministers of [[ASEAN]] expressed grave concern over Russia-Ukraine tensions and urged maximum restraint and dialogue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/6457471.html |title=ASEAN Urges Maximum Restraint, De-escalation of Russia-Ukraine Tensions – Draft Statement |agency=[[Voice of America|VOA]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225025204/https://www.voacambodia.com/a/6457471.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Baltic Assembly]] – The Baltic Assembly published a statement in which it "firmly condemns the Russian invasion of Ukraine".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baltasam.org/ba-condemns-russian-invasion-of-ukraine |title=The Baltic Assembly firmly condemns the Russian invasion of Ukraine |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 February 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Baltic Assembly]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123525/https://www.baltasam.org/ba-condemns-russian-invasion-of-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Second day of 16th BRICS Summit (3).jpg|thumb|Putin and other leaders at the [[16th BRICS summit]] in Kazan, Russia. Most of the [[Global North and Global South|Global South]] countries took a neutral position towards the war and maintained good relations with Russia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paris |first1=Gilles |last2=Ricard |first2=Philippe |title=War in Ukraine: The revenge of the Global South |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/14/war-in-ukraine-the-revenge-of-the-global-south_6053397_4.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=14 July 2023}}</ref>]]<br />
* [[BRICS]] – At the [[16th BRICS summit|16th BRICS Summit]] in [[Kazan]], Russia in October 2024, the Kazan Declaration emphasized adherence to the UN Charter and supported diplomatic efforts for a [[Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|peaceful resolution to the conflict in Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=BRICS summit: Key takeaways from the Kazan declaration |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/factobox-main-points-brics-declaration-2024-10-23/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Caribbean Community}} – A statement issued on behalf of the Caribbean Community condemned the invasion of Ukraine and demanded an "immediate and complete withdrawal" of Russia's military from Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=CARICOM issues statement on Ukraine |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2022/02/24/caricom-issues-statement-ukraine/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=nationnews.com |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123527/https://www.nationnews.com/2022/02/24/caricom-issues-statement-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=INEWS |date=24 February 2022 |title=CARICOM condemns Russia's military attacks & invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.inewsguyana.com/caricom-condemns-russias-military-attacks-invasion-of-ukraine/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=INews Guyana |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123525/https://www.inewsguyana.com/caricom-condemns-russias-military-attacks-invasion-of-ukraine/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Council of Europe}} – The Committee of Ministers passed a resolution that "condemned in the strongest terms the armed attack on Ukraine" and called for Russia to "immediately and unconditionally cease its military operations"<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Situation in Ukraine: Decisions by Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/situation-in-ukraine-decisions-by-council-of-europe-s-committee-of-ministers |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Council of Europe]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123527/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/situation-in-ukraine-decisions-by-council-of-europe-s-committee-of-ministers |url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 February, the [[Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe]] suspended Russia from its rights of representation in the Committee of Ministers and in the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|Parliamentary Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Europe suspends Russia's rights of representation |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/full-news/-/asset_publisher/y5xQt7QdunzT/content/council-of-europe-suspends-russia-s-rights-of-representation |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=3 March 2022 |title=The Council of Europe suspends Russia for its attack on Ukraine. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/world/europe/council-of-europe-russia-suspension.html |access-date=14 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the following days, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] granted interim measures indicating to Russia that it should refrain from military attacks against civilians and civilian objects and should ensure access to safe evacuation routes, healthcare, food and other essential supplies, rapid and unconstrained passage of humanitarian aid, and movement of humanitarian workers.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=Not Far Enough: The European Court of Human Rights' Interim Measures on Ukraine |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/80482/not-far-enough-the-european-court-of-human-rights-interim-measures-on-ukraine/ |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[Just Security]]}}</ref> Russia accused NATO and EU members of having undermined the Council of Europe, and announced its intention to withdraw from the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/politics/1419627 |title=Russia to cease participation in Council of Europe, Foreign Ministry says |agency=[[TASS]] |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gotev |first=Georgi |date=10 March 2022 |title=Russia leaves Council of Europe, avoiding being kicked out |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/russia-leaves-council-of-europe-avoiding-being-kicked-out/ |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[Euractiv]]}}</ref> On 15 March, Russia notified the council of its decision to withdraw and to denounce the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] by the end of 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Lavrov's letter on Russian withdrawal from CoE handed over to secretary general — MP |url=https://tass.com/politics/1422531 |access-date=15 March 2022 |agency=[[TASS]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Russia quits Council of Europe rights watchdog |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-formally-quits-council-europe-rights-watchdog-2022-03-15/ |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> The following day, the Committee of Ministers decided to expel Russia from the Council of Europe with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=Resolution CM/Res(2022)2 on the cessation of the membership of the Russian Federation to the Council of Europe |url=https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680a5da51 |website=[[Council of Europe]]|access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|European Union}} – [[President of the European Commission]] [[Ursula von der Leyen]] tweeted; "We will not let President Putin tear down Europe's security architecture" and Foreign Policy Chief [[Josep Borrell]] called on Putin to stop the "senseless aggression". President of the European Parliament, [[Roberta Metsola]] called for "immediate, quick, solid and swift action" and convened an extraordinary session of Parliament for 1 March.<ref name="Suliman-Pannet-2022">{{cite news |last1=Suliman |first1=Adela |last2=Pannett |first2=Rachel |date=24 February 2022 |title=World leaders react to Russia's attack on Ukraine: 'A dark day for Europe' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/world-reaction-russia-ukraine-attack/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224153451/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/world-reaction-russia-ukraine-attack/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zsiros |first=Sandor |title=European Parliament president calls for 'solid and swift' action if Ukraine crisis escalates |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/17/european-parliament-president-calls-for-solid-and-swift-action-if-ukraine-crisis-escalates |publisher=[[Euronews]] |date=17 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218000458/https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/17/european-parliament-president-calls-for-solid-and-swift-action-if-ukraine-crisis-escalates |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vella |first=Matthew |title=MEPs will hold extraordinary plenary over Russian invasion |url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/ewropej/115160/meps_will_hold_extraordinary_plenary_over_russian_invasion |publisher=[[Malta Today]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224222045/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/ewropej/115160/meps_will_hold_extraordinary_plenary_over_russian_invasion#.YhjC-y8zlQI |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Economic Community of West African States]] – ECOWAS released a statement that condemned the invasion and called for both parties to stop the fighting. Instead, ECOWAS urged for both parties to use dialogue to solve differences for sake of the interest of peace in the region.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=ECOWAS-CEDEAO |user=ecowas_cedeao |number=1498201261052932096 |date=28 February 2022 |title=ECOWAS Commission – Communique on the War in Ukraine https://t.co/A0TR6qawDd |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302142328/https://twitter.com/ecowas_cedeao/status/1498201261052932096 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[International Criminal Court]] – Neither Ukraine nor Russia are parties to the [[Rome Statute]], however, the Ukrainian government has voluntarily accepted the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court since 2015 for any possible war crimes committed on Ukrainian territory since 20 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kyiv Invites ICC To Probe For War Crimes In Eastern Ukraine |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-icc-war-crimes/27233920.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=8 September 2015}}</ref> The [[Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court]], [[Karim Ahmad Khan]], issued a statement on 25 February reminding all parties involved that the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) has jurisdiction to investigate any act of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity and that "any person who commits such crimes, including by ordering, inciting, or contributing in another manner to the commission of these crimes, may be liable to prosecution before the Court."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=20220225-prosecutor-statement-ukraine |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: "I have been closely following recent developments in and around Ukraine with increasing concern." |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225164120/https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=20220225-prosecutor-statement-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> Khan issued a follow-up statement on 28 February that the OTP had a reasonable basis to begin an investigation under article 15(3) of the Rome Statute pending approval from the Pre-Trial Chamber of the court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deutsch |first1=Anthony |last2=Sterling |first2=Toby |title=ICC prosecutor to proceed with an investigation into alleged war crimes in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/icc-prosecutor-proceed-with-investigation-into-alleged-war-crimes-ukraine-2022-02-28/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 February 2022}}</ref> The approval requirement was bypassed after 39 states parties{{efn|38 states parties (Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, New Zealand, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) jointly referred the matter to the OTP on 2 March; Lithuania submitted an earlier, separate referral on 28 February.}} referred the situation in Ukraine to the OTP and the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine|formal investigation]] commenced on 2 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine: Countries Request ICC War Crimes Inquiry |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/02/ukraine-countries-request-icc-war-crimes-inquiry |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=2 March 2022}}</ref> On 17 March 2023, International Criminal Court Issued arrest warrants for [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Maria Lvova-Belova]].<ref name=iccwarrants>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and|title=Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova|publisher=International Criminal Court|date=17 March 2023|accessdate=17 March 2023}}</ref><br />
* [[International Energy Agency]] – On 25 February, the IEA's thirty-one member countries "expressed great concern over the destruction and loss of life" and said they would closely monitor impacts on energy markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Birol |first=Fatih |date=25 February 2022 |title=A Statement from the Executive Director |url=https://www.iea.org/news/a-statement-from-the-executive-director |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=International Energy Agency }}</ref> In response to the threat the Russian invasion posed to global oil markets, on 1 March the IEA Governing Board authorized the release of 61.7 million barrels of oil from member countries' strategic petroleum reserves. IEA Executive Director [[Fatih Birol]] said, "The situation in energy markets is very serious and demands our full attention. Global [[energy security]] is under threat, putting the world economy at risk during a fragile stage of recovery."<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=IEA Member Countries to make 60 million barrels of oil available following Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-member-countries-to-make-60-million-barrels-of-oil-available-following-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=International Energy Agency }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=IEA Confirms Individual Contributions to Collective Action to Release Oil Stocks in Response to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-confirms-individual-contributions-to-collective-action-to-release-oil-stocks-in-response-to-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=International Energy Agency }}</ref> On 1 April, the Governing Board announced a second release of emergency oil stocks, making another 120 million barrels available for oil markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Birol |first=Fatih |date=7 April 2022 |title=IEA confirms member country contributions to second collective action to release oil stocks in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-confirms-member-country-contributions-to-second-collective-action-to-release-oil-stocks-in-response-to-russia-s-invasion-of-ukraine |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=International Energy Agency }}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|NATO}} – Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] condemned the attack and called it a "grave breach of international law". A separate statement announced an intention to deploy defensive forces and condemned Belarus for enabling the attack.<ref name="Suliman-Pannet-2022" /> On 8 March, Stoltenberg warned that "if there is any attack against any NATO country, NATO territory, that will trigger Article 5" of the [[North Atlantic Treaty]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief warns Russia away from attacking supply lines supporting Ukraine |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ukraine-russia-putin-stoltenberg-nato-1.6377675 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=8 March 2022}}</ref> On 13 March, [[Joe Biden]]'s national security adviser [[Jake Sullivan]] warned of a full-fledged NATO response if Russia hit any part of NATO territory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Hitting NATO Even Accidentally Will Spur 'Full' Response: Sullivan |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559 |work=Newsweek |date=13 March 2022}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Nordic Council}} – President [[Erkki Tuomioja]] condemned the invasion as "completely unjust" and stated that it was "contrary to both international law and the order of European security."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=President of the Nordic Council condemns Russia's attack on Ukraine |url=https://www.norden.org/en/news/president-nordic-council-condemns-russias-attack-ukraine |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[Nordic Council]] |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225123538/https://www.norden.org/en/news/president-nordic-council-condemns-russias-attack-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Organization of American States}} – The [[Organization of American States|OAS]] condemned the attack as an affront to mankind and an attack on civilised international relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oas.org/es/centro_noticias/comunicado_prensa.asp?sCodigo=C-008/22 |title=Comunicado de la Secretaría General de la OEA sobre ataque ruso a Ucrania |date=August 2009 |trans-title=Statement from the OAS General Secretariat on the Russian attack on Ukraine |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224141733/https://www.oas.org/es/centro_noticias/comunicado_prensa.asp?sCodigo=C-008/22 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 April OAS voted to suspend Russian permanent observer status in the organization. 25 nations voted in favour, 8 abstained and none voted against the motion.<br />
* [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] – The [[OECD]] Council formally terminated accession negotiations with Russia and ordered the closure of OECD offices in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/statement-from-oecd-secretary-general-on-initial-measures-taken-in-response-to-russia-s-large-scale-aggression-against-ukraine.htm |title=Statement from OECD Secretary-General on initial measures taken in response to Russia's large scale aggression against Ukraine |publisher=[[OECD]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225203847/https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/statement-from-oecd-secretary-general-on-initial-measures-taken-in-response-to-russia-s-large-scale-aggression-against-ukraine.htm |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* {{Flag|Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe}} – OSCE Chairman [[Zbigniew Rau]] and Secretary General [[Helga Schmid]] issued a joint statement on 24 February 2022 condemning the invasion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint statement by OSCE Chairman-in-Office Rau and Secretary General Schmid on Russia's launch of a military operation in Ukraine |url=https://www.osce.org/chairmanship/512890 |website=[[OSCE]] |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> All international members of the multi-national [[OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine]], which had been deployed in the country since 21 March 2014, were evacuated beginning 24 February.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vakil |first=Caroline |title=OSCE secretary general announces evacuation of staff in Ukraine |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/osce-secretary-general-announces-evacuation-of-staff-in-ukraine/ar-AAUgqeN |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher=[[MSN News]] |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> A Ukrainian member of the OSCE mission, Maryna Fenina, was killed on 1 March during the [[Battle of Kharkiv (2022)|shelling of Kharkiv]].<ref>{{cite news |title=OSCE says member of monitoring mission was killed in Kharkiv shelling |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/osce-says-member-monitoring-mission-was-killed-kharkiv-shelling-2022-03-02/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[Pacific Islands Forum]] – In a statement, Secretary-General [[Henry Puna]] condemned the invasion, saying the group "observed from afar the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as Russia's blatant disregard for international law."<ref>{{cite news |title=Pacific Forum head condemns Russia's military aggression |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/462477/pacific-forum-head-condemns-russia-s-military-aggression |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand|RNZ Pacific]] |date=28 February 2022}}</ref>{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
=== NATO ===<br />
[[File:RAK Lakenheath U.S. F-35s land in Estonia.webm|thumb|US [[F-35]]s arrive in [[Ämari Air Base]] in Estonia on 27 February.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=U.S. sending F-35s jets to Baltics, extends stay of its troops |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-sending-f-35s-jets-baltics-extends-stay-its-troops-2022-02-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-sending-f-35s-jets-baltics-extends-stay-its-troops-2022-02-24/ |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>]]<br />
Following the 24 February 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], eight [[NATO]] member states – Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia – triggered security consultations under [[North Atlantic Treaty#Article 4|Article 4]].<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |last=Cook |first=Lorne |title=NATO vows to defend its entire territory after Russia attack |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-russia-vladimir-putin-71bf9d3687e1a04f11dfb895639a13ca |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[AP News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224095154/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-russia-vladimir-putin-71bf9d3687e1a04f11dfb895639a13ca|archive-date=24 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Estonian government issued a statement by Prime Minister [[Kaja Kallas]] saying: "Russia's widespread aggression is a threat to the entire world and to all NATO countries, and NATO consultations on strengthening the security of the Allies must be initiated to implement additional measures for ensuring the defence of NATO Allies. The most effective response to Russia's aggression is unity."<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2022 |first1=Lendon |last1=Brad |first2=Cotovio |last2=Vasco |title=Poland and Baltic countries trigger consultations under NATO article 4 |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_e828bdb524147e7b3ca4a611b767d7b4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224092134/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_e828bdb524147e7b3ca4a611b767d7b4 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On 24 February, Stoltenberg announced new plans that "will enable us to deploy capabilities and forces, including the NATO Response Force, to where they are needed".<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=NATO 'more united and determined than ever' after Russia's 'brutal act of war' on Ukraine |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/nato-response-russia-attack-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/nato-response-russia-attack-ukraine/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |first1=Annabelle |last1=Timsit |first2=Emily |last2=Rauhala}}</ref> Following the invasion, NATO announced plans to increase military deployments<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_192404.htm |title=Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Russia's attack on Ukraine |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |quote=Today, we have held consultations under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty. We have decided, in line with our defensive planning to protect all Allies, to take additional steps to further strengthen deterrence and defence across the Alliance.}}</ref> in the Baltics, Poland, and Romania.<ref>{{cite web |title=NATO puts warplanes on alert, to increase troop presence on eastern flank |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2022/02/24/nato-to-step-up-deterrence-measures-after-russian-attack-calls-summit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2022/02/24/nato-to-step-up-deterrence-measures-after-russian-attack-calls-summit |archive-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=24 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Lorne |title=NATO leaders agree to bolster eastern forces after invasion |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/nato-leaders-meet-reassure-allies-russia-ukraine-83105473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/nato-leaders-meet-reassure-allies-russia-ukraine-83105473 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |website=ABC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the 25 February UN Security Council meeting, Stoltenberg announced that parts of the [[NATO Response Force]] would be deployed, for the first time ever, to NATO members along the eastern border. He stated that forces would include elements of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF), led by France.<ref name="NATO 20220225">{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=NATO Agrees To Partial Deployment Of Response Force To Eastern Member Countries |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-combat-ready-force-eastern-states-russia/31723732.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.rferl.org/a/nato-combat-ready-force-eastern-states-russia/31723732.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]]}}</ref> The US announced on 24 February that it would deploy 7,000 troops to join the 5,000 already in Europe.<ref name="NATO 20220225" /> NATO forces included the {{ship|USS|Harry S. Truman}}'s [[Carrier Strike Group 8]], which entered the [[Mediterranean Sea]] the previous week as part of a planned exercise. The carrier strike group was placed under NATO command, the first time this had occurred since the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Coleman |first=Julie |date=25 February 2022 |title=NATO takes command of US carrier strike group as allies send more jets and warships to deter Russia's threat against Ukraine |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nato-takes-command-us-carrier-190427482.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://news.yahoo.com/nato-takes-command-us-carrier-190427482.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
As Russia began to build forces on Ukraine's border in the lead-up to the invasion, Finland and Sweden, both neutral states, increased their cooperation with NATO.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hautala |first=Heli |title=Russia Is Driving Sweden and Finland Closer to NATO |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/02/russia-sweden-finland-nato-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/02/russia-sweden-finland-nato-ukraine/ |archive-date=1 March 2022 |work=Foreign Policy |date=2 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Both countries attended the emergency NATO summit as members of NATO's [[Partnership for Peace]], and both condemned the invasion and provided assistance to Ukraine. On 25 February, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Maria Zakharova]] threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Russia threatens Finland and Sweden over potential NATO membership |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/25/ukraine-invasion-russia-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/25/ukraine-invasion-russia-news/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |first=María |last=Paúl}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Both Finnish and Swedish public opinion shifted in favour of joining NATO after the invasion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/majority-swedes-favour-joining-nato-poll-2022-03-04/ |title=Russian invasion of Ukraine forces Swedes to rethink NATO membership |first1=Stine |last1=Jacobsen |first2=Johan |last2=Ahlander |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> A public petition asking the [[Parliament of Finland]] to hold a referendum to join NATO reached the required 50,000 signatures, prompting a parliamentary discussion on 1 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine war: MPs in Finland mull petition for a referendum on joining NATO |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/ukraine-war-mps-in-finland-mull-petition-for-a-referendum-on-joining-nato/ar-AAUtdKK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/ukraine-war-mps-in-finland-mull-petition-for-a-referendum-on-joining-nato/ar-AAUtdKK |archive-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Euronews]] |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=1 March 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:G7 leaders met at the sideline of March 2022 special NATO meeting (1).jpg|thumb|Western leaders [[2022 Brussels extraordinary summit|met in Brussels]] for a round of emergency summits of NATO, the European Council and the G7 to discuss the war in Ukraine, 23 March 2022]]<br />
On 8 March, NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] warned that "any attack against any NATO country [or] NATO territory ... will trigger Article 5 of the [[North Atlantic Treaty]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief warns Russia away from attacking supply lines supporting Ukraine |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ukraine-russia-putin-stoltenberg-nato-1.6377675 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=8 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> On 11 March, Biden proclaimed that while the United States would, as part of NATO, "defend every single inch of NATO territory with [its] full might", NATO would not "fight a war against Russia in Ukraine", as such "direct conflict between NATO and Russia is [[World War III]], something we must strive to prevent".<ref>{{cite web |last=Samuels |first=Brett |title=Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=11 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 March, [[Jake Sullivan]], the [[National Security Advisor (United States)|United States National Security Advisor]] to President Biden, warned of a full-fledged NATO response if Russia were to hit any part of NATO territory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Hitting NATO Even Accidentally Will Spur 'Full' Response: Sullivan |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559 |first=Fatma |last=Khaled |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=13 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> Sullivan added on 22 March, during Biden's trip to Europe to discuss updating NATO's posture towards Russia, that Biden would emphasize three key issues: new sanctions against Russia and tightening existing sanctions, longer-term adjustments to NATO force posture and contingencies in the case of nuclear weapons use, and 'joint action' on enhancing energy security in Europe, which is highly reliant on Russian gas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-national-security-adviser-sullivan-detail-bidens-brussels-trip-goals-2022-03-22/ |title=Biden's Brussels trip to highlight new Russia sanctions, NATO posture plans |first1=Alexandra |last1=Alper |first2=Jeff |last2=Mason |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> Zelenskyy repeatedly urged NATO to impose a [[no-fly zone]] over Ukraine, which was rejected by the organization as it would involve shooting down Russian aircraft, an act that would significantly escalate the war to involve NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=War in Ukraine: Zelensky slams Nato over rejection of no-fly zone |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60629175 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Could a no-fly zone be implemented in Ukraine? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220315-could-a-no-fly-zone-be-implemented-in-ukraine |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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On 16 March, a meeting of NATO defence ministers agreed to continue supplying Ukraine with military, financial and humanitarian aid, though Stoltenberg ruled out the deployment of forces in Ukraine or a no-fly-zone, saying NATO has "a responsibility" not to escalate the war beyond Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nato-chief-stoltenberg-vows-alliance-will-defend-itself/a-61142442 |title=NATO chief Stoltenberg vows alliance will defend itself |website=Deutsche Welle |date=16 March 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Upon his arrival for the [[2022 Brussels extraordinary summit]] on 24 March, Biden increased the amount of new aid offered to Ukraine by one billion dollars and announced added guarantees for NATO obligations to protect all NATO-allied nations which border Ukraine.<ref name="USAToday220324" /> On 28 March, Biden, at the end of his NATO trip to Europe, reaffirmed his condemnation of Putin, saying that he would "'make no apologies'" for previously stating that "'Putin cannot remain in power'".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/28/biden-vladimir-putin-power-russia-ukraine |title='I make no apologies': Biden stands by 'Putin cannot remain in power' remark |first1=Lauren |last1=Gambino |first2=Joanna |last2=Walters |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> On 29 March, Kallas sided with Biden's condemnation and called for the further isolation of Putin from international politics.<ref name="kallas-interview" /> As part of the [[NATO Enhanced Forward Presence]], NATO countries agreed to establish four multinational battalion-sized battlegroups in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia, on top of four existing battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm |title=NATO's military presence in the east of the Alliance |website=[[NATO]] |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331223713/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm |archive-date=31 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 and 7 April, foreign ministers from NATO member states as well as Ukraine, the European Union, Finland, Sweden, Japan, New Zealand and Australia convened to discuss further sanctions on Russia and additional arms deliveries to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nato-chief-pledges-more-assistance-for-ukraine-and-neighbors/a-61394391 |title=NATO chief pledges more assistance for Ukraine and neighbors |website=Deutsche Welle |date=7 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== European Union ===<br />
On 27 February 2022, European Commission president [[Ursula von der Leyen]] announced that the [[European Union]] would ban Russian state-owned media outlets [[RT (TV Network)|RT]] and [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]] in response to disinformation and their coverage of the conflict in Ukraine.<ref name="Politico27Feb" /> She also said that the EU would finance the purchase and delivery of military equipment to Ukraine and proposed a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace.<ref>{{cite news |title='Watershed moment': EU to buy and deliver weapons to Ukraine |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/27/eu-to-buy-and-deliver-weapons-to-ukraine-the-first-time-the-bloc-has-financed-military-sup |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[Euronews]] |date=27 February 2022}}</ref> The following day, the [[Council of the European Union]] adopted two assistance measures to strengthen Ukraine's military capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2022/339 of 28 February 2022 on an assistance measure under the European Peace Facility to support the Ukrainian Armed Forces |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32022D0339&from=EN |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=[[EUR-Lex]] |publisher=[[European Union]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2022/338 of 28 February 2022 on an assistance measure under the European Peace Facility for the supply to the Ukrainian Armed Forces of military equipment, and platforms, designed to deliver lethal force |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32022D0338 |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=[[EUR-Lex]] |publisher=[[European Union]]}}</ref> The measures, for a total value of €500&nbsp;million, financed the provision of military equipment to the Ukrainian armed forces including – for the first time in EU history – weapons and other lethal equipment.<ref>{{cite press release |title=EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/28/eu-adopts-new-set-of-measures-to-respond-to-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine/ |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 28 February, the EU imposed a ban on transactions with the [[Central Bank of Russia|Russian Central Bank]] and a ban on the overflight of EU airspace and on access to EU airports by Russian carriers.<ref>{{cite press release |title=EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/28/eu-adopts-new-set-of-measures-to-respond-to-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine/ |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref> On 2 March, a SWIFT ban for certain Russian banks was adopted, ensuring that they were disconnected from the international financial system, and the broadcasting activities in the EU of the outlets [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]] and [[RT (TV network)|RT]] were suspended.<ref>{{cite press release |title=EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/eu-imposes-sanctions-on-state-owned-outlets-rt-russia-today-and-sputnik-s-broadcasting-in-the-eu/ |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]] |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322231146/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/eu-imposes-sanctions-on-state-owned-outlets-rt-russia-today-and-sputnik-s-broadcasting-in-the-eu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 10 March, additional measures targeting the Belarusian financial sector were agreed upon,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Russia's military aggression against Ukraine: EU agrees new sectoral measures targeting Belarus and Russia |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/09/russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-agrees-new-sectoral-measures-targeting-belarus-and-russia/ |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref> and the EU imposed restrictive measures, including an asset freeze and a travel ban on 160 prominent businesspeople ("oligarchs") and members of the [[Federation Council (Russia)|Russian Federation Council]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=EU imposes restrictive measures on 160 individuals as a consequence of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/09/eu-imposes-restrictive-measures-on-160-individuals-as-a-consequence-of-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine/ |date=9 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref> At the onset of the war, similar measures had already been applied on members of Russia's [[Security Council of Russia|Security Council]] and [[State Duma|Duma]], and on other individuals.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Russia's military aggression against Ukraine: EU imposes sanctions against President Putin and Foreign Minister Lavrov and adopts wide ranging individual and economic sanctions |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/25/russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-imposes-sanctions-against-president-putin-and-foreign-minister-lavrov-and-adopts-wide-ranging-individual-and-economic-sanctions/ |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 March, the EU decided to impose a fourth package of economic and individual sanctions, including trade restrictions for iron, steel, and luxury goods.<ref>{{cite press release |title=EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-ukraine-crisis/ |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]] |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322215632/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-ukraine-crisis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The European Commission claimed that restricting steel imports could lead to a loss of €3.3&nbsp;billion in revenue for Russia,<ref>{{cite news |title=EU imposes fourth package of economic and personal sanctions against Russia |url=https://tass.com/world/1422309 |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |agency=[[TASS]]}}</ref> and von der Leyen explained that the EU was working to suspend Russia's membership rights in multilateral institutions such as the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |title=EU member states agree new package of sanctions against Russia |first1=Bart |last1=Meijer |first2=Francesco |last2=Guarascio |editor1-first=Hugh |editor1-last=Lawson |editor2-first=Mark |editor2-last=Heinrich |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-member-states-press-ahead-with-new-package-sanctions-against-russia-2022-03-14/}}</ref> On 23 March, the Council decided to double the funding for the Ukrainian armed forces, bringing the total amount from €500 million to €1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release |title=EU support to Ukraine: Council doubles funding under the European Peace Facility |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/23/eu-support-to-ukraine-council-doubles-funding-under-the-european-peace-facility/ |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=[[Council of the European Union]]}}</ref> On 1 April, [[President of the European Parliament]] [[Roberta Metsola]] visited Kyiv to "show the EU's support for Ukraine" and to meet with Ukrainian officials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-eu-parliament-president-visits-kyiv/a-61325745 |title=Ukraine: EU parliament president visits Kyiv |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 8 April, the EU passed the fifth round of sanctions, which included an embargo on Russian coal, restrictions on Russian-flagged ships in EU ports, restrictions on Russian and Belarusian road transport in the EU, a ban on four Russian banks, export bans of high-tech goods and expanded sanctions on family members of individuals already sanctioned.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/04/07/eu-countries-agree-on-new-russia-sanctions-including-coal-embargo |title=EU countries agree on new Russia sanctions, including coal embargo |website=Euronews |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> The same day, a delegation including European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen, EU foreign policy chief [[Josep Borrell]] and prime minister of Slovakia [[Eduard Heger]] visited Ukraine.<ref name="VDL">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-eu-chief-offers-kyiv-fast-track-to-membership/a-61409635 |title=Ukraine: EU chief offers Kyiv fast track to membership |website=Deutsche Welle |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> Von der Leyen presented Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] with a [[accession of Ukraine to the European Union|questionnaire to join the EU]]; she also visited the city of [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast|Bucha]] to observe the aftermath of the [[Bucha massacre]].<ref name="VDL"/> Borrell announced that the EU delegation to Ukraine, headed by [[Matti Maasikas]], would return to Kyiv after it was evacuated at the outbreak of war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-says-resuming-diplomatic-presence-kyiv-2022-04-08/ |title=EU says resuming diplomatic presence in Kyiv |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 April 2022 |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== International Criminal Court ===<br />
On 17 March 2023, International Criminal Court (ICC) judges issued an arrest warrant for Russian leader [[Vladimir Putin]] for war crimes committed during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=iccwarrants /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrant-against-putin-over-alleged-war-crimes-2023-03-17/|title=ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Putin over war crimes in Ukraine|first1=Anthony|last1=Deutsch|first2=Toby|last2=Sterling|work=[[Reuters]]|date=17 March 2023|accessdate=17 March 2023}}</ref> Among the charges includes having the taking of Ukrainian children by Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/17/1164267436/international-criminal-court-arrest-warrant-putin-ukraine-alleged-war-crimes|first1=Alex|last1=Leff|first2=Michele|last2=Kelemen|first3=Charles|last3=Maynes|title=The International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Putin|work=[[NPR]]|date=17 March 2023|accessdate=17 March 2023}}</ref> In addition to Putin, ICC also issued an arrest warrant for Russia's Presidential Commissioner for Children's Rights [[Maria Lvova-Belova]] on charges of deporting Ukrainian children to Russia.<ref name=iccwarrants /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-64992727|title=Putin arrest warrant issued over war crime allegations|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 June 2024, the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Russia's former defence minister, [[Sergei Shoigu]], and the chief of general staff, [[Valery Gerasimov]], on charges of alleged war crimes for [[Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)|missile strikes against Ukrainian energy infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/25/icc-issues-arrest-warrants-for-russias-sergei-shoigu-and-valery-gerasimov|last=Roth|first=Andrew|title=ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes|date=25 June 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c988qjje02eo |title=Ukraine war: International Criminal Court seeks arrest of Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov |date=25 June 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis]]<br />
* [[2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus]]<br />
* [[Corporate responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[List of companies that applied sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War]]<br />
* [[Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Legality of Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War]]<br />
* [[Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<br />
<ref name="USAToday220324">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/03/24/ukraine-russia-invasion-live-updates/7148986001/ |title=Biden says Russia should be booted from G-20; Russia's economy has shrunk in half since invading Ukraine: Live updates |first1=John |last1=Bacon |first2=Maureen |last2=Groppe |first3=Rebecca |last3=Morin |first4=Christal |last4=Hayes |first5=Michael |last5=Collins |first6=Celina |last6=Tebor |work=[[USA Today]] |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="kallas-interview">{{cite interview |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/estonian-prime-minister-kaja-kallas-on-war-in-ukraine-and-the-russian-threat |title=Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas on war in Ukraine and the Russian threat |interviewer=[[Judy Woodruff]] |first=Kaja |last=Kallas |subject-link=Kaja Kallas |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330063707/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/estonian-prime-minister-kaja-kallas-on-war-in-ukraine-and-the-russian-threat |archive-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Politico27Feb">{{cite news |last=Kayali |first=Laura |date=27 February 2022 |title=EU to ban Russia's RT, Sputnik media outlets, von der Leyen says |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ursula-von-der-leyen-announces-rt-sputnik-ban/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.politico.eu/article/ursula-von-der-leyen-announces-rt-sputnik-ban/ |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225223241/http://memorials.tomsk.ru/news/2012/10/02/prodolzhajutsja-issledovanija.html Archive of the Kremlin's official websites when hacked by Anonymous]<br />
<br />
{{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine|*]]<br />
[[Category:2022 in international relations]]<br />
[[Category:Reactions to 2020s events]]<br />
[[Category:International reactions to armed conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changtang&diff=493526Changtang2026-05-02T05:23:15Z<p>Nawraj: creating basic stub w/ sources - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|North-West Tibet geographic highland}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
|c=羌塘<br />
|p=Qiāngtáng<br />
|w=Chi'ang<sup>1</sup>-t'ang<sup>2</sup><br />
|tib=བྱང་ཐང་།<br />
|wylie=byang thang<br />
|zwpy=Qangtang<br />
|c2=藏北高原<br />
|p2=Zàng Běi Gāoyuán<br />
|w2=Tsang<sup>4</sup> Pei<sup>3</sup> Kao<sup>1</sup>-yüan<sup>4</sup><br />
|l2=North Tibet plateau<br />
}}The '''Changtang''' (alternatively spelled '''Changthang''' or '''Qangtang''') is a part of the high altitude [[Tibetan Plateau]] in western and northern [[Tibet]] extending into the southern edges of [[Xinjiang]] as well as [[Changthang district]] in southeastern [[Ladakh]] of [[India]],<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Rizvi<br />
| first = Janet<br />
| title = Trans-Himalayan Caravans<br />
| publisher = Oxford University Press<br />
| year = 1999<br />
| pages = 301<br />
| isbn = 978-0-19-564855-3}}<br />
</ref> with vast highlands and giant lakes. From eastern Ladakh, the Changtang stretches approximately {{convert|1600|km}} east into [[Tibet]] as far as modern [[Qinghai]]. The Changtang is home to the [[Changpa]], a [[nomad]]ic [[Tibetan people]].<ref>Namgail, T., Bhatnagar, Y.V., Mishra, C. & Bagchi, S. (2007) Pastoral nomads of the Indian Changthang: production system, land use and socioeconomic changes. Human Ecology 35, 497–504.</ref> The two largest settlements within the Tibetan Changtang are [[Rutog Town]], which is the seat of [[Rutog County]], and [[Domar (Shuanghu)|Domar Township]], the seat of [[Shuanghu County]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
[[File:Changpas nomadic people - Changtang - Tibet.jpg|thumb|[[Changpa]] nomadic people in Tibet|262x262px]]<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
The summers are warm but short and thunderstorms can occur at any time of year, often accompanied with hail. Meanwhile, the winters are cold and [[Arctic]]-like despite the latitude, primarily due to the high elevation.<ref name =mel.p44>{{cite book<br />
| last = Goldstein<br />
| first = Melvyn<br />
|author2=Cynthia Beal<br />
| title = Nomads of Western Tibet<br />
| publisher = University of California Press<br />
| year = 1990<br />
| location = Berkeley, CA, UwSA<br />
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold/page/n46 44]<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold<br />
| url-access = limited<br />
| isbn = 978-0-520-07211-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Changtang was once ruled by a culture known as the [[Zhangzhung]], which later merged with Tibetan culture.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=January 2020}}<br />
<br />
==People==<br />
<br />
The people of the Changtang are [[Nomadic pastoralism|nomadic pastoralists]]. They are known as '[[Changpa]]', for 'northerners,' or 'Drokpa' for 'nomads' in Tibetan. {{As of|1989}} there were half a million nomads living in Changtang. Unlike many other nomadic groups, the Changpa are not under pressure from settled farmers as the vast majority of land they inhabit is too inhospitable for farming.<ref name=mel.p44 /><br />
[[File:Nomad mother and son. Changtang, Ladakh.jpg|thumb|left|Nomad mother and son. Changtang, [[Ladakh]]]]<br />
The [[economy]] of the region is based around the [[livestock]] of the Changpa, and the most important resource is the plants the animals graze on. The [[transhumance]] of the Changpa over one year limits the impact that their animals have on the grazing lands, the grasses of which are dead for eight to nine months of the year, and provide poor fodder during that time. Unlike many other nomadic pastoralists, the Changpa do not move from one climatic region to another; this allows them to move shorter distances in many cases, ranging between 10–40 miles.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Goldstein<br />
| first = Melvyn<br />
|author2=Beal, Cynthia<br />
| title = Nomads of Western Tibet<br />
| publisher = University of California Press<br />
| year = 1990<br />
| location = Berkeley, CA, USA<br />
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold/page/n60 58]<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold<br />
| url-access = limited<br />
| isbn = 978-0-520-07211-4}}</ref> Migratory routes are established and followed year after year, staying in the same encampments each year,<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Goldstein<br />
| first = Melvyn<br />
|author2=Beal, Cynthia<br />
| title = Nomads of Western Tibet<br />
| publisher = University of California Press<br />
| year = 1990<br />
| location = Berkeley, CA, USA<br />
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold/page/n62 60]<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold<br />
| url-access = limited<br />
| isbn = 978-0-520-07211-4}}</ref> often in camps that have stone walls for corrals and for sheltering the tents. Wealthier nomads may have buildings for storage and living in for the part of the year they spend at that encampment.<br />
<br />
In addition to changing pastures, there are numerous other techniques developed by the Changpa to even out the periods of surpluses and shortages. Dairy products are converted into less perishable forms (like butter and cheese) during the summer when the livestock are producing high levels of milk. Animals are slaughtered early in the winter, after fattening up in the summer and while the weather is conducive to storage.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Goldstein<br />
| first = Melvyn<br />
|author2=Beal, Cynthia<br />
| title = Nomads of Western Tibet<br />
| publisher = University of California Press<br />
| year = 1990<br />
| location = Berkeley, CA, USA<br />
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold/page/n85 83]<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/nomadsofwesternt0000gold<br />
| url-access = limited<br />
| isbn = 978-0-520-07211-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Trade has played an important role for the Changpa as they are not able to produce all the goods they consume. Salt, meat, live animals, wool, and unprocessed cashmere are traded for basics such as grain, cooking pots, and other metal implements, as well as more modern goods.<br />
<br />
==Tibetan Changtang==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}<br />
[[File:Txu-oclc-6654394-ni-45-4th-ed.jpg|thumb|Map including part of the Changtang (labeled as CHANG-THANG) ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1975)]]<br />
Most of the Tibetan Changtang is now protected nature reserves consisting of the [[Chang Tang Nature Reserve]], the second-largest nature reserve in the world, and four new adjoining smaller reserves totaling {{convert|496000|km2}} of connected nature reserves that represent an area almost as large as [[Spain]]. Since the reserves have been established there has been a welcome increase in the number of animals belonging to endangered species. The protected areas stretch across parts of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[Xinjiang]] and Qinghai in [[China]].<br />
<br />
Located in the Nagqu prefecture, the average elevation of Tibetan Changtang is as high as 5,000 meters. The Nagqu Horse Festival is the most important festival here.<br />
<br />
==Ladakhi Changtang==<br />
{{anchor | India }}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{See also|Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary}}<br />
Only a small part of Changtang crosses the border into Ladakh, in India. It is, however, on a historically important route for travellers journeying from Ladakh to [[Lhasa]], and now has many different characteristics due to being part of India.<br />
<br />
As in the rest of Ladakh, Changtang has been experiencing many socio-economical developments since the late twentieth century. Ladakh is one of the regions most exposed to international mass tourism in India. Centuries-old cultural and social fabrics are now changing rapidly, influenced by consumerist and modern lifestyles. This is becoming a source of both concern and hope for the populace of the region. Another major influence in the region is Tibetan settlement at the behest of the Tibetan government-in-exile. The settlement was first established in 1963 with almost 3,000 residents but today it has more than 7,000 settlers. For administrative purposes, the Ladakh settlement is divided into two, Sonamling and Changtang.<br />
<br />
The [[Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary]] is home to many rare species of flora and fauna, which are well cared for in this wildlife sanctuary. The sanctuary is located at high altitude in the [[Leh]] district of [[Ladakh]].<br />
<br />
The Changtang Wildlife Sanctuary is surrounded by Three large and world-famous water lakes, the [[Tsomoriri]], the Tsokar Lake and the [[Pangong Tso]].<br />
<br />
Tsomoriri is one of the huge mountain lakes in the southeastern part of [[Ladakh]]. [[Karzok]] village at {{Convert|4560|m}} above sea level is situated on the northwest bank of this lake and is claimed to be the world's highest year-round inhabited village. The Tsokar Lake lies in the [[Rupshu]] valley and it <br />
is the famous Salt Lake of Ladakh.<br />
<br />
The Changtang Wildlife Sanctuary has natural grasslands and a wide variety of more than 200 species of wild plants grow in the higher pastures of this area, most of which is edible for animals.<br />
<br />
===Hamlets===<br />
Changtang hamlets were established when many Tibetan nomads, mostly from western Tibet, fled and settled down in the adjoining places of Ladakh. There are more than 3,500 Tibetan refugees residing in the Changtang region who depend primarily on livestock, with agriculture being their secondary occupation. These nomads were organized into the Tibetan refugee settlements in 1977 by the Central Tibetan Administration, Dharamsala, with help from Government of India and the state government at nine different places: Nyoma, Kagshung, Goyul, Hanley, Sumdho, Samedh, Karnag, Chushul and Churmur. These settlements are scattered across the high-altitude plateau with an average elevation of {{Convert|4700|m}}. The temperature in the region varies from {{Convert|-5|to|-35|C}} in winter and up to a maximum of {{Convert|30|C}} in summer. Large areas of Changtang are semi-arid, with very little vegetation growth in the whole region. Agricultural lands and pastures are confined to limited areas along the riverbanks (Yatoo et al., 2014). The average snowfall is less than {{Convert|10|mm|abbr=on}} occurring usually during the months of December, January and February. Unusual and excess snowfall as happened in March 2012, can be fatal to the livestock of the nomads. Sometimes, goats and sheep cannot get access to the grass for grazing for period up to 15 days. This constitutes the most critical part of the year for the nomads (Yatoo et al., 2014).<br />
<br />
Education in Ladakh is looked after entirely by the SOS Tibetan Children Village, one of the non-profit institutions providing education to the Tibetan children. There is a facility for crèche to tenth standard. Most of students attend day school, but there are also boarding facilities for very poor students and those from nomadic camps. Almost all children get a chance to go to school, and the general education level of the children is fairly good. The settlements have one modern allopathic hospital and one Tibetan medical and Astro clinic. There is also a bird sanctuary.<br />
<br />
===Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary===<br />
The [[Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary]] (or the Changthang Cold Desert Wildlife Sanctuary) is a high altitude [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in the [[Ladakh]]i adjunct of the Changtang plateau in the [[Leh District]], [[Ladakh]]. It is important as one of the few places in India with a population of the [[kiang]] or Tibetan wild ass, as well as the rare [[black-necked crane]].<br />
<br />
The Changtang Cold Desert Wildlife Sanctuary is part of the Hindu Kush Himalaya, the natural enchantress.<br />
<br />
The altitude of the sanctuary varies from {{Convert|14000|to|19000|ft|order=flip}}, and the topography is formed of deep gorges and vast plateaus. There are around 11 lakes and 10 marshes in the Changtang Cold Desert Sanctuary, and the majestic [[Indus River]] flows through the sanctuary, dividing it into two parts.<br />
<br />
The cold desert of this wildlife sanctuary is sparse but the marginal conditions have resulted in species with some remarkable characteristics. Seven rare and endangered plants which some believe have [[medicinal plant|medicinal properties]] were discovered here by [[C.P. Kala]]. Three of these species are listed as vulnerable and one as endangered on the [[IUCN Red List]] (''[[Arnebia]] euchroma'', ''[[Geranium]] sibiricum'', ''[[Lancea tibetica]]'', ''[[Lloydia serotina]]'', and ''[[Ephedra gerardiana]]'').<ref>Kala, Chandra Prakash 2005. Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conservation Biology, 19 (2): 368-378.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x/abstract</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. 2003. Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans Himalaya. Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India http://www.saujanyabooks.com/details.aspx?id=14874</ref><br />
<br />
===Other geographic features===<br />
The lake [[Tso moriri|Tso Moriri]] in Ladakh is among the highest lakes of its size in the world. Tso Moriri is spread over an area of {{Convert|120|km2|abbr=on}}, with a maximum depth of {{Convert|40|m|abbr=on}} and situated at an elevation of {{Convert|4525|m|abbr=on}}. In November 2002, the lake was designated as a [[Ramsar site]].<br />
<br />
[[Pangong Tso]], spanning Ladakh and Tibet's Rutog County, is situated at an elevation of around {{Convert|4240|m|abbr=on}}. It covers an area of {{Convert|134|km2|abbr=on}} (from India to China). The water in Ladakh is salty, in Tibet less so. During the winter, the water freezes.<br />
<br />
The [[Pashmina goat]] is famous for its ultra fine [[Cashmere wool]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/ladakhis-want-to-reclaim-pashmina-but-can-they-111620390599890.html|title=Ladakhis want to reclaim pashmina. But can they?|date=8 May 2021 }}</ref> Pasmina in [[Persian language|Persian]] means 'made from wool' and in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] it translates to 'soft gold'. This breed of goat inhabits the Changthang plateau and therefrom gets its name. Pashmina shawls are hand spun in [[Kashmir]] and [[Nepal]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Changthangi]], breed of goat<br />
* [[Hoh Xil]], plateau in Tibet <br />
* [[Hemis National Park]]<br />
* [[Karakorum Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*Namgail, T., Bhatnagar, Y.V., Mishra, C., Bagchi, S. (2007). Pastoral nomads of the Indian changtang: production system, land use and socio-economic changes. Human Ecology, 35: 497–504.<br />
*Mohd Iqbal Yatoo, Maheshwar Singh, Syed Shafat Kubrevi, Mir Shabir, Ruksar Dar, Kunzes Angmo (2014). Safeguarding a national asset: a review on problems faced by pashmina farmers in Changthang and their amelioration. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 84(12):1251-1255.<br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030927173500/http://hindu.com/thehindu/op/2003/07/22/stories/2003072200170200.htm Who cares about the Chang-thang?]<br />
{{Tibet_topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|30.0000|N|90.0000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
{{Plateaus of China}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Plateaus of China]]<br />
[[Category:Plateaus of India]]<br />
[[Category:Tibetan Plateau]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ira_Bhaskar&diff=504664Ira Bhaskar2026-04-30T20:51:05Z<p>Nawraj: made new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian academic and cinema scholar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| name = Ira Bhaskar<br />
| image = Ira Bhaskar addressing the open forum at the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012), in Panaji, Goa.jpg<br />
| caption = At the [[43rd International Film Festival of India]]<br />
| occupation = Professor, cinema studies scholar<br />
| spouse = [[C. Uday Bhaskar]]<br />
| children = [[Swara Bhasker]]<br />
| education = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Delhi University]]<br />
* [[Tisch School of the Arts]]<br />
}}<br />
| employer = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ira Bhaskar''' is an Indian academic and [[Cinema Studies|cinema studies]] scholar, known for her work on the cultural and historical influences in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]. She has served as a Professor of Cinema Studies at the School of Arts and Aesthetics, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi, and a former dean of the school. Bhaskar has authored and edited influential works, including ''Islamicate Cultures of Bombay Cinema'' (2009), and has served on the board of the Nehru Trust for Indian Collections at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] (NTICVA).<br />
<br />
She also served as a member of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC).<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Ira Bhaskar completed her [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Master of Arts]], and [[MPhil]] in [[English literature|English Literature]] at [[Delhi University]]. She later earned a PhD in Cinema Studies from the [[Tisch School of the Arts]], [[New York University]], in 2005, with a focus on narrative poetics and Indian cinema. Before joining [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]], she taught at [[Gargi College]], Delhi University.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Ira Bhaskar joins the board of the NTICVA |url=http://www.nehrutrustvam.org/ira-bhaskar-joins-board-nticva |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.nehrutrustvam.org |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428183309/http://www.nehrutrustvam.org/ira-bhaskar-joins-board-nticva |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Academic career ==<br />
Bhaskar served as a Professor of Cinema Studies at JNU’s School of Arts and Aesthetics, also as dean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Farewell, Ira Bhaskar: Teacher par excellence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/farewell-ira-bhaskar-teacher-par-excellence-8536043/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601153129/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/farewell-ira-bhaskar-teacher-par-excellence-8536043/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Her research explores [[melodrama]], [[nationalism]], and Islamicate cultural influences in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], with a particular focus on [[Bombay cinema]]. She has published 26 research papers and is recognised for her interdisciplinary approach to [[film studies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ira Bhaskar |url=https://www.intellectbooks.com/ira-bhaskar |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Intellect Books |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Ira Bhaskar and Prof Ranjani Mazumdar {{!}} Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/saamacinemastudies |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.jnu.ac.in |archive-date=2025-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218221924/https://www.jnu.ac.in/saamacinemastudies |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ira Bhaskar Voices |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/ira-bhaskar/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Times of India Voices |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ira Bhaskar |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/author/B/I/au123638341.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=University of Chicago Press |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727141648/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/author/B/I/au123638341.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=Review: Bombay Cinema's Islamicate Histories edited by Ira Bhaskar and Richard Allen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewbombay-cinema-s-islamicate-historiesedited-by-ira-bhaskar-and-richard-allen-101658500886049.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
She has held visiting faculty positions at various institutions, including [[Columbia University]], the [[University of Pavia]], [[York University]], and the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), [[Pune]]. Bhaskar has also been a scholar-in-residence at York University and received research fellowships from the [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]] and the [[British Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ira Bhaskar Entertainment Photo Ira Bhaskar, professor ... |url=https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/entertainment/Ira-Bhaskar/551283 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tina |date=2024-10-29 |title=Padmaavat to The Kerala Story, how new-age Bollywood films spread Hindu nationalism |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/padmaavat-the-kerala-story-new-age-bollywood-films-spread-hindu-nationalism/2331283/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029051810/https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/padmaavat-the-kerala-story-new-age-bollywood-films-spread-hindu-nationalism/2331283/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ira Bhaskar on The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/author/1636581/ira-bhaskar |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625020754/https://www.thequint.com/author/1636581/ira-bhaskar |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, she was appointed to the board of the Nehru Trust for Indian Collections at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Central Board of Film Certification ==<br />
Bhaskar served as one of the ten member of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC), India’s regulatory body for film certification, where she contributed to the review and certification of films for public exhibition. During her tenure, she engaged with issues of censorship, artistic expression, and cultural representation in Indian films, aligning with her broader scholarly focus on gender and nationalism in cinema. She resigned from the CBFC in January 2015, citing organisational dysfunction, including a lack of board meetings since January 2014 and alleged interference and corruption within the board, following the resignation of CBFC chief [[Leela Samson]] amid controversy over the clearance of the film ''[[MSG: The Messenger]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IndiaToday.in |date=2015-01-16 |title=After CBFC chief Leela Samson, Censor Board member Ira Bhaskar decides to quit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/censor-board-ira-bhaskar-quits-cbfc-leela-samson-msg-film-messenger-of-god-236043-2015-01-16 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2015-01-20 |title=We are not Congress stooges: Censor Board's Ira Bhaskar |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ira-bhaskar-censor-board-member-20127.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=2015-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807211423/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ira-bhaskar-censor-board-member-20127.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
Bhaskar’s scholarship focuses on the historical and cultural dimensions of Indian cinema. Her notable works include:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2021-09-20 |title=Muslim stereotyping in Hindi films: 'We cannot allow ourselves to forget what constitutes us' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1005662/muslim-stereotyping-in-hindi-films-we-cannot-allow-ourselves-to-forget-what-constitutes-us |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en |archive-date=2025-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524004601/https://scroll.in/reel/1005662/muslim-stereotyping-in-hindi-films-we-cannot-allow-ourselves-to-forget-what-constitutes-us |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
* ''Islamicate Cultures of Bombay Cinema'' (2009, Tulika Books), co-authored with [[Richard Allen (film scholar)|Richard Allen]], which examines the influence of Islamic cultural forms on [[Bollywood cinema]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaskar |first=Ira |title=Islamicate cultures of Bombay cinema |last2=Allen |first2=Richard |date=2009 |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=978-81-89487-53-9 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><br />
* ''Bombay Cinema’s Islamicate Histories'' (2009, Intellect Books), co-edited with Allen, exploring the historical interplay of Muslim and Hindu cultures in Indian films.<ref>{{Citation |last=Allen |first=Richard |title=Introduction: Bombay Cinema's Islamicate Histories |date=2022-04-07 |work=Bombay Cinema's Islamicate Histories |pages=1–34 |url=https://doi.org/10.1386/9781789383973_0 |access-date=2025-08-02 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=978-1-78938-397-3 |last2=Bhaskar |first2=Ira}}</ref><br />
* ''Facets of India's security: essays for C. Uday Bhaskar'' (2021, Routledge).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Facets of India's security: essays for C. Uday Bhaskar |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-25357-2 |editor-last=Uday Bhaskar |editor-first=C. |edition=First South Asia |location=Abingdon, Oxon |editor-last2=Kumaraswamy |editor-first2=P. R.}}</ref><br />
* Contributor to ''Gender Meets Genre in Postwar Cinemas'' (2012, [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] Press).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036613.001.0001 |title=Gender Meets Genre in Postwar Cinemas |date=2012-01-15 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-03661-3 |editor-last=Gledhill |editor-first=Christine}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Bhaskar is married to [[C. Uday Bhaskar]], a retired [[Indian Navy]] officer and strategic analyst. Their daughter, [[Swara Bhasker]], is a Bollywood actress and activist and their son Ishan Bhaskar is a film director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=Commodore C Uday Bhaskar, Director of the Society for Policy Studies (SPS) - TBCY |url=https://tbcy.in/brand/commodore-c-uday-bhaskar-director-of-the-society-for-policy-studies-sps/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328145058/https://tbcy.in/brand/commodore-c-uday-bhaskar-director-of-the-society-for-policy-studies-sps/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swara's cool daddy fields questions from millennials |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/swaras-cool-daddy-fields-questions-from-millennials-741226.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swara Bhaskar Birthday: पिता पूर्व सैनिक तो मां जेएनयू में हैं प्रोफेसर, कुछ ऐसा है स्वरा भास्कर का परिवार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-birthday-who-is-swara-bhaskar-father-c-uday-bhaskar-and-mother-ira-bhaskar-know-swara-bhaskar-family-details-here |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605222257/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-birthday-who-is-swara-bhaskar-father-c-uday-bhaskar-and-mother-ira-bhaskar-know-swara-bhaskar-family-details-here |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar, Ira}}<br />
[[Category:Indian women academics]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<br />
[[Category:New York University Tisch School of the Arts alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghmundi_Assembly_constituency&diff=489053Baghmundi Assembly constituency2026-04-25T12:08:19Z<p>Nawraj: Made Post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Baghmundi<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Baghmundi.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Baghmundi Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Sushanta Mahato]]<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]<br />
| constituency_no = 240<br />
| established = 2011<br />
| electors = 191,991<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Baghmundi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 240 Baghmundi Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Jhalda]] municipality; [[Jhalda I (community development block)|Jhalda I]] and [[Baghmundi (community development block)|Baghmundi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Hetgugui and Sirkabad [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Arsha (community development block)|Arsha]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2011-01-27 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Baghmundi Assembly constituency is part of No. 35 [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Nepal Mahata]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|[[Sushanta Mahato]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmundi}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Sushanta Mahato<br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Rahidas Mahato<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Parimal Kumar<br />
|party = All India Forward Bloc<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Nepal Mahato]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Mahato<br />
|party = Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Baghmundi<ref name=1vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/baghmundi-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title = Baghmundi Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25240.htm?ac=240 | title = Assembly Election Result 2021 – West Bengal, Baghmundi | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate= Susanta Mahato |votes=75,905|percentage=36.79|change=-5.24}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All Jharkhand Students Union|candidate= Asutosh Mahato |votes=61,936|percentage=30.02|change=+29.03}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Nepal Mahata|Nepal Mahato]] |votes=51,046|percentage= 24.74|change=-42.49}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= All India Forward Bloc||candidate=Debranjan Mahato |votes=11,842|percentage=5.74|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Amra Bangalee||candidate= Pashupati Mahato|votes=2,000|percentage=0.97|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)||candidate= Mrityunjoy Singh Babu|votes=1,188|percentage=0.58|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,386|percentage=1.16|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=13,969|percentage=6.77|change=+2.2}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=206,303 |percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmundi<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/baghmundi-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Baghmundi| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/862-Baghmundiassembly_election_result_2016.html| title= Baghmundi| work= Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Nepal Mahato]]<br />
|votes = 88,707<br />
|percentage = 47.16<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = Samir Mahato<br />
|votes = 80,120<br />
|percentage = 42.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]]<br />
|votes = 11,219<br />
|percentage = 5.96<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Amra Bangalee<br />
|candidate = Pasupati Mahato<br />
|votes = 2,047<br />
|percentage = 1.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All Jharkhand Students Union<br />
|candidate = Subal Prasad<br />
|votes = 1,863<br />
|percentage = 0.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Sin Mura<br />
|votes = 1,102<br />
|percentage = 0.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|candidate = Mrityunjoy Singh Babu<br />
|votes = 1,016<br />
|percentage = 0.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 2,029<br />
|percentage = 1.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 8,587<br />
|percentage = 4.57<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 188,103<br />
|percentage = 84.18<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Baghmundi<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25240.htm |title = Baghmundi |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050833/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25240.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=240| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070213/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=240| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Baghmundi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Baghmundi |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030813/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Nepal Mahato|Nepal Mahata]]|votes=77,458|percentage=49.48|change=-2.00}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Mangal Mahato|votes=59,814|percentage=38.21|change=+2.33}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All Jharkhand Students Union|candidate=Rakesh Mahato|votes=10,797|percentage=6.90|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=156,549|percentage=81.54|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = -4.33#<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<small>.# Swing calculated on Congress and Forward Bloc vote percentages in 2006 in the now defunct [[Jhalda Assembly constituency|Jhalda]] constituency.</small><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Purulia topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Purulia district]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Warerkar&diff=515585Mama Warerkar2026-04-24T17:51:19Z<p>Nawraj: creating some pg w/ sources...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1883}}<br />
| birth_place = Chiplun<br />
| death_date = {{death year and age|1964|1883}}<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]<br>{{small|(Nominated)}}<br />
| term_start = 3 April 1956<br />
| term_end = 1964 {{small|(his death)}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox writer <!--For more information, see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]].--><br />
|embed = yes <br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| subject = Laborers under the dominance of their employers and the plight of women under male dominance<br />
| notableworks = Widhawa Kumari, Parat Bhet, Dhawata Dhota<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar''' (1883–1964), also known as '''Mama Varerkar''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=af|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellow|access-date=4 January 2017|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302160934/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=af|archive-date=2 March 2021}}</ref> was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] writer from [[Bombay Presidency]], India.<br />
<br />
Varerkar was born in 1883 in [[Chiplun]] in the [[Konkan]] region. He attended high schools in [[Malvan]], [[Dapoli]] and [[Ratnagiri]]. Before graduating he left his studies, worked for a while as a postal clerk, then migrated to [[Mumbai]].<br />
<br />
Varerkar wrote the play ''Kunjawihari'' (कुंजविहारी) in 1907. He wrote other plays with historic, mythological and social themes; he wrote many novels, short stories and film scripts. His writings strongly reflected his empathy for laborers under the dominance of their employers and the plight of women under male dominance.<br />
<br />
He translated into Marathi many novels of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] writer [[Sharat Chandra Chatterji]].<br />
<br />
Varerkar presided over [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] in [[Dhule]] in 1944. Later, he was nominated to Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
<br />
===Novels===<br />
* Widhawa Kumari (विधवा कुमारी) (1928)<br />
* Parat Bhet (परत भेट) (1933)<br />
* Dhawata Dhota (धावता धोटा)<br />
* Godu Gokhale (गोदू गोखले)<br />
* Tarate Polad (तरते पोलाद)<br />
* Petate Pani (पेटते पाणी)<br />
* Sat Lakhatil Ek (सात लाखातील एक)<br />
* Drawidi Pranayam (द्राविडी प्राणायाम)<br />
* Bhangad Galli (भानगडगल्ली)<br />
* Kuldaiwat(कुलदैवत)<br />
<br />
===Plays===<br />
* Kunjawihari (कुंजविहारी) (1907)<br />
* Hach Mulacha Bap (हाच मुलाचा बाप) (1917)<br />
* Satteche Gulam (सत्तेचे गुलाम) (1922)<br />
* Sonyacha Kalas (सोन्याचा कळस) (1932)<br />
* Saraswat (सारस्वत) (1942)<br />
* Bhumikanya Sita (भूमिकन्या सीता) (1955)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}<br />
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varerkar, Bhargavaram Viththal}}<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:1964 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1883 births]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]<br />
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from British India]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatav_Mahasabha&diff=505814Jatav Mahasabha2026-04-24T03:34:14Z<p>Nawraj: made new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Caste of India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Akhil Bharatiya Jatav Mahasabha<br />
| image = <br />
| abbreviation = ABJM<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1917|10|19}}<br />
| founder = [[Manik Chand Jatav-vir]]<br />
[[ Khushilal ji]]<br />
Rashtriya Adhayaksh of Akhil Bharatiya = [[ Sunil Kumar Jatav]]<br />
| founding_location = <br />
| type = Advocacy group<br />
| headquarters = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| region_served = [[India]]<br />
| membership = <br />
| key_people = [[Khemchand Bohare]] (President)<br />
| subsidiaries = <br />
| affiliations = [[Chamar]], [[Ravidassia]], [[Jatav]]<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Akhil Bharatiya Jatav Mahasabha''' was founded in India in 1917 under the leadership of [[Manik Chand Jatav-vir|Manik Chand Jatav]] and [[Swami Achootanand]]. It was formed to promote the interests of Jatia/Jatiya for seeking social upliftment into [[Kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]].<br />
<br />
== Foundation ==<br />
Manik Chand Jatav, Ramnarayan Yadavendu and others came in contact with each other in 1910s. They worked for the upliftment of jatia/jatiya & freeing caste from this disgraceful name. They campaigned for the adopting '[[Jatav]]' surname replacing with names who denotes lower hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pai|first=Sudha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-qICwAAQBAJ&dq=jatav+mahasabha&pg=PT58|title=Dalit Assertion and the Unfinished Democratic Revolution: The Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh|date=2002-08-30|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-1991-3|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name 'Jatav' came from Pandit Sunderlal Sagar's book ''Jatav Jivan'' and Ramnarayan Yadavendu's ''Yaduvansh Ka Itihas'', who were based on their similar heritage and clans of [[Yadav]]s and [[Jat people|Jats]] of Braj region.{{clarify|reason=not clear who were "based on their similar heritage..." The authors? The Jatavs? What does "based on" mean?|date=November 2022}} They demanded the status of Kshatriyas and economic prosperity made many Jatavs equal to these middle castes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singer|first1=Milton B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&q=Jatav&pg=PA216|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|last2=Cohn|first2=Bernard S.|date=1970|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-202-36933-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&dq=jatav+mahasabha&pg=PA200|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|date=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|language=en}}</ref> British government established cantonments in Agra, Delhi, Meerut, Kanpur and other prominent cities which gave Jatavs opportunity to prove themselves they got tenders for making leather products for [[British Indian Army]], and many Jatavs got included into army also. This change created an impact on local Jatavs and they starter organising under one umbrella.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rawat, Ramnarayan S.|title=Reconsidering untouchability : Chamars and Dalit history in North India|date=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35558-4|location=Bloomington|oclc=526083948}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1931 census, they played an aggressive role for their demand as inclusion of Jatavs into [[Kshatriya]] fold and renaming them as 'Jatav' from Charmkar. They succeeded and jatia/jatiya were called 'Jatav' in new census of India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rawat|first=Ramnarayan S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&dq=jatav+mahasabha+founder&pg=PA121|title=Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India|date=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22262-6|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
Jatavs encouraged to leave non-veg and lifestyle as upper castes and even few of them adopted 'sacred thread' who were earlier under the influence of [[Arya Samaj]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rawat|first=Ramnarayan S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&dq=pandit+sundarlal+sagar&pg=PA185|title=Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India|date=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22262-6|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
They established many schools, promoted [[sanskrit]], investment in business and women empowerment.<br />
<br />
== Key people ==<br />
<br />
*[[Manik Chand Jatav-vir]]<br />
* [[Khemchand Bohare]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Paswan|first1=Sanjay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DMUdof3ZQMC&dq=jatav+mahasabha&pg=PA164|title=Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India: Leaders|last2=Jaideva|first2=Pramanshi|date=2002|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-033-2|language=en}}</ref> <br />
*[[Ramnarayan Yadavendu]] <br />
* Swami Prabhutanand Vyas<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kshīrasāgara|first=Rāmacandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&dq=prabhutanand+vyas&pg=PA346|title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956|date=1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-43-3|language=en}}</ref><br />
* Pandit Sundarlal Sagar<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahuja|first=Amit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcSbDwAAQBAJ&dq=pandit+sundarlal+sagar&pg=PA72|title=Mobilizing the Marginalized: Ethnic Parties Without Ethnic Movements|date=2019-07-26|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-091642-8|language=en}}</ref> <br />
* R.P. Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2358.htm|access-date=2020-06-07|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><br />
* Gopichandra Pipal<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kshīrasāgara|first=Rāmacandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&dq=gopi+pipal+jatav&pg=PA295|title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956|date=1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-43-3|language=en}}</ref><br />
==See also==<br />
* [[De-Sanskritisation]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Ethnic organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian caste movements]]<br />
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=DHR_B_Class_778&diff=495198DHR B Class 7782026-04-21T13:52:22Z<p>Nawraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|B class steam locomotive}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox locomotive<br />
| name = Darjeeling Himalayan Railway 19<br>(All-India No. 778)<br />
| powertype = Steam<br />
| image = DHR 778 05-05-01 15.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = No. 778 hauling a train on the [[Ffestiniog Railway]]<br />
| designer = <br />
| builder = [[Sharp, Stewart & Co.]]<br />
| ordernumber = <br />
| serialnumber = 3518<br />
| buildmodel = <br />
| builddate = <br />
| totalproduction = <br />
| rebuilder = <br />
| rebuilddate = <br />
| numberrebuilt = <br />
| whytetype = {{whyte|0-4-0|ST}}<br />
| uicclass = B n2t<br />
| gauge = {{Track gauge|2ft}}<br />
| driverdiameter = {{convert|26|in|m|3|abbr=on}}<br />
| minimumcurve = <br />
| wheelbase = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| height = <br />
| axleload = {{convert|7.75|LT}}<br />
| weightondrivers = <br />
| locoweight = {{convert|14|LT}}<br />
| tenderweight = <br />
| locotenderweight = <br />
| tendertype = <br />
| fueltype = Coal<br />
| fuelcap = <br />
| watercap = <br />
| tendercap = <br />
| sandcap = <br />
| boiler = <br />
| boilerpressure = {{convert|140|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}<br />
| feedwaterheater = <br />
| firearea = {{convert|9|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<br />
| tubearea = <br />
| fluearea = <br />
| tubesandflues = <br />
| fireboxarea = <br />
| totalsurface = {{convert|316|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<br />
| superheatertype = None<br />
| cylindercount = Two, outside<br />
| cylindersize = {{convert|11|x|14|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| valvegear = <br />
| valvetype = <br />
| valvetravel = <br />
| valvelap = <br />
| valvelead = <br />
| transmission = <br />
| maxspeed = {{convert|32|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| poweroutput = <br />
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|7750|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}<br />
| factorofadhesion = <br />
| trainheating = <br />
| locobrakes = <br />
| locobrakeforce = <br />
| trainbrakes = <br />
| safety = <br />
| operator = {{unbulleted list|[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]|→ [[Indian Railways]]}}<br />
| operatorclass = [[DHR B Class]]<br />
| powerclass = <br />
| numinclass = 3rd of 34<br />
| fleetnumbers = {{unbulleted list|No. 19 (1889‒1957)|No. 778 (1957‒)}}<br />
| officialname = <br />
| nicknames = ''Little Blue''<br />
| axleloadclass = <br />
| locale = [[Statfold Barn Railway]]<br />
| deliverydate = <br />
| firstrundate = <br />
| lastrundate = <br />
| retiredate = <br />
| withdrawndate = 1960<br />
| preservedunits = <br />
| restoredate = <br />
| scrapdate = <br />
| currentowner = Darjeeling Tank Locomotive Trust<br />
| disposition = Under renovation (awaiting new boiler)(Hoped to be back in service by summer 2027)<br />
| notes = <br />
| website = [https://www.darjeelingtank.org.uk/ www.darjeelingtank.org.uk]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:2019-05-19-Jeremy-Davey-Adrian-Shooter-Darjeeling-19B-Beeches.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adrian Shooter]] (driver, right) with Jeremy Davey (fireman, left) onboard locomotive No.19 at [[Beeches Light Railway]] in 2019.]]<br />
[[File:Dhr19.jpg|thumb|right|DHR19 in the station at [[Leighton Buzzard Light Railway|Leighton Buzzard]].]]<br />
'''DHR 778''' (originally number '''19''') is a [[narrow-gauge]] steam locomotive, that was built in 1889 for the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]. It is preserved in the United Kingdom, and is the only DHR locomotive outside of India. The engine currently has the oldest locomotive boiler still in use anywhere in the world. The boiler will be replaced in early 2027.<ref name="cdp-2019">{{cite news|url=https://www.thepost.uk.com/news/catch-the-darjeeling-b-at-launceston-steam-railway-before-the-end-of-the-season-536662|title=Catch the Darjeeling B at Launceston Steam Railway before the end of the season|date=2019-09-12|access-date=2023-07-25|work=[[Cornish & Devon Post]]|quote=x-ray inspection of the original boiler showed that there was virtually no wastage. No.19 now has the distinction of having the oldest locomotive boiler in use anywhere in the world.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
DHR 778 is a {{whyte|0-4-0|ST}} [[DHR B Class]], a design built between 1889 and 1927. A total of 34 were built.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holland |first=Julian |title=The Train Book: The Definitive Visual History |date=2014-09-15 |isbn=9781409347965 |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref> By 2005 only 12 remained in use (or under repair) on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. The class was designed by [[Sharp, Stewart and Company]] of [[Glasgow]] and built by them, their successors the [[North British Locomotive Company]] (NBL), and three each by [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] (BLW, Philadelphia, USA), and the DHR works at [[Tindharia]].<br />
<br />
Number 778 (originally No.19) was built in 1889 by Sharp Stewart & Co at the Atlas Works in Glasgow. It is the only DHR locomotive outside of India. After many years out of use at the [[Hesston Steam Museum]], it was sold to enthusiast [[Adrian Shooter]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and restored to working order. It was based on [[Beeches Light Railway]], a private railway in Oxfordshire, and has also run on the [[Ffestiniog Railway]], the [[Leighton Buzzard Light Railway]], the [[Launceston Steam Railway]] and the [[South Tynedale Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rail.co.uk/rail-news/2014/slumdog-millionaire-comes-to-the-north-pennines/|title=Slumdog Millionaire comes to the North Pennines!|year=2014|access-date=2021-05-16|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516121517/http://www.rail.co.uk/rail-news/2014/slumdog-millionaire-comes-to-the-north-pennines/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 778 is the only [[DHR B Class|B]] class with a [[Tender (rail)|tender]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} <br />
<br />
Locomotive {{nowrap|{{abbr|No.|Number}} 19B}} was based at the Beeches Light Railway until Shooter's death in December 2022. On 21 June 2023, the locomotive was purchased at auction for £250,000 by The Darjeeling Tank Locomotive Trust (DTLT), with supporters raising the required money three months beforehand. Following the sale, the locomotive and its two matching carriages were relocated by the Trust to the [[Statfold Barn Railway]] near [[Tamworth, Staffordshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=Volunteers buy 134-year-old Oxfordshire locomotive |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-65985223 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Adrian Shooter’s two-foot gauge replica Indian Hill railway up for auction. |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/05/adrian-shooters-two-foot-gauge-replica-indian-hill-railway-up-for-auction.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=RailAdvent |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Special events==<br />
In mid-2011, for the 40th anniversary of the [[Froissy Dompierre Light Railway]] in France, three Britain-based locomotives visited, including locomotive 778.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rail.co.uk/rail-news/2011/british-based-trio-steam-in-france/|title=British-based Trio Steam in France|year=2011|access-date=2021-01-23|work=Rail.co.uk|quote=40th anniversary of the Froissy-Cappy-Dompierre line entering preservation. … invitations extended to The Greensand Railway Museum Trust's [[Baldwin Class 10-12-D|Baldwin 4-6-0T]] [[War Department Light Railways|WDLR]] No. 778 and [[Adrian Shooter]]'s Darjeeling Himalayan Railway B-Class 0-4-0ST No. 19 (SS 3518/1888) to visit.|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124131833/http://www.rail.co.uk/rail-news/2011/british-based-trio-steam-in-france/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, locomotive 778 ran as a part of Indian Extravaganza Fest in [[Bedfordshire]] in East England,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-historic-indian-steam-locos-to-run-again-in-england-amid-extravaganza-on-weekend-1830550|title = Historic Indian steam locos to run again in England amid extravaganza on weekend|date = 4 May 2013}}</ref> and in 2014 it was the main attraction at the [[South Tynedale Railway]]'s Indian Summer Event<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.south-tynedale-railway.org.uk/indian-summer-comes-to-alston/|title=Indian Summer Comes to Alston|year=2014|access-date=2021-05-16|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516121518/https://www.south-tynedale-railway.org.uk/indian-summer-comes-to-alston/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
===1980s===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Hugh |last2=Jux |first2=Frank |name-list-style=amp |year=1980 |title=Steam Locomotives in India. Part 1 – Narrow Gauge |publisher=Continental Railway Circle |location=Harrow, Middlesex |pages=69, 79, 87 |isbn=0-9503469-5-0 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
===2010s===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
<br />
*{{cite book |title=The incredible 'B' Class |year=2019 |first=David |last=Churchill |publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society |pages=1‒128}}<br />
<br />
*{{cite book |title=The Story of 19B: the only Darjeeling 'B' class locomotive ever to leave India |year=2017 |first=David |last=Charlesworth |others=Technical assistance by David Churchill and Jeremy Davey |series=Darjeeling Mail Extra |issue=3 |publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society |pages=1‒32}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2019/02/steam-locomotive-no-19-to-visit-the-launceston-railway.html |title=Steam locomotive No.19 to visit the Launceston Railway |date=2019-02-25 |first=Michael |last=Holden |work=Rail Advent |access-date=2023-07-25}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
===2020s===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2022/03/statfold-barn-railway-to-welcome-darjeeling-steam-locomotive.html |title=Statfold Barn Railway to welcome Darjeeling steam locomotive |first=Michael |last=Holden |date=2022-03-29 |access-date=2023-07-25 |work=Rail Advent |department=Narrow gauge}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
====2023====<br />
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}<br />
;Pre-auction<br />
<!-- Articles pre-auction, up to 21 June 2023 --><br />
*{{cite magazine |magazine=Narrow Gauge News |issue=174 |page=9 |title=Trust makes urgent bid to keep {{abbr|Darj|Darjeeling}} loco in UK |publisher=Narrow Gauge Railway Society |date=March 2023 |others=Photographs by Joey Evans and Andrew Charman}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |title=Darjeeling tank in Adrian Shooter collection sale |magazine=Heritage Railway |issue=305 |date=2023-04-11 |url=https://www.scribd.com/article/638062827/Darjeeling-Tank-In-Adrian-Shooter-Collection-Sale |via=Scribd |url-access=subscription}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |magazine=Steam Railway |issue=544 |date=2023-04-28 |page=25 |title=New trust seeks £250k to save Shooter's Darjeeling 19B |others=Photographs by Jack Boskett}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |title=Beeches Light Railway supporters plan bid for the late Adrian Shooter's Darjeeling Himalayan Railway 0-4-0ST |magazine=[[Today's Railways UK]] |issue=256 |issn=1475-9713 |date=May 2023 |first=Phil |last=Marsh |others=Photograph by Roger Dimmock |department=Heritage News |publisher=[[Platform 5]] |url=https://www.platform5.com/Catalogue/Todays-Railways-UK/Todays-Railways-UK-256-June-2023-TRUK256 |url-access=subscription}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |magazine=Heritage Railway |title=Help Keep {{abbr|Adrian|Adrian Shooter}}'s Darjeeling in Britain |date=2023-05-09 |url=https://www.scribd.com/article/645048232/Help-Keep-Adrian-s-Darjeeling-B-In-Britain |via=Scribd |url-access=subscription |pages=52‒53 |department=Race against time |first=Phil |last=Marsh |others=Photograph by Joey Evans<!-- |issn=1466-3560 wrong/expired? -->}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/05/adrian-shooters-two-foot-gauge-replica-indian-hill-railway-up-for-auction.html |title=Adrian Shooter's two-foot gauge replica Indian Hill railway up for auction. |department=Narrow gauge |date=2023-05-24 |first=Michael |last=Holden |others=Photographs by Phil Marsh & [[Ffestiniog Railway]]}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |magazine=Railway Herald |issn=1751-8091 |page=28 |department=Newsdesk |title=Appeal to save Adrian Shooter's Darjeeling Himalayan loco |others=Photograph by Cliff Thomas |issue=819 |date=2023-05-24}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Railway Magazine]] |department=Narrow gauge: Track Record |title=Heritage Heavyweights behind DHR B-class bid |page=68 |date=May 2023 |url=https://www.railwaymagazine.co.uk/25611/may-issue-2/ |url-access=subscription |issn=0033-8923}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |magazine=Narrow Gauge News |publisher=Narrow Gauge Railway Society |page=10 |title=Crunch point for 'save the {{abbr|Darj|Darjeeling}}' bid |others=Photograph by Peter Jordan |issue=175 |date=May 2023 |department=UK news}}<br />
*{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-65819315 |title=Fundraisers hope to buy 134-year-old Oxfordshire garden locomotive |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2023-07-25 |department=South |others=Photographs by Jeremy Davey & Alamy}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/06/darjeeling-tank-locomotive-trust-receives-huge-financial-boost.html |title=Darjeeling Tank Locomotive Trust receives huge financial boost |first=Michael |last=Holden |date=2023-06-17 |access-date=2023-07-25 |quote=boosted by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society who in late May made a donation of £40,000 to support the bid.}}<br />
*{{cite web |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/06/photos-from-final-day-of-service-at-the-beeches-light-railway-as-auction-approaches.html |title=Photos from final day of service at The Beeches Light Railway as auction approaches |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-08-16 |work=Rail Advent |editor-first=Michael |editor-last=Holden |others=Photographs by Jeremy Davey}}<br />
<!-- Articles post-auction on 21 June 2023 --><br />
;Post-auction<br />
*{{cite web |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/06/darjeeling-tank-locomotive-trust-secures-steam-locomotive-no-19.html |title=Darjeeling Tank Locomotive Trust secures steam locomotive No. 19 |first=Michael |last=Holden |date=2023-06-22 |access-date=2023-07-25 |work=Rail Advent}}<br />
*{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-65985223 |title=Volunteers buy 134-year-old Oxfordshire locomotive |date=2023-06-22 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2023-07-25}}<br />
*{{cite press release |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjq9vHJEm-s |via=Youtube |title=Sold! The world's oldest working steam train sells after volunteers raised £300K to buy it |publisher=Bournemouth News & Picture Service |date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-07-25}}<br />
*{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]] |date=2023-06-25 |<!--access-date=2023-06-25|-->page=17 |title=Old Train £300K}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |magazine=Vintage Spirit |first=Tim |last=Burton |title=They did it! |date=August 2023 |<!--access-date=2023-07-23|-->pages=3,6‒7 |publisher=Steam Heritage |issn=1477-1276 |editor-first=Brian |editor-last=Gooding |department=News & Events}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |title=Zero to £300,000 in ten weeks! |first=Sarah |last=Thompson |others=Photographs by Peter Jordan, John Burghes & Jeremy Davey |pages=9‒12 |<!--access-date=2023-07-25-->publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society |editor-first=David |editor-last=Charlesworth |magazine=The Darjeeling Mail |issue=103 |date=August 2023 |issn=1465-8682}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |title=The Auction |first=Peter |last=Jordan |others=Poster by H.J. Pugh & Co. |pages=12‒14 |<!--access-date=2023-07-25-->publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society |editor-first=David |editor-last=Charlesworth |magazine=The Darjeeling Mail |issue=103 |date=August 2023 |issn=1465-8682}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |title=A Darjeeling Vision ‒ part 2 |first=Phil |last=Marsh |others=Photographs by John Burghes & Julie Raworth |pages=14‒16 |<!--access-date=2023-07-25-->publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society |editor-first=David |editor-last=Charlesworth |magazine=The Darjeeling Mail |issue=103 |date=August 2023 |issn=1465-8682}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |title=From Steeple Aston to Statfold |first=Jeremy |last=Davey |others=Photographs by Phil Marsh & Joey Evans |pages=18‒23 |<!--access-date=2023-07-25-->publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society |editor-first=David |editor-last=Charlesworth |magazine=The Darjeeling Mail |issue=103 |date=August 2023 |issn=1465-8682}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
====2024====<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.everand.com/article/713398934/Darjeeling-Tank-Will-Cost-At-Least-140k-To-Repair-Shock-Report |title=Darjeeling tank will cost at least £140k to repair - shock report |date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-06-19 |magazine=Heritage Railway |issue=317}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2024/03/overhaul-of-darjeeling-steam-locomotive-takes-costly-turn.html |title=Overhaul of Darjeeling steam locomotive takes costly turn |first=Michael |last=Holden |date=2024-03-13 |access-date=2024-06-19 |magazine=Rail Advent |quote=Dismantling provided a number of surprises, such as the boiler, which is not the original 1889 one as thought by the trustees. … the team found a stamp marking "B 4977". … 19B's works number was 3518 whilst 4977 is an identical B class but was built 14 years later in 1903.}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2024/04/80000-boiler-appeal-launched-for-darjeeling-locomotive.html |title=£80,000 boiler appeal launched for Darjeeling locomotive |first=Michael |last=Holden |date=2024-04-18 |magazine=Rail Advent |quote=The 1903-built boiler has been found to need too many repairs to be economical when compared to making a new boiler. … 19B is unlikely to return to steam until 2026. … cost of the boiler is expected to be around £150,000}}<br />
*{{cite AV media |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001zf0j |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001zf0j |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2024 |title=Post Wild Boys Of Radio 2 Handover |first=Oliver J. |last=Borg |author-link=OJ Borg |date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2024-06-19 |type=offset 28:28‒29:30, 32:16‒38:40 |work=[[BBC Radio 2]] |department=Midnight Mastermind: Darjeeling Tank locomotive No. 19 |others=Questions set by Jeremy Davey}}<br />
*{{cite magazine |url=https://www.everand.com/article/740318362/Boston-Lodge-To-Build-New-Darjeeling-Tank-Boiler |title=Boston Lodge to build new Darjeeling tank boiler |date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-19 |magazine=Heritage Railway |issue=320 |quote=Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways' [[Boston Lodge]] Works is to design a new boiler for [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] Sharp Stewart B class 0-4-0SWTT No. 19B.}}<br />
*{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhDnBOCiQO0 |title=Moving Pictures Ninety Three |date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-06-19 |first=Jon |last=Whalley |publisher=Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways |location=[[Boston Lodge]] |type=offset 14:55‒17:58 |quote=[Boston Lodge] has recently been awarded the contract for the design of a replacement boiler for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway No. 19 B … welded barrel, welded outer wrapper, but flanged plates … Bob Yates is doing the drawing of the new layout and [Jon Whalley] will be doing some calculations … that'll go to British Engineering Services for their approval}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official|https://www.darjeelingtank.org.uk/}}, 2023 trust established to maintain the locomotive<br />
<br />
{{Narrow gauge locomotives of India|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preserved narrow-gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved steam locomotives of India]]<br />
[[Category:Sharp Stewart locomotives]]<br />
[[Category:0-4-0ST locomotives]]<br />
[[Category:B n2t locomotives]]<br />
[[Category:Individual locomotives of India]]<br />
[[Category:2 ft gauge locomotives]]<br />
[[Category:Individual locomotives of Great Britain]]<br />
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garbada_Assembly_constituency&diff=499921Garbada Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:26:36Z<p>Nawraj: creating basic stub more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Garbada<br />
| state = Gujarat<br />
| district = [[Dahod district|Dahod]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 133<br />
| mla = [[Mahendra Bhabhor|Mahendrabhai Rameshbhai Bhabhor]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:290727}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Garbada''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies in [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> Located in [[Dahod district|Dahod]] district, it is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]] and it came into existence after the 2008 delimitation.<br />
<br />
==List of segments==<br />
This assembly seat represents the following areas:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Garbada Taluka<br />
* Part of Dahod Taluka, including the following villages: Moti Kharaj, Naghrala, Gadoi, Bavka, Vijagadh, Brahmkheda, Nani Kharaj, Borkheda, Lilar, Katwara, Chandwana, Kathla, Varvada, Khangela, Bhutodi, Dasla, Nani Lachheli, Moti Lachheli, Vankiya, Simaliya Khurd, Khapariya, and Agawada.<br />
* Part of Dhanpur Taluka, including the following villages: Biliya, Kantu, Ambli Menpur, Kanakuwa, Sangasar, Zabu, Ulkadar, Rachhava, Khajuri, Harakhpur, Vakota, Kalakhunt, Navanagar, Kadval, Khadada (Na), Ambakach, Leliya Amba, Sankarpura, Nanimalu, Gohelvaga, Punakota, Kotambi, Ladva Vad, Dumka, Khalta Garabdi, Moti Malu, Vasiya Dungari, Dhanarpatiya, Gangardi Faliya, Kakad Khila, Mandor, Kanseta, Bhanpur (Kakadkhila), Bhindol, Kanjeta, Pipargota, Panam, Alindra, and Bhuvera.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!Picture<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|Chandrikaben Bariya<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br />
| [[Chandrikaben Bariya]]<ref name=election2017/> ||<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| [[Mahendra Bhabhor|Mahendra Rameshbhai Bhabhor]]||<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2012 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf | title=Gujarat Assembly Elections 2012 - Statistical Report | publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat State | accessdate=15 May 2020 | archive-date=17 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174624/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chandrikaben Bariya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=69295|percentage=57.53|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahindrasinh Rathod|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=33521|percentage=27.83|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=35774|percentage=29.70|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=120446|percentage=57.88|change=}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|<br />
<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Garbada<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Bariya Chandrikaben Chhaganbhai<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
<!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA--><section begin="Assembly Election 2022" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Garbada Assembly constituency }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahendrabhai Rameshbhai Bhabhor|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=62,427|percentage=42.55|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chandrikaben Chhaganbhai Bariya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,602|percentage=23.59|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shaileshbhai Kanubhai Bhabhor|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=33,595|percentage=22.9|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ketankumar Kasnabhai Bamanya|party=Independent|votes=6,219|percentage=4.24|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,152|percentage=2.83|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=27,825|percentage=18.96|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}--><br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:284,107}} <br />
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<section end="Assembly Election 2022" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Dahod district]]<br />
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br />
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|22.69|74.31|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Dahod district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mian_Altaf_Ahmed_Larvi&diff=517541Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi2026-04-16T04:43:21Z<p>Nawraj: creating initial data nd citations...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Mian Altaf Ahmad Larvi<br />
| native_name = میاں الطاف احمد لاروی<br />
| image = Mian Altaf Larvi Jan 2024.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br />
| father = [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Kashmir]]<br />
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency = [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]<br />
| term_start = 4 June 2024<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor = Constituency established<br />
| office1 = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1987<br />
| term_end1 = 2018<br />
| constituency1 = [[Kangan Assembly constituency|Kangan]]<br />
| office2 = [[Cabinet Minister]] of Social Welfare Department & Health and Medical Education Department<br />
| term_start2 = 1996<br />
| term_end2 = 2002<br />
| governor2 = [[K. V. Krishna Rao]] <br/> [[Girish Chandra Saxena]]<br />
| office5 = [[Cabinet Minister]] of Forestry Department, Ecology & Environment<br />
| term_start5 = 2008<br />
| term_end5 = 2014<br />
| governor5 = [[N. N. Vohra]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mian Altaf Ahmad Larvi''' is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He is a Member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[2024 Indian general election|2024]], representing [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]] constituency as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party. He was a five time MLA from [[Kangan Assembly constituency]] in [[Ganderbal district]].<br />
<br />
He is the younger son of [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] Larvi, a politician and a caliph of the Islamic Sufi order (Naqshbandi, Majadadi, Larvi) in Jammu and Kashmir. Mian Altaf is the grandson of saint Mian Nizam ud Din, the founding president of Gujjar-Jat Conference, a socio-political body established in 1932.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/will-history-repeat-itself-in-jks-kangan/article6580477.ece|title=Will history repeat itself in J&K's Kangan?|website=The Hindu|date=9 November 2014 }}</ref> Mian Altaf was born in 1957 in Baba Nagri, Wangath, Kangan Ganderbal, [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
===Family===<br />
He was born in 1957 in Kashmir. His family had migrated from the Hazaras in the 1800s. His great grandfather (Mian Abdullah), known as Baba Jee Sahib Larvi, his grandfather Mian Nizam Ud Din Larvi, and his father [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] Larvi were also religious personalities in Kashmir. They are buried in Wanghat, Kashmir. Mian Altaf has an elder brother, Mian Sarfraz. Mian Bashir Ahmed declared his younger son Mian Altaf Ahmed as Wali E Ahed (Crown Caliph) successor on annual occasion of 8 June 2017, making him heir-designate to the throne.<br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
Mian Altaf is a law graduate from [[University of Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mian-altaf-wins-kangan-for-fourth-time-in-succession/story-wtGjt7419ACWk5OhG6HZxM.html|title=Mian Altaf wins Kangan for fourth time in succession|website=Hindustan Times|date=28 December 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Religious views===<br />
He is a Muslim. He proselytizes the doctrines of Naqshbandi and (Majadadi) in order to advocate Sufism to his followers through Bayyet. His family has a following of millions. Hundreds of his followers throng his house at Baba Nagri, Wangath in Kangan every day to meet him and seek his blessings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/a-remarkable-life/|title=A Remarkable Life|website=Greater Kashmir|date=13 August 2023 }}</ref> The most renowned follower of his family is Sheikh Al-Mashaikh Faisal ur Rehman Usmani Qadri Suhrawardi, Chishti Qalandari Abul Alai Naqshbandi Mujaddidi Madari Shatari Ferdowsi Nizami Sabri Jahangiri Shazli.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
He is popular in the Gujjar, Bakarwal and Pahari community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/gujjar-leader-mian-altaf-says-he-was-not-permitted-to-visit-poonch-336328/|title=Gujjar Leader Mian Altaf Says He Was Not Permitted to Visit Poonch|website=Kashmir Life|date=26 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/politics/mian-altaf-seeks-swift-probe-action-into-poonch-civilian-killings/|title=Mian Altaf seeks swift probe, action into Poonch civilian killings|website=Greater Kashmir|date=26 December 2023 }}</ref> He has been elected five times in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=106|title=Altaf Ahmad(JKNC):Constituency- KANGAN(GANDERBAL)}}</ref> Mian Altaf's family has a long political standing, with his grandfather Mian Nizam-ud-din having remained National Conference MLA from 1952 to 1967. His father [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] represented Kangan constituency from 1967 to 1987 and was a minister also. Mian Nizam Ud Din Larvi, [[Mian Bashir Ahmed]] Larvi and Mian Altaf Ahmed never lost any election since they stepped into politics. Mian Altaf Ahmed has served as Minister of Forestry, Ecology and Environment in Jammu and Kashmir. He has been a [[Cabinet Minister]] in Jammu and Kashmir twice. He gave his first term under [[Chief Minister]] [[Farooq Abdullah]] in 1996 and second term as [[Cabinet Minister]] under [[Chief Minister]] [[Omar Abdullah]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{18th LS members from Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Larvi, Mian Altaf Ahmad}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1987–1996]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ganderbal district]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemmiganur_Assembly_constituency&diff=546190Yemmiganur Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:04:38Z<p>Nawraj: Adding Some Pg More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Yemmiganur<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (144-Yemmiganur highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Yemmiganur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| established = 1955<br />
| district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| mla = [[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]<br />
| electors = 227,253<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 144<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yemmiganur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
[[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Telugu Desam Party. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 227,253 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| Nandavaram<br />
|-<br />
| Yemmiganur<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gonegandla]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br />
| [[D. Sanjeevayya]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| [[Y. C. Veerabhadra Gowd]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[P. O. Sathyanarayana Raju]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| [[Hanumantha Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
| rowspan=4 |[[B. V. Mohan Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan=3 |[[K. Chennakesava Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| [[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| K. Chennakesava Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Yemmiganur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[K.Chennakesava Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 78,586<br />
|percentage = 54.36<br />
|change = +11.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[B.V.Mohan Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 60,213<br />
|percentage = 41.65<br />
|change = -13.93<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 18,373<br />
|percentage = 12.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 144,567<br />
|percentage = 66.37<br />
|change = -2.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Yemmiganur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[K.Chenna Kesava Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 53,766<br />
|percentage = 41.77<br />
|change = -12.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[B.V.Mohan Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 51,443<br />
|percentage = 39.96<br />
|change = -1.69<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vagaruru Lakshmikantha Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 16,638<br />
|percentage = 12.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 2,323<br />
|percentage = 1.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 128,723<br />
|percentage = 68.01<br />
|change = +1.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2012 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Yemmiganur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[K Chennakesava Reddy]]|votes=64,155|percentage=42.08|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[B.V.Mohan Reddy]]|votes=44,052|percentage=28.88|change= }}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=20,103|percentage=13.2|change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=152,508|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Yemmiganur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]|votes=84,483|percentage=50.67|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[K Jagan Mohan Reddy]]|votes=70,122|percentage=42.05|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=14,365|percentage=8.62|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=166,744|percentage=74.75|change=+6.74}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Yemmiganur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[K Chennakesava Reddy]]|votes=96,498|percentage=53.28|change= +11.23}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]|votes=70,888|percentage=39.14|change=-11.53}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=25,610|percentage=14.14|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=181,121|percentage=79.15|change=+4.4}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Yemmiganur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Jaya Nageswara Reddy|Byreddy Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 1,03,089 <br />
|percentage = 50.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Butta Renuka]]|votes=87,252|percentage=42.96|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M.KHASIM VALI|votes=7,831|percentage=3.86|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2380|percentage=1.17|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=15,837|percentage=7.80|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,03,089|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party <br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Coord|15.76|77.48|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Kurnool district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilip_Kumar_Choudhary&diff=497107Dilip Kumar Choudhary2026-04-15T02:09:00Z<p>Nawraj: creating first bio initial version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{BLP no footnotes|date=May 2022}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office2 = Ex Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<br />
| constituency4 = [[Darbhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]<br />
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
| birth_place = [[Darbhanga, Bihar]], India<br />
| name = Dilip Kumar Choudhary<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| spouse = Dr. Seema Choudhary<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|09|06|df=y}}<br />
| image = Dilip-Choudhary.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dilip Kumar Choudhary''' is an Indian politician from [[Darbhanga]] Graduate Constituency in [[Bihar]]. He was a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] two times, since 2007 and 2014. From the year 1990 to 2002, he was a [[councillor]] of Darbhanga Municipal Corporation. He completed his master's degree in chemistry subject from [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] and Ph.D. from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]]. Choudhary is a professor of chemistry in Chandradhari Mithila Vigyan Mahavidyalaya at [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University|Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga]]. Since February 2022, he is also principal of C.M. Science College along with the charge of C. M. Law College, Darbhanga. His father, Late Dr. Nilambar&nbsp; Chaudhary was also a Senior Leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] multiple times from Darbhanga Graduate Constituency.<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Choudhary was elected for [[Darbhanga]] (Graduate Constituency) as an [[Indian National Congress]] Supported candidate in 2007 and 2014. From the year 1990 to 2002, he was a councillor for [[Darbhanga Municipal Corporation]].<br />
<br />
He worked as General Secretary in [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] (Sangh) Shikshak Sangh and Bihar State University (Sangh) Shikshak Mahasangh, as well as in [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] and [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]].<br />
<br />
For ten years he was the elected unopposed member in the Syndicate and a lifetime Senate Member of both Varsities.<br />
<br />
In student life, he was active in student politics and Student union elections under the banner of [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]].<br />
<br />
In 2018, he left the [[Indian National Congress]] and joined [[Janata Dal (United)|Janta Dal United]]. He is now a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/DilipKrChoudhary.htm Member BLC]<br />
*[https://dpl.presidentofindia.nic.in/handle/123456789/9096?viewItem=search President of India President of India]<br />
*[https://news4nation.com/news/dr-dilip-chaudhery-ne-kiya-namankan-721615 जदयू के कार्यकारी अध्यक्ष की मौजूदगी में दरभंगा स्नातक क्षेत्र से डॉ. दिलीप कुमार चौधरी ने किया नामांकन, कहा- हमारी सरकार ने किया है अद्भुत काम]<br />
*[https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-mlc-election-date-2020-jdu-candidates-neeraj-devesh-and-dilip-chaudhary-asj Bihar MLC Election Date 2020 : मंत्री नीरज, देवेश व दिलीप चौधरी जदयू के उम्मीदवार]<br />
*[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-bihar-congress-chief-3-other-mlcs-join-jdu/articleshow/63127435.cms?from=mdr Former Bihar Congress chief, 3 other MLCs join JD(U)]<br />
*[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1659102 Biennial election to the Bihar Legislative Council from 04 Graduates’ and 04 Teachers’ Constituencies]<br />
*[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/in-nitish-kumar-vs-tejashwi-yadav-row-congress-supports-lalu-yadav-son/772903/ In Nitish Kumar vs Tejashwi Yadav row, Congress supports Lalu Yadav son]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Ashok}}<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians|Choudhary, Dilip Kumar]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council|Choudhary, Dilip Kumar]]<br />
[[Category:Living people|Choudhary, Dilip Kumar]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar|Choudhary, Dilip Kumar]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepika_Sehrawat&diff=495994Deepika Sehrawat2026-04-13T03:30:46Z<p>Nawraj: creating first stub v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian hockey player (born 2003)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox field hockey player<br />
| name = Deepika Sehrawat<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_name = Deepika Sehrawat<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|12|6|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| height = <br />
| weight = <br />
| position = [[Field hockey#Positions|Forward]]<br />
| years1 = 2019–<br />
| clubs1 = [[Indian Oil]]<br />
| years2 = 2025–<br />
| clubs2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| nationalyears1 = 2019–<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 16<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 19<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2022–<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 64<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 31<br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}} [[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|Team}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|Team}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Japan]]|Team}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024 Muscat]]|Team}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Deepika Sehrawat''' (born 6 December 2003) is an Indian field hockey player and member of the [[India women's national field hockey team|national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Asian Champions Trophy hockey: How Deepika, from a wrestling family, developed into India's drag-flicking forward |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/deepika-drag-flicking-forward-hockey-wrestling-india-9676519/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was a part of the bronze medal winning team at the [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=रोहतक लौटी भारतीय हॉकी टीम प्लेयर दीपिका:एशियन गेम्स में ब्रॉन्ज मेडल जीता; रोहद टोल पर ग्रामीणों ने किया जोरदार स्वागत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/news/asian-games-indian-hockey-team-deepika-sehrawat-haryana-rohtak-welcome-131974492.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=10 August 2024 |language=hi }}</ref> She plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|forward]] and specialises in [[Drag flick|drag-flicks]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Deepika started as wrestler and used to practice along with her brother. One day in 2012, on way to wrestling practice she picked up a hockey stick for fun and soon it became her mainstay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Deepika: Training under Rupinder at national camp will help me during Asian Games 2023 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/asian-games-2022-deepika-training-under-rupinder-national-camp-fih-junior-world-cup-india-gold-asia-cup-hangzhou/article67280339.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Deepika made her Junior debut for the country in 2018 at the Youth Olympic Qualifiers in March 2018. Later she also took part in the Hockey women's Junior World Cup 2021 in [[Potchefstroom]], [[South Africa]] and was part of the Indian team that won gold at the Women's Junior Asia Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title='My father has had a few sleepless nights…': Deepika opens up about her journey following selection in Indian squad for Asiad |url=https://bhaskarlive.in/my-father-has-had-a-few-sleepless-nights-deepika-opens-up-about-her-journey-following-selection-in-indian-squad-for-asiad/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Bhaskar Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Deepika first came to limelight with a stellar performance in the 2018 Sub-Junior National Championships in her hometown Hisar, where she scored 16 goals for Haryana. Haryana went to win the Sun-Junior Nationals and Deepika was adjudged as the 'Best Player' of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Hockey Women's Junior World Cup: All you need to know about the Indian team |url=https://scroll.in/field/1020894/hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-indian-team |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Then she was called for the National camp and was selected for the Indian team for the Youth Olympic qualifier. She made her debut for Senior India in the [[Women's FIH Pro League|FIH Pro League]] 2021-2022 held in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]. In 2020, she was part of the Junior India women's tour of [[Chile]] where she played a key role in the Indian team's unbeaten run.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian hockey star Deepika: "We will do well in the Junior Asia Cup" |url=https://stick2hockey.com/indian-field-hockey-star-deepika-we-will-do-well-in-the-junior-asia-cup/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|[[Hockey India Awards]]<br />
|Upcoming Player of the Year Female<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Sports links}}<br />
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/deepika-profile-1541 Deepika Sehrawat] at [[Hockey India]]<br />
<br />
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asian Games}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sehrawat, Deepika}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2003 births]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hisar (city)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu&diff=495495Dance forms of Tamil Nadu2026-04-10T18:02:51Z<p>Nawraj: creating basic post w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| total_width=300<br />
| header={{large|Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
| perrow=2/3<br />
| image1=Thanjavur,_Brihadishwara_Temple,_dance_(6851706080).jpg<br />
| image2=Karagattam.webp<br />
| image3=Mayilattam or Peacock Dance.jpg<br />
| image4=Poikkal-kuthirai-attam-performer.jpg<br />
| image5=Aritharam.JPG<br />
| image6=Thappattam.jpg<br />
| image7=Kokkattam 6.JPG<br />
| footer=Various dance forms of Tamil Nadu; '''Top left to right''': [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Karagattam]], [[Mayilattam]], [[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam]], [[Koothu]], [[Parai Attam]], and Kokkattam<br />
}}<br />
Various [[dance]] forms are practiced in [[Tamil Nadu]], the southernmost [[States and union territories of India|state]] of India. Tamil Nadu is the home of the [[Tamil people]], who speak [[Tamil language]], one of the oldest surviving languages in India. With [[archaeological evidence]] pointing to the [[Tamilakam]] region being inhabited for more than 3,800 years, [[Tamil culture]] has seen multiple influences over the years and has developed diversely. With its diverse culture, many forms of individual and group dances have their origins in the region.<br />
<br />
As per [[Tamil literature]], dance forms formed a part of ''nun kalaigal'' (fine art forms) which also included music, and drama. [[Bharatanatyam]] is a major genre of [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] that originated in the state. There are a lot of folk dance forms that are practised in the region, some of which trace their origins to the [[Sangam period]] (3rd century BCE). [[Koothu]] was a popular theater art from which combined dance with drama.<br />
<br />
== Background and history ==<br />
{{main|History of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
While archeological evidence points to [[hominids]] inhabiting the [[Tamil Nadu]] region nearly 400 millennia ago, it has been inhabited by modern humans for at least 3,800 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|title=Archaeology – Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183736/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live|date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|title= Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms|title=Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution|access-date=11 June 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2006|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1354201,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamilakam]] was the region consisting of the southern part of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] including the present day state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and was inhabited by the ancient [[Tamils|Tamil people]].<ref name="Nat">{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|title=Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224093728/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamils speak [[Tamil language]], one of the oldest surviving languages in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|title=A rare inscription|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2009|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|series=Cambridge Language Surveys|year=2003|isbn=978-0-52177-111-5|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/library/kulothungan/pdf/Tamil_Among_the_Classical_Languages_of_the_World.pdf|title=Tamil among the classical languages of the world|publisher=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074115/http://www.tamilvu.org/library/kulothungan/pdf/Tamil_Among_the_Classical_Languages_of_the_World.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Tamil language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007012008/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|url-status=live}}</ref> The region was ruled by various kingdoms over the years, major of which are the [[Sangam period]] (300 BC–AD 300) triumvirate of [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]].<ref name="Nat"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Vijaya Ramaswamy|author2=Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=sangam+3rd|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=25 August 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|page=xxiv|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145136/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=sangam+3rd#v=snippet&q=sangam%203rd&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The other major rules included the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] (3rd–9th century), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagaras]] (14th–17th century).<ref>{{cite book|last=Francis|first=Emmanuel|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |chapter=Pallavas |date=28 October 2021 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03426688/file/Francis_2021_Pallavas_eahaa00499.pdf |pages=1–4|doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|isbn=978-1-119-39991-9|s2cid=240189630|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=|archive-url=|url-status=}}</ref> and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century CE).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhMHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|page=26|title=Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India Under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754|author=J.B.P. More|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00026-356-5|publisher=Manohar|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173028/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Pondicherry_Tamil_Nadu_and_South_India_u/qhMHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref> The region was under [[Colonial India|European colonization]] for two centuries until the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite news|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 November 2009|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wagret|first=Paul|title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide|publisher=Nagel Publishers|location=Geneva|year=1977|series=India, Nepal|page=556|isbn=978-2-8263-0023-6|oclc=4202160}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/indias-independence/|title=India's independence|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525052556/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/indias-independence/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hence, [[Tamil culture|culture]] have seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. In the Sangam period, the various art forms were classified into three types: ''iyal'' (poetry), ''isai'' (music) and ''nadakam'' (drama).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC|page=2|title=Tamil Literature|author=M. S. Purnalingam Pillai|year=1994|isbn=978-8-12060-955-6|publisher=Asian Educational Services|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173543/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Literature/QIeqvcai5XQC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Delights and Disquiets of Leisure in Premodern India|year=2023|isbn=978-9-394-70128-1|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|first=Seema|last=Bahwa}}</ref> In the later [[Tamil literature]], the art forms were classified into two broad categories:''nun kalaigal'' (fine art forms) which included dance, music, and drama and ''kavin kalaigal'' (beautiful art forms) which included others such as architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Communication as Mission|year=2007|isbn=978-8-18458-006-8|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|editor1=Jose Joseph|editor2=L. Stanislaus|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBCBgO0chcMC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715175324/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Communication_as_Mission/oBCBgO0chcMC|url-status=live}}</ref> Many forms of individual and group dances have their origins in the region.<br />
<br />
== Classical dance ==<br />
{{Main|Bharatanatyam}}<br />
[[File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A solo [[Bharatanatyam]] performer]]<br />
<br />
Bharatanatyam is a major genre of [[Indian classical dance]] that originated in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance|title=Bhartanatyam|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074450/https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Projesh|title=Indian Ballet Dancing|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=42-43|isbn=978-0-391-02716-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fXZKe3xHQAC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135259/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Ballet_Dancing/5fXZKe3xHQAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britbn">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam|title=Bharata-natyam|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175552/https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Drid|title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2004|pages=83–84|publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|s2cid=29065670|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is recognized by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] as one of the oldest classical dance forms of India.<ref name="Britbn"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/in-pictures-on-international-dance-day-a-look-at-indias-famous-dance-forms-and-their-exponents-8580737/8/|title=On International Dance Day, a look at some of India's famous dance forms and their exponents|date=29 April 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135308/https://indianexpress.com/just-now-breaking-scroll/?current_story_id=8580737&section_name=null|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Between Theater and Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C|year=2010|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|isbn=978-0-81227-929-0|page=65}}</ref> The name is a portmanteau of the Tamil word ''Bharatam'' and ''Natyam'', the [[Sanskrit]] word for dance. ''Bharatam'' is derived from the first letters of the Tamil words ''[[bhavam]]'' (feelings, emotions), ''[[ragam]]'' (melody, framework for musical notes), and ''talam'' (rhythm).<ref name="Loch">{{cite book|first=James|last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|year=2002|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-823-93179-8|pages=103–104|url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/15/items/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/James%20Lochtefeld%20The%20Illustrated%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Hinduism.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Anjani|last=Arunkumar|title=Compositions for Bharatanāṭyam: A Soulful Worship the Divine|year=1989|publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]|pages=xxi–xxii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Brenda|last=McCutchen|title=Teaching Dance as Art in|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0yjXGJ3EEoC&pg=PA450|year=2006|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-736-05188-0|pages=450–452}}</ref> A description of the dance is found in the 2nd century CE Sangam literature of ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' and temple sculptures dated to the early [[middle age]] (6th to 9th century CE) project the dance form.<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditions of Indian Classical Dance|last=Khokar|first=Mohan|publisher=Clarion Books|year=1984|pages=73–76}}</ref> The [[Dance theory|theoretical foundations]] of the dance are found in the Tamil text ''Kootha Nool'' and in ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', a Sanskrit text of performance arts.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Eugenio Barba|author2=Nicola Savarese|title=A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky6MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208-IA69|year=2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-17634-1|page=208|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703055250/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky6MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208-IA69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter Fletcher|author2=Laurence Picken|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262|title=World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-195-17507-3|pages=262|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703055734/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262|url-status=live}}</ref> According to some Indologists, the origin of the dance is linked to the [[devadasi]] culture, which was prevalent in the Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite book|author=Davesh Soneji|title=Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis, Memory, and Modernity in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24uaoBjDKQgC|year=2011|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-76811-3|pages=30–31}}</ref><br />
<br />
Traditionally, Bharatanatyam was a [[solo dance]] performed exclusively by women.<ref name="Claus">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC|year=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|pages=136|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703144934/https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC|url-status=live}}</ref> An individual dancer is known as ''ekaharya''.<ref name="Oshea">{{cite book|author=Janet O'Shea|title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC|year=2007|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|isbn=978-0-819-56837-3|pages=1–3, 26, 85–86}}</ref> The dancer was accompanied by musicians and one or more singers.<ref>{{cite journal|first=T|last=Balasaraswati|year=1976|title=Bharata Natyam|journal=NCPA Quarterly Journal|volume=4|page=1-8}}</ref> Typically, a [[guru]] is present as the director and conductor of the performance.<ref name="Britbn"/> The accompanying music is in the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] style of South India, as is the recitation and chanting.<ref>{{cite book|first=Siyuan|last=Liu|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|year=2016|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|pages=132|access-date=7 February 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074441/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In modern adaptations of the dance, the dance troupes involve multiple dancers, who might play specific characters in a story or choreographed to perform in tandem.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Katrak|first=Ketu H.|title=Cultural Translation of Bharata Natyam into Contemporary Indian Dance. Second-generation South Asian Americans and cultural politics in diasporic locations|journal=South Asian Popular Culture|volume=2|issue=2|year=2004|pages=79–102|doi=10.1080/1474668042000275699|s2cid=144136967}}</ref> The repertoire of the dance has developed into ''nrita'' (pure dance), ''nritya'' (solo expressive dance) and ''natya'' (group dramatic dance).<ref name="Claus"/><ref>{{cite thesis|first=Kavitha|last=Jayakrishnan|year=2011|url=https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356|title=Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture|publisher=[[University of Waterloo]]|page=25|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730214052/https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The dance has traditionally been a form of an interpretive narration of mythical stories, religious and spiritual ideas from the [[Hindu texts]].<ref name="Claus"/> A traditional Bharatanatyam dance performance follows a seven to eight-part order of presentation called ''margams''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ann Cooper Albright|author2=David Gere|title=Taken by Surprise: A Dance Improvisation Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYbHhwUpxAMC&pg=PA143|year=2003|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8195-6648-5|page=143}}</ref> The dancers are usually dressed in colorful silk [[sari]]s with golden or silver [[zari]] embroidery on the borders, draped in a specific way and adorned with various jewelry.<ref name="Oshea"/> All dancers wear leather anklets made up of small bells on each foot called ''salangai''.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000451PA/P001529/M017850/ET/1481178296P3M28TEXT.pdf|title=Performing Arts: Detailed study of Bharatanatyam|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135301/https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000451PA/P001529/M017850/ET/1481178296P3M28TEXT.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Gurcharan Singh Randhawa|author2=Amitabha Mukhopadhyay|title=Floriculture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQCIZoKDG1kC|year=1986|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-8-170-23494-4|pages=607–608}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Swarajya Prakash Gupta|author2=Krishna Lal|author3=Mahua Bhattacharyya|title=Cultural tourism in India: museums, monuments & arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNeAAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Indraprastha Museum of Art and Archaeology|isbn=978-8-124-60215-7|pages=198}}</ref> The dance is characterized by the fixed upper torso with bent legs or flexed out knees combined with various footwork and a number of gestures known as ''[[abhinaya]]'', performed using various hand ''[[mudra]]s'', eye and facial expressions.<ref name="Loch"/> An ''[[Arangetram (dance)|arangetram]]'' (literally "ascending the stage") is a solo debut performance that signifies the completion of initial formal training of a young dancer. This performance is typically done ten to twelve years after a dancer begins learning the dance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Jagyaseni|date=8 December 2016|title=Much ado about a debut|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/Much-ado-about-a-debut/article16777939.ece|access-date=7 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806050402/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/Much-ado-about-a-debut/article16777939.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 May 2009|title=Arangetram|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01260/arangetram.html|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513051757/http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01260/arangetram.html|archive-date=13 May 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Folk dance ==<br />
=== Kai silambattam ===<br />
{{main|Kai silambattam}}<br />
<br />
[[Silambu]] is a hollow anklet made up of a metal such as [[copper]] and filled with [[iron]] or [[silver]] beads that produce noise when the wearer moves or dances.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=Projesh|url=https://archive.org/details/FolkDanceOfIndia/page/n106/mode/1up|title=The Folk-Dance of India|date=1959|publisher=Kitabistan|location=Allahabad|pages=189–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marcuse|first=Sibyl|title=Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary|date=1975|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company|Norton]]|location=New York|page=476|chapter=Silambu|isbn=978-0-39300-758-9|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00marcu/page/476/mode/1up}}</ref> It forms the basis of the Tamil Sangam literature ''Silappathikaram''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shilappadikaram|trans-title=The Ankle Bracelet|author=Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ|year=1965|isbn=978-0-81120-001-1|publisher=New Directions Publishing}}</ref> It is generally worn by women on the leg and termed as ''kālchilambu'' in Tamil ("kal" meaning leg). In contrast, ''kāichilambu'' is held in the hand ("kai" meaning hand).<ref name="Samba"/> For the dance, the dancers wear anklets and hold a silambu in their hands to make noises while dancing.<ref name="Samba">{{cite book|last=Sambamoorthy|first=P.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.chennai.82|title=Catalogue of Musical Instruments Exhibited in the Government Museum, Chennai|date=1976|publisher=Principal Commissioner of Museums, [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]]|location=Chennai}}</ref> The dance is performed in temples during Amman festivals or [[Navaratri]] festival especially to praise female deities like [[Durga]] or [[Kali]].<ref name="Shah">{{cite book|title=Indian Etiquette:A Glimpse Into India's Culture|first=Niraalee|last=Shah|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63886-554-4|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150207/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Karakattam ===<br />
[[File:Dancers,Karakattam,Tamil Nadu358.jpg|thumb|[[Karakattam]] performance]]<br />
{{Main|Karakattam}}<br />
<br />
Karakattam is a folk dance which involves dancers balancing clay or metal pot(s) on the head while making movements with the body.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia|first=J. C.|last=Heesterman|year=1992|page=465|isbn=978-9-004-09467-3|publisher=E.J. Brill}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ethical Life in South Asia|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35528-7|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|page=105}}</ref> The pots may be empty or sometimes filled with water and are decorated with colorful flowers and leaves mostly [[Azadirachta indica|neem]], which is of medicinal and religious importance to the Tamils.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social History of the Tamils, 1707-1947|first=Pā|last=Cupramaṇiyan̲|year=1996|isbn=978-8-124-60045-0|publisher= University of Michigan|page=374}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Glorious Bharat|first=Ananth|last=Prabhu|year=2020|page=74}}</ref> The performer may sometimes carry multiple pots layered on top of one another.<ref name="Karak">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/karakattam-folk-art-languishing-web-morality-47443|title=Karakattam: A folk art languishing in the web of morality|publisher=News minute|date=1 August 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806050401/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/karakattam-folk-art-languishing-web-morality-47443|url-status=live}}</ref> This dance is usually associated with the worship of Amman and played in festivals and fairs.<ref name="Shah"/> The art form was traditionally practiced by women, who wore saris. Men wearing make-up may join them sometimes as a part of the story line.<ref name="Karak"/> In the 21st century, the dance has been subjected to significant changes. It has sometimes obtained a reputation for vulgarity with women wearing short [[skirts]], showing of their midriff and bright make-up.<ref name="Karak"/><br />
<br />
=== Kavadiattam ===<br />
{{Main|Kavadi Aattam}}<br />
[[File:Kavadi dancer 6039398.jpg|thumb|[[Kavadi Aattam|Kavadiattam]]]]<br />
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Kavadiattam is a often a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering to Hindu gods especially [[Murugan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-79111-489-2}}</ref> ''Kavadi'' (meaning "burden" in Tamil) itself is a physical burden. The practice emphasizes debt bondage and by bearing the kavadi, the dancer implores the gods for assistance usually on behalf of a loved one who is in need of healing, or as a means of balancing a spiritual debt.<ref name="Kavadi">{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00018-987-2|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> A simple kavadi is a wooden stick balanced on the shoulders with weights on both the ends, usually pots of [[cow milk]] known as ''pal kavadi''.<ref name="TP"/> A traditional kavadi consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure that can be balanced on the shoulders of the carrier and weigh upto {{cvt|30|kg}}. It is often decorated with flowers and peacock feathers as an act of reverence to Murugan, among other things.<ref name="Kavadi"/><br />
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The dancers may also do a form of [[mortification of the flesh]] by [[Body piercing|piercing]] the skin, tongue or cheeks with skewers. The dance is accompanied by drumming and chanting of verses help them enter a state of trance and [[Vibuthi]], a type of holy ash is spread across the body.<ref name="TP">{{cite book|title=They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World|first=A.G.|last=Javier|year=2014|isbn=979-8-21615-549-2|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]}}</ref> The dancers often prepare themselves by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet and fasting while remaining celibate.<ref>{{cite book|title=Celebrating Life Customs Around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals|first=Victoria|last=Williams|year=2016|page=334|isbn=978-1-44083-659-6|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref> They carry the kavadi and dance with bare feet usually en route to a pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite book|title=South India|first=David|last=Abram|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2003|page=517}}</ref><br />
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=== Kolattam and kummi ===<br />
[[File:Briundhavana Kolattam.JPG|thumb|[[Kolattam]]]]<br />
{{Main|Kolattam|Kummi}}<br />
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Kolattam is an ancient folk dance usually performed by women with ''Kol'' meaning "stick" in Tamil.<ref name="Kol">{{cite book|title=Footprints of a Young Dancer:Journey & Experience|first=Aburva|last=Govindarajan|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61813-360-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPepDAAAQBAJ|publisher=eBooks2go|page=26|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135306/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Footprints_of_A_Young_Dancer/ZPepDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam|title=Kolattam|publisher=[[Merriam Webster]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052339/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puravai">{{cite book|title=Indian States At A Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures - Tamil Nadu|first=Bhandari|last=Laveesh|year=2009|isbn=978-8-13172-347-0|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BG85TigSlMC|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730082100/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BG85TigSlMC|url-status=live}}</ref> The dance uses two small sticks, one in each hand.<ref name="Kolattam">{{cite book|title=Dances Of India|year=2010|page=60-70|isbn=978-8-12411-337-0|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|author=Shobana Gupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KeAES9dsUcC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dances_of_India/7KeAES9dsUcC|url-status=live}}</ref> The dancers generally stand in a circular formation and beat the sticks to make specific rhythms while singing songs.<ref name="Kolattam"/><ref name="Puravai"/> The dancers may beat the sticks in their own hands or with the sticks held by other dancers.<ref name="Kol"/> The dancers may form multiple circles with dancers changing pairs with the members of adjacent circles to make the beats.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thaipusam in Malaysia|first=Carl|last=Vadivella Belle|year=2018|isbn=978-9-814-78666-9|publisher=ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute}}</ref> The dance is usually dedicated to gods or goddesses.<ref name="Kolattam"/> The dance is performed during the harvest season and for a fortnight in the [[Kārtika (month)|Karthigai]] month of [[Tamil calendar]].<ref name="Kol"/> There are different variants such as pinnal kolattam and chakke kolattam.<ref name="Kolattam"/> Pinnal kolattam uses ropes instead of sticks.<ref name="Kol"/> Kummiattam is a folk dance similar to Kolattam, with the difference being that hands are used to make sounds while dancing in kummiattam instead of sticks used in the later.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction|first=M. D.|last=Raghavan|year=1971|publisher=Kalai Nilayam|page=174}}</ref> The dancers form a rhythm by clapping the hands in different postures.<ref name="South">{{cite book|title=South Indian Studies|year=1990|publisher=Geetha Books|first=T. V.|last=Mahalingam|page=990}}</ref> The dance is performed during religious ceremonies, functions and festivals such as [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], generally by women.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hand of Destiny: The turning point|first=Chidambaram|last=Subramaniam|year=1993|publisher=Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan|page=37}}</ref><ref name="Shah"/> There are various types of the dance depending on the occasion or objects used such as poonthotti kummi, deepa kummi, kadir kummi and mulaipuri kummi.<ref name="Prema">{{cite book|title=South India Heritage:An Introduction|year=2007|isbn=978-8-18866-164-0|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|page=518}}</ref><br />
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=== Kuthu ===<br />
{{see|Dappankuthu}}<br />
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Dappankuthu or kuthu is typically danced to the [[gaana]] [[music genre]] or beats from a [[percussion instrument]] such as [[parai]]. It is relatively informal in that it has no structured steps and formal framework.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Adesh |date=10 March 2023 |title=A Brief History of South Indian Kuthu and Teenmaar Music in 10 Songs |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/naatu-naatu-south-indian-kuthu-in-10-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328033448/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/naatu-naatu-south-indian-kuthu-in-10-songs/ |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> It is one of several popular genres employed in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 October 2003 |title=Versatility is his forte |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/10/06/stories/2003100600170400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231954/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/10/06/stories/2003100600170400.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=8 January 2016 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> <br />
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=== Mayilattam ===<br />
[[File:MayilattamDSC_0024.resized.JPG|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Mayilattam]]]]<br />
{{Main|Mayilattam}}<br />
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Mayilattam literally translates to "peacock dance".<ref>{{cite book|last=Madhavan|first=Arya|title=Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-420-2799-2|page=113}}</ref> The dancers dress themselves using peacock feathers, glittering head-dresses and beak like attachments.<ref name="Shah"/> The performers usually seat themselves upon a wooden peacock replica and perform to various folk songs and tunes. The peacock symbolizes the [[vahana]] or mount of the deity Murugan, who rides a peacock known as Paravani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/gandhi-luthuli-documentation-centre/vehicle-lord-murugan-rides-peacock-called-paravani|title=The Vehicle Lord Murugan rides is a peacock called Paravani|publisher=Gandhi Luthuli Documentation Center|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924172622/https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/gandhi-luthuli-documentation-centre/vehicle-lord-murugan-rides-peacock-called-paravani|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment, and Illumination|first=Stephen|last=Knapp|year=2005|isbn=978-0-59535-075-9|publisher=iUniverse|page=186}}</ref> The dance is usually dedicated to god Murugan and performed in Murugan temples as a tradition during festivals.<ref name="Shah"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment, and Illumination|year=2005|publisher=CreateSpace|isbn=978-1-721-03274-7|page=187}}</ref> The dancers often stand on tall wooden pieces and the beaks can be opened. The dancers make movements emulating a peacock and operate the feathers similar to the bird using a thread or rope.<ref>{{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|year=2016|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-44225-749-8|page=78}}</ref> <br />
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There are other similar dances where the dancers dress up in animal costumes including ''Kaalaiattam'' where dancers dress up like a [[bull]] and ''Karadiattam'' where dancers dress up like a [[bear]].<ref name="Shah"/><br />
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=== Oyilattam ===<br />
[[File:சங்கமம்-ஒயிலாட்டம்.jpg|thumb|[[Oyilattam]]]]<br />
{{Main|Oyilattam}}<br />
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Oyilattam literally means "dance of beauty".<ref name="Prema"/> It is a folk dance with origins from southern Tamil Nadu and practiced in southern and [[Kongu Nadu]] regions.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1993|title=Folk dances|journal=Seminar: The Monthly Symposium|publisher=Romeshraj Trust|pages=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html|title=Oyilattam|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]], South Zone Cultural Center|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-date=19 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619070144/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was traditionally a war dance where few men wearing ankle bells would stand in a line with pieces of colored cloth and perform rhythmic steps to the accompanying music.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19569-084-2|publisher=Oxford University Press|first1=Devesh|last1=Soneji|first2=Indira|last2=Viswanathan Peterson|page=319}}</ref> The dance is often performed to narrate the story of Murugan.<ref name="Shah"/> In the recent years, women have also started performing the dance.<ref name="Oyil">{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Tourism in Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=[[University of Madras]]|first=Geetha|last=Kannammal|page=188-189}}</ref> Oyil Kummi is a fusion of oyilattam with kummi.<ref name="South"/><br />
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=== Paampattam ===<br />
{{Main|Paampu attam}}<br />
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Paampattam (literally meaning "snake dance") is performed by young girls, who wear specifically designed costumes emulating a [[snake]] skin.<ref name="Shah"/><ref name="Paampu">{{cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/south-india.html|title=Folk dances of South India|publisher=Cultural India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205023010/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/south-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Snakes are worshiped in many parts of the state and the dance is considered a tribute to the same. The dancers often lie-down on their back and move along the ground, writhing, creeping and making quick biting movements, trying to emulate the movements of a snake and also use their hands to mimic the hood of a [[cobra]] snake and intimidate the viewers.<ref name="Paampu"/><br />
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=== Paraiattam ===<br />
[[File:Parai_attam.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Parai Attam|Paraiattam]]]]<br />
{{main|Parai Attam}}<br />
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Paraiattam is a traditional dance that involves dancing while playing the [[parai]], an ancient [[percussion instrument]].<ref name="Kurinji"/> The instrument was one of the [[Ancient Tamil music|ancient native music instruments]] developed and used by the Tamil people as mentioned in literature such as ''[[Kuṟuntokai]]'' and ''[[Tirumurai]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Harihara the Legacy of the Scroll|first=Nithyau|last=Ramkumar|year=2016|isbn=978-9-352-01769-0|publisher=Frog in well|quote=..Thaarai and thappattai, native instruments of Tamil people..}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology|year=2015|isbn=978-0-199-35171-8|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=370|editor1=Jeff Todd Titon|editor2=Svanibor Pettan}}</ref> The player of the instrument is also the dancer.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/from-tradition-to-grace-dance-forms-of-tamil-nadu|title=From Tradition To Grace: Dance Forms Of Tamil Nadu|magazine=Outlook|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229201628/https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/from-tradition-to-grace-dance-forms-of-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> The parai is hung vertically by a cloth strap called ''nadai'' over one of the shoulders and is held between the other hand and the performer's body.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/taking-parai-to-the-masses/articleshow/63245565.cms|title=Taking Parai to the masses|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 March 2017|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205084842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/taking-parai-to-the-masses/articleshow/63245565.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai|title=Parai|publisher=Nathalaya|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208162122/https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai|url-status=live}}</ref> Two [[Percussion mallet|wooden sticks]] are used for beating the drum, one longer made of [[bamboo]], called as ''sundu Kuchi'' and another shorter, thicker stick of any wood, called as ''adi Kucchi'' to produce different beats while dancing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gods Heros and Their Story Tellers:Intangible Cultural Heritage of South India|first=Hari|last=Caravanan|year=2014|isbn=978-9-38439-149-2|publisher=Notion Press}}</ref> <br />
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According to Hindu mythology and folk stories, it is believed that the notes for the dance originated from gods Shiva and [[Parvati]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Anantharam|first=Chitradeepa|date=16 January 2018|title=Striving to 'parai' relevant to young audiences|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/parai-attam-the-ancinet-folk-dance-of-tamil-nadu/article22449763.ece|access-date=3 July 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703102100/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/parai-attam-the-ancinet-folk-dance-of-tamil-nadu/article22449763.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It is used in the worship of traditional Tamil deities like [[Muneeswarar]].<ref name="Muni">{{cite web|url=https://www.shastras.com/shiva-stotras/muneeswarar-stotram/|title=Muneeswarar Stotram|date=7 July 2018|work=Shastras.com|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202161050/https://www.shastras.com/shiva-stotras/muneeswarar-stotram/|url-status=live}}</ref> The dance was earlier performed during festivals and in auspicious occasions.<ref>{{cite book|lang=ta|title=Tamiḻar icai|first=Ē. Eṉ.|last=Perumāḷ|year=1985|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|page=870}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece|title=Secular and sacred|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 January 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730082206/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The dance might be accompanied by other instruments such as [[Tharai]] in Tamil festivals and folk arts.<ref name="Kurinji">{{cite book|title=When the Kurinji Blooms|first=Rājam|last=Kiruṣṇan̲|year=2002|page=124|isbn=978-8-12501-619-9|publisher=Orient BlackSwan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Factories Journal|volume=99|year=2002|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|page=217|quote=such as Melam, Nathaswaram, Thavil, Parai, Thaarai, Thappattai, Urimi Melam, Naiyandi Melam and Band etc.}}</ref> In the last century, the dance has become increasingly associated with funerals rather than auspicious occasions and confined to [[Dalit]] communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/parai-then-and-now-instrument-plays-key-role-anti-caste-struggle-154197|title=The parai: Then and now, the instrument plays a key role in anti-caste struggle|date=21 August 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Newsminute|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203093810/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/parai-then-and-now-instrument-plays-key-role-anti-caste-struggle-154197|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Caste, Communication and Power|year=2021|isbn=978-9-391-37090-9|publisher=SAGE Publications|editor1=Biswajit Das|editor2=Debendra Prasad Majhi}}</ref> ''Thappattam'' was a different tribal dance played along with a similar percussion instrument called thappu. Since the later middle ages, thappattam and pariattam were started to be used interchangeably.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/when-you-go-in-search-of-the-famous-vadipatti-thappu-you-are-bound-to-stumble-upon-interesting-bits-of-history-behind-the-folk-performance-art/article19629920.ece|title=High and upbeat|date=6 September 2017|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204145924/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/when-you-go-in-search-of-the-famous-vadipatti-thappu-you-are-bound-to-stumble-upon-interesting-bits-of-history-behind-the-folk-performance-art/article19629920.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Puliyattam ===<br />
[[File:Puliyattam.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Puliyattam]]]]<br />
{{Main|Puliyattam}}<br />
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Puliyattam is a folk dance usually performed by males in which the dancers paint themselves in yellow and black using [[limonite]] and [[charcoal]] respectively to resemble a [[tiger]]'s stripes. They also wear masks, fuzzy ears, paws, [[fangs]] and a tail to try and imitate a tiger.<ref name="Puli">{{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|year=2016|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-442-25749-8|page=26}}</ref> The dancers then try to imitate a tiger's movements such as a tiger stalking a prey. Sometimes, the dance is performed as a group with each dancer competing with the other to show off as to who imitates the tiger to the best.<ref name="Tiger">{{cite book|title=Spirit of the Tiger|year=2012|isbn=978-1-445-45472-6|publisher=Parragon Publishing|page=206}}</ref> The dancers keep [[lemon]] wedges between the lips, so that the mouth does not dry while making purring noises imitating a tiger.<ref>{{cite book|title=Western Music and Its Others:Difference, Representation, and Appropriation in Music|page=116|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press|editor1=David Hesmondhalgh|editor2=Georgina Born}}</ref> The dance is usually performed during Navrathri and other temple festivals.<ref name="Tiger"/><br />
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=== Puraviattam ===<br />
[[File:Poikaal Kuthirai Attam.webp|thumb|[[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam]] performers]]<br />
{{Main|Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam}}<br />
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Poikkaal Kuthirai literally means "false foot horse" in Tamil and the dance involves the usage of a dummy horse.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sangeet Natak|issue=59–62|year=1981|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Traditions of Indian Folk Dance|first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan|year=1987|page=337|isbn=978-8-18512-022-5|publisher=Clarion Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2K1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140331/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Traditions_of_Indian_Folk_Dance/I2K1AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The dancers get into a wooden frame designed like the body of a horse along the hips.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&pg=PA224|page=224|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|year=2004|publisher=Isha books|isbn=978-8-18205-061-7|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135822/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_Religion_and_Culture_of_India/zh6z0nuIjAgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|page=112}}</ref> The dummy horse is made of jute, cardboard or paper and richly decorated with glass pieces. The dance is performed by both men and women and the dancer enacts movements as if riding on a horse back.<ref name="Puravai"/> The art was popularized in the early [[Chola]] period and finds mention in the Tamil literature ''Silappadikaram'' as "marakkal attam", a dance with wooden legs. Wooden legs are used by the performers to look taller like a horse and sound like the hooves of a horse. The dancers may sometimes brandish a [[sword]] or a [[whip]] and the dance is accompanied by folk music.<ref name="Oyil"/><ref name="Enc">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Indica:India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|volume=130|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications|first=Shyam Singh|last=Shashi|page=957}}</ref><br />
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=== Others ===<br />
Bhagavatha nadanam is a dance form that narrates the life and stories of the various [[avatar]]s of Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. It is usually performed during [[Navrathri]] or [[Vaishnavite]] festivals like [[Gokulashtami]].<ref name="Shah"/> Sevaiattam is another dance form devoted to Vishnu. Historically, the dance was performed by the nataka community at the rear of chariot processions.<ref name="Ottan"/><ref name="Chitra">{{cite book|title=South India Heritage:An Introduction|first=Chitra|last=Mahadevan|year=2007|isbn=978-8-188-66164-0|publisher=East West Books|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Urumiattam (also called as Urumi komaliattam) is a dance from accompanied by the playing of ''[[urumi]]'', a two-faced [[drum]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures|year=1973|publisher=[[University of Madras]]|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nt8g8_VqEWgC}}</ref><ref name="Chitra"/> It is a temple art practiced in few regions of the state and usually performed in Amman temples during the month of [[Ashadha|Adi]].<ref name="Ottan"/><br />
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Chakkaiaattam is a form of folk dance practiced majorly in south central parts of the state.<ref name="Chakkai">{{cite book|title=The March of India|volume=14|issue=7–12|year=1962|publisher=[[University of California]]|page=18}}</ref> It is a social dance performed by a group of men or women with no specific theme and may be accompanied by music and songs. It is performed usually as an invocation to Tamil gods such as Murugan or [[Mariamman]].<ref name="Chakkai"/><ref name="Iyer">{{cite book|title=Bharata Natya and Other Dances of Tamil Nadu|first=E. Krishna|last=Iyer|year=1957|page=81|publisher=[[University of California]]}}</ref> The dancers hold wooden sticks measuring about {{cvt|7|inch}} long by a thread held between the fingers, which are used to produce different sounds.<ref name="Iyer"/><br />
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Deverattam means "Dance of the Gods" in Tamil.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Today International|volume=2|issue=14–26|year=2009|publisher=Living Media|page=46}}</ref> The act is performed generally by males who wear costumes, make-up and may wear different face [[masks]] suiting the theme enacted. Even female characters are played by males. It is an abstract dance form with no sounds used and the dancers use various expressions to express various themes, that is derived from the aspects of nature, animals and birds.<ref name="Narayanan">{{cite book|title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism:Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism|first=M.K.V.|last=Narayan|year=2007|page=181|isbn=978-1-59682-117-0|publisher=Fultus Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&q=Devaraattam|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074458/https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&q=Devaraattam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Devarattam">{{cite book|title=Seminar Issues 401-412|year=1993|page=34|first=Romesh|last=Thapar|publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> It is performed at weddings, festivals and ritual occasions.<ref name="Devarattam"/><br />
<br />
Kuravanji attam is a dance form that originated from the [[Kuravar]] people. The dance is performed by six to eight women who dance to different tunes in the form of a folk ballet. It originated as a form of [[Shaivism]], dancing as a tribute to god [[Shiva]] though Kuravanjis for Vishnu also exist.<ref name="Kurvanji"/> The earliest known kuravanji is the ''[[Thirukutrala kuravanji]]'', dated to 1600-1700 CE.<ref>{{cite news|title='Kutrala Kuravanji,' a fine blend of classical and folk art|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/kutrala-kuravanji-an-enduring-folk-tale/article22893048.ece|access-date=22 February 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216113208/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/kutrala-kuravanji-an-enduring-folk-tale/article22893048.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kurvanji"/> The dance has become a blend of classic and folk dances performed by [[Devadasi]]s in temples.<ref name="Shah"/> In the recent years, Kuravanji dancers are men who dress up as women, often as consorts of Shiva or Vishnu and try to out dance each other.<ref name="Kurvanji">{{cite book|title=India's Dances:Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|first=Reginald|last=Massey|year=2004|isbn=978-8-17017-434-9|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=98}}</ref><br />
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== Martial dance ==<br />
{{Main|Silambattam}}<br />
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[[Silambattam]] is a [[Indian martial arts|martial dance]] using a ''[[silambam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=20 January 2017|title=A stick in time …|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|access-date=11 February 2023|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902212850/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are mentions of the art form in Tamil Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India|last=Raj|first=J. David Manuel|publisher=[[University of Oregon]]|year=1977|location=Oregon|pages=44, 50, 83|url=https://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/drraj_2.pdf|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806050400/https://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/drraj_2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|page=6|isbn=978-8-18516-387-1|year=1998|first=Ve|last=Pālāmpāḷ|publisher=Kalinga Publications|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XNuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730082209/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XNuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Silambam is a long staff of about {{cvt|168|cm}} in length, often made of wood such as bamboo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martial Arts (Silambam & Kalaripayattu)|url=https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205090742/https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was used for self-defense and to ward off animals and later evolved into a martial art and dance form.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sarkar|first=John|title=Dravidian martial art on a comeback mode|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms|access-date=5 December 2020|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 February 2008|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731104255/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Puppetry ==<br />
{{Main|Bommalattam}}<br />
[[File:Tamil nadu, burattini del bommalattam.jpg|thumb|[[Marionette|Doll marionette]]s used in Bommalattam]]<br />
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Bommalattam is a type of [[puppetry]] using inanimate objects that originated in the region.<ref name="Rout">{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|first=Siyuan|last=Liu|page=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140340/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Asian_Theatre/H1iFCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lal">{{cite book|title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion|year=2009|page=71, 433|isbn=978-0-19569-917-3|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first=Ananda|last=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140347/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Indian_Theatre/DftkAAAAMAAJ?|url-status=live}}</ref> While the timeline of the origin of the art form is uncertain, it has existed for many centuries.<ref name="Bom">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-58822-5|page=84|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|first1=James|last1=Brandon|first2=Martin|last2=Banham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC}}</ref> It uses various [[Marionette|doll marionette]]s which are {{cvt|1-3|ft}} tall and may weigh up to {{cvt|10|kg}}.<ref name="Rout"/> The puppets are manipulated by rods and strings attached to their heads, back, arms and legs. The puppets are made of lightweight [[wood]] and are dressed in crafted [[costume]]s bulked up by [[paper]] stuffings to give a more rounded appearance. The puppets are crafted with prominent jewellery so that the edges are visible in the shadows.<ref name="Bom"/> <br />
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Puppeteers occupy a {{cvt|11|ft}} wide area situated {{cvt|4|ft}} above the ground. They operate the puppets by using movements from hands and arms to control devices the rods or strings. The puppet staging area is created by placing a vertical white screen placed on a black cloth covered bench. The puppets are operated behind the screen which is illuminated by a [[lantern]] or several [[oil lamp]]s.<ref name="Bom"/> The audience are seated in front of the screen with only the screen separating them from the performers. The audience are able to view the shadows of the puppets operated by the puppeteers.<ref name="Lal"/> <br />
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The puppeteers wear [[Bell|bells]] which are sounded along with the puppet movements. Background music is also played by using traditional instruments such as [[cymbal]]s, [[harmonium]] and [[mridangam]]. The puppeteer usually engages in narration of the stories while operating the puppets. The themes for the stories are drawn from various Hindu scriptures and local folklore. The puppet shows are often held during festivals or fairs and as a part of rituals to ward of evil forces, prevent [[epidemic]]s, invoke rains to end [[drought]].<ref name="Bom"/> The art form is usually practised as a family tradition with all members of the family engaged in making the puppets, maintaining them and performing.<ref name="Lal"/> ''Pava Koothu'' is a variation of puppetry which uses handheld glove puppets instead of doll marionettes.<ref name="Rout"/><br />
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== Theater ==<br />
[[File:MET_DP363734.jpg|thumb|[[Koothu]] performer's attire, c. 1700–1750]]<br />
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{{main|Koothu}}<br />
Koothu refers to a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity|year=2012|isbn=978-1-13670-392-8|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|editor1=Axel Michaels|editor2=Christoph Wulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui2pAgAAQBAJ&q=koothu|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140334/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Images_of_the_Body_in_India/ui2pAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=koothu|url-status=live}}</ref> It originated from the early [[Tamilakam]] and consists of the art forms of [[Terukuttu]] and [[Kattaikkuttu]]. While the terms are used interchangeably in modern times, Terukkuttu referred to mobile performances in a procession, while Kattaikkuttu denoted narrative performances on a fixed performance space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|title=Therukoothu|work=Tamilnadu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619060246/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Therukoothu: The People's Art|url=http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/april/therukoothu-the-people-s-art/|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116191807/http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/april/therukoothu-the-people-s-art/|archive-date=16 January 2014|access-date=11 December 2010|work=Times of Madurai}}</ref> The performers are usually males, who wear elaborate wooden headgear, special costumes with swirling skirts, ornaments such as heavy anklets along with prominent face painting and make-up. The art is a form of street theater, performed during festivals in open public places such as temples or village squares.<ref name="Koothu">{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|first1=Gita|last1=Wolf|first2=V.|last2=Geetha|first3=Anushka|last3=Ravishankar|year=2003|isbn=978-8-18621-147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|page=37-38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC&pg=PA37|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140337/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> It is usually dedicated to Hindu goddesses such as Mariamman or [[Draupadi]]. The stories are drawn from Hindu epics such as [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], mythology and folklore. The dance is accompanied by music played from traditional instruments and the story is usually narrated by a ''kattiyakaran'' in the background during the performance.<ref name="Koothu" /> <br />
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Koothu generally means a performance and is used as a part of the names denoting other specific art forms such as ''Ottan koothu'', a tribal dance form. It originated from a tribal group called Otta and the ritual dance is performed by both men and women in a small group. It is performed during festive occasions and depict episodes from Hindu epics and other folk stories.<ref name="Ottan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|page=226-227|title=Folk Dance Traditions of India|author=Shovana Narayan|publisher=Shubhi Publication|year=2004|isbn=978-81-87226-93-2 |access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140333/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Nondi natakam is another form of theater from the seventeenth century in which the performer usually dances on a single leg and plays are performed with simple narration and music.<ref name="Shah"/><br />
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== See also ==<br />
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
*[[Ancient Tamil music]]<br />
*[[Indian martial arts]]<br />
*[[Villu Paatu]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Banham, Martin|author2=Brandon, James R.|title=The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, UK|year=1997|isbn=0-521-58822-7}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Krishna Chaitanya|title=Arts of India|publisher=Abhinav Pubns|year=1990|isbn=81-7017-209-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Mills, Margaret H.|author2=Claus, Peter J.|author3=Diamond, Sarah|title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York|year=2003|isbn=0-415-93919-4}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Ragini Devi|title=Dance Dialects of India|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=2002|isbn=81-208-0674-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Varadpande, Manohar Laxman|title=History of Indian Theatre|publisher=Abhinav Pubns|year=1990|isbn=81-7017-278-0}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu|last=Bhargava|first=Gopal K.|author2=Shankarlal C. Bhatt|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467|isbn=81-7835-381-4}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Dance of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Dance in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dances of India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil dance styles]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibunan&diff=521859Nibunan2026-04-09T21:43:23Z<p>Nawraj: Started Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Arun Vaidyanathan}} <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Nibunan / Vismaya<br />
| image = Nibunan poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Tamil<br />
| director = [[Arun Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| producer = Sudhan Sundaram<br />Umesh<br />Jayaram<br />[[Arun Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| screenplay = Anand Raghav<br />[[Arun Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| story = [[Arun Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja]]<br />[[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]<br />[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]<br />[[Sruthi Hariharan]]<br />[[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]<br />
| music = [[Navin (music director)|S. Navin]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]<br />
| editing = [[Sathish Suriya]]<br />
| studio = Passion Film Factory<br />
| distributor = I Studios Entertainment<br />
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|28|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br>Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Nibunan''''' ({{translation|Expert}}) is a 2017 Indian [[action thriller film]] co-produced and directed by [[Arun Vaidyanathan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2017 |title="Arjun has more to perform than his stunts in Nibunan"&nbsp;– Arun Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42478/arjun-has-more-to-perform-than-his-stunts-in-nibunan-arun-vaidyanathan |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728170117/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42478/arjun-has-more-to-perform-than-his-stunts-in-nibunan-arun-vaidyanathan |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Arjun Sarja]] in his 150th film, alongside [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], and [[Vaibhav Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Maggie |date=28 July 2017 |title=Nibunan Movie Review: Arjun Sarja's 150th Film Receives Average Response From Critics |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/nibunan-movie-review-arjun-sarjas-150th-film-receives-average-response-from-critics-2358403/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906041250/http://www.india.com/showbiz/nibunan-movie-review-arjun-sarjas-150th-film-receives-average-response-from-critics-2358403/ |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Navin (music director)|S. Navin]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] and [[Sathish Suriya]]. It was [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously filmed]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]], with the Kannada version titled '''''Vismaya''''' ({{translation|Amazing}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Action King Arjun as an intelligent cop, in Nibunan |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/action-king-arjun-as-an-intelligent-cop-in-nibunan/123213/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306091201/https://www.nowrunning.com/action-king-arjun-as-an-intelligent-cop-in-nibunan/123213/story.htm |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Viswanath |date=29 July 2017 |title=An edgy crime thriller |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/625310/an-edgy-crime-thriller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306090927/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/625310/an-edgy-crime-thriller.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> <br />
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The Kannada and Tamil version of the film was theatrically released on 28 July 2017 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=26 July 2017 |title=Nibunan critics review: Arjun's multi-starrer garner positive response |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nibunan-critics-review-arjuns-multi-starrer-garner-positive-response-736044 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905005529/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nibunan-critics-review-arjuns-multi-starrer-garner-positive-response-736044 |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=24 July 2017 |title=150 and counting: Tamil 'action King' Arjun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/action-king-arjun-150-and-counting/article19342274.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321032528/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/action-king-arjun-150-and-counting/article19342274.ece |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Kurukshetram'' ({{translation|Battlefield}}) and was released in September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna CH |first=Murali |date=12 September 2018 |title='For Telugu audience, Kurukshetram will be a refreshing watch' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/sep/12/for-telugu-audience-kurukshetram-will-be-a-refreshing-watch-7843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306092129/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/sep/12/for-telugu-audience-kurukshetram-will-be-a-refreshing-watch-7843.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |publisher=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Ranjith Kalidoss is a [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] in [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CB-CID]], who along with [[Inspector of Police|Inspectors]] Joseph and Vandana, takes on high-profile cases and closes them successfully. Counter to his high intensity job, Ranjith has a peaceful family life with his wife, Shilpa, daughter Oviya, younger brother Sandeep, and their family dog Rocky. Ranjith's superiors assigns his team a task to pursue a group of 5 criminals, who continue to avoid justice with their political and economic influence. Ranjith suggests a more direct approach to taking them out, but his superior declines to go along with it. Before they could pursue the current assignment, they get dragged into another mystery. A parcel arrives at the police station one day that contains a small horse doll hanging on a noose. The figure has 4 holes, but otherwise no other clues. <br />
<br />
Not thinking much of it, the team decides to ignore it. A few days later, Shivanand, a local communist leader, goes missing and is later found in the warehouse hanging from the ceiling, tortured and his face covered in an animal mask, very much like the doll they received. Meanwhile, Ranjith is diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease]] that compromises his job, and his happiness with his family is strained. The killer continues to taunt the team by sending clues as he kills more people, which includes Vishnu, a lawyer and Dr. Ramya, a [[pathologist]]. Ranjith follows one of the clues and finds the killer, but before he could take him down, the tremors that he has been experiencing lately slow him down. The killer knocks out Ranjith and escapes. <br />
<br />
When his team arrives, they inform him about a dead body in one of the buildings, but he already knows and describes what he would find without seeing it, also deduces that he himself is the killer's next target. Back at the office, Ranjith manages to piece things together and connects the serial killings to a case that he investigated a few years earlier. Emmanuel and his wife are a rich architect couple in town, who lived with their 16-year-old daughter Catherine and a caretaker Mariadas. The couple were very successful business people, but had very little time for their daughter. Mariadas took care of Catherine. One day, the couple came home to find Catherine murdered and Mariadas missing. The house had been ransacked. The police closes the case concluding that it was a burglary gone bad, and Mariadas is on the run.<br />
<br />
Shivanand pushes to reopen the case, which lands with Ranjith. He quickly focuses the attention on Emmanuel, where he sees a new [[golf club]] in his bag, and his investigation leads to the missing golf club with the caretaker's blood on it. He interrogates Emmanuel and his wife with the evidence, and they confess the truth. They came home one day to find Mariadas having [[sexual intercourse|sex]] with Catherine. Catherine only reached [[puberty]] a few days earlier, and their parents were busy preparing for the puberty ceremony. Enraged, Emmanuel hits Mariadas with the club and kills him. When Catherine threatens to call the police, her mother tries to stop her. In the scuffle, she accidentally falls on a sharp object and dies. Not able to wiggle their way out (as Ranjith and Vishnu refuse to take bribes and hush up the truth) and driven by guilt, Emmanuel and his wife hang themselves. Dr. Ramya is involved in the [[autopsy]] of Catherine, and the prosecutor is set to argue the case at the court and is present with Ranjith during the interrogation and confession. <br />
<br />
While all this is happening, Ranjith finds a doll hanging outside his house. When coming back, his dog Rocky was shot in the head. The killer is someone seeking vengeance for the deaths of the couple and is probably connected to the family. His boss takes over the case and tells Ranjith to get medical help for his condition. Joseph and Vandana continues the investigation, looking for a connection between Ranjith's case and the murders. There were no other family members that could be the murderer. Emmanuel has a nephew named Christopher, but he lives in the US. They are looking for someone with [[pharmaceutical|pharmaceutical knowledge]], as the killer manufactured his own brand of [[anesthesia]] to knock out his victims.<br />
<br />
Ranjith gets admitted to the hospital, where he continues to crack the clues, he concludes that it must be Christopher, as he has the motive, means and the know how. After checking with [[Immigration|immigration services]], they learn that Christopher did arrive in [[India]] not too long ago. A cop is dispatched to Christopher's house to investigate, and he finds all the evidence supporting their theory, but before he could alert his team, he is killed. Christopher baits Ranjith's team and captures Joseph and Vandana. Having no choice, Ranjith leaves the hospital to meet Christopher at a warehouse. There, he finds Joseph and Vandana standing on the floor with nooses around their necks. After a long struggle, Ranjith manages to overpower Christopher and hangs him. The [[News media|press]] arrives at the site, and Ranjith tells them that Christopher is another victim of the serial killer.<br />
<br />
A few days later, Joseph and Vandana meet Ranjith at his house and ask him why he did not inform the press that Christopher was the serial killer. Ranjith then reveals his plan about their earlier assignment. He plans to kill the five criminals and blame it on the serial killer, and also frame the last of them as the serial killer himself. Later, it is shown that his plan worked.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DSP]] Ranjith Kalidass, [[Crime Branch#India|CB]]-CID<br />
*[[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] Joseph, [[Crime Branch#India|CB]]-CID<br />
*[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] Vandhana, [[Crime Branch#India|CB]]-CID<br />
*[[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Shilpa, Ranjith's wife<br />
*[[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Sandeep, Ranjith's brother<br />
*[[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] as Christopher (Tamil)<br />
*[[Karthik Jayaram]] as Christopher (Kannada)<br />
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Emmanuel<br />
*[[Suhasini Mani Ratnam|Suhasini]] as Mrs. Emmanuel<br />
*Chandana Raj as Catherine Emmanuel<br />
*[[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as Dr. Ramya<br />
*[[Sudha Rani]] as Dr. Prema<br />
*[[Poster Nandakumar]] as Shivanand<br />
*[[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Mariadas<br />
*Baby Swaksha as Oviya<br />
*David Solomon Raja as Inspector<br />
*Kishore Vashista as Dr. Varghese<br />
*Barath Neelakantan as Hospital Security<br />
*Vaidyanathan Padmanabhan as Lawyer Vishnu<br />
*Arandhai Rajagopal as Shivanand's assistant<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
In July 2015, director [[Arun Vaidyanathan]] announced that he began working on a new action thriller film featuring [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] in the lead role, which would be his 150th film as an actor. He revealed that the film would be based around the adventures of a police officer, and it would be made simultaneously in Tamil and Kannada, with filming taking place in Chennai and Bangalore. Vaidyanathan stated the script had been on his mind for several years, but he only began scripting it from December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=20 August 2015 |title=Arun gets ready with a thriller |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/arun-gets-ready-with-a-thriller/article7558747.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922215618/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/arun-gets-ready-with-a-thriller/article7558747.ece |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=23 May 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Arjun will do a thriller with Arun Vaidyanathan&nbsp;— Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arjun-will-do-a-thriller-with-Arun-Vaidyanathan/articleshow/48098583.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807103635/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arjun-will-do-a-thriller-with-Arun-Vaidyanathan/articleshow/48098583.cms |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=23 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Umesh, Sudhan and Jayaram of Passion Film Factory, who had earlier made ''[[Kappal]]'' (2014), agreed to produce the film, while [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] and [[Sathish Suriya]] were signed as cinematographer and editor, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2015 |title=Bobby Simha and Vaibhav join Arun Vaidyanathan's new crime thriller with Arjun |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/bobby-simha-and-vaibhav-join-arun-vaidyanathan-for-a-crime-thriller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526164428/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/bobby-simha-and-vaibhav-join-arun-vaidyanathan-for-a-crime-thriller.html |archive-date=26 May 2017 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Actors [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] and [[Bobby Simha]] were signed on to play further leading roles during August 2015, though Simha later opted out. Likewise, [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] was selected to appear as a police officer, and [[Sruthi Hariharan]] was signed on to play the wife of Arjun's character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simhaa, Prasanna, Varalaxmi join Arun Vaidyanathan's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/simhaa-prasanna-varalaxmi-join-arun-vaidyanathan-s-next-news-others-pitoaJcchdafe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818041525/http://www.sify.com/movies/simhaa-prasanna-varalaxmi-join-arun-vaidyanathan-s-next-news-others-pitoaJcchdafe.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=23 May 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Varalaxmi Sarathkumar has been roped in to Arjun's film to be directed by Arun Vaidhyanathan |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-has-been-roped-in-to-arjuns-film-to-be-directed-by-arun-vaidhyanathan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510174831/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-has-been-roped-in-to-arjuns-film-to-be-directed-by-arun-vaidhyanathan.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Just happy to be part of Arjun Sarja's 150th: Sruthi Hariharan |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jul/26/just-happy-to-be-part-of-arjun-sarjas-150th-sruthi-hariharan-1633499--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905005429/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jul/26/just-happy-to-be-part-of-arjun-sarjas-150th-sruthi-hariharan-1633499--1.html |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> Following six months of pre-production, the film began canning scenes in November 2015 in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=28 June 2017 |title=Hit and (A)run |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arun-vaidhyanathan-on-nibunanvismaya/article19159563.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629142329/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arun-vaidhyanathan-on-nibunanvismaya/article19159563.ece |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun film to start rolling in Bangalore |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arjun-film-to-start-rolling-in-bangalore-news-tamil-pkxjWpghgjfij.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026021340/http://www.sify.com/movies/arjun-film-to-start-rolling-in-bangalore-news-tamil-pkxjWpghgjfij.html |archive-date=26 October 2015 |access-date=23 May 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2015 |title=Arun Vaidhyanathan on his film, a multistarrer |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/arun-vaidhyanathan-on-his-film-a-multistarrer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526175213/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/arun-vaidhyanathan-on-his-film-a-multistarrer.html |archive-date=26 May 2017 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> In May 2017, the team chose to release the film's teaser by requesting 150 celebrities in the Indian film industry to release it via their Twitter page.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff Reporter |date=14 May 2017 |title=Actor Arjun's 150th movie gets Superstar's viewing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/actor-arjuns-150th-movie-gets-superstars-viewing/article18450868.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920053026/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/actor-arjuns-150th-movie-gets-superstars-viewing/article18450868.ece |archive-date=20 September 2020 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film's base plot is based on the [[2008 Noida double murder case]].<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Nibunan<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Navin (music director)|Navin]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2017<br />
| recorded = 30 June 2017<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 12:42<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br />
| producer = [[Navin (music director)|Navin]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Vil Ambu]]<br />
| prev_year = 2015<br />
| next_title = [[Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla]]<br />
| next_year = 2017<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Vismaya<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Navin <br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2017<br />
| recorded = 18 June 2017<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 12:42<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br />
| producer = Navin <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's music was composed by [[Navin (music director)|Navin]], and the album was released on 30 June 2017 by Zee Music South, featuring four songs.<br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| lyrics_Credits = yes<br />
| total_length = 12:42<br />
| title1 = Vaa Daa Modi Paakalam<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]<br />
| length1 = 3:39<br />
| title2 = Idhuvum Kadandu Poogum<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Arun Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br />
| length2 = 3:58<br />
| title3 = Kaakichattaiku Marupakkam<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Madhan Karky]]<br />
| extra3 = Navin <br />
| length3 = 3:15<br />
| title4 = Hunt of the Shadows <br />
| note4 = [[Instrumental]]<br />
| length4 = 1:50<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Kannada Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| lyrics_Credits = yes<br />
| total_length = 12:42<br />
| title1 = Ba Ba Baaro<br />
| lyrics1 = Balaji Nag, Umesh<br />
| extra1 = Arunraja Kamaraj<br />
| length1 = 3:39<br />
| title2 = Nam-Ee Olave Sashwatha<br />
| lyrics2 = Balaji Nag<br />
| extra2 = Vasuki Vaibhav<br />
| length2 = 3:58<br />
| title3 = Kaaki Shirt-Ina<br />
| lyrics3 = Balaji Nag, [[Roger Narayan]]<br />
| extra3 = Vasuki Vaibhav<br />
| length3 = 3:15<br />
| title4 = Hunt of the Shadows<br />
| note4 = [[Instrumental]]<br />
| length4 = 1:50<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The Tamil and Kannada versions of the film were released across India on 28 July 2017, where the satellite rights for the Tamil, Kannada and Telugu version were sold to [[Polimer TV]], [[Colors Kannada]] and [[Zee Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=#Nibunan #WorldTamilTelevisionPremiere #PolimerTv tuesday 2 pm |url=https://www.facebook.com/SatelliteRightsTamil/posts/srt_exclusivenibunan-worldtamiltelevisionpremierepolimertvtuesday-2-pm-raja/1934598156849705/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418193820/https://www.facebook.com/SatelliteRightsTamil/posts/srt_exclusivenibunan-worldtamiltelevisionpremierepolimertvtuesday-2-pm-raja/1934598156849705/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=facebook.com/SatelliteRightsTamil}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The film received primarily mixed reviews from critics. For ''Nibunan'', a critic from [[The Times of India]] wrote, "watch it for the suspense-filled plot which has decent family moments, the surprise killer and the way the team uncovers the mystery through mind games", while rating the film with three and a half stars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |title=Nibunan Review {3.5/5}: A thriller loaded with suspense, mystery, serial murders, sentiments and more |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nibunan/movie-review/59768885.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[India Today]] called the film a "convincing whodunnit", while [[The Hindu]]'s reviewer called it a "killer premise".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nibunan movie review: A convincing whodunnit from Arjun Sarja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/nibunan-movie-review-arjun-sarja-prasanna-varalaxmi-arun-1026953-2017-07-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902080206/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nibunan-movie-review-arjun-sarja-prasanna-varalaxmi-arun/1/1013880.html |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=India Today |date=29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=28 July 2017 |title='Nibunan': Killer premise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nibunan-review-killer-premise/article19376423.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041318/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nibunan-review-killer-premise/article19376423.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Meanwhile, for ''Vismaya'', a reviewer from the Deccan Herald concluded that the film was "an edgy crime thriller" with a "nifty narrative", while the Times of India wrote it is "an interesting watch for those who like their films to have them at the edge of their seats".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Vismaya Review {3/5}: It's an interesting watch for those who like their films to have them at the edge of their seats |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/vismaya/movie-review/59787311.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=An edgy crime thriller |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/625310/an-edgy-crime-thriller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930033616/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/625310/an-edgy-crime-thriller.html |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> Likewise, The New Indian Express's critic wrote it was a "smart thriller" that "manages to extract thrills and nuggets of applause from a display of the vagaries of human psyche".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vismaya review: A smart thriller |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/jul/29/vismaya-review-a-smart-thriller-1635025.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002643/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/jul/29/vismaya-review-a-smart-thriller-1635025.html |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In contrast, The Hindustan Times wrote the film gets "predictable and tedious beyond a point".<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2017 |title=Nibunan movie review: Mild thrills aside, this Arjun film is mostly predictable |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/nibunan-movie-review-mild-thrills-aside-this-arjun-film-is-mostly-predictable/story-FuCXhGPIcHauq2qoFtFjAJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904194224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/nibunan-movie-review-mild-thrills-aside-this-arjun-film-is-mostly-predictable/story-FuCXhGPIcHauq2qoFtFjAJ.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "The director, Arun Vaidyanathan, nails a vibe that lies midway between the fantasy universe of our masala films and the grungy netherworlds of Hollywood’s serial-killer thrillers..."<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2017 |title=Nibunan Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/nibunan-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111073623/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/nibunan-movie-review |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
In October 2018, as part of the [[MeToo movement|#MeToo movement]], actress [[Sruthi Hariharan|Shruthi Hariharan]] accused Arjun of misconduct, on the set of the film, where she portrayed his wife. In response, Arjun Sarja denied her allegations and filed a Rs 5 crore defamation suit against her.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/arjun-sarja-files-defamation-case-against-sruthi-hariharan-metoo-5418744/ |date=27 October 2018 |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=20 September 2021 |title=Arjun Sarja files Rs 5 crore defamation suit against Sruthi Hariharan}}</ref><br />
<br />
After Arjun's defamation case was filed, Sruthi filed a sexual harassment case with the police with a new set of stories. The Bangalore Police immediately investigated this case and they submitted their report also. In their report, they said there was "no evidence" in favour of her. In this investigation, all crew members of this film said there was no such incident that happened on the sets and director [[Arun Vaidyanathan]] who was named as the eye-witness in the case, said Arjun Sarja is a nice person. The romantic scene script was already finalized before the shooting. According to the director, Arjun Sarja had asked the filmmaker to reduce the romantic scenes in the movie. He had also said that Arjun Sarja and Sruthi Hariharan were good friends and he never noticed Arjun Sarja misbehaving with Sruthi on the sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/metoo-movement-director-arun-vaidyanathan-says-arjun-sarja-is-a-nice-person/articleshow/66447888.cms |date=31 October 2018 |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=20 September 2021 |title=#MeToo movement: Director Arun Vaidyanathan says Arjun Sarja is a nice person}}</ref><br />
<br />
A few months after the MeToo fallout, Sruthi told ''The News Minute'' that while she used to get plenty of offers before, she hardly gets any now.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-used-get-3-offers-week-barely-any-now-actor-sruthi-hariharan-metoo-fallout-93175 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212024836/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-used-get-3-offers-week-barely-any-now-actor-sruthi-hariharan-metoo-fallout-93175 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |title='I used to get 3 offers a week, barely any now': Actor Sruthi Hariharan on MeToo fallout |date=11 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|5159408}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Arun Vaidyanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Works about unsolved crimes]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films about murder]]<br />
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language action thriller films]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_(India)&diff=523088Orange (India)2026-04-09T13:42:14Z<p>Nawraj: Started Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian telecommunications company}}<br />
{{Lead rewrite|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Orange Business Services India<br />
| logo = Orange Business Services logo (left).svg<br />
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|2000|02|14|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| location = <br />
| industry = [[Information technology consulting|Technology consulting]]<br/>[[Quaternary sector of the economy|Technology services]]<br/>[[Information and communications technology|Information and Communication Technology]]<br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| owner = <br />
| parent = [[Orange Business Services]]<br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| homepage = [http://www.orange-business.com/en/india Orange India]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Orange''' brand in [[India]], through a complicated set of mergers and divisions,<ref name=OBS-H-24/><ref name=OBS-H-25/> was acquired and eventually retained by [[Orange S.A.]];<ref name=OBS-H-11/> and currently operates as '''Orange Business Services India''' (OBS India).<br />
<br />
Currently, it has a network with 14 [[points of presence]] (PoP) in the country and has offices in eight locations.<ref name="OBS India">[http://www.orange-business.com/en/india Orange Business Services in India] ''www.orange-business.com''</ref> India houses one of the OBS's four major global service centres in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Background of Global ownership of Orange : Before 2000===<br />
{{further|Orange (UK)#History|Orange SA#History|Orange Business Services#History}}<br />
OBS India traces its presence in India to 1969, when [[SITA (IT company)|SITA]], (Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautiques), was created to meet the need of the airline industry.<br />
<br />
The inception of Orange brand was in 1990 in [[United Kingdom]] with the formation of "Microtel Communications Ltd "<ref name="OBS-H-09" /> – a consortium initially formed by [[Pacific Telesis|Pactel Corporation]] (American), [[British Aerospace]], [[Millicom]] and [[Matra]] (French);<ref name="OBS-H-04" /> and later, to be wholly owned by BAe.<ref name="OBS-H-35" /> In July 1991, the Hong Kong–based conglomerate – [[Hutchison Whampoa]] through a [[stock swap]] deal with BAe, acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Microtel, who by then had won a license to develop a [[Personal communications network]] (PCN) in United Kingdom.<ref name="OBS-H-04" /><ref name="OBS-H-35" /><br />
<br />
Subsequently, Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd and on 28 April 1994, 'Orange' brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market . A [[holding company]] structure was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and [[NASDAQ]],<ref name=OBS-H-38/> majority owned by Hutchison (48.22%),<ref name=OBS-H-36/><ref name=OBS-H-37/> followed by BAe (21.1%).<ref name=OBS-H-38/> In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the [[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100]], valued at £2.4 billion. And by July 1997 Orange had gained one million customers.<br />
<br />
The stint as a public company came to an end in October 1999, when it was acquired for US$33 Billion by the German conglomerate – [[Mannesmann|Mannesmann AG]].<ref name=OBS-H-10/><ref name=OBS-H-17/><br />
The Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered [[Vodafone]] to make a [[takeover|hostile takeover]] bid for the German company. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$183 Billion and, decides to divest Orange as the [[European Union|EU]] regulations wouldn't allow it to hold two mobile licences.<ref name=OBS-H-18/> [[Orange S.A.|France Télécom]] in May 2000, announced the acquisition of the global operations of Orange from Vodafone for US$37 Billion and the transaction was completed in August 2000.<ref name=OBS-H-19/><ref name=OBS-H-20/><ref name=OBS-H-21/><br />
<br />
<timeline><br />
<br />
#init<br />
<br />
ImageSize = width:1000 height:250<br />
PlotArea = left:95 right:40 bottom:20 top:20<br />
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:mm/yyyy<br />
AlignBars = late<br />
<br />
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy<br />
Period = from:31/12/1989 till:01/06/2011<br />
<br />
#colors<br />
Colors =<br />
id:canvas value:gray(0.95) # background for whole image<br />
id:bars value:gray(0.95) # background for bars<br />
id:grid1 value:rgb(0.4,0.6,0.4) # major grid<br />
id:grid2 value:rgb(0.80,0.80,1) # minor grid<br />
id:gray value:gray(0.6) # for colophon<br />
id:gray2 value:gray(0.5) # for text<br />
<br />
BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas bars:bars<br />
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:grid1 unit:year increment:1 start:31/12/1989<br />
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:grid2 unit:month increment:3 start:31/12/1989<br />
<br />
#Bar<br />
BarData =<br />
bar:Nom text:Name<br />
bar:Actionnaires text:Shareholders<br />
bar:Faits text:Key facts<br />
<br />
#plot<br />
<br />
PlotData=<br />
bar:Nom from:start till:01/04/1994 color:redorange text:"Communications Microtel Ltd" align:center align:center width:45<br />
bar:Nom from:01/04/1994 till:01/08/2000 color:orange text:"Orange plc" align:center align:center width:45<br />
bar:Nom from:01/08/2000 till:end color:redorange text:"Orange SA" align:center align:center width:45<br />
bar:Actionnaires from:start till:01/07/1991 color:redorange text:"Communications ~Microtel Ltd" align:center width:45<br />
bar:Actionnaires from:01/07/1991 till:01/01/1996 color:orange text:"Hutchison Whampoa" align:center width:45<br />
bar:Actionnaires from:01/01/1996 till:01/09/1999 color:redorange text:"Hutchison Whampoa ~and ~British Aerospace" align:center width:45<br />
bar:Actionnaires from:01/09/1999 till:01/11/1999 color:orange text:"~Mannesmann AG" align:center width:45<br />
bar:Actionnaires from:01/11/1999 till:01/08/2000 color:redorange text:"Vodafone" align:center width:45<br />
bar:Actionnaires from:01/08/2000 till:end color:orange text:"France Télécom" align:center width:45<br />
bar:Faits from:13/02/2001 till:13/02/2001 color:black text:"French stock exchange introdution" width:50 fontsize:M <br />
bar:Faits from:01/06/2001 till:01/06/2001 color:black text:"~ ~Itinéris, Ola and ~Mobicarte become Orange" width:50 fontsize:M<br />
bar:Faits from:01/06/2006 till:01/06/2006 color:black text:"Wanadoo becomes Orange" width:50 fontsize:M <br />
bar:Faits from:21/11/2003 till:21/11/2003 color:black text:"~Exits Paris Stock Exchange" width:50 fontsize:M <br />
bar:Faits from:01/11/2008 till:01/11/2008 color:black text:"~Orange Cinéma Séries ~and Orange Sport ~launch" width:50 fontsize:M<br />
<br />
</timeline><br />
<br />
===Launch of 'Orange' brand in India and its exit : 2000–2006===<br />
On 14 February 2000, Hutchison Max – an Indian telecom joint venture majority owned by [[Hong Kong]]–based [[Hutchison Whampoa]] introduced the brand in the country, through the rebranding of its existing [[Mumbai]] [[Mobile telephone numbering in India#Zones|telecom circle]] [[Mobile phone|Cell phone]] service – 'Max Touch', to ''''Orange''''.<ref name="OBS-H-25" /><ref name="OBS-H-05" /> Shortly, issues arose concerning the ownership of the 'Orange' brand in India, when France Telecom who in May 2000 purchased the worldwide rights for the brand from [[Vodafone#History|Vodafone]] made an offer to pick up a significant stake in Hutchison's India operations, in order to own the brand in India. Hutchison turned down the offer, as it had retained the rights over the brand in India through an earlier agreement, but ended up paying royalty to France Telecom. [[Vodafone India|Hutchison Essar]] ended use of the brand in January 2006.<ref name="OBS-H-25" /><ref name="OBS-H-34" /><br />
<br />
Orange<ref name="OBS-H-13" /> returned to the country in July 2007, as Orange Business Services India, when France Telecom acquired the enterprise network services and [[managed services]] business of GTL Ltd.<ref name="OBS-H-26" /><ref name="OBS-H-27" /> Since then, OBS India has grown to become one of the country's major data connectivity providers.<br />
<br />
France Telecom had earlier entered into a joint venture<ref name=OBS-H-40/><ref name=OBS-H-42/> with [[Loop Mobile|BPL Mobile]] '''(now [[Loop mobile|Loop]])''' – a rival of Hutchinson Max in Mumbai mobile market; but sold its entire 26% stake in JV in December 2004. Thus, it completely exited from its Indian operations,<ref name=OBS-H-39/> because of dual brand visibility – competing against its own brand Orange, a business run by Hutchison.<br />
<br />
===Evolution of OBS and return of Orange to India: From 2006===<br />
In January 2006, Hutchison Essar ''(earlier Hutchison Max)''<ref name="OBS-H-06" /> ended using Orange brand for its Mumbai operations and started using [[Hutch Essar|Hutch]] brand,<ref name="OBS-H-41" /> which was later acquired by Vodafone in 2007.<br />
<br />
With the strategic ambition to become an [[System integrator|integrated player]] in managed data networks and IP-based communication and hosting for global [[Business|enterprises]], France Telecom on 1 June 2006 announced the consolidation of the group's business services operations<ref name=OBS-H-13/><ref name=OBS-H-12/> and rebranded its existing operations of Equant<ref name=OBS-H-22/><ref name=OBS-H-07/><ref name=OBS-H-08/> and [[Wanadoo]] to a new entity – 'Orange Business Services' (informally, OBS).<ref name=OBS-H-15/><ref name=OBS-H-29/> The rebranding exercise created France Telecom SA's global brand for mobile telephony, as well as all broadband and business connectivity services – ''''Orange''''.<ref name=OBS-H-29/><br />
<br />
In July 2007, the brand 'Orange' returned to India as Orange Business Services India, when France Telecom acquired the enterprise network services and managed services business of [[Navi Mumbai]]–based network services company, [[GTL Ltd]].<ref name=OBS-H-26/><ref name=OBS-H-27/> Through the acquired business, France Telecom received the International and National Long distance license (ILD NLD) in India, that enabled OBS India to provide full range of network and related services to enterprises in India.<ref name=OBS-H-01/><br />
<br />
In March 2008, it was reported that [[Reliance Communications]] was in advanced talks with France Telecom to bring the Orange brand back to Indian cellular market.<ref name=OBS-H-32/> However, France Telecom denied any such deal and termed it as market speculation. In 2009, it was reported that Orange may apply for MTNL 3G (Jadoo) franchise deal. FT again discarded this report and commented that they would not like to limit themselves in Delhi & Mumbai.<br />
<br />
In 2010, OBS India opened two offices in India – [[New Delhi]] and [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], and ever since, it has grown to nine locations, adding [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Gandhinagar]]. It directly employs over 2000 employees. As of June 2012, it has a network with 13 [[point of presence]] (PoP) in the country.<ref name=OBS-H-02/><ref name=OBS-H-30/><br />
<br />
India houses one of the OBS's four major global service centres in Gurugram.<ref name=OBS-H-01/><br />
<br />
==Organisation and operations==<br />
OBS India traces its presence in India to 1969, when [[SITA (IT company)|SITA]], (Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautiques), was created to meet the need of the airline industry. It operates in eight locations and employs over 2,000 employees. The locations are – Gurgaon, New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Gandhinagar and Pune.<ref name=OBS-H-02/><br />
<br />
The major global service center is located in Gurgaon.<br />
<br />
== Case studies ==<br />
The complex merger operations that led to ownership of Orange by France Telecom and its subsequent branding is a subject for numerous management [[case studies]] on topics like [[strategic management]],<ref name=OBS-H-25/><ref name=OBS-H-34/><ref name=OBS-H-31/> [[brand management]],<ref name=OBS-H-24/><ref name=OBS-H-25/><ref name=OBS-H-34/><ref name=OBS-H-14/> [[PEST analysis]],<ref name=OBS-H-24/> financing methods of [[merger and acquisition]]s<ref name=OBS-H-31/> and [[leveraged buyout]]s.<ref name=OBS-H-31/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Hutchison Telecommunications International Limited#Hutchison India|February 2000 launch of brand name "Orange" in India by Hutchison Essar Ltd......]]<br />
*[[Orange (telecommunications)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name=OBS-H-01>{{cite web |url=http://www.orange-business.com/en/mnc2/content/regions/asia-pacific/people-presence/index.jsp |title= Orange Business Services – India office locations |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=Orange SA }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-02>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/qa-bala-mahadevan-orange-business-services/427866/ |title= Q&A: Bala Mahadevan, Orange Business Services<br />
|newspaper= Business Standard India<br />
|date=9 March 2011 |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher= SA |last1= Garg<br />
|first1= Swati<br />
}} SMEs will take to cloud before big companies</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-04>{{cite web |url=http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radiocommunication-licences/mobile-wireless-broadband/cellular-wireless-broadband/policy-and-background/history-of-cellular-services/ |title=History of Cellular services |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=licensing.ofcom.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205065028/http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radiocommunication-licences/mobile-wireless-broadband/cellular-wireless-broadband/policy-and-background/history-of-cellular-services/ |archive-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-05>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/09/stories/0609000i.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125105902/http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/09/stories/0609000i.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title= Hutchison launches Orange brand |date=8 February 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-06>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/08/30/stories/2005083003020400.htm |title= Hutchison Max renamed Hutchison Essar |date=30 August 2005 |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=licensing.ofcom.org.uk }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-07>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1032124.stm |title=France Telecom takes over Equant |date=20 November 2000 |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=BBC }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-08>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/515231/France+Telecom+Equant+Sign+Multi-Billion+Dollar+Deal.htm |title=France Telecom, Equant Sign Multi-Billion Dollar Deal |date=20 November 2000 |access-date=9 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-09>{{cite web |url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/madagascar03.html |title=Orange SA profile|date=20 November 2000 |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher= ide.go.jp}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-10>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/10/21/europe/orange/ |title=Mannesmann to buy UK cellular firm; Vodafone, Hutchinson likely to react |date=21 October 1999 |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=CNN }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-11>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Orange_SA/hyttji-1.html |title=Orange SA History |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=hoovers.com }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-12>{{cite web |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=357760 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116173701/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=357760 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2011 |title=Bloomberg Business week – Company Overview of Orange SA|access-date=9 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-13>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Orange_Business_Services/htsxyi-1.html |title=Orange Business Services History |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=hoovers.com }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-14>{{cite web|url=http://vicbrand.com/detail/superbrands+case+studies+orange/7508.html|title=Superbrands case studies: Orange| access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-15>{{cite web |url=http://www.linkedin.com/company/orange-business-services |title= LinkedIn – Orange Business Services profile |access-date=9 June 2012 |publisher=LinkedIn }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-17>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/21/business/international-business-mannesmann-agrees-to-buy-orange-for-33-billion.html|title=Mannesman to buy Orange for $33bn|work=The New York Times|date=21 October 1999|access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-18>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/630293.stm | title=Vodafone seals Mannesmann merger | publisher =BBC | date = 11 February 2000 | access-date =26 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-19>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1106338.stm | title=Orange's bright future | publisher =BBC | date = 8 January 2001 | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-20>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000531/fco31032.html | title=France Telecom buys Orange for $37 bn | publisher =Financial Express | date = 30 May 2000 | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-21>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/769293.stm | title=France Telecom clinches Orange deal| publisher =BBC | date = 30 May 2000 | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-22>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/equant-n-v-history/|title=Equant N.V. History| publisher =fundinguniverse.com | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-24>{{cite web|url=http://www.coursework.info/University/Business_and_Administrative_studies/Management_Studies/Case_study_of_Orange_Romania_-aims_and_P_L936832.html|title=Management Case Study – Orange Romania | publisher =Coursework | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-25>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy1/BSTR002.htm|title=The Story of the Cellular Phone Brand Orange and how legal system affects branding (Case Code: BSTR002) | publisher =icmrindia.org | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-26>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30113120070602 |title=France Telecom eyes Indian GTL's IT unit - paper| publisher=reuters.com|date= 13 July 2007| access-date =2 September 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-27>{{cite web |url=http://ghc.in/MediaReports/PressRelease/GTL_Release_final.pdf |title=Press release : Orange Business Services acquires GTL's IT services Business |access-date=9 June 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-29>{{cite web|url=http://www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?ID=373571&G=6&Page=0<br />
|title=Branded – Orange | date =1 August 2005 | access-date =9 June 2012}} by Michelle Donegan</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-30>{{cite web|url=http://www.lightreading.in/document.asp?doc_id=218721 |title=Bala Mahadevan: CEO, Orange Business Services | date =14 March 2012 | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-31>{{cite web|url=http://www.academon.ca/Case-Study-The-Acquisition-of-France-Telecom-S-A-and-Orange-Plc/7308|title=Case study : The Acquisition of France Telecom S.A and Orange Plc | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-32>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/orange-to-ride-rcom-in-second-coming/317267/|title=Orange to ride RCom in second coming |newspaper=Business Standard India | date = 18 March 2008 | access-date =9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-34>{{cite web|url=http://www.veloxian.com/ECJ/IJBSM/full-paper/185-fp.pdf|title=International Journal for Business, Strategy & Management : Rebranding to Branding : A Semiotical Journey | date = 18 March 2008 | access-date =9 June 2012}} by Prof. Priyanshu Jain Asst. Prof. (Marketing), Institute of Marketing and Management</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-35>{{cite news|title =The Facts : 2004|url =http://www.na.baesystems.com/PressKit/Facts.pdf|publisher =na.baesystems.com|page =107|access-date =9 June 2012|url-status =dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070125134301/http://www.na.baesystems.com/PressKit/Facts.pdf|archive-date =25 January 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-36>{{cite news |title = Hutchison Whampoa Releases Annual Results 1996 |url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hutchison+Whampoa+Releases+Annual+Results-a019248829 |date = 26 March 1996 |access-date = 9 June 2012 |archive-date = 8 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170708063835/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hutchison+Whampoa+Releases+Annual+Results-a019248829 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-37>{{cite news |title = Telecommunications – Hutchison Whampoa |url=http://www.irasia.com/listco/hk/hutchisonweb-new/eng/stock/finance/telecom.html |year = 1996 |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-38>{{cite news |title = BAe's record-breaking sterling Eurobond issue |url = http://www.treasurers.org/system/files/TTOct99Brake14-15.pdf |date = 22 June 1999 |access-date = 9 June 2012 |archive-date = 7 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130507093254/http://www.treasurers.org/system/files/TTOct99Brake14-15.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-39>{{cite news |title =France Telecom exits BPL, Essar buys 9.9% |url=http://bsl.co.in/results/news/france-telecom-exits-bpl-essar-buys-99/194196/ |date = 4 December 2004 |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-40>{{cite news |title = France Tele to lap up Orange in Oct<br />
|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-26/news/27529922_1_france-tele-orange-brand-orange-plc |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104143700/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-26/news/27529922_1_france-tele-orange-brand-orange-plc |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2013 |work=Economic Times|date = 26 September 2003 |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-41>{{cite news |title = Hutch may replace Orange as brand name|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-09-28/news/27497677_1_hutch-brand-hutch-essar-orange-brand<br />
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104014513/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-09-28/news/27497677_1_hutch-brand-hutch-essar-orange-brand<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=4 January 2013<br />
|date = 28 September 2005 |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=OBS-H-42>{{cite news |title = France Tele to transfer entire stake in BPL Mobile|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/france-tele-to-transfer-entire-stake-in-bpl-mobile/articleshow/1845010780.cms |date = 2 December 2001 |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Orange S.A.}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Information technology companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]<br />
[[Category:Orange S.A.]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alokesh_Das&diff=485699Alokesh Das2026-04-06T00:42:50Z<p>Nawraj: Made A Details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Alokesh Das<br />
| image = [[File:Alakesh Das.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|1|1|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member]] of the [[Indian Parliament]] <br> for [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]]<br />
| term_start = 2003<br />
| term_end = 2009<br />
| predecessor = Ananda Mohan Biswas<br />
| successor = constituency abolished<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| spouse = Sikta Joarder Das<br />
| children = 1 daughter Alakta Das<br />
| father = Shyam Charan Das<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = 11 April<br />
| year = 2024<br />
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3970 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Alokesh Das''' (born 1 January 1964) was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A look at new Members of Parliament from West Bengal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20040614-members-of-parliament-from-west-bengal-789801-2004-06-13 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He represented the [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]] constituency of [[West Bengal]] from 2003 to 2009 and is a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alakesh Das Election Results 2019: News, Votes, Results of Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-list-2019/alakesh-das-25014-1|access-date=2021-03-26|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Das was born in [[Ranaghat]] in 1964. His father's name was Shyam Chandra Das. He passed B.Sc. (Honours) from [[University of Kalyani|Kalyani University]]. Das worked as a school teacher prior to enter in politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-24 |title=Shri Alakesh Das MP biodata Nabadwip-SC {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-alakesh-das-member-of-parliament-mp-from-nabadwip-sc-scwest-bengal-biodata/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
A by-election was held in 2003 when [[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency|Nabadwip]] [[Lok Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Ananda Mohan Biswas]] died. Alokesh Das contested as a [[CPIM]] candidate in that by-election and defeated [[Trinamool]] candidate [[Abir Biswas|Abir Ranjan Biswas]].<br />
<br />
==Electoral history==<br />
===General Election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate= [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]<br />
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes='''782,396'''<br />
|percentage='''50.78'''<br />
|change={{decrease}}'''2'''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate= [[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]<br />
|party=Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes=595,497<br />
|percentage=39.65<br />
|change={{increase}}1.6<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Alakesh Das]]<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|votes =123,810<br />
|percentage =8.04<br />
|change ={{increase}}1.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate= Paresh Halder|votes=8239<br />
|percentage=0.53<br />
|change=''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes =<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes =<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Haringhata (SC) constituency<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191243/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work = Haringhata| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Asim Kumar Sarkar]]<br />
|votes = 97,666<br />
|percentage = 46.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = Nilima Nag (Mallick)<br />
|votes = 82,466<br />
|percentage = 39.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Alakesh Das<br />
|votes = 24,800<br />
|percentage = 11.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = BJP<br />
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Bangaon]] }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Shantanu Thakur]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 6,87,622<br />
|percentage = 48.85<br />
|change = +24.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= [[Mamata Thakur]]<br />
|party=All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes= 5,76,028<br />
|percentage= 40.92<br />
|change= -2.35<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Alakesh Das]]<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|votes = 90,122<br />
|percentage = 6.40<br />
|change = -19.9<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= Sourav Prasad<br />
|party=Indian National Congress<br />
|votes= 22,618<br />
|percentage= 1.61<br />
|change= -0.72<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= Animesh Chandra Halder<br />
|party=Independent (politician)<br />
|votes= 9,522<br />
|percentage= 0.68<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= Chandan Mallick<br />
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes= 4,707<br />
|percentage= 0.33<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= Swapan Mondal<br />
|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|votes= 4,544<br />
|percentage= 0.32<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= Samaresh Biswas<br />
|party= Party for Democratic Socialism (India)<br />
|votes= 1,913<br />
|percentage= 0.14<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= Swapan Kumar Roy<br />
|party= Independent (politician)<br />
|votes= 1,859<br />
|percentage= 0.13<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= Subrata Biswas<br />
|party=Bahujan Mukti Party<br />
|votes= 1,291<br />
|percentage= 0.09<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate= None of the above<br />
|party=None of the above<br />
|votes= 7,512<br />
|percentage= 0.53<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 1,11,594<br />
|percentage = 11.42<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 14,08,653<br />
|percentage = 82.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 17,04,632<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Nabadwip constituency<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Alakesh Das]]<br />
| votes = 560,176<br />
|percentage = 47.56<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = Nilima Nag (Mallick)<br />
|votes = 550,185<br />
|percentage = 46.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Nripendra Nath Howladar<br />
|votes = 24,268<br />
|percentage = 5.70<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Satish Biswas<br />
|votes = 15,719<br />
|percentage = 0.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate |<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Basudeb Bacchar<br />
|votes = 11,139<br />
|percentage = 0.83<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Parimal Dhali<br />
|votes = 8,318<br />
|percentage = 0.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Gopal Biswas<br />
|votes = 3,710<br />
|percentage = 0.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Paramesh Chandra Biswas<br />
|votes = 2,219<br />
|percentage = 0.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Amitosh Biswas<br />
|votes = 2,037<br />
|percentage = 0.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 9,991<br />
|percentage = 2.09<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 12,48,360<br />
|percentage = 80.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Bye election 2003===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 2003: Nabadwip constituency}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Alakesh Das]]<br />
|votes = 520,630<br />
|percentage = 48.13<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Abir Biswas|Abir Ranjan Biswas]]<br />
|votes = 421,830<br />
|percentage = 39.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Rajani Kanta Dolai<br />
|votes = 137,319<br />
|percentage = 12.40<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 98,800<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 11,07,919<br />
|percentage = 81.6<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623125608/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3970 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br />
<br />
{{Eleventh to Fourteenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Alakesh}}<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Nadia district]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]<br />
[[Category:University of Kalyani alumni]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya&diff=466346Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya2026-03-27T03:20:22Z<p>Nawraj: expanded intro for clarity and cleaned formatting to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian school system}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV)<br />
| native_name =<br />
| image = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya logo.png<br />
| image_size = 150px<br />
| location = All over India except [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| country = <br />
| motto = प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}<br />{{transliteration|sa|ISO|Prajñānam [[Brahma]]}} <small>([[ISO 15919|ISO]])</small><br />{{Translation|"Pure Knowledge is [[Brahma]]"}}<br />
| other_name = JNV, Navodaya<br />
| type = Public<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1986}}<br />
| founder = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
| budget = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4115|c}}<br />{{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2022–23 est.)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/vol1.pdf |title=Expenditure Profile 2022-2023|date=February 2022|website=Indiabudget.gov.in|access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><br />
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<br />
| grades = VI–XII<br />
| age_range = 11–19 yrs<br />
| enrollment = 3,10,517{{r|students}}<br />
| houses = {{color box|#3366FF}}&nbsp; [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]]<br />{{color box|#3B7A57}}&nbsp; [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri]]<br />{{color box|#FF3300}}&nbsp; [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]]<br />{{color box|#FFFF00}}&nbsp; [[Rajgir Hills|Udaygiri]]<br />
| enrollment_as_of = 30 September 2025<br />
| campus_size = 5–30 acres each school<br />
| campus_type = Residential<br />
| website = [http://www.navodaya.gov.in navodaya.gov.in]<br />
| chairman = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya''' ('''JNV''') ({{literal translation|'''Jawahar Navodaya School (JNS)'''}}) is a system of central schools for students predominantly from rural areas in India, targeting socially and economically backward gifted students who lack access to accelerated learning due to financial, social and rural disadvantages.<ref name="v&m">{{cite web |title=Vision & Mission |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Vision-Mission/ |website=navodaya.gov.in |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226071919/https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Vision-Mission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS) |url=https://dsel.education.gov.in/nvs |website=dsel.education.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/npe.pdf |title=NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION 1986|page=28|website=education.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
They are run by the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS) ({{literal translation|'''Navodaya Schools Committee (NSC)'''}}) [[Noida]], an autonomous organization under the Department of School Education and Literacy, [[Ministry of Education]] (MoE),.{{efn|formerly called, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD) (1985–2020)}} JNVs are fully residential and co-educational schools affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), with classes from [[Sixth grade|VI]] to [[Twelfth grade#India|XII standard]].{{r|v&m}}<br />
<br />
Budget for all the activities at JNVs is provided by the [[Ministry of Education]], and it is free of cost for students during the first 3 years of stay, from class [[Ninth grade|IX]] onwards a nominal fee of [[Indian rupee|₹]]600 per month is applicable for general and OBC caste students.{{efn|However some students are also exempted from this fees like girl students, students belonging to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] category and students which are belonging to [[Below Poverty Line]] families}}{{r|v&m}}<br />
<br />
JNVs exist all over India, with the exception of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/samithi-pitch-for-navodaya-schools/article2566316.ece|title=Navodyas in Tamil Nadu|date=24 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref> As of 31 December 2022, 661 JNVs were running with about 2,87,568 students enrolled, out of which 2,51,430 (≈87%) were from rural areas.<ref name="JNVList">{{cite web |title=Establishment of JNVs |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Establishment-of-JNVs/ |website=navodaya.gov.in |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207220950/https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Establishment-of-JNVs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="students">{{cite web |title=Student Strength |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Academic/Student-Profile/ |website=navodaya.gov.in |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207221924/https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Academic/Student-Profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, JNVs were the top-ranked C.B.S.E. schools, having a pass percentage of 99.71% and 98.93% in 10th and 12th grades respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents//Press_Release_Class_X_Result_22072022.pdf|title=Press release : Declaration of Reseults of Class X, 2022|website=Cbse.gov.in|access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents//PressReleaseClassXII_Result_2022_E.pdf |title=Press release : Declaration of Results of Class XII, 2022|website=Cbse.gov.in|access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Adarsh |title=CBSE 10th, 12th Results 2022: Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Tops Institution-Wise |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/cbse-10th-12th-results-2022-jawahar-navodaya-vidyalaya-tops-institution-wise |access-date=24 July 2022 |agency=[[NDTV]] |date=22 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:JNV Nuapada.jpg|thumb|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nuapada, Odisha]]<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 1986, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India, announced a National Policy on Education to modernise and expand higher education programs across India. In 1986, he founded the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya System, a Central government-based education institution providing rural populations with free residential education from grades six to twelve. Then Union [[Minister of Human Resource Development]] [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] played an instrumental role in establishing these Institutions all over India.<br />
<br />
As per the Policy of the Government, one JNV was to be established in [[List of districts in India|each district]] of the country. To start with, two Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas were established during 1985–86, at [[Jhajjar]] (Haryana) and [[Amravati]] (Maharashtra).<ref name="mhrdreport2014-15">{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/Part1.pdf#page=73|title=MHRD Annual Report 2014-15|work=MHRD, GoI|page=67|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> As of the 2022-23 academic session, JNVs had been sanctioned for 638 districts. In addition, ten JNVs have been sanctioned in districts having a large population of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST population]], ten in districts having a large concentration of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC population]] and 3 special JNVs in [[Manipur]] and [[Ratlam]], bringing the total number of sanctioned JNVs to 661.{{r|JNVList}} Out of these 649 JNVs are functional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pqals.nic.in/annex/176/AS298.pdf |title=Criteria For Setting up of JNVs|website=pqals.nic.in|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Organisational structure==<br />
Navodaya Vidyalayas are run by the [[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]] (NVS) an autonomous organisation under the [[Ministry of Education]] (MoE) (formerly the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD) (1985–2020)), Department of School Education and Literacy, Govt. of India. The Chairman of the Samiti is the [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]].<ref name="nitiaayogreport">{{cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/report-nvs.pdf|title=Evaluation Study on Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti(NVS)|pages=16–20|publisher=[[NITI Aayog]]|date=March 2015|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="nvsorganization">{{cite web|last=Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|first=NVS|title=Regional Offices of NVS|url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Establishment-of-JNVs/|access-date=11 March 2017|website=Navodaya vidyalaya samiti|publisher=NVS|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207220950/https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Establishment-of-JNVs/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Samiti functions through the executive committee under the Chairmanship of the [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]]. The executive committee is responsible for the management of all affairs including allocation of funds to the Samiti and has the authority to exercise all powers of Samiti. It is assisted by two sub-committees, the Finance Committee and Academic Advisory Committee.<ref name="nvsorganization" /> The executive head of the administrative pyramid is the [[Commissioner]] who executes the policies laid down by the Samiti's executive committee. He/she is assisted at the Headquarters level by Joint Commissioners, Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners. The Samiti has established eight regional offices for the administration and monitoring of Navodaya Vidyalayas under their jurisdiction. These offices are headed by a deputy commissioner and assistant commissioners.<ref name="nvsorganization" /><br />
<br />
For each JNV, there is a Vidyalaya Advisory Committee for assistance on matters of academics, infrastructure and other general activities and a Vidyalaya Management Committee for budget preparation, selection of ad-hoc teachers and proper functioning of the school.<ref name="nitiaayogreport" /> Normally the [[district collector]] of the concerned district is the [[Ex officio member|ex-officio]] chairman of school level committees with local educationists, public representatives and officers from the district as members. Some schools also have a Vidhyalaya Coordination Committee for looking after the performance of academics.<ref name="nitiaayogreport" /><ref name="nvsorganization" /><br />
<br />
[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]] (NVS) implemented [[PM SHRI Scheme]] across 317 selected schools in 2023-24 and, renamed these beneficiary schools as PM SHRI School Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya.<ref>{{cite web | title= NVS merged | url=https://dsel.education.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmshri/NVS_merged.pdf | access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=PM Shri School, JNV, Chandigarh | website=The Tribune | date=13 December 2024 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/pm-shri-school-jnv-chandigarh | access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List of schools ==<br />
{{main|List of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"<br />
<br />
|+ List of JNV schools<ref name="nvsorganization" /><br />
|-<br />
!Regions (no. of JNVs) !![[States and union territories of India|States]]/[[States and union territories of India|UTs]] (respective no. of JNVs) <br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhopal]] (113)<ref>{{Cite web|last=jawahar navodaya vidyalaya|first=NVS|title=Regional Offices of NVS|url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Establishment-of-JNVs/|website=NVS|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207220950/https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/About-Us/Establishment-of-JNVs/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|[[Chhattisgarh]] (28), [[Madhya Pradesh]] (54), [[Odisha]] (31)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chandigarh]] (59)<br />
|[[Chandigarh]](1), [[Himachal Pradesh]] (12), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]] (21), [[Ladakh]] (2), [[Punjab]] (23)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hyderabad]] (77)<br />
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|A & N Islands]] (3), [[Andhra Pradesh]](15), [[Karnataka]] (31), [[Kerala]] (14),<br />
[[Lakshadweep]] (1), [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (4), [[Telangana]] (9)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaipur]] (65)<br />
|[[Delhi]] (9), [[Haryana]] (21), [[Rajasthan]] (35)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lucknow]] (89)<br />
|[[Uttarakhand]] (13), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (76)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Patna]] (85)<br />
|[[Bihar]] (39), [[Jharkhand]] (26), [[West Bengal]] (20) <br />
|-<br />
|[[Pune]] (73)<br />
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] (1+2), [[Goa]] (2), <br />
[[Gujarat]] (34), [[Maharashtra]] (34)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shillong]] (100)<br />
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] (18), [[Assam]] (28), [[Manipur]] (11), <br />
[[Meghalaya]] (12), [[Mizoram]] (8), [[Nagaland]] (11), [[Sikkim]] (4), [[Tripura]] (8)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Total 661 functional residential schools have been sanctioned in 638 districts of India with some special case institutes. These are administered by eight regional offices (see table below) with jurisdiction over different states and UTs.<ref name="nvsorganization" /><br />
<br />
Detail the Cabinet approval for the '''28 new JNVs''', including the specific financial outlay (₹2,359.82 crore) and the period (2024–29).<br />
<br />
==Admission==<br />
Admission to Class VI of the JNVs requires qualification in the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Selection Test (JNVST), an entrance exam designed, developed and conducted by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].<ref name="cbseannualreport">{{cite web|url=http://49.50.70.100/web_material/annualreport/2015-16/CBSE%20Annual%20Reprot%202015-16.pdf|title=CBSE Annual Report 2015-16|pages=37–38|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053206/http://49.50.70.100/web_material/annualreport/2015-16/CBSE%20Annual%20Reprot%202015-16.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> JNVST for Class VI is conducted annually throughout the country to select the 80 most meritorious students for each JNV. It is conducted in three phases per year, depending upon the session structure in the specific state or union territory.<ref name="cbseannualreport" /> Candidates can apply for the test only once during their Class V. Competition in the entrance exam can be gauged from the fact that in JNVST 2021, a total of 24,17,009 students appeared and 47,320 students were selected (i.e. approx 1.95% pass percentage)<ref>{{Cite twitter |user=eduminofindia |number=1417523233948004352 |title=The test will be conducted for the selection of 47,320 candidates in 11,182 centres. 2,41,7009 candidates have registered for the selection test. |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> The test encompasses mental ability skills, mathematics, and [[regional language]]. The schools provide reservations as per NVS policy which encompasses reservation for ST, SC and OBCs, at least 75% selection of students from rural areas, maximum 25% from urban areas, fixed 33% for female students and 3% for disabled candidates.<br />
<br />
To compensate for attrition and optimally utilize seats, JNVST, developed by CBSE, is also conducted for admission to Class IX<ref name="cbseannualreport" /> and lateral admissions, based on lateral test for filling the vacant seats as most of the seats in class 11th are given to students passing 10th from the school and should meet the defined criteria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vats |first1=Neha |last2=Kour |first2=Navdeep |date=2021-01-25 |title=Effect of Perceived Stress on Adjustment of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV) Migrants in Relation to Gender |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.52634/mier/2017/v7/i2/1412 |journal=MIER Journal of Educational Studies Trends & Practices |pages=146–153 |doi=10.52634/mier/2017/v7/i2/1412 |issn=2319-1945|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Academics at JNVs ==<br />
JNVs have classes from [[Sixth grade|VI]] to [[Twelfth grade#India|XII standard]]. A particular JNV usually provides two streams among Science, Arts and Commerce for Class XI and XII. JNVs are known for their academic excellence,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/report-nvs.pdf#page=77|title=Evaluation Study on Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti(Ch-15: Education with Excellence)|pages=77–92|work=[[NITI Aayog]], GoI|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> which can be attributed to their merit-based entrance test and unique climate provided for otherwise disadvantaged children,<ref name="NVS, GoI">{{cite web|url=http://nvshq.org/display_page.php?page=Migration%20of%20Students|title=Migartion of Students for National Integration|work=NVS, GoI|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> and which is further proven by their performance at [[board examination]]s. More than half of JNVs have been equipped with smart classes. These schools regularly organize science congresses and exhibitions to promote a research mindset.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-students-part-of-science-fest-in-LA/articleshow/35081797.cms|title=Bangalore students part of science fest in LA|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Three-language formula ===<br />
To facilitate [[#Migration|migration]] every JNV student learns [[Three-language formula|three languages]] in class VI to Class IX.<ref name="nitireportch13">{{cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/report-nvs.pdf|title=Evaluation Study on Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti(Ch-13)|pages=73–74|work=NITI Aayog, GoI|access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> These languages are grouped into ''A'' Level, ''B-I'' Level and ''B-II'' Level. The pattern followed in different categories of states is as shown in the table below. However, [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] mandates for children to study two languages only. Therefore, students of each category of states appear for ''A'' Level and ''B-I'' level languages at CBSE examinations.<ref name="nitireportch13" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Three-language formula at JNVs<ref name="nitireportch13" /><br />
! Category of state !! A Level language !! B-I Level language !! B-II Level language<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hindi Belt|Hindi Speaking]] ||[[Hindi]] ||English ||[[Regional languages in India|Regional language]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hindi Belt|Non-Hindi Speaking]] (excluding North Eastern states) ||Regional language ||English ||Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|[[Northeast India|North-East States]] ||English ||Hindi ||Regional language<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Board results ===<br />
JNVs has consistently produced the best results in CBSE board examinations over the years.<ref name="nvsacademic">{{cite web|url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1|title=Academic Activities|work=NVS|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> In 2015{{ndash}}16 results, JNVs had a pass percentage of, 98.87% in [[All India Secondary School Examination|Class X board exams]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/cbse-class-10-results-perfect-10-cgpa-for-1-68-541-students/story-llCvnjxOKmN4iCIajHMSjM.html|title=CBSE Class 10 results|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 May 2016|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> and 96.73% in [[All India Senior School Certificate Examination|Class XII board exams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/10-things-to-know-about-cbse-class-12-exam-results-2016/story-l7hRdkV7DvdDzXgxjqAf3M.html|title=10 things to know about CBSE Class 12 exam results 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=22 May 2016|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> The pass percentage for JNVs has been higher than independent private schools, government schools and even [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s. Quality of performance in the Board examinations has been exemplary with an average score of about 75% in Grade 12th and 78% in class 10th, with more than 89% of students scoring First Division scores, in the Board Examinations 2019.<br />
<br />
=== Science promotion activities ===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}<br />
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti provides various experiences aimed at promoting science and motivating students to choose STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) as their career. Various activities under this include:<br />
* Children Science Congress, <br />
* Participation in multiple academic contests/Challenges/Olympiads, <br />
* Visits to Research Institutes, <br />
* Tinkering Labs in schools, <br />
* Environmental activities, <br />
* Arranging International exposure for students, <br />
* Enriched ICT support, and <br />
* Entrepreneurial skill training.<br />
* Vigyan Jyoti Programme [https://navodayacoaching.in/vigyan-jyoti-programme/ Read More]<br />
<br />
The annual Science Congress is organized in collaboration with [[research institute]]s and [[List of Institutes of National Importance|institutes of national importance]] at the regional level. [[Exhibition]]s are conducted at school, cluster, regional, and national levels, covering subjects like [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], and [[mathematics]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* [https://biharinfozone.in/ Bihar Info Zone - Navodaya Vidyalaya Science Promotion Initiatives]<br />
<br />
=== Smart classes ===<br />
Navodaya Vidyalayas in collaboration with [[Samsung|Samsung India]] set up smart classes in 450 JNVs and 7 Navodaya Leadership Institutes from 2013 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Replacing-the-chalk-and-the-blackboard/article16995093.ece|title=Replacing the chalk and the blackboard|work=The Hindu|date=6 January 2017|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> A smart class is typically equipped with an interactive [[Smartboard]], [[laptop]]s/[[Tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[Wi-Fi]] connectivity and power backup. A smart class supplements regular lessons in [[mathematics]], [[science]] [[social science]], [[English language|English]], and [[Hindi]] to explain concepts in an engaging and interactive manner. Teachers are trained to use the equipment effectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/smasung-smart-class-takes-digital-literacy-to-rural-india/articleshow/55647821.cms|title=Samsung Smart Class takes digital literacy to rural India|work=The Economic Times|date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samsung.com/in/microsite/sapne-hue-bade/stories/smartclass|title=Samsung Smart Class|work=Samsung India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Social and cultural life ==<br />
The social milieu of JNVs is defined by the mingling of different sections of society from various regions of India since these schools follow the [[Reservation in India|affirmative action policy]] and have a policy for [[#Migration|migration]] from different linguistic regions. Teachers, chosen from across the country, live on the same campus and interact with students on a 24X7 basis leading to a familial feeling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Where-the-gates-open-to-academic-excellence/articleshow/47847129.cms|title=Where the gates open to academic excellence|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Promotion of National Integration through Migration ===<br />
One of the important features of the JNV scheme is the Migration Programme wherein two linked JNVs of different [[#Three Language Formula|linguistic categories]] exchange students between them.<ref name="NVS, GoI"/> The aim of the exchange program is to "promote national integration and enrich social content".<ref name="nitireportch13" /> According to the scheme, a selected 30% of Class IX students are exchanged between two linked JNVs of different linguistic categories (generally between Hindi-speaking and non-Hindi-speaking states) for one year. During the migration period the three languages being taught to migrated students remain the same as in their parent JNV, but social and cultural exchanges are facilitated by their language learning in Class VI to IX.<ref name="nitireportch13" /> Initially migration was envisaged for students from Class IX to Class XII; it was reduced to two years (Class IX and Class X) in 1991–92. Finally in 1996-97 it was confined to only Class IX students.<ref name="nitireportch13" /><br />
<br />
== Emulation of the Navodaya Vidyalaya system ==<br />
Emulating the concept of residential schools for talented children, [[Odisha|Odisha State]] plans to set up one [[Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya]] (OAV) ({{Translation|'''Odisha Model School (OMS)'''}}) at each of 314 block headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oavs.in/about.html|title=About Us|work=Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> 160 schools have already been launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Odisha-launches-100-Adarsha-Vidyalayas/articleshow/51701895.cms|title=Odisha launches 100 Adarsha Vidyalayas|work=The Times of India]|date=5 April 2016|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> These Adarsha Vidyalayas would be [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]-affiliated fully residential schools, provide free education, and target talented students through an annual entrance examination. These would have Class VI through Class XII and each class would have 80 students. These schools would be administered through Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya Sangathan ({{Translation|'''Odisha Model Schools Organisation (OMSO)'''}}), a society registered under the Society Registration Act of Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naveen-launches-adarsh-vidyalaya-project/article8438969.ece|title=Naveen launches Adarsh Vidyalaya project|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 April 2016|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Concerns over student welfare ==<br />
Incidents of suicide among students and the lack of apparatus to engage with such issues concerning health and discrimination plague the schools.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-04|title=Navodayas struggle with student suicides: Overworked teachers, lack of counsellors|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jawahar-navodaya-vidyalayas-children-suicide-dalit-jnv-5508412/|access-date=2021-01-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN}}</ref> This has affected the Dalit and Tribal students more and there is no method in place to avoid such incidents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jawahar-navodaya-vidyalayas-suicides-schools-dalit-tribal-jnv-5506564/|title=Suicides in Navodaya schools: 49 in 5 years, half of them Dalit and tribal students|date=2019-02-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/22/this-place-is-like-hell-navodaya-vidyalaya-tribal-student-allegedly-kills-self-in-hostel-leaves-note-2007705.html|title='This place is like hell': Navodaya Vidyalaya tribal student allegedly kills self in hostel, leaves 'note'|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 July 2019 |access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> There is no system in place to report the cases of inadequate care and abuse by staff, much of attention from the school administration in the form of mundane bureaucratic procedures comes after the occurrence of violation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lakhimpur-fir-against-jnv-teacher-for-molesting-class-7-student/story-3EZO5inC0DkzTyOf4TjC4M.html|title=Lakhimpur: FIR against JNV teacher for 'molesting' Class 7 student|date=2018-04-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-03|last=Mullick|first=Rajeev}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/parents----demand-for-cbi-probe-forwarded-to-govt.html|title=Parents' demand for CBI probe forwarded to govt|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Major Recent Developments & Policy Shifts (2024-2025) ==<br />
<br />
=== 1. Expansion of the JNV Network (2024-2029) ===<br />
<br />
* '''Cabinet Approval:''' A decision (December 2024), by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the establishment of '''28''' new Navodaya Vidyalayas in districts previously uncovered by the scheme.<br />
* '''Budget:''' This expansion has an estimated total outlay of ₹2,359.82 crore spread over five years, from 2024-25 to 2028-29.<br />
* '''Areas focused:''' The new schools are strategically located in underserved areas, including multiple districts in states like [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], and [[Telangana]].<br />
<br />
==Alumni==<br />
Alumni include:<!-- Please only add entries with a Wikipedia article--><br />
<br />
*[[Surendra Poonia]], international award-winning sportsman and Limca book record holder<br />
*[[Hima Das]], international athlete and gold medalist in Asian Games<br />
*[[Abhilash Shetty]], Kannada film director and actor<br />
*[[C.K. Vineeth]], [[India national football team]] member and [[Kerala Blasters]] player<br />
*[[V. T. Balram|V.T. Balram]], MLA of Thrithala Constituency, Kerala 2011–2021<br />
*[[Dhananjay Kannoujia]], current MLA of Belthara Road Constituency, Uttar Pradesh since March 2017<br />
*[[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem]], Indian Under-17 football team member and [[FC Goa]] player<br />
*[[Ummer Fayaz Parray]], [[Indian Army]] officer who was abducted and killed in [[Kashmir]]<br />
*[[Lalit Prabhakar]], Marathi actor<br />
*[[Ravi Bhatia]], Indian television actor<br />
*[[Basharat Peer]], Kashmiri American journalist<br />
*[[Goddeti Madhavi|Goddeti Madavi]], MP of Araku Constituency, AP<br />
*[[Sasikanth Manipatruni]], scientist and inventor in the areas of electronics and computer engineering.<br />
*[[Hemang Joshi]], an Indian politician and a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency.<br />
*[[Hemant Kher]], actor, writer, and acting coach, best known for his role as Ashwin Mehta in the web series [[Scam 1992: The Harshad Mehta Story]].<br />
*[[Hemang Joshi]], member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><br />
*Sumit Kumar- AVP, Tata Capital<br />
*[[Priyanshu Bhargav]], Economist and Physicist<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<!--<br />
<ref>{{cite web |title=Revised Recruitment Rules for 6980 Vacancies Released by NVS |url=https://nvsrecruitment.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/rlll1.pdf|publisher=Gowhar |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS)<br />
[https://nvsrecruitment.in/revised-recruitment-rules-for-6980-vacancies-released-by-nvs/ Revised Recruitment Rules for 6980 Vacancies Released by NVS] --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.navodaya.gov.in NVS Official Website]<br />
* [https://navodayans.net A Networking Website for All Navodayans]<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* https://navodayacoaching.in/jawahar-navodaya-vidyalayas-update-2025/<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Education|School}}<br />
{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}<br />
{{School education in India}}<br />
{{Jawaharlal Nehru}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]<br />
[[Category:1986 establishments in India]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Moore_Johnson&diff=502501Helen Moore Johnson2026-03-25T05:23:38Z<p>Nawraj: made new bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|South Asian scholar (1889–1967)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Helen Moore Johnson<br />
| image = HelenMooreJohnson1907.png<br />
| alt = A young white woman with dark hair, wearing academic cap and gown<br />
| caption = Helen Moore Johnson, from the 1907 yearbook of the University of Missouri<br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = October 14, 1889<br />
| birth_place = Osceola, Missouri, U.S.<br />
| death_date = June 26, 1967<br />
| death_place = <br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Missouri]] <br/>[[University of Wisconsin]] (PhD)<br />
| occupation = <br />
| education = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = English translation of the ''Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Charita''<br />
| relatives = [[Waldo P. Johnson]] (grandfather)<br><br />
[[William Tell Johnson]] (uncle)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Helen Moore Johnson''' (October 14, 1889 – June 26, 1967) was an American [[Sanskrit]] scholar and classics professor. She was named a [[Guggenheim Fellowship|Guggenheim Fellow]] in 1927, appointed for research in [[Jainism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Helen Moore Johnson |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/helen-moore-johnson/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214225227/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/helen-moore-johnson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her work includes the English translation of the [[Hagiography|hagiographical]] work ''Trishashti Shalaka Purusha'' in six volumes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=nindi punj |url=http://archive.org/details/TrisasasitaLakaraPurusaCharitraHelenJohnsonM.Vol1UniversityOfBaroda |title=Trisasasita Lakara Purusa Charitra Helen Johnson M. Vol 1 University Of Baroda |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Johnson was born in [[Osceola, Missouri]], the daughter of Thomas Moore Johnson and Alice Barr Johnson.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=July 8, 1948 |title=Waldo P. Johnson's Mother Dies |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-clinton-eye-waldo-p-johnsons-mothe/158101332/ |work=The Clinton Eye |pages=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Her father was a lawyer, translator, and publisher, interested in [[theosophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Moore Johnson Collection of Philosophy |url=https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/collections/show/6 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=University of Missouri Libraries, Special Collections and Archives |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727032636/https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/collections/show/6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her grandfather, [[Waldo P. Johnson]], was a [[List of Confederate States senators|Confederate States Senator]]; one of her uncles was another Missouri politician, [[William Tell Johnson]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=November 3, 1960 |title=Services Held Saturday for Ralph P. Johnson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-clair-county-courier-services-held-s/158101933/ |work=St. Clair County Courier |pages=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She earned her bachelor's and master's degrees at the [[University of Missouri]], in 1907 and 1908 respectively. She pursued further studies at [[Tulane University]] and [[Bryn Mawr College]], and completed doctoral studies at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]] in 1912.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Karthunen |first=Klaus |date=2017-02-14 |title=Persons of Indian Studies: Helen M. Johnson |url=https://whowaswho-indology.info/2828/johnson-helen-moore/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103200640/https://whowaswho-indology.info/2828/johnson-helen-moore/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
Johnson was a professor at the [[University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma|Oklahoma College for Women]] from 1913 to 1916. She taught Latin and Greek at the Oxford College for Women in Ohio, in 1919 and 1920. She held the [[American Association of University Women|AAUW]]'s Alice Freeman Palmer Memorial fellowship to study in India from 1920 to 1921.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 1936 |title=A.A.U.W. Awards are Classified |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/columbia-missourian-a-a-u-w-awards-a/158058546/ |work=Columbia Missourian |pages=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She was based at Johns Hopkins University from 1924 to 1926. In 1927, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for her research on Jainism.<ref name=":0" /> In the late 1940s and the early 1960s, she spent more years studying in [[Vadodara|Baroda, India]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
Johnson published an English translation of the [[Hagiography|hagiographical]] work ''Trishashti Shalaka Purusha'' in six volumes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 1, 1931 |title=Osceola Woman is Publisher of Works on Ancient Religion |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-clair-county-courier-osceola-woman-i/158119068/ |work=St. Clair County Courier |pages=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Her worked appeared in scholarly journals, including ''The Classical Weekly'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1919 |title=The Portrayal of the Dog on Greek Vases |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4387846 |journal=The Classical Weekly |volume=12 |issue=27 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.2307/4387846 |jstor=4387846 |issn=1940-641X |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102064239/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4387846 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1946 |title=The Udayana-Vāsavadattā Romance in Hemacandra |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/596408 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=295–298 |doi=10.2307/596408 |jstor=596408 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1924 |title=The Story of the Thief Rāuhiṇeya in the Mahāvīracaritra of Hemacandra |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/593531 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=44 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/593531 |jstor=593531 |issn=0003-0279 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2020-07-31 |access-date=2024-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731094021/https://www.jstor.org/stable/593531 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[American Journal of Philology]]''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1926 |title=A New Account of the Relations between Mahāvīra and Gośāla |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/289849 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=74–82 |doi=10.2307/289849 |jstor=289849 |issn=0002-9475 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2019-03-31 |access-date=2024-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331044159/https://www.jstor.org/stable/289849 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
* "The Portrayal of the Dog on Greek Vases" (1919)<ref name=":3" /><br />
* "The Story of the Thief Rāuhiṇeya in the Mahāvīracaritra of Hemacandra" (1924)<ref name=":5" /><br />
* "Historical References in Hemacandra's Mahāvīracaritra" (1925)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1925 |title=Historical References in Hemacandra's Mahāvīracaritra |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/593508 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=45 |pages=301–310 |doi=10.2307/593508 |jstor=593508 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* "A New Account of the Relations between Mahāvīra and Gośāla" (1926)<ref name=":6" /><br />
* "The Lemon in India" (1936)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1936 |title=The Lemon in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/593881 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=47–50 |doi=10.2307/593881 |jstor=593881 |issn=0003-0279 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2024-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201094111/https://www.jstor.org/stable/593881 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* "Conversion of Vikrama Saṃvat Dates" (1938)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1938 |title=Conversion of Vikrama Saṃvat Dates |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/594378 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=668–669 |doi=10.2307/594378 |jstor=594378 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* "The Date of [[Diwali|Divālī]]" (1939)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1939 |title=The Date of Divālī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/594485 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=506–508 |doi=10.2307/594485 |jstor=594485 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* "Grains of Mediaeval India" (1941)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1941 |title=Grains of Mediaeval India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/594502 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=167–171 |doi=10.2307/594502 |jstor=594502 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* "Tamāla and vetra" (1944)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1944 |title=Tamāla and vetra |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/594685 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=224 |doi=10.2307/594685 |jstor=594685 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* "The Udayana-Vāsavadattā Romance in Hemacandra" (1946)<ref name=":4" /><br />
* "Gama and Cara" (1946)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1946 |title=Gama and Cara |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595572 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=260–261 |doi=10.2307/595572 |jstor=595572 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* "Rohinī-Aśokacandrakathā" (1948)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1948 |title=Rohinī-Aśokacandrakathā |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595940 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.2307/595940 |jstor=595940 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* "Śāntamūrti Munirāj Śrī Jayantavijayaji" (1949)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |date=1949 |title=Śāntamūrti Munirāj Śrī Jayantavijayaji |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/596255 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=262 |jstor=596255 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Johnson was injured in a car accident in 1939.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 3, 1940 |title=County & Vicinity |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-higginsville-jeffersonian-county-and/158118472/ |work=The Higginsville Jeffersonian |pages=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 1940 |title=Dropped damage suit against Mrs. Carolyn B. Cockefair |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-herald-dropped-damage-suit/158118699/ |work=The Standard-Herald |pages=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She died in 1967, at the age of 77.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Helen Moore}}<br />
[[Category:1889 births]]<br />
[[Category:1967 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Classics educators]]<br />
[[Category:American philologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indologists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Osceola, Missouri]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American translators]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Weapons_Convention&diff=470062Chemical Weapons Convention2026-03-23T09:21:24Z<p>Nawraj: refine information for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Multilateral treaty prohibiting the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Treaty<br />
|name = Chemical Weapons Convention<br />
|long_name = Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction<br />
|image = CWC Participation.svg<br />
|image_width = 400px<br />
|caption = Participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention<br />
{{Col-begin}}<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
{{legend|#00aa00|Signed and ratified}}{{legend|#008000|Acceded}}<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
{{legend|#eeee00|Signed but not ratified}}{{legend|#ff1111|Non-signatory}}<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
|type =<br />
|date_drafted = 3 September 1992<ref name=untc/><br />
|date_signed = 13 January 1993<ref name=untc/><br />
|location_signed = Paris and New York<ref name=untc/><br />
|date_sealed =<br />
|date_effective = 29 April 1997<ref name=untc/><br />
|condition_effective = Ratification by 65 states<ref>Chemical Weapons Convention, [http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-xxi-entry-into-force Article 21].</ref><br />
|date_expiration =<br />
|signatories = 165<ref name=untc/><br />
|parties = 193<ref name=untc/> ([[List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention|List of state parties]])<br /><small>Four UN states are not party: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan.</small><br />
|depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]]<ref>Chemical Weapons Convention, [http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-xxiii-depositary Article 23].</ref><br />
|language =<br />
|languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish<ref>Chemical Weapons Convention, [http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-xxiv-authentic-texts Article 24].</ref><br />
|wikisource =<br />
}}<br />
{{Non-proliferation, Disarmament, & Arms control}}<br />
The '''Chemical Weapons Convention''' ('''CWC'''), officially the '''Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction''', is an [[arms control]] [[treaty]] administered by the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in [[The Hague]], Netherlands. The treaty entered into force on 29 April 1997. It prohibits the use of chemical weapons, and the large-scale development, production, stockpiling, or transfer of [[chemical weapon]]s or their [[precursor (chemistry)|precursor]]s, except for very limited purposes (research, medical, [[Medication|pharmaceutical]] or protective). The main obligation of member states under the convention is to effect this prohibition, as well as the destruction of all current chemical weapons. All destruction activities must take place under OPCW verification.<br />
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{{As of|August 2022|post=,}} 193 states have become parties to the CWC and accept its obligations. [[Israel]] has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other [[UN member states]] ([[Egypt]], [[North Korea]] and [[South Sudan]]) have neither signed nor [[Ratification|acceded]] to the treaty.<ref name="untc">{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-3&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=2018-01-03 |accessdate=2018-01-03}}</ref><ref name=nonmembers>{{cite web |title=Angola Joins the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons |url=https://www.opcw.org/news/article/angola-joins-the-organisation-for-the-prohibition-of-chemical-weapons/|work=OPCW |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Most recently, the [[State of Palestine]] deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC on 17 May 2018. In September 2013, [[Syria]] acceded to the convention as part of an agreement for the [[destruction of Syria's chemical weapons]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Resolution 2118 (2013)|url=https://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/GetFile?Open&DS=S/RES/2118%282013%29&Lang=E&Type=DOC|website=United Nations documents|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=28 April 2017|pages=1|language=en|format=doc|date=27 September 2013|quote=Noting that on 14 September 2013, the Syrian Arab Republic deposited with the Secretary-General its instrument of accession to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Convention) and declared that it shall comply with its stipulations and observe them faithfully and sincerely, applying the Convention provisionally pending its entry into force for the Syrian Arab Republic|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704170211/https://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/GetFile?Open&DS=S%2FRES%2F2118%282013%29&Lang=E&Type=DOC|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. sanctions Syrian officials for chemical weapons attacks|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKBN14W28W|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=12 January 2017|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Under the convention, the entirety of the chemical weapons stockpiles declared by the States Parties to the convention have been irreversibly destroyed, an achievement reached in July 2023.<ref name="alldestroyed2023"/> The convention has provisions for systematic evaluation of chemical production facilities, as well as for investigations of allegations of use and [[chemical weapon proliferation|production of chemical weapons]] based on the intelligence of other state parties.<br />
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Some chemicals which have been used extensively in warfare but have numerous large-scale industrial uses (such as [[phosgene]]) are highly regulated; however, certain notable exceptions exist. [[Chlorine gas]] is highly toxic, but being a pure element and widely used for peaceful purposes, is not officially listed as a chemical weapon. Certain state powers (e.g. the former [[Assad regime]] of Syria) continued to regularly manufacture and implement such chemicals in combat munitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/S/2016/738|title= Third report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism|date=24 August 2016}}</ref> Although these chemicals are not specifically listed as controlled by the CWC, the use of any toxic chemical as a weapon (when used to produce fatalities solely or mainly through its toxic action) is in and of itself forbidden by the treaty. Other chemicals, such as [[white phosphorus]],<ref>{{Cite web|title='White phosphorus not used as chemical weapon in Syria'|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/white-phosphorus-not-used-as-chemical-weapon-in-syria/1637806|access-date=2021-05-22|website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> are highly toxic but are legal under the CWC when they are used by military forces for reasons other than their toxicity.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk.475">{{cite news<br />
| title=White phosphorus: weapon on the edge<br />
| author = Paul Reynolds<br />
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4442988.stm<br />
| date = 16 November 2005<br />
| access-date=4 April 2007<br />
| work=BBC News<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The CWC augments the [[Geneva Protocol]] of 1925, which bans the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts, but not their development or possession.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol|url=http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/1925/text|access-date=2021-02-09|website=[[United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs]]}}</ref> The CWC also includes extensive verification measures such as on-site inspections, in stark contrast to the 1975 [[Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention|Biological Weapons Convention]] (BWC), which lacks a verification regime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feakes|first=Daniel|date=2017|title=The Biological Weapons Convention|journal=Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)|volume=36|issue=2|pages=621–628|doi=10.20506/rst.36.2.2679|issn=0253-1933|pmid=30152458|s2cid=52100050 }}</ref><br />
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After several changes of name and composition, the ENDC evolved into the [[Conference on Disarmament]] (CD) in 1984.<ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsp/chemical.html The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention], THE HARVARD SUSSEX PROGRAM ON CBW ARMAMENT AND ARMS LIMITATION</ref> On 3 September 1992 the CD submitted to the [[U.N. General Assembly]] its annual report, which contained the text of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The General Assembly approved the convention on 30 November 1992, and the U.N. Secretary-General then opened the convention for signature in Paris on 13 January 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NATO|title=The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), opens for signature|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_24123.htm|access-date=2021-05-22|website=NATO|language=en}}</ref> The CWC remained open for signature until its entry into force on 29 April 1997, 180 days after the deposit at the UN by [[Hungary]] of the 65th instrument of ratification.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Herby|first=Peter|date=1997-04-30|title=Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force - ICRC|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/57jnja.htm|access-date=2021-05-22|website=International Review of the Red Cross|language=en-us}}</ref><br />
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==Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)==<br />
{{main|Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons}}<br />
[[File:HQ of OPCW in The Hague.jpg|thumb|Headquarters in [[The Hague]]]]<br />
The convention is administered by the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW), which acts as the legal platform for specification of the CWC provisions.<ref>[http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/intersection-science-and-chemical-disarmament The Intersection of Science and Chemical Disarmament], Beatrice Maneshi and Jonathan E. Forman, Science & Diplomacy, 21 September 2015.</ref> The Conference of the States Parties is mandated to change the CWC and pass regulations on the implementation of CWC requirements. The Technical Secretariat of the organization conducts inspections to ensure compliance of member states. These inspections target destruction facilities (where constant monitoring takes place during destruction), chemical weapons production facilities which have been dismantled or converted for civil use, as well as inspections of the chemical industry. The Secretariat may furthermore conduct "investigations of alleged use" of chemical weapons and give assistance after use of chemical weapons.{{cn|date=April 2022}}<br />
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The [[2013 Nobel Peace Prize]] was awarded to the organization because it had, with the Chemical Weapons Convention, "defined the use of chemical weapons as a [[taboo]] under [[international law]]" according to [[Thorbjørn Jagland]], Chairman of the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24490925|title=Syria chemical weapons monitors win Nobel Peace Prize|date=11 October 2013|access-date=12 October 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2013/press.html | title=Official press release from Nobel prize Committee | publisher=Nobel Prize Organization | date=11 October 2013 | access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref><br />
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==Key points of the Convention==<br />
* Prohibition of production and use of [[Chemical weapon|chemical weapons]]<br />
* Destruction (or monitored conversion to other functions) of chemical weapons production facilities<br />
* Destruction of all chemical weapons (including chemical weapons abandoned outside the state parties territory)<br />
* Assistance between State Parties and the OPCW in the case of use of chemical weapons<br />
* An OPCW inspection regime for the production of chemicals which might be converted to chemical weapons<br />
* International cooperation in the peaceful use of chemistry in relevant areas<br />
<br />
===Controlled substances===<br />
{{main|Schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention}}<br />
The convention distinguishes three classes of controlled substance,<ref name=opcw-20141207/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/annexes/annex-chemicals/annex-chemicals|title=Annex on Chemicals|website=OPCW}}</ref> chemicals that can either be used as weapons themselves or used in the manufacture of weapons. The classification is based on the quantities of the substance produced commercially for legitimate purposes. Each class is split into Part A, which are chemicals that can be used directly as weapons, and Part B, which are chemicals useful in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Separate from the precursors, the convention defines toxic chemicals as "[a]ny chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere."<ref>{{cite web|title=CWC Article II. Definitions and Criteria|url=http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-ii-definitions-and-criteria/|work=Chemical Weapons Convention|publisher=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]|access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref><br />
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*[[List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC)|Schedule 1]] chemicals have few, or no uses outside chemical weapons. These may be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or chemical weapon defence testing purposes but production at sites producing more than 100&nbsp;grams per year must be declared to the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]]. A country is limited to possessing a maximum of 1 tonne of these materials. Examples are [[sulfur mustard]] and [[nerve agent]]s, and substances which are solely used as precursor chemicals in their manufacture. A few of these chemicals have very small scale non-military applications, for example, milligram quantities of [[nitrogen mustard]] are used to treat certain cancers.<br />
*[[List of Schedule 2 substances (CWC)|Schedule 2]] chemicals have legitimate small-scale applications. Manufacture must be declared and there are restrictions on export to countries that are not CWC signatories. An example is [[thiodiglycol]] which can be used in the manufacture of mustard agents, but is also used as a solvent in [[ink]]s.<br />
*[[List of Schedule 3 substances (CWC)|Schedule 3]] chemicals have large-scale uses apart from chemical weapons. Plants which manufacture more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared and can be inspected, and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories. Examples of these substances are [[phosgene]] (the most lethal chemical weapon employed in [[World War I]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=CDC Facts about Phosgene|url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/phosgene/basics/facts.asp|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> which has been used as a chemical weapon but which is also a precursor in the manufacture of many legitimate organic compounds (e.g. [[pharmaceutical|pharmaceutical agents]] and many common [[pesticides]]), and [[triethanolamine]], used in the manufacture of nitrogen mustard but also commonly used in toiletries and detergents.<br />
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Many of the chemicals named in the schedules are simply examples from a wider class, defined with [[Markush structure|Markush]] like language. For example, all chemicals in the class "''O-Alkyl (<=C10, incl. cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)- phosphonofluoridates chemicals''" are controlled, despite only a few named examples being given, such as [[Soman]].<br />
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This can make it more challenging for companies to identify if chemicals they handle are subject to the CWC, especially Schedule 2 and 3 chemicals (such as Alkylphosphorus chemicals). For example, Amgard 1045 is a flame retardant, but falls within Schedule 2B<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/resources/declarations/most-traded-scheduled-chemicals-2022|title=Most Traded Scheduled Chemicals 2022|website=OPCW}}</ref> as part of Alkylphosphorus chemical class. This approach is also used in controlled drug legislation in many countries and are often termed "class wide controls" or "generic statements".<br />
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Due to the added complexity these statements bring in identifying regulated chemicals, many companies choose to carry out these assessments computationally, examining the chemicals structure using in silico tools which compare them to the legislation statements, either with in house systems maintained a company or by the use commercial compliance software solutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scitegrity.com/controlled-substances|title=Regulated Chemicals &#124; Controlled Substance Lists &#124; Scitegrity|website=www.scitegrity.com}}</ref><br />
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A treaty party may declare a "single small-scale facility" that produces up to 1 tonne of Schedule 1 chemicals for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective purposes each year, and also another facility may produce 10&nbsp;kg per year for protective testing purposes. An unlimited number of other facilities may produce Schedule 1 chemicals, subject to a total 10&nbsp;kg annual limit, for research, medical or pharmaceutical purposes, but any facility producing more than 100 grams must be declared.<ref name=opcw-20141207>{{cite web |url=https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/Fact_Sheets/Fact_Sheet_7_-_Schedule_of_chemicals.pdf |title=Monitoring Chemicals with Possible Chemical Weapons Applications |id=Fact sheet 7 |publisher=Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons |date=7 December 2014 |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714154953/https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/Fact_Sheets/Fact_Sheet_7_-_Schedule_of_chemicals.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=sipri-5>{{cite report |page=45 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/PP/SIPRIPP05.pdf |title=Non-Compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention - Lessons from and for Iraq |author=Jean Pascal Zanders, John Hart, Richard Guthrie |id=Policy Paper No. 5 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=October 2003 |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><br />
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The treaty also deals with carbon compounds called in the treaty "discrete organic chemicals", the majority of which exhibit moderate-high direct toxicity or can be readily converted into compounds with toxicity sufficient for practical use as a chemical weapon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemlink.com.au/chemweap.htm|title=Chemical Weapons Convention|website=www.chemlink.com.au}}</ref> These are any carbon compounds apart from long chain polymers, oxides, sulfides and metal carbonates, such as [[organophosphate]]s. The OPCW must be informed of, and can inspect, any plant producing (or expecting to produce) more than 200 tonnes per year, or 30 tonnes if the chemical contains phosphorus, sulfur or fluorine, unless the plant solely produces explosives or hydrocarbons.<br />
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===Category definitions===<br />
Chemical weapons are divided into three categories:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/cwcglance|title=The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) at a Glance &#124; Arms Control Association|website=www.armscontrol.org}}</ref><br />
* Category 1 - based on Schedule 1 substances<br />
* Category 2 - based on non-Schedule 1 substances<br />
* Category 3 - devices and equipment designed to use chemical weapons, without the substances themselves<br />
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==Member states==<br />
{{main|List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention}}<br />
Before the CWC came into force in 1997, 165 states signed the convention, allowing them to ratify the agreement after obtaining domestic approval.<ref name=untc/> Following the treaty's entry into force, it was closed for signature and the only method for non-signatory states to become a party was through accession. As of March 2021, 193 states, representing over 98 percent of the world's population, are party to the CWC.<ref name=untc/> Of the four [[United Nations member states]] that are not parties to the treaty, [[Israel]] has signed but not ratified the treaty, while [[Egypt]], [[North Korea]], and [[South Sudan]] have neither signed nor acceded to the convention. Taiwan, though not a member state, has stated on 27 August 2002 that it fully complies with the treaty.<ref name=taiwan>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97E6CC8BA785BC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Taiwan fully supports Chemical Weapons Convention|publisher=BBC|date=27 August 2002|access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=China Chemical Chronology |url=https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/china_chemical_1.pdf |date=June 2012 |access-date=6 October 2023 |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan Overview |url=https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/taiwan-overview/ |date=2023-09-06 |access-date=2024-09-14 |publisher=[[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey#James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Middlebury Institute of International Studies]] |via=Nuclear Threat Initiative |location=Washington, D.C. United States}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Key organizations of member states===<br />
Member states are represented at the [[OPCW]] by their Permanent Representative. This function is generally combined with the function of Ambassador. For the preparation of OPCW inspections and preparation of declarations, member states have to constitute a National Authority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemical Weapons Convention |url=https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=OPCW |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==World stockpile of chemical weapons==<br />
{{Weapons of mass destruction}}<br />
A total of 72,304 metric tonnes of chemical agent, and 97 production facilities have been declared to OPCW.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=OPCW by the Numbers|url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/opcw-numbers|access-date=2021-02-09|website=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="opcwreport1124"/><br />
<br />
===Treaty deadlines===<br />
The treaty set up several steps with deadlines toward complete destruction of chemical weapons, with a procedure for requesting deadline extensions. No country reached total elimination by the original treaty date although several finished under allowed extensions.<ref><br />
"Russian President Vladimir Putin has announced that Russia is destroying its last supplies of chemical weapons": [http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/859500/Russia-destroys-last-chemical-weapons-USA-next SOPHIE WILLAIMS, ''Russia destroys ALL chemical weapons and calls on AMERICA to do the same'', Express], 27-9-2017.</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"<br />
|+ Reduction Phases<br />
! '''Phase''' || '''% Reduction''' || '''Deadline''' || '''Notes'''<br />
|-<br />
| I ||1% ||April 2000 ||&nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| II || 20% || April 2002 ||Complete destruction of empty munitions, precursor chemicals,<br /> filling equipment and weapons systems<br />
|-<br />
|III ||45% ||April 2004 ||&nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
|IV || 100% || April 2007 ||No extensions permitted past April 2012<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Progress of destruction===<br />
On 7 July 2023, the OPCW announced that all 72,304.34 metric tonnes of declared chemical agent had been verifiably destroyed.<ref name="alldestroyed2023"/><br />
<br />
Seven state parties have completed the destruction of their declared stockpiles: Albania, India, Iraq, Libya, Syria, the United States, and an unspecified state party (believed to be South Korea). Russia also completed the destruction of its declared stockpile. According to the US [[Arms Control Association]], the [[poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal]] in 2018 and the [[poisoning of Alexei Navalny]] in 2020 indicated that Russia maintained an illicit chemical weapons program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria, Russia, and the Global Chemical Weapons Crisis |publisher=Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2021-09/features/syria-russia-global-chemical-weapons-crisis |access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Japan and China in October 2010 began the destruction of [[World War II]] era chemical weapons abandoned by Japan in China by means of mobile destruction units and reported destruction of 35,203 chemical weapons (75% of the Nanjing stockpile).<ref name=CSP16>{{cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/CSP/C-22/en/c22dg20_e_.pdf|title=Opening Statement by the Director-General to the Conference of the States Parties at its Sixteenth Session|date=28 November 2011|access-date=1 May 2012|publisher=[[OPCW]]}}</ref><ref>[https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/EC/61/en/ec61dec01e.pdf Executive Council 61, Decision 1]. OPCW. 2010</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: normal; table-layout: fixed;"<br />
|-<br />
! Country and link to detail article<br />
! Date of accession/<br />entry into force<br />
! Declared stockpile <br />(Schedule 1) (tonnes)<br />
! % OPCW-verified destroyed <br />(date of full destruction)<br />
! Destruction <br />deadline<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania and weapons of mass destruction|Albania]]<br />
| 29 April 1997 || 17<ref name=albaniadestroy>{{cite web |url=https://www.opcw.org/news/article/albania-the-first-country-to-destroy-all-its-chemical-weapons/ |title=Albania the First Country to Destroy All Its Chemical Weapons |work=OPCW |date=12 July 2007 |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>|| 100% (July 2007)<ref name=albaniadestroy />||<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea and weapons of mass destruction|South Korea]]<br />
| 29 April 1997 || 3,000–3,500<ref name=southkoreadestroy /> ||100% (July 2008)<ref name=southkoreadestroy>{{cite news |title=South Korea Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal |url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/south-korea-completes-chemical-weapons-disposal/ |first=Chris |last=Schneidmiller |date=17 October 2008 |access-date=15 May 2015 |work=Nuclear Threat Initiative}}</ref>|| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|India}} [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India]]<br />
| 29 April 1997 ||1,044<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/india/chemical/ |title=India Country Profile – Chemical |work=Nuclear Threat Initiative |date=February 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404163919/http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/india/chemical/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ||100% (March 2009)<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/india-completes-chemical-weapons-disposal-iraq-declares-stockpile |title=India Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal; Iraq Declares Stockpile |first=Chris |last=Schneidmiller |work=Nuclear Threat Initiative |date=27 April 2009 |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>||<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya and weapons of mass destruction|Libya]]<br />
| 5 February 2004 ||25<ref name=libyaend />||100% (January 2014)<ref name=libyaend>{{cite web |title=Libya Completes Destruction of Its Category 1 Chemical Weapons |url=http://www.opcw.org/news/article/libya-completes-destruction-of-its-category-1-chemical-weapons/ |work=OPCW |date=4 February 2014}}</ref>||<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syria and weapons of mass destruction|Syria]] (government held)<br />
| 14 October 2013<ref>Syria applied the convention provisionally from 14 September 2013</ref> ||1,040<ref name=syriaend>{{cite web |title=OPCW: All Category 1 Chemicals Declared by Syria Now Destroyed |url=http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-all-category-1-chemicals-declared-by-syria-now-destroyed |work=OPCW |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>||100% (August 2014)<ref name=syriaend /> || <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russia]]<br />
| 5 December 1997 ||40,000<ref name=russiadestroy>{{cite web |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/gpp-ppm/chemical_weapons-armes_chimiques.aspx?lang=eng |title=Chemical Weapons Destruction |work=Government of Canada – Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092056/http://www.international.gc.ca/gpp-ppm/chemical_weapons-armes_chimiques.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||100% (September 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-director-general-commends-major-milestone-as-russia-completes-destruction-of-chemical-weapons-stockpile-under-opcw-verification/|title=OPCW Director-General Commends Major Milestone as Russia Completes Destruction of Chemical Weapons Stockpile under OPCW Verification|publisher=OPCW|date=2017-09-27 |access-date=2017-09-28}}</ref>||<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States and weapons of mass destruction|United States]]<br />
| 29 April 1997||33,600<ref name=us2015>{{cite news |title=U.S. to begin destroying its stockpile of chemical weapons in Pueblo, Colorado |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/17/us/chemical-weapons-pueblo-debot/ |first=Evelio |last=Contreras |work=CNN |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> ||100% (July 2023)<ref name="alldestroyed2023">{{cite web |title=OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2023/07/opcw-confirms-all-declared-chemical-weapons-stockpiles-verified |publisher=OPCW |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraq]]<br />
| 12 February 2009 ||remnant munitions<ref name=iraqplan />||100% (March 2018)<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-director-general-congratulates-iraq-on-complete-destruction-of-chemical-weapons-remnants/|title = OPCW Director-General Congratulates Iraq on Complete Destruction of Chemical Weapons Remnants}}</ref>||<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: left;" | {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan and weapons of mass destruction|Japan]] (in China)<br />
| 29 April 1997 ||- ||66.97% (as of September 2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=OPCW Executive Council and Director-General Review Progress on Destruction of Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2022/09/opcw-executive-council-and-director-general-review-progress-destruction |publisher=OPCW |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> ||2027<ref>{{cite web |title=Position Paper on the Chemical Weapons Abandoned by Japan in China |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/jks_665232/kjfywj_665252/202303/t20230324_11048529.html |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |access-date=12 July 2023 |date=2023-03-24}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Iraqi stockpile====<br />
{{See also|Iraqi chemical weapons program}}<br />
<br />
The U.N. Security Council ordered the dismantling of Iraq's chemical weapon stockpile in 1991. By 1998, [[UNSCOM]] inspectors had accounted for the destruction of 88,000 filled and unfilled chemical munitions, over 690 metric tons of weaponized and bulk chemical agents, approximately 4,000 tonnes of precursor chemicals, and 980 pieces of key production equipment.<ref name=iraqprofile>{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/iraq/chemical/ |title=Iraq Country Profile – Chemical |work=Nuclear Threat Initiative |date=April 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207121236/http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/iraq/chemical/ |archive-date=7 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The UNSCOM inspectors left in 1998.<br />
<br />
In 2009, before Iraq joined the CWC, the OPCW reported that the United States military had destroyed almost 5,000 old chemical weapons in open-air detonations since 2004.<ref name=openair>{{cite news |first=C.J. |last=Chivers |title=Thousands of Iraq Chemical Weapons Destroyed in Open Air, Watchdog Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/23/world/middleeast/thousands-of-iraq-chemical-weapons-destroyed-in-open-air-watchdog-says-.html |date=22 November 2014 |work=The New York Times|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> These weapons, produced before the 1991 [[Gulf War]], contained [[sarin]] and [[sulfur mustard|mustard agents]] but were so badly corroded that they could not have been used as originally intended.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Intel Report Reignites Iraq Arms Fight |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/22/AR2006062201475.html |first=Katherine |last=Shrader |date=22 June 2006 |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=16 May 2015 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Iraq joined the CWC in 2009, it declared "two bunkers with filled and unfilled chemical weapons munitions, some precursors, as well as five former chemical weapons production facilities" according to OPCW Director General Rogelio Pfirter.<ref name="India" /> The bunker entrances were sealed with 1.5 meters of reinforced concrete in 1994 under UNSCOM supervision.<ref name=difficulties /> As of 2012, the plan to destroy the chemical weapons was still being developed, in the face of significant difficulties.<ref name=iraqplan>{{cite web |url=http://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/EC/68/en/ns/ec68nat09_e_.pdf |title=Progress report on the preparation of the destruction plan for the al Muthanna bunkers |work=OPCW |date=1 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=difficulties>{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/stories/100304_iraq_cw_legacy.htm |title=Iraq Faces Major Challenges in Destroying Its Legacy Chemical Weapons |first=Jonathan B. |last=Tucker |publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies |date=17 March 2010 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329221555/http://cns.miis.edu/stories/100304_iraq_cw_legacy.htm |archive-date=29 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, [[ISIS]] took control of the site.<ref name=isis>{{cite news |title=Isis seizes former chemical weapons plant in Iraq |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/09/isis-seizes-chemical-weapons-plant-muthanna-iraq |work=The Guardian|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=16 May 2015 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 March 2018, the Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Ambassador Ahmet Üzümcü, congratulated the Government of Iraq on the completion of the destruction of the country's chemical weapons remnants.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
<br />
====Syrian destruction====<br />
{{Main|Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons}}<br />
Following the August 2013 [[Ghouta chemical attack]],<ref name=julianandpatrick>{{cite web |first1=Julian |last1=Borger |first2=Patrick |last2=Wintour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/09/russia-syria-hand-over-chemical-weapons |title=Russia calls on Syria to hand over chemical weapons |work=The Guardian|date=9 September 2013 |access-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref> Syria, which had long been suspected of possessing chemical weapons, acknowledged them in September 2013 and agreed to put them under international supervision.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/11/world/middleeast/Syria-Chemical-Arms.html|title=In Shift, Syrian Official Admits Government Has Chemical Arms|date=10 September 2013|access-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Barnard|first=Anne}}</ref> On 14 September Syria deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC with the United Nations as the [[depositary]] and agreed to its provisional application pending entry into force effective 14 October.<ref name = "Syria_Accession">{{cite web|title=Depositary Norification|url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2013/CN.592.2013-Eng.pdf|publisher=United Nations|access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sgsm15274.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Receives Letter from Syrian Government Informing Him President Has Signed Legislative Decree for Accession to Chemical Weapons Convention|date=12 September 2013|work=United Nations}}</ref> An accelerated destruction schedule was devised by Russia and the United States on 14 September,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gordon|first=Michael R.|title=U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html|access-date=15 September 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 September 2013}}</ref> and was endorsed by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118]]<ref name="Michael Corder">{{cite news|author=Michael Corder |title=Syrian Chemical Arms Inspections Could Begin Soon |url=http://world.time.com/2013/09/27/syrian-chemical-arms-inspections-could-begin-soon/ |access-date=9 October 2013 |newspaper=[[Associated Press]]|date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020181433/http://world.time.com/2013/09/27/syrian-chemical-arms-inspections-could-begin-soon/ |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> and the OPCW Executive Council Decision EC-M-33/DEC.1.<ref name="opcw.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/EC/M-33/ecm33dec01_e_.pdf|title=Decision: Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons|work=OPCW|access-date=28 September 2013|date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Their deadline for destruction was the first half of 2014.<ref name="opcw.org"/> Syria gave the OPCW an inventory of its chemical weapons arsenal<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-10-06|title=Syria chemical arms removal begins|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24419468|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref> and [[destruction of Syrian chemical weapons|began its destruction]] in October 2013, 2 weeks before its formal entry into force, while applying the convention provisionally.<ref name=nbc_kerry>{{cite news |title=Kerry 'very pleased' at Syria compliance over chemical weapons |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/07/20843265-kerry-very-pleased-at-syria-compliance-over-chemical-weapons?lite |access-date=9 October 2013 |newspaper=NBC News |date=7 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="reut6">{{cite news|author=Mariam Karouny|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-experts-idUSBRE99508920131007|title=Destruction of Syrian chemical weapons begins: mission|work=Reuters|date=6 October 2013|access-date=8 October 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007035957/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/07/us-syria-crisis-experts-idUSBRE99508920131007|url-status=live}}</ref> All declared Category 1 materials were destroyed by August 2014.<ref name=syriaend /> However, the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]] in April 2017 indicated that undeclared stockpiles probably remained in the country. A [[Douma chemical attack|chemical attack on Douma]] occurred on 7 April 2018 that killed at least 49 civilians with scores injured, and which has been blamed on the Assad government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/09/politics/haley-un-russia-syria-attack/index.html|title=Haley says Russia's hands are 'covered in the blood of Syrian children'|author=Nicole Gaouette|website=CNN|date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|title=Suspected Syria chemical attack kills 70|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-43686157|access-date=8 April 2018|work=BBC News|date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/opcw-confirms-chemical-weapons-use-in-douma-syria/a-47747999|title=OPCW confirms chemical weapons use in Douma, Syria|work=DW|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]/[[Associated Press]]|date=1 March 2019|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Controversy arose in November 2019 over the OPCW's finding on the Douma chemical weapons attack when Wikileaks published emails by an OPCW staff member saying a report on this incident "misrepresents the facts" and contains "unintended bias". The OPCW staff member questioned the report's finding that OPCW's inspectors had "sufficient evidence at this time to determine that chlorine, or another reactive chlorine-containing chemical, was likely released from cylinders".<ref name="opcw2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/syria-watchdog-accused-of-misleading-report|title=Syria watchdog accused of making misleading edits in report on chemical weapons attack|access-date=2019-12-24|publisher=Foxnews.com|year=2019|author=Greg Norman}}</ref> The staff member alleged this finding was "highly misleading and not supported by the facts" and said he would attach his own differing observations if this version of the report was released. On 25 November 2019, OPCW Director General Fernando Arias, in a speech to the OPCW's annual conference in The Hague, defended the Organization's report on the Douma incident, stating "While some of these diverse views continue to circulate in some public discussion forums, I would like to reiterate that I stand by the independent, professional conclusion" of the probe.<ref name="opcw1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/opcw-chemical-weapons-watchdog-douma-chlorine-gas-wikileaks-russia-syria-claim-bias-today-2019-11-25/|title=Chemical weapons watchdog OPCW defends Syria report as whistleblower claims bias|access-date=2019-12-24|publisher=cbsnews.com|year=2019|author=CBS/AFP}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Financial support for destruction====<br />
Financial support for the Albanian and Libyan stockpile destruction programmes was provided by the United States. Russia received support from a number of countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Canada; with some $2 billion given by 2004. Costs for Albania's program were approximately US$48 million. As of 2007, the United States had spent $20 billion and expected to spend a further $40 billion.<ref name="Chall">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL07441714 |title=Russia, U.S. face challenge on chemical weapons |work=[[Reuters]] |date=7 August 2007 |access-date=7 August 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Known chemical weapons production facilities===<br />
Fourteen states parties declared chemical weapons production facilities (CWPFs):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.com/world/977688 |title=OPCW chief announces destruction of over 96% of chemical weapons in the world |website=Tass |publisher=[[Tass]] |date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/Fact_Sheets/English/Fact_Sheet_6_-_destruction.pdf|title=Eliminating Chemical Weapons and Chemical Weapons Production Facilities|date=November 2017|access-date=2019-02-21|publisher=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012121306/https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/Fact_Sheets/English/Fact_Sheet_6_-_destruction.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
:{|width=100% style="background:transparent"<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| style="width:25%;"|<br />
*{{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|China}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|France}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|India}}<br />
| style="width:25%;"|<br />
*{{flagcountry|Iran}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Iraq}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Japan}}<br />
| style="width:25%;"|<br />
*{{flagcountry|Libya}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Russia}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Serbia}}<br />
| style="width:25%;"|<br />
*{{flagcountry|Syria}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|United States}}<br />
|}<br />
*1 non-disclosed state party (referred to as "A State Party" in OPCW-communications; said to be [[South Korea]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Confidentiality and verification: the IAEA and OPCW|url=http://www.vertic.org/media/assets/TV114.pdf|date=May–June 2004|access-date=3 December 2012|publisher=[[VERTIC]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 31 December 2023, all 97 declared production facilities had been deactivated and certified as either destroyed (74) or converted (23) to civilian use.<ref name="opcwreport1124">{{cite report |url=https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2024/12/c2904%28e%29.pdf |title=Report of the OPCW on the implementation of the convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction in 2023 |page=6 |id=C-29/4 |publisher=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]] |date=28 November 2024 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Compliance and Alleged Violations ==<br />
===Sudan===<br />
Sudan officially acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) on 24 May 1999, becoming a State Party to the treaty that prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer, or use of chemical weapons. By ratifying the CWC, Sudan legally committed to destroy any chemical weapons it possessed, declare chemical facilities as required, and allow verification inspections by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)—the international body tasked with implementing the Convention. Accession to the CWC marked Sudan’s formal acceptance of international norms against chemical warfare and placed it under binding obligations to refrain from chemical weapons activities and to cooperate with other States Parties in enforcing the global ban.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Republic of the Sudan Accedes to the Chemical Weapons Convention |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/1999/05/republic-sudan-accedes-chemical-weapons-convention |website=OPCW |access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
An investigation by Amnesty International documented what it described as at least 30 suspected chemical weapons attacks against civilians between January and September 2016, estimating that up to 200–250 people, many of them children, may have died as a result of exposure to toxic agents. Survivors’ testimonies and expert analysis of imagery suggested the possible use of vesicants (blister agents) such as sulfur mustard or lewisite, substances categorically banned under the CWC when used as weapons. These findings were based on satellite imagery, more than 200 interviews with victims and witnesses, and independent expert interpretation, although Sudan denied the allegations and restricted access to the affected areas. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) acknowledged receipt of the reports and indicated it would examine the information, but at the time had not publicly verified the claims.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan: Credible evidence of the use of chemical weapons to kill and maim hundreds of civilians including children in Darfur revealed |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/09/sudan-credible-evidence-chemical-weapons-darfur-revealed/ |website=Amnesty International |access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite these commitments, credible reports from 2024–2025 indicate that Sudan’s armed forces may have violated the Convention’s core prohibitions by using chemical agents such as chlorine gas during the ongoing civil war. Investigations by media outlets and human rights organizations found evidence suggesting that the Sudanese army deployed barrels of chlorine near Khartoum and other locations, a use of chemical agents that is expressly banned under the CWC when intended as a weapon. Independent groups like Human Rights Watch and statements from U.S. officials concluded that such incidents, if confirmed, constitute a breach of Sudan’s international legal obligations and a serious violation of the global ban on chemical weapons, prompting sanctions from the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kimball |first1=Daryl |title=Sudan Army Said to Use Chlorine as Weapon |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2026-01/news/sudan-army-said-use-chlorine-weapon |access-date=March 1, 2026 |agency=Arms Control Association}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Syria===<br />
Syria acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 2013 following international pressure to dismantle its chemical weapons program. Subsequent investigations by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) found that Syrian government forces were responsible for multiple chemical weapons attacks, including the use of sarin and chlorine. The OPCW’s Investigation and Identification Team attributed several incidents between 2017 and 2018 to the Syrian Arab Air Force.<br />
<br />
Human Rights Watch and United Nations–mandated investigations concluded that Syrian government forces were responsible for the majority of confirmed chemical weapons attacks during the Syrian civil war. In response to Syria’s continued non-compliance, States Parties to the Convention voted in 2021 to suspend certain rights and privileges of Syria under the treaty, including voting rights at conferences of the Chemical Weapons Convention.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Charbonneau |first1=Louis |title=Suspend Syria’s Rights Under Chemical Weapons Convention — Governments Should Bolster Respect for Landmark Arms Ban |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/20/suspend-syrias-rights-under-chemical-weapons-convention |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
===Related international law===<br />
*[[Australia Group]] of countries and the European Commission that helps member nations identify exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons<br />
*[[Agreement on Destruction and Non-production of Chemical Weapons and on Measures to Facilitate the Multilateral Convention on Banning Chemical Weapons|1990 US-Soviet Arms Control Agreement]]<br />
*[[General-purpose criterion]], a concept in international law that broadly governs international agreements with respect to chemical weapons <br />
*[[Geneva Protocol]], a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons among signatory states in international armed conflicts<br />
<br />
===Worldwide treaties for other types of weapons of mass destruction ===<br />
{{Main|List of weapons of mass destruction treaties|List of parties to weapons of mass destruction treaties}}<br />
*[[Biological Weapons Convention]] (BWC) ([[List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention|states parties]])<br />
*[[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT) ([[List of parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|states parties]])<br />
*[[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]] (TPNW) ([[List of parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|states parties]])<br />
<br />
===Chemical weapons===<br />
{{Main|List of chemical arms control agreements}}<br />
*[[Chemical warfare]]<br />
*[[Weapons of mass destruction]]<br />
*[[Tear gas]]<br />
<br />
===Related remembrance day===<br />
*[[Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Chemical Weapons Convention}}<br />
* [https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/CWC/CWC_en.pdf Full text of the Chemical Weapons Convention], OPCW<br />
* Online text of the Chemical Weapons Convention: [https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/ Articles], [https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/annexes/ Annexes including Chemical Schedules], OPCW<br />
* [https://www.opcw.org/documents-reports/fact-sheets/ Fact Sheets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073252/https://www.opcw.org/documents-reports/fact-sheets/ |date=8 April 2018 }}, OPCW<br />
* [https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/member-states/ Chemical Weapons Convention: Ratifying Countries], OPCW<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120103055850/http://www.cwc.gov/ Chemical Weapons Convention Website], United States<br />
* [http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/cwcglance.asp The Chemical Weapons Convention at a Glance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183932/http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/cwcglance.asp |date=16 April 2014 }}, Arms Control Association<br />
* [http://www.chemlink.com.au/chemweap.htm Chemical Warfare Chemicals and Precursors], Chemlink Pty Ltd, Australia<br />
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cpdpsucw/cpdpsucw.html Introductory note by Michael Bothe, procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]<br />
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Onate-Laborde_AC.html Lecture] by [[Santiago Oñate Laborde]] entitled ''The Chemical Weapons Convention: an Overview'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ward_No._135,_Kolkata_Municipal_Corporation&diff=467011Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation2026-03-23T07:43:30Z<p>Nawraj: added layout additionally and fixed typos based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
<!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--><br />
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--><br />
<!-- Basic info ----------------><br />
|name = Ward No. 135<!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --><br />
|official_name = <br />
|other_name = <br />
|native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --><br />
|nickname = <br />
|settlement_type = Kolkata Municipal Corporation<br />
|total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --><br />
|motto = <br />
<!-- images and maps -----------><br />
|image_skyline = <br />
|image_caption = <br />
|image_flag = <br />
|flag_size = <br />
|image_seal = <br />
|seal_size = <br />
|image_shield = <br />
|shield_size = <br />
|image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/West Bengal/Kolkata/Ward No. 135, KMC.map}}<br />
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ward No. 135<br />
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata<br />
|pushpin_map_alt = <br />
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata<br />
<!-- Location ------------------><br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = City<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]<br />
|subdivision_type3 = Neighbourhoods<br />
|subdivision_name3 = [[Garden Reach]] (Bichali Ghat-Mudiali)<br />
|subdivision_type4 = Reservation<br />
|subdivision_name4 = Women(Open) <br />
|subdivision_type5 = Parliamentary constituency<br />
|subdivision_name5 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]<br />
|subdivision_type6 = Assembly constituency<br />
|subdivision_name6 = [[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port]]<br />
<!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --><br />
|seat_type = Borough<br />
|seat = 15<br />
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Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--><br />
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|p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--><br />
<!-- Politics -----------------><br />
|government_footnotes = <br />
|government_type = <br />
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|leader_name = <br />
|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --><br />
|leader_name1 = <br />
|established_title = <!-- Settled --><br />
|established_date = <br />
<!-- Area ---------------------><br />
|unit_pref = Imperial<!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--><br />
|area_footnotes = <br />
|area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion --><br />
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template: Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--><br />
|area_water_km2 = <br />
|area_water_percent = <br />
<!-- Elevation --------------------------><br />
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--><br />
|elevation_m = <br />
|elevation_max_m = <br />
|elevation_min_m = <br />
<!-- Population -----------------------><br />
|population_as_of = 2011<br />
|population_footnotes = <br />
|population_note = <br />
|population_total = 33,258<br />
|population_density_km2 = <!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --><br />
<!-- General information ---------------><br />
|timezone = IST<br />
|utc_offset = +5:30<br />
|timezone_DST = <br />
|utc_offset_DST = <br />
|coor_type = <!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to --><br />
|coordinates = {{coord|22.546806|N|88.284556|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}<br />
<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------><br />
|postal_code_type = PIN<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --><br />
|postal_code = 700 024<br />
|area_code = +91 33<br />
|website = <br />
|footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation''' is an administrative division of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in Borough No. 15, covering parts of [[Garden Reach]] (Bichali Ghat-Mudiali) neighborhood in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The establishment and evolution of Kolkata Municipal Corporation followed a long process starting from around the middle of the 19th century. The Municipal Consolidation Act of 1888 and certain steps taken thereafter saw the addition of peripheral areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city to the corporation area. In 1888, there were 75 commissioners, 50 of whom were elected, 15 appointed by the government and 10 nominated from bodies like Chambers of Commerce, Trades Associations and the Port Commissioners. The Calcutta Municipal Act of 1923 brought about important changes. The adjacent municipalities of Cossipore, Chitpore, Manicktola and Garden Reach, as well as the New Dock Extension area, were amalgamated with Kolkata. Garden Reach was later taken out.<ref name= kmc1>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp|title= A walk down memory lane | work= About Kolkata | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=kmc2>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation | work= Kolkata - a municipal history | publisher= KMC|access-date = 16 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Post-independence developments saw the introduction of adult franchise in municipal elections in 1962. The number of wards increased from 75 to 100. Tollygunge was merged with Kolkata in 1953. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata. With the addition of Joka to Kolkata, the number of wards rose to 144.<ref name= kmc1/><ref name=kmc2/><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Ward No. 135 is bordered on the north by the southern bank of the Hooghly River and Garden Reach Road; on the east by Bichali Ghat Lane, Dhankheti Khal, Mudiali 1st Lane and Fatepur 2nd Lane; on the south by Panchanantala Lane and Monsha Row Bye Lane; and on the west by Mudialy Road.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/mwards.html |title= Municipal Wards| publisher= Yellow Pages.com|access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref><br />
[[File:Ward no. 135 in Kolkata Municipal Corporation.svg|thumb|Location of Ward No. 135 in Kolkata Ward Map]]<br />
<br />
The ward is served by [[Garden Reach#Police districts|Garden Reach]] and [[Garden Reach#Police districts|Metiabruz]] police stations of [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]].<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=4&Division=P |title = Kolkata Police |work = Port Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory, Fourth Impression 2003, Map No. 104, D.P. Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata-700 073.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title= Table 3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |access-date= 12 February 2018 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Watgunge#Police district|Watgunge Women police station]], located at 16, Watgunge Street, Kolkata-700023, covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Port Division]], i.e. North Port, South Port, Watgunge, West Port, Garden Reach, Ekbalpur, Nadial, Rajabagan and Metiabruz.<ref name="police"/><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, had a total population of 33,258, of which 17,553 (53%) were males and 15,705 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 3,536. The total number of literates in Ward No. 135 was 22,513 (75.75% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 February 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kolkata is the second most literate district in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1916_PART_B_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 25: District Highlights, 2011 Census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref> The literacy rate of Kolkata district has increased from 53.0% in 1951 to 86.3% in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 63-64: Literacy Rate | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in KMC wards|collapsible=y}}<br />
Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level. For district level information see [[Kolkata district#Demographics|Kolkata district]].<br />
<br />
According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district. (3 wards were added later).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map on third page plus demographic data about all the wards in the handbook | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Election highlights==<br />
The ward forms a city municipal corporation council electoral constituency and is a part of [[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 4 June 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br /> year!!Constituency!!Name of councillor!!Party affililiation<br />
|-<br />
|2005||Ward No. 135||Shamsuzzaman Ansari||[[Indian National Congress]]||<ref>Search the web for COUNCILLORS OF KOLKATA MUNICITIPAL CORPORATION. In the search list click on this. On clicking one gets an option for "List of KMC Councillors" at the bottom of the page. Press <Open> to get to Adobe Acrobat file.</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2010||||Rubina Nazz||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbsec.gov.in/(S(csnkqo55bqu3de55qcptl2ib))/Municipal/Detailed_Mun_KMC.aspx |title= Kolkata Municipal Corporation General Election Results 2010| publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|2015||||Akhtari Nizami||Indian National Congress||<ref>Prabahat Khabar, Hindi newspaper, print edition, 29 April 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://wbsec.gov.in/(S(knvrcje3wq5iuhzomlbppt55))/writereaddata/Orders/Municipal/1712-sec.pdf |title= Ward-wise winners| work= Gazette Notification | publisher= West Bengal State Election Commission|access-date = 4 June 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021||||Rubina Naaz||[[Independent politician|Independent]]||Joined TMC in 2024<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata Municipal Corporation wards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Municipal wards of Kolkata]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammal&diff=458203Mammal2026-03-23T01:29:02Z<p>Nawraj: improved references further and fixed typos</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Class of animals with milk-producing glands}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{Redirect-several|dab=off|Mammalian (film){{!}}''Mammalian'' (film)|Mammalia (journal){{!}}''Mammalia'' (journal)}}<br />
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{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Automatic taxobox<br />
| name = Mammals<br />
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|earliest = 225|167|0|[[Late Triassic]] or [[Middle Jurassic]] – Recent; 225 or 167 – 0 Ma|PS=See [[#variations|discussion of dates]] in text}}<br />
<!-- Ambondro, Amphilestes and Amphitherium are dated about 167 Ma, providing the date for the monotreme-therian divergence. Adelobasilius and Tikitherium are dated 225 Ma, the date used for the first known mammals as determined morphologically . --><br />
| image = <imagemap><br />
File:Mammal collage.png|300px<br />
<br />
rect 0 0 400 300 [[Monotreme]]<br />
rect 400 0 800 300 [[Opossum]]<br />
rect 800 0 1200 300 [[Kangaroo]]<br />
rect 0 300 400 600 [[Proboscidea]]<br />
rect 400 300 800 600 [[Armadillo]]<br />
rect 800 300 1200 600 [[Sloth]]<br />
rect 0 600 400 900 [[Bat]]<br />
rect 400 600 800 900 [[Cetacea]]<br />
rect 800 600 1200 900 [[Deer]]<br />
rect 0 900 400 1200 [[Rhinoceros]]<br />
rect 400 900 800 1200 [[Hedgehog]]<br />
rect 800 900 1200 1200 [[Pinniped]]<br />
rect 0 1200 400 1500 [[Raccoon]]<br />
rect 400 1200 800 1500 [[Rodent]]<br />
rect 800 1200 1200 1500 [[Primate]]<br />
<br />
</imagemap><br />
| display_parents = 3<br />
| taxon = Mammalia<br />
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758<br />
| subdivision_ranks = Living subgroups<br />
| subdivision = * [[Monotremata]]<br />
* [[Theria]]<br />
** [[Marsupialia]]<br />
** [[Placentalia]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A '''mammal''' ({{Etymology|la|{{Wikt-lang|la|mamma}}|breast}})<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dmamma|title=mamma|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|dictionary=A Latin Dictionary|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|date=1879|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929134522/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=mamma|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[vertebrate]] animal of the [[Class (biology)|class]] '''Mammalia''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|i|.|ə}}). Mammals are characterised by the presence of [[milk]]-producing [[mammary gland]]s for feeding their young, a broad [[neocortex]] region of the brain, [[fur]] or [[hair]], and three [[Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles|middle ear bones]]. These characteristics distinguish them from [[reptile]]s and [[bird]]s, from which their ancestors [[Genetic divergence|diverged]] in the [[Carboniferous]] period over 300&nbsp;million years ago. Around 6,640 [[Neontology#Extant taxon|extant]] species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 [[Order (biology)|orders]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mammaldiversity.org |title=ASM Mammal Diversity Database |publisher=mammaldiversity.org |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> The study of mammals is called [[mammalogy]].<br />
<br />
The largest orders of mammals, by number of [[species]], are the [[rodent]]s, [[bat]]s, and [[eulipotyphla]]ns (including [[hedgehog]]s, [[Mole (animal)|mole]]s and [[shrew]]s). The next three are the [[primate]]s (including [[human]]s, [[monkey]]s and [[lemur]]s), the [[Artiodactyl|even-toed ungulates]] (including [[Suidae|pigs]], [[bovid]]s and [[Cetacean|whales]]), and the [[Carnivora]] (including [[Felidae|cats]], [[Canidae|dogs]], and [[Pinniped|seals]]).<br />
<br />
Mammals are the only living members of [[Synapsida]]; this [[clade]], together with [[Sauropsida]] (reptiles and birds), constitutes the larger [[amniote|Amniota]] clade. Early synapsids are referred to as "[[pelycosaur]]s." The more advanced [[Therapsida|therapsids]] became dominant during the [[Guadalupian]]. Mammals originated from [[Cynodontia|cynodonts]], an advanced group of therapsids, during the Late [[Triassic]] to Early [[Jurassic]]. Mammals achieved their modern diversity in the [[Paleogene]] and [[Neogene]] periods of the [[Cenozoic]] era, after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|extinction of non-avian dinosaurs]], and have been the [[dominance (ecology)|dominant]] terrestrial animal group from 66&nbsp;million years ago to the present.<br />
<br />
The basic mammalian body type is [[Quadrupedalism|quadrupedal]], with most mammals using four [[Limb (anatomy)|limbs]] for [[terrestrial locomotion]]; but in some, the limbs are adapted for life [[Marine mammal|at sea]], [[Flying and gliding animals|in the air]], [[Arboreal locomotion|in trees]] or [[Fossorial|underground]]. The [[Bipedalism|bipeds]] have adapted to move using only the two lower limbs, while the rear limbs of [[Cetacea|cetaceans]] and the [[Sirenia|sea cows]] are mere internal [[Vestigiality|vestiges]]. Mammals range in size from the {{Convert|30|–|40|mm}} [[bumblebee bat]] to the {{Convert|30|m}} [[blue whale]]—possibly the largest animal to have ever lived. Maximum lifespan varies from two years for the shrew to 211 years for the [[bowhead whale]]. All modern mammals give birth to live young, except the five species of [[monotreme]]s, which lay eggs. The most species-rich group is the [[Viviparity|viviparous]] [[Placentalia|placental mammals]], so named for the temporary organ ([[placenta]]) used by offspring to draw nutrition from the mother during [[gestation]].<br />
<br />
Most mammals are [[animal cognition|intelligent]], with some possessing large brains, [[self-awareness]], and [[tool use by non-humans|tool use]]. Mammals can communicate and vocalise in several ways, including the production of [[ultrasound]], [[Territory (animal)#Scent marking|scent marking]], [[alarm signal]]s, [[Animal song|singing]], [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]]; and, in the case of humans, complex [[language]]. Mammals can organise themselves into [[Fission–fusion society|fission–fusion societies]], [[Harem (zoology)|harems]], and [[Hierarchy|hierarchies]]—but can also be solitary and [[Territory (animal)|territorial]]. Most mammals are [[Polygyny in animals|polygynous]], but some can be [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] or [[Polyandry in animals|polyandrous]].<br />
<br />
[[Domestication]] of many types of mammals by humans played a major role in the [[Neolithic Revolution]], and resulted in [[Agriculture|farming]] replacing [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] as the primary source of food for humans. This led to a major restructuring of human societies from nomadic to sedentary, with more co-operation among larger and larger groups, and ultimately the development of the first [[civilisation]]s. Domesticated mammals provided, and continue to provide, power for transport and agriculture, as well as food ([[meat]] and [[dairy product]]s), [[fur]], and [[leather]]. Mammals are also [[Hunting|hunted]] and raced for sport, kept as [[pet]]s and [[working animal]]s of various types, and are used as [[model organism]]s in science. Mammals have been depicted in [[art]] since [[Paleolithic]] times, and appear in literature, film, mythology, and religion. The decline in numbers and [[extinction]] of many mammals is primarily driven by human [[poaching]] and [[habitat destruction]], primarily [[deforestation]].<br />
{{TOC limit|4}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
{{Main|Mammal classification}}<br />
{{Further|List of mammals}}<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption=Over 70% of mammal species are in the orders [[Rodent]]ia, [[Chiroptera]], and [[Eulipotyphla]].<br />
|label1=[[Rodentia]] |value1=40.5 |color1=#63aafe<br />
|label2=[[Chiroptera]] |value2=22.2 |color2=#dd2d32<br />
|label3=[[Eulipotyphla]] |value3=8.8 |color3=#fff58c<br />
|label4=[[Primates]] |value4=7.8 |color4=#4ee257<br />
|label5=[[Artiodactyla]] |value5=5.4 |color5=#fea746<br />
|label6=[[Carnivora]] |value6=4.7 |color6=#6711ff<br />
|label7=[[Diprotodontia]] |value7=2.3 |color7=#865357<br />
|label8=[[Didelphimorphia]] |value8=1.9 |color8=#00ccff<br />
|label9=[[Lagomorpha]] |value9=1.7 |color9=#a2bd90<br />
|label10=[[Dasyuromorphia]] |value10=1.3 |color10=#ccffcc<br />
|label11=[[Afrosoricida]] |value11=0.8 |color11=#ffff99<br />
|label12=[[Armadillo|Cingulata]] |value12=0.3 |color12=#ff99cc<br />
|label13=[[Macroscelidea]] |value13=0.3 |color13=#33cccc<br />
|label14=[[Peramelemorphia]] |value14=0.3 |color14=#cc99ff<br />
|label15=[[Perissodactyla]] |value15=0.3 |color15=#3366ff<br />
|label16=[[Pilosa]] |value16=0.3 |color16=#99cc00<br />
|label17=[[Scandentia]] |value17=0.3 |color17=#ffcc99<br />
|label18=[[Shrew opossum|Paucituberculata]] |value18=0.1<br />
|label19=[[Pholidota]] |value19=0.1<br />
|label20=[[Hyracoidea]] |value20=0.09 |color20=#99ccff<br />
|label21=[[Monotremata]] |value21=0.08 |color21=#ff6600<br />
|label22=[[Sirenia]] |value22=0.06<br />
|label23=[[Elephant|Proboscidea]] |value23=0.05 |color23=#003366<br />
|label24=[[Dermoptera]] |value24=0.03 |color24=#ccffff<br />
|label25=[[Monito del monte|Microbiotheria]] |value25=0.03<br />
|label26=[[Marsupial mole|Notoryctemorphia]] |value26=0.03<br />
|label27=[[Aardvark|Tubulidentata]] |value27=0.02<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Mammal classification has been through several revisions since [[Carl Linnaeus]] initially defined the class, and at present{{when|date=August 2024}}, no classification system is universally accepted. McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reeder (2005) provide useful recent compendiums.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Czaplewski NJ |year=2013 |chapter=Classification of Mammals |title=Mammalogy |edition=6th |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-1-284-03209-3}}</ref> [[George Gaylord Simpson|Simpson]] (1945)<ref name=Simpson-1945>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson GG |author-link=George Gaylord Simpson |title=Principles of classification, and a classification of mammals |journal=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |volume=85 |year=1945}}</ref> provides [[systematics]] of mammal origins and relationships that had been taught universally until the end of the 20th&nbsp;century.<br />
However, since 1945, a large amount of new and more detailed information has gradually been found: The [[fossil record|paleontological record]] has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematisation itself, partly through the new concept of [[cladistics]]. Though fieldwork and lab work progressively outdated Simpson's classification, it remains the closest thing to an official classification of mammals, despite its known issues.<ref name=Szalay>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szalay FS |year=1999 |title=Classification of mammals above the species level: Review |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=19 |number=1 |pages=191–195 |jstor=4523980 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1999.10011133 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><br />
<br />
Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers of species are [[Rodent]]ia: [[mouse|mice]], [[rat]]s, [[porcupine]]s, [[beaver]]s, [[capybara]]s, and other gnawing mammals; [[Chiroptera]]: bats; and [[Eulipotyphla]]: [[shrew]]s, [[mole (animal)|moles]], and [[solenodon]]s. The next three biggest orders, depending on the [[biological classification]] scheme used, are the [[primate]]s: [[ape]]s, [[monkey]]s, and [[lemur]]s; [[Cetartiodactyla]]: [[whale]]s and [[even-toed ungulate]]s; and [[Carnivora]] which includes [[cat]]s, [[dog]]s, [[weasel]]s, [[bear]]s, [[Pinniped|seals]], and allies.<ref name=MSW3intro>{{MSW3 |heading=Preface and introductory material |page=xxvi |name-list-style=vanc }}</ref> According to ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'', 5,416&nbsp;species were identified in 2006. These were grouped into 1,229&nbsp;[[genus|genera]], 153&nbsp;[[family (biology)|families]] and 29&nbsp;orders.<ref name="MSW3intro"/> In 2008, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) completed a five-year Global Mammal Assessment for its [[IUCN Red List]], which counted 5,488&nbsp;species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammals |work=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=April 2010 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903200637/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals |url-status=live }}</ref> According to research published in the ''[[Journal of Mammalogy]]'' in 2018, the number of recognised mammal species is 6,495, including 96&nbsp;recently extinct.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burgin CJ, Colella JP, Kahn PL, Upham NS |date=1 February 2018 |title=How many species of mammals are there? |journal=[[Journal of Mammalogy]] |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyx147 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Definitions {{Anchor|variations}}===<br />
<!-- This section is linked from the fossil_range parameter in the taxobox --><br />
The word "[[:wikt:mammal|mammal]]" is modern, from the scientific name ''Mammalia'' coined by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758, derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''[[wikt:mamma#Latin|mamma]]'' ("teat, pap"). In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia [[phylogenetically]] as the [[crown group]] of mammals, the [[clade]] consisting of the [[most recent common ancestor]] of living [[monotreme]]s ([[echidna]]s and [[platypus]]es) and [[theria]]ns ([[marsupial]]s and [[placental]]s) and all descendants of that ancestor.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rowe T |year=1988 |title=Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=241–264 |url=https://www.geo.utexas.edu/faculty/rowe/Publications/pdf/010%20Rowe%201988.pdf |doi=10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708 |bibcode=1988JVPal...8..241R |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118163712/http://www.geo.utexas.edu/faculty/rowe/Publications/pdf/010%20Rowe%201988.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since this ancestor lived in the [[Jurassic]] Period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier [[Triassic]], despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the [[Haramiyida]] have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Student's Elements of Geology | vauthors = Lyell C |author-link=Charles Lyell |year=1871 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |page=347 |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=634gAQAAIAAJ|page=347}}}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-1-345-18248-4}}.</ref> If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. ''[[Ambondro mahabo|Ambondro]]'' is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while ''[[Amphilestes]]'' and ''[[Amphitherium]]'' are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about {{ma|167|million years ago}} in the [[Middle Jurassic]], this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group.{{CN|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
[[T. S. Kemp]] has provided a more traditional definition: "[[Synapsid]]s that possess a [[dentary]]–[[squamosal bone|squamosal]] jaw articulation and [[occlusion (dentistry)|occlusion]] between upper and lower molars with a transverse component to the movement" or, equivalently in Kemp's view, the clade originating with the last common ancestor of ''[[Sinoconodon]]'' and living mammals.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://doc.rero.ch/record/200125/files/PAL_E3904.pdf |location=United Kingdom |title=The Origin and Evolution of Mammals |vauthors=Kemp TS |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-850760-4 |page=3 |oclc=232311794 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926060152/https://doc.rero.ch/record/200125/files/PAL_E3904.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest-known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is ''[[Tikitherium]]'', dated {{ma|225|Ma}}, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this [[Late Triassic]] date.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Datta PM |year=2005 |title=Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=200–207 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=131236175 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo ZX, Martin T |year=2007 |title=Analysis of Molar Structure and Phylogeny of Docodont Genera |journal=Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History |volume=39 |pages=27–47 |doi=10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[27:AOMSAP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=29846648 |url=https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/13543816/1018125207/name/Luo+y+Martin+2007-+molar+structure+and+phylogeny+of+docodonts.pdf |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225517/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/13543816/1018125207/name/Luo+y+Martin+2007-+molar+structure+and+phylogeny+of+docodonts.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> However, this animal may have actually evolved during the Neogene.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Averianov |first1=Alexander O. |last2=Voyta |first2=Leonid L. |date=March 2024 |title=Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |article-number=10 |doi=10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w |issn=1064-7554|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Molecular classification of placentals===<br />
[[File:OrthoMaM v10b 2019 116genera circular tree.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509 [[coding region|coding DNA sequences]].<ref name=Scornavacca2019>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scornavacca C, Belkhir K, Lopez J, Dernat R, Delsuc F, Douzery EJ, Ranwez V | title = OrthoMaM v10: Scaling-up orthologous coding sequence and exon alignments with more than one hundred mammalian genomes | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 861–862 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30698751 | pmc = 6445298 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msz015 }}</ref> The major clades are coloured: marsupials (magenta), xenarthrans (orange), afrotherians (red), laurasiatherians (green), and euarchontoglirans (blue).]]<br />
<br />
As of the early 21st century, molecular studies based on [[DNA]] analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families. Most of these findings have been independently validated by [[retrotransposon]] [[retrotransposon marker|presence/absence data]].<ref name=Kriegs2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, Schmitz J | title = Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | article-number = e91 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16515367 | pmc = 1395351 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placentals—[[Afrotheria]], [[Xenarthra]] and [[Boreoeutheria]]—which [[speciation|diverged]] in the [[Cretaceous]]. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]]. These hypotheses are [[Atlantogenata]] (basal Boreoeutheria), [[Epitheria]] (basal Xenarthra) and [[Exafroplacentalia]] (basal Afrotheria).<ref name=Nishiharaetal2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishihara H, Maruyama S, Okada N | title = Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 13 | pages = 5235–5240 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19286970 | pmc = 2655268 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0809297106 | bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.5235N | doi-access = free }}</ref> Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages—[[Euarchontoglires]] and [[Laurasiatheria]].<br />
<br />
Estimates for the divergence times between these three placental groups range from 105 to 120&nbsp;million years ago, depending on the type of DNA used (such as [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] or [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]])<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Springer MS, Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ | title = Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 1056–1061 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12552136 | pmc = 298725 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0334222100 | bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.1056S | doi-access = free }}</ref> and varying interpretations of [[paleogeographic]] data.<ref name=Nishiharaetal2009/><br />
<br />
Mammal phylogeny according to Álvarez-Carretero ''et al.'', 2022:<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Álvarez-Carretero S, Tamuri AU, Battini M, Nascimento FF, Carlisle E, Asher RJ, Yang Z, Donoghue PC, dos Reis M |display-authors=8 |title=A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |date=2022 |pmid= 34937052|pmc= |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1|bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |s2cid=245438816 |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/75979 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:70%<br />
|label1='''Mammalia'''<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|label1=[[Yinotheria]]<br />
|1=[[Monotremata]] [[File:Genera mammalium Ornithorhynchus anatinus.jpg|50 px|''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'']]<br />
|label2=[[Theria]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|label1=[[Marsupialia]]<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Paucituberculata]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Paucituberculata).png|50 px]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Didelphimorphia]] [[File:A hand-book to the marsupialia and monotremata (Plate XXXII) (white background).jpg|50 px]]<br />
|label2=[[Australidelphia]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Microbiotheria]]<br />
|label2=[[Eomarsupialia]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|label1=[[Agreodontia]]<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Notoryctemorphia]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Notoryctemorphia).png|50 px]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Peramelemorphia]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Paramelemorphia).png|50 px]]<br />
|2=[[Dasyuromorphia]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Dasyuromorphia).png|50 px]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|2=[[Diprotodontia]] [[File:A monograph of the Macropodidæ, or family of kangaroos (9398404841) white background.jpg|50 px|Macropodidæ]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|label2=[[Placentalia]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|label1=[[Atlantogenata]]<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|label1=[[Xenarthra]] <br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Cingulata]] [[File:Nine-banded-Armadillo white background.jpg|50 px|''Dasypus novemcinctus'']]<br />
|2=[[Pilosa]] [[File:Natural history of the animal kingdom for the use of young people (Plate XV) (Myrmecophaga tridactyla).jpg|50 px|''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'']]<br />
}}<br />
|label2=[[Afrotheria]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|label1=[[Paenungulata]]<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Hyracoidea]] [[File:DendrohyraxEminiSmit white background.jpg|50 px]]<br />
|label2=[[Tethytheria]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Sirenia]] [[File:Manatee white background.jpg|50 px|''Trichechus'']]<br />
|2=[[Proboscidea]] [[File:Indian elephant white background.jpg|50 px|''Elephas maximus'']]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|label2=[[Afroinsectiphilia]] <br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Tubulidentata]] [[File:Aardvark2 (PSF) colourised.png|50 px]]<br />
|label2=[[Afroinsectivora]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Macroscelidea]] [[File:Rhynchocyon chrysopygus-J Smit white background.jpg|50 px]]<br />
|2=[[Afrosoricida]] [[File:Potamogale velox illustration.jpg|50 px]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|label2=[[Boreoeutheria]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
<br />
|label1=[[Laurasiatheria]]<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Eulipotyphla]] [[File:Mole white background.jpg|50 px|Talpidae]]<br />
|label2=[[Scrotifera]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Chiroptera]] [[File:Vampire bat white background.jpg|50 px|Desmodontinae]]<br />
|label2=[[Ferungulata]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Pholidota]] [[File:FMIB 46859 Pangolin a grosse queue white background.jpeg|50 px|Manidae]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Carnivora]] [[File:Cynailurus guttata - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50px|''Acinonyx jubatus'']]<br />
|label2=[[Euungulata]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Perissodactyla]] [[File:Equus quagga (white background).jpg|50 px|''Equus quagga'']]<br />
|2=[[Artiodactyla]] [[File:Walia ibex illustration white background.png|50 px|''Capra walie'']]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|label2=[[Euarchontoglires]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Scandentia]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 34) (white background).jpg|50 px]]<br />
|label2=[[Glires]]<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Lagomorpha]] [[File:Bruno Liljefors - Hare studies 1885 white background.jpg|50 px|''Lepus'']]<br />
|2=[[Rodentia]] [[File:Ruskea rotta.png|50 px|''Rattus'']]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|2={{Clade<br />
|label1=[[Primatomorpha]]<br />
|1={{Clade<br />
|1=[[Dermoptera]] [[File:Cynocephalus volans Brehm1883 (white background).jpg|50 px]]<br />
|2=[[Primate]]s [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 8) (white background).jpg|50 px|''Cebus olivaceus'']] <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
{{Main|Evolution of mammals}}<br />
<br />
===Origins===<br />
[[Synapsida]], a clade that contains mammals and their extinct relatives, originated during the [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian subperiod]] (~323&nbsp;million to ~300&nbsp;million years ago), when they split from the reptile lineage. Crown group mammals evolved from earlier [[Mammaliaformes|mammaliaforms]] during the [[Early Jurassic]]. The cladogram takes Mammalia to be the crown group.<ref name=Liaoconodon2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meng J, Wang Y, Li C | title = Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont | journal = Nature | volume = 472 | issue = 7342 | pages = 181–185 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21490668 | doi = 10.1038/nature09921 | bibcode = 2011Natur.472..181M | s2cid = 4428972 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{clade<br />
|label1=[[Mammaliaformes]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=[[Morganucodontidae]] [[File:Morganucodon.jpg|50px]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Docodonta]] [[File:Docofossor NT flipped.jpg|50px]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Haldanodon]]''<br />
|label2='''Mammalia'''<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Australosphenida]] (incl. [[Monotremata]]) [[File:Steropodon BW.jpg|50px]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Fruitafossor]]''<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Haramiyavia]]''<br />
|2=[[Multituberculata]] [[File:Sunnyodon.jpg|50px]]<br />
}}<br />
|2=''[[Tinodon]]''<br />
|3=[[Eutriconodonta]] (incl. [[Gobiconodonta]]) [[File:Repenomamus BW.jpg|50px]]<br />
|4=[[Trechnotheria]] (incl. [[Theria]]) [[File:Juramaia NT.jpg|50px]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Evolution from older amniotes===<br />
[[File:Skull synapsida 1.png|thumb|The original synapsid skull structure contains one [[temporal fenestrae|temporal opening]] behind the [[eye socket|orbitals]], in a fairly low position on the skull (lower right in this image). This opening might have assisted in containing the jaw muscles of these organisms which could have increased their biting strength.]]<br />
<br />
The first fully terrestrial [[vertebrate]]s were [[amniote]]s. Like their amphibious early [[tetrapod]] predecessors, they had lungs and limbs. Amniotic eggs, however, have internal membranes that allow the developing [[embryo]] to breathe but keep water in. Hence, amniotes can lay eggs on dry land, while [[amphibian]]s generally need to lay their eggs in water.<br />
<br />
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the [[Carboniferous]]. They descended from earlier [[Reptiliomorpha|reptiliomorph]] amphibious tetrapods,<ref name="AhlbergMilner1994OriginOfTetrapods">{{cite journal| vauthors = Ahlberg PE, Milner AR |date=April 1994| title=The Origin and Early Diversification of Tetrapods | journal= Nature | volume=368 | pages=507–514| doi=10.1038/368507a0| issue=6471|bibcode = 1994Natur.368..507A |s2cid=4369342}}</ref> which lived on land that was already inhabited by [[insect]]s and other invertebrates as well as [[fern]]s, [[moss]]es and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the [[synapsid]]s, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the [[sauropsid]]s, which now include [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s, [[crocodilian]]s and [[dinosaur]]s (including [[bird]]s).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/190Reptilomorpha/190.400.html#Amniota | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220194106/http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/190Reptilomorpha/190.400.html#Amniota | archive-date = 20 December 2010 | title = Amniota – Palaeos}}</ref> Synapsids have a single hole ([[temporal fenestra]]) low on each side of the skull. Primitive synapsids included the largest and fiercest animals of the early [[Permian]] such as ''[[Dimetrodon]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/390Synapsida/390.000.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220193822/http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/390Synapsida/390.000.html | archive-date=20 December 2010 | title=Synapsida overview – Palaeos}}</ref> Nonmammalian synapsids were traditionally—and incorrectly—called "mammal-like reptiles" or [[pelycosaur]]s; we now know they were neither reptiles nor part of reptile lineage.<ref name=Kemp2006/><ref name=Bennett1986/><br />
<br />
[[Therapsid]]s, a group of synapsids, evolved in the [[Guadalupian|Middle Permian]], about 265&nbsp;million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates.<ref name=Kemp2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kemp TS | title = The origin and early radiation of the therapsid mammal-like reptiles: a palaeobiological hypothesis | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 1231–1247 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16780524 | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01076.x | s2cid = 3184629 | url = https://users.ox.ac.uk/~tskemp/pdfs/jeb2006.pdf | access-date = 14 January 2012 | archive-date = 8 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061139/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~tskemp/pdfs/jeb2006.pdf }}</ref> They differ from basal [[Eupelycosauria|eupelycosaurs]] in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger skulls and [[incisor]]s which are equal in size in therapsids, but not for eupelycosaurs.<ref name=Kemp2006/> The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very similar to their early synapsid ancestors and ending with [[probainognathia]]n [[cynodont]]s, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterised by:<ref name="Kermack1984">{{cite book | vauthors = Kermack DM, Kermack KA | title=The evolution of mammalian characters|location=Washington, DC | publisher=Croom Helm | year=1984 | isbn=978-0-7099-1534-8 |oclc=10710687}}</ref><br />
* The gradual development of a bony secondary [[hard palate|palate]].<br />
* Abrupt acquisition of [[endothermy]] among [[Mammaliamorpha]], thus prior to the origin of mammals by 30–50 millions of years '''''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Araújo |title=Inner ear biomechanics reveals a Late Triassic origin for mammalian endothermy |journal=Nature |volume=607 |date= 28 July 2022 |issue=7920 |pages=726–731 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04963-z |pmid=35859179 |bibcode=2022Natur.607..726A |s2cid=236245230 |url=https://hal.science/hal-03799043 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>'''''.<br />
* Progression towards an erect limb posture, which would increase the animals' stamina by avoiding [[Carrier's constraint]]. But this process was slow and erratic: for example, all herbivorous nonmammaliaform therapsids retained sprawling limbs (some late forms may have had semierect hind limbs); Permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs, and some late Permian ones also had semisprawling hindlimbs. In fact, modern monotremes still have semisprawling limbs.<br />
* The [[Mandible#Other vertebrates|dentary]] gradually became the main bone of the lower jaw which, by the Triassic, progressed towards the fully mammalian jaw (the lower consisting only of the dentary) and middle ear (which is constructed by the bones that were previously used to construct the jaws of reptiles).<br />
<br />
===First mammals===<br />
<br />
The [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]] about 252&nbsp;million years ago, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of carnivorous therapsids.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Tanner LH, Lucas SG, Chapman MG |title=Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=65 |issue=1–2 |pages=103–139 |year=2004 |doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5 |url=https://nmnaturalhistory.org/pdf_files/TJB.pdf |bibcode=2004ESRv...65..103T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025225841/http://nmnaturalhistory.org/pdf_files/TJB.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 }}</ref> In the early Triassic, most medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by [[archosaur]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Ruta M, Lloyd GT | title = Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs | journal = Science | volume = 321 | issue = 5895 | pages = 1485–1488 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18787166 | doi = 10.1126/science.1161833 | bibcode = 2008Sci...321.1485B | hdl = 20.500.11820/00556baf-6575-44d9-af39-bdd0b072ad2b | s2cid = 13393888 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8232088/PDF_Brusatteetal2008SuperiorityCompetition.pdf | access-date = 12 October 2019 | archive-date = 19 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180719005836/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8232088/PDF_Brusatteetal2008SuperiorityCompetition.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> which, over an extended period (35&nbsp;million years), came to include the [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorphs]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Gauthier JA |year=1986 |chapter=Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds |title=The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences | veditors = Padian K |volume=8 |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |location=San Francisco |pages=1–55}}</ref> the [[pterosaur]]s and the dinosaurs;<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Sereno PC |year=1991|title=Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications|journal=Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=2|pages=1–53|doi=10.2307/3889336|jstor=3889336}}</ref> however, large cynodonts like ''[[Trucidocynodon]]'' and [[Traversodontidae|traversodontids]] still occupied large sized carnivorous and herbivorous niches respectively. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = MacLeod N, Rawson PF, Forey PL, Banner FT, Boudagher-Fadel MK, Bown PR, Burnett JA, Chambers P, Culver S, Evans SE, Jeffery C | display-authors = 6 |title=The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition|year=1997|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=154|issue=2|pages=265–292|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265|bibcode=1997JGSoc.154..265M | s2cid = 129654916 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The first mammals (in Kemp's sense) appeared in the Late Triassic epoch (about 225&nbsp;million years ago), 40&nbsp;million years after the first therapsids. They expanded out of their nocturnal [[insectivore]] niche from the mid-Jurassic onwards;<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=APWwBAAAQBAJ|page=73}}| vauthors = Hunt DM, Hankins MW, Collin SP, Marshall NJ |title=Evolution of Visual and Non-visual Pigments|year= 2014|location=London|publisher=Springer|page=73|isbn=978-1-4614-4354-4|oclc=892735337}}</ref> the Jurassic ''[[Castorocauda]]'', for example, was a close relative of true mammals that had adaptations for swimming, digging and catching fish.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0223_060223_beaver.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303071809/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0223_060223_beaver.html| archive-date=3 March 2006| vauthors = Bakalar N |year=2006| title=Jurassic "Beaver" Found; Rewrites History of Mammals|access-date=28 May 2016|work=National Geographic News}}</ref> Most, if not all, are thought to have remained nocturnal (the [[nocturnal bottleneck]]), accounting for much of the typical mammalian traits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hall MI, Kamilar JM, Kirk EC | title = Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences| volume = 279 | issue = 1749 | pages = 4962–4968 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23097513 | pmc = 3497252 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2012.2258 | bibcode = 2012PBioS.279.4962H }}</ref> The majority of the mammal species that existed in the [[Mesozoic|Mesozoic Era]] were multituberculates, eutriconodonts and [[spalacotheriid]]s.<ref name=Luo2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo ZX | title = Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution | journal = Nature | volume = 450 | issue = 7172 | pages = 1011–1019 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18075580 | doi = 10.1038/nature06277 | bibcode = 2007Natur.450.1011L | s2cid = 4317817 }}</ref> The earliest-known fossil of the [[Metatheria]] ("changed beasts") is ''[[Sinodelphys]]'', found in 125-million-year-old [[Early Cretaceous]] [[shale]] in China's northeastern [[Liaoning Province]]. The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217024049/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.html | archive-date=17 December 2003 | vauthors = Pickrell J |year=2003| title=Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China| publisher=National Geographic News|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Juramaia NT.jpg|thumb|Restoration of ''[[Juramaia|Juramaia sinensis]]'', the oldest-known [[eutheria]]n (160 mya)<ref name=Juramaia/>]]<br />
<br />
The oldest-known fossil among the [[Eutheria]] ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike ''[[Juramaia|Juramaia sinensis]]'', or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160&nbsp;million years ago in the late Jurassic.<ref name=Juramaia>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo ZX, Yuan CX, Meng QJ, Ji Q | title = A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals | journal = Nature | volume = 476 | issue = 7361 | pages = 442–5 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21866158 | doi = 10.1038/nature10291 | bibcode = 2011Natur.476..442L | s2cid = 205225806 }}</ref> A later eutherian relative, ''[[Eomaia]]'', dated to 125&nbsp;million years ago in the early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji Q, Luo ZX, Yuan CX, Wible JR, Zhang JP, Georgi JA | title = The earliest known eutherian mammal | journal = Nature | volume = 416 | issue = 6883 | pages = 816–822 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11976675 | doi = 10.1038/416816a | bibcode = 2002Natur.416..816J | s2cid = 4330626 }}</ref> In particular, the [[epipubic bone]]s extend forwards from the pelvis. These are not found in any modern placental, but they are found in marsupials, monotremes, other nontherian mammals and ''[[Ukhaatherium]]'', an early Cretaceous animal in the eutherian order [[Asioryctitheria]]. This also applies to the multituberculates.<ref name="Epipubic bones in eutherian mammals">{{cite journal | vauthors = Novacek MJ, Rougier GW, Wible JR, McKenna MC, Dashzeveg D, Horovitz I | title = Epipubic bones in eutherian mammals from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia | journal = Nature | volume = 389 | issue = 6650 | pages = 483–486 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9333234 | doi = 10.1038/39020 | bibcode = 1997Natur.389..483N | s2cid = 205026882 }}</ref> They are apparently an ancestral feature, which subsequently disappeared in the placental lineage. These epipubic bones seem to function by stiffening the muscles during locomotion, reducing the amount of space being presented, which placentals require to contain their [[fetus]] during gestation periods. A narrow pelvic outlet indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore [[Pregnancy (mammals)|pregnancy]] was short, as in modern marsupials. This suggests that the placenta was a later development.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=G1exWxU3QHIC|page=68}} | vauthors = Power ML, Schulkin J |year=2012|title=Evolution of the Human Placenta|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore| isbn=978-1-4214-0643-5|page=68|chapter=Evolution of Live Birth in Mammals}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the earliest-known monotremes was ''[[Teinolophos]]'', which lived about 120&nbsp;million years ago in Australia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rowe T, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P, Springer M, Woodburne MO | title = The oldest platypus and its bearing on divergence timing of the platypus and echidna clades | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 4 | pages = 1238–1242 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18216270 | pmc = 2234122 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0706385105 | bibcode = 2008PNAS..105.1238R | doi-access = free }}</ref> Monotremes have some features which may be inherited from the original amniotes such as the same orifice to urinate, defecate and reproduce ([[cloaca]])—as reptiles and birds also do—<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=FASJWgDhxIsC|page=55}}| vauthors = Grant T |year=1995|title=The Platypus: A Unique Mammal|chapter=Reproduction|publisher=University of New South Wales|location= Sydney|page=55|isbn=978-0-86840-143-0|oclc=33842474}}</ref> and they lay [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] which are leathery and uncalcified.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldman AS | title = Evolution of immune functions of the mammary gland and protection of the infant | journal = Breastfeeding Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–142 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22577734 | doi = 10.1089/bfm.2012.0025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Earliest appearances of features===<br />
''[[Hadrocodium]]'', whose fossils date from approximately 195&nbsp;million years ago, in the early [[Jurassic]], provides the first clear evidence of a jaw joint formed solely by the squamosal and dentary bones; there is no space in the jaw for the articular, a bone involved in the jaws of all early synapsids.<ref name=jawbone2006>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=lyGqD_GWQ7oC&|page=82}}| vauthors = Rose KD |year=2006|title=The Beginning of the Age of Mammals|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|pages=82–83|isbn=978-0-8018-8472-6|oclc=646769601}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Thrinaxodon Lionhinus.jpg|left|thumb|Fossil of ''[[Thrinaxodon]]'' at the [[National Museum of Natural History]]]]<br />
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of ''[[Castorocauda]]'' and ''[[Megaconus]]'', from 164&nbsp;million years ago in the mid-Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the [[maxilla]]e and [[premaxilla]]e (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae ([[whiskers]]) and so were evidence of hair or fur;<ref name="Brink1955">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brink AS | title=A study on the skeleton of ''Diademodon'' | journal=Palaeontologia Africana | volume=3 | pages=3–39 |year=1955 }}</ref><ref name="Kemp1982">{{cite book | vauthors = Kemp TS | title=Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of mammals | publisher=Academic Press | year=1982 | location=London | page=363 | isbn=978-0-12-404120-2|oclc=8613180}}</ref> it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard ''[[Tupinambis]]'' has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont ''[[Thrinaxodon]]''.<ref name=Bennett1986>{{cite book| vauthors = Bennett AF, Ruben JA |year=1986|chapter=The metabolic and thermoregulatory status of therapsids|pages=207–218| veditors = Hotton III N, MacLean JJ, Roth J, Roth EC |title=The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-87474-524-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Estes R | title=Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile ''Thrinaxodon liorhinus'' | journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology | pages=165–180 |year=1961|issue=1253 }}</ref> Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to ''Thrinaxodon''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/02/photogalleries/darwin-birthday-evolution/#/thrinaxodon-missing-link_7787_600x450.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214205210/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/02/photogalleries/darwin-birthday-evolution/#/thrinaxodon-missing-link_7787_600x450.jpg |archive-date=14 February 2009 |title=''Thrinaxodon:'' The Emerging Mammal |date=11 February 2009 |publisher=National Geographic Daily News |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> Studies on Permian [[coprolites]] suggest that non-mammalian [[synapsids]] of the epoch already had fur, setting the evolution of hairs possibly as far back as [[dicynodont]]s.<ref name=piotr>{{cite journal |title= Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia | vauthors = Bajdek P, Qvarnström M, Owocki K, Sulej T, Sennikov AG, Golubev VK, Niedźwiedzki G |year=2015 |journal=Lethaia |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=455–477 |doi=10.1111/let.12156 }}</ref><br />
<br />
When [[endothermy]] first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain, though it is generally agreed to have first evolved in non-mammalian [[therapsids]].<ref name=piotr/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Botha-Brink J, Angielczyk KD |title=Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo–Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction? |year=2010 |doi= 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00601.x |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=341–365 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi-access=free}}</ref> Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals,<ref name="Paul1988">{{cite book | vauthors = Paul GS | title=Predatory Dinosaurs of the World | publisher=Simon and Schuster | year=1988 | location=New York | page=[https://archive.org/details/predatorydinosau00paul/page/464 464] | isbn=978-0-671-61946-6 | oclc=18350868 | url=https://archive.org/details/predatorydinosau00paul/page/464 }}</ref> but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|title=Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy| vauthors = Watson JM, Graves JA |volume=36|issue=5|pages=573–584|year=1988| doi = 10.1071/ZO9880573}}</ref> Likewise, some modern therians like afrotheres and xenarthrans have secondarily developed lower body temperatures.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = McNab BK |year=1980|title=Energetics and the limits to the temperate distribution in armadillos|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=61|issue=4|pages=606–627|doi=10.2307/1380307|jstor=1380307 |bibcode=1980JMamm..61..606M }}</ref><br />
<br />
The evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete—living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs. The parasagittal (nonsprawling) limb posture appeared sometime in the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous; it is found in the eutherian ''Eomaia'' and the metatherian ''Sinodelphys'', both dated to 125&nbsp;million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Hurum JH | title=Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal | journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume=51 | issue=3 | pages=10237–10239 | year=2006 | url=https://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-393.pdf | access-date=25 January 2024 | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191351/https://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-393.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Epipubic]] bones, a feature that strongly influenced the reproduction of most mammal clades, are first found in [[Tritylodontidae]], suggesting that it is a [[synapomorphy]] between them and [[Mammaliaformes]]. They are omnipresent in non-placental Mammaliaformes, though ''[[Megazostrodon]]'' and ''[[Erythrotherium]]'' appear to have lacked them.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Lillegraven JA, Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Clemens WA |title=Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two-Thirds of Mammalian History |publisher=University of California Press |year=1979 |page=321 |isbn=978-0-520-03951-3 |oclc=5910695}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has been suggested that the original function of [[lactation]] ([[milk]] production) was to keep eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on monotremes, the egg-laying mammals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oftedal OT | title = The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution | journal = Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–252 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12751889 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022896515287 | s2cid = 25806501 }}<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oftedal OT | title = The origin of lactation as a water source for parchment-shelled eggs | journal = Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 253–266 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12751890 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022848632125 | s2cid = 8319185 }}</ref> In human females, mammary glands become fully developed during puberty, regardless of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.texaschildrens.org/health/breast-development |title = Breast Development | work = Texas Children's Hospital |access-date =13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113081725/https://www.texaschildrens.org/health/breast-development|archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rise of the mammals===<br />
[[File:Hyaenodon horridus, Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA, Late Oligocene - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00114.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Hyaenodon]] horridus'' at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]]. The genus ''Hyaenodon'' was among the most successful mammals of the late [[Eocene]]-early [[Miocene]] epochs spanning for most of the [[Paleogene]] and some of the [[Neogene]] periods, undergoing many endemic radiations in North America, Europe, and Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pfaff|first1=Cathrin|last2=Nagel|first2=Doris|last3=Gunnell|first3=Gregg|last4=Weber|first4=Gerhard W.|last5=Kriwet|first5=Jürgen|last6=Morlo|first6=Michael|last7=Bastl|first7=Katharina|year=2017|title=Palaeobiology of Hyaenodon exiguus (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) based on morphometric analysis of the bony labyrinth|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=230|issue=2|pages=282–289|doi=10.1111/joa.12545|pmid=27666133 |pmc=5244453 }}</ref>]]<br />
Therians took over the medium- to large-sized ecological niches in the [[Cenozoic]], after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] approximately 66&nbsp;million years ago emptied ecological space once filled by non-avian dinosaurs and other groups of reptiles, as well as various other mammal groups,<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sahney S, Benton MJ, Ferry PA | title = Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 544–547 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20106856 | pmc = 2936204 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024 }}</ref> and underwent an exponential increase in body size ([[megafauna#In terrestrial mammals|megafauna]]).<ref name="F.A.Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith FA, Boyer AG, Brown JH, Costa DP, Dayan T, Ernest SK, Evans AR, Fortelius M, Gittleman JL, Hamilton MJ, Harding LE, Lintulaakso K, Lyons SK, McCain C, Okie JG, Saarinen JJ, Sibly RM, Stephens PR, Theodor J, Uhen MD | display-authors = 6 | title = The evolution of maximum body size of terrestrial mammals | journal = Science | volume = 330 | issue = 6008 | pages = 1216–1219 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21109666 | doi = 10.1126/science.1194830 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.383.8581 | bibcode = 2010Sci...330.1216S | s2cid = 17272200 }}</ref> The increase in mammalian diversity was not, however, solely because of expansion into large-bodied niches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benevento |first1=Gemma Louise |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B. J. |last3=Close |first3=Roger A. |last4=Butler |first4=Richard J. |date=16 June 2023 |title=Early Cenozoic increases in mammal diversity cannot be explained solely by expansion into larger body sizes |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=66 |issue=3 |article-number=12653 |doi=10.1111/pala.12653 |issn=0031-0239 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Palgy..6612653B }}</ref> Mammals diversified very quickly, displaying an exponential rise in diversity.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates"/> For example, the earliest-known bat dates from about 50&nbsp;million years ago, only 16&nbsp;million years after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simmons NB, Seymour KL, Habersetzer J, Gunnell GF | title = Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation | journal = Nature | volume = 451 | issue = 7180 | pages = 818–821 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18270539 | doi = 10.1038/nature06549 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06549.epdf?referrer_access_token=vvnCZKFsJpI9PyHTMCW0AtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OIjnS1VOVvLEmlM3pVKicSGILcK5-gC0KUTwfjLtGsWX-Jl3sk3aQbBWjeluiuMfZh8gMqZJ4qV9dfir4OcYHZFaqbm8GbWK-9JqFbcMEjN3G_-d7t8hJWLm5RDaih5vZhy47BSgJOQDuz8aRMBtHCvZEWV7affpdxsSefk_6x80U5fE1N1SjLKUHVdainKEM%3D&tracking_referrer=arstechnica.com | bibcode = 2008Natur.451..818S | hdl = 2027.42/62816 | s2cid = 4356708 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191352/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06549.epdf?referrer_access_token=vvnCZKFsJpI9PyHTMCW0AtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OIjnS1VOVvLEmlM3pVKicSGILcK5-gC0KUTwfjLtGsWX-Jl3sk3aQbBWjeluiuMfZh8gMqZJ4qV9dfir4OcYHZFaqbm8GbWK-9JqFbcMEjN3G_-d7t8hJWLm5RDaih5vZhy47BSgJOQDuz8aRMBtHCvZEWV7affpdxsSefk_6x80U5fE1N1SjLKUHVdainKEM%3D&tracking_referrer=arstechnica.com | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Molecular phylogenetic studies initially suggested that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85&nbsp;million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late [[Eocene]] through the [[Miocene]].<ref name="Bininda2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bininda-Emonds OR, Cardillo M, Jones KE, MacPhee RD, Beck RM, Grenyer R, Price SA, Vos RA, Gittleman JL, Purvis A | display-authors = 6 | title = The delayed rise of present-day mammals | journal = Nature | volume = 446 | issue = 7135 | pages = 507–512 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17392779 | doi = 10.1038/nature05634 | url = https://www.utheria.org/uploads/nature05634.pdf | bibcode = 2007Natur.446..507B | s2cid = 4314965 | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191351/https://www.utheria.org/uploads/nature05634.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> However, no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous.<ref name="Wible2007"/> The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early [[Paleocene]], after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.<ref name="Wible2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wible JR, Rougier GW, Novacek MJ, Asher RJ | title = Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary | journal = Nature | volume = 447 | issue = 7147 | pages = 1003–1006 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17581585 | doi = 10.1038/nature05854 | bibcode = 2007Natur.447.1003W | s2cid = 4334424 }}</ref> (Scientists identified an early Paleocene animal named ''[[Protungulatum donnae]]'' as one of the first placental mammals,<ref name="SCI-20130208">{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Leary MA, Bloch JI, Flynn JJ, Gaudin TJ, Giallombardo A, Giannini NP, Goldberg SL, Kraatz BP, Luo ZX, Meng J, Ni X, Novacek MJ, Perini FA, Randall ZS, Rougier GW, Sargis EJ, Silcox MT, Simmons NB, Spaulding M, Velazco PM, Weksler M, Wible JR, Cirranello AL | display-authors = 6 | title = The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals | journal = Science | volume = 339 | issue = 6120 | pages = 662–667 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23393258 | doi = 10.1126/science.1229237 | url = https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1229237 | bibcode = 2013Sci...339..662O | hdl = 11336/7302 | s2cid = 206544776 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 30 June 2022 | archive-date = 10 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211110174432/https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1229237 | url-status = live | url-access = subscription }}</ref> but it has since been reclassified as a non-placental eutherian.)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Halliday TJ, Upchurch P, Goswami A | title = Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals | journal = Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume = 92 | issue = 1 | pages = 521–550 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28075073 | pmc = 6849585 | doi = 10.1111/brv.12242 }}</ref> Recalibrations of genetic and morphological diversity rates have suggested a [[Maastrichtian|Late Cretaceous]] origin for placentals, and a Paleocene origin for most modern clades.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Halliday TJ, Upchurch P, Goswami A | title = Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences| volume = 283 | issue = 1833 | at = Article no.: 20153026 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27358361 | pmc = 4936024 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2015.3026 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The earliest-known ancestor of primates is ''[[Archicebus achilles]]''<ref name="NTR-20130606">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ni X, Gebo DL, Dagosto M, Meng J, Tafforeau P, Flynn JJ, Beard KC | title = The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution | journal = Nature | volume = 498 | issue = 7452 | pages = 60–64 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23739424 | doi = 10.1038/nature12200 | bibcode = 2013Natur.498...60N | s2cid = 4321956 }}</ref> from around 55&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="NTR-20130606"/> This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.<ref name="NTR-20130606"/><br />
<br />
{{anchor|Anatomy and morphology}}<br />
<br />
==Anatomy==<br />
<br />
===Distinguishing features===<br />
Living mammal species can be identified by the presence of [[sweat gland]]s, including [[Mammary gland|those that are specialised to produce milk]] to nourish their young.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Romer SA, Parsons TS |year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |pages=129–145 |isbn=978-0-03-910284-5 |oclc=60007175}}</ref> In classifying fossils, however, other features must be used, since soft tissue glands and many other features are not visible in fossils.<ref>{{cite book |url= {{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=kS-h84pMJw4C|page=593}} | vauthors = Purves WK, Sadava DE, Orians GH, Helle HC |year=2001 |title= Life: The Science of Biology|location=New York|edition=6th|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc. |page=593 |isbn=978-0-7167-3873-2 |oclc=874883911 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Many traits shared by all living mammals appeared among the earliest members of the group:<br />
* '''[[Jaw|Jaw joint]]''' – The [[dentary]] (the lower jaw bone, which carries the teeth) and the [[squamosal]] (a small [[cranial]] bone) meet to form the joint. In most [[gnathostomes]], including early [[therapsids]], the joint consists of the [[articular]] (a small bone at the back of the lower jaw) and [[Quadrate bone|quadrate]] (a small bone at the back of the upper jaw).<ref name=jawbone2006/><br />
* '''[[Middle ear]]''' – In crown-group mammals, sound is carried from the [[eardrum]] by a chain of three bones, the [[malleus]], the [[incus]] and the [[stapes]]. Ancestrally, the malleus and the incus are derived from the articular and the quadrate bones that constituted the jaw joint of early therapsids.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anthwal N, Joshi L, Tucker AS | title = Evolution of the mammalian middle ear and jaw: adaptations and novel structures | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 222 | issue = 1 | pages = 147–160 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 22686855 | pmc = 3552421 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x }}</ref><br />
* '''Tooth replacement''' – Teeth can be replaced once ([[diphyodonty]]) or (as in toothed whales and [[Muridae|murid]] rodents) not at all ([[Dentition|monophyodont]]y).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Nievelt AF, Smith KK |year=2005 |title=To replace or not to replace: the significance of reduced functional tooth replacement in marsupial and placental mammals |journal=Paleobiology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=324–346 |doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0324:trontr]2.0.co;2|s2cid=37750062 }}</ref> Elephants, manatees, and kangaroos continually grow new teeth throughout their life ([[polyphyodont]]y).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Libertini G, Ferrara N | title = Aging of perennial cells and organ parts according to the programmed aging paradigm | journal = Age | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | article-number = 35 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26957493 | pmc = 5005898 | doi = 10.1007/s11357-016-9895-0 }}</ref><br />
* '''Prismatic enamel''' – The [[tooth enamel|enamel]] coating on the surface of a tooth consists of prisms, solid, rod-like structures extending from the [[dentin]] to the tooth's surface.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mao F, Wang Y, Meng J | title = A Systematic Study on Tooth Enamel Microstructures of Lambdopsalis bulla (Multituberculate, Mammalia) – Implications for Multituberculate Biology and Phylogeny | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | article-number = e0128243 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26020958 | pmc = 4447277 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0128243 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1028243M | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
* '''[[Occipital condyle]]s''' – Two knobs at the base of the skull fit into the topmost [[Cervical vertebrae|neck vertebra]]; most other [[tetrapod]]s, in contrast, have only one such knob.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=2453526 | vauthors = Osborn HF |year=1900 |title=Origin of the Mammalia, III. Occipital Condyles of Reptilian Tripartite Type|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=34|number=408| pages=943–947 |doi=10.1086/277821|doi-access=free | bibcode = 1900ANat...34..943O }}</ref><br />
<br />
For the most part, these characteristics were not present in the Triassic ancestors of the mammals.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Crompton AW, Jenkins Jr FA |year=1973|title=Mammals from Reptiles: A Review of Mammalian Origins|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=1|pages=131–155|doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.01.050173.001023|bibcode=1973AREPS...1..131C}}</ref> Nearly all mammaliaforms possess an epipubic bone, the exception being modern placentals.<ref name=schulkin/><br />
<br />
===Sexual dimorphism===<br />
[[File:Aurochsfeatures.jpg|thumb|Sexual dimorphism in [[aurochs]], the extinct wild ancestor of [[cattle]]]]<br />
On average, male mammals are larger than females, with males being at least 10% larger than females in over 45% of investigated species. Most mammalian orders also exhibit male-biased [[sexual dimorphism]], although some orders do not show any bias or are significantly female-biased ([[Lagomorpha]]). Sexual size dimorphism increases with body size across mammals ([[Rensch's rule]]), suggesting that there are parallel selection pressures on both male and female size. Male-biased dimorphism [[Sexual selection in mammals|relates to sexual selection]] on males through male–male competition for females, as there is a positive correlation between the degree of sexual selection, as indicated by [[mating system]]s, and the degree of male-biased size dimorphism. The degree of sexual selection is also positively correlated with male and female size across mammals. Further, parallel selection pressure on female mass is identified in that age at weaning is significantly higher in more [[Polygyny in animals|polygynous]] species, even when correcting for body mass. Also, the reproductive rate is lower for larger females, indicating that fecundity selection selects for smaller females in mammals. Although these patterns hold across mammals as a whole, there is considerable variation across orders.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Lindenfors P, Gittleman JL, Jones KE |title=Sex, Size and Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Dimorphism |chapter=Sexual size dimorphism in mammals |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-920878-4 |pages=16–26 |url=https://swepub.kb.se/bib/swepub:oai:DiVA.org:su-16290?tab2=abs&language=en |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191352/https://swepub.kb.se/bib/swepub:oai:DiVA.org:su-16290?tab2=abs&language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Biological systems===<br />
{{Main|Biological system}}<br />
The majority of mammals have seven [[cervical vertebrae]] (bones in the neck). The exceptions are the [[manatee]] and the [[two-toed sloth]], which have six, and the [[three-toed sloth]] which has nine.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=FIIgDk9i_GkC|page=154}} | vauthors = Dierauf LA, Gulland FM |title=CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation|location=Boca Raton|edition=2nd|publisher=CRC Press |year= 2001|page=154 |isbn=978-1-4200-4163-7|oclc=166505919}}</ref> All mammalian brains possess a [[neocortex]], a brain region unique to mammals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lui JH, Hansen DV, Kriegstein AR | title = Development and evolution of the human neocortex | journal = Cell | volume = 146 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–36 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21729779 | pmc = 3610574 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.030 }}</ref> Placental brains have a [[corpus callosum]], unlike monotremes and marsupials.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Keeler CE | title = Absence of the Corpus Callosum as a Mendelizing Character in the House Mouse | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 609–611 | date = June 1933 | pmid = 16587795 | pmc = 1086100 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.19.6.609 | bibcode = 1933PNAS...19..609K | jstor = 86284 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
{{multiple image<br />
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<br />
====Circulatory systems====<br />
The mammalian [[heart]] has four chambers, two upper [[atrium (heart)|atria]], the receiving chambers, and two lower [[ventricle (heart)|ventricles]], the discharging chambers.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Standring S, Borley NR |year=2008|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice|edition=40th|location=London|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|pages=960–962|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|oclc=213447727}}</ref> The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers and ensures blood flows in the correct direction through the heart (preventing backflow). After [[gas exchange]] in the pulmonary capillaries (blood vessels in the lungs), oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via one of the four [[pulmonary vein]]s. Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the [[diastole|ventricular relaxation period]], the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles, and is supplied via [[coronary circulation|coronary arteries]].<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Betts JF, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson JE, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, Wise JA, Womble M, Young KA|display-authors=6|title=Anatomy & physiology|year=2013|isbn=978-1-938168-13-0|oclc=898069394|url=https://cnx.org/content/m46676/latest/?collection=col11496/latest|location=Houston|publisher=Rice University Press|pages=787–846|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223063018/https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/19-1-heart-anatomy|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
The [[red blood cell]]s of mammals also lack a nucleus to make space for more [[haemoglobin]], which significantly increases the cell's oxygen-carrying capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wi.mit.edu/news/how-red-blood-cells-nuke-their-nuclei |title=How Red Blood Cells Nuke Their Nuclei|vauthors=Carr|date=February 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Respiratory systems====<br />
[[File:Lung expansion simulation with Raccoon.gif|thumb|right|[[Raccoon]] lungs being inflated manually]]<br />
{{Main|Respiratory system#Mammals}}<br />
The [[lung]]s of mammals are spongy and honeycombed. Breathing is mainly achieved with the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]], which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome convex to the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the lung cavity. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities, and travels through the larynx, trachea and [[bronchi]], and expands the [[pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]]. Relaxing the diaphragm has the opposite effect, decreasing the volume of the lung cavity, causing air to be pushed out of the lungs. During exercise, the abdominal wall [[muscle contraction|contracts]], increasing pressure on the diaphragm, which forces air out quicker and more forcefully. The [[rib cage]] is able to expand and contract the chest cavity through the action of other respiratory muscles. Consequently, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Levitzky MG |title=Pulmonary physiology|date=2013|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-179313-1|chapter=Mechanics of Breathing |edition=8th|oclc=940633137}}</ref><ref name=bellows/> This type of lung is known as a bellows lung due to its resemblance to blacksmith [[bellows]].<ref name=bellows>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=DoC48j2-LnkC|page=12}} |location=New Delhi| vauthors = Umesh KB |year=2011|title=Handbook of Mechanical Ventilation|chapter=Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing |page=12|isbn=978-93-80704-74-6|oclc=945076700}}</ref><br />
{{break}}<br />
<br />
====Integumentary systems====<br />
[[File:The skin of mammals.jpg|thumb|235px|Mammal skin: (1) [[hair]], (2) [[epidermis]], (3) [[sebaceous gland]], (4) [[Arrector pili muscle]], (5) [[dermis]], (6) [[hair follicle]], (7) [[sweat gland]]. Not labelled, the bottom layer: [[hypodermis]], showing round [[adipocytes]]]]<br />
The [[skin|integumentary system]] (skin) is made up of three layers: the outermost [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]], the [[dermis]] and the [[hypodermis]]. The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of [[adipose tissue]], which stores lipids and provides cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species;<ref name=hair/>{{rp|97}} [[marine mammal]]s require a thick hypodermis ([[blubber]]) for insulation, and [[right whale]]s have the thickest blubber at {{convert|20|in|cm}}.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Tinker SW |title=Whales of the World|year=1988|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-0-935848-47-2|page=51|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ|page=51}}}}</ref> Although other animals have features such as whiskers, [[feather]]s, [[setae]], or [[cilia (entomology)|cilia]] that superficially resemble it, no animals other than mammals have [[hair]]. It is a definitive characteristic of the class, though some mammals have very little.<ref name=hair>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=udCnKce9hfoC|page=97}}| vauthors = Feldhamer GA, Drickamer LC, Vessey SH, Merritt JF, Krajewski C |year=2007|title=Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology|edition=3rd|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8695-9|oclc=124031907}}</ref>{{rp|61}}<br />
<br />
====Digestive systems====<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
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| footer = The [[carnassial]]s (teeth in the very back of the mouth) of the [[insectivorous]] [[aardwolf]] (left) versus that of a [[grey wolf]] (right) which consumes large vertebrates<br />
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<br />
Herbivores have developed a diverse range of physical structures to facilitate the [[Herbivore adaptations to plant defense|consumption of plant material]]. To break up intact plant tissues, mammals have developed [[Mammal tooth|teeth]] structures that reflect their feeding preferences. For instance, [[frugivore]]s (animals that feed primarily on fruit) and herbivores that feed on soft foliage have low-crowned teeth specialised for grinding foliage and [[seed]]s. [[Grazing]] animals that tend to eat hard, [[silica]]-rich grasses, have high-crowned teeth, which are capable of grinding tough plant tissues and do not wear down as quickly as low-crowned teeth.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Romer AS |year=1959|title=The vertebrate story| url = https://archive.org/details/vertebratestory00rome | url-access = registration |publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-72490-4|edition=4th}}</ref> Most carnivorous mammals have [[carnassial]] teeth (of varying length depending on diet), long canines and similar tooth replacement patterns.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = de Muizon C, Lange-Badré B |year=1997 |title=Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction |journal=Lethaia |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=353–366 |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x |bibcode=1997Letha..30..353D }}</ref><br />
<br />
The stomach of [[even-toed ungulates]] (Artiodactyla) is divided into four sections: the [[rumen]], the [[Reticulum (anatomy)|reticulum]], the [[omasum]] and the [[abomasum]] (only [[ruminant]]s have a rumen). After the plant material is consumed, it is mixed with saliva in the rumen and reticulum and separates into solid and liquid material. The solids lump together to form a [[bolus (digestion)|bolus]] (or [[cud]]), and is regurgitated. When the bolus enters the mouth, the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and swallowed again. Ingested food passes to the rumen and reticulum where cellulolytic [[microbe]]s ([[bacterium|bacteria]], [[protozoa]] and [[fungus|fungi]]) produce [[cellulase]], which is needed to break down the [[cellulose]] in plants.<ref name="Comparative anatomy of the stomach">{{cite journal | vauthors = Langer P | title = Comparative anatomy of the stomach in mammalian herbivores | journal = Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 615–625 | date = July 1984 | pmid = 6473699 | doi = 10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002848 | s2cid = 30816018 }}</ref> [[Perissodactyls]], in contrast to the ruminants, store digested food that has left the stomach in an enlarged [[cecum]], where it is fermented by bacteria.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Mqv4Lo1vpk4C|page=322}}| vauthors = Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Czaplewski NJ |title=Mammalogy | name-list-style = vanc |edition=5th |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |year=2011 |page=322 |isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5 |chapter=Perissodactyla |oclc=437300511}}</ref> Carnivora have a simple stomach adapted to digest primarily meat, as compared to the elaborate digestive systems of herbivorous animals, which are necessary to break down tough, complex plant fibres. The cecum is either absent or short and simple, and the large intestine is not [[sacculation|sacculated]] or much wider than the small intestine.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=B3crAAAAYAAJ|page=496}}| vauthors = Flower WH, Lydekker R |author2-link=Richard Lydekker |year=1946 |title=An Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |location=London |page=496|isbn=978-1-110-76857-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Excretory and genitourinary systems====<br />
[[File:Glycerination of Bovine kidney.jpg|thumb|Bovine kidney]]<br />
[[File:Image from page 702 of "Outlines of zoology" (1895) (20732795545).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Genitourinary system]] of a male and female rabbit]]<br />
<br />
The mammalian [[excretory system]] involves many components. Like amphibians, mammals are [[ureotelic]], and convert [[ammonia]] into [[urea]], which is done by the [[liver]] as part of the [[urea cycle]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Sreekumar S |title=Basic Physiology|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|year=2010|pages=180–181|isbn=978-81-203-4107-4|url ={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=IxYR9wTeXQgC|page=180}}}}</ref> [[Bilirubin]], a waste product derived from [[blood cell]]s, is passed through [[bile]] and [[urine]] with the help of enzymes excreted by the liver.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Cheifetz AS |title=Oxford American Handbook of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press, US|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-983012-1|page=165}}</ref> The passing of bilirubin via bile through the [[intestinal tract]] gives mammalian [[feces]] a distinctive brown coloration.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Kuntz E |title=Hepatology: Textbook and Atlas|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Germany|isbn=978-3-540-76838-8|page=38}}</ref> Distinctive features of the [[mammalian kidney]] include the presence of the [[renal pelvis]] and [[renal pyramid]]s, and of a clearly distinguishable [[renal cortex|cortex]] and [[renal medulla|medulla]], which is due to the presence of elongated [[Loop of Henle|loops of Henle]]. Only the mammalian kidney has a bean shape, although there are some exceptions, such as the multilobed [[reniculate kidney]]s of pinnipeds, [[cetacea]]ns and bears.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortiz RM | title = Osmoregulation in marine mammals | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 204 | issue = Pt 11 | pages = 1831–1844 | date = June 2001 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.204.11.1831 | pmid = 11441026 | url = https://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/204/11/1831 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2001JExpB.204.1831O | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191351/https://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/204/11/1831 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=VB/> Most adult placentals have no remaining trace of the [[cloaca]]. In the embryo, the [[embryonic cloaca]] divides into a posterior region that becomes part of the [[anus]], and an anterior region that has different fates depending on the sex of the individual: in females, it develops into the [[vulval vestibule|vestibule]] or [[Urogenital sinus#Other animals|urogenital sinus]] that receives the [[urethra]] and [[vagina]], while in males it forms the entirety of the [[penile urethra]].<ref name=VB/><ref>{{cite book|last=Linzey|first=Donald W.|title=Vertebrate Biology: Systematics, Taxonomy, Natural History, and Conservation|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2020|page=306|isbn=978-1-42143-733-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rur4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122190826/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rur4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[Afrosoricida|afrosoricids]] and some [[shrew]]s retain a cloaca as adults.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action//displayFulltext?type=6&fid=290402&jid=BRE&volumeId=80&issueId=01&aid=275550&fulltextType=RV&fileId=S1464793104006566 |title=Biological Reviews – Cambridge Journals |journal=Biological Reviews |date=February 2005 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=93–128 |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006566 |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122104221/http://journals.cambridge.org/action//displayFulltext?type=6&fid=290402&jid=BRE&volumeId=80&issueId=01&aid=275550&fulltextType=RV&fileId=S1464793104006566 |url-status=live |last1=Symonds |first1=Matthew R. E. |pmid=15727040 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In marsupials, the genital tract is separate from the anus, but a trace of the original cloaca does remain externally.<ref name=VB>{{cite book| vauthors = Roman AS, Parsons TS |year=1977|title=The Vertebrate Body|publisher=Holt-Saunders International|location=Philadelphia|pages=396–399|isbn=978-0-03-910284-5}}</ref> Monotremes, which translates from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] into "single hole", have a true cloaca.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|https://books.google.com/books?id=wojUDAAAQBAJ|page=281}} |vauthors = Dawkins R, Wong Y |year=2016|title=The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution|edition=2nd|publisher=Mariner Books|location=Boston|page=281|isbn=978-0-544-85993-7|url-status=dead}}</ref> Urine flows from the [[ureter]]s into the cloaca in monotremes and into the [[bladder]] in placentals.<ref name=VB/><br />
<br />
===Sound production===<br />
[[File:Animal echolocation.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A diagram of ultrasonic signals emitted by a bat, and the echo from a nearby object]]<br />
As in all other tetrapods, mammals have a [[larynx]] that can quickly open and close to produce sounds, and a supralaryngeal [[vocal tract]] which filters this sound. The lungs and surrounding musculature provide the air stream and pressure required to [[phonate]]. The larynx controls the [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and [[loudness|volume]] of sound, but the strength the lungs exert to [[exhale]] also contributes to volume. More primitive mammals, such as the echidna, can only hiss, as sound is achieved solely through exhaling through a partially closed larynx. Other mammals phonate using [[vocal fold]]s. The movement or tenseness of the vocal folds can result in many sounds such as [[purr]]ing and [[screaming]]. Mammals can change the position of the larynx, allowing them to breathe through the nose while swallowing through the mouth, and to form both oral and [[nasalization|nasal]] sounds; nasal sounds, such as a dog whine, are generally soft sounds, and oral sounds, such as a dog bark, are generally loud.<ref name=fitchbrown2006/><br />
<br />
[[File:Beluga_vocalizations.ogg|left|thumb|[[Beluga whale]] echolocation sounds]]<br />
<br />
Some mammals have a large larynx and thus a low-pitched voice, namely the [[hammer-headed bat]] (''Hypsignathus monstrosus'') where the larynx can take up the entirety of the [[thoracic cavity]] while pushing the lungs, heart, and trachea into the [[abdomen]].<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Langevin P, Barclay RM |year=1990 |title= ''Hypsignathus monstrosus''|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=357 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.2307/3504110|jstor=3504110 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Large vocal pads can also lower the pitch, as in the low-pitched roars of [[big cat]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weissengruber GE, Forstenpointner G, Peters G, Kübber-Heiss A, Fitch WT | title = Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyxjubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus) | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 201 | issue = 3 | pages = 195–209 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12363272 | pmc = 1570911 | doi = 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x }}</ref> The production of [[infrasound]] is possible in some mammals such as the [[African elephant]] (''Loxodonta'' spp.) and [[baleen whale]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stoeger AS, Heilmann G, Zeppelzauer M, Ganswindt A, Hensman S, Charlton BD | title = Visualizing sound emission of elephant vocalizations: evidence for two rumble production types | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | article-number = e48907 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23155427 | pmc = 3498347 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048907 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748907S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Clark CW |year=2004 |title= Baleen whale infrasonic sounds: Natural variability and function|journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=115 |issue=5|doi=10.1121/1.4783845|page=2554|bibcode=2004ASAJ..115.2554C}}</ref> Small mammals with small larynxes have the ability to produce [[ultrasound]], which can be detected by modifications to the [[middle ear]] and [[cochlea]]. Ultrasound is inaudible to birds and reptiles, which might have been important during the Mesozoic, when birds and reptiles were the dominant predators. This private channel is used by some rodents in, for example, mother-to-pup communication, and by bats when echolocating. Toothed whales also use echolocation, but, as opposed to the vocal membrane that extends upward from the vocal folds, they have a [[Melon (cetacean)|melon]] to manipulate sounds. Some mammals, namely the primates, have air sacs attached to the larynx, which may function to lower the resonances or increase the volume of sound.<ref name=fitchbrown2006>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://homepage.univie.ac.at/tecumseh.fitch/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Fitch2006MammalVocalProd.pdf |vauthors=Fitch WT |chapter=Production of Vocalizations in Mammals |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics |veditors=Brown K |publisher=Elsevier |location=Oxford |pages=115–121 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601150858/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/tecumseh.fitch/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Fitch2006MammalVocalProd.pdf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The vocal production system is controlled by the [[cranial nerve nucleus|cranial nerve nuclei]] in the brain, and supplied by the [[recurrent laryngeal nerve]] and the [[superior laryngeal nerve]], branches of the [[vagus nerve]]. The vocal tract is supplied by the [[hypoglossal nerve]] and [[facial nerve]]s. Electrical stimulation of the [[periaqueductal grey]] (PEG) region of the mammalian [[midbrain]] elicit vocalisations. The ability to learn new vocalisations is only exemplified in humans, seals, cetaceans, elephants and possibly bats; in humans, this is the result of a direct connection between the [[motor cortex]], which controls movement, and the [[motor neuron]]s in the spinal cord.<ref name=fitchbrown2006/><br />
<br />
===Fur===<br />
{{Main|Fur}}<br />
[[File:Stekelvarken Aiguilles Porc-épic.jpg|thumb|[[Porcupine]]s use their [[spine (zoology)|spines]] for defence.]]<br />
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|footer=Color can be a form of [[sexual dimorphism]] as seen in the male (left) and female (right) [[Northern white-cheeked gibbon]].<br />
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The primary function of the fur of mammals is [[thermoregulation]]. Others include protection, sensory purposes, waterproofing, and camouflage.<ref name=dawson2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawson TJ, Webster KN, Maloney SK | title = The fur of mammals in exposed environments; do crypsis and thermal needs necessarily conflict? The polar bear and marsupial koala compared | journal = Journal of Comparative Physiology B | volume = 184 | issue = 2 | pages = 273–284 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24366474 | doi = 10.1007/s00360-013-0794-8 | bibcode = 2014JCmPB.184..273D | s2cid = 9481486 }}</ref> Different types of fur serve different purposes:<ref name=hair/>{{rp|99}}<br />
* Definitive – which may be [[moulting|shed]] after reaching a certain length<br />
* Vibrissae – sensory hairs, most commonly [[whisker]]s<br />
* Pelage – guard hairs, under-fur, and [[awn hair]]<br />
* [[spine (zoology)|Spines]] – stiff guard hair used for defence (such as in [[porcupine]]s)<br />
* [[Bristle]]s – long hairs usually used in visual signals. (such as a lion's [[mane (lion)|mane]])<br />
* [[Vellus hair|Velli]] – often called "down fur" which insulates newborn mammals<br />
* [[Wool]] – long, soft and often curly<br />
<br />
====Thermoregulation====<br />
Hair length is not a factor in thermoregulation: for example, some tropical mammals such as sloths have the same length of fur length as some arctic mammals but with less insulation; and, conversely, other tropical mammals with short hair have the same insulating value as arctic mammals. The denseness of fur can increase an animal's insulation value, and arctic mammals especially have dense fur; for example, the [[musk ox]] has guard hairs measuring {{cvt|30|cm}} as well as a dense underfur, which forms an airtight coat, allowing them to survive in temperatures of {{cvt|-40|C}}.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|162–163}} Some desert mammals, such as camels, use dense fur to prevent solar heat from reaching their skin, allowing the animal to stay cool; a camel's fur may reach {{cvt|70|C}} in the summer, but the skin stays at {{cvt|40|C}}.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|188}} [[Aquatic mammal]]s, conversely, trap air in their fur to conserve heat by keeping the skin dry.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|162–163}}<br />
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[[File:Great male Leopard in South Afrika-JD.JPG|thumb|A [[leopard]]'s [[disruptive coloration|disruptively coloured]] coat provides [[camouflage]] for this [[ambush predator]].]]<br />
<br />
====Coloration====<br />
Mammalian coats are coloured for a variety of reasons, the major selective pressures including [[camouflage]], [[sexual selection]], communication, and thermoregulation. Coloration in both the hair and skin of mammals is mainly determined by the type and amount of [[melanin]]; [[eumelanin]]s for brown and black colours and [[pheomelanin]] for a range of yellowish to reddish colours, giving mammals an [[earth tone]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J | title = Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation | journal = Physiological Reviews | volume = 84 | issue = 4 | pages = 1155–1228 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15383650 | doi = 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003 | s2cid = 21168932 }}</ref><ref name="HiltonPond">{{cite journal | url=https://www.hiltonpond.org/ArticleAnimalColorsMain.html | title=South Carolina Wildlife | publisher=Hilton Pond Center | journal=Animal Colors | year=1996 | access-date=26 November 2011 | vauthors=Hilton Jr B | pages=10–15 | volume=43 | issue=4 | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191353/https://www.hiltonpond.org/ArticleAnimalColorsMain.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Some mammals have more vibrant colours; certain monkeys such [[mandrill]]s and [[vervet monkey]]s, and opossums such as the [[Mexican mouse opossum]]s and [[Derby's woolly opossum]]s, have blue skin due to [[structural coloration|light diffraction]] in [[collagen]] fibres.<ref name="Prum2004"/> Many sloths appear green because their fur hosts green [[algae]]; this may be a [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] relation that affords camouflage to the sloths.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suutari M, Majaneva M, Fewer DP, Voirin B, Aiello A, Friedl T, Chiarello AG, Blomster J | display-authors = 6 | title = Molecular evidence for a diverse green algal community growing in the hair of sloths and a specific association with Trichophilus welckeri (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 86 | article-number = 86 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20353556 | pmc = 2858742 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-10-86 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010BMCEE..10...86S }}</ref><br />
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Camouflage is a powerful influence in a large number of mammals, as it helps to conceal individuals from predators or prey.<ref name="bioscience.oxfordjournals.org">{{cite journal | vauthors = Caro T |year=2005 |title= The Adaptive Significance of Coloration in Mammals |journal=BioScience |volume= 55 | issue = 2 |pages= 125–136 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:tasoci]2.0.co;2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In arctic and subarctic mammals such as the [[arctic fox]] (''Alopex lagopus''), [[collared lemming]] (''Dicrostonyx groenlandicus''), [[stoat]] (''Mustela erminea''), and [[snowshoe hare]] (''Lepus americanus''), [[seasonal polyphenism|seasonal colour change]] between brown in summer and white in winter is driven largely by camouflage.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills LS, Zimova M, Oyler J, Running S, Abatzoglou JT, Lukacs PM | title = Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 110 | issue = 18 | pages = 7360–7365 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23589881 | pmc = 3645584 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1222724110 | bibcode = 2013PNAS..110.7360M |bibcode-access=free | doi-access = free }}</ref> Some arboreal mammals, notably primates and marsupials, have shades of violet, green, or blue skin on parts of their bodies, indicating some distinct advantage in their largely [[arboreal]] habitat due to [[convergent evolution]].<ref name="Prum2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Prum RO, Torres RH | title = Structural colouration of mammalian skin: convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 207 | issue = Pt 12 | pages = 2157–2172 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15143148 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.00989 | bibcode = 2004JExpB.207.2157P | url = https://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/12/2157.full.pdf | hdl = 1808/1599 | s2cid = 8268610 | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 5 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240605171545/https://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/12/2157.full.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
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[[Aposematism]], warning off possible predators, is the most likely explanation of the black-and-white pelage of many mammals which are able to defend themselves, such as in the foul-smelling [[skunk]] and the powerful and aggressive [[honey badger]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caro T | title = Contrasting coloration in terrestrial mammals | doi-access = free | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 364 | issue = 1516 | pages = 537–548 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18990666 | pmc = 2674080 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2008.0221 }}</ref> Coat colour is sometimes [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], as in [[Sexual dimorphism in non-human primates#Pelage color and markings|many primate species]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Plavcan JM | title = Sexual dimorphism in primate evolution | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = Suppl 33 | issue = 33 | pages = 25–53 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11786990 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.10011 | bibcode = 2001AJPA..116S..25P | s2cid = 31722173 |s2cid-access=free | doi-access = free }}</ref> Differences in female and male coat colour may indicate nutrition and hormone levels, important in mate selection.<ref name="eva.mpg.de">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bradley BJ, Gerald MS, Widdig A, Mundy NI |year=2012 |title=Coat Color Variation and Pigmentation Gene Expression in Rhesus Macaques (''Macaca Mulatta'') |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=263–270 |doi=10.1007/s10914-012-9212-3 |s2cid=13916535 |url=https://www.eva.mpg.de/pks/staff/widdig/pdf/Bradley_et_al_2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004623/http://www.eva.mpg.de/pks/staff/widdig/pdf/Bradley_et_al_2012.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Coat colour may influence the ability to retain heat, depending on how much light is reflected. Mammals with a darker coloured coat can absorb more heat from solar radiation, and stay warmer, and some smaller mammals, such as [[vole]]s, have darker fur in the winter. The white, pigmentless fur of arctic mammals, such as the polar bear, may reflect more solar radiation directly onto the skin.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|166–167}}<ref name=dawson2014/> The dazzling black-and-white striping of [[zebra]]s appear to provide some protection from biting flies.<ref name=Caro>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caro T, Izzo A, Reiner RC, Walker H, Stankowich T | title = The function of zebra stripes |bibcode-access=free | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 5 | article-number = 3535 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24691390 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms4535 | author1-link = Tim Caro | bibcode = 2014NatCo...5.3535C | s2cid = 9849814 |s2cid-access=free | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Reproductive system===<br />
{{Main|Mammalian reproduction}}<br />
[[File:Goat family.jpg|thumb|right|[[Goat]] kids stay with their mother until they are weaned.]]<br />
Mammals reproduce by [[internal fertilisation]]<ref name="naguib">{{Cite book|last=Naguib|first=Marc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgTeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Advances in the Study of Behavior|date=19 April 2020|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-820726-0}}</ref> and are solely [[Gonochorism|gonochoric]] (having either male or female [[Sex organ|sex organs]]).<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Kobayashi K, Kitano T, Iwao Y, Kondo M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4teDwAAQBAJ&q=mammal+gonochorism&pg=PA290|title=Reproductive and Developmental Strategies: The Continuity of Life |date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-4-431-56609-0|page=290|language=en}}</ref> Male mammals [[Ejaculation|ejaculate]] [[semen]] during [[Copulation (zoology)|copulation]] through a [[penis]], which may be contained in a [[Penile sheath|prepuce]] when not erect. Male placentals also [[urinate]] through a penis, and some placentals also have a penis bone ([[baculum]]).<ref name="Lombardi1998">{{cite book| vauthors = Lombardi J |title=Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqQX9RMPAegC|date= 1998|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-8336-9}}</ref><ref name="Hyman1992">{{cite book |author=Libbie Henrietta Hyman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA583 |title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy |date=15 September 1992 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-87013-7 |pages=583–}}</ref><ref name="naguib" /> Marsupials typically have forked penises,<ref name="Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987">{{cite book| vauthors = Tyndale-Biscoe H, Renfree M |title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C|date=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33792-2}}</ref> while [[echidna|echidnas]] have four-headed penises with two functioning heads.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1086/522847| pmid=18171162| title=One-Sided Ejaculation of Echidna Sperm Bundles| journal=The American Naturalist| volume=170| issue=6| pages=E162–E164| year=2007| vauthors = Johnston SD, Smith B, Pyne M, Stenzel D, Holt WV | bibcode=2007ANat..170E.162J| s2cid=40632746| url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:130591/UQ130591_OA.pdf}}</ref> Depending on the species, penile [[erection]] is driven either by blood flow into vascular, spongy tissue or by muscular action.<ref name="Lombardi1998" /> The [[testicles]] of most mammals descend into the [[scrotum]] which is typically posterior to the penis but is often anterior in marsupials. Female mammals generally have an external [[vulva]] and [[clitoris]] and [[labia]], two internal paired [[oviduct]]s, one or two [[uteri]], one or two [[Cervix|cervices]] and a [[vagina]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bacha Jr.|first1=William J.|last2=Bacha|first2=Linda M.|title= Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology |publisher = Wiley |year = 2012|page=308|access-date = 28 November 2023 |isbn= 978-1-11824-364-0|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=08BOg2b7zRgC&pg=PA308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cooke|first1=Fred|last2=Bruce|first2=Jenni|title= The Encyclopedia of Animals: A Complete Visual Guide |publisher = University of California Press |year = 2004|page=79| access-date = 28 November 2023 |isbn= 978-0-52024-406-1|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2V1tHqi4hLEC&pg=PA79}}</ref> Marsupials have two lateral vaginas and a medial vagina. The "vagina" of monotremes is better understood as a "urogenital sinus". The uterine systems of placentals can be duplex, with two uteri and cervices which open into the vagina, or bipartite, with two [[uterine horn]]s with a single cervix connected to the vagina, or bicornuate, with two uterine horns connected distally but separated medially in a Y-shape, or simplex, with a single uterus.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Maxwell KE |year=2013|title=The Sex Imperative: An Evolutionary Tale of Sexual Survival|publisher=Springer|pages=112–113|isbn=978-1-4899-5988-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnf1BwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Vaughan TA, Ryan JP, Czaplewski NJ |year= 2011 |title= Mammalogy|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|page=387 |isbn= 978-0-03-025034-7 }}</ref><ref name="hair"/>{{rp|220–221, 247}}<br />
[[File:Dendrolagus matschiei 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Matschie's tree-kangaroo]] with young in pouch]]<br />
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The ancestral condition for mammal reproduction is the birthing of relatively undeveloped young, either through direct [[vivipary]] or a short period as soft-shelled eggs. This is likely due to the fact that the torso could not expand due to the presence of [[epipubic bones]]. The oldest demonstration of this reproductive style is with ''[[Kayentatherium]]'', which produced undeveloped [[perinate]]s, but at much higher litter sizes than any modern mammal, 38 specimens.<ref name="Hoffman&Rowe">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman EA, Rowe TB | title = Jurassic stem-mammal perinates and the origin of mammalian reproduction and growth | journal = Nature | volume = 561 | issue = 7721 | pages = 104–108 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30158701 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-018-0441-3 | bibcode = 2018Natur.561..104H| s2cid = 205570021 }}</ref> Most modern mammals are [[viviparity|viviparous]], giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypus and the four species of echidna, lay eggs. The monotremes have a [[sex-determination system]] different from that of most other mammals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wallis MC, Waters PD, Delbridge ML, Kirby PJ, Pask AJ, Grützner F, Rens W, Ferguson-Smith MA, Graves JA | display-authors = 6 | title = Sex determination in platypus and echidna: autosomal location of SOX3 confirms the absence of SRY from monotremes | journal = Chromosome Research | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | pages = 949–959 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18185981 | doi = 10.1007/s10577-007-1185-3 | s2cid = 812974 }}</ref> In particular, the [[sex chromosome]]s of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marshall Graves JA | title = Weird animal genomes and the evolution of vertebrate sex and sex chromosomes | journal = Annual Review of Genetics | volume = 42 | pages = 565–586 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18983263 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091714 | url = https://www.mnf.uni-greifswald.de/fileadmin/Zoologisches_Museum/Hildebrandt/Dokumente/graves08.pdf | archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120904084145/http%3A//www.mnf.uni%2Dgreifswald.de/fileadmin/Zoologisches_Museum/Hildebrandt/Dokumente/graves08.pdf | archive-date = 4 September 2012 | access-date = 25 January 2024 }}</ref><br />
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Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. Marsupials have a short [[gestation]] period, typically shorter than its [[estrous cycle]] and generally giving birth to a number of undeveloped newborns that then undergo further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the [[Pouch (marsupial)|marsupium]], located in the front of the mother's [[abdomen]]. This is the [[Symplesiomorphy|plesiomorphic]] condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placentals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy.<ref name=schulkin>{{cite book| vauthors = Power ML, Schulkin J |year=2013|title=The Evolution Of The Human Placenta|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=xfffGC3hjPoC|page=1891}}|pages=1890–1891|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-1-4214-0643-5|oclc=940749490}}</ref> Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.<ref name="Epipubic bones in eutherian mammals"/> The placentals give birth to relatively complete and developed young, usually after long gestation periods.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=dK-D6HMSOQIC|page=6}}|location=Chicago| vauthors = Sally M |title=Mammals|chapter=Mammal Behavior and Lifestyle|year=2005|publisher=Raintree|page=6|isbn=978-1-4109-1050-9|oclc=53476660}}</ref> They get their name from the [[placenta]], which connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=23s9DAAAQBAJ|page=288}} | vauthors = Verma PS, Pandey BP |year=2013|title=ISC Biology Book I for Class XI|publisher=S. Chand and Company|page=288|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-219-2557-0}}</ref> In placentals, the epipubic is either completely lost or converted into the baculum; allowing the torso to be able to expand and thus birth developed offspring.<ref name="Hoffman&Rowe"/> The great majority of mammals give birth multiple times during their lifespan, but a few species are [[semelparous]].{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br />
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The [[mammary gland]]s of mammals are specialised to produce milk, the primary source of nutrition for newborns. The monotremes branched early from other mammals and do not have the [[teat]]s seen in most mammals, but they do have mammary glands. The young lick the milk from a mammary patch on the mother's belly.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oftedal OT | title = The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution | journal = Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–252 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12751889 | doi = 10.1023/a:1022896515287 | s2cid = 25806501 }}</ref> Compared to placental mammals, the milk of marsupials changes greatly in both production rate and in nutrient composition, due to the underdeveloped young. In addition, the mammary glands have more autonomy allowing them to supply separate milks to young at different development stages.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Krockenberger A |year=2006 |title= Marsupials | chapter = Lactation| veditors = Dickman CR, Armati PJ, Hume ID |page=109|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45742-2}}</ref> [[Lactose]] is the main sugar in placental milk while monotreme and marsupial milk is dominated by [[oligosaccharide]]s.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Schulkin J, Power ML |year=2016|title=Milk: The Biology of Lactation|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|page=66|isbn=978-1-4214-2042-4}}</ref> [[Weaning]] is the process in which a mammal becomes less dependent on their mother's milk and more on solid food.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Thompson KV, Baker AJ, Baker AM |year=2010|title=Wild Mammals in Captivity Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management|publisher=University of Chicago Press| chapter = Paternal Care and Behavioral Development in Captive Mammals | veditors = Kleiman DG, Thompson KV, Baer CK |page=374|isbn=978-0-226-44011-8|edition=2nd}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Endothermy===<br />
Nearly all mammals are [[endothermy|endothermic]] ("warm-blooded"). Most mammals also have hair to help keep them warm. Like birds, mammals can forage or hunt in weather and climates too cold for [[ectotherm]]ic ("cold-blooded") reptiles and insects. Endothermy requires plenty of food energy, so mammals eat more food per unit of body weight than most reptiles.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Campbell NA, Reece JB |year=2002 |title=Biology |edition=6th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |page=[https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/845 845]|isbn=978-0-8053-6624-2|oclc=47521441|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/845}}</ref> Small insectivorous mammals eat prodigious amounts for their size. A rare exception, the [[naked mole-rat]] produces little metabolic heat, so it is considered an operational [[poikilotherm]].<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Buffenstein R, Yahav S |year=1991|title=Is the naked mole-rat ''Hererocephalus glaber'' an endothermic yet poikilothermic mammal?|journal=Journal of Thermal Biology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=227–232|doi=10.1016/0306-4565(91)90030-6|bibcode=1991JTBio..16..227B }}</ref> Birds are also endothermic, so endothermy is not unique to mammals.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes| id=Af7IwQWJoCMC|page=218}}|location=Cambridge| vauthors = Schmidt-Nielsen K, Duke JB |year=1997|title=Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment|chapter=Temperature Effects|edition=5th|page=218|isbn=978-0-521-57098-5|oclc=35744403 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Species lifespan===<br />
{{See also|Life expectancy|Maximum life span}}<br />
Among mammals, species maximum lifespan varies significantly from one year in the [[yellow-sided opossum]]{{cn|date=September 2025}} to 211 years in the oldest [[bowhead whale]] recorded.<ref name="pmid19896964">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lorenzini A, Johnson FB, Oliver A, Tresini M, Smith JS, Hdeib M, Sell C, Cristofalo VJ, Stamato TD | display-authors = 6 | title = Significant correlation of species longevity with DNA double strand break recognition but not with telomere length | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 130 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 784–792 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19896964 | pmc = 2799038 | doi = 10.1016/j.mad.2009.10.004 }}</ref> Although the underlying basis for these lifespan differences is still uncertain, numerous studies indicate that the ability to [[DNA repair|repair DNA damage]] is an important determinant of mammalian lifespan. In a 1974 study by Hart and Setlow,<ref name="pmid4526202">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hart RW, Setlow RB | title = Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 2169–2173 | date = June 1974 | pmid = 4526202 | pmc = 388412 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.71.6.2169 | bibcode = 1974PNAS...71.2169H | doi-access = free }}</ref> it was found that DNA excision repair capability increased systematically with species lifespan among seven mammalian species. Species lifespan was observed to be robustly correlated with the capacity to recognise DNA double-strand breaks as well as the level of the DNA repair protein [[Ku80]].<ref name="pmid19896964"/> In a study of the cells from sixteen mammalian species, genes employed in DNA repair were found to be [[Downregulation and upregulation|up-regulated]] in the longer-lived species.<ref name="pmid27874830">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ma S, Upneja A, Galecki A, Tsai YM, Burant CF, Raskind S, Zhang Q, Zhang ZD, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Clish CB, Miller RA, Gladyshev VN | display-authors = 6 | title = Cell culture-based profiling across mammals reveals DNA repair and metabolism as determinants of species longevity | journal = eLife | volume = 5 | date = November 2016 | article-number = e19130 | pmid = 27874830 | pmc = 5148604 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.19130 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The cellular level of the DNA repair enzyme [[poly ADP ribose polymerase]] was found to correlate with species lifespan in a study of 13 mammalian species.<ref name="pmid1465394">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grube K, Bürkle A | title = Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in mononuclear leukocytes of 13 mammalian species correlates with species-specific life span | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 89 | issue = 24 | pages = 11759–11763 | date = December 1992 | pmid = 1465394 | pmc = 50636 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.89.24.11759 | bibcode = 1992PNAS...8911759G | doi-access = free }}</ref> Three additional studies of a variety of mammalian species also reported a correlation between species lifespan and DNA repair capability.<ref name="pmid7266079">{{cite journal | vauthors = Francis AA, Lee WH, Regan JD | title = The relationship of DNA excision repair of ultraviolet-induced lesions to the maximum life span of mammals | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–189 | date = June 1981 | pmid = 7266079 | doi = 10.1016/0047-6374(81)90094-4 | s2cid = 19830165 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7060140">{{cite journal | vauthors = Treton JA, Courtois Y | title = Correlation between DNA excision repair and mammalian lifespan in lens epithelial cells | journal = Cell Biology International Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 253–260 | date = March 1982 | pmid = 7060140 | doi = 10.1016/0309-1651(82)90077-7 | doi-broken-date = 1 July 2025 }}</ref><ref name="pmid3974310">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maslansky CJ, Williams GM | title = Ultraviolet light-induced DNA repair synthesis in hepatocytes from species of differing longevities | journal = Mechanisms of Ageing and Development | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–203 | date = February 1985 | pmid = 3974310 | doi = 10.1016/0047-6374(85)90018-1 | s2cid = 23988416 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Locomotion===<br />
{{Main|Animal locomotion}}<br />
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====Terrestrial====<br />
{{Main|Terrestrial locomotion}}<br />
[[File:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|thumb|[[running|Running gait]]. Photographs by [[Eadweard Muybridge]], 1887]]<br />
Most vertebrates are [[plantigrade]], walking on the whole of the underside of the foot. Many mammals, such as cats and dogs, are [[digitigrade]], walking on their toes, the greater stride length allowing more speed. Some animals such as [[horse]]s are [[unguligrade]], walking on the tips of their toes. This even further increases their stride length and thus their speed.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=LaaLNfY6gB8C |page=3}}| vauthors = Walker WF, Homberger DG |author-link2= Dominique G. Homberger|year=1998|title=Anatomy and Dissection of the Fetal Pig|edition=5th|location=New York|publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company|page=3|isbn=978-0-7167-2637-1|oclc=40576267}}</ref> A few mammals, namely the great apes, are also known to [[Knuckle-walking|walk on their knuckles]], at least for their front legs. [[Giant anteater]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Orr CM | title = Knuckle-walking anteater: a convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 128 | issue = 3 | pages = 639–658 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 15861420 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20192 }}</ref> and platypuses<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fish FE, Frappell PB, Baudinette RV, MacFarlane PM | title = Energetics of terrestrial locomotion of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 204 | issue = Pt 4 | pages = 797–803 | date = February 2001 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.204.4.797 | pmid = 11171362 | bibcode = 2001JExpB.204..797F | hdl = 2440/12192 | url = https://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/204/4/797.pdf | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 14 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240314100116/https://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/204/4/797.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> are also knuckle-walkers. Some mammals are [[bipedalism|bipeds]], using only two limbs for locomotion, which can be seen in, for example, humans and the great apes. Bipedal species have a larger field of [[Mammalian vision|vision]] than quadrupeds, conserve more energy and have the ability to manipulate objects with their hands, which aids in foraging. Instead of walking, some bipeds hop, such as kangaroos and [[kangaroo rat]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.philosophistry.com/static/bipedalism.html|vauthors=Dhingra P|year=2004|title=Comparative Bipedalism – How the Rest of the Animal Kingdom Walks on two legs|journal=Anthropological Science|volume=131|issue=231|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421085055/https://philosophistry.com/static/bipedalism.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alexander RM | title = Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 204 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–330 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15198697 | pmc = 1571302 | doi = 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00289.x }}</ref><br />
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Animals will use different gaits for different speeds, terrain and situations. For example, horses show four natural gaits, the slowest [[horse gait]] is the [[Horse gait#Walk|walk]], then there are three faster gaits which, from slowest to fastest, are the [[trot (horse gait)|trot]], the [[canter]] and the [[Horse gait#Gallop|gallop]]. Animals may also have unusual gaits that are used occasionally, such as for moving sideways or backwards. For example, the main [[gait (human)|human gaits]] are bipedal [[walking]] and [[running]], but they employ many other gaits occasionally, including a four-legged [[crawling (human)|crawl]] in tight spaces.<ref name=dagg>{{cite journal| vauthors = Dagg AI |author-link=Anne Innis Dagg|year=1973|title=Gaits in Mammals|journal=Mammal Review|volume=3|issue=4|pages=135–154|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.1973.tb00179.x|bibcode=1973MamRv...3..135D }}</ref> Mammals show a vast range of [[gait]]s, the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion. Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence. For quadrupeds, there are three main categories: walking gaits, running gaits and [[leaping gaits]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Roberts TD |title=Understanding Balance: The Mechanics of Posture and Locomotion|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=o8RvD3X8ur8C|page=211}}|location=San Diego|year=1995|publisher= Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-1-56593-416-0|page=211|oclc=33167785}}</ref> Walking is the most common gait, where some feet are on the ground at any given time, and found in almost all legged animals. Running is considered to occur when at some points in the stride all feet are off the ground in a moment of suspension.<ref name=dagg/><br />
<br />
====Arboreal====<br />
{{Main|Arboreal locomotion}}<br />
[[File:Brachiating Gibbon (Some rights reserved).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gibbon]]s are very good [[brachiation|brachiators]] because their elongated limbs enable them to easily swing and grasp on to branches.]]<br />
Arboreal animals frequently have elongated limbs that help them cross gaps, reach fruit or other resources, test the firmness of support ahead and, in some cases, to [[brachiation|brachiate]] (swing between trees).<ref name=Cartmill>{{cite book| vauthors = Cartmill M |year=1985|chapter=Climbing|title=Functional Vertebrate Morphology| veditors = Hildebrand M, Bramble DM, Liem KF, Wake DB |pages=73–88|location=Cambridge|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0-674-32775-7|oclc=11114191}}</ref> Many arboreal species, such as tree porcupines, [[silky anteater]]s, spider monkeys, and [[Phalangeriformes|possums]], use [[prehensile tail]]s to grasp branches. In the spider monkey, the tip of the tail has either a bare patch or adhesive pad, which provides increased friction. Claws can be used to interact with rough substrates and reorient the direction of forces the animal applies. This is what allows [[squirrel]]s to climb tree trunks that are so large to be essentially flat from the perspective of such a small animal. However, claws can interfere with an animal's ability to grasp very small branches, as they may wrap too far around and prick the animal's own paw. Frictional gripping is used by primates, relying upon hairless fingertips. Squeezing the branch between the fingertips generates frictional force that holds the animal's hand to the branch. However, this type of grip depends upon the angle of the frictional force, thus upon the diameter of the branch, with larger branches resulting in reduced gripping ability. To control descent, especially down large diameter branches, some arboreal animals such as squirrels have evolved highly mobile ankle joints that permit rotating the foot into a 'reversed' posture. This allows the claws to hook into the rough surface of the bark, opposing the force of gravity. Small size provides many advantages to arboreal species: such as increasing the relative size of branches to the animal, lower centre of mass, increased stability, lower mass (allowing movement on smaller branches) and the ability to move through more cluttered habitat.<ref name=Cartmill/> Size relating to weight affects gliding animals such as the [[sugar glider]].<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Vernes K |year=2001|title=Gliding Performance of the Northern Flying Squirrel (''Glaucomys sabrinus'') in Mature Mixed Forest of Eastern Canada|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=82|issue=4|pages=1026–1033|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<1026:GPOTNF>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=78090049 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some species of primate, bat and all species of [[sloth]] achieve passive stability by hanging beneath the branch. Both pitching and tipping become irrelevant, as the only method of failure would be losing their grip.<ref name=Cartmill/><br />
<br />
====Aerial====<br />
{{Main|Aerial locomotion}}<br />
[[File:Israeli Bats - 26 September 2015.webm|thumb|upright=1.35|Slow-motion and normal speed of [[Egyptian fruit bat]]s flying]]<br />
Bats are the only mammals that can truly fly. They fly through the air at a constant speed by moving their wings up and down (usually with some fore-aft movement as well). Because the animal is in motion, there is some airflow relative to its body which, combined with the velocity of the wings, generates a faster airflow moving over the wing. This generates a lift force vector pointing forwards and upwards, and a drag force vector pointing rearwards and upwards. The upwards components of these counteract gravity, keeping the body in the air, while the forward component provides thrust to counteract both the drag from the wing and from the body as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.bu.edu/biolocomotion/2011/10/16/bats-the-only-flying-mammal/|title=Bats – the only flying mammals|vauthors=Barba LA|work=Bio-Aerial Locomotion|date=October 2011|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514085336/http://blogs.bu.edu/biolocomotion/2011/10/16/bats-the-only-flying-mammal/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than those of birds, allowing bats to manoeuvre more accurately and fly with more lift and less drag.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070118161402.htm|title=Bats In Flight Reveal Unexpected Aerodynamics|year=2007|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210807/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070118161402.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=anders>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hedenström A, Johansson LC | title = Bat flight: aerodynamics, kinematics and flight morphology | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 218 | issue = Pt 5 | pages = 653–663 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25740899 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.031203 | bibcode = 2015JExpB.218..653H | s2cid = 21295393 | url = https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/218/5/653.full.pdf | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191350/https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/218/5/653.full.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> By folding the wings inwards towards their body on the upstroke, they use 35% less energy during flight than birds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120411084133.htm|title=Bats save energy by drawing in wings on upstroke|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=12 July 2016|year=2012|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531050233/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120411084133.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The membranes are delicate, ripping easily; however, the tissue of the bat's membrane is able to regrow, such that small tears can heal quickly.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=XS9y642cjvMC|page=14}}| vauthors = Karen T |year=2008 |title=Hanging with Bats: Ecobats, Vampires, and Movie Stars|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|page=14|isbn=978-0-8263-4403-8|oclc=191258477}}</ref> The surface of their wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called [[Merkel cell]]s, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the centre, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings, and to fly more efficiently by changing the shape of its wings in response.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sterbing-D'Angelo S, Chadha M, Chiu C, Falk B, Xian W, Barcelo J, Zook JM, Moss CF | display-authors = 6 | title = Bat wing sensors support flight control | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 27 | pages = 11291–11296 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21690408 | pmc = 3131348 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1018740108 | bibcode = 2011PNAS..10811291S | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fossorial and subterranean====<br />
{{See also|Fossorial|Burrow}}<br />
{{Multiple image|align=right|image1=Wombat3.jpg|image2=ScalopusAquaticus.jpg|total_width=400|footer=Semi-fossorial [[Southern hairy-nosed wombat|wombat]] (left) vs. fully fossorial [[eastern mole]] (right)}}<br />
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A fossorial (from Latin ''fossor'', meaning "digger") is an animal adapted to digging which lives primarily, but not solely, underground. Some examples are [[badger]]s, and [[naked mole-rat]]s. Many [[rodent]] species are also considered fossorial because they live in burrows for most but not all of the day. Species that live exclusively underground are subterranean, and those with limited adaptations to a fossorial lifestyle sub-fossorial. Some organisms are fossorial to aid in [[temperature regulation]] while others use the underground habitat for protection from [[predator]]s or for [[food storage]].<ref name=":2">Damiani, R, 2003, Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing, The Royal Society Publishing, Volume 270, Issue 1525</ref><br />
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Fossorial mammals have a fusiform body, thickest at the shoulders and tapering off at the tail and nose. Unable to see in the dark burrows, most have degenerated eyes, but degeneration varies between species; [[pocket gopher]]s, for example, are only semi-fossorial and have very small yet functional eyes, in the fully fossorial [[marsupial mole]], the eyes are degenerated and useless, ''[[Talpa (genus)|Talpa]]'' moles have [[vestigial]] eyes and the [[Cape golden mole]] has a layer of skin covering the eyes. External ears flaps are also very small or absent. Truly fossorial mammals have short, stout legs as strength is more important than speed to a burrowing mammal, but semi-fossorial mammals have [[cursorial]] legs. The front paws are broad and have strong claws to help in loosening dirt while excavating burrows, and the back paws have webbing, as well as claws, which aids in throwing loosened dirt backwards. Most have large incisors to prevent dirt from flying into their mouth.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2455381|vauthors=Shimer HW|year=1903|title=Adaptations to Aquatic, Arboreal, Fossorial and Cursorial Habits in Mammals. III. Fossorial Adaptations|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=37|number=444|pages=819–825|doi=10.1086/278368|bibcode=1903ANat...37..819S |s2cid=83519668|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431331|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409004021/https://zenodo.org/record/1431331|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Many fossorial mammals such as shrews, hedgehogs, and moles were classified under the now obsolete order [[Insectivora]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanhope MJ, Waddell VG, Madsen O, de Jong W, Hedges SB, Cleven GC, Kao D, Springer MS | display-authors = 6 | title = Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 95 | issue = 17 | pages = 9967–9972 | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9707584 | pmc = 21445 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1998PNAS...95.9967S }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Aquatic====<br />
{{Main|Aquatic locomotion|Marine mammal|Aquatic mammal}}<br />
[[File:Living-on-the-Edge-Settlement-Patterns-by-the-Symbiotic-Barnacle-Xenobalanus-globicipitis-on-Small-pone.0127367.s001.ogv|thumb|A pod of [[short-beaked common dolphin]]s swimming]]<br />
Fully aquatic mammals, the cetaceans and [[sirenia]]ns, have lost their legs and have a tail fin to propel themselves through the water. [[Flipper (anatomy)|Flipper]] movement is continuous. Whales swim by moving their tail fin and lower body up and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers. Most species have a [[dorsal fin]] to prevent themselves from turning upside-down in the water.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Perry DA |year=1949 |title=The anatomical basis of swimming in Whales |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=49–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1949.tb00866.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fish FE, Hui CA |year=1991 |title=Dolphin swimming – a review |journal=Mammal Review |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=181–195 |url=https://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1991MRDolphinswimming.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829000617/http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1991MRDolphinswimming.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00292.x }}</ref> The flukes of sirenians are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward, and can be twisted to turn. The forelimbs are paddle-like flippers which aid in turning and slowing.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Marsh H |chapter-url= https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/57-ind.pdf |chapter=Chapter 57: Dugongidae |title=Fauna of Australia |volume=1 |publisher=Australian Government Publications |isbn=978-0-644-06056-1 |location=Canberra |year=1989 |oclc=27492815 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511221756/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/57-ind.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2013 }}</ref><br />
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[[Semi-aquatic]] mammals, like pinnipeds, have two pairs of flippers on the front and back, the fore-flippers and hind-flippers. The elbows and ankles are enclosed within the body.<ref name=Berta63>{{cite book | vauthors = Berta A | title = Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals | chapter = Pinniped Diversity: Evolution and Adaptations | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-520-27057-2 | pages = 62–64}}</ref><ref name="Fish 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fish FE, Hurley J, Costa DP | title = Maneuverability by the sea lion Zalophus californianus: turning performance of an unstable body design | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 206 | issue = Pt 4 | pages = 667–674 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12517984 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.00144 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2003JExpB.206..667F }}</ref> Pinnipeds have several adaptions for reducing [[Drag (physics)|drag]]. In addition to their streamlined bodies, they have smooth networks of [[Muscle fascicle|muscle bundles]] in their skin that may increase [[laminar flow]] and make it easier for them to slip through water. They also lack [[Arrector pili muscle|arrector pili]], so their fur can be streamlined as they swim.<ref name=Riedman3/> They rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to [[penguin]]s and [[sea turtles]].<ref name="Fish1996">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Fish FE |title=Transitions from drag-based to lift-based propulsion in mammalian swimming |doi=10.1093/icb/36.6.628 |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=628–641 |year=1996|doi-access=free }}</ref> Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke.<ref name="Fish 2003"/> Compared to terrestrial carnivorans, the fore-limbs are reduced in length, which gives the locomotor muscles at the shoulder and elbow joints greater mechanical advantage;<ref name=Berta63/> the hind-flippers serve as stabilizers.<ref name=Riedman3>{{cite book| vauthors = Riedman M |year=1990|title=The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses| url = https://archive.org/details/pinnipedssealsse0000ried | url-access = registration |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06497-3|oclc=19511610}}</ref> Other semi-aquatic mammals include beavers, [[hippopotamus]]es, [[otter]]s and platypuses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fish FE | title = Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale | journal = Physiological and Biochemical Zoology | volume = 73 | issue = 6 | pages = 683–698 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11121343 | doi = 10.1086/318108 | bibcode = 2000PhyBZ..73..683F | url = https://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/2000PBZ-PlatToWhale.pdf | citeseerx = 10.1.1.734.1217 | s2cid = 49732160 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160804111726/http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/2000PBZ-PlatToWhale.pdf | archive-date = 4 August 2016 }}</ref> Hippos are very large semi-aquatic mammals, and their barrel-shaped bodies have [[wikt:graviportal|graviportal]] skeletal structures,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Eltringham SK |year=1999|title=The Hippos|chapter=Anatomy and Physiology|location= London|publisher=T & AD Poyser Ltd|page=8|isbn=978-0-85661-131-5|oclc=42274422}}</ref> adapted to carrying their enormous weight, and their [[specific gravity]] allows them to sink and move along the bottom of a river.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hippopotamus ''Hippopotamus amphibius''|magazine=National Geographic|access-date= 30 April 2016|url= https://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/hippopotamus/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141125041546/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/hippopotamus/|archive-date= 25 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
===Communication and vocalisation===<br />
{{Further|Animal communication|Animal echolocation}}<br />
[[File:Monkey & Baby.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Vervet monkey]]s use at least four distinct [[alarm signal|alarm calls]] for different [[predator]]s.<ref name=Seyfarth/>]]<br />
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Many mammals communicate by vocalising. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including in mating rituals, as [[alarm signal|warning calls]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zuberbühler K |title=Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell's monkeys, ''Cercopithecus campbelli'' |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=50 |issue=5 |year=2001 |pages=414–442 |jstor=4601985 |doi=10.1007/s002650100383|bibcode=2001BEcoS..50..414Z |s2cid=21374702 }}</ref> to indicate food sources, and for social purposes. Males often call during mating rituals to ward off other males and to attract females, as in the [[roar (vocalization)|roaring]] of [[lion]]s and [[red deer]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slabbekoorn H, Smith TB | title = Bird song, ecology and speciation | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 357 | issue = 1420 | pages = 493–503 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 12028787 | pmc = 1692962 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1056 }}</ref> The [[whale song|songs]] of the humpback whale may be signals to females;<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bannister JL |chapter=Baleen Whales (Mysticetes) |pages=80–89 |title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals |edition=2nd | veditors = Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JG |editor3-link = Hans Thewissen |year=2008 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373553-9 |chapter-url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=2rkHQpToi9sC |page=1007}}}}</ref> they have different dialects in different regions of the ocean.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott N |year=2002 |title=Creatures of Culture? Making the Case for Cultural Systems in Whales and Dolphins |journal=BioScience |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0009:COCMTC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86121405 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Social vocalisations include the [[territory (animal)|territorial]] calls of [[gibbon]]s, and the use of frequency in [[greater spear-nosed bat]]s to distinguish between groups.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boughman JW | title = Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 265 | issue = 1392 | pages = 227–233 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9493408 | pmc = 1688873 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1998.0286 | bibcode = 1998PBioS.265..227B }}</ref> The [[vervet monkey]] gives a distinct alarm call for each of at least four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the eagle alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground.<ref name=Seyfarth>{{cite journal |vauthors=Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL, Marler P |title=Vervet Monkey Alarm Calls: Semantic communication in a Free-Ranging Primate |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1070–1094 |year=1980 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80097-2 |bibcode=1980AnBeh..28.1070S |s2cid=53165940 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223576319 |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912082142/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223576319_Vervet_Monkey_Alarm_Calls_Semantic_Communication_In_A_Free-Ranging_Primate |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Prairie dogs]] similarly have complex calls that signal the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/prairie-dogs-language-decoded-by-scientists-1.1322230 |title=Prairie dogs' language decoded by scientists |date=21 June 2013 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522024501/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/prairie-dogs-language-decoded-by-scientists-1.1322230 |url-status=live }}</ref> Elephants communicate socially with a variety of sounds including snorting, screaming, trumpeting, roaring and rumbling. Some of the rumbling calls are [[infrasound|infrasonic]], below the hearing range of humans, and can be heard by other elephants up to {{convert|6|mi}} away at still times near sunrise and sunset.<ref>{{cite magazine | vauthors = Mayell H |title=Elephants Call Long-Distance After-Hours |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0303_040303_elephants.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040305154249/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0303_040303_elephants.html |archive-date=5 March 2004 |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=15 November 2016 |date=3 March 2004}}</ref><br />
[[file:Killer whale.ogg|left|thumb|Orca calling including occasional echolocation clicks]]<br />
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Mammals signal by a variety of means. Many give visual [[Anti-predator adaptation|anti-predator signals]], as when deer and [[gazelle]] [[stotting|stot]], [[honest signal|honestly indicating]] their fit condition and their ability to escape,<ref>{{cite book | title=Animal Signals | publisher=Oxford University Press | vauthors = Smith JM, Harper D | year=2003 | author1-link=John Maynard Smith| pages=61–63 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=SUA51MeG1lcC |page=61}}|isbn=978-0-19-852684-1 |oclc=54460090 |series=Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Stotting in Thomson's gazelles: an honest signal of condition |url=https://webs.wofford.edu/moellerjf/Animal%20Behavior%202011/stotting%20in%20gazelles.pdf | vauthors = FitzGibbon CD, Fanshawe JH |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |year=1988 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=69–74 |doi=10.1007/bf00299889 |bibcode=1988BEcoS..23...69F |s2cid=2809268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225073844/http://webs.wofford.edu/moellerjf/Animal%20Behavior%202011/stotting%20in%20gazelles.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2014 }}</ref> or when [[white-tailed deer]] and other prey mammals flag with conspicuous tail markings when alarmed, informing the predator that it has been detected.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bildstein KL |title=Why White-Tailed Deer Flag Their Tails |journal=The American Naturalist |date=May 1983 |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=709–715 |jstor=2460873 |doi=10.1086/284096|bibcode=1983ANat..121..709B |s2cid=83504795 }}</ref> Many mammals make use of [[scent-marking]], sometimes possibly to help defend territory, but probably with a range of functions both within and between species.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gosling LM | title = A reassessment of the function of scent marking in territories. | journal = Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie | date = January 1982 | volume = 60 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–118 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230317056 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb00492.x | bibcode = 1982Ethol..60...89G | access-date = 12 October 2019 | archive-date = 27 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084413/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leonard_Gosling/publication/230317056_A_Reassessment_of_the_Function_of_Scent_Marking_in_Territories/links/59dcd8b4a6fdcca56e35e24c/A-Reassessment-of-the-Function-of-Scent-Marking-in-Territories.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zala SM, Potts WK, Penn DJ | title = Scent-marking displays provide honest signals of health and infection. | journal = Behavioral Ecology | date = March 2004 | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 338–344 | doi = 10.1093/beheco/arh022 | hdl = 10.1093/beheco/arh022 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson RP |title=Scent Marking in Mammals |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=August 1973 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=521–535 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(73)80012-0 |bibcode=1973AnBeh..21..521J }}</ref> [[Microbat]]s and [[toothed whale]]s including [[oceanic dolphin]]s vocalise both socially and in [[animal echolocation|echolocation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schevill WE, McBride AF | year=1956 | title=Evidence for echolocation by cetaceans | journal=Deep-Sea Research | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=153–154 | doi=10.1016/0146-6313(56)90096-x |bibcode=1956DSR.....3..153S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Wilson W, Moss C |year=2004 |title=Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins | veditors = Thomas J |page=22 |publisher=Chicago University Press |isbn=978-0-226-79599-7 |oclc=50143737}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Q3MIsrPDA5EC |page=front}} | vauthors = Au WW |year=1993 |title=The Sonar of Dolphins |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-540-97835-0 |oclc=26158593}}</ref><br />
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===Feeding===<br />
[[File:Short-beaked echidna in suburban-Sydney backyard.webm|thumb|A [[short-beaked echidna]] foraging for insects]]<br />
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To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive—mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals—this is a [[carnivore|carnivorous]] diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called [[herbivore]]s, eat plants, which contain [[complex carbohydrate]]s such as cellulose. An herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as [[granivory]] (seed eating), [[folivory]] (leaf eating), [[frugivory]] (fruit eating), [[nectarivory]] (nectar eating), [[gummivory]] (gum eating) and [[mycophagy]] (fungus eating). The digestive tract of an herbivore is host to bacteria that ferment these complex substances, and make them available for digestion, which are either housed in the multichambered [[stomach]] or in a large cecum.<ref name="Comparative anatomy of the stomach"/> Some mammals are [[coprophagous]], consuming [[feces]] to absorb the nutrients not digested when the food was first ingested.<ref name=hair/>{{rp|131–137}} An [[omnivore]] eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple [[digestive system|digestive tract]] because the [[protein]]s, [[lipid]]s and [[mineral]]s found in meat require little in the way of specialised digestion. Exceptions to this include [[baleen whale]]s who also house [[gut flora]] in a multi-chambered stomach, like terrestrial herbivores.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanders JG, Beichman AC, Roman J, Scott JJ, Emerson D, McCarthy JJ, Girguis PR |author7-link= Peter Girguis | title = Baleen whales host a unique gut microbiome with similarities to both carnivores and herbivores | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 6 | article-number = 8285 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26393325 | pmc = 4595633 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms9285 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.8285S }}</ref><br />
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The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type ([[Allen's rule]]). Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high [[metabolism|metabolic rate]]. Mammals that weigh less than about {{convert|18|oz|g+lb}} are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of an herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (carnivores that feed on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/energetics-research/publications/pdf_docs/86.pdf |vauthors=Speaksman JR |year=1996 |title=Energetics and the evolution of body size in small terrestrial mammals |journal=Symposia of the Zoological Society of London |number=69 |pages=69–81 |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602065723/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/energetics-research/publications/pdf_docs/86.pdf }}</ref> Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than {{convert|18|oz|g+lb}} usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects ([[ant]]s or [[termite]]s).<ref name="Smithsonian_Animal"/><br />
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{{Multiple image|image1=Blacky.jpg|image2=A polar bear (Ursus maritimus) scavenging a narwhal whale (Monodon monoceros) carcass - journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png|footer=The [[hypocarnivore|hypocarnivorous]] [[American black bear]] (''Ursus americanus'') vs. the [[hypercarnivorous]] [[polar bear]] (''Ursus maritimus'')<ref name=valkenburgh2007/>|direction=horizontal}}<br />
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Some mammals are omnivores and display varying degrees of carnivory and herbivory, generally leaning in favour of one more than the other. Since plants and meat are digested differently, there is a preference for one over the other, as in bears where some species may be mostly carnivorous and others mostly herbivorous.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Sacco T, van Valkenburgh B |year=2004|title=Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae)|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=263|issue=1|pages=41–54|doi=10.1017/S0952836904004856}}</ref> They are grouped into three categories: [[mesocarnivore|mesocarnivory]] (50–70% meat), [[hypercarnivore|hypercarnivory]] (70% and greater of meat), and [[hypocarnivore|hypocarnivory]] (50% or less of meat). The dentition of hypocarnivores consists of dull, triangular carnassial teeth meant for grinding food. Hypercarnivores, however, have conical teeth and sharp carnassials meant for slashing, and in some cases strong jaws for bone-crushing, as in the case of [[hyena]]s, allowing them to consume bones; some extinct groups, notably the [[Machairodontinae]], had sabre-shaped [[maxillary canine|canines]].<ref name=valkenburgh2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Valkenburgh B | title = Deja vu: the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora | journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 147–163 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 21672827 | doi = 10.1093/icb/icm016 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consume meat. From a behavioural aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to [[zoopharmacognosy]]. Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Singer MS, Bernays EA |year=2003| title=Understanding omnivory needs a behavioral perspective |journal=Ecology |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=2532–2537 |doi=10.1890/02-0397|bibcode=2003Ecol...84.2532S |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228805019}}</ref> For example, it is well documented that some ungulates such as giraffes, camels, and cattle, will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hutson JM, Burke CC, Haynes G |date=1 December 2013|title=Osteophagia and bone modifications by giraffe and other large ungulates|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4139–4149|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.004|bibcode=2013JArSc..40.4139H }}</ref> Also, cats, which are generally regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestible material (such as [[hairball]]s), aid with haemoglobin production, and as a laxative.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.petmd.com/cat/wellness/evr_ct_eating_grass|title=Why Do Cats Eat Grass?|publisher=Pet MD|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210193104/http://www.petmd.com/cat/wellness/evr_ct_eating_grass|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Many mammals, in the absence of sufficient food requirements in an environment, suppress their metabolism and conserve energy in a process known as [[hibernation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Geiser F | title = Metabolic rate and body temperature reduction during hibernation and daily torpor | journal = Annual Review of Physiology | volume = 66 | pages = 239–274 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14977403 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105 | s2cid = 22397415 }}</ref> In the period preceding hibernation, larger mammals, such as bears, become [[polyphagic]] to increase fat stores, whereas smaller mammals prefer to collect and stash food.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Humphries MM, Thomas DW, Kramer DL | title = The role of energy availability in Mammalian hibernation: a cost-benefit approach | journal = Physiological and Biochemical Zoology | volume = 76 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–179 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12794670 | doi = 10.1086/367950 | s2cid = 14675451 }}</ref> The slowing of the metabolism is accompanied by a decreased heart and respiratory rate, as well as a drop in internal temperatures, which can be around ambient temperature in some cases. For example, the internal temperatures of hibernating [[Arctic ground squirrel]]s can drop to {{cvt|-2.9|C}}; however, the head and neck always stay above {{cvt|0|C}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes BM | title = Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 degree C in an Arctic hibernator | journal = Science | volume = 244 | issue = 4912 | pages = 1593–1595 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2740905 | doi = 10.1126/science.2740905 | bibcode = 1989Sci...244.1593B }}</ref> A few mammals in hot environments [[aestivate]] in times of drought or extreme heat, for example the [[fat-tailed dwarf lemur]] (''Cheirogaleus medius'').<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=jukgezrNdCsC|page=99}}| veditors = Navas CA, Carvalho JE | vauthors = Fritz G |year=2010|title=Aestivation: Molecular and Physiological Aspects|volume=49|publisher=Springer-Verlag|pages=95–113|isbn=978-3-642-02420-7|chapter=Aestivation in Mammals and Birds|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02421-4|series=Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology}}</ref><br />
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===Drinking===<br />
{{excerpt|Drinking|In other land mammals}}<br />
===Intelligence===<br />
{{See also|Animal cognition}}<br />
In intelligent mammals, such as [[primate]]s, the [[cerebrum]] is larger relative to the rest of the brain. [[Intelligence]] itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioural flexibility. [[Rat IQ|Rats]], for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonise a fresh [[biome|habitat]]. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.<ref name="Smithsonian_Animal">{{cite book | veditors = Wilson DE, Burnie D | title=Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife| pages=86–89| publisher=DK Publishing| edition=| year =2001| isbn=978-0-7894-7764-4| oclc=46422124 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:A Bonobo at the San Diego Zoo "fishing" for termites.jpg|thumb|A [[bonobo]] fishing for [[termite]]s with a stick]]<br />
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[[Tool use by non-humans|Tool use by animals]] may indicate different levels of [[learning]] and [[animal cognition|cognition]]. The [[tool use by sea otters|sea otter]] uses rocks as essential and regular parts of its foraging behaviour (smashing [[abalone]] from rocks or breaking open shells), with some populations spending 21% of their time making tools.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mann J, Patterson EM | title = Tool use by aquatic animals | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 368 | issue = 1630 | article-number = 20120424 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24101631 | pmc = 4027413 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2012.0424 }}</ref> Other tool use, such as [[chimpanzee]]s using twigs to "fish" for termites, may be developed by [[Observational learning|watching others use tools]] and may even be a true example of animal teaching.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Raffaele P |year=2011 |title=Among the Great Apes: Adventures on the Trail of Our Closest Relatives |publisher=Harper |page=83 |isbn=978-0-06-167184-5 |location=New York |oclc=674694369}}</ref> Tools may even be used in solving puzzles in which the animal appears to experience a [[Eureka effect|"Eureka moment"]].<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=IIR8CgAAQBAJ}} | vauthors = Köhler W |year=1925 |publisher=Liveright |title=The Mentality of Apes |isbn=978-0-87140-108-3|oclc=2000769}}</ref> Other mammals that do not use tools, such as dogs, can also experience a Eureka moment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McGowan RT, Rehn T, Norling Y, Keeling LJ | title = Positive affect and learning: exploring the "Eureka Effect" in dogs | journal = Animal Cognition | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 577–587 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24096703 | doi = 10.1007/s10071-013-0688-x | s2cid = 15216926 }}</ref><br />
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[[Brain size]] was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal. Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of [[Brain-to-body mass ratio|brain to body mass]] may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. [[Allometric]] analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales at approximately the {{frac|2|3}} or {{frac|3|4}} exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an [[encephalization quotient|encephalisation quotient]] that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karbowski J | title = Global and regional brain metabolic scaling and its functional consequences | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 18 | article-number = 18 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17488526 | pmc = 1884139 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-5-18 | bibcode = 2007arXiv0705.2913K | arxiv = 0705.2913 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Sperm whale]]s have the largest brain mass of any animal on earth, averaging {{convert|8000|cm3}} and {{convert|7.8|kg}} in mature males.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marino L | title = Cetacean brains: how aquatic are they? | journal = Anatomical Record | volume = 290 | issue = 6 | pages = 694–700 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17516433 | doi = 10.1002/ar.20530 | s2cid = 27074107 | url = https://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=anatom | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 October 2019 | archive-date = 20 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200320082257/https://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=anatom | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
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[[Self-awareness]] appears to be a sign of abstract thinking. Self-awareness, although not well-defined, is believed to be a precursor to more advanced processes such as [[metacognition|metacognitive reasoning]]. The traditional method for measuring this is the [[mirror test]], which determines if an animal possesses the ability of self-recognition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallop GG | title = Chimpanzees: self-recognition | journal = Science | volume = 167 | issue = 3914 | pages = 86–87 | date = January 1970 | pmid = 4982211 | doi = 10.1126/science.167.3914.86 | bibcode = 1970Sci...167...86G | s2cid = 145295899 }}</ref> Mammals that have passed the mirror test include [[Asian elephant]]s (some pass, some do not);<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Plotnik JM, de Waal FB, Reiss D | title = Self-recognition in an Asian elephant | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 45 | pages = 17053–17057 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17075063 | pmc = 1636577 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 | url = https://www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS/publications/articles/Plotnik_etal_2006.pdf | bibcode = 2006PNAS..10317053P | doi-access = free | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191350/https://www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS/publications/articles/Plotnik_etal_2006.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> chimpanzees;<ref name=robert>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robert S |title=Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=109–117 |year=1986 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350100202 |pmid=31979488|s2cid=85330986 }}</ref> [[bonobo]]s;<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Walraven V, van Elsacker L, Verheyen R |year=1995 |title=Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition |journal=Primates |volume=36 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.1007/bf02381922|s2cid=38985498 }}</ref> [[orangutan]]s;<ref name=orangutan>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=5ywsREEZ-j4C|page=150}} | vauthors = Leakey R |year=1994 |chapter=The Origin of the Mind |title=The Origin Of Humankind |location=New York |publisher=BasicBooks |page=150 |isbn=978-0-465-05313-1 |oclc=30739453}}</ref> humans, from 18 months ([[mirror stage]]);<ref name="archer">{{cite book | vauthors = Archer J |year=1992 |title=Ethology and Human Development |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=215–218 |isbn=978-0-389-20996-6 |oclc=25874476 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=QDT27k5envcC|page=217}}}}</ref> [[common bottlenose dolphin]]s;{{efn|Decreased latency to approach the mirror, repetitious head circling and close viewing of the marked areas were considered signs of self-recognition since they do not have arms and cannot touch the marked areas.<ref name=parker95/>}}<ref name=parker95>{{cite book |title=Self-awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives | vauthors = Marten K, Psarakos S |chapter=Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (''Tursiops truncatus'') | veditors = Parker ST, Mitchell R, Boccia M |pages=361–379 |year=1995|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44108-7 |oclc=28180680}}</ref> [[orca]]s;<ref name="Delfour">{{cite journal | vauthors = Delfour F, Marten K | title = Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–190 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11334706 | doi = 10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00134-6 | s2cid = 31124804 }}</ref> and [[false killer whale]]s.<ref name=Delfour/><br />
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===Social structure===<br />
{{Main| Social animal}}<br />
[[File:Borneo elephants.png|thumb|Female elephants live in stable groups, along with their offspring]]<br />
[[Eusociality]] is the highest level of social organisation. These societies have an overlap of adult generations, the division of reproductive labour and cooperative caring of young. Usually insects, such as [[bee]]s, ants and termites, have eusocial behaviour, but it is demonstrated in two rodent species: the naked mole-rat<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jarvis JU | title = Eusociality in a mammal: cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies | journal = Science | volume = 212 | issue = 4494 | pages = 571–573 | date = May 1981 | pmid = 7209555 | doi = 10.1126/science.7209555 | bibcode = 1981Sci...212..571J | jstor = 1686202 | s2cid = 880054 }}</ref> and the [[Damaraland mole-rat]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobs DS, Bennett NC, Jarvis JU, Crowe TM | year=1991 | title= The colony structure and dominance hierarchy of the Damaraland mole-rat, ''Cryptomys damarensis'' (Rodentia: Bathyergidae) from Namibia | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=224 | issue=4 | pages=553–576 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03785.x }}</ref><br />
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Presociality is when animals exhibit more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species, but fall short of qualifying as eusocial. That is, presocial animals can display communal living, cooperative care of young, or primitive division of reproductive labour, but they do not display all of the three essential traits of eusocial animals. Humans and some species of [[Callitrichidae]] ([[marmoset]]s and [[tamarin]]s) are unique among primates in their degree of cooperative care of young.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Hardy SB | year=2009| title=Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding| publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press| pages=92–93| url={{Google books| plainurl=yes| id=dsiksDFQPDsC| page=92}}| location=Boston}}</ref> [[Harry Harlow]] set up an experiment with [[rhesus monkey]]s, presocial primates, in 1958; the results from this study showed that social encounters are necessary in order for the young monkeys to develop both mentally and sexually.<ref name=Harlow71>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harlow HF, Suomi SJ | title = Social recovery by isolation-reared monkeys | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 68 | issue = 7 | pages = 1534–1538 | date = July 1971 | pmid = 5283943 | pmc = 389234 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534 | bibcode = 1971PNAS...68.1534H | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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A [[fission–fusion society]] is a society that changes frequently in its size and composition, making up a permanent social group called the "parent group". Permanent social networks consist of all individual members of a community and often varies to track changes in their environment. In a fission–fusion society, the main parent group can fracture (fission) into smaller stable subgroups or individuals to adapt to [[Social environment|environmental]] or social circumstances. For example, a number of males may break off from the main group in order to hunt or forage for food during the day, but at night they may return to join (fusion) the primary group to share food and partake in other activities. Many mammals exhibit this, such as primates (for example orangutans and [[spider monkey]]s),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = van Schaik CP | title = The socioecology of fission–fusion sociality in Orangutans | journal = Primates; Journal of Primatology | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–86 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 23179533 | doi = 10.1007/BF02557703 | s2cid = 13366732 }}</ref> elephants,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Archie EA, Moss CJ, Alberts SC | title = The ties that bind: genetic relatedness predicts the fission and fusion of social groups in wild African elephants | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 273 | issue = 1586 | pages = 513–522 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16537121 | pmc = 1560064 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2005.3361 }}</ref> [[spotted hyena]]s,<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Smith JE, Memenis SK, Holekamp KE | title=Rank-related partner choice in the fission–fusion society of the spotted hyena (''Crocuta crocuta'')| journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology| year=2007| volume=61| issue=5| pages=753–765| doi=10.1007/s00265-006-0305-y| bibcode=2007BEcoS..61..753S| s2cid=24927919| url=https://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/bio/jesmith/partner.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425002800/http://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/bio/jesmith/partner.pdf| archive-date=25 April 2014}}</ref> lions,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matoba T, Kutsukake N, Hasegawa T | title = Head rubbing and licking reinforce social bonds in a group of captive African lions, Panthera leo | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | article-number = e73044 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24023806 | pmc = 3762833 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0073044 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...873044M | veditors = Hayward M | doi-access = free }}</ref> and dolphins.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krützen M, Barré LM, Connor RC, Mann J, Sherwin WB | title = 'O father: where art thou?' – Paternity assessment in an open fission–fusion society of wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 1975–1990 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15189218 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02192.x | bibcode = 2004MolEc..13.1975K | s2cid = 4510393 }}</ref><br />
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Solitary animals defend a territory and avoid social interactions with the members of its species, except during breeding season. This is to avoid resource competition, as two individuals of the same species would occupy the same niche, and to prevent depletion of food.<ref>{{cite book| url={{Google books | plainurl=yes | id=Nb21BwAAQBAJ| page=114}} | vauthors = Martin C | year=1991 | title=The Rainforests of West Africa: Ecology – Threats – Conservation | publisher=Springer | doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-7726-8| isbn=978-3-0348-7726-8}}</ref> A solitary animal, while foraging, can also be less conspicuous to predators or prey.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = le Roux A, Cherry MI, Gygax L | title=Vigilance behaviour and fitness consequences: comparing a solitary foraging and an obligate group-foraging mammal| journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | date=5 May 2009 | volume=63 | issue=8 | pages=1097–1107 | doi=10.1007/s00265-009-0762-1| bibcode=2009BEcoS..63.1097L| s2cid=21961356 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Fighting red kangaroos 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Red kangaroo]]s "boxing" for [[dominance hierarchy|dominance]]]]<br />
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In a [[dominance hierarchy|hierarchy]], individuals are either dominant or submissive. A despotic hierarchy is where one individual is dominant while the others are submissive, as in wolves and lemurs,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Palagi E, Norscia I | title = The Season for Peace: Reconciliation in a Despotic Species (Lemur catta) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | article-number = e0142150 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26569400 | pmc = 4646466 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0142150 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1042150P | veditors = Samonds KE | doi-access = free }}</ref> and a [[pecking order]] is a linear ranking of individuals where there is a top individual and a bottom individual. Pecking orders may also be ranked by sex, where the lowest individual of a sex has a higher ranking than the top individual of the other sex, as in hyenas.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = East ML, Hofer H | year=2000 | title=Male spotted hyenas (''Crocuta crocuta'') queue for status in social groups dominated by females | journal=Behavioral Ecology | volume=12 | issue=15| pages=558–568 | doi=10.1093/beheco/12.5.558| doi-access=free }}</ref> Dominant individuals, or alphas, have a high chance of reproductive success, especially in [[harem (zoology)|harems]] where one or a few males (resident males) have exclusive breeding rights to females in a group.<ref>{{cite journal |author2-link=Joan Silk | vauthors = Samuels A, Silk JB, Rodman P | year=1984 | title=Changes in the dominance rank and reproductive behavior of male bonnet macaques (''Macaca radiate'')| journal=Animal Behaviour | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages=994–1003 | doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(84)80212-2| bibcode = 1984AnBeh..32..994S | s2cid=53186523 }}</ref> Non-resident males can also be accepted in harems, but some species, such as the [[common vampire bat]] (''Desmodus rotundus''), may be more strict.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Delpietro HA, Russo RG | year=2002 | title=Observations of the common vampire bat (''Desmodus rotundus'') and the hairy-legged vampire bat (''Diphylla ecaudata'') in captivity | journal=[[Mammalian Biology]] | volume=67 | issue=2 | pages=65–78 | doi=10.1078/1616-5047-00011| bibcode=2002MamBi..67...65D }}</ref><br />
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Some mammals are perfectly [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]], meaning that they [[pair bond|mate for life]] and take no other partners (even after the original mate's death), as with wolves, [[Eurasian beaver]]s, and otters.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kleiman DG | title = Monogamy in mammals | journal = The Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–69 | date = March 1977 | pmid = 857268 | doi = 10.1086/409721 | s2cid = 25675086 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holland B, Rice WR | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 28568154 | doi = 10.2307/2410914 | url = https://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/jaz/eecb752/lecture06/Holland%26Rice1998.pdf | jstor = 2410914 | title = Perspective: Chase-Away Sexual Selection: Antagonistic Seduction Versus Resistance | access-date = 8 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065427/https://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/jaz/eecb752/lecture06/Holland%26Rice1998.pdf | archive-date = 8 June 2019 }}</ref> There are three types of polygamy: either one or multiple dominant males have breeding rights ([[polygyny in animals|polygyny]]), multiple males that females mate with (polyandry), or multiple males have exclusive relations with multiple females ([[polygynandry]]). It is much more common for polygynous mating to happen, which, excluding [[lek mating|leks]], are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clutton-Brock TH | title = Mammalian mating systems | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 236 | issue = 1285 | pages = 339–372 | date = May 1989 | pmid = 2567517 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1989.0027 | bibcode = 1989RSPSB.236..339C | s2cid = 84780662 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/8204699 }}</ref> Lek mating occurs when males congregate around females and try to attract them with various [[courtship display]]s and vocalisations, as in harbour seals.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Boness DJ, Bowen D, Buhleier BM, Marshall GJ | year=2006 | title=Mating tactics and mating system of an aquatic-mating pinniped: the harbor seal, ''Phoca vitulina'' | journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume=61 | issue=1 | pages=119–130 | doi=10.1007/s00265-006-0242-9 | bibcode=2006BEcoS..61..119B | s2cid=25266746 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226692255}}</ref><br />
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All [[higher mammal]]s (excluding monotremes) share two major adaptations for care of the young: live birth and lactation. These imply a group-wide choice of a degree of [[parental care]]. They may build nests and dig burrows to raise their young in, or feed and guard them often for a prolonged period of time. Many mammals are [[K-selected]], and invest more time and energy into their young than do [[r-selected]] animals. When two animals mate, they both share an interest in the success of the offspring, though often to different extremes. Mammalian females exhibit some degree of maternal aggression, another example of parental care, which may be targeted against other females of the species or the young of other females; however, some mammals may "aunt" the infants of other females, and care for them. Mammalian males may play a role in child rearing, as with [[tenrec]]s, however this varies species to species, even within the same genus. For example, the males of the [[southern pig-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca nemestrina'') do not participate in child care, whereas the males of the [[Japanese macaque]] (''M. fuscata'') do.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=ipjhBwAAQBAJ|page=1}}|chapter=Origins of Parental Care| vauthors = Klopfer PH |year=1981 | veditors = Gubernick DJ |title=Parental Care in Mammals|publisher=Plenum Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4613-3150-6|oclc=913709574}}</ref><br />
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==Humans and other mammals==<br />
{{Main|Human uses of mammals}}<br />
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===In human culture===<br />
[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|[[Upper Paleolithic]] [[cave painting]] of a variety of large mammals, [[Lascaux]], {{circa|17,300}} years old]]<br />
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Non-human mammals play a wide variety of roles in human culture. They are the most popular of [[pet]]s, with tens of millions of dogs, cats and other animals including [[rabbit]]s and mice kept by families around the world.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murthy R, Bearman G, Brown S, Bryant K, Chinn R, Hewlett A, George BG, Goldstein EJ, Holzmann-Pazgal G, Rupp ME, Wiemken T, Weese JS, Weber DJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Animals in healthcare facilities: recommendations to minimize potential risks | journal = Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 495–516 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25998315 | doi = 10.1017/ice.2015.15 |doi-access=free | s2cid = 541760 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7086725BAB2AAA4C1949DA5B90F06F3B/S0899823X1500015Xa.pdf/div-class-title-animals-in-healthcare-facilities-recommendations-to-minimize-potential-risks-div.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103092334/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7086725BAB2AAA4C1949DA5B90F06F3B/S0899823X1500015Xa.pdf/div-class-title-animals-in-healthcare-facilities-recommendations-to-minimize-potential-risks-div.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=The Humane Society of the United States |title=U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics |url=https://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407193941/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=USDA |title=U.S. Rabbit Industry profile |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/RabbitReport1.pdf |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807115557/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/RabbitReport1.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2019 }}</ref> Mammals such as [[mammoth]]s, horses and deer are among the earliest subjects of art, being found in [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[cave painting]]s such as at [[Lascaux]].<ref>{{Cite news |vauthors=McKie R |title=Prehistoric cave art in the Dordogne |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/may/26/prehistoric-cave-art-dordogne |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=9 November 2016 |date=26 May 2013 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531050457/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/may/26/prehistoric-cave-art-dordogne |url-status=live }}</ref> Major artists such as [[Albrecht Dürer]]<!--rhino-->, [[George Stubbs]]<!--horses--> and [[Edwin Landseer]]<!--red deer--> are known for their portraits of mammals.<ref name="Jones">{{cite news |vauthors=Jones J |title=The top 10 animal portraits in art |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/jun/27/top-10-animal-portraits-in-art |access-date=24 June 2016 |agency=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 June 2014 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518105922/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/jun/27/top-10-animal-portraits-in-art |url-status=live }}</ref> Many species of mammals have been [[hunting|hunted]] for sport and for food; deer and [[wild boar]] are especially popular as [[game (hunting)|game animals]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Deer Hunting in the United States: An Analysis of Hunter Demographics and Behavior Addendum to the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Report 2001-6 | url=https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/ref/collection/document/id/292 | publisher=Fishery and Wildlife Service (US) | access-date=24 June 2016 | archive-date=13 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813200949/http://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/ref/collection/document/id/292 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Shelton L | work = The Natchez Democrat | title=Recreational Hog Hunting Popularity Soaring | url=https://www.grandviewoutdoors.com/big-game-hunting/recreational-hog-hunting-popularity-soaring/ | publisher=Grand View Outdoors | access-date=24 June 2016 | date=5 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193350/https://www.grandviewoutdoors.com/big-game-hunting/recreational-hog-hunting-popularity-soaring/ | archive-date=12 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Nguyen J, Wheatley R | title=Hunting For Food: Guide to Harvesting, Field Dressing and Cooking Wild Game | url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=3XN6CgAAQBAJ|page=6}} | year=2015 | publisher=F+W Media | isbn=978-1-4403-3856-4 | pages=6–77}} Chapters on hunting deer, wild hog (boar), rabbit, and squirrel.</ref> Mammals such as [[horse racing|horses]] and [[greyhound racing|dogs]] are widely raced for sport, often combined with [[gambling|betting on the outcome]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Horse racing | encyclopedia = The Encyclopædia Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272329/horse-racing |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221033444/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272329/horse-racing |archive-date= 21 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Genders R |title=Encyclopaedia of Greyhound Racing |year=1981 |publisher=Pelham Books |isbn=978-0-7207-1106-6|oclc=9324926}}</ref> There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with [[animal rights|rights of their own]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Role of Animals in Human Society | vauthors = Plous S |date=1993 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00906.x |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–9}}</ref> Mammals further play a wide variety of roles in literature,<ref>{{Cite news|vauthors=Fowler KJ|title=Top 10 books about intelligent animals<!--all 10 are mammals...-->|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/26/top-10-books-intelligent-animals-watership-down-animal-farm|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=9 November 2016|date=26 March 2014|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528154902/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/26/top-10-books-intelligent-animals-watership-down-animal-farm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Gamble N, Yates S |title=Exploring Children's Literature |year=2008 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-1-4129-3013-0 |edition=2nd |location=Los Angeles |oclc=71285210}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Books for Adults|url=https://www.sealsitters.org/marine_mammals/reading.html|website=Seal Sitters|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711034305/http://www.sealsitters.org/marine_mammals/reading.html|url-status=live}}</ref> film,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paterson J |title=Animals in Film and Media |journal=Oxford Bibliographies |year=2013 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0044}}</ref> mythology, and religion.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Johns C |date=2011 |title=Cattle: History, Myth, Art |publisher=The British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-5084-0 |location=London |oclc=665137673}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan |publisher=Brill Archive |page=9 | vauthors = van Gulik RH }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Grainger R |title=Lion Depiction across Ancient and Modern Religions |url=https://lionalert.org/page/Lion_Depiction_Across_Ancient_and_Modern_Religions |publisher=ALERT |access-date=6 November 2016 |date=24 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923134807/https://lionalert.org/page/Lion_Depiction_Across_Ancient_and_Modern_Religions |archive-date=23 September 2016 }}</ref><br />
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===Uses and importance===<br />
{{See also|Livestock|Laboratory animal|Pack animal}}<br />
[[File:Hand milking a cow at Cobbes Farm Museum.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Cattle]] have been [[dairy farming|kept for milk]] for thousands of years.]]<br />
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The domestication of mammals was instrumental in the [[Neolithic Revolution|Neolithic development of agriculture]] and of [[civilisation]], causing farmers to replace [[hunter-gatherer]]s around the world.{{efn|Diamond discussed this matter further in his 1997 book ''[[Guns, Germs, and Steel]]''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Diamond JM |author-link=Jared Diamond |year=1997 |title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies|chapter=Part 2: The rise and spread of food production |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-03891-0 |oclc=35792200 |chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes |id=PWnWRFEGoeUC |page=176 }}}}</ref>}}<ref name="Larson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Larson G, Burger J | title = A population genetics view of animal domestication | journal = Trends in Genetics | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 197–205 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23415592 | doi = 10.1016/j.tig.2013.01.003 | url = https://www.palaeobarn.com/sites/domestication.org.uk/files/downloads/98.pdf | access-date = 9 November 2016 | archive-date = 8 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065300/http://www.palaeobarn.com/sites/domestication.org.uk/files/downloads/98.pdf }}</ref> This transition from hunting and gathering to [[pastoralism|herding flocks]] and [[agriculture|growing crops]] was a major step in human history. The new agricultural economies, based on domesticated mammals, caused "radical restructuring of human societies, worldwide alterations in biodiversity, and significant changes in the Earth's landforms and its atmosphere... momentous outcomes".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zeder MA | title = Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 33 | pages = 11597–11604 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18697943 | pmc = 2575338 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0801317105 | bibcode = 2008PNAS..10511597Z | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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[[Domestication|Domestic]] mammals form a large part of the [[livestock]] raised for [[meat]] across the world. They include (2009) around 1.4&nbsp;billion [[cattle]], 1&nbsp;billion [[sheep]], 1&nbsp;billion [[domestic pig]]s,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Graphic detail Charts, maps and infographics. Counting chickens |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/global-livestock-counts |access-date=6 November 2016 |date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715181213/http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/global-livestock-counts |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Cattle Today |url=https://cattle-today.com/ |title=Breeds of Cattle at CATTLE TODAY |publisher=Cattle-today.com |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715234745/https://cattle-today.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and (1985) over 700&nbsp;million rabbits.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Lukefahr SD, Cheeke PR |title=Rabbit project development strategies in subsistence farming systems |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/U4900T/u4900T0m.htm |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506105314/https://www.fao.org/docrep/U4900T/u4900T0m.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Working animal|Working domestic animals]] including cattle and horses have been used for work and [[transport]] from the origins of agriculture, their numbers declining with the arrival of mechanised transport and [[agricultural machinery]]. In 2004 they still provided some 80% of the power for the mainly small farms in the third world, and some 20% of the world's transport, again mainly in rural areas. In mountainous regions unsuitable for wheeled vehicles, [[pack animal]]s continue to transport goods.<ref name="Pond2004">{{cite book |vauthors=Pond WG |title=Encyclopedia of Animal Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SQl7Ao3mHoC&pg=PA248 |year=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |oclc=57033325 |isbn=978-0-8247-5496-9 |pages=248–250 |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123110032/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SQl7Ao3mHoC&pg=PA248 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mammal skins provide [[leather]] for [[shoe]]s, [[clothing]] and [[upholstery]]. [[Wool]] from mammals including sheep, goats and [[alpaca]]s has been used for centuries for clothing.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Braaten AW |title=Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion |year=2005 |volume=3 |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |isbn=978-0-684-31394-8 |oclc=963977000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofcl00vale/page/441 441–443] | veditors = Steele V |chapter=Wool |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofcl00vale/page/441 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quiggle C | title = Alpaca: An Ancient Luxury | journal = Interweave Knits | date =Fall 2000 | pages = 74–76 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Distribution of Mammals on Earth.png|thumb|400px|Livestock make up 62% of the world's mammal biomass; humans account for 34%; and wild mammals are just 4%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild mammals make up only a few percent of the world's mammals |url=https://ourworldindata.org/wild-mammals-birds-biomass |date=2022-12-15 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=[[Our World in Data]] |first=Hannah |last=Ritchie |author-link=Hannah Ritchie}}</ref>]]<br />
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Mammals serve a major role in science as [[animal model|experimental animals]], both in fundamental biological research, such as in genetics,<ref>{{cite web |title=Genetics Research |url=https://www.aht.org.uk/cms-display/genetics.html |publisher=Animal Health Trust |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193051/http://www.aht.org.uk/cms-display/genetics.html |archive-date=12 December 2017 }}</ref> and in the development of new medicines, which must be tested exhaustively to demonstrate their [[pharmacovigilance|safety]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drug Development |url=https://www.animalresearch.info/en/drug-development/ |publisher=Animal Research.info |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608124406/https://www.animalresearch.info/en/drug-development/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Millions of mammals, especially mice and rats, are used in [[animal testing|experiments]] each year.<ref name="EUstatistics2013">{{cite web |title=EU statistics show decline in animal research numbers |url=https://speakingofresearch.com/2013/12/12/eu-statistics-show-decline-in-animal-research-numbers/ |publisher=Speaking of Research |year=2013 |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424155141/https://speakingofresearch.com/2013/12/12/eu-statistics-show-decline-in-animal-research-numbers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[knockout mouse]] is a [[genetically modified mouse]] with an inactivated [[gene]], replaced or disrupted with an artificial piece of DNA. They enable the study of [[sequencing|sequenced]] genes whose functions are unknown.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pilcher HR |url=https://www.nature.com/news/1998/030512/full/news030512-17.html |title=It's a knockout |journal=Nature |date=2003 |access-date=6 November 2016 |doi=10.1038/news030512-17 |archive-date=10 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110084106/http://www.nature.com/news/1998/030512/full/news030512-17.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A small percentage of the mammals are non-human primates, used in research for their similarity to humans.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-the-supply-and-use-of-primates-in-the-eu_17.htm | title=The supply and use of primates in the EU | year=1996 | publisher=European Biomedical Research Association | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117061036/http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-the-supply-and-use-of-primates-in-the-eu_17.htm | archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Carlsson2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carlsson HE, Schapiro SJ, Farah I, Hau J | title = Use of primates in research: a global overview | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 225–237 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15300710 | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20054 | s2cid = 41368228 }}</ref><ref name="Weatherall_etal2006">{{Cite report| vauthors = Weatherall D |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=The use of non-human primates in research |location=London |publisher=Academy of Medical Sciences |url=https://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/images/project/nhpdownl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323084639/http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/images/project/nhpdownl.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2013 }}</ref><br />
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Despite the benefits domesticated mammals had for human development, humans have an increasingly detrimental effect on wild mammals across the world. It has been estimated that the mass of all ''wild'' mammals has declined to only 4% of all mammals, with 96% of mammals being humans and their livestock now (see figure). In fact, terrestrial wild mammals make up only 2% of all mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=[[Hannah Ritchie|Ritchie H]], [[Max Roser|Roser M]] |date=15 April 2021 |title=Biodiversity |url=https://ourworldindata.org/mammals |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211132929/https://ourworldindata.org/mammals |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bar-On_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R | title = The biomass distribution on Earth | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 115 | issue = 25 | pages = 6506–6511 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29784790 | pmc = 6016768 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1711842115 | bibcode = 2018PNAS..115.6506B | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
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===Hybrids===<br />
{{Main|Hybrid (biology)}}<br />
{{Gallery<br />
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|File:Equus quagga quagga, coloured.jpg<br />
|File:Rau Quagga on Devils Peak.jpg<br />
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|footer={{Align|left|A true [[quagga]], 1870 (left) vs. a [[Quagga Project|bred-back quagga]], 2014 (right)}}<br />
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Hybrids are offspring resulting from the breeding of two genetically distinct individuals, which usually will result in a high degree of heterozygosity, though hybrid and heterozygous are not synonymous. The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown for economic purposes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Price E |year=2008 |title=Principles and applications of domestic animal behavior: an introductory text |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Ww07sIWTYAAC|page=228}}|location=Sacramento |isbn=978-1-84593-398-2|oclc=226038028}}</ref> Hybrids between different subspecies within a species (such as between the [[Bengal tiger]] and [[Siberian tiger]]) are known as intra-specific hybrids. Hybrids between different species within the same genus (such as between lions and tigers) are known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. Hybrids between different genera (such as between sheep and goats) are known as intergeneric hybrids.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=O3M4qfxtGhIC|page=13}} |location=Heidelberg | vauthors = Taupitz J, Weschka M |year=2009|title=Chimbrids – Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research |publisher=Springer |page=13 |isbn=978-3-540-93869-9 |oclc=495479133}}</ref> Natural hybrids will occur in [[hybrid zone]]s, where two populations of species within the same genera or species living in the same or adjacent areas will interbreed with each other. Some hybrids have been recognised as species, such as the [[red wolf]] (though this is controversial).<ref>{{cite journal |title=An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses |year=2012 |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |page=2 |doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |vauthors=Chambers SM, Fain SR, Fazio B, Amaral M |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700981/ |doi-access=free |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531050233/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700981/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[Artificial selection]], the deliberate [[selective breeding]] of domestic animals, is being used to [[breeding back|breed back]] [[Holocene extinction|recently extinct]] animals in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a [[phenotype]] that resembles that extinct [[wildtype]] ancestor. A breeding-back (intraspecific) hybrid may be very similar to the extinct wildtype in appearance, ecological niche and to some extent genetics, but the initial [[gene pool]] of that wild type is lost forever with its [[extinction]]. As a result, bred-back breeds are at best vague look-alikes of extinct wildtypes, as [[Heck cattle]] are of the [[aurochs]].<ref name="vanVuure">{{cite book | vauthors = van Vuure T |title=Retracing the Aurochs – History, Morphology and Ecology of an extinct wild Ox |year=2005 |isbn=978-954-642-235-4 |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |oclc=940879282}}</ref><br />
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[[Purebred]] wild species evolved to a specific ecology can be threatened with extinction<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mooney HA, Cleland EE | title = The evolutionary impact of invasive species | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 10 | pages = 5446–5451 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11344292 | pmc = 33232 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.091093398 | bibcode = 2001PNAS...98.5446M | doi-access = free }}</ref> through the process of [[genetic pollution]], the uncontrolled hybridisation, [[introgression]] genetic swamping which leads to homogenisation or [[Fitness (biology)|out-competition]] from the [[heterosis|heterosic]] hybrid species.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Le Roux JJ, Foxcroft LC, Herbst M, MacFadyen S | title = Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in South Africa | journal = Ecology and Evolution | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 288–299 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25691958 | pmc = 4314262 | doi = 10.1002/ece3.1275| bibcode = 2015EcoEv...5..288L }}</ref> When new populations are imported or selectively bred by people, or when habitat modification brings previously isolated species into contact, extinction in some species, especially rare varieties, is possible.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wilson A |title= Australia's state of the forests report |page=107 |year=2003}}</ref> [[Interbreeding]] can swamp the rarer gene pool and create hybrids, depleting the purebred gene pool. For example, the endangered [[wild water buffalo]] is most threatened with extinction by genetic pollution from the [[Water buffalo|domestic water buffalo]]. Such extinctions are not always apparent from a [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] standpoint. Some degree of [[gene flow]] is a normal evolutionary process, nevertheless, hybridisation threatens the existence of rare species.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression | vauthors = Rhymer JM, Simberloff D |journal = Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |date=November 1996 |volume= 27 | issue = 1 |pages= 83–109 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 | bibcode = 1996AnRES..27...83R }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Potts BM | veditors = Barbour RC, Hingston AB |year=2001 |title=Genetic pollution from farm forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids: a report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program |publisher= Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation of Australia|isbn= 978-0-642-58336-9|oclc=48794104}}</ref><br />
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===Threats===<br />
{{See also|Holocene extinction}}<br />
[[File:Extinctions Africa Austrailia NAmerica Madagascar.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|Biodiversity of large mammal species per continent before and after humans arrived there]]<br />
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The loss of species from ecological communities, [[defaunation]], is primarily driven by human activity.<ref name=dirzo/> This has resulted in [[empty forest]]s, ecological communities depleted of large vertebrates.<ref name=primack2014>{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Conservation Biology | vauthors = Primack R |publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-60535-289-3 |location=Sunderland, MA |pages=217–245 |edition=6th |oclc=876140621}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vignieri S | title = Vanishing fauna. Introduction | journal = Science | volume = 345 | issue = 6195 | pages = 392–395 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25061199 | doi = 10.1126/science.345.6195.392 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2014Sci...345..392V }}</ref> In the [[Quaternary extinction event]], the mass die-off of [[megafauna]]l variety coincided with the appearance of humans, suggesting a human influence. One hypothesis is that humans hunted large mammals, such as the [[woolly mammoth]], into extinction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burney DA, Flannery TF | title = Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact | journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 395–401 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16701402 | doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.022 | url = https://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/Fieldschools/Kauai/Publications/Publication%204.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610061434/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/Fieldschools/Kauai/Publications/Publication%204.pdf | archive-date = 10 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Diamond J | year=1984 |chapter=Historic extinctions: a Rosetta stone for understanding prehistoric extinctions |title=Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution | veditors = Martin PS, Klein RG | pages=824–862 | location=Tucson| publisher=University of Arizona Press | isbn=978-0-8165-1100-6|oclc=10301944}}</ref> The 2019 ''[[Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]]'' by [[IPBES]] states that the total [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]] of wild mammals has declined by 82 per cent since the beginning of human civilisation.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Watts J |date=6 May 2019 |title=Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614160705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=McGrath M|date=6 May 2019|title=Nature crisis: Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48169783|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630044916/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48169783|url-status=live}}</ref> Wild animals make up just 4% of mammalian biomass on earth, while humans and their domesticated animals make up 96%.<ref name="Bar-On_2018"/><br />
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Various species are predicted to [[list of critically endangered species|become extinct in the near future]],<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Main D | url = https://www.livescience.com/41421-animals-threatened-with-extinction.html | title = 7 Iconic Animals Humans Are Driving to Extinction | work = [[Live Science]] | date = 22 November 2013 | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 6 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230106233208/https://www.livescience.com/41421-animals-threatened-with-extinction.html | url-status = live }}</ref> among them the [[rhinoceros]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2011/10/25/poachers-drive-javan-rhino-to-extinction-in-vietnam/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150406103742/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2011/10/25/poachers-drive-javan-rhino-to-extinction-in-vietnam/ | archive-date = 6 April 2015 | title = Poachers Drive Javan Rhino to Extinction in Vietnam | vauthors = Platt JR | date = 25 October 2011 | publisher = [[Scientific American]] }}</ref> [[giraffe]]s,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/08/giraffe-red-list-vulnerable-species-extinction |title=Giraffes facing extinction after devastating decline, experts warn |vauthors=Carrington D |date=8 December 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813122004/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/08/giraffe-red-list-vulnerable-species-extinction |url-status=live }}</ref> and species of [[primate]]s<ref name="primates">{{cite journal | vauthors = Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB, Roos C, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A, Nekaris KA, Nijman V, Heymann EW, Lambert JE, Rovero F, Barelli C, Setchell JM, Gillespie TR, Mittermeier RA, Arregoitia LV, de Guinea M, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Shanee S, Shanee N, Boyle SA, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Amato KR, Meyer AL, Wich S, Sussman RW, Pan R, Kone I, Li B | display-authors = 6 | title = Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | article-number = e1600946 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 28116351 | pmc = 5242557 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1600946 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E0946E }}</ref> and [[pangolin]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/11370277/Pangolins-why-this-cute-prehistoric-mammal-is-facing-extinction.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/11370277/Pangolins-why-this-cute-prehistoric-mammal-is-facing-extinction.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pangolins: why this cute prehistoric mammal is facing extinction| vauthors = Fletcher M |date=31 January 2015 |work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to the WWF's 2020 ''[[Living Planet Report]]'', vertebrate [[wildlife]] populations have declined by 68% since 1970 as a result of human activities, particularly [[overconsumption]], [[population growth]] and [[intensive farming]], which is evidence that humans have triggered a [[sixth mass extinction]] event.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Greenfield P |date=9 September 2020 |title=Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/10/humans-exploiting-and-destroying-nature-on-unprecedented-scale-report-aoe |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021225045/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/10/humans-exploiting-and-destroying-nature-on-unprecedented-scale-report-aoe |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |vauthors=McCarthy D |date=1 October 2020 |title=Terrifying wildlife losses show the extinction end game has begun – but it's not too late for change |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/wildlife-loss-humans-population-agriculture-extinction-b738367.html |work=The Independent |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407003854/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/wildlife-loss-humans-population-agriculture-extinction-b738367.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hunting alone threatens hundreds of mammalian species around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/people-are-hunting-primates-bats-and-other-mammals-extinction |title=People are hunting primates, bats, and other mammals to extinction |vauthors=Pennisi E |author-link=Elizabeth Pennisi |date=18 October 2016 |work=[[Science (magazine)|Science]] |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020025827/https://www.science.org/content/article/people-are-hunting-primates-bats-and-other-mammals-extinction |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ripple WJ, Abernethy K, Betts MG, Chapron G, Dirzo R, Galetti M, Levi T, Lindsey PA, Macdonald DW, Machovina B, Newsome TM, Peres CA, Wallach AD, Wolf C, Young H | display-authors = 6 | title = Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals | journal = Royal Society Open Science | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | article-number = 160498 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27853564 | pmc = 5098989 | doi = 10.1098/rsos.160498 | doi-access = free| bibcode = 2016RSOS....360498R | hdl = 1893/24446 }}</ref> Scientists claim that the growing demand for [[meat]] is contributing to [[biodiversity loss]] as this is a significant driver of [[deforestation]] and [[habitat destruction]]; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the [[Amazon rainforest]], are being converted to agricultural land for meat production.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams M, Zalasiewicz J, Haff PK, Schwägerl C, Barnosky AD, Ellis EC |author-link5=Anthony David Barnosky |year=2015 |title=The Anthropocene Biosphere |journal=The Anthropocene Review |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=196–219 |doi=10.1177/2053019615591020|bibcode=2015AntRv...2..196W |s2cid=7771527 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/meat-eaters-may-speed-worldwide-species-extinction-study-warns |title=Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns |vauthors=Morell V |date=11 August 2015 |work=[[Science (magazine)|Science]] |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220105327/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/08/meat-eaters-may-speed-worldwide-species-extinction-study-warns |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Machovina B, Feeley KJ, Ripple WJ | title = Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption | journal = The Science of the Total Environment | volume = 536 | pages = 419–431 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26231772 | doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022 | bibcode = 2015ScTEn.536..419M }}</ref> Another influence is over-hunting and [[species affected by poaching|poaching]], which can reduce the overall population of game animals,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Redford KH |year=1992 |title=The empty forest |journal=BioScience |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=412–422 |url=http://www.dse.ufpb.br/alexandre/Redford%201992%20-The%20empty%20forest.pdf |doi=10.2307/1311860 |jstor=1311860 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228092214/http://www.dse.ufpb.br/alexandre/Redford%201992%20-The%20empty%20forest.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> especially those located near villages,<ref name=peres2006>{{cite book| vauthors = Peres CA, Nascimento HS |title=Human Exploitation and Biodiversity Conservation |chapter=Impact of game hunting by the Kayapó of south-eastern Amazonia: implications for wildlife conservation in tropical forest indigenous reserves |volume=3 |issue=8 |year=2006 |pages=287–313 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5283-5 |oclc=207259298}}</ref> as in the case of [[peccary|peccaries]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Altrichter M, Boaglio G |title=Distribution and Relative Abundance of Peccaries in the Argentine Chaco: Associations with Human Factors | journal=Biological Conservation |volume=116 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=217–225 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00192-7|bibcode=2004BCons.116..217A }}</ref> The effects of poaching can especially be seen in the [[ivory trade]] with African elephants.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Gobush K |title=Effects of Poaching on African elephants |url=https://conservationbiology.uw.edu/research-programs/effects-of-poaching-on-african-elephants/ |website=Center For Conservation Biology |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208132610/https://conservationbiology.uw.edu/research-programs/effects-of-poaching-on-african-elephants/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Marine mammals are at risk from entanglement from fishing gear, notably [[Cetacean bycatch|cetaceans]], with discard mortalities ranging from 65,000 to 86,000 individuals annually.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t4890e/T4890E03.htm#ch1.1.10 |chapter=Bycatch of Marine Mammals |title=A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards |vauthors=Alverson DL, Freeburg MH, Murawski SA, Pope JG |year=1996 |orig-date=1994 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |isbn=978-92-5-103555-9 |oclc=31424005 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217074707/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T4890E/T4890E03.htm#ch1.1.10 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Attention is being given to endangered species globally, notably through the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]], otherwise known as the Rio Accord, which includes 189 signatory countries that are focused on identifying endangered species and habitats.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Glowka L, Burhenne-Guilmin F, Synge HM, McNeely JA, Gündling L |title=IUCN environmental policy and law paper |series=Guide to the Convention on Biodiversity |year=1994 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |isbn=978-2-8317-0222-3 |oclc=32201845}}</ref> Another notable conservation organisation is the IUCN, which has a membership of over 1,200 governmental and [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] organisations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iucn.org/about |title=About IUCN |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=3 February 2017 |date=3 December 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415031632/https://www.iucn.org/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[List of recently extinct mammals|Recent extinctions]] can be directly attributed to human influences.<ref name=ceballos>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, García A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM | title = Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction | journal = Science Advances | volume = 1 | issue = 5 | article-number = e1400253 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26601195 | pmc = 4640606 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1400253 | bibcode = 2015SciA....1E0253C }}</ref><ref name=dirzo>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJ, Collen B | title = Defaunation in the Anthropocene | journal = Science | volume = 345 | issue = 6195 | pages = 401–406 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25061202 | doi = 10.1126/science.1251817 | url = https://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf | bibcode = 2014Sci...345..401D | s2cid = 206555761 | access-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190807115621/https://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The IUCN characterises 'recent' extinction as those that have occurred past the cut-off point of 1500,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fisher DO, Blomberg SP | title = Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 278 | issue = 1708 | pages = 1090–1097 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 20880890 | pmc = 3049027 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.1579 }}</ref> and around 80 mammal species have gone extinct since that time and 2015.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ceballos G, Ehrlich AH, Ehrlich PR |year=2015|title=The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-1718-9 |page=69}}</ref> Some species, such as the [[Père David's deer]]<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Jiang, Z. |author2=Harris, R.B. |date=2016 |title=''Elaphurus davidianus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T7121A22159785 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> are [[extinct in the wild]], and survive solely in captive populations. Other species, such as the [[Florida panther]], are [[Ecological extinction|ecologically extinct]], surviving in such low numbers that they essentially have no impact on the ecosystem.<ref name=mckinney2013>{{cite book |chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes |id=hBntufCOxAsC |page=318}} | vauthors = McKinney ML, Schoch R, Yonavjak L |year=2013 |title=Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions|edition=5th|chapter=Conserving Biological Resources |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-4496-6139-7|oclc=777948078}}</ref>{{rp|318}} Other populations are only [[Local extinction|locally extinct]] (extirpated), still existing elsewhere, but reduced in distribution,<ref name=mckinney2013/>{{rp|75–77}} as with the extinction of [[grey whale]]s in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of marine mammals |page=404 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373553-9 | vauthors = Perrin WF, Würsig BF, Thewissen JG | author-link3 = Hans Thewissen |oclc=455328678}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
* [[List of mammals]] – living mammals<br />
* [[List of mammalogists]]<br />
* [[List of prehistoric mammals]]<br />
* [[List of endangered mammals]]<br />
* [[Lists of mammals by population|Lists of mammals by population size]]<br />
* [[Lists of mammals by region]]<br />
* [[Mammals described in the 2000s]]<br />
* [[Mammals in culture]]<br />
* [[Small mammal]]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* {{CCBYSASource|sourcepath=https://cnx.org/content/m46676/latest/?collection=col11496/latest|authors = Betts JF, Desaix P, Johnson E, Johnson JE, Korol O, Kruse D, Poe B, Wise JA, Womble M, Young KA|revision=729857320|sourcearticle=Anatomy and Physiology}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brown WM | year = 2001 | title = Natural selection of mammalian brain components | journal = Trends in Ecology and Evolution | volume = 16 | issue = 9| pages = 471–473 | doi = 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02246-7 | bibcode = 2001TEcoE..16..471B }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, Schmitz J | title = Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | article-number = e91 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16515367 | pmc = 1395351 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091 | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite book| vauthors = MacDonald DW, Norris S |year=2006|title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|edition=3rd|publisher=Brown Reference Group|location=London|isbn=978-0-681-45659-4|oclc=74900519}}<br />
* {{cite book|vauthors=McKenna MC, Bell SK|year=1997|title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-11013-6|oclc=37345734|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=id=zS7FZkzIw-cC}}}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, Teeling E, Ryder OA, Stanhope MJ, de Jong WW, Springer MS | display-authors = 6 | title = Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics | journal = Science | volume = 294 | issue = 5550 | pages = 2348–2351 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11743200 | doi = 10.1126/science.1067179 | bibcode = 2001Sci...294.2348M | s2cid = 34367609 }}<br />
* {{cite book|vauthors=Nowak RM|year=1999|title=Walker's mammals of the world|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|edition=6th|isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8|oclc=937619124|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes| id=T37sFCl43E8C}}}}<br />
* {{Cite journal | vauthors = Simpson GG | year = 1945 | title = The principles of classification and a classification of mammals | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 85 | pages = 1–350 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Springer MS, Stanhope MJ, Madsen O, de Jong WW | title = Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree | journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume = 19 | issue = 8 | pages = 430–438 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 16701301 | doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006 | s2cid = 1508898 | url = https://www.zi.ku.dk/evolbiology/courses/ME04/7_9/springer200-phyl.pdf | access-date = 21 January 2005 | archive-date = 29 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729033207/http://www.zi.ku.dk/evolbiology/courses/ME04/7_9/springer200-phyl.pdf }}<br />
* {{cite book| vauthors = Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Capzaplewski NJ |year=2000|title=Mammalogy|edition=4th|publisher=Saunders College Publishing|location=Fort Worth, Texas|isbn=978-0-03-025034-7|oclc=42285340}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Mammalia}}<br />
{{EB1911 poster|Mammalia}}<br />
* [https://www.mammaldiversity.org ASM Mammal Diversity Database]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225111803/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html |date=25 December 2022 }}<br />
* [https://www.biodiversitymapping.org/mammals.htm Biodiversitymapping.org – All mammal orders in the world with distribution maps]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926130232/http://www.biodiversitymapping.org/mammals.htm |date=26 September 2016 }}<br />
* [https://paleocene-mammals.de/ Paleocene Mammals]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203140812/http://www.paleocene-mammals.de/ |date=3 February 2024 }}, a site covering the rise of the mammals, paleocene-mammals.de<br />
* [https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Evolution.shtml Evolution of Mammals]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191350/https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Evolution.shtml |date=25 January 2024 }}, a brief introduction to early mammals, enchantedlearning.com<br />
* [https://www.european-mammals.org/php/mapmaker.php European Mammal Atlas EMMA]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191351/https://www.european-mammals.org/php/mapmaker.php |date=25 January 2024 }} from Societas Europaea Mammalogica, European-mammals.org<br />
* [https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Jeffersonetal93(14).pdf Marine Mammals of the World]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065724/https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Jeffersonetal93(14).pdf |date=8 June 2019 }} – An overview of all marine mammals, including descriptions, both fully aquatic and semi-aquatic, noaa.gov<br />
* [https://www.mammalogy.org Mammalogy.org]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301013904/http://www.mammalogy.org/ |date=1 March 2020 }}. The American Society of Mammalogists was established in 1919 for the purpose of promoting the study of mammals, and this website includes a mammal image library<br />
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{{Chordata}}<br />
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{{Basal mammals|Y.|state=autocollapse}}<br />
{{Mammals}}<br />
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q7377}}<br />
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[[Category:Mammals| ]]<br />
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]<br />
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[[Category:Bathonian first appearances]]<br />
[[Category:Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranchi_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481455Ranchi Municipal Corporation2026-03-19T11:19:54Z<p>Nawraj: Made a bio</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Short description|Local governing body of Ranchi}}<br />
{{Further|Ranchi|Ranchi district|label1=}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Ranchi Municipal Corporation<br />
| coa_res = 200px<br />
| logo = Ranchi Municipal Corporation logo.png<br />
| logo_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of the Ranchi Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1979}}<br />
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India) | Mayor]]<br />
| leader1 = Roshini Khalkho<br />
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br />
| leader2 = Neeraj Kumar<br />
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader3 = Mr. Sushant Gaurav (IAS)<br />
| seats = 55<br />
| meeting_place = Kutchary Road, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| website = {{url | https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/}}<br />
| last_election1 = 2026<br />
| next_election1 = 2031<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ranchi Municipal Corporation''' is responsible for the civic administration of the city of [[Ranchi]]. It was established in 1979 in erstwhile [[Bihar]] and is presently the biggest [[municipality]] in [[Jharkhand]]. According to [[2011 Census of India|Census of India 2011]], the area under the municipal body is 175.12 sq km and the population is 1,073,427.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK: RANCHI|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jharkhand-civic-body-poll-results-2026-live-updates-ranchi-dhanbad-mayor-winners-list-feb-27-11772181694784.html|archive-date=|access-date=3 November 2020|website=Census of India}}</ref> There are 55 wards in the city, which are further grouped into zones.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Elected Representatives|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/docs/ElectedRepresentative.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref name='RMC'>{{Cite web|title=RMC|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/AboutUs.aspx?uid=1}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=RMC forms Zonal Committee|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/rmc-forms-zonal-committee.html|access-date=2020-11-02|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> The last election to the municipal corporation took place in 2026, with candidates backed by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] winning the seats of Mayor and Deputy Mayor.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=2018-04-20|title=Jharkhand Civic Body Poll Results Highlights: Ranchi, four local bodies see BJP-backed candidates in lead|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jharkhand-civic-body-poll-results-2026-live-updates-ranchi-dhanbad-mayor-winners-list-feb-27-11772181694784.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Municipal history ==<br />
'''Ranchi Municipal Corporation''' was established on 15th September 1979 by merging erstwhile Ranchi Municipality, Doranda Municipality and Ranchi Doranda Joint Water Board. It was the second [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] to be set up in erstwhile [[Bihar]] (after [[Patna Municipal Corporation]]) and the first in the state of Jharkhand. Ranchi city got its first municipality in 1869, which covered an area of 7.02 sq km.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Evolution and Growth of Ranchi City|url=http://14.139.13.47:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/17653/11/12_chapter%204.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Shodhganga}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This was extended in 1951 and 1971 to 20.3 sq km and 89.98 sq km respectively. The present Ranchi Municipal Corporation was established in 1979 and the first elections to the corporation were held in 1986.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Fact Sheet|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/AboutUs.aspx?uid=2|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The municipal corporation covers an area of 175.12 sq km and is divided into 55 administrative [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]], each represented by an elected [[councillor]].<ref name='RMC'/><br />
<br />
At the time of the creation of the state of Jharkhand in 2000, the Bihar Municipal Act, 1922 was adapted as the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2000 to govern all [[Municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]] in the new state. Ranchi Municipal Corporation was governed by its own municipal act, the Ranchi Municipal Corporation Act, 2001. With the enactment of the Jharkhand Municipal Act 2011, these two ceased to be in effect and the 2011 became the only governing legislature for all city governments in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Reform Measures in Municipal Administration – A Study of Jharkhand|url=https://cgg.gov.in/core/uploads//2017/07/ReformsunderJharkhandMpl_Act.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Centre for Good Governance}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Administrative set up ==<br />
<br />
=== Municipal commissioner ===<br />
The [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|commissioner]] is appointed by the state government. They are either an officer from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] or the Jharkhand Administrative Service. According to Section 55 of the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, the appointment can be made on regular basis or contractual basis and no time period is mentioned for the position.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011|url=http://secjharkhand.nic.in/pdf/act_rule/Jharkhand%20Municipal%20Act%202011.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Jharkhand State Election Commission}}</ref> The present municipal commissioner at Ranchi Municipal Corporation is Mr. Sushant Gaurav, a cadre from the Indian Administrative Services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: RMC ::|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/Other_Pages.aspx?wid=ADMINISTRATIVEWINGS_Commissioner|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.ranchimunicipal.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the powers and functions of the Commissioner are:<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
* The Standing Committee may delegate some of its power or functions to the commissioner and in turn, the commissioner may delegate their power to any corporation officer or employee (Section 33)<br />
* The Commissioner is supposed to nominate an official to be the secretary of the Ward Committee (Section 34) and Conveyor of Zonal Committees (Section 49)<br />
* The Commissioner can attend any meeting of the corporation or may authorize any corporation officer to attend (Section 82)<br />
* The Commissioner shall prepare a budget estimate every year (Section 108 (1))<br />
* The Commissioner has to approve every public advertisement in the city (Section 171)<br />
* The Commissioner can serve a notice to an occupier of a land or building for the purpose of the recovery of property tax (Section 185 (1))<br />
<br />
=== Municipal departments ===<br />
There are 24 administrative departments at Ranchi Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RMC {{!}} Ranchi Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.ranchimunicipal.com/default.aspx|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.ranchimunicipal.com}}</ref> Some important departments at the Corporation are: Accounts, Birth & Death Registration, Bhoosampada, Engineering, Health, Revenue, Town Planning, and Water supply.<br />
<br />
=== Key administrative posts ===<br />
Apart from the municipal commissioner, the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 mentions the following key administrative posts to be created at the municipal corporation:<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
* Chief Finance Officer / Chief Accounts Officer<br />
* Municipal Internal Auditor<br />
* Chief Municipal Engineer<br />
* Chief Town Planner and Municipal Architect<br />
* Chief Municipal Health Officer<br />
* Chief Environmental Engineer (for solid waste management)<br />
* Chief Information and Technology Officer<br />
* Municipal Law Officer<br />
* Municipal Secretary<br />
* Additional and Deputy/Assistant Municipal Commissioners<br />
<br />
== Elected Representatives ==<br />
<br />
=== Mayor and Deputy Mayor ===<br />
Under section 26 of the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, the positions of mayor and deputy mayor are elected directly i.e. the position holders are voted in by the people themselves.<ref name=":2" /> The last municipal election was in 2026 with a [[voter turnout]] of 49.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=<br />
BJP triumphs in polls: BJP celebrates victory of 380 ward councillors;Leaders urge elected members to drive local development in Ranchi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bjp-triumphs-in-polls-bjp-celebrates-victory-of-380-ward-councillors-leaders-urge-elected-members-to-drive-local-development-in-ranchi/articleshow/129285315.cms|access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sanjay Ojha|date=Apr 9, 2013|title=Lowest ever turnout in Ranchi Municipal Corporation polls {{!}} Ranchi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Lowest-ever-turnout-in-Ranchi-Municipal-Corporation-polls/articleshow/19451609.cms|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Roshini Khalkho and Sanjeev Vijayvargiya both of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] won the mayoral and deputy mayoral seats.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=<br />
BJP triumphs in polls: BJP celebrates victory of 380 ward councillors;Leaders urge elected members to drive local development in Ranchi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bjp-triumphs-in-polls-bjp-celebrates-victory-of-380-ward-councillors-leaders-urge-elected-members-to-drive-local-development-in-ranchi/articleshow/129285315.cms|access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>The 2018 municipal election was the first and only time the mayoral and deputy mayoral candidates in Jharkhand could use political party symbols, while the candidates for councilor seats continued to use symbols allotted to them by the [[Jharkhand State Election Commission]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dhritiman Ray|date=Apr 20, 2018|title=Ranchi Municipal Corporation: BJP wins Ranchi Municipal Corporation polls {{!}} Ranchi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bjp-wins-ranchi-municipal-corporation-polls/articleshow/63845981.cms|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Election Symbol Allotment Order, 2018|url=http://secjharkhand.nic.in/pdf/election_municipal/ME2018/144_2018.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Jharkhand State Election Commission}}</ref> The next municipal election will take place in 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=<br />
BJP triumphs in polls: BJP celebrates victory of 380 ward councillors;Leaders urge elected members to drive local development in Ranchi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bjp-triumphs-in-polls-bjp-celebrates-victory-of-380-ward-councillors-leaders-urge-elected-members-to-drive-local-development-in-ranchi/articleshow/129285315.cms|access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Councillors ===<br />
Each ward of the corporation is represented by an elected councillor whose term is coterminous with that of the corporation i.e. of five years.<ref name=":2" /> For the purpose of election, the councillors can not use party symbols and are instead provided with election symbols by the Jharkhand State Election Commission.<ref name=":3" /> According to the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, around 50% of the seats are to be reserved for the following categories:<br />
<br />
* Scheduled Castes,<br />
* Scheduled Tribes,<br />
* Backward Classes,<br />
* Women<br />
<br />
The seats reserved for persons belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] categories will be proportionate to their population share in the municipality. The remaining number of seats within the 50% stipulated reserved seats will be reserved for candidates from [[Other Backward Class]]es. Further, up to 50% of the reserved seats and up to50% of the unreserved seats will be reserved for women. The seats so reserved will be allotted on a rotational basis i.e. the councillor seat of any particular ward need not be reserved for the same category or be reserved at all in subsequent elections.<ref name=":2" /> Presently, there are 55 councillors in Ranchi representing 55 wards.<ref name=":7" /><ref name='RMC'/><br />
<br />
=== Committees ===<br />
Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 mandates the establishment of standing committees at every municipality.<ref name=":2" /> The mayor is the presiding officer and the term of the members is of five years. Ranchi Municipal Corporation has set up a Standing Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-03|title=स्टैंडिंग कमेटी की बैठक 11 को, बोर्ड की मीटिंग 22 को होने की संभावना|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/news/ranchi-municipal-corporation-standing-committee-meeting-on-11-board-meeting-expected-on-22-127681442.html|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> The Standing Committee is composed of ten councillors, the mayor, the deputy mayor, the municipal commissioner and RMC officials.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Ranchi civic body to table its 2020–21 budget|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-civic-body-to-table-its-2020-21-budget/cid/1746419|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The Act also mandates the setting up of Zonal Committees, each representing groups of wards in the city. These too have been formed in Ranchi, with each Zonal Committee having 5–6 wards under it.<ref name=":8" /> The function of the Zonal committees is to look after the issues felt at each zone, report them to the corporation, and prepare solutions for the same. The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 mandates the establishment of ward committees for each ward in the municipality.<ref name=":2" /> Though ward committees have been formed in Ranchi, they are not active.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Urban Governance Study: Jharkhand|url=https://www.praja.org/praja_docs/praja_downloads/Urban%20Governance%20Report%20on%20Jharkhand.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Praja Foundation}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Wards ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Zone<ref>{{Cite web |title=RMC |url=https://smartranchi.in/Portal/View/ZonewiseWardList.aspx |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=smartranchi.in}}</ref><br />
!Ward Number<br />
!Ward Name<br />
!Areas Covered<br />
!Assembly Constituency<br />
!Councillor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranchi Municipal Corporation - Elected Representatives |url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/docs/ElectedRepresentative.pdf}}</ref><br />
!Political Group<br />
|-<br />
|West<br />
|1<br />
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|Smt Asha Lakra<br />
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|Shri Sanjeev Vijaywargiya<br />
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|Shri Nakul Tirkey<br />
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|Shri Gundra Oraon<br />
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|Smt. Basanti Lakra<br />
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|Smt. Husna Aara<br />
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|-<br />
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|7<br />
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|Smt. Gayatri Devi<br />
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|8<br />
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|Smt. Monika Khalkho<br />
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|9<br />
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|Smt. Sujata Kachhap<br />
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|-<br />
|West<br />
|10<br />
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|Smt. Vina Agrawal<br />
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|-<br />
|West<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
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|Smt. Preety Ranjan<br />
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|-<br />
|West<br />
|12<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Arjun Kumar Yadav<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|13<br />
|<br />
|<br />
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|Smt. Ranju Singh<br />
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|-<br />
|North<br />
|14<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Kulbhushan Dungdung<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Punam Devi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|16<br />
|<br />
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|<br />
|Shri Dinesh Ram<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|17<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Jermin Kujur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|18<br />
|<br />
|<br />
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|Smt. Nazima Raja<br />
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|-<br />
|North<br />
|19<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Shabana Khan<br />
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|-<br />
|North<br />
|20<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Asha Devi Gupta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Roshni Khalkho<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|22<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Sunil Kumar Yadav<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Md Ehtesham<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|North<br />
|24<br />
|<br />
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|<br />
|Smt. Naziya Aslam<br />
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|-<br />
|North<br />
|25<br />
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|Smt. Sajda Khatoon<br />
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|-<br />
|North<br />
|26<br />
|<br />
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|<br />
|Smt. Vijay Laxmi Soni<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|27<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Arjun Ram<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|28<br />
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|<br />
|Shri Arun Kumar Jha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|29<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri OM Prakash<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|30<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Rashmi Choudhary<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|31<br />
|<br />
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|Smt. Soni Perween<br />
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|-<br />
|South<br />
|32<br />
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|Smt. Reema Devi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|33<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Ashok Yadav<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|34<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Sunita Devi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|35<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Pushpa Toppo<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|36<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Vinod Kumar Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|37<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Jhari Linda<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|38<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Deepak Kumar Lohra<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|South<br />
|39<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Ved Prakash Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|40<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Suchita Rani Ray<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|41<br />
|<br />
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|<br />
|Smt. Urmila Yadav<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|42<br />
|<br />
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|<br />
|Shri Krishna Mahto<br />
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|-<br />
|East<br />
|43<br />
|<br />
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|Smt. Shashi Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|44<br />
|<br />
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|<br />
|Shri Firoz Alam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|45<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Nasim Gaddi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|46<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Reeta Munda<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|47<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Kavita Sanga<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|48<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Ms. Marget Minz<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|49<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Jamila Khatoon<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|50<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Pushpa Tirkey<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|51<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Savita Linda<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|52<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shri Niranjan Kumar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|53<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Smt. Savita Kujur<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Municipal budget ==<br />
The Municipal budget is prepared by the Accounts department of Ranchi Municipal Corporation, with inputs from the different administrative departments and elected representatives. The budget is first approved by the Standing committee, after which it has to be approved by the general elected body of the corporation.<ref name=":5" /> After getting the approval from the corporation, it is forwarded to the state government for the final approval.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |url-status=live |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816040349/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20200220/281668256996263 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20200220/281668256996263 |title=RMC proposes ₹2,274 cr city development budget |date=20 Feb 2020 |first=Sanjoy |last=Dey |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |access-date=16 August 2023 |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> The funds are generated by the corporation itself, as well as grants from the state and central governments. The budget for the year 2020–21 is ₹2,276 crores, which is around ₹100 crores less than the 2019–20 municipal budget.<ref name=":5" /> The reason for this has been the financial difficulties that the corporation has been facing. Expenditures for the corporation include purchasing water tanks, maintaining night shelters, construction of infrastructure such as roads and footbridges, vending zone, improving facilities at government schools.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Other expenses include establishment expenditures, programmatic expenditures, procuring fogging machines, setting up ward level offices, beautification of the city, and developing software for the corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=RMC presents Budget of Rs 2,474 cr|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/rmc-presents-budget-of-rs-2-474-cr.html|access-date=2020-11-02|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Public utilities provision ==<br />
Ranchi Municipal Corporation provides some important services in the city. The Water Supply department issues new water connections, undertakes boring and installation of hand pumps, and collects fines for illegal connections and boring.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=WATER SUPPLY SECTION|url=http://www.ranchimunicipal.com/Departments.aspx?wid=14&gid=pg|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The municipal body is responsible for the Solid Waste Management of the city, including collection and disposal of the waste.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranchi Municipal Corporation starts 24x7 control room to deal with garbage complaints|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-municipal-corporation-starts-24x7-control-room-to-deal-with-garbage-complaints/cid/1686838|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It has also constructed public toilets in Ranchi and has outsourced the maintenance to private entities.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kelly Kislaya|date=Jan 17, 2017|title=Ranchi gets modular toilets in time for clean survey {{!}} Ranchi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/city-gets-modular-toilets-in-time-for-clean-survey/articleshow/56614156.cms|access-date=2020-11-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The corporation is responsible for the installation and maintenance of street lights in the city and for painting safety marking on the roads.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=STREET LIGHT SECTION|url=http://www.ranchimunicipal.com/Departments.aspx?wid=2&gid=pg|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RMC wakes up to road risks|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-municipal-corporation-wakes-up-to-road-risks/cid/1734939|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The municipal corporation is also responsible for constructing roads, and is planning to develop sky escalators to ease traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tender for Road Construction|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/docs/ConstructionofRoadandDrainof21GroupsNIT1298dated041115.PDF|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranchi to get skyway escalators at busy hubs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-to-get-skyway-escalators-at-busy-hubs/cid/1739592|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It maintains municipal parks and regulates parking fees in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT FOR MAINTENANCE OF NIGAM PARKS|url=https://ranchimunicipal.com/docs/MaintenanceofParks.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parking fees to be slashed in Ranchi|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/parking-fees-to-be-slashed-in-ranchi/cid/1704736|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Mar 23, 2017|title=Ranchi Municipal Corporation: Ranchi Municipal Corporation pulls up malls to regulate parking fees {{!}} Ranchi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ranchi-municipal-corporation-pulls-up-malls-to-regulate-parking-fees/articleshow/57786636.cms|access-date=2020-11-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Ranchi Municipal Corporation plans on reopening and operating the only electric crematorium in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revival for crematorium|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/revival-for-ranchi-crematorium-in-light-of-coronavirus-outbreak/cid/1767235|access-date=2020-11-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Revenue sources ==<br />
<br />
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ra11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ra12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ra13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Revenue from taxes === <br />
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Property tax.<br />
* Profession tax.<br />
* Entertainment tax.<br />
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br />
* Advertisement tax.<br />
<br />
=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br />
<br />
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Water usage charges.<br />
* Fees from Documentation services.<br />
* Rent received from municipal property.<br />
* Funds from municipal bonds.<br />
* Waste User Charges<br />
* Processing fees from Building Plan Approvals<br />
* Municipal Licences Fees<br />
* Auctions of Parking Lots<br />
* Rent from Municipal Shops<br />
<br />
== E-Governance initiatives ==<br />
Promoting e-governance in the municipality is one of the 'general functions' of Ranchi Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=About Us|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/AboutUs.aspx?uid=1|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 November 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The municipal corporation is implementing e-governance facilities under the [[National e-Governance Plan]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] National Urban Renewal Mission and as per the needs of the organisation. The IT department of RMC is headed by Mr.Rajesh Kumar, Department Head of IT.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tender Notice: For the hosting of our Building Plan Approval Management System for 1 year|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/docs/RMCDraftNITHosting170415.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 November 2020|website=Ranchi Municipal Corporation}}</ref> During his tenure RMC has achieved some milestones in e services which includes Computerization of Birth & Death Registration System, Building Plan Approval Management System using Auto-DCR, Online payment of Property Tax, Online Assessment of Properties, Single Window for Municipal License and Water Connection, Master Plan Management System, HRIS for RMC Staffs, e-Rickshaw Management System, Online Registration of Lodge, Hostel & Banquet Halls, Marriage Registration & official web portal of RMC i.e www.ranchimunicipal.com. Social Media of RMC is being handled by the IT Section of RMC.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Ranchi]]<br />
[[Category:1979 establishments in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Jharkhand]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalibangan&diff=452536Kalibangan2026-03-18T15:32:39Z<p>Nawraj: fixed intro per standard format and fixed typos for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Town on the banks of the Ghaggar River in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ancient site<br />
| name = Kalibangan<br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| image = Westernmound.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The western mound of Kalibangan, known as the [[Citadel]]<br />
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| relief = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|28|27|N|74|7|49|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br />
| type = Settlement<br />
| part_of = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| area = <br />
| height = <br />
| builder = <br />
| material = <br />
| built = {{circa|2900 BC}}<br />
| epochs = [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan 1]] to [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan 3C]]<br />
| cultures = [[Indus Valley civilization]]<br />
| ownership = <br />
| management = <br />
| public_access = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kalibangan''' is a town located on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar ([[Ghaggar-Hakra River]])<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India | access-date = 2008-12-31 | last = Calkins | first = PB |author2=Alam M | title = India }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lal | first = BB | title = Purātattva | publisher = [[Indian Archaeological Society]] | year = 2002 | chapter = The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts | pages = 1–5}}</ref> in Tehsil Pilibangān, between [[Suratgarh]] and [[Hanumangarh]] in [[Hanumangarh District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] 205&nbsp;km from [[Bikaner]]. It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of [[Drishadvati]] and [[Sarasvati River]]s.<ref>McIntosh, Jane (2008) The Ancient Indus Calley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 77</ref> The prehistoric and pre-[[Mauryan]] character of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] was first identified at this site by [[Luigi Pio Tessitori|Luigi Tessitori]]. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], 34{{Nbsp}}years after the completion of excavations. The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and "world's earliest attested ploughed field".<ref>{{cite book | publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | year = 2003 | title = Excavations at Kalibangan, the Early Harappans, 1960–1969 | last = Lal | first = BB | pages =17, 98}}</ref> It is around 2900 BC that the region of Kalibangan developed into what can be considered a planned city.<ref name="Kulke 2004 25">{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 9780415329200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalibangan was first excavated under the Directorship of [[B. B. Lal|Braj Lal]] (ASI) between 1960-1961 to 1969-1970. Other excavation team members were [[B. K. Thapar|Bal Thapar]], M.D. Khare, K.M. Shrivastava, J.P. Joshi. and [[S. P. Jain|S.P. Jain]].<br />
== Indus Valley Civilization ==<br />
{{see also | Phase (archaeology) | l1= Phases in archaeology | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological chronology dating }}<br />
<br />
The Kalibangan pre-historic site was discovered by [[Luigi Pio Tessitori|Luigi Tessitori]], an Italian Indologist.<ref>cf. Finding Forgotten Cities.</ref> He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. He sought help from [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. At that time the ASI was conducting excavations at Harappa, but they were unaware of the significance of the ruins. In fact, Tessitori was the first person to recognize that the ruins were 'Prehistoric' and pre-[[Mauryan]]. Luigi Tessitori also pointed out the nature of the culture, but at that time it was not possible to guess that the ruins of Kalibangan lay within the Indus Valley Civilisation. He died five years before the Harappan culture was formally recognized.<br />
<br />
After India's independence, both the major Harappan cities together with the Indus became a part of Pakistan and India, archaeologists were compelled to intensify the search for Harappan sites in India. Amlānand Ghosh (Ex. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, or ASI) was the first person to recognise this site as Harappan and marked it out for excavations.<ref>Shri Krishna Ojha, Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.115.</ref> Under the leadership of [[B. B. Lal|Braj Lal]] (then Director General, ASI), [[B. K. Thapar|Bal Thapar]], M. D. Khare, K. M. Shrivastava, and S. P. Jain carried out excavations for 9&nbsp;years (1960–1969) in 9 successive excavation sessions. Two ancient mounds were excavated, spread over half a kilometre (an area of a quarter square kilometre). On the western side is the smaller mound (KLB1), 9&nbsp;meters high and known as the citadel. The Eastern mound, which is higher (12&nbsp;meters) and bigger, is known as the lower city (KLB2).<br />
<br />
The excavation unexpectedly brought to light a twofold sequence of cultures, of which the upper one (Kalibangan I) belongs to the Harappan, showing the characteristic grid layout of a metropolis and the lower one (Kalibangan II) was formerly called pre-Harappan but is now called "Early Harappan or antecedent Harappan".<ref>this is the wording of the official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173154/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Other nearby sites belonging to IVC include [[Balu, Haryana|Balu]], [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]], and [[Banawali]].<br />
<br />
== Early Harappan Phase ==<br />
{{anchor | Sothi | Siswal Sothi-Siswal cultural site }}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan structures.jpg<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| image2 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan structural strata.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan structural strata<br />
| image3 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan painted pottery.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan painted [[pottery]]<br />
| caption1 = Kalibangan [[pre-Harappan]] structures<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/1/1<br />
| align = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
This Early Harappan phase (also called Proto-Harappan Phase) at Kalibangan belongs to the [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]] (see also [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] site).<br />
<br />
Traces of pre-Harappan culture have been found only at the lower levels of the western mound. According to archaeological evidence, the Indus Valley culture existed at the site from the proto-Harappan age (3500&nbsp;BC – 2500&nbsp;BC) to the Harappan age (2500&nbsp;BC – 1750&nbsp;BC). This earlier phase is labelled Kalibangan-I (KLB-I) or Period-I. Similarity of pottery relates Kalibangan-I with the Sothi-Siswal culture because a lot of this pottery was later discovered at Sothi village in North Western India.<ref>Tejas Garge (2010), [http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033315/http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ |date=28 November 2021 }} Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. {{doi|10.5334/aa.10203|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are also links in Kalibangan to the [[Kot Diji]] culture (related to Sothi-Siswal).<ref>Asko Parpola, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization.] Oxford University Press, 2015 {{ISBN|0190226919}} p18</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fort and houses ===<br />
[[File:Kalibanga.jpg|thumb|190px|right|Ruins of Kalibanga. Brick wall can be seen in the hole in the center.]]<br />
<br />
In this phase, the settlement was fortified, using dried mud bricks, from the beginning of occupation. This '''''fort''''' had been built twice in different periods. Earlier, fort wall had a thickness of 1.9&nbsp;meters, which was raised to 3.7–4.1&nbsp;meters during reconstruction in this phase. Brick size was 20 × 20 × 10&nbsp;cm in both construction-phases. The citadel mound (smaller mound) is a parallelogram about 130&nbsp;meters on the east–west axis and 260&nbsp;meters on the north–south. Town planning was like that of [[Mohenjodaro]] or [[Harappa]]. The direction of houses and brick sizes was markedly different from that used in the Harappan phase (KLB-II).<br />
<br />
Within the walled area, the '''''houses''''' were also built of mud bricks of the same size as used in the fort wall; the use of burnt bricks is attested by a drain within the houses, remains of ovens and cylindrical pits, lined with lime plaster. Some burnt wedge shaped bricks have also been found.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.116.</ref><br />
<br />
===Earliest ploughed field===<br />
[[B. B. Lal|Braj Lal]], former DG of ASI writes, "Kalibangan in Rajasthan has given the evidence of the earliest ({{Circa|2800&nbsp;BC}}) ploughed agricultural field<ref name="geocities.com">Photographs of it are available in an article by B. B. Lal at https://web.archive.org/web/20040514210125/http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl002.html</ref> ever revealed through an excavation.".<ref name="ReferenceA">B. B. Lal, ''India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization''</ref><ref>Puratattva, 4:1–3</ref> It has been found south east of the pre-Harappan settlement, outside the fort. "Kalibangan excavations in present western Rajasthan shows a ploughed field, the first site of this nature in the world. It shows a grid pattern of furrows, placed about 30&nbsp;cm apart running east-west and other spaced about 190&nbsp;cm apart running north-south, a pattern remarkably similar to the one practiced even now.".<ref>cf. The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management</ref> Even today, similar ploughing is used for two simultaneous crops in this region, esp. of mustard and gram. In order to preserve it, this excavated ploughed field area was refilled after excavation and the area was marked by concrete pillar posts.<br />
<br />
==='Six fabrics of Kalibangan' pottery ===<br />
{{anchor | Six | Fabric | Fabrics | Six fabric | Six fabric | Six fabric of Kalibanagan | Six fabrics of Kalibanagan }}<br />
{{further | Pottery#Fabric | l1= Fabric of pottery | Pottery#Archaeology | l2= Pottery archaeology }}<br />
<br />
Early Harappan Phase pottery found at Kalibangan has been classified to make a datum line for [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|ceramic studies]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], which is known as the ''six fabrics of Kalibanagan''. Fabrics A, B, and D are grouped as [[redware]], Fabric C pottery is violet and black and classified as subtype of [[black and red ware]].<ref name=ed1/><br />
<br />
Six fabrics of Kalibanagan refer to the distinguishing mark on pottery of this early Harappan phase characterized by six fabrics labelled A, B, C, D, E and F, which were later identified also at nearby site of [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] belonging to [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]] which is a subtype of Early Harappan Phase.<ref name=ed1/><br />
<br />
Six fabrics of Kalibanagan ae as follows:<ref name=ed1/><br />
<br />
* Fabrics A, B, and D can be clubbed together. They are red painted. Fabric A is carelessly potted in spite of use of potter's wheel. It contains designs in light-black, often decorated with white lines. Lines, semicircles, grids, insects, flowers, leaves, trees and squares were favourite motifs. Fabric B shows marked improvement in finishing, but the lower half was deliberately roughened. Flowers, animals were painted in black on red background. Fabric D contained designs of slanted lines or semicircles in some, while most pots were plain. But Fabric-C pottery was thicker and stronger.<ref name=ed1/><br />
* Fabric C was distinguished by violet tinge and fine polish, with designs in black; it is the best proto-Harappan pottery in finishing. Fabric E was light colored and Fabric F was grey.<ref name=ed1>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117-118.</ref><br />
<br />
===Other finds===<br />
Among the other finds of this Period are: small blades of [[chalcedony]] and agate, sometimes serrated or backed; beads of steatite, shell, carnelian, terracotta and copper; bangles of copper, shell and terracotta; terracotta objects like a toy-cart, wheel and a broken bull; quem with mullers, a bone point, and copper celts, including an unusual axe, etc.<ref>official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173154/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp |date=21 July 2011 }}.</ref><ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117. This book gave exactly the same information, in almost same wording, which was later used in ASI website, hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts.</ref> Toy carts suggest carts were used for transportation in early phase of Kalibangan.<br />
<br />
===Earliest earthquakes and end of Phase-I===<br />
B. B. Lal, former DG of ASI writes,"Kalibangan in Rajasthan ... has also shown that there occurred an earthquake around 2600&nbsp;BC, which brought to an end the Early Indus settlement at the site.".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> This is perhaps the earliest archaeologically recorded earthquake.<ref>B.B. Lal 1984. The earliest Datable Earthquake in India, Science Age (October 1984), Bombay: Nehru Centre</ref> At least three pre-historic earthquakes affecting the Indus Valley Civilization at Dholavira in Khadir have been identified during 2900–1800&nbsp;BC.<ref>Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India.</ref><br />
<br />
KLB-I phase has left 1.6&nbsp;meters of continuous deposits during five distinct structural strata, the last of which was destroyed perhaps by an earthquake and the site was abandoned around 2600&nbsp;BC, soon to be settled again by Harappans.<br />
<br />
==Harappan Phase==<br />
<br />
===Fire altars===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan Harappan seals.jpg|thumb|Kalibangan Harappan seals]]<br />
At Kalibangan, fire altars have been discovered, similar to those found at [[Lothal]] which [[Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao|Shikaripura Rao]] thinks could have served no other purpose than a ritualistic one.<ref>Frontiers of the Indus Civilization</ref> These altars suggest [[fire worship]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=B. B. |title=The Rigvedic People: 'Invaders'?/'Immigrants'? or Indigenous?. |journal=Aryan Books International}}</ref> It is the only Indus Valley Civilization site where there is no evidence to suggest the worship of the [[mother goddess]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |title=A History of India |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&dq=Kalibangan+%22mother+goddess%22&pg=PA26 |access-date=23 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Within the fortified citadel complex, the southern half contained many (five or six) raised platforms of mud bricks, mutually separated by corridors. Stairs were attached to these platforms. Vandalism of these platforms by brick robbers makes it difficult to reconstruct the original shape of structures above them but unmistakable remnants of oval fire-pits of burnt bricks for have been found, with a sacrificial post (cylindrical or with rectangular cross-section, sometimes bricks were laid upon each other to construct such a post) in the middle of each pit and sacrificial terracotta cakes in all these fire-pits. Houses in the lower town also contain similar altars. Burnt charcoals have been found in these fire-pits. The structure of these fire-altars is reminiscent of altars, but the analogy may be coincidental, and these altars are perhaps intended for some specific (perhaps religious) purpose by the community as a whole. In some fire-altars remnants of animals have been found, which suggest a possibility of animal-sacrifice.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.119-120.</ref><br />
<br />
The official website of ASI reports : "Besides the above two principle {{sic}} parts of the metropolis there was also a third one-a moderate structure situated upwards of 80 m e. of the lower town containing four to five fire altars. This lonely structure may perhaps have been used for ritual purposes.<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp|title=Excavation Sites in Rajasthan – Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173154/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>" Thus, fire-altars have been found in three groups: public altars in the citadel, household altars in lower town, and public altars in a third separate group. A short distance from fire altars, a well and remnants of a bathing place were found, suggesting ceremonial bath was a part of rituals.<ref name=edwin>{{cite book|last1=Bryant|first1=Edwin|title=The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo-Aryan migration debate.|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195137774|page=160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Grpz1tmcSMC}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Lower town===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan 2 Main street.jpg|thumb|Kalibangan 2, Main street]]<br />
The lower town was also a fortified parallelogram, although only traces are now left. The fort was made of [[Mudbrick|mud bricks]] (40 × 20 × 10&nbsp;cm) and three or four structural phases have been recognized. It had gates in north and west.<br />
<br />
B. B. Lal wrote:<br />
<blockquote><br />
"Well-regulated streets (were) oriented almost invariably along with the cardinal directions, thus forming a [[Grid pattern|grid-iron pattern.]] (At Kalibangan) even the widths of these streets were in a set ratio, i.e. if the narrowest lane was one unit in width, the other streets were twice, thrice and so on. (...) Such a town-planning was unknown in contemporary [[West Asia]].".<ref>The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, p. 97</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
The lower town was 239&nbsp;meters east to west, but north–south extent cannot be determined. 8 main roads have been recognized, 5 north–south and 3 east–west. Few more east–west roads are expected to be [[Burial|buried]] within the unexcavated remains. Second east–west road ran in a curved outline to meet the first at the north-eastern end (towards the river), where a gateway was provided. This road was an anomaly in the [[Grid plan|grid-pattern]] of straight roads. There were many lanes connected to specific [[housing complexes]]. Roads and lanes had widths in accurately determined proportions, like in other [[Harappan architecture|Harappan]] cities, ranging from 7.2&nbsp;meters for main roads to 1.8&nbsp;meters for narrow lanes. Fender posts were installed at street corners to prevent accidents. In second structural level, roads were laid with mud tiles. Drains from houses emptied into pits ([[Soakage (source of water)|soakage jars]]) beneath the roads. Some central authority must be there to plan and regulate all this.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 120-121.</ref><br />
<br />
===Housing===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan arterial thoroughfare, Harappan.jpg|thumb|left|Kalibangan arterial thoroughfare, Harappan]]<br />
The city was fortified.<ref name="Kulke 2004 25"/> Like town planning, housing also followed the common pattern of other Harappan cities. Due to grid-pattern of town planning like a chess board, all houses opened out to at least two or three roads or lanes. Each house had a courtyard and 6–7 rooms on three sides, with a well in some houses. One house had stairs for going to the roof. Houses were built of 10 X 20 X 30&nbsp;cm adobe bricks<ref name="Kulke 2004 25"/> (same as those used in second structural phase of fort wall). Burnt bricks were used in drains, wells, bathing platforms and door-sills, besides fire-altar. Floors of rooms were built of thrashed fine mud, sometimes laid with mud bricks or terracotta cakes. One house had floors built of burnt tiles decorated with geometrical designs.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.121.</ref><br />
Kalibangan 1953 A. Ghosh Situated in Rajasthan on the Bank of Ghaggar<br />
1. Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan phase<br />
2. Evidence of furrowed land<br />
3. Evidence of camel bones<br />
4. Many houses had their own well<br />
5. Kalibangan stand for black bangles<br />
6. Evidence of wooden furrow<br />
<br />
===Terracota===<br />
Some early Kalibangan pottery has a close resemblance to the pottery of the [[Hakra]] ware in [[Cholistan]], to other Early Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and the pottery of the Integration Era.<ref>B.B. Lal 2002, The Sarasvati flows on</ref> Functionally, pottery can be classified into household pots, religious and burial purposes. Structurally, we have classes like plain and decorated wares. Some pots had Harappan inscriptions (undeciphered) on them.<br />
<br />
The best terracotta figure from Kalibangan is that a charging bull which is considered to signify the "realistic and powerful folk art of Harappan Age".<ref name=" Indian Archaeology p.117">Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117.</ref><br />
The city is known for the numerous terracotta bangles found here.<br />
<br />
===Seals===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan cylinder seal (impression).jpg|thumb|300px|Kalibangan cylinder seal]]<br />
A number of seals have been found dating to this phase. Most noteworthy is a cylindrical seal, depicting a female figure between two male figures, fighting or threatening with spears. There is also a mixed person bull observing. They are of rectangular shape.<br />
[[File:Stamp of India - 1961 - Colnect 141811 - Kalibangan Seal.jpeg|thumb|right|1961 postal stamp]]<br />
<br />
===Other finds===<br />
A cylindrical graduated measuring rod and a clay ball with human figures are other notable finds. Peas and chickpeas were also found.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 114</ref><br />
<br />
===Burial systems===<br />
[[File:Street of the dead.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The passage to the graveyard]]<br />
Three systems of burial have been attested in the burial ground ~300&nbsp;yards south-west of the citadel, where ~34 graves have been found :<br />
#Burial in rectangular or oval pit, with corpse laid down straight (extended), head northwards amidst pottery. In one pit a copper mirror was found among these objects. Pits were mud filled after burying. One grave was enclosed with a mud brick wall plastered from inside. One child had six holes in the skull. Many paleopathological evidences have been gathered from these graves.<br />
#Burial in pot (urn) in a circular pit, with no corpse. Four to 29 pots and utensils were placed around the main pot (urn). In some graves beads, shell, etc have been found.<br />
#Rectangular or oval grave-pit, containing only pottery and other funerary objects. Like the first type, the length of this type of graves was also along north–south. The latter two methods were not associated with any skeletal remains and may be related to symbolic burial, not found at other Harappan towns. The third type of graves contained objects as in the second type, like beads, shells, etc., but no corpse. Some pits were not filled<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.123.</ref> ASI official website :.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/><br />
<br />
===End of civilization===<br />
Robert Raikes<ref>Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, by Raikes</ref> has argued that Kalibangan was abandoned because the river dried up. Prof. B. B. Lal (retd. Director General of Archaeological Survey of India) supports this view by asserting: "Radiocarbon dates indicate that the Mature Harappan settlement at Kalibangan had to be abandoned sometime around 2650<ref name="Kulke 2004 25"/>&nbsp;BC. And, as the hydrological evidence indicates, this abandonment took place on account of the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] ([[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]]). This latter part is duly established by the work of Raikes, an Italian hydrologist, and of his Indian collaborators".<ref>cf. The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts</ref><br />
<br />
== Modern Kalibangan ==<br />
Kalibangan name translates to "black bangles" ("Kāļā", in the local [[Bagri language|Bagri]] language means black and "bangan" means bangles). A few miles downstream is the railway station and township named Pilibangā, which means ''Yellow Bangles''.<br />
<br />
ASI set up an ''Archaeological Museum'' at Kālibangan in 1983 to store the excavated materials here during 1961–69. In one gallery, Pre-Harappan finds are displayed, while Harappan finds are displayed in the other two galleries.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
Exposed Kalibangan ruins during the excavation of 1952–1953 conducted by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]<br />
** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BC<br />
** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase<br />
** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BC<br />
** [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]<br />
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br />
* [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br />
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]<br />
** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase<br />
** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to [[Neolithic]] and Early-Harappan phases<br />
** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]<br />
** [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]], subtype of Early-Harappan Phase<br />
* [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
Calkins, PB; Alam M. "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 December 2008.<br />
Lal, BB (2002). "The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts". Purātattva. Indian Archaeological Society. pp.&nbsp;1–5.<br />
McIntosh, Jane (2008) The Ancient Indus Calley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;77<br />
Lal, BB (2003). Excavations at Kalibangan, the Early Harappans, 1960–1969. Archaeological Survey of India. pp.&nbsp;17, 98.<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
cf. Finding Forgotten Cities.<br />
Shri Krishna Ojha, Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;115.<br />
this is the wording of the official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine<br />
Tejas Garge (2010), Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp.&nbsp;15–40. doi:10.5334/aa.10203<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;116.<br />
Photographs of it are available in an article by B. B. Lal at https://web.archive.org/web/20040514210125/http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl002.html<br />
B. B. Lal, India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization<br />
Puratattva, 4:1–3<br />
cf. The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;117-118.<br />
official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;117. This book gave exactly the same information, in almost same wording, which was later used in ASI website, hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts.<br />
B.B. Lal 1984. The earliest Datable Earthquake in India, Science Age (October 1984), Bombay: Nehru Centre<br />
Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India.<br />
Frontiers of the Indus Civilization<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;119-120.<br />
"Excavation Sites in Rajasthan – Archaeological Survey of India". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2007.<br />
Bryant, Edwin (2001). The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo-Aryan migration debate. New York: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;160. {{ISBN|9780195137774}}.<br />
The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, p.&nbsp;97<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;120-121.<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;121.<br />
B.B. Lal 2002, The Sarasvati flows on<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;117.<br />
McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;114<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;123.<br />
Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, by Raikes<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
cf. The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts<br />
"Harappa." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/place/India/Harappa. <br />
Harappa, www.harappa.com/blog/kalibangan.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*B.B. Lal, Jagat Pati Joshi, B.K. Thapar and Madhu Bala: ''Excavations at Kalibangan: The Early Harappans (1960–1969)''; New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India, Jan 2003, 1st ed., xiv, 340 p. [Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 98] . ''Contents of this authoritative report'': Foreword. Preface. 1. The setting/B.K. Thapar. 2. Discovery and previous work/B.K. Thapar. 3. Summary of results/Jagat Pati Joshi. 4. Chronology of the early Harappan settlement/B.B. Lal. 5. The early Harappan culture-complex of Kalibangan in its wider setting/B.B. Lal. 6. Stratigraphy/Jagat Pati Joshi. 7. Structures/Jagat Pati Joshi. 8. The agricultural field/B.B. Lal. 9. The end of the early Harappan settlement at Kalibangan/B.B. Lal. 10. The pottery/Madhu Bala. 11. Minor antiquities/Madhu Bala. 12. Graffiti/Madhu Bala. 13. Technical reports: A. Scientific analysis of early Harappan pottery/B.N. Tandon. B. Report on metal specimens/B.B. Lal. C. Identification of animal remains/S. Banerjee, R.N. Mukherjee and B. Nath. D. Identification of plants and seeds/[[Vishnu Mittre]] and R. Savithri.<br />
*Nayanjot Lahiri, ''Finding Forgotten Cities : How the Indus Civilization was Discovered'', Seagull Books, Aug 2006, 410 pages, 1-905422-18-0<br />
*Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India. Science Age, 1984, 8, 8–9.<br />
*Lal, B. B., ''India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization'' (New Delhi: Aryan Books International, 1998)<br />
*Lal, B. B., ''The Earliest Civilization of South Asia'' (New Delhi : Aryan Books International, 1997)<br />
*Madhu Bala 1997. Some Unique Antiquities and Pottery from Kalibangan, in Facets of Indian Civilization Recent Perspectives, Essays in Honour of Professor B.B. Lal, (Jagat Pati Joshi Ed.), pp.&nbsp;103–106. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.<br />
*Sharma, A.K. 1970. Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains: an Osteo-Archaeological Approach, Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX: 109–113.<br />
*Thapar, B.K. 1975. Kalibangan: a Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley, Expedition XVII(2): 13–19.<br />
*Thapar, B.K. 1972. New Traits of the Indus Civilization at Kalibangan: an Appraisal, in South Asian Archaeology 1971 (Norman Hammond Ed.), pp.&nbsp;85–104. Park Ridge: Noyes Press.<br />
*''The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management'', Edited by H. Fahlbusch, Bart Schultz and C.D. Thatte, February 2004, {{ISBN|8185068771}}<br />
*''Elements of Indian Archaeology'' (Bharatiya Puratatva, in Hindi) by Shri Krishna Ojha, published by Research Publications in Social Sciences, 2/44 Ansari Riad, Daryaganj, New Delhi-2. (The fifth chapter summarizes the excavation report of Kalibangan in 11 pages).<br />
*Robert Raikes, Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, Antiquity, XLII,286–291,1968<br />
*Lal, B. B., The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts, Paper presented at a seminar organized by the Indian Council for Historical Research on the same theme in Delhi on 7–9 January 2002.<br />
*B.B. Lal. ''Frontiers of the Indus Civilization''.1984:57–58<br />
*S.R. Rao. ''The Aryans in Indus Civilization''.1993:175<br />
*Madison: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2. Bhan, Suraj 1973. The Sequence and Spread of Protohistoric Cultures in the Upper Sarasvati Basin, Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology (D.P. Agrawal and A. Ghosh Eds.), pp.&nbsp;252–263. Bombay: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.<br />
*Gupta, S.P. 1997. The Origins of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, in The Facets of Indian Civilization (J.P. Joshi, Chief Editor), pp.&nbsp;129–141. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.<br />
*Gupta, S.P. 1982. The Late Harappan: a Study in Cultural Dynamics, in Harappan Civilization ([[Gregory Possehl|Gregory L. Possehl]] Ed.), pp.&nbsp;51–59. New Delhi: Oxford-IBH.<br />
*Gupta, S.P. 1997. The Indus-Sarasvati Civilization. New Hegde, K.T.M., K.K. Bhan and V.H. Sonawane 1984–85.<br />
*Misra V.N. 1993. Indus Civilization and the Rigvedic Sarasvati, in South Asian Archaeology 1991 (A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio Eds.), pp.&nbsp;511–525. Helsinki: Soumalainen Tiedeakatemia. Mughal, M.R. 1981. New Archaeological Evidence from Bahawalpur, in Indus Civilization: New Perspectives (Ahmad Hasan Dani Ed.), pp.&nbsp;32–42. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University.<br />
*Sharma, A.K. 1970. Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains: an Osteo-Archaeological Approach, Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX: 109–113.<br />
*Sharma, A.K. 1993. The Harappan Horse was Buried under Dunes of..., ''Puratattva'' (Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society, No. 23, 1992–93, pp.&nbsp;30–34.<br />
*Singh, Bhagwan 1995. The Vedic Harappans. New Delhi: Aditya Prakshan.<br />
*Mughal, M.R. 1997. Ancient Cholistan. Lahore: Feroz and Sons.<br />
* https://www.harappa.com/blog/kalibangan<br />
*https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kalibangan_Harappan_seals.jpg/440px-Kalibangan_Harappan_seals.jpg<br />
*"Luigi Pio Tessitori." Società Indologica "Luigi Pio Tessitori": Luigi Pio Tessitori, www.tessitori.org/Luigi-Pio-Tessitori.73.0.html. <br />
*"Luigi Pio Tessitori." Bharatpedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Sept. 2020, en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pio_Tessitori. <br />
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]<br />
[[Category:Hanumangarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hanumangarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalibangan&diff=452514Kalibangan2026-03-18T15:32:39Z<p>Nawraj: fixed intro per standard format and fixed typos for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Town on the banks of the Ghaggar River in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ancient site<br />
| name = Kalibangan<br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| image = Westernmound.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The western mound of Kalibangan, known as the [[Citadel]]<br />
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| relief = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|28|27|N|74|7|49|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br />
| type = Settlement<br />
| part_of = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| area = <br />
| height = <br />
| builder = <br />
| material = <br />
| built = {{circa|2900 BC}}<br />
| epochs = [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan 1]] to [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan 3C]]<br />
| cultures = [[Indus Valley civilization]]<br />
| ownership = <br />
| management = <br />
| public_access = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kalibangan''' is a town located on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar ([[Ghaggar-Hakra River]])<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India | access-date = 2008-12-31 | last = Calkins | first = PB |author2=Alam M | title = India }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lal | first = BB | title = Purātattva | publisher = [[Indian Archaeological Society]] | year = 2002 | chapter = The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts | pages = 1–5}}</ref> in Tehsil Pilibangān, between [[Suratgarh]] and [[Hanumangarh]] in [[Hanumangarh District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] 205&nbsp;km from [[Bikaner]]. It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of [[Drishadvati]] and [[Sarasvati River]]s.<ref>McIntosh, Jane (2008) The Ancient Indus Calley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 77</ref> The prehistoric and pre-[[Mauryan]] character of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] was first identified at this site by [[Luigi Pio Tessitori|Luigi Tessitori]]. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], 34{{Nbsp}}years after the completion of excavations. The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and "world's earliest attested ploughed field".<ref>{{cite book | publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | year = 2003 | title = Excavations at Kalibangan, the Early Harappans, 1960–1969 | last = Lal | first = BB | pages =17, 98}}</ref> It is around 2900 BC that the region of Kalibangan developed into what can be considered a planned city.<ref name="Kulke 2004 25">{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 9780415329200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalibangan was first excavated under the Directorship of [[B. B. Lal|Braj Lal]] (ASI) between 1960-1961 to 1969-1970. Other excavation team members were [[B. K. Thapar|Bal Thapar]], M.D. Khare, K.M. Shrivastava, J.P. Joshi. and [[S. P. Jain|S.P. Jain]].<br />
== Indus Valley Civilization ==<br />
{{see also | Phase (archaeology) | l1= Phases in archaeology | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological chronology dating }}<br />
<br />
The Kalibangan pre-historic site was discovered by [[Luigi Pio Tessitori|Luigi Tessitori]], an Italian Indologist.<ref>cf. Finding Forgotten Cities.</ref> He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. He sought help from [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. At that time the ASI was conducting excavations at Harappa, but they were unaware of the significance of the ruins. In fact, Tessitori was the first person to recognize that the ruins were 'Prehistoric' and pre-[[Mauryan]]. Luigi Tessitori also pointed out the nature of the culture, but at that time it was not possible to guess that the ruins of Kalibangan lay within the Indus Valley Civilisation. He died five years before the Harappan culture was formally recognized.<br />
<br />
After India's independence, both the major Harappan cities together with the Indus became a part of Pakistan and India, archaeologists were compelled to intensify the search for Harappan sites in India. Amlānand Ghosh (Ex. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, or ASI) was the first person to recognise this site as Harappan and marked it out for excavations.<ref>Shri Krishna Ojha, Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.115.</ref> Under the leadership of [[B. B. Lal|Braj Lal]] (then Director General, ASI), [[B. K. Thapar|Bal Thapar]], M. D. Khare, K. M. Shrivastava, and S. P. Jain carried out excavations for 9&nbsp;years (1960–1969) in 9 successive excavation sessions. Two ancient mounds were excavated, spread over half a kilometre (an area of a quarter square kilometre). On the western side is the smaller mound (KLB1), 9&nbsp;meters high and known as the citadel. The Eastern mound, which is higher (12&nbsp;meters) and bigger, is known as the lower city (KLB2).<br />
<br />
The excavation unexpectedly brought to light a twofold sequence of cultures, of which the upper one (Kalibangan I) belongs to the Harappan, showing the characteristic grid layout of a metropolis and the lower one (Kalibangan II) was formerly called pre-Harappan but is now called "Early Harappan or antecedent Harappan".<ref>this is the wording of the official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173154/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Other nearby sites belonging to IVC include [[Balu, Haryana|Balu]], [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]], and [[Banawali]].<br />
<br />
== Early Harappan Phase ==<br />
{{anchor | Sothi | Siswal Sothi-Siswal cultural site }}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan structures.jpg<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| image2 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan structural strata.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan structural strata<br />
| image3 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan painted pottery.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Kalibangan pre-Harappan painted [[pottery]]<br />
| caption1 = Kalibangan [[pre-Harappan]] structures<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| perrow = 1/2/2/1/1<br />
| align = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
This Early Harappan phase (also called Proto-Harappan Phase) at Kalibangan belongs to the [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]] (see also [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] site).<br />
<br />
Traces of pre-Harappan culture have been found only at the lower levels of the western mound. According to archaeological evidence, the Indus Valley culture existed at the site from the proto-Harappan age (3500&nbsp;BC – 2500&nbsp;BC) to the Harappan age (2500&nbsp;BC – 1750&nbsp;BC). This earlier phase is labelled Kalibangan-I (KLB-I) or Period-I. Similarity of pottery relates Kalibangan-I with the Sothi-Siswal culture because a lot of this pottery was later discovered at Sothi village in North Western India.<ref>Tejas Garge (2010), [http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033315/http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ |date=28 November 2021 }} Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. {{doi|10.5334/aa.10203|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are also links in Kalibangan to the [[Kot Diji]] culture (related to Sothi-Siswal).<ref>Asko Parpola, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization.] Oxford University Press, 2015 {{ISBN|0190226919}} p18</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fort and houses ===<br />
[[File:Kalibanga.jpg|thumb|190px|right|Ruins of Kalibanga. Brick wall can be seen in the hole in the center.]]<br />
<br />
In this phase, the settlement was fortified, using dried mud bricks, from the beginning of occupation. This '''''fort''''' had been built twice in different periods. Earlier, fort wall had a thickness of 1.9&nbsp;meters, which was raised to 3.7–4.1&nbsp;meters during reconstruction in this phase. Brick size was 20 × 20 × 10&nbsp;cm in both construction-phases. The citadel mound (smaller mound) is a parallelogram about 130&nbsp;meters on the east–west axis and 260&nbsp;meters on the north–south. Town planning was like that of [[Mohenjodaro]] or [[Harappa]]. The direction of houses and brick sizes was markedly different from that used in the Harappan phase (KLB-II).<br />
<br />
Within the walled area, the '''''houses''''' were also built of mud bricks of the same size as used in the fort wall; the use of burnt bricks is attested by a drain within the houses, remains of ovens and cylindrical pits, lined with lime plaster. Some burnt wedge shaped bricks have also been found.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.116.</ref><br />
<br />
===Earliest ploughed field===<br />
[[B. B. Lal|Braj Lal]], former DG of ASI writes, "Kalibangan in Rajasthan has given the evidence of the earliest ({{Circa|2800&nbsp;BC}}) ploughed agricultural field<ref name="geocities.com">Photographs of it are available in an article by B. B. Lal at https://web.archive.org/web/20040514210125/http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl002.html</ref> ever revealed through an excavation.".<ref name="ReferenceA">B. B. Lal, ''India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization''</ref><ref>Puratattva, 4:1–3</ref> It has been found south east of the pre-Harappan settlement, outside the fort. "Kalibangan excavations in present western Rajasthan shows a ploughed field, the first site of this nature in the world. It shows a grid pattern of furrows, placed about 30&nbsp;cm apart running east-west and other spaced about 190&nbsp;cm apart running north-south, a pattern remarkably similar to the one practiced even now.".<ref>cf. The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management</ref> Even today, similar ploughing is used for two simultaneous crops in this region, esp. of mustard and gram. In order to preserve it, this excavated ploughed field area was refilled after excavation and the area was marked by concrete pillar posts.<br />
<br />
==='Six fabrics of Kalibangan' pottery ===<br />
{{anchor | Six | Fabric | Fabrics | Six fabric | Six fabric | Six fabric of Kalibanagan | Six fabrics of Kalibanagan }}<br />
{{further | Pottery#Fabric | l1= Fabric of pottery | Pottery#Archaeology | l2= Pottery archaeology }}<br />
<br />
Early Harappan Phase pottery found at Kalibangan has been classified to make a datum line for [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|ceramic studies]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], which is known as the ''six fabrics of Kalibanagan''. Fabrics A, B, and D are grouped as [[redware]], Fabric C pottery is violet and black and classified as subtype of [[black and red ware]].<ref name=ed1/><br />
<br />
Six fabrics of Kalibanagan refer to the distinguishing mark on pottery of this early Harappan phase characterized by six fabrics labelled A, B, C, D, E and F, which were later identified also at nearby site of [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] belonging to [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]] which is a subtype of Early Harappan Phase.<ref name=ed1/><br />
<br />
Six fabrics of Kalibanagan ae as follows:<ref name=ed1/><br />
<br />
* Fabrics A, B, and D can be clubbed together. They are red painted. Fabric A is carelessly potted in spite of use of potter's wheel. It contains designs in light-black, often decorated with white lines. Lines, semicircles, grids, insects, flowers, leaves, trees and squares were favourite motifs. Fabric B shows marked improvement in finishing, but the lower half was deliberately roughened. Flowers, animals were painted in black on red background. Fabric D contained designs of slanted lines or semicircles in some, while most pots were plain. But Fabric-C pottery was thicker and stronger.<ref name=ed1/><br />
* Fabric C was distinguished by violet tinge and fine polish, with designs in black; it is the best proto-Harappan pottery in finishing. Fabric E was light colored and Fabric F was grey.<ref name=ed1>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117-118.</ref><br />
<br />
===Other finds===<br />
Among the other finds of this Period are: small blades of [[chalcedony]] and agate, sometimes serrated or backed; beads of steatite, shell, carnelian, terracotta and copper; bangles of copper, shell and terracotta; terracotta objects like a toy-cart, wheel and a broken bull; quem with mullers, a bone point, and copper celts, including an unusual axe, etc.<ref>official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173154/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp |date=21 July 2011 }}.</ref><ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117. This book gave exactly the same information, in almost same wording, which was later used in ASI website, hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts.</ref> Toy carts suggest carts were used for transportation in early phase of Kalibangan.<br />
<br />
===Earliest earthquakes and end of Phase-I===<br />
B. B. Lal, former DG of ASI writes,"Kalibangan in Rajasthan ... has also shown that there occurred an earthquake around 2600&nbsp;BC, which brought to an end the Early Indus settlement at the site.".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> This is perhaps the earliest archaeologically recorded earthquake.<ref>B.B. Lal 1984. The earliest Datable Earthquake in India, Science Age (October 1984), Bombay: Nehru Centre</ref> At least three pre-historic earthquakes affecting the Indus Valley Civilization at Dholavira in Khadir have been identified during 2900–1800&nbsp;BC.<ref>Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India.</ref><br />
<br />
KLB-I phase has left 1.6&nbsp;meters of continuous deposits during five distinct structural strata, the last of which was destroyed perhaps by an earthquake and the site was abandoned around 2600&nbsp;BC, soon to be settled again by Harappans.<br />
<br />
==Harappan Phase==<br />
<br />
===Fire altars===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan Harappan seals.jpg|thumb|Kalibangan Harappan seals]]<br />
At Kalibangan, fire altars have been discovered, similar to those found at [[Lothal]] which [[Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao|Shikaripura Rao]] thinks could have served no other purpose than a ritualistic one.<ref>Frontiers of the Indus Civilization</ref> These altars suggest [[fire worship]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=B. B. |title=The Rigvedic People: 'Invaders'?/'Immigrants'? or Indigenous?. |journal=Aryan Books International}}</ref> It is the only Indus Valley Civilization site where there is no evidence to suggest the worship of the [[mother goddess]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |title=A History of India |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&dq=Kalibangan+%22mother+goddess%22&pg=PA26 |access-date=23 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Within the fortified citadel complex, the southern half contained many (five or six) raised platforms of mud bricks, mutually separated by corridors. Stairs were attached to these platforms. Vandalism of these platforms by brick robbers makes it difficult to reconstruct the original shape of structures above them but unmistakable remnants of oval fire-pits of burnt bricks for have been found, with a sacrificial post (cylindrical or with rectangular cross-section, sometimes bricks were laid upon each other to construct such a post) in the middle of each pit and sacrificial terracotta cakes in all these fire-pits. Houses in the lower town also contain similar altars. Burnt charcoals have been found in these fire-pits. The structure of these fire-altars is reminiscent of altars, but the analogy may be coincidental, and these altars are perhaps intended for some specific (perhaps religious) purpose by the community as a whole. In some fire-altars remnants of animals have been found, which suggest a possibility of animal-sacrifice.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.119-120.</ref><br />
<br />
The official website of ASI reports : "Besides the above two principle {{sic}} parts of the metropolis there was also a third one-a moderate structure situated upwards of 80 m e. of the lower town containing four to five fire altars. This lonely structure may perhaps have been used for ritual purposes.<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp|title=Excavation Sites in Rajasthan – Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173154/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>" Thus, fire-altars have been found in three groups: public altars in the citadel, household altars in lower town, and public altars in a third separate group. A short distance from fire altars, a well and remnants of a bathing place were found, suggesting ceremonial bath was a part of rituals.<ref name=edwin>{{cite book|last1=Bryant|first1=Edwin|title=The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo-Aryan migration debate.|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195137774|page=160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Grpz1tmcSMC}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Lower town===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan 2 Main street.jpg|thumb|Kalibangan 2, Main street]]<br />
The lower town was also a fortified parallelogram, although only traces are now left. The fort was made of [[Mudbrick|mud bricks]] (40 × 20 × 10&nbsp;cm) and three or four structural phases have been recognized. It had gates in north and west.<br />
<br />
B. B. Lal wrote:<br />
<blockquote><br />
"Well-regulated streets (were) oriented almost invariably along with the cardinal directions, thus forming a [[Grid pattern|grid-iron pattern.]] (At Kalibangan) even the widths of these streets were in a set ratio, i.e. if the narrowest lane was one unit in width, the other streets were twice, thrice and so on. (...) Such a town-planning was unknown in contemporary [[West Asia]].".<ref>The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, p. 97</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
The lower town was 239&nbsp;meters east to west, but north–south extent cannot be determined. 8 main roads have been recognized, 5 north–south and 3 east–west. Few more east–west roads are expected to be [[Burial|buried]] within the unexcavated remains. Second east–west road ran in a curved outline to meet the first at the north-eastern end (towards the river), where a gateway was provided. This road was an anomaly in the [[Grid plan|grid-pattern]] of straight roads. There were many lanes connected to specific [[housing complexes]]. Roads and lanes had widths in accurately determined proportions, like in other [[Harappan architecture|Harappan]] cities, ranging from 7.2&nbsp;meters for main roads to 1.8&nbsp;meters for narrow lanes. Fender posts were installed at street corners to prevent accidents. In second structural level, roads were laid with mud tiles. Drains from houses emptied into pits ([[Soakage (source of water)|soakage jars]]) beneath the roads. Some central authority must be there to plan and regulate all this.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p. 120-121.</ref><br />
<br />
===Housing===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan arterial thoroughfare, Harappan.jpg|thumb|left|Kalibangan arterial thoroughfare, Harappan]]<br />
The city was fortified.<ref name="Kulke 2004 25"/> Like town planning, housing also followed the common pattern of other Harappan cities. Due to grid-pattern of town planning like a chess board, all houses opened out to at least two or three roads or lanes. Each house had a courtyard and 6–7 rooms on three sides, with a well in some houses. One house had stairs for going to the roof. Houses were built of 10 X 20 X 30&nbsp;cm adobe bricks<ref name="Kulke 2004 25"/> (same as those used in second structural phase of fort wall). Burnt bricks were used in drains, wells, bathing platforms and door-sills, besides fire-altar. Floors of rooms were built of thrashed fine mud, sometimes laid with mud bricks or terracotta cakes. One house had floors built of burnt tiles decorated with geometrical designs.<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.121.</ref><br />
Kalibangan 1953 A. Ghosh Situated in Rajasthan on the Bank of Ghaggar<br />
1. Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan phase<br />
2. Evidence of furrowed land<br />
3. Evidence of camel bones<br />
4. Many houses had their own well<br />
5. Kalibangan stand for black bangles<br />
6. Evidence of wooden furrow<br />
<br />
===Terracota===<br />
Some early Kalibangan pottery has a close resemblance to the pottery of the [[Hakra]] ware in [[Cholistan]], to other Early Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and the pottery of the Integration Era.<ref>B.B. Lal 2002, The Sarasvati flows on</ref> Functionally, pottery can be classified into household pots, religious and burial purposes. Structurally, we have classes like plain and decorated wares. Some pots had Harappan inscriptions (undeciphered) on them.<br />
<br />
The best terracotta figure from Kalibangan is that a charging bull which is considered to signify the "realistic and powerful folk art of Harappan Age".<ref name=" Indian Archaeology p.117">Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.117.</ref><br />
The city is known for the numerous terracotta bangles found here.<br />
<br />
===Seals===<br />
[[File:Kalibangan cylinder seal (impression).jpg|thumb|300px|Kalibangan cylinder seal]]<br />
A number of seals have been found dating to this phase. Most noteworthy is a cylindrical seal, depicting a female figure between two male figures, fighting or threatening with spears. There is also a mixed person bull observing. They are of rectangular shape.<br />
[[File:Stamp of India - 1961 - Colnect 141811 - Kalibangan Seal.jpeg|thumb|right|1961 postal stamp]]<br />
<br />
===Other finds===<br />
A cylindrical graduated measuring rod and a clay ball with human figures are other notable finds. Peas and chickpeas were also found.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 114</ref><br />
<br />
===Burial systems===<br />
[[File:Street of the dead.jpg|thumb|180px|right|The passage to the graveyard]]<br />
Three systems of burial have been attested in the burial ground ~300&nbsp;yards south-west of the citadel, where ~34 graves have been found :<br />
#Burial in rectangular or oval pit, with corpse laid down straight (extended), head northwards amidst pottery. In one pit a copper mirror was found among these objects. Pits were mud filled after burying. One grave was enclosed with a mud brick wall plastered from inside. One child had six holes in the skull. Many paleopathological evidences have been gathered from these graves.<br />
#Burial in pot (urn) in a circular pit, with no corpse. Four to 29 pots and utensils were placed around the main pot (urn). In some graves beads, shell, etc have been found.<br />
#Rectangular or oval grave-pit, containing only pottery and other funerary objects. Like the first type, the length of this type of graves was also along north–south. The latter two methods were not associated with any skeletal remains and may be related to symbolic burial, not found at other Harappan towns. The third type of graves contained objects as in the second type, like beads, shells, etc., but no corpse. Some pits were not filled<ref>Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.123.</ref> ASI official website :.<ref name="asi.nic.in"/><br />
<br />
===End of civilization===<br />
Robert Raikes<ref>Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, by Raikes</ref> has argued that Kalibangan was abandoned because the river dried up. Prof. B. B. Lal (retd. Director General of Archaeological Survey of India) supports this view by asserting: "Radiocarbon dates indicate that the Mature Harappan settlement at Kalibangan had to be abandoned sometime around 2650<ref name="Kulke 2004 25"/>&nbsp;BC. And, as the hydrological evidence indicates, this abandonment took place on account of the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] ([[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]]). This latter part is duly established by the work of Raikes, an Italian hydrologist, and of his Indian collaborators".<ref>cf. The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts</ref><br />
<br />
== Modern Kalibangan ==<br />
Kalibangan name translates to "black bangles" ("Kāļā", in the local [[Bagri language|Bagri]] language means black and "bangan" means bangles). A few miles downstream is the railway station and township named Pilibangā, which means ''Yellow Bangles''.<br />
<br />
ASI set up an ''Archaeological Museum'' at Kālibangan in 1983 to store the excavated materials here during 1961–69. In one gallery, Pre-Harappan finds are displayed, while Harappan finds are displayed in the other two galleries.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
Exposed Kalibangan ruins during the excavation of 1952–1953 conducted by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]<br />
** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BC<br />
** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase<br />
** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BC<br />
** [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]], cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]<br />
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]<br />
** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br />
* [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]<br />
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]<br />
** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase<br />
** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to [[Neolithic]] and Early-Harappan phases<br />
** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]<br />
** [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]], subtype of Early-Harappan Phase<br />
* [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
Calkins, PB; Alam M. "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 December 2008.<br />
Lal, BB (2002). "The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts". Purātattva. Indian Archaeological Society. pp.&nbsp;1–5.<br />
McIntosh, Jane (2008) The Ancient Indus Calley : New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;77<br />
Lal, BB (2003). Excavations at Kalibangan, the Early Harappans, 1960–1969. Archaeological Survey of India. pp.&nbsp;17, 98.<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
cf. Finding Forgotten Cities.<br />
Shri Krishna Ojha, Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;115.<br />
this is the wording of the official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine<br />
Tejas Garge (2010), Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp.&nbsp;15–40. doi:10.5334/aa.10203<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;116.<br />
Photographs of it are available in an article by B. B. Lal at https://web.archive.org/web/20040514210125/http://www.geocities.com/ifihhome/articles/bbl002.html<br />
B. B. Lal, India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization<br />
Puratattva, 4:1–3<br />
cf. The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;117-118.<br />
official website of ASI : http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_rajasthan.asp Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;117. This book gave exactly the same information, in almost same wording, which was later used in ASI website, hence unpublished excavation reports were source of both these accounts.<br />
B.B. Lal 1984. The earliest Datable Earthquake in India, Science Age (October 1984), Bombay: Nehru Centre<br />
Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India.<br />
Frontiers of the Indus Civilization<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;119-120.<br />
"Excavation Sites in Rajasthan – Archaeological Survey of India". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2007.<br />
Bryant, Edwin (2001). The quest for the origins of Vedic culture the Indo-Aryan migration debate. New York: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;160. {{ISBN|9780195137774}}.<br />
The Earliest Civilization of South Asia, p.&nbsp;97<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;120-121.<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;121.<br />
B.B. Lal 2002, The Sarasvati flows on<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;117.<br />
McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;114<br />
Elements of Indian Archaeology, p.&nbsp;123.<br />
Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, by Raikes<br />
Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p.&nbsp;25.<br />
cf. The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts<br />
"Harappa." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/place/India/Harappa. <br />
Harappa, www.harappa.com/blog/kalibangan.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*B.B. Lal, Jagat Pati Joshi, B.K. Thapar and Madhu Bala: ''Excavations at Kalibangan: The Early Harappans (1960–1969)''; New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India, Jan 2003, 1st ed., xiv, 340 p. [Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 98] . ''Contents of this authoritative report'': Foreword. Preface. 1. The setting/B.K. Thapar. 2. Discovery and previous work/B.K. Thapar. 3. Summary of results/Jagat Pati Joshi. 4. Chronology of the early Harappan settlement/B.B. Lal. 5. The early Harappan culture-complex of Kalibangan in its wider setting/B.B. Lal. 6. Stratigraphy/Jagat Pati Joshi. 7. Structures/Jagat Pati Joshi. 8. The agricultural field/B.B. Lal. 9. The end of the early Harappan settlement at Kalibangan/B.B. Lal. 10. The pottery/Madhu Bala. 11. Minor antiquities/Madhu Bala. 12. Graffiti/Madhu Bala. 13. Technical reports: A. Scientific analysis of early Harappan pottery/B.N. Tandon. B. Report on metal specimens/B.B. Lal. C. Identification of animal remains/S. Banerjee, R.N. Mukherjee and B. Nath. D. Identification of plants and seeds/[[Vishnu Mittre]] and R. Savithri.<br />
*Nayanjot Lahiri, ''Finding Forgotten Cities : How the Indus Civilization was Discovered'', Seagull Books, Aug 2006, 410 pages, 1-905422-18-0<br />
*Lal, B. B., The earliest datable earthquake in India. Science Age, 1984, 8, 8–9.<br />
*Lal, B. B., ''India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization'' (New Delhi: Aryan Books International, 1998)<br />
*Lal, B. B., ''The Earliest Civilization of South Asia'' (New Delhi : Aryan Books International, 1997)<br />
*Madhu Bala 1997. Some Unique Antiquities and Pottery from Kalibangan, in Facets of Indian Civilization Recent Perspectives, Essays in Honour of Professor B.B. Lal, (Jagat Pati Joshi Ed.), pp.&nbsp;103–106. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.<br />
*Sharma, A.K. 1970. Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains: an Osteo-Archaeological Approach, Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX: 109–113.<br />
*Thapar, B.K. 1975. Kalibangan: a Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley, Expedition XVII(2): 13–19.<br />
*Thapar, B.K. 1972. New Traits of the Indus Civilization at Kalibangan: an Appraisal, in South Asian Archaeology 1971 (Norman Hammond Ed.), pp.&nbsp;85–104. Park Ridge: Noyes Press.<br />
*''The Indus Basin History of Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Management'', Edited by H. Fahlbusch, Bart Schultz and C.D. Thatte, February 2004, {{ISBN|8185068771}}<br />
*''Elements of Indian Archaeology'' (Bharatiya Puratatva, in Hindi) by Shri Krishna Ojha, published by Research Publications in Social Sciences, 2/44 Ansari Riad, Daryaganj, New Delhi-2. (The fifth chapter summarizes the excavation report of Kalibangan in 11 pages).<br />
*Robert Raikes, Kalibangan: Death from Natural Causes, Antiquity, XLII,286–291,1968<br />
*Lal, B. B., The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts, Paper presented at a seminar organized by the Indian Council for Historical Research on the same theme in Delhi on 7–9 January 2002.<br />
*B.B. Lal. ''Frontiers of the Indus Civilization''.1984:57–58<br />
*S.R. Rao. ''The Aryans in Indus Civilization''.1993:175<br />
*Madison: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2. Bhan, Suraj 1973. The Sequence and Spread of Protohistoric Cultures in the Upper Sarasvati Basin, Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology (D.P. Agrawal and A. Ghosh Eds.), pp.&nbsp;252–263. Bombay: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.<br />
*Gupta, S.P. 1997. The Origins of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, in The Facets of Indian Civilization (J.P. Joshi, Chief Editor), pp.&nbsp;129–141. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.<br />
*Gupta, S.P. 1982. The Late Harappan: a Study in Cultural Dynamics, in Harappan Civilization ([[Gregory Possehl|Gregory L. Possehl]] Ed.), pp.&nbsp;51–59. New Delhi: Oxford-IBH.<br />
*Gupta, S.P. 1997. The Indus-Sarasvati Civilization. New Hegde, K.T.M., K.K. Bhan and V.H. Sonawane 1984–85.<br />
*Misra V.N. 1993. Indus Civilization and the Rigvedic Sarasvati, in South Asian Archaeology 1991 (A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio Eds.), pp.&nbsp;511–525. Helsinki: Soumalainen Tiedeakatemia. Mughal, M.R. 1981. New Archaeological Evidence from Bahawalpur, in Indus Civilization: New Perspectives (Ahmad Hasan Dani Ed.), pp.&nbsp;32–42. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University.<br />
*Sharma, A.K. 1970. Kalibangan Human Skeletal Remains: an Osteo-Archaeological Approach, Journal of the Oriental Research institute XIX: 109–113.<br />
*Sharma, A.K. 1993. The Harappan Horse was Buried under Dunes of..., ''Puratattva'' (Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society, No. 23, 1992–93, pp.&nbsp;30–34.<br />
*Singh, Bhagwan 1995. The Vedic Harappans. New Delhi: Aditya Prakshan.<br />
*Mughal, M.R. 1997. Ancient Cholistan. Lahore: Feroz and Sons.<br />
* https://www.harappa.com/blog/kalibangan<br />
*https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kalibangan_Harappan_seals.jpg/440px-Kalibangan_Harappan_seals.jpg<br />
*"Luigi Pio Tessitori." Società Indologica "Luigi Pio Tessitori": Luigi Pio Tessitori, www.tessitori.org/Luigi-Pio-Tessitori.73.0.html. <br />
*"Luigi Pio Tessitori." Bharatpedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Sept. 2020, en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pio_Tessitori. <br />
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]<br />
[[Category:Hanumangarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hanumangarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Chhattisgarh&diff=475462List of State Protected Monuments in Chhattisgarh2026-03-17T12:50:31Z<p>Nawraj: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
This is a list of [[State Protected Monuments in India|State Protected Monuments]] as officially reported by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in the [[India]]n state [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp List of State Protected Monuments as reported by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134605/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |date=2013-05-23 }}.</ref> The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 58 State Protected Monuments have been recognized by the ASI in Chhattisgarh. Besides the State Protected Monuments, also the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Chhattisgarh|Monuments of National Importance in this state]] might be relevant.<br />
<br />
Government of Chhattisgarh under Directorate of Culture and Archaeology has listed the State Protected Monuments on its site with a short description and an image.<ref name="GCH">{{cite web |last1=Directorate of |first1=Culture & Archaeology |title=Govt. of Chhattisgarh Protected Monuments |url=http://cgculture.in/archaeology_subcat_front.aspx?id=IRBV31wsgdRGxRDzgpA3bw== |website=Directorate of Culture & Archaeology |publisher=Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}<br />
<br />
== List of state protected monuments ==<br />
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-CT}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-1 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Gudhiyari Shiv temple, Kesharpal Chhattisgarh|Gudiyari Temple]] <br />
| location = Kesharpal <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bastar District|Bastar]] <br />
| lat = 19.38742<br />
| lon = 81.90173 <br />
| image = 0012823 Gudhiyari Shiva temple, Kesharpal Chhattisgarh 067.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-2 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location = Singhaigudi<br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bastar District|Bastar]] <br />
| lat = 19.20222 <br />
| lon = 81.70291 <br />
| image = Singhaigudi Shiv temple.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-3 <br />
| description = Ancient Brick Mounds <br />
| location = Garh Dhanora <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Kondagaon District|Kondagaon]] <br />
| lat = 20.07211 <br />
| lon = 81.5549 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-4 <br />
| description = Buddha's Statue at Ancient mound <br />
| location = Bhongapal <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Kondagaon District|Kondagaon]]<br />
| lat = 19.83026 <br />
| lon = 81.39629 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-5 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Shiva temple, Gumadpal Chhattisgarh|Shiva Temple]] <br />
| location = Gumadpal <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bastar District|Bastar]]<br />
| lat =18.89589 <br />
| lon =81.77125 <br />
| image = 0012823 Shiva temple, Ghumadpal Chhattisgarh 016.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-6 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location = Chhindgaon <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bastar District|Bastar]]<br />
| lat =19.17425 <br />
| lon =81.8033 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-7 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Mahamaya Temple, Ratanpur|Mahamaya Temple]] <br />
| location =[[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] <br />
| lat = 22.28846 <br />
| lon = 82.15998 <br />
| image = 0010722 11th century Ratanpur Mahamaya Temple Chhattisgarh 038.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-8 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Deokirari Shiv temple, Kirari Godi, Chhattisgarh|Ancient Shiva Temple]] <br />
| location = Kirari Godhi <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] <br />
| lat = 21.92595<br />
| lon = 82.08552 <br />
| image = 0010822 Deokirari Shiva temple, Kirari Godhi, Chhattisgarh 019.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-9 <br />
| description = [[Devarani and Jithani temples|Devrai-jaithani Temple(Tala)]]<br />
| location = [[Tala, Chhattisgarh|Tala]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] <br />
| lat =21.90715<br />
| lon =82.02601 <br />
| image = 0010822 6th century Tala Devrani Mandir Shed Chattisgarh 167.jpg<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-10 <br />
| description = [[Dhumnath Temple]] <br />
| location = Sargaon<br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]] <br />
| lat =21.9012<br />
| lon =81.97556 <br />
| image = Sargaon Dhoomnath Dhumeswari temple Chhattisgarh - 1.jpg<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-11 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Ganiyari Shiva temple, Chhattisgarh|Shiva Temple]] <br />
| location = Ganiyari <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] <br />
| lat =22.19193 <br />
| lon =82.04358 <br />
| image = Ganiyari Shiva temple Chhattisgarh Oct 2022 - 15.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-12 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Bateesa Mahadev Temple|Battisa temple]] <br />
| location =Barsur <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Dantewada district|Dantewara]] <br />
| lat =19.13492 <br />
| lon =81.38218 <br />
| image = Bateesa Mahadev Temple(2).jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-13 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Karneshwar Mahadev Temple, Dhamtari|Karneshwar Mahadev Group of Temple]]<br />
| location =Chhipalip <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]<br />
| lat = 20.31542<br />
| lon = 81.92762 <br />
| image = 0012723 Karneshwar Mahadev temple, Sihawa Dhamtari Chhattisgarh 019.jpg<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-14 <br />
| description = Nagdev Temple <br />
| location =Nagpura <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Durg district|Durg]]<br />
| lat =21.24464<br />
| lon =81.23528 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-15 <br />
| description = Bahadur Kalarin's Machi <br />
| location = Nawapara <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.70818<br />
| lon =81.33669 <br />
| image =BAHDUR KALARINS MACHI-SORAR-CHHATTISGARH-DSC002.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-16 <br />
| description = Vishnu Temple <br />
| location =Banbarad <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Durg district|Durg]]<br />
| lat =21.3375<br />
| lon =81.38833 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-17 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location = Nagpura <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Durg district|Durg]]<br />
| lat =21.2466<br />
| lon =81.23291 <br />
|image=<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-18 <br />
| description = Megalithic Monument <br />
| location = Dhanora <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.6909<br />
| lon =81.36569 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-19 <br />
| description = Megalithic Monument <br />
| location =Kuliya <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]]<br />
| lat =20.67719<br />
| lon =81.44192 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-20 <br />
| description = Ghughusraja Temple <br />
| location = Deokar <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]]<br />
| lat =21.56829<br />
| lon =81.31728 <br />
|image=Ghughusraja temple.jpg<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-21 <br />
| description = Madhiyapat Temple (Ruined Temple) <br />
| location =Dondilohara <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =<br />
| lon = <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-22 <br />
| description = Kapileswar Shiva Temple Group and Baori <br />
| location =[[Balod]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.7379<br />
| lon =81.21077 <br />
| image =010 01 2022 Balod Kapileswar Mahadev Mandir Chattisgarh 218.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-23 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location = Sahaspur <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]]<br />
| lat =21.5356<br />
| lon =81.29311 <br />
| image =Shiv mandir sahaspur.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-24 <br />
| description = Kukurdev Temple <br />
| location =Khapri <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.76542<br />
| lon =81.14864 <br />
| image =KUKURDEV TEMPLE-DUDHALI-CHHATTISGARH-DSC004.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-25 <br />
| description = Megalithic Monument at Karahibhadar <br />
| location =Karahibhadar <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.69302<br />
| lon =81.32544 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-26 <br />
| description = Megalithic Monument at Karakabhat <br />
| location =Karakabhat <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.69451<br />
| lon =81.32481 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-27 <br />
| description = Megalithic Monument at Mujgahan <br />
| location = Mujgahan <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.70375<br />
| lon =81.3203 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-28 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Budheswar Shiv and Chaturbhuji temples, Dhamdha|Shiva Temple Chaturbhuji Temple]] <br />
| location =[[Dhamdha]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Durg district|Durg]] <br />
| lat =21.45733<br />
| lon =81.33001 <br />
| image = 00100922 Budheswar and Chaturbhuji temples, Dhamdha Chhattisgarh 01.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-29 <br />
| description = Ancient Brick Temple <br />
| location =Dondilohara <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]]<br />
| lon = <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-30 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location = Palari <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.79813<br />
| lon =81.47714 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-31 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location =Jagannathpur <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]] <br />
| lat =20.79119<br />
| lon =81.19985 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-32 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Laxmaneshwar Temple, Kharod|Lakshamaneswar Temple]] <br />
| location =Kharod <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Janjgir–Champa district|Jaanjagir-Champa]] <br />
| lat =21.74617<br />
| lon =82.57532 <br />
| image = Laxmaneshwer temple.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-33 <br />
| description = [[Bhoramdeo Temple|Bhoramdev Temple]]<br />
| location =[[Kawardha]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]] <br />
| lat =22.11541<br />
| lon =81.14802 <br />
| image = 2919-pillar-of-bhiram-dev-temple-kawardha-chhattisgarh.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-34 <br />
| description = Cherki Mahal <br />
| location =[[Kawardha]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]] <br />
| lat =22.1091<br />
| lon =81.14872 <br />
|image=<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-35 <br />
| description = [[Madwa Mahal Temple|Mandava Mahal]] <br />
| location =[[Kawardha]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]] <br />
| lat =22.10915<br />
| lon =81.15407 <br />
| image = Madwa mahal, Mandwa Mahal.jpg<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-36 <br />
| description = Bajarangbali Temple <br />
| location = Sahaspur <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]] <br />
| lat =21.53533<br />
| lon =81.29334 <br />
| image =Bajrang bali mandir sahaspur.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-37 <br />
| description = Grave of three kabir panthi's <br />
| location =Kudurmal <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Korba District|Korba]]<br />
| lat =22.27936<br />
| lon =82.69632 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-38 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Group of monuments at Sirpur|Anand Prabhu Kuti Bihar]] <br />
| location =[[Sirpur, Mahasamund|Sirpur]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Mahasamund District|Mahasamund]]<br />
| lat =21.34048<br />
| lon =82.18318 <br />
| image =<br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-39 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Group of monuments at Sirpur|Swastik Vihar]] <br />
| location =[[Sirpur, Mahasamund|Sirpur]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Mahasamund District|Mahasamund]] <br />
| lat =21.34165<br />
| lon =82.18149 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-40 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Jagannadh temple, Khallari Chhattisgarh|Jaganath Temple]] <br />
| location = Khallari <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Mahasamund District|Mahasamund]]<br />
| lat =21.0946<br />
| lon =82.28565 <br />
| image =0012623 Jagannadh temple, Khallari Chhattisgarh 008.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-41 <br />
| description = Singhanpur Cave Rockshelter <br />
| location =Naharpali <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] <br />
| lat =21.99562<br />
| lon =83.25145 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-42 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Kuleshwar mahadev temple, rajjim|Kuleshwar Temple]] <br />
| location = [[Rajim]] <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Gariaband district|Gariaband]] <br />
| lat =20.96208<br />
| lon =81.87157 <br />
| image = 0012723 Kuleshwar Mahadev temple, Nawagaon Rajim Chhattisgarh 012.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-43 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location =Chandkhuri <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]] <br />
| lat =21.31984<br />
| lon =81.81818 <br />
| image = Chandkhuri Shiv temple.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-44 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Siddheshwar Mandir, Palari|Siddheshwar Temple]]<br />
| location =Palari <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar - Bhatapara]] <br />
| lat =21.53467<br />
| lon =82.17754 <br />
| image =0012523 Siddheshwar temple, Palari, Chhattisgarh 012.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-45 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Chitavari Devi Temple, Dhobni Damakheda|Chitawari Devi Temple]] <br />
| location = Dhobani <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar - Bhatapara]] <br />
| lat =21.69691<br />
| lon =81.75191 <br />
| image =Dhobni Damakheda Chitawari Devi temple Chhattisgarh Oct 2022 - 69.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-46 <br />
| description = Mauli Devi Temple <br />
| location =Tarponga <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar - Bhatapara]] <br />
| lat =21.76218<br />
| lon =81.78838 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-47 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Nawagaon Brick temple, Chhattisgarh|Ancient Brick Temple]] <br />
| location =Nawagaon <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]] <br />
| lat =21.22143<br />
| lon =81.81212 <br />
| image =Nawagaon Brick temple Chhattisgarh Sept 2022 - 30.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-48 <br />
| description = Shiv Mandir & Mahamaya Devi Temple <br />
| location =Damru <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Baloda Bazar district|Baloda Bazar - Bhatapara]] <br />
| lat =21.72153<br />
| lon =82.25653 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-49 <br />
| description =[[Commons:Category:Phanikeshwar Mahadev Temple, Fingeshwar|Phanikeshwar Mahadev Temple]] <br />
| location =Fingeshwar <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Gariaband District|Gariaband]]<br />
| lat =20.97121<br />
| lon =82.04198 <br />
| image =0012623 Phanikeshwar Mahadev Temple, Fingeshwar Chhattisgarh 011.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-50 <br />
| description = Shiva Temple <br />
| location =Giraud <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]<br />
| lat =21.3471<br />
| lon =81.65446 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-51 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Hindu temple ruins, Ghatiyari|Shiva Temple]] <br />
| location =Ghatiyari <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district|Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai]] <br />
| lat =21.67766<br />
| lon =81.05929 <br />
| image =Ghatiyari Gandai temple and ruins, Chhattisgarh - 7.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-52 <br />
| description =[[Commons:Category:Temple ruins and Samat Sarna, Dipadih|Ruined Temple(Near Shala Bhavan)]]<br />
| location =Dipadih <br />
| address = <br />
| district =[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur-Ramanujganj]] <br />
| lat =23.30249<br />
| lon =83.72467 <br />
| image =0012423 Hindu temple group ruins and Samat Sarna, Dipadih Chhattisgarh 092.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-53 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Shiva Temple ruins, Devgarh-Bhadwahi|Shiva Temple]] <br />
| location =Devtikra <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Surguja district|Sarguja]] <br />
| lat =23.01822<br />
| lon =82.94918 <br />
| image =0010622 Devgarh (near Bhadwahi) Shiva Mandir Chattisgarh 014.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-54 <br />
| description = Deur Temple <br />
| location =Maharanipur <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Surguja district|Sarguja]] <br />
| lat =22.7334<br />
| lon =83.45417 <br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-55 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Ruined temple near Rani Talab, Dipadih Kusmi|Ruined Temple (Near Rani Talab)]] <br />
| location =Dipadih <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur-Ramanujganj]] <br />
| lat =23.30449<br />
| lon =83.72429 <br />
| image =Ruined temple near Rani Talab, Dipadih Kusmi Dipadih Chattisgarh 036.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-56 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Cherka Deur Devi Temple ruins, Devgarh–Bhadwahi|Devi Temple (Cherika Deur)]] <br />
| location = <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Surguja district|Sarguja]] <br />
| lat =23.01903<br />
| lon =82.94419 <br />
| image =0010622 Devgarh (near Bhadwahi) Devi Ka Mandir Chattisgarh 087.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-57 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Satmahala Group of Temples, Kalcha-Bhadwahi|Group of Satmahala Temples]] <br />
| location =Bhadwahi <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Surguja district|Sarguja]]<br />
| lat =23.01904<br />
| lon =82.92411 <br />
| image =0010622 Bhadwaha Satmahala Chattisgarh 125.jpg <br />
}}<br />
{{ASI Monument row<br />
| number = S-CT-58 <br />
| description = [[Commons:Category:Shiva Temple Group, Harratoli Chhattisgarh|Shiva Temple]] <br />
| location =Harratoli <br />
| address = <br />
| district = [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur-Ramanujganj]] <br />
| lat =23.32335<br />
| lon =83.6096 <br />
| image =0012323 Shiv temple, Harratola Chhattisgarh 041.jpg <br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
NOTE: For all the Monuments whose coordinates are listed above; Images posted by visitors are available on Google Map. <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in India]]<br />
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|State Protected Monuments in Chhattisgarh}}<br />
{{Monuments of NI in India}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of State Protected Monuments in India|Chhattisgarh, List of State Protected Monuments]]<br />
[[Category:Chhattisgarh-related lists|Monuments in Chhattisgarh, List of State Protected]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Chhattisgarh]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasantha_Sena_(1985_film)&diff=543752Vasantha Sena (1985 film)2026-03-16T21:55:11Z<p>Nawraj: Adding The Article More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Vasantha Sena<br />
| image = Vasantha Sena.png<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. Vijayan]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| story = [[Sudhakar Mangalodayam]]<br />
| screenplay = K. Basanth<br />
| starring = [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]<br />[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]<br />[[Shobana]]<br />[[Ratheesh]]<br />
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]<br />
| cinematography = C. E. Babu<br />
| editing = K. Sankunni<br />
| studio = Victory Productions<br />
| distributor = Hari Movies Release<br />
| released = {{Film date|1985|11|10|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Vasantha Sena''''' is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language family drama film directed by [[K. Vijayan]] and written by K. Basanth from a story by [[Sudhakar Mangalodayam]], starring [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Shobana]] and [[Ratheesh]], with [[Mohanlal]] in a [[guest appearance]]. It is the story of a woman's sacrifice to help many people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vasantha Sena Film Details|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1731|publisher=malayalachalachithram|access-date=2014-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/a.php?7526|title=Vasanthasena|access-date=2014-10-21|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/vasantha-sena-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021203743/http://spicyonion.com/title/vasantha-sena-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=Vasanthasena|access-date=2014-10-21|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{more plot|date=July 2020}}<br />
Mahesh is in love with Merlyn, who belongs to an [[Anglo-Indian]] family, but this relation is opposed by Shailaja Varma, his sister. Shailaja too had a love affair a long time back with Devan, who was killed by Shailaja's family. A conflict arises between Mahesh and Shailaja. Now Sidarth loves Shailaja and would like to marry her. Shailaja gets killed.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Mahesh<br />
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Shailaja Varma<br />
*[[Shobana]] as Merlyn<br />
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Sidarth Menon<br />
*[[Ratheesh]] as Kishore<br />
*[[Mohanlal]] as Devan ([[Guest appearance]])<br />
*[[Sukumari]] as Reetha<br />
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Alfred<br />
*[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Nandini<br />
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Thirumeni<br />
*[[Lalithasree]] as Victoria<br />
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Mathews<br />
*[[Thilakan]] as Unnithan<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Prayam Youvanam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Priyanay Padum" || K. S. Chithra || Poovachal Khader ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Sangeetham Laharithan" || [[Vani Jairam]] || Poovachal Khader ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0275771|Vasantha Sena}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1985 films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian family films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijayan]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guldasta_(2011_film)&diff=445093Guldasta (2011 film)2026-03-04T09:48:18Z<p>Nawraj: minor update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2011 Marathi-language film}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{one source|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Guldasta<br />
| image = Guldasta (Marathi movie 2011).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Hemant Deodhar<br />
| producer = Shivam Lonari<br />
| writer = Arvind Jagtap<br />
| starring = [[Makarand Anaspure]]<br/>[[Jitendra Joshi (actor)|Jitendra Joshi]]<br/>Tejaswini Lonari<br />
| music = Tyagraj Khadilkar<br />
| cinematography = Suresh Suvarna<br />
| editing = Vijay Khochikar<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = [[Zee Talkies]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|1|14}}<br />
| runtime = 116 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| budget = 12.5&nbsp;million, considered a large figure for a Marathi film.<ref name="budget">(27 February 2011). [https://archive.today/20130103101506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-27/news-interviews/28637971_1_marathi-cinema-big-budget-film Marathi cinema goes big!], ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Guldasta''''' (Marathi: गुलदस्ता; English: Bouquet of Flowers) is a [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film released on 14 January 2011. It revolves around two friends, played by [[Makarand Anaspure]] and [[Jitendra Joshi (actor)|Jitendra Joshi]] and their hilarious attempt to find their individual love, which turns into an ultimate mess.<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balgandharva_(film)&diff=489323Balgandharva (film)2026-03-04T09:48:16Z<p>Nawraj: Made A Stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Balgandharva<br />
| native_name = बालगंधर्व<br />
| image = Balgandharva film.png<br />
| alt = <!-- see WP:ALT --><br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Ravi Jadhav]]<br />
| producer = [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]<br />
| writer = [[Abhiram Bhadkamkar]]<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
| starring = [[Subodh Bhave]] <br> [[Vibhavari Deshpande]] <br> Prachiti Mhatre <br>[[Kishor Kadam]] <br> [[Avinash Narkar]]<br />
| music = [[Kaushal Inamdar]]<br />
| cinematography = Mahesh Limaye<br />
| editing = Prashant Khedekar<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = Shringar Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|2011|5|6|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 124 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| budget = {{INR}} 7 crores <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1929373/business |title= IMDb Box office / business |access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref><br />
| gross = ₹ 19 crores<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-02/thane/29730315_1_cinematographer-mahesh-limaye-film-classical-music |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713224108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-02/thane/29730315_1_cinematographer-mahesh-limaye-film-classical-music |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2012 |title=A memorable rendezvous with the Balgandharva team |author=Dr. Asha Mandpe |date=2 Jul 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''''Balgandharva''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] film on one of the Marathi singers and stage actors Narayan Shripad Rajhans, famously known as [[Bal Gandharva]] (''Bal''=child + ''Gandharva''=Singer of Heaven).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/art-culture/The-real-reel/articleshow/8584053.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107114535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-26/art-culture/29585404_1_balgandharva-mahesh-limaye-marathi |url-status=live |archive-date=7 January 2014 |title=The real reel |author=Shanta Gokhale|author-link=Shanta Gokhale |date=26 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref> The name was bestowed to Narayan by [[Lokmanya Tilak]] after listening to his public performance in [[Pune]] while he was very young.<br />
<br />
The film is directed by [[Ravi Jadhav]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bal-Gandharva-A-tale-of-feminine-mystique/Article1-691877.aspx |title=Bal Gandharva: A tale of feminine mystique |author=Prachi Pinglay |date=1 May 2011 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=16 Dec 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829002450/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bal-Gandharva-A-tale-of-feminine-mystique/Article1-691877.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> whose debutant film [[Natarang]] won critical acclaims as well as good box office report. The film is produced by [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]], the [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|National Award-winning Art Director]], under the banner of Iconic Chandrakant Productions Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Nitin-Desai-to-make-Bal-Gandharva-biopic/Article1-619409.aspx |title=Nitin Desai to make Bal Gandharva biopic |author=Hiten Kotwani |date=30 Oct 2010 |access-date=16 Dec 2011 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119043424/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Nitin-Desai-to-make-Bal-Gandharva-biopic/Article1-619409.aspx |archive-date=19 January 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chandrakantproductions.com/balgandharva-main.php |title=Featured Project - BalGandharva |access-date=16 Dec 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228231726/http://chandrakantproductions.com/balgandharva-main.php |archive-date=28 December 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was declared "Super Hit" at the box-office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-02/thane/29730315_1_cinematographer-mahesh-limaye-film-classical-music |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713224108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-02/thane/29730315_1_cinematographer-mahesh-limaye-film-classical-music |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2012 |title=A memorable rendezvous with the Balgandharva team |author=Dr. Asha Mandpe |date=2 Jul 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film is a biopic on life on Balgandharva showing his struggles through poverty to riches and fame. Narayan Rajhans while in a public performance of his singing at [[Pune]] receives his new honour and name "Balgandharva". On advice of [[Shahu Maharaj]], the king of [[Kolhapur (princely state)|Kolhapur state]], he starts his formal training and joins ''Kirloskar Natak Mandali''. Narayan wins claps of his audiences and becomes the key performer of all ''[[Sangeet Natak]]s.'' To please his insistent mother Narayan marries Laxmi. On the opening day (12 March 1911) of his play ''Sangeet Manapamaan'', his infant daughter dies. But he goes ahead with the performance and enthralls the audience. Due to disputes in the company Narayan decides to start his own company named ''Gandharva Natak Mandali''. Fully devoting himself towards his passion of drama and singing, he overlooks his family. Giving audience's satisfaction key priority he starts spending money without any considerations. He loses many of his friends because of his attitude. He blindly believes in Balasaheb Pandit, who keeps his company's accounts. Narayan's carefree nature results in his bankruptcy. Meeting [[Gauhar Jaan#Contemporaries|Gohar Bai]], who is his fan, he falls in love with her and leaves his wife and family. In his old age, he also loses the charm of holding audiences. When cinema is introduced, theatre fails to grab audiences. Balgandharva also signs a contract with [[V. Shantaram|V. Shantaram's]] [[Prabhat Film Company]] to act in films. Money in films would also reduce his economic burden. But he never likes the methodologies of film production and abandons it after only one film where he plays the lead role of [[Sant Eknath]]. Looking at his poverty many Royalties pay him honorary amounts in order to repay his debts. But he in turn donates this money to other charities.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Subodh Bhave]] <small> as</small> Narayan Shripad Rajhans/ [[Bal Gandharva]]<br />
* [[Suhas Joshi]] <small> as</small> Narayan's mother<br />
* [[Kishor Kadam]] <small> as</small> [[Ganpatrao Bodas]]<br />
* [[Avinash Narkar]] <small> as</small> Balasaheb Pandit<br />
* Sagar Talashikar as Nanasaheb Joglekar<br />
* [[Anand Abhyankar]] <small> as</small> Mama<br />
* [[Vibhavari Deshpande]] <small> as</small> Narayan's wife, Laxmi<br />
* Prachiti Mhatre <small> as</small> Gohar Bai Karnataki<br />
* Abhijit Kelkar <small> as </small> Sadubhau Ranade<br />
* [[Rahul Deshpande]] <small> as</small> Keshavrao Bhosale (also known as Sangeet Surya)<br />
* [[Rahul Solapurkar]] <small> as</small> [[Shahu Maharaj]]<br />
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] <small> as</small> Pathan<br />
* Manoj Kolhatkar <small> as</small> [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]] (Gadkari Mastar)<br />
* Angad Mhaskar <small> as</small> [[Anant Kanhere]]<br />
* Atharva Karve <small> as</small> young Balgandharva<br />
* Vidyadhar Joshi <small> as</small> Shankarrao<br />
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]] <small> as</small> Abhyankar<br />
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] <small> as</small> Seth Laxmichand Narayan<br />
* Madhav Abhyankar <small> as</small> Pant from Bhor Province<br />
* [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]] <small> as</small> [[Lokmanya Tilak]]<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The ''mahurat'' shot of the film was done at the Bal Gandharva Rang Mandir, Pune; the place whose foundation stone was laid by Balgandharva. As the story is based in early 20th century Maharashtra, renowned historian [[Babasaheb Purandare]], famous theatre actress of the yesteryears, Jaimala Shiledar along with her daughter Kirti Shiledar and historian Dr. Jaisingrao Pawar helped in consulting for the production. Multiple [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|National Award]] winning costume designer [[Neeta Lulla]] designed the costumes and jewellery of the characters to recreate the era.<br />
<br />
The film premiered in Mumbai on 4 May 2011 and on 5 May in Pune. It then released all over Maharashtra on 6 May.<ref name=Premier>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/sakaaltimesbeta/20110423/4964441665744538631.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233551/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/sakaaltimesbeta/20110423/4964441665744538631.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=[[Sakaal]] |title='Balgandharva' movie — a tribute to the legendary singer-actor |date=23 Apr 2011 | access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
The film was screened at many film festivals around the globe, starting from the New York Indian Film Festival on 8 May 2011.<ref name=Premier/> Subsequently, it was also screened at the Cannes and Venice festivals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bal-gandharva-to-premiere-at-cannes/765088/ |title=Bal Gandharva to premiere at Cannes |date=21 Mar 2011 |access-date=16 Dec 2011 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film also won maximum number of awards (3) at [[59th National Film Awards]] in 2011.<br />
<br />
;[[National Film Awards]]<br />
* 2011: [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[Anand Bhate]]<br />
::'''Citation:''' ''For taking up the challenge of recreating the ethos of a doyen like Bal Gandharva who strode the musical stage like a giant. He recreates the magic of the sonorous voice of Bal Gandharva in a flawless and distinguished manner thus helping preserve a tradition. The original voice of the actor and his voice blend seamlessly.''<br />
* 2011: [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]] - [[Neeta Lulla]] <small>(shared with Neharika Khan for [[The Dirty Picture]])</small><br />
::'''Citation:''' ''For creating a period with appropriate costumes embellished with the right colors and textures. Neeta Lulla of 'Balgandharva' and Niharika Khan in 'The Dirty Picture’ have both done meticulous research into those times, not merely to be authentic but also to appropriately contextualize the respective narratives and their times.''<br />
* 2011: [[National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist]] - Vikram Gaikwad <small>(also for [[The Dirty Picture]])</small><br />
::'''Citation:''' ''For bringing to life the primary characters who propel the two films. He has especially worked on the transformations of the two characters as they journey towards their tragic fate. The makeup lends authenticity and highlights their emotional frailties thus raising the film to another temporal level.''<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sound of Heaven: The Story of Balgandharva<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Kaushal Inamdar]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2011|4|25}}<ref name=Music/><br />
| recorded = 2010–2011 <br> Yash Raj Studio<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Natya Sangeet]], [[Soundtrack|feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
The soundtrack of the film comprises 21 songs of which 16 feature in the film. The soundtrack was released on 25 April 2011 at a ceremony held at Rang Sharada Auditorium, [[Bandra]].<br />
<br />
[[Kaushal Inamdar]] is the music director of the film. To recreate the magic of Gandharva Music, the team invited [[Christian Howes (musician)|Christian Howes]], a Jazz Violinist to conduct the strings for "Nahi Me Bolat Natha", a legendary song of Bal Gandharva.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bal-gandharva-to-get-western-artiste-on-its-orchestra/760448/1 |title=Bal Gandharva to get western artiste on its orchestra |author=Garima Mishra |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=10 Mar 2011 |access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref> The entire strings section was recorded by remote by Kaushal Inamdar from US and Spain. This is the first time the Marathi cinema has used a western artiste. [[Anand Bhate]], also known as "Anand Gandharva", a [[Hindustani classical]] vocalist from [[Kirana Gharana]] has lent his voice for all songs for the lead character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bal-gandharva-to-get-western-artiste-on-its-orchestra/760448/2 |title=Bal Gandharva to get western artiste on its orchestra, Page 2 |author=Garima Mishra |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=10 Mar 2011 |access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref> [[Swanand Kirkire]], the popular Hindi film lyricist known for his songs of ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]], [[3 Idiots]]'' and ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' has penned lyrics of "Parvardigar", a [[qawwali]] and "Aaj Mhare Ghar Pavana", a [[bhajan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/swanand-kirkire-debuts-in-marathi-with-a-bio/765212/ |title=Swanand Kirkire debuts in Marathi with a biopic |date=21 March 2011 |access-date=16 Dec 2011 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The music was mixed in Yash Raj Studio and mastered in London. The music is released by [[Saregama]].<ref name=Music>{{cite web |url=http://www.balgandharvathefilm.com/press1.php |title=Recreating the magic of the Gandharva music |access-date=16 Dec 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502192230/http://www.balgandharvathefilm.com/press1.php |archive-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Following is the list of the tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/film?mode=get_album_info&albumId=190770# |title=Saregama Balgandharva |publisher=[[Saregama]] |access-date=16 Dec 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://img854.imageshack.us/img854/2127/booklet05x.jpg |title=Balgandharva CD 1-1 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122105624/http://img854.imageshack.us/img854/2127/booklet05x.jpg |archive-date=22 January 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://img191.imageshack.us/img191/6915/booklet06i.jpg |title=Balgandharva CD 1-2 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122114457/http://img191.imageshack.us/img191/6915/booklet06i.jpg |archive-date=22 January 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://img828.imageshack.us/img828/9886/booklet07.jpg |title=Balgandharva CD 2-1 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122114511/http://img828.imageshack.us/img828/9886/booklet07.jpg |archive-date=22 January 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://img96.imageshack.us/img96/4254/booklet08.jpg |title=Balgandharva CD 2-2 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122121215/http://img96.imageshack.us/img96/4254/booklet08.jpg |archive-date=22 January 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 1:28:58<br />
<br />
| title1 = Panchatund Nararundmaladhar {{dagger}}<br />
| extra1 = [[Anand Bhate]] and [[Choir|Chorus]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Annasaheb Kirloskar]]<br />
| music1 = Annasaheb Kirloskar<br />
| note1 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Shakuntal'' (1880) {{small|([[Sangeet Natak]])}}<br />
| length1 = 4:56<br />
<br />
| title2 = Pariyeva Ke Payal Sajani {{dagger}}<br />
| extra2 = [[Aarya Ambekar]]<br />
| lyrics2 = Traditional<br />
| music2 = Traditional<br />
| note2 = Classical [[Bandish]]<br />
| length2 = 3:12<br />
<br />
| title3 = Nahi Mi Bolat Natha {{dagger}}<br />
| extra3 = Anand Bhate, Madhura Kumbhar<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar]]<br />
| music3 = [[Govindrao Tembe]]<br />
| note3 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Maanaapamaan'' (1911) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length3 = 4:18<br />
<br />
| title4 = Mhatara Ituka Na {{dagger}}<br />
| extra4 = Rishikesh Kamerkar, Shrirang Bhave<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Govind Ballal Deval]]<br />
| music4 = Govind Ballal Deval<br />
| note4 = Originally featured in ''[[Sangeet Sharada]]'' (1899) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length4 = 4:06<br />
<br />
| title5 = Kashi Ya Tyaju Padala {{dagger}}<br />
| extra5 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics5 = Viththal Sitaram Gurjar<br />
| music5 = Bai Sundarabai<br />
| note5 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Ekach Pyala'' (1919) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length5 = 3:27<br />
<br />
| title6 = Nesali Pitambar Jari {{dagger}}<br />
| extra6 = [[Asha Khadilkar]]<br />
| lyrics6 = Traditional<br />
| music6 = Bai Sundarabai<br />
| note6 = [[Lavani]]<br />
| length6 = 4:14<br />
<br />
| title7 = Vad Jau Kunala Sharan {{dagger}}<br />
| extra7 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics7 = Annasaheb Kirloskar<br />
| music7 = [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]]<br />
| note7 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Saubhadra'' (1882) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length7 = 6:35<br />
<br />
| title8 = Ravi Mi {{dagger}}<br />
| extra8 = [[Rahul Deshpande]]<br />
| lyrics8 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br />
| music8 = [[Govindrao Tembe]]<br />
| note8 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Maanaapamaan'' (1911) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length8 = 3:20<br />
<br />
| title9 = Parvardigar<br />
| extra9 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Anand Bhate and Chorus<br />
| lyrics9 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]<br />
| music9 = [[Kaushal Inamdar]]<br />
| note9 = First two lines of the song are taken from ''Sangeet Ekach Pyala'' (1919) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length9 = 6:40<br />
<br />
| title10 = Aaj Mhare Ghar Pavana<br />
| extra10 = [[Bela Shende]]<br />
| lyrics10 = Swanand Kirkire<br />
| music10 = Kaushal Inamdar<br />
| note10 =<br />
| length10 = 4:48<br />
<br />
| title11 = Chinmaya Sakal Hridaya<br />
| extra11 = Anand Bhate and Chorus<br />
| lyrics11 = Govind Ballal Deval<br />
| music11 = Kaushal Inamdar<br />
| note11 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Sanshaykallol'' (1916) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length11 = 6:40<br />
<br />
| title12 = Naman Natavara {{dagger}}<br />
| extra12 = Anand Bhate and Chorus<br />
| lyrics12 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br/>[[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar]]<br />
| music12 = Govindrao Tembe<br/>Kaushal Inamdar<br />
| note12 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Maanaapamaan'' (1911) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length12 = 4:20<br />
<br />
| title13 = Bhav Tochi Dev {{dagger}}<br />
| extra13 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics13 = K. Narayan Kale<br />
| music13 = Master Krishnarao<br />
| note13 = Originally featured in ''Dharmatma'' {{small|(Film)}}<br />
| length13 = 3:14<br />
<br />
| title14 = Saki Kamda Dindi {{dagger}}<br />
| extra14 = Omkar Dadarkar<br />
| lyrics14 = Annasaheb Kirloskar<br />
| music14 = Traditional<br />
| note14 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Saubhadra'' (1882) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length14 = 1:20<br />
<br />
| title15 = Khara To Prema {{dagger}}<br />
| extra15 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics15 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br />
| music15 = Govindrao Tembe<br />
| note15 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Maanaapamaan'' (1911) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length15 = 4:25<br />
<br />
| title16 = Nayane Lajaveet {{dagger}}<br />
| extra16 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics16 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br />
| music16 = Govindrao Tembe<br />
| note16 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Maanaapamaan'' (1911) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length16 = 3:50<br />
<br />
| title17 = Mala Madan Bhase Ha {{dagger}}<br />
| extra17 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics17 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br />
| music17 = Govindrao Tembe<br />
| note17 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Maanaapamaan'' (1911) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length17 = 4:34<br />
<br />
| title18 = Naath Ha Maajha {{dagger}}<br />
| extra18 = Varada Godbole, Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics18 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br />
| music18 = Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale<br />
| note18 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Swayamwar'' (1916) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length18 = 3:06<br />
<br />
| title19 = Dhanarashi Jaata {{dagger}}<br />
| extra19 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics19 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br />
| music19 = Govindrao Tembe<br />
| note19 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Maanaapamaan'' (1911) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length19 = 3:15<br />
<br />
| title20 = Naravara Krishna Saman {{dagger}}<br />
| extra20 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics20 = Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar<br />
| music20 = Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale<br />
| note20 = Originally featured in ''Sangeet Swayamwar'' (1916) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length20 = 4:01<br />
<br />
| title21 = Aga Vaikunthichya Raya {{dagger}}<br />
| extra21 = Anand Bhate<br />
| lyrics21 = [[Kanhopatra]]<br />
| music21 = Master Krishnarao<br />
| note21 = Originally featured in ''Sant Kanhopatra'' (1931) {{small|(Sangeet Natak)}}<br />
| length21 = 4:37<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{dagger}} - Music recreated by Kaushal Inamdar<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.balgandharvathefilm.com/index1.php}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|1929373|Balgandharva}}<br />
<br />
<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:2011 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 biographical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Biographical films about entertainers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Films that won the National Film Award for Best Make-up]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Jadhav]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaraka&diff=505732Jaraka2026-03-04T08:38:10Z<p>Nawraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Jaraka<br />
| native_name = ଜାରକା<br />
| native_name_lang = or<br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| etymology = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20|46|1.055|N|86|9|10.287|E}}<br />
| population_total = <br />
| Country = <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jajpur]]<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| website = https://www.jajpur.nic.in/<br />
| registration_plate = OD-04<br />
| postal_code = 755050<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| timezone1 = [[UTC+5:30]] ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Jaraka on Map of Odisha<br />
| postal2_code = <br />
| postal2_code_type = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jaraka''' is a town in [[Dharmasala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmasala]] Block of [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]] district in [[Odisha]], India. Located on the banks of [[Brahmani River]], it is one of the fastest-growing areas in the district.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
<br />
It is located on the banks of River Brahmani and is split into two parts by [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]].<br />
<br />
The Western part mainly consists of Bada Bazaar, Hanuman Market, College Road, Telephone Exchange Road, Stadium Road, IDCO Industrial Estate and several Residential areas. There are a number of colonies here, the major ones are Kumari Colony, Surya Vihar Colony (Jamubania) and Pandua. It also has the Block Headquarters Office, Treasury and several Govt. Offices.<br />
<br />
The Eastern Part consists of mainly Market areas namely Main Market, Bus Stand, Cuttack Road, Gopabandhu Chhak and Shanti Baazar.<br />
<br />
To the north of the town, Deuli Hill is present on the banks of Brahmani River.<br />
The arrival of innovation has caused an increase in the in-house tourism. New cafes and the hilltops are major attraction. Despite being a small town in Jajpur district, it houses the epitome of nature, the very beauty of Odisha. The small suburb houses a lot secrets, waiting for you to come and unveil it.<br />
<br />
== Population ==<br />
<br />
The Population of the town is around 10,000.<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
<br />
=== Literacy ===<br />
The town has a literacy rate of 87.28%, Males having 92.04% and females having 81.74%.{{bar box<br />
|title=Literacy in Jaraka<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|left1=Literacy<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=center<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|Male|lightblue|92.04}}<br />
{{bar percent|Female|pink|81.74}}<br />
{{bar percent|All|lightgrey|87.28}}<br />
}}<br />
=== Educational institutions ===<br />
The town has several Schools and Colleges namely –<br />
*Dharmasala public school <br />
* Jaraka High School<br />
* Jaraka UP School<br />
* Jaraka Primary School<br />
* Dharmasala Mahavidyalaya<br />
* Venkateswar School<br />
* Vivekananda Shiksha Kendra<br />
* Vivekananda Shiksha Niketan<br />
* Renaissance Higher Secondary School<br />
* Gokarnika Higher Secondary School<br />
* Dharmasala Women's College<br />
<br />
== Tourist Attractions ==<br />
<br />
=== Gokarneswar Temple ===<br />
[[File:Deulipal, Odisha, India - panoramio - Deepak das.jpg|thumb|View from the Deulipal hill to the Brahmani river and the bridge of the NH 16 across]]<br />
Gokarneswar Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva which is present on the banks of river Brahmani adjacent to NH-16 and Bramhani Bridge.<br />
<br />
=== Pushpagiri Vihara (Langudi Hill) ===<br />
[[File:Pushpagiri (Langudi Hill) - Jajpur - Odisha - Buddhist site - Rock-Cut Stupas - 2.JPG|thumb|Pushpagiri Vihara (Langudi Hill)|left]]Langudi Hill is another Buddhist Site known for its monastic complex called [[Pushpagiri Vihara]]. These sites contain ruins of many buildings, [[stupas]] of various sizes, sculptures and many other artefacts related to Buddhism.<br />
<br />
=== Deuli Hill and view point ===<br />
The Deuli Hill was discovered as an archeological site with ancient Buddhist remains and is now a tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deuli Hills – Odishatourisms |url=https://odishatourisms.com/tour-item/deuli-hills/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> A new viewpoint tower has been built recently at the sunset view spot to maximise the views of the town and the banking river Bramhani.{{fact|date=August 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Industry ==<br />
The town also has many small and medium scale industries at IDCO Industrial Estate.<ref>{{cite web |title=IDCO Portal - Angul Aluminium Park |url=https://portal.idco.in/Reports/IEstatistics.aspx#collapse2 |website=portal.idco.in |access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> The only Large Scale industrial facility present in the area is Ramco Cement Manufacturing Plant located at Haridaspur.<br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
*[[Kalpataru Das]]<br />
*[[Debi Prasanna Dash]]<br />
*[[Bira Kishore Dash]]<br />
*[[Tushar Parida]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{Cite news|title=Four Cops Suspended for Consuming Liquor during duty hours in Odisha|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/4-cops-suspended-for-consuming-liquor-during-duty-hours-in-odisha/2038924|access-date=March 21, 2021}}<br />
*{{Cite web|date=2017-11-13|title=Mega Free Health Camp at Jaraka in Jajpur|url=https://orissadiary.com/mega-free-health-camp-jaraka-jajpur/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Odisha Diary|language=en-US}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jajpur district]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silence_(2013_film)&diff=535881Silence (2013 film)2026-03-03T20:44:28Z<p>Nawraj: Adding First Info Needs Work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2013 Indian Malayalam thriller film by V. K. Prakash}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Silence<br />
| image = silence_malayalam.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical-release poster<br />
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]<br />
| producer = Afseena Saleem<br />
| writer = [[YV Rajesh|Y. V. Rajesh]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = {{ubl<br />
| [[Mammootty]]<br />
| [[Anoop Menon]]<br />
| [[Pallavi Purohit]]<br />
| [[Joy Mathew]]<br />
| Jayaprakash Kuloor<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Ratheesh Vegha]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Manoj Kumar Khatoi (cinematographer)|Manoj Kumar Khatoi]]<br />
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]<br />
| studio = Aysha Films<br />
| distributor = Aysha Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|07}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Silence''''', also known as '''''The Power of Silence''''', is a 2013 [[Malayalam]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[V. K. Prakash]] and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Anoop Menon]], Pallavi Purohit, [[Joy Mathew]] and Jayaprakash Kuloor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mammootys-silence-hits-the-screen-today-south/20131206.htm |title=Mammooty's Silence hits the screen today |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214185208/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mammootys-silence-hits-the-screen-today-south/20131206.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The climax of the film is based on the 2011 South Korean courtroom thriller film ''[[The Client (2011 film)|The Client]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-23|title=Mammootty Starrer Silence copied from Korean movie The Client-Copycat Malayalam Movie-Onlookers Media|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/onlookerslive/copycat-malayalam-movies-2/attachment/vikramadithyan-2-days-collection-report-onlookers-media-912/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=onlookersmedia|language=en-US|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419004218/https://onlookersmedia.in/onlookerslive/copycat-malayalam-movies-2/attachment/vikramadithyan-2-days-collection-report-onlookers-media-912/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Arvind Chandrasekhar, a very cunning lawyer is appointed judge in the [[Karnataka High Court]]. Happily living in Bangalore with his wife Sangeetha and their adorable children Arya and Aditya, the man has little to fret over. Before taking the oath, he visits his parents in [[Kerala]]. There he is harassed by threatening phone call from a veiled assailant who says he is not fit to be a judge. Arvind ignores the calls at first but things get serious when his wife and children face dangerous situations. The film narrates how he unveils the mystery with the help of his close friend Neil George, an IPS officer.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Mammootty]] as [[Advocate]] Arvind Chandrasekhar, later [[Judge]]<br />
* [[Anoop Menon]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Neil George [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Bangalore City Police]]<br />
* [[Pallavi Purohit]] as Sangeetha<br />
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Markos<br />
* Jayaprakash Kuloor as the priest<br />
* [[Aparna Nair]] as Liji<br />
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Sajan<br />
* Romanch as Convict<br />
* Basil Paulose as John<br />
* Jinu Joy as Roy<br />
* [[Ravi Vallathol]]<br />
* [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]<br />
* [[Prakash Bare]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Commissioner]]<br />
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]<br />
* [[Balachandran Chullikad]]<br />
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]<br />
* [[P. Balachandran]]<br />
* Sneha Nambiar<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
Kiran Joseph JKV wrote in his review for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'': "Started off well, never even half done, this ''Silence'' fades into oblivion, silently."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/374459/a-silent-killer-enthusiasm.html |title=A silent killer of enthusiasm |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214080412/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/374459/a-silent-killer-enthusiasm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ajin Krishna of [[Oneindia.in]] rated the film 2/5 and said, "''Silence'' fails to impress the viewers as a thriller flick, which is the basic purpose of such movies."<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Ajin |last1=Krishna |work=[[One India]] |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/silence-movie-review-126631.html |title=Silence Movie Review – Fails To Impress As A Thriller! |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213132528/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2013/silence-movie-review-126631.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2.5/5 and said, "Silence is the first attempt at serious film making from the writer-director team of Y V Rajesh and V K Prakash after low-brow comedies such as ''Gulumaal'' and ''Three Kings''. It is notches above the previous attempts and highly watchable." However the reviewer felt that the film "borrows heavily from the Richard Gere starrer, ''[[Primal Fear (film)|Primal Fear]]'' (1996)."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mammoottys-silence-is-worth-a-watch-south/20131209.htm |title=Review: Mammootty's Silence is worth a watch |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214080140/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mammoottys-silence-is-worth-a-watch-south/20131209.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{V. K. Prakash}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian legal thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s legal thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by V. K. Prakash]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thattassery_Koottam&diff=540352Thattassery Koottam2026-03-03T09:43:21Z<p>Nawraj: Adding Some Entry Basic Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2022 Malayalam film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = <br />
| image = Thattassery Koottam.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Anoop Padmanaban<br />
| writer = Santhosh Echikkanam<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| producer = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]<br />
| starring = {{Ubl<br />
| [[Arjun Ashokan]]<br />
| [[Dileep]]<br />
| [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]]<br />
| [[Aneesh Gopal]]<br />
| [[Priyamvada Krishnan]]<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = <br />
| studio = Graand Production<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|11|11}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = ₹3 crore<br />
| gross =<br />
}}'''''Thattassery Koottam''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written by Santosh Echikkanam, directed by Anoop Padmanaban and produced by [[Dileep]] under the banner of Graand Production. The film features [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]], [[Aneesh Gopal]], Unni Rajan P. Dev, [[Priyamvada Krishnan]], [[Vijayaraghavan]] in lead roles along with [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Mamukkoya]], [[Dileep]], Vineeth Tattatil David supporting roles.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Sanjay, Thattashery Jewellery Owner<br />
* [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Abbas, Sanju's friend <br />
* [[Aneesh Gopal]] as Kalesh, Sanju's friend <br />
* Unni Rajan P. Dev as Subu, Sanju's friend <br />
* [[Priyamvada Krishnan]] as Athira, Sanju' love interest<br />
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Krishnan<br />
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Raveendran<br />
* [[Mammukoya]] as Usman, (Security Guard) Iqbal's and Abbas's Father<br />
* [[Nivas Adithan]] as Balasingham<br />
* [[Surjith Gopinath]]<br />
* Vineeth Tattatil David as Kallan Abdhulla <br />
* [[Prayaga Martin]] as [[Prayaga Martin|herself]] (cameo appearance) in Thattashery Jewellery <br />
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Iqbal, Abbas's elder brother and Sanju's friend (cameo appearance)<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Thattassery Koottam'' marks the directorial debut of Anoop Padmanaban, the brother of actor [[Dileep]], who also produced the film under the banner of Graand Production.<ref name="TOI Boys"/> The film stars Arjun Ashokan in the lead role and features a supporting ensemble cast of young talents.<br />
<br />
The project was envisioned as a light-hearted youth-centric entertainer revolving around friendship, relationships, and humour.<ref name="CinemaExpressTrailer"/>The First look of the film was released in January 2020.<ref name="TOI Boys">{{Cite news |date=2020-01-12 |title=Arjun Ashokan and the boys of Thattassery are here |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-ashokan-and-the-boys-of-thattassery-are-here/articleshow/73212738.cms |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509171150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-ashokan-and-the-boys-of-thattassery-are-here/articleshow/73212738.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer, released in late October 2022, highlighted a vibrant and colourful setting reflective of the film's upbeat tone.<br />
<ref name="CinemaExpressTrailer">{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Arjun Ashokan-starrer Thattassery Koottam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2022/oct/25/trailer-of-arjun-ashokan-starrer-thattassery-koottam-out-35965.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509165834/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2022/oct/25/trailer-of-arjun-ashokan-starrer-thattassery-koottam-out-35965.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The Film was released on 11 November 2022 in theatres and started digital stream [[ZEE5]] from 13 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-01-10 |title=Catch the world digital premiere of Malayalam dramedy 'Thattassery Koottam' on Zee5 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/catch-the-world-digital-premiere-of-malayalam-dramedy-thattassery-koottam-on-zee5 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509150511/https://telanganatoday.com/catch-the-world-digital-premiere-of-malayalam-dramedy-thattassery-koottam-on-zee5 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
V Vinod Nair critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "Overall a light-hearted, time-pass movie." and gave 3 stars out of 5 <ref>{{Cite news |title=Thattassery Koottam Movie Review : Not gold, but an imitation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/thattassery-koottam/movie-review/95449772.cms |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509150508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/thattassery-koottam/movie-review/95449772.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>.Saraswathy Nagarajan critic of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Arjun Ashokan comes good, but the all-too-familiar tropes disappoint"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2022-11-12 |title='Thattassery Koottam' movie review: Arjun Ashokan comes good, but the all-too-familiar tropes disappoint |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thattassery-koottam-movie-review-arjun-ashokan-comes-good-but-the-all-too-familiar-tropes-disappoint/article66128005.ece |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509150508/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thattassery-koottam-movie-review-arjun-ashokan-comes-good-but-the-all-too-familiar-tropes-disappoint/article66128005.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>.Sanjith Sidhardhan critic of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5 rating out of 5 and wrote that " Arjun Ashokan's Thattassery Koottam would have been a decent watch, had it the same tempo and mood that made its first half fun. The second half is all over the place."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thattassery Koottam movie review: Arjun Ashokan's film fails to rise above its o |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thattassery-koottam-movie-review-arjun-ashokans-film-fails-to-rise-above-its-old-school-template/3ecd64efd9664 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509150508/https://www.ottplay.com/review/thattassery-koottam-movie-review-arjun-ashokans-film-fails-to-rise-above-its-old-school-template/3ecd64efd9664 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
A critic from ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' noted that "the slow moving first half, the pace and mood of the story changes as we reach the second half."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=മടുപ്പിക്കില്ല, രസിപ്പിക്കും ഈ കൂട്ടം {{!}} Thattassery Koottam Review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/thattassery-koottam-movie-review-anoop-padmanabhan-arjun-asokan-1.8037775 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509120125/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/thattassery-koottam-movie-review-anoop-padmanabhan-arjun-asokan-1.8037775 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു കൂട്ടം ആവർത്തന വിരസതകളുമായി ഒരു ചിത്രം; 'തട്ടാശേരി കൂട്ടം' റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/thattassery-koottam-malayalam-movie-review-rating-717862/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509152014/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/thattassery-koottam-malayalam-movie-review-rating-717862/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Manorama Online]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=എല്ലാ ചേരുവകളും നിറഞ്ഞ കൂട്ടം: തട്ടാശേരിക്കൂട്ടം റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2022/11/11/thattassery-koottam-review.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509150507/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2022/11/11/thattassery-koottam-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> gave mixed reviews.<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=11561750}}<br />
[[Category:Indian crime films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirg_(film)&diff=517811Mirg (film)2026-03-02T04:57:45Z<p>Nawraj: creating first article initial version...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mirg<br />
| image = Mirg (film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Tarun Sharma<br />
| writer = Tarun Sharma<br />
| producer = Rishi Anand<br />Tarun Sharma<br />Shwetaabh Singh<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Satish Kaushik]]<br />
* [[Anup Soni]]<br />
* Shwetaabh Singh<br />
* [[Raj Babbar]]<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Rahul Deep<br />Mayank Khurana<br />
| editing = Sriram Raja<br />
| music = Anshul Takkar<br />
| studio = Studio RA<br />NaMA Productions<br />OneShot Films<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|02|09}}<br />
| runtime = 83 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mirg''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[Action fiction|action]] film directed and written by Tarun Sharma.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tarun Sharma: Promised Satish Kaushik that I'd first show the film to him | website=Mid-day | date=2023-04-03 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/tarun-sharma-promised-satish-kaushik-that-i-d-first-show-the-film-to-him-23278816}}</ref> The film stars [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Anup Soni]], Shwetaabh Singh and [[Raj Babbar]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Sagorika | title=Mirg trailer: Satish Kaushik's last film promises an intriguing revenge drama | website=Telegraph India | date=2024-01-31 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mirg-trailer-satish-kaushiks-last-film-promises-an-intriguing-revenge-drama/cid/1997420}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 9 February 2024.<ref name="released">{{cite web | last=Vashisth | first=Manoj | title=Five Movies This Friday 9th February Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya Lal Salaam Mirg Lantrani Bhakshak in Cinemas and OTT | website=Jagran | date=2024-02-06 | url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-five-movies-this-friday-9th-february-teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya-lal-salaam-mirg-lantrani-bhakshak-in-cinemas-and-ott-23646709.html | language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Ravi<br />
* [[Anup Soni]] as Bulldozer Bhai<br />
* Shwetaabh Singh as Anil<br />
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Bhaisahab<br />
* Raghav Kakker as Shanky<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was mainly shot in [[Himachal Pradesh]] before [[wrap (filming)|wrapping up]] in March 2023.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ganguly | first=Dharitri | title=Actor Satish Kaushik's posthumous release Mirg gets ready for release | website=Indulgexpress | date=2023-03-31 | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/Mar/31/actor-satish-kaushiks-posthumous-release-mirg-gets-ready-for-release-48053.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Mirg'' was theatrically released on 9 February 2024.<ref name="released" /> The film was premiered on [[JioCinema]] from 25 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=Hari Prasad | title=OTT Action Comedy: ఓటీటీలోకి 9 నెలల తర్వాత వచ్చిన యాక్షన్ కామెడీ రివేంజ్ డ్రామా.. ఆ నటుడి చివరి సినిమా ఇదే | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=2024-10-25 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ott-action-comedy-movie-mirg-now-streaming-on-jio-cinema-satish-kaushik-last-movie-121729858976429.html | language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite web | last=Khurana | first=Archika | title=Mirg Movie Review: An intriguing exploration of human emotion and mythical realms | website=The Times of India | date=2024-02-09 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mirg/movie-review/107689400.cms}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mirg Movie Review: Satish Kaushik Starrer Is A Riveting Tale of Revenge and Mystery | website=Times Now | date=2024-02-09 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/mirg-movie-review-satish-kaushik-starrer-is-a-riveting-tale-of-revenge-and-mystery-review-107497824}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt27055645}}<br />
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/mirg/4044826 ''Mirg''] on [[JioCinema]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Film|India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
<br />
{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyamoupti_Mudly&diff=535585Shyamoupti Mudly2026-02-27T06:37:09Z<p>Nawraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Shyamoupti Mudly<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Mudly in 2022<br />
| native_name = <br />
| other_names = Mishti<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|05|4}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India<br />
| alma_mater = Ananda Ashram Balika Vidyapeeth<ref name="bio"/><br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2015–present<br />
| known_for = ''Bajlo Tomar Alor Benu'' (2018) <br> ''[[Dhrubatara]]'' (2020) <br> ''[[Guddi (TV series)|Guddi]]''<br />
| spouse = [[Ranojoy Bishnu]] (2025)<br />
| mother = <br />
| partner = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shyamoupti Mudly''' (born 4 May 2002)<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Dhrubatara actress Shyamoupti Mudly turns 18 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/dhrubatara-actress-shyamoupti-mudly-turns-18/articleshow/79056879.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2020 |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105073836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/dhrubatara-actress-shyamoupti-mudly-turns-18/articleshow/79056879.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian actress who works in Bengali television industry.Her first serial is Daasi. But she is well known for portraying the female lead roles of ''Minu'' and ''Tara'' in the serials Bajlo Tomar Alor Benu and [[Dhrubatara]] respectively, both of these aired on the [[general entertainment]] [[pay television]] channel [[Star Jalsha]].<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Language<br />
!Channels<br />
! Notes<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2015–2016<br />
| ''[[Chokher Bali (TV series)|Chokher Bali]]''<br />
| Sarju<br />
| rowspan="9" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|[[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| Supporting role<br />
|<ref name="bio">{{cite news |last1=ভট্টাচার্য |first1=স্বরলিপি |date=30 April 2019 |title=বয়ফ্রেন্ড আছে? মাধ্যমিক পরীক্ষার্থী 'মিনু' বলল… |language=bn |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/celebrity-interview-shyamoupti-mudly-shares-her-journey-about-bajlo-tomar-alor-benu-dgtl-1.986670 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501040153/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/celebrity-interview-shyamoupti-mudly-shares-her-journey-about-bajlo-tomar-alor-benu-dgtl-1.986670 |archive-date=2019-05-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2017<br />
| ''Dashi''<br />
| Mungli<br />
|[[Colors Bangla]]<br />
| Lead role<br />
|<ref name="bio" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |date=13 September 2016 |title=Children rule prime time Bengali television |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/children-rule-prime-time-bengali-television/story-Cd3FLEtHtEZcihdfiYTkUI.html |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906184801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/children-rule-prime-time-bengali-television/story-Cd3FLEtHtEZcihdfiYTkUI.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''<br />
| Tuli<br />
|[[Star Jalsha]]<br />
| Negative Role<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2017–2018<br />
| ''[[Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni]]''<br />
| Sarju (later replaced by Ipshita Mukherjee)<br />
|[[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| Supporting Role<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2018–2019<br />
| ''[[Bajlo Tomar Alor Benu]]''<br />
| Mrinmoyee Pal a.k.a. Minu<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Jalsha]]<br />
| rowspan="5" | Lead role<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2019 |title=TV serial Bajlo Tomar Alor Benu to go off-air soon - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-bajlo-tomar-alor-benu-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/70876236.cms |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812182648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-bajlo-tomar-alor-benu-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/70876236.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2018 |title=সপ্তমীতে দর্শকদের কী বার্তা দিলেন 'মিনু'? |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-shyamoupti-mudly-wishes-happy-puja-to-all-of-you-dgtl-1.882608 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812154228/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-shyamoupti-mudly-wishes-happy-puja-to-all-of-you-dgtl-1.882608 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020–2021<br />
| ''[[Dhrubatara]]''<br />
| Tara Lahiri<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |date=2 January 2020 |title=New daily soap 'Dhrubatara' to launch soon - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-daily-soap-dhrubatara-to-launch-soon/articleshow/73064566.cms |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809155126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-daily-soap-dhrubatara-to-launch-soon/articleshow/73064566.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2019 |title=এ বছরই মাধ্যমিক দিল 'বাজলো তোমার আলোর বেণু'র নায়িকা, কেমন হল পরীক্ষা ? |language=bn |work=News18 Bengali |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/tollywood-movies-television-actress-shyamoupti-mudly-appeared-in-madhyamik-examination-2019-275854.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812154229/https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/tollywood-movies-television-actress-shyamoupti-mudly-appeared-in-madhyamik-examination-2019-275854.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2023<br />
| ''[[Guddi (TV series)|Guddi]]''<br />
| Guddi / Reshmi <br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |date=13 December 2021 |title=লীনা গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়ের হাত ধরে কামব্যাক করছেন স্টার জলসার নায়িকা, বিপরীতে রণজয় |language=bn |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dhrubatara-fame-shyamoupti-mudly-is-making-a-comeback-with-leena-ganguly-s-next-to-star-opposite-actor-ranojoy-bishnu-31639371138853.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111140740/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dhrubatara-fame-shyamoupti-mudly-is-making-a-comeback-with-leena-ganguly-s-next-to-star-opposite-actor-ranojoy-bishnu-31639371138853.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shyamoupti Mudly and Rano Joy to team up for a new show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/shyamoupti-mudly-and-rano-joy-to-team-up-for-a-new-show/articleshow/88293318.cms |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110110004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/shyamoupti-mudly-and-rano-joy-to-team-up-for-a-new-show/articleshow/88293318.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024–2025<br />
|''[[Amar Sangee (TV series)|Amar Sangee]]''<br />
|Shree<br />
|[[Zee Bangla]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Ronkini Bhavan]]''<br />
|Juthika<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronkini Bhavan OTT release date: When and where to watch Gourab Roy Chowdhury, Shyamoupti Mudly's Bengali psychological thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ronkini-bhavan-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-gourab-roy-chowdhury-shyamoupti-mudls-bengali-psychological-thriller/8dc7ab081f544 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
*''Bultir Result'' (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bultir Result {{!}} Official Selection - 12th International Children's Film Festival Bangladesh 2019 |url=https://festival.cfsbangladesh.org/selections/submission-1570 |website=festival.cfsbangladesh.org |publisher=Children's Film Society Bangladesh |access-date=12 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812160918/https://festival.cfsbangladesh.org/selections/submission-1570 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2025 - Priyo Bou as Shree for Amar Sangee<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|9122539}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2002 births]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_High_School_Chotian&diff=501048Government High School Chotian2026-02-21T23:52:52Z<p>Nawraj: creating the article first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Government High School Chotian<br />
| founder =<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = 100<br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = <br />
| established = 1976<br />
| type = Government<br />
| affiliation = [[Punjab School Education Board]]<br />
| grades = Classes VI - X<br />
| headmaster = Jaspal Singh<br />
| head_of_school = <br />
| administrator = Jagtar Singh<br />
| bursar = <br />
| faculty = 15<br />
| enrollment = 300<br />
| campus_type = Rural-Open Campus.<br />
| campus_size = {{convert|15|acre|m2}}<br />
| location = Chotian, [[Lehragaga]], [[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| information = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.epunjabschool.gov.in}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Government High School Chotian''' is a boarding-cum-day school located in Chotian, [[Lehragaga]], <br />
[[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India, run by the Department of Education of the [[Government of Punjab, India]]. The school is affiliated to the [[Punjab School Education Board]] and covered under the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] scheme run by the [[Indian Government]], which provides free text books and [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meals]] to all students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epunjabschool.gov.in/WEBPORTAL/SchoolDirectory.aspx |title=Government of Punjab :: Management Information system |access-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017020334/http://epunjabschool.gov.in/WEBPORTAL/SchoolDirectory.aspx |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.ssapunjab.org Department of School Education]<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Sangrur district]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1976]]<br />
[[Category:1976 establishments in Punjab, India]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._Ramachandra_Rao&diff=539141T. Ramachandra Rao2026-02-12T03:10:40Z<p>Nawraj: Adding The Bio W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{no footnotes|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{One source|date=June 2023}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Tanjore Ramachandra Rao<br />
| image = T. Ramachandra Rao.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = A portrait of Tanjore Ramachandra Rao<br />
| birth_name = Ramachandra<br />
| birth_date = 1825<br />
| birth_place = [[Tanjore]]<br />
| death_date = 1879<br />
| death_place = [[Madras]]<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place =<br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = First Indian to serve as Deputy Commissioner of Police, Madras<br />
| education = <br />
| employer = <br />
| occupation = civil servant, translator<br />
| title = <br />
| height = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tanjore Ramachandra Rao''' (1825-1879) was an Indian civil servant who became the first native Indian to serve as [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Ramachandra Rao was born in [[Tanjore]] in 1825 in a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family which traced its origins to [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]. After brief initial education, Ramachandra Rao moved to [[Madras]] in 1840 and caught the attention of Major Crisp, translator to the Madras government, who trained him in calculation and computation and employed Rao as his private writer from August 1840 to March 1841. Later, through Crisp's recommendation, Ramachandra Rao was appointed Superintendent of the Madras observatory.<br />
<br />
== Early career ==<br />
<br />
In January 1844, Ramachandra Rao joined the Military Fund Office as a minute writer but switched over to the Police Department in October 1847. Ramachandra Rao's proficiency in multiple languages won him rapid promotions until 1854, when he was appointed Interpreter to the Chief Magistrate. Shortly afterwards, Rao was appointed Kannada translator to the Supreme Court of Madras with the backing of [[John Bruce Norton]].<br />
<br />
== As Deputy Commissioner of Police ==<br />
<br />
During the tenure of [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]] as [[Governor of Madras]], Ramachandra Rao was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Police with Boulderson as the Commissioner. Ramachandra Rao was the first Indian to serve in the post.<br />
<br />
As Deputy Commissioner, Ramachandra Rao successfully solved the case of a burglary in [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]], the [[Dindigul]] Robbery Case and the Great Note Forgery Case of 1875.<br />
<br />
In 1875, he was in charge of the security arrangements during the visit of the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] (later King [[Edward VII]]) of India. Rao earned the praise of Prince Albert Edward and was personally presented a gold chain by him.<br />
<br />
== Later years ==<br />
<br />
Ramachandra Rao retired in late 1878 due to failing health. He died in mid-1879 at the age of 54.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|title=South Indian Maharashtrians: Mahratta Education Society's Silver Jubilee Souvenir|year=1937|publisher=Mahratta Education Society|place=Madras|pages=104–106}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, T. Ramachandra}}<br />
[[Category:1825 births]]<br />
[[Category:1879 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police officers]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century police officers]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razi_Muhammed&diff=530093Razi Muhammed2026-02-10T03:00:29Z<p>Nawraj: Started New Page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Razi Muhammed<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1969|05|21}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], India<br />
| occupation = Filmmaker<br />
| yearsactive = 2002- present<br />
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]]<br />
| parents = Muhammed Basheer & Jameela<br />
| spouse = Kalitha<br />
| awards = Kerala State Film Award for Best Best Screenplay (Adapted) script for a feature film in 2015, for the film '''Velutha Rathrikal'''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Razi Muhammed''' born May 21, 1969 is an Indian [[film maker]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/attappady-through-a-dostoyevsky-masterpiece/article7868136.ece|title=Attappady through a Dostoyevsky masterpiece|first=K. a|last=Shaji|date=12 November 2015|website=The Hindu}}</ref> based in [[Kerala]], India. Razi Muhammed did his BFA in Applied Arts at [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]] and his MFA in Illustration and Photography at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. Then joined in [[Film and Television Institute of India]] and got his Diploma in Cinema with specialisation in Scenic Design in first class with first rank.<br />
<br />
Four of his diploma films as art director (''Athmiyam'', ''Repentance'', ''Moment of 10 years'' and ''Fire'') were selected for the Indian Panorama [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] and achieved national and international awards. He has worked as illustrator for magazines, as graphic designer, as stage designer for theatre productions, large scale stage shows and other events in India and abroad, and as art director for feature films, short films, television shows, documentaries and music videos.<br />
<br />
Muhammed directed ''Velutha Rathrikal'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/intense-encounters/article8419325.ece|title=Intense encounters|first=C. S.|last=Venkiteswaran|date=1 April 2016|website=The Hindu}}</ref> an adaptation of [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s [[White Nights (short story)|''White Nights'']].<ref>[http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/velutha-rathrikal-malayalam-film-set-tribal-kerala-will-make-you-rethink-bisexuality-39313 Velutha Rathrikal - Malayalam film set in tribal Kerala will make you rethink bisexuality], The News Minute</ref> The film won the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] for Best adapted script 2015. The film Cinematography done by [[Shehnad Jalal]].<br />
<br />
He also directed the documentary-fiction film ''The Third Eye of Resistance'', a journey through the life of activist film maker C. Saratchandran who travelled extensively and produced cinematic films of his travels. The film won the Cinema of Resistance Award in Signs Film Festival 2013<br />
<br />
Muhammed directed ''Paradise Unexplored'', a travelogue film documenting a trip of 40 people, both adults and children, to the north east states.<br />
<br />
Muhammed served as art director and created visual effects for feature films in Malayalam and Hindi: [[Uthaman (2001 film)|''Uthaman'']], ''Pakalpuram'', ''[[Uthara]]'', [[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|''Seetha Kalynam'']], ''Freekick'', ''[[Chal Chala Chal]]'' and ''Up & Down''.<br />
<br />
He served as stage designer for [[Badal Sarkar]]’s ''Hattamala Naadinappuram'' staged at FTII, Pune; and video designer for ''Sagara Kanyaka'' produced by Abhinaya and directed by Jyothish, as well as and ''Bali'' produced by Natyasastra and directed by Narippatta Raju.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Razi, Muhammed}}<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagdish_Chaturvedi&diff=505135Jagdish Chaturvedi2026-02-07T22:59:34Z<p>Nawraj: made new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the Indian poet|Jagdish Chaturvedi (writer)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Jagdish Chaturvedi<br />
| image = ZJ2Z0133.CR2.p.jpg<br />
| caption = Jagdish Chaturvedi<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|3|27}}<br />
| birth_place = Bengaluru, Karnataka, India<br />
| alma_mater = [[St. John's Medical College]] (DNB ENT)<br />[[Sri Siddhartha Medical College]], [[Tumakuru]] ([[MBBS]])<br />
| occupation = Stand-up Comedy<br />
| website = {{URL|jagdishchaturvedi.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Jagdish Chaturvedi''' (born 27 March 1984) is an Indian ENT surgeon, actor, and stand-up comedian made popular by his YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCt9-QMH-92EafTUWkVu8PMA|title=Jagdish Chaturvedi|via=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education and research==<br />
Chaturvedi received his undergraduate training in medical sciences from [[Sri Siddhartha Medical College]], [[Tumakuru]]. He completed his postgraduate training in [[Ear, nose and throat]] surgery from [[St. John's Medical College]], Bengaluru.<ref name=JC>{{cite web|url=http://jagdishchaturvedi.com/|title=Introduction|publisher=Jagdish Chaturvedi|access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inventions==<br />
Chaturvedi has contributed to the teams that invented the following:<br />
<br />
ENTraview, that has been licensed and commercialised by ICARUS Design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/cii/pathways-scale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232929/https://www.usaid.gov/cii/pathways-scale|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2016|title=Pathways To Scale: A Guide On Business Models And Partnership Approaches To Scale-Up|date=2016-10-17|website=[[USAID]]|language=en|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3067200/chaturvedi-doctor-inventor-stand-up-comedy|title=This Doctor/Stand-Up Comic's Life-Saving Devices Are No Laughing Matter|last=Meek|first=Andy|date=2017-02-03|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sinucare, which has been commercialised by InnAccel Technologies Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pharmabiz.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=80447&sid=1|title=InnAccel bags license for production of device for nasal foreign body removal 'Noxeno'|website=pharmabiz.com|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Recognition==<br />
Chaturvedi was one of the 35 innovators under the age of 35 as chosen by the ''MIT Technology Review'' in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|author=Edd Gent|title=35 Innovators Under 35|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/lists/innovators-under-35/2016/humanitarian/jagdish-chaturvedi/|access-date=31 December 2018|work=MIT Technology Review}}<br>- {{cite news|author=Malavika Velayanikal|date=24 August 2016|title=Meet the two entrepreneurs from India in MIT Innovators Under 35|url=https://www.techinasia.com/meet-entrepreneurs-india-mit-innovators-35|access-date=31 December 2018|website=Tech in Asia}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Jagdish}}<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bengaluru]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Quadrilateral&diff=465710Golden Quadrilateral2026-02-04T20:58:49Z<p>Nawraj: rework intro and fixed typos based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|National highway network in India connecting four megacities}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox road<br />
| country = IND<br />
| name = Golden Quadrilateral<br />
| established = 2001<br />
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]<br />
| map = Golden Quadrilateral.svg<br />
| map_notes = Highway map of India with the Golden Quadrilateral highlighted<br />
| length_km = 5846<br />
| section1 = [[National Highway 16 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-16</span>]]<br />
| terminus_a1 = [[Chennai]]<br />
| terminus_b1 = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| length_km1 = 1684<br />
| section2 = [[National Highway 19 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-19</span>]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-44</span>]]<br />
| terminus_a2 = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| terminus_b2 = [[Delhi]]<br />
| length_km2 = 1453<br />
| section3 = [[National Highway 48 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-48</span>]]<br />
| terminus_a3 = [[Delhi]]<br />
| terminus_b3 = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| length_km3 = 1419<br />
| section4 = [[National Highway 48 (India)|<span style=color:white>NH-48</span>]]<br />
| terminus_a4 = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| terminus_b4 = [[Chennai]]<br />
| length_km4 = 1290<br />
}}<br />
The '''Golden Quadrilateral''' ({{langx|hi|Svarnim Chaturbhuj}}; abbreviated '''GQ''') is a network of [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] connecting major cities of India. It roughly forms a [[quadrilateral]] with major cities &ndash; [[Delhi]] (north), [[Kolkata]] (east), [[Mumbai]] (west) and [[Chennai]] (south) forming the termini. Stretching {{cvt|5846|km}}, it is one of the longest roads in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-images-worlds-10-longest-highways/20140122.htm#5|title=World's 10 longest highways|access-date=22 January 2014|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123014156/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-images-worlds-10-longest-highways/20140122.htm#5|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The project was part of the first phase of the [[National Highways Development Project]] executed by the [[Government of India]]. The roads were constructed and are maintained by the [[National Highway Authority of India]] under the purview of the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]. The road system consists of access controlled four or six-lane highways, built at a cost of {{INRConvert|324.9|b|year=1999}}. The project was launched in 1999, and completed in 2012.<br />
<br />
== Background and planning ==<br />
In 1998, the [[Government of India]] launched the [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP). The project envisaged the development of about {{cvt|13150|km}} of four and six lane highways at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|540|b|year=1999}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/35657/files/in387-08.pdf|title=India Highways Project|work=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=November 2008|access-date=1 June 2024|page=5}}</ref><ref name="GQ">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=1025|title=Road Transport & Highways|date=7 February 2004|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/international/asia/04highway.html?ex=1291352400&en=d77dd2ca4f760ef0&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all|title=Mile by Mile, India Paves a Smoother Future|work=[[New York Times]]|date=4 December 2005|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The Golden Quadrilateral project was part of the first phase of NHDP, and involved the construction of {{cvt|5846|km}} of multi-lane highways connecting the major cities.<ref name="AR">{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/48.pdf|title=Annual Report 2003-04|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]|page=10|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nat">{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/10/india-highway/belt-text|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918041257/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/10/india-highway/belt-text|title=Fast Lane to the Future|author=Don Belt|work=[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]]|date=October 2008|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> It was intended to establish better and faster transport networks between major cities, thereby reducing accidents and costs,<ref name="GQ"/> and drive economical growth by providing better access to markets.<ref name="Nat"/><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web|url=http://business.in.com/article/briefing/crossing-the-chasm/4202/1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925032101/http://business.in.com/article/briefing/crossing-the-chasm/4202/1|url-status=dead|date=21 September 2009|archive-date=25 September 2009|author=R. N. Bhaskar|work=[[Forbes]]|title=Crossing the chasm}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/focus/story/economic-benefits-of-the-golden-quadrilateral-project-41439-2013-05-04|title=Benefits of Golden Quadrilateral project are already visible|newspaper=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=12 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) was tasked with the implementation of the project.<ref name="BT"/> The foundation stone for the project was laid on 6 January 1999 by then [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Building India's National Pride: The Golden Quadrilateral|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fapr2003/f020420031.html|date=2 April 2003|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717091143/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fapr2003/f020420031.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the original plan, majority of the project was intended to be completed by December 2004.<ref name="AR"/> However, as of July 2005, four laning of only {{cvt|4944|km}} was complete, and the project timeline was revised to be completed by December 2006.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=100459|title=Golden Quadrilateral still has miles to go|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=26 August 2005|access-date=26 August 2005|archive-date=28 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128212502/http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=100459|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The project faced further delays due to land acquisition issues, disputes with contractors, and renegotiation of contracts.<ref name="BT"/><ref name="FE"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Contractors take the sheen off Golden Quadrilateral |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=3 August 2011 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/contractors-take-the-sheen-off-golden-quadrilateral/826471/0 |url-status=dead |df=dmy |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731160327/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/contractors-take-the-sheen-off-golden-quadrilateral/826471/0 |archive-date=31 July 2012 }}</ref> A NHAI engineer [[Satyendra Dubey]] wrote letter to the prime minister highlighting that the large contractors were being given inside information by NHAI officials, and the contractors were subcontracting the work to smaller companies which lacked technical expertise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/dec/05bihar1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918082555/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/dec/05bihar1.htm|archive-date=18 September 2009|title=Bihar govt wakes up to IITian's murder|work=[[Rediff]]|date=5 December 2003|access-date=1 June 2004}}</ref> While Dubey was transferred and was later murdered for voicing out his concerns, NHAI implemented reforms in contract procedures due to the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=78880|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019033409/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=78880|archive-date=19 October 2007|title=NHAI report to CBI proves Dubey right, contract rules being rewritten|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 September 2005|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/03/27/satyendranath-dubey-killers-get-life-imprisonment.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510082646/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/27/satyendranath-dubey-killers-get-life-imprisonment.html|archive-date=10 May 2011|title=Satyendranath Dubey killers get life imprisonment|date=27 March 2010|url-status=live|work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2009, the government announced plans to convert the existing four-lane highways into six-lane highways in the future.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/21/india-ambassador-shankar-business-emerging-markets-economy.html|title=Ambassador: Indian Economy Will Grow|author=Megha Bahree|work=[[Forbes]]|date=21 September 2009|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911114830/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/21/india-ambassador-shankar-business-emerging-markets-economy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per an update given to the [[Parliament of India]], about 99.7% of the project was complete by 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/64037/1/15_Estimates_16.pdf|title=National Highways Development Project|work=[[Parliament of India]]|date=26 April 2012|access-date=1 June 2024|page=27}}</ref> In January 2012, the government announced that the entire project has been completed.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|title=Govt declares Golden Quadrilateral complete|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 January 2012|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873/|access-date=9 January 2012|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108133041/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|title=National Highways Development Project Map|work=National Highways Institute of India|access-date=5 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The final cost of the project was estimated at {{INRconvert|324.92|b|year=1999}}.<ref name="BT"/><br />
<br />
== Network ==<br />
The Golden Quadrilateral consists {{cvt|5846|km}} of multi-lane highways roughly forming a [[quadrilateral]] connecting four major cities &ndash; [[Delhi]] (north), [[Kolkata]] (east), [[Mumbai]] (west) and [[Chennai]] (south).<ref name="AR"/><ref name="Nat"/><ref name="IE"/><br />
<br />
[[File:HIghway Chennai Bangalore.jpg|thumb|A section of the highway between Chennai and Mumbai]]<br />
[[File:Durgapur Xpressway.jpg|thumb|Part of the Delhi-Kolkata section of the highway]]<br />
<br />
{{Table alignment}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"<br />
|-<br />
!Segment<br />
!Length<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/goldenquadrilateral.asp|title=Current status of Golden Quadrilateral|work=[[National Highways Authority of India]]|access-date=2 December 2009|archive-date=29 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129032529/http://www.nhai.org/goldenquadrilateral.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
![[National Highways of India|National Highway]]<ref name="NH">{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=Details of National Highways|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://unacademy.com/content/railway-exam/study-material/static-gk/list-of-national-highways-in-india/|title=List of national highways in India|work=[[Unacademy]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><br />
!States/UTs<ref name="NH"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Mumbai]]<br />
| {{cvt|1419|km}}<br />
| [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]<br />
| <br />
* [[Gujarat]] &ndash; {{cvt|488.7|km}}<br />
* [[Haryana]] &ndash; {{cvt|83.3|km}}<br />
* [[Maharashtra]] &ndash; {{cvt|104.2|km}}<br />
* [[National Capital Territory]] &ndash; {{cvt|10.8|km}}<br />
* [[Rajasthan]] &ndash; {{cvt|732|km}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mumbai]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]<br />
| {{cvt|1290|km}}<br />
| [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]<br />
| <br />
* [[Karnataka]] &ndash; {{cvt|575.7|km}}<br />
* [[Maharashtra]] &ndash; {{cvt|476.7|km}}<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu]] &ndash; {{cvt|237.6|km}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolkata]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]<br />
| {{cvt|1684|km}}<br />
| [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH-16]]<br />
| <br />
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] &ndash; {{cvt|1024.1|km}}<br />
* [[Odisha]] &ndash; {{cvt|444|km}}<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu]] &ndash; {{cvt|41.8|km}}<br />
* [[West Bengal]] &ndash; {{cvt|174.1|km}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Kolkata]]<br />
| {{cvt|1453|km}}<br />
| [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]]<br />
| <br />
* [[Bihar]] &ndash; {{cvt|206|km}}<br />
* [[Jharkhand]] &ndash; {{cvt|199.8|km}}<br />
* [[National Capital Territory]] &ndash; {{cvt|15|km}}<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh]] &ndash; {{cvt|823.5|km}}<br />
* [[West Bengal]] &ndash; {{cvt|208.7|km}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! {{cvt|5846|km}}<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Major towns ===<br />
[[File:Nh76.jpg|thumb|A section of the highway between Chennai and Mumbai]]<br />
[[File:National_Highway_16_(old_NH_5)_at_Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|A section of the highway between Chennai and Kolkata]]<br />
{{Table alignment}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"<br />
|+Major towns<ref name="NH"/><br />
|-<br />
!Segment<br />
!colspan="6"| State/UT<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Mumbai]]<br />
! [[Gujarat]]<br />
! [[Haryana]]<br />
! [[Maharashtra]]<br />
! [[National Capital Territory]]<br />
! [[Rajasthan]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
* [[Ankleshwar]]<br />
* [[Vadodara]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Bawal]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Mumbai]]<br />
* [[Thane]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Delhi]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Bhilwara]]<br />
* [[Chittaurgarh]]<br />
* [[Jaipur]]<br />
* [[Kishangarh]]<br />
* [[Udaipur]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"| [[Mumbai]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]<br />
! [[Karnataka]]<br />
! [[Maharashtra]]<br />
! [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [[Belgavi]]<br />
* [[Bengaluru]]<br />
* [[Chitradurga]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Kohlapur]]<br />
* [[Pune]]<br />
* [[Solapur]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Chennai]]<br />
* [[Krishnagiri]]<br />
* [[Vellore]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"| [[Kolkata]]&ndash;[[Chennai]]<br />
! [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
! [[Odisha]]<br />
! [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
! [[West Bengal]]<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [[Anakapalli]]<br />
* [[Anandapuram]]<br />
* [[Pendurthi]]<br />
* [[Nellore]]<br />
* [[Rajahmundry]]<br />
* [[Vijayawada]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Baleshwar]]<br />
* [[Bhubaneshwar]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Chennai]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Kharagpur]]<br />
* [[Kolkata]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"| [[Delhi]]&ndash;[[Kolkata]]<br />
! [[Bihar]]<br />
! [[Jharkhand]]<br />
! [[National Capital Territory]]<br />
! [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
! [[West Bengal]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]<br />
* [[Dobhi]]<br />
* [[Mohania]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]]<br />
* [[Bagodar]]<br />
* [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Delhi]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Agra]]<br />
* [[Kanpur]]<br />
* [[Prayagraj]]<br />
* [[Varanasi]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Asansol]]<br />
* [[Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Palsit]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bharatmala]]<br />
* [[Sagar Mala project]]<br />
* [[UDAN]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Roads}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611061444/http://www.nhai.org/ Official website of the National Highways Authority of India]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm Map of GQ progress on the NHAI website]<br />
* [http://www.morth.nic.in Ministry of Road Transport]<br />
<br />
{{Transport in India}}<br />
{{Highways in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
[[Category:Golden Quadrilateral| ]]<br />
[[Category:National highways of India]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]<br />
[[Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbigha_Assembly_constituency&diff=462562Barbigha Assembly constituency2026-02-01T00:48:24Z<p>Nawraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Barbigha<br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 170-Barbigha constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = Dr. [[Kumar Puspanjay]] <!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] <!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
|region = <br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|district = [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]<br />
|division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]<br />
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|170]]<br />
|established = 1951<br />
| electors = 232,576<br />
|reservation = None<br />
|abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Barbigha''' is one of 243 legislative assembly constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/nawada.html | title=Nawada Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> It is the home constituency of Bihar's first chief minister [[Shri Krishna Singh]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Barbigha Constituency comprises CD Blocks Barbigha and Shekhopursarai; Gram Panchayats: Gaway, Audhe, Pain, Lodipur, Kosra, Kusumbha, Kare, Hathiyawan, Mehus & Katari of Sheikhpura CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|[[Krishna Mohan Pyare Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|[[Shri Krishna Sinha]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Leela Devi<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Shiv Shankar Singh<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|[[Rajo Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|[[Nain Tara Dass]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Mahavir Choudhary]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Choudhary]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|Ramsundar Ram Kanaujia<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|[[Gajanand Shahi]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sudarshan Kumar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Kumar Puspanjay]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barbigha<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barbigha">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barbigha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04170.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213052340/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04170.htm|archive-date=13 December 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Kumar Puspanjay]]<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:61882}}<br />
|percentage = 42.85<br />
|change = +9.66<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Trishuldhari Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:36389}}|percentage=25.2|change=-7.89}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sudarshan Kumar]]|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:28411}}|percentage=19.67|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mukesh Kumar Singh|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes={{formatnum:4684}}|percentage=3.24|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Satish Kumar|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:2373}}|percentage=1.64|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanjay Kumar Prabhat|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:1446}}|percentage=1.0|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murari Kumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:1313}}|percentage=0.91|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:6197}}|percentage=4.29|change=+1.26}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:25493}}|percentage=17.65|change=+17.55}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:144414}}|percentage=62.09|change=+8.96}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <!-- % swing --><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barbigha<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Sudarshan Kumar]]<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:39878}}<br />
|percentage = 33.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Gajanand Shahi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:39765}}<br />
|percentage = 33.09<br />
|change = -8.58<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|candidate = Madhukar Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18930}}<br />
|percentage = 15.75<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rakesh Ranjan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7139}}<br />
|percentage = 5.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party<br />
|candidate = Gopal Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4458}}<br />
|percentage = 3.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Sharma<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1770}}<br />
|percentage = 1.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Mritunjay Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1763}}<br />
|percentage = 1.47<br />
|change = -26.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1110}}<br />
|percentage = 0.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3639}}<br />
|percentage = 3.03<br />
|change = -2.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:113}}<br />
|percentage = 0.1<br />
|change = -14.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:120166}}<br />
|percentage = 53.13<br />
|change = -1.39<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barbigha<ref name="Barbigha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Barbigha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barbigha |access-date=13 December 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213052347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barbigha |archive-date=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Sudarshan Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:46406}}<br />
|percentage = 41.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Sheo Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:30689}}<br />
|percentage = 27.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Radhey Sharma<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8122}}<br />
|percentage = 7.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ravi Chaudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5789}}<br />
|percentage = 5.2<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Anil Shankar Sinha<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4420}}<br />
|percentage = 3.97<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Preetam Kumari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2661}}<br />
|percentage = 2.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Rajeshwari Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2460}}<br />
|percentage = 2.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Amritash Anand<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1461}}<br />
|percentage = 1.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mritunjay Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1452}}<br />
|percentage = 1.3<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Yugeshwar Manjhi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1188}}<br />
|percentage = 1.07<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Krishna Murari Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1102}}<br />
|percentage = 0.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5626}}<br />
|percentage = 5.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:15717}}<br />
|percentage = 14.12<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:111376}}<br />
|percentage = 54.52<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{coords|25.22|85.73|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Politics of Sheikhpura district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey_(soundtrack)&diff=506084Jersey (soundtrack)2026-01-28T18:16:21Z<p>Nawraj: made a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2019 soundtrack album by Anirudh Ravichander}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Jersey<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| cover = Jersey soundtrack.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Soundtrack album cover<br />
| released = 17 April 2019<br />
| recorded = 2018–2019<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]]<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 21:35<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br />
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Petta (film)|Petta]]<br />
| prev_year = 2019<br />
| next_title = [[Thumbaa]]<br />
| next_year = 2019<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|ruVHJatQKFI|Official Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Singles<br />
| name = Jersey<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Adhento Gaani Vunnapaatuga<br />
| single1date = 14 February 2019<br />
| single2 = Spirit Of Jersey<br />
| single2date = 7 March 2019<br />
| single3 = Padhe Padhe<br />
| single3date = 31 March 2019<br />
| single4 = Prapanchame Alaa<br />
| single4date = 6 April 2019<br />
| single5 = Aarambhame Le<br />
| single5date = 24 April 2019<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Jersey''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for the 2019 Telugu film [[Jersey (2019 film)|of the same name]] written and directed by [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] starring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Shraddha Srinath]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-09|title=Anirudh starts composing for Nani's 'Jersey'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anirudh-starts-composing-nani-s-jersey-86259|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> It marks his second [[Telugu language|Telugu]] project after ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Anirudh Ravichander to score music for the Nani starrer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jersey-anirudh-ravichander-to-score-music-for-the-nani-starrer/articleshow/65699709.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|date=6 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-14|title=NTR 28: Composer Anirudh Ravichander out of the film; SS Thaman most likely to replace as music director|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ntr-28-composer-anirudh-ravichander-out-of-the-film-ss-thaman-most-likely-to-replace-as-music-director-4350683.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The soundtrack album features five songs, including two bonus tracks which were released separately and had lyrics written by Krishna Kanth. After all individual tracks from the album were released as singles, the soundtrack in its entirety, was released through [[Zee Music Company]] on 17 April 2019.<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
On the occasion of [[Valentine's Day]], 14 February 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|title=First Single from Nani's 'Jersey' to be out on Valentine's Day - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-single-from-nanis-jersey-to-be-out-on-valentines-day/articleshow/67944995.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|date=11 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Anirudh Ravichander released the song "Adhento Gaani Vunnapaatuga" as the first single from the album.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jersy': Makers unveil the lyrical video of 'Adhento Gaani Vunna Paatuga' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/jersy-makers-unveil-the-lyrical-video-of-adhento-gaani-vunna-paatuga/articleshow/68007639.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The song gained applause from music buffs for "retaining the freshness in the melody".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-21|title=Anirudh gets busy in Tollywood|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anirudh-gets-busy-tollywood-97131|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The video promo of this song was later released during the festival of [[Holi]] (21 March 2019) which also received positive response from viewers.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Adhento Gaani Vunnapaatuga' song teaser from 'Jersey' trends at #3 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/adhento-gaani-vunnapaatuga-song-teaser-from-jersey-trends-at-3/articleshow/68521610.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India|date=22 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The song was also made in Tamil titled "Marakkavillayae" with Anirudh providing vocals for this version and [[Vignesh Shivan]] writing the lyrics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title='Jersey': Makers release a new lyrical video of 'Marakkavillayae' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/jersey-makers-release-a-new-lyrical-video-of-marakkavillayae/articleshow/68007640.cms|access-date=2021-03-10|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Analysis: Top Albums of 2019|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/analysis-top-albums-of-2019-news-tamil-tm5mNEgfeajjf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231095527/https://www.sify.com/movies/analysis-top-albums-of-2019-news-tamil-tm5mNEgfeajjf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=2022-01-25|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> It was released on the same day, with the original Telugu single, as Vignesh and Anirudh had earlier released independent singles on this occasion.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-12|title=Vignesh Shivan reveals the surprise of Valentine's Day single - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vignesh-shivn-reveals-the-surprise-valentines-day-single-tamil-news-229375|access-date=2021-03-11|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
"Spirit of Jersey" was released as the film's second single on 7 March 2019. Sung by [[Kaala Bhairava]], it is a motivational number focused on Arjun's ([[Nani (actor)|Nani]]) return to cricket. Neetishta Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated the song as "inspiring".<ref>{{Cite news|title='Spirit of Jersey' from Nani and Shraddha Srinath's 'Jersey' is inspiring! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/spirit-of-jersey-from-nani-and-shraddha-srinaths-jersey-is-inspiring/articleshow/68318814.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|date=8 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> On 21 March 2019, the third song "Padhe Padhe", a romantic number pictured between Arjun and Sarah ([[Shraddha Srinath]]) was released, which had vocals by Anirudh, [[Shakthisree Gopalan|Shakthishree Gopalan]] and [[Brodha V]], crooning the rap portions. "Prapanchame Alaa" is focused on Arjun's love for his son Nani.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Prapanchame Alaa' from Nani and Shraddha Srinath's 'Jersey' released - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/prapanchame-alaa-from-nani-and-shraddha-srinaths-jersey-released/articleshow/68908232.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|date=16 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The song rendered by [[Shashaa Tirupati]] and [[Inno Genga]] was released as the fourth single on 6 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2019-05-06|title=Music sets her free|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shashaa-tirupati-on-her-telugu-song-for-jersey-and-her-first-single-strings-of-air/article27048100.ece|access-date=2022-01-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-06|title=Jersey's Prapanchame Alaa out: Anirudh Ravichander's music wins heart in this Nani & Shraddha Srinath starrer|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jerseys-prapanchame-alaa-out-anirudh-ravichanders-music-wins-heart-nani-shraddha-srinath-starrer-446109|access-date=2022-01-25|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121107/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jerseys-prapanchame-alaa-out-anirudh-ravichanders-music-wins-heart-nani-shraddha-srinath-starrer-446109|url-status=dead}}</ref> Calling it as "beautiful beyond imaginations", Khushboo Ratda of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' stated "Anirudh Ravichander's music wins heart".<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
"Needa Padadhani", the fifth song sung by [[Darshan Raval]], released along with the film's soundtrack album on 17 April 2019. Despite the album being released, the makers unveiled two bonus tracks with one of the songs "Aarambhame Le", sung by Anirudh Ravichander and Srinidhi Venkatesh on 24 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani surprises fans with 'Aarambhame Le' video from 'Jersey' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/nani-surprises-fans-with-aarambhame-le-video-from-jersey/articleshow/69073235.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|date=28 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Another song "Nuvvadiginadhe", sung by Sathyaprakash was released as an additional with the background score on 13 May 2019.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=BGM jukebox of Nani and Shraddha Srinath's 'Jersey' released! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/bgm-jukebox-of-nani-and-shraddha-srinaths-jersey-released/articleshow/69308758.cms|access-date=2021-03-10|website=The Times of India|date=13 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Track listing ==<br />
<br />
=== Telugu ===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| extra5 = [[Darshan Raval]]<br />
| length6 = 1:58<br />
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander, Srinidhi Venkatesh<br />
| title7 = <br />
| lyrics7 = <br />
| length7 = <br />
| total_length = 21:35<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| length5 = 3:29<br />
| length8 = <br />
| title9 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length10 = <br />
| title6 = Aarambhame Le<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Krishna Kanth]]<br />
| title8 = <br />
| extra7 = <br />
| length3 = 3:34<br />
| title1 = Adhento Gaani Vunnapaatuga<br />
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| length1 = 4:07<br />
| title2 = Spirit Of Jersey<br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| extra2 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]<br />
| length2 = 4:36<br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| title3 = Padhe Padhe<br />
| extra3 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Brodha V]]<br />
| title4 = Prapanchame Alaa<br />
| lyrics4 = <br />
| length4 = 4:07<br />
| extra4 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Inno Genga]]<br />
| title5 = Needa Padadhani<br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| all_music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Tamil ===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Marakkavillaye<br />
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| length1 = 3:58<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Vignesh Shivan]]<br />
| all_music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| total_length = 3:58<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The album received positive reviews from critics. Neetishta Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'', reviewed as "The album of ''Jersey'' is a must-listen, especially if you like albums that offer variety. The OST refreshingly sticks to the themes of the film, instead of meandering with regular sounding romantic and dance numbers."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Music Review: Jersey - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-jersey/articleshow/68955720.cms |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=The Times of India |date=19 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[123Telugu]]'' gave a verdict stating "The music of Jersey is a mixed bag as it has all kinds of numbers. The feel of the album is mostly emotional and all the songs are situational and carry the film forward. This is not the regular song and dance album which will hit you right away. The songs will please you more once you see them on screen."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-17 |title=Nani Jersey Movie Audio Review |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nani-jersey-movie-audio-review.html |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Indiaglitz'' rated the album 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "The genres are different, Anirudh's tunes are a whiff of fresh air. The singers sound 'hatke' everywhere. The situations lend themselves to lyrics laced with high meaning."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Music review songs lyrics |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jersey-telugu-movie-songs-22633 |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' gave a rating of 3.75 out of 5 and stated "Anirudh hits right out of the park in his second Telugu film after ''Agnyathavaasi'' and Ananthakrishnan's (Violinist and sound engineer) combination with Anirudh continues to give splendid result in the overall soundtrack quality from the composer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jersey Songs - Music Review |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/22942/jersey-songs---music-review |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> Critic based at ''Mirchi9'' stated the album as "a classy treat with neatly blended melody" and further added: "the songs are beautiful, and upon repeat hearings, they will stay with the listener for a long time [...] The issue here is not the quality rather the popularity. The songs, for all the beautiful words, are not chartbuster types. They also lack mass appeal. Irrespective of how the album fares, the mere presence needs to be appreciated."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-17 |title=Music Review: Jersey Is A Classy Treat |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/music-review-jersey-is-a-classy-treat/ |access-date=2022-01-25 |website=mirchi9.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Writing for the news publication ''[[The Hindu]]'', Krishna Sripada listed "Adhento Gaani Vunnapaatuga" as one of the 'Best Telugu Songs of the Decade (2010–2019)'. According to Sripada, "the 2010s saw a great mix of Telugu film albums that appealed for both their commercial as well as new-age sounds".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sripada |first=Krishna |date=2019-12-30 |title=A R Rahman, Vivek Sagar, Devi Sri Prasad, Anirudh: music that enthralled us in Telugu cinema in the 2010s |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-cinema-2010-to-2019-rewind-best-music-across-cinema-ar-rahman-vivek-sagar-devi-sri-prasad-anirudh/article30433406.ece |access-date=2022-01-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Srivatsan Nadathur, listed the tracks "Adhento Gaani Vunnapaatuga" and "Spirit of Jersey" in the "Top 10 Telugu Songs of 2019" to ''The Times of India''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Telugu Songs: Top 10 Telugu songs of 2019 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/best-telugu-songs-top-10-latest-best-telugu-songs-of-2019/articleshow/67323778.cms |access-date=2022-01-25 |website=The Times of India |date=31 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}<br />
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
! scope="col" |Category<br />
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)<br />
! scope="col" |Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]<br />
|{{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019|url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php|access-date=22 August 2021|website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-19|title=SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]<br />
|{{sort|Kanth|Krishna Kanth}} – (for "Needa Padadhani")<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Anirudh Ravichander}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 soundtrack albums]]<br />
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Music Company soundtracks]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majhi_Manasa&diff=515215Majhi Manasa2026-01-27T11:17:01Z<p>Nawraj: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2022 Indian Marathi language TV series}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Majhi Manasa.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| genre = [[Drama]]<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| director = <br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India <br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 655<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| producer = [[Mahesh Kothare]]<br>[[Adinath Kothare]]<br />
| company = [[Kothare Vision]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| network = [[Sun Marathi]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|05|30|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|06|01|df=yes}}<br />
| location = [[Konkan]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| related = ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Majhi Manasa''''' ({{translation|My People}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] drama series starring Janaki Pathak and Sainkeet Kamat in lead roles. It premiered on [[Sun Marathi]] from 30 May 2022. It is produced by [[Mahesh Kothare]] under the banner of [[Kothare Vision]]. It is an official remake of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] series ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/the-story-of-girija-who-takes-care-of-the-house-on-her-own-new-serial-majhi-mansa-is-starting-1064211|title=स्वकर्तृत्वावर घर सांभाळणाऱ्या गिरीजाची गोष्ट; सुरू होत आहे नवी मालिका 'माझी माणसं'|date=29 May 2022|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Abandoned by her father & coping with an alcoholic brother, Girija becomes her family's sole provider as a nurse. She finds happiness in her sacrifice to meet the needs of her brother & sisters. Watch Girija stand tall in her selfless journey.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* Janaki Pathak as Girija Mayekar<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/zombivali-fame-janaki-pathak-s-small-screen-debut-mazi-manasa-sp-710110.html|title='झोंबिवली' फेम अभिनेत्रीची छोट्या पडद्यावर एंट्री, दिसणार नव्या मालिकेत नवीन भूमिकेत|date=30 May 2022|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
* Sainkeet Kamat as Vikrant Desai<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* Vishwanath Kulkarni as Sampat<br />
* Sonam Mhaswekar as Prachi<br />
* Rohan Pednekar as Prasad<br />
* Bhumija Patil as Harshada<br />
* Abhishek Gaonkar as Vighnesh<br />
* Ashish Kulkarni as Jayant<br />
* Vijay Patil as Gaurav<br />
* Sakshi Mahajan as Suchitra<br />
* Shree Patole as Aarya<br />
* Digambar Naik as Ramakant<br />
* Smita Saravade<br />
* Bhagyashri Rane<br />
* Aparna Gokhale<br />
* Aarti More<br />
<br />
===Cameo appearances===<br />
* [[Shilpa Shinde]]<br />
* Vinayak Mali (Dadus)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/social-media-star-and-youtuber-vinayak-mali-will-enter-in-majhi-manasa-serial-mhnk-810950.html|title=नेटकऱ्यांच्या लाडक्या दादूसची छोट्या पडद्यावर धमाकेदार एन्ट्री; 'या' मालिकेत साकारणार भूमिका|date=7 January 2023|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
|- style="color:white"<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]'' <br> கயல்<br />
| 25 October 2021<br />
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
| Ongoing<br />
| Original<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| ''[[Saadhana]]'' <br> సాధన<br />
| 24 January 2022<br />
| [[Gemini TV]]<br />
| 6 January 2024<br />
| rowspan="5"| Remake<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kannada]]<br />
| ''[[Radhika (TV series)|Radhika]]'' <br> ರಾಧಿಕಾ<br />
| 14 March 2022<br />
| [[Udaya TV]]<br />
| 29 March 2025<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' <br> মেঘে ঢাকা তারা<br />
| 28 March 2022<br />
| [[Sun Bangla]]<br />
| 2 July 2023<br />
|-<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| ''Majhi Manasa'' <br> माझी माणसं<br />
| 30 May 2022<br />
| [[Sun Marathi]]<br />
| 1 June 2024<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| ''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]'' <br> ഭാവന<br />
| 26 June 2022<br />
| [[Surya TV]]<br />
| 29 June 2025<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-marathi-serial-maajhi-maanasa-episodeno-May30-2022/detail/140735/0 ''Majhi Manasa''] at [[Sun NXT]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sun Marathi original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th_National_Film_Awards&diff=44626920th National Film Awards2026-01-20T21:01:26Z<p>Nawraj: clean up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian ceremony celebrating cinema of 1972}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film awards<br />
| number = 20<br />
| award = National Film Awards<br />
| image = 20th NFA.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = 20th National Film Awards<br />
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 1972<br />
| award_org = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]<br />
| presenting_org = <br />
| announced_date = <br />
| presented_date = <br />
| site = <br />
| host = <br />
| website = [http://dff.nic.in/ dff.nic.in]<br />
| lifetime_achievement = [[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]]<br />
| best_feature = ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''<br />
| best_non_feature =<br />
| most_wins = ''Swayamvaram'' (4)<br />
| last = 19th<br />
| next = 21st<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''20th [[National Film Awards]]''', presented by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to felicitate the best of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year 1972.<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/96_20thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725173838/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/96_20thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
With this year, new award category is introduced for the feature films made in [[Meitei language]]. This newly introduced category includes [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Manipuri]].<ref name="20thaward"/><br />
<br />
== Juries ==<br />
<br />
Six different committees were formed based on the film making sectors in India, mainly based in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras along with the central committee for all India level. For 20th National Film Awards, central committee was headed by [[Romesh Thapar]].<ref name="20thaward"/><br />
<br />
* '''Jury Members: Central'''<br />
** [[Romesh Thapar]] ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}[[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]{{•}}Rita Ray{{•}}Sheila Vats{{•}}Usha Bhagat{{•}}[[Girish Karnad]] {{small|(Not Attended)}}{{•}}M. Yunus Dehlvi{{•}}[[Teji Bachchan]]{{•}}[[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']]{{•}}[[Shanta Gandhi]]{{•}}[[U. Visweswar Rao]]{{•}}[[I. S. Johar]] {{small|(Not Attended)}}{{•}}Ardhendu Mukerjee<br />
* '''Jury Members: Short Films'''<br />
** S. K. Kooka ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}[[Bhagwan Das Garga|B. D. Garga]]{{•}}Prasanta Sanyal{{•}}[[Gerson da Cunha|Gerson Da Cunha]]{{•}}[[Aruna Vasudev|Aruna Vasudeva]]{{•}}[[Bishamber Khanna]]{{•}}Revati Saran Sharma{{•}}Din Dayal<br />
* '''Jury Regional: Bombay'''<br />
** [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}[[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]{{•}}[[Charles Correa]]{{•}}Bikram Singh{{•}}Bhupendra Shah {{•}}Gopinath Talwalkar{{•}}D. G. Nadkarni{{•}}Kumud Mehta{{•}}[[Adi Pherozeshah Marzban|Adi Marzban]]{{•}}P. K. Ravindranath{{•}}B. K. Adarsh{{•}}[[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]]{{•}}G. P. Shirke{{•}}[[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]]<br />
* '''Jury Regional: Calcutta'''<br />
** [[Sombhu Mitra]] ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}Amina Kar{{•}}[[Suchitra Mitra]]{{•}}Sanat Lahiri{{•}}N. K. Ghosh{{•}}Bhaben Barua{{•}}Ramesh Chandra Dhall{{•}}[[Ananda Shankar]]{{•}}[[Badal Sarkar]]{{•}}[[B. N. Sircar]]<br />
* '''''Jury Regional: Calcutta - Nominated'''''<br />
** Parimal Sarkar{{•}}[[Kanan Devi]]{{•}}Subodh Mitra{{•}}[[Elangbam Nilakanta Singh]]{{•}}[[M. K. Binodini Devi|Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi]]<br />
* '''Jury Regional: Madras'''<br />
** [[Malcolm Adiseshiah]] ([[Chairman|Chairperson]]){{•}}[[B. N. Reddy]]{{•}}A. L. Velliappa{{•}}Mahmooda Haja Shareef{{•}}S. Ananthamurthy{{•}}Thoppil Ravi{{•}}V. C. Subburaman{{•}}[[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]{{•}}K. P. Kottarakkara{{•}}Rajammal Anantharaman{{•}}P. C. Mathew<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
<br />
Awards were divided into feature films and non-feature films.<br />
<br />
President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]]. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]]. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.<br />
<br />
=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]<br />
|[[File:Pankaj Mullick 2006 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]<br />
|[[Pankaj Mullick]]<br />
|[[Music director|Music Director]]<br />
|{{INR}}11,000, a shawl and a plaque<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Feature films ===<br />
<br />
Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 20th National Film Awards, a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film]] along with winning the maximum number of awards (four). Following were the awards given in each category:<ref name="20thaward"/><br />
<br />
==== All India Award ====<br />
<br />
Following were the awards given:<ref name="20thaward"/><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:34%;"|Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:21%;"|Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:7%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br />
|[[Film producer|Producer]]: Kulathoor Bhaskaran Nair<br />
|Gold Medal and {{INR}}40,000<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[Film director|Director]]: [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
|{{INR}}10,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|''[[Calcutta 71]]''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|Producer: D. S. Sultania<br />
|{{INR}}15,000 and a medal<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Director: [[Mrinal Sen]]<br />
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|''[[Achanum Bappayum]]''<br />
|rowspan="2"|Malayalam<br />
|Producer: C. C. Baby<br />
|{{INR}}30,000 and a medal<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Director: [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]<br />
|{{INR}}10,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]<br />
|''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
|{{INR}} 5,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ([[Black-and-white|Black and White]])<br />
|''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Mankada Ravi Varma]]<br />
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ([[Color motion picture film|Color]])<br />
|''[[Maya Darpan]]''<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|[[K. K. Mahajan]]<br />
|{{INR}}5,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|''[[Koshish]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Gulzar]]<br />
|{{INR}} 5,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Bharat Award)]]<br />
|''[[Koshish]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Sanjeev Kumar]]<br />
|A figurine<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Urvashi Award)]]<br />
|''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]<br />
|A figurine<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]<br />
|''[[Ranur Pratham Bhag]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|Neera Mallya<br />
|A plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
|''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]''<br/>{{small|(For the song "Beeti Naa Bitaai Raina")}}<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|A plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|''[[Achanum Bappayum]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
|A plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''[[Zindagi Zindagi]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Sachin Dev Burman]]<br />
|{{INR}} 5,000 and a plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Lyric Writer of the Best Film Song on National Integration]]<br />
|''[[Achanum Bappayum]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Vayalar Ramavarma]]<br />
|{{INR}} 5,000 and a plaque<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Regional Award ====<br />
<br />
The awards were given to the best films made in the [[Languages of India|regional languages of India]]. For feature films in [[English language|English]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]] and [[Punjabi language]], President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film was not given. The producer and director of the film were awarded with {{INR}}5,000 and a Silver medal, respectively.<ref name="20thaward"/><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:37%"|Award<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%"|Film<br />
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:34%"|Awardee(s)<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Producer<br />
!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" | Director<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]<br />
|''Upaja Sonar Maati''<br />
|M/s Pragati Cine Productions<br />
|Brajen Barua<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]<br />
|''[[Strir Patra (film)|Strir Patra]]''<br />
|Dhrupadi<br />
|[[Purnendu Patri]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Gujarati|Best Feature Film in Gujarati]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|''Gun Sundarino Ghar Sansar''<br />
|Ramesh H. Saraiya<br />
|rowspan="3"|Govind Saraiya<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Jayant Malaviya<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Chandulal Gandhi<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]<br />
|''[[Maya Darpan]]''<br />
|[[Kumar Shahani]]<br />
|Kumar Shahani<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]<br />
|''[[Sharapanjara]]''<br />
|C. S. Rajah<br />
|[[Puttanna Kanagal]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]<br />
|''[[Panitheeratha Veedu]]''<br />
|K. S. R. Moorthy<br />
|[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]<br />
|''[[Matamgi Manipur]]''<br />
|Karam Monomohan Singh<br />
|Deb Kumar Bose<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]<br />
|''[[Pinjra (film)|Pinjra]]''<br />
|[[V. Shantaram]]<br />
|V. Shantaram<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]<br />
|''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]''<br />
|[[P. Madhavan]]<br />
|P. Madhavan<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]<br />
|''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]''<br />
|G. Hanumantha Rao<br />
|[[Lakshmi Deepak]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Non-Feature films ===<br />
<br />
Following were the awards given:<ref name="20thaward"/><br />
<br />
==== Short films ====<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:14.5%;"|Name of Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:7%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15.5%;"|Awards<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Information Film (Documentary)]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|''[[The Inner Eye]]''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[English language|English]]<br />
|Producer: [[Satyajit Ray]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|{{INR}}5,000 and a medal<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Director: Satyajit Ray<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Documentation]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|''Transcedence''<br />
|rowspan="2"|English<br />
|Producer: Pramod Patil {{small|for [[Films Division of India|Films Division]]}}<br />
|{{INR}}5,000<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Director: K. Vishwanath {{small|for Films Division}}<br />
|{{INR}}2,000<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film (Commercial)]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|''Destination India''<br />
|rowspan="2"|English<br />
|Producer: Cinerad Communications<br />
|Silver Medal<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Director: Zafar Hai<br />
|A plaque<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|''You Said It''<br />
|rowspan="2"|English<br />
|Producer: [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Productions]]<br />
|{{INR}}5,000<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|Director: [[Ram Mohan]]<br />
|{{INR}}2,000<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Awards not given ===<br />
<br />
Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:<ref name="20thaward"/><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}<br />
* [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Story|Best Story Writer]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Instructional Film]]<br />
* [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Experimental Film|Best Experimental Film]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film (Non-Commercial)]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in English]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Oriya|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Oriya]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]<br />
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]<br />
<br />
{{National Film Awards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]<br />
[[Category:1972 film awards|National Film Awards]]<br />
[[Category:1972 in Indian cinema]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khadka_Bahadur_Limbu&diff=509438Khadka Bahadur Limbu2026-01-18T11:05:13Z<p>Nawraj: made data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Officer of the Indian Army}}<br />
{{infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Subedar Major]]<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]], [[Military Cross|MC]]<br />
| image = File:Kharka Bahadur Limbu.jpg<br />
| death_date = 26 April 1961<br />
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]<br />
| death_place = [[Nagaland]], [[India]]<br />
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]<br>{{IND}}<br />
| branch = {{army|British Raj}}<br />
{{army|IND}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1929–1961<br />
| rank = [[File:Assam Rifles OR-9.svg<br />
|25px]] [[Subedar Major]]<br />
| servicenumber = JC – 30385<br />
| unit = [[Assam Rifles|8 Assam Rifles]]<br />
| battles = *[[World War II]]<br />
**[[Burma Campaign]]<br />
*[[Nagaland Insurgency]]{{KIA}}<br />
| awards = [[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]<br><br />
[[File:Military cross BAR.svg|30px]] [[Military Cross]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Khadka Bahadur Limbu''' was an [[Junior commissioned officer]] of the [[Indian Army]], who was killed in action in [[Nagaland]]. He was posthumously awarded [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], India's highest peacetime gallantry award. <br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Bahadur was born to Mr. Arthvir Limbu in Mantri Village under the city Imphal of Manipur. After completing education, he enlisted for the army.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rashmi Aggarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LjjDAAAQBAJ |title=Ashoka Chakra Recipients |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |year=2021 |pages=36 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
Bahadur was commissioned in the 8th Battalion of [[Assam Rifles]] in 1929.<br />
<br />
As a soldier of [[British Army]], he fought in the [[World War II]] and had participated in the [[Burma Campaign]]. For his bravery in the war, he was given [[Military Cross]], the third highest gallantry award of [[United Kingdom]]. After the [[Partition of India]], he joined the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub Maj K B Limbu MC AC |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/sub-maj-k-b-limbu-mc-ac/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Honourpoint |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1961, as a [[platoon commander]], he was ordered to capture a heavily guarded position of the enemies. He led his team and attacked the enemy bunker, killing at least five insurgents. During the exchange of fire, he was heavily wounded but didn't stop. He kept fighting against the insurgents and died due to the injury. For his gallantry actions, he was later awarded the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World War II soldier who won an Ashok Chakra |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/the-world-war-ii-veteran-who-won-an-ashok-chakra-vpn-qs620s |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AR pays tributes to Ashoka Chakra awardee |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/ar-pays-tributes-to-ashoka-chakra-awardee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525155903/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/ar-pays-tributes-to-ashoka-chakra-awardee |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=Imphal Free Press |language=en-IN |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Government of |title=Gallantry Awardees of Indian Army |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1076 |website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Army |first=Indian |title=SUBEDAR MAJOR KHARKA BAHADUR LIMBU, ASHOK CHAKRA, MILITARY CROSS MAI VALIANT SOLDIER OF ASSAM RIFLES |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Indianarmy.adgpi/posts/subedar-major-kharaka-bahadur-limbu-was-a-platoon-commander-deployed-in-naga-hil/647676768762289/ }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Limbu, Khadka Bahadur}}<br />
[[Category:1961 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Imphal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]<br />
[[Category:Indian recipients of the Military Cross]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sev_mamra&diff=472926Sev mamra2026-01-11T08:00:08Z<p>Nawraj: small add information per standard format for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian snack}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox food<br />
| name = Sev mamra<br />
| image = SevMamra.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| caption = A bowl of ''sev mamra''<br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| region = <br />
| creator = <br />
| course = <br />
| type = Snack<br />
| served = <br />
| main_ingredient = Puffed rice, sev, peanuts<br />
| variations = <br />
| calories = <br />
| other = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sev mamra''' (mumra) also called mixture, is a Gujarati snack. It is a mixture of [[spice|spicy]] dry ingredients such as [[Muri (food)|puffed rice]] (''mamra''), savoury fried noodles (''[[Sev (food)|sev]]'') and [[peanut]]s. These are sauteed in oil along with turmeric powder, chilli powder, curry leaves and salt.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sev Murmura, Sev Kurmura, Sev Mamra recipe |url=https://www.tarladalal.com/sev-murmura-sev-kurmura-sev-mamra-41306r |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.tarladalal.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Regional variation of the snack varies by adding capsicum, onions, or pickled mangos.<br />
<br />
It is available in most parts of India, though it is known by different names in different regions. It is also known as 'sev murmura' and 'sev kurmura'.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Uses ==<br />
Sev mamra can be served as a snack with tea, or taken on travel as a dry snack. It can also be used to make chaats like [[Bhel puri|bhelpuri]] and sukha bhel.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bombay mix]]<br />
* [[Bhelpuri]]<br />
* [[Ghugni]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sev Mamra}}<br />
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-food-stub}}</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harima_Sundhari&diff=502167Harima Sundhari2026-01-05T22:12:40Z<p>Nawraj: made new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2005)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Harima Sundhari Munishkannan''' (born 25 October 2005)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Harima Sundhari Munishkannan (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/318067-harima-sundhari-munishkannan |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a shooting guard. She plays for Tamil Nadu in the domestic tournaments.<br />
<br />
== Early life and career ==<br />
Sundhari is from Tamil Nadu.<br />
<br />
In February 2025, she is selected for the Indian team to play the [[2025 SABA Women's Championship|3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship 2025]] qualifiers at New Delhi from 23 to 26 February 2025. The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] and won both the matches for a berth in the FIBA women's Asia Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitts |first=Andre |date=23 February 2025 |title=SABA Women’s Championship 2025: Indian basketball team opens campaign with 113-32 win over Nepal |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saba-women-championship-2025-basketball-india-vs-nepal-match-report |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> She played both the matches, and the final against Maldives, at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Nepal |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624275/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats - Final - India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624278/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2025, she played the 74th Senior National Basketball Championship for Tamil Nadu team which won bronze medal at [[Bhavnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-12 |title=Tamil Nadu men, Railway women retain National basketball titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/basketball/article69092554.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She scored 22 points against Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know Your Squad: Indian women's basketball team for SABA Women's Championship 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/saba-womens-championship-2025-india-squad-facts-202502 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> In February 2025, she played for the Tamil Nadu team that won the [[National Games of India|National Games]] beating Kerala in the final.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=2025-02-02 |title=Punjab men and Tamil Nadu women triumph in basketball |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games/article69172570.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Earlier in 2022, she played the [[FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship]] 2022 Division A and the [[FIBA Under-16 Women's Asian Championship|FIBA Under 16 Women's Asian Championship]] 2021 Division A.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Sports links}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundhari, Harima}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2005 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]<br />
[[Category:Basketball players from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Shooting guards]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Joshi&diff=448895Suresh Joshi2026-01-01T03:28:37Z<p>Nawraj: Improved readability and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Gujarati-language writer and poet (1921-1986)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{About|the writer|the former [[Sarkaryavah]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]|Suresh Joshi (RSS)}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Suresh Joshi<br />
| image = Suresh Joshi in 1955.jpg<br />
| caption = Joshi in 1955, [[Mumbai]]<br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birth_name = Suresh Hariprasad Joshi<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1921|5|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Valod]], [[Bardoli]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1986|9|6|1921|5|30}}<br />
| death_place = [[Nadiad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation ={{flatlist|<br />
* Novelist<br />
* short-story writer<br />
* critic<br />
* poet<br />
* translator<br />
* essayist<br />
}}<br />
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| alma_mater = [[Elphinstone College]]<br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = {{plainlist|<br />
* ''[[Grihapravesh (book)|Grihapravesh]]'' (1957)<br />
* ''[[Janantike]]'' (1965)<br />
* ''[[Chhinnapatra]]'' (1965)<br />
* ''[[Maranottar]]'' (1973)<br />
* ''[[Chintayami Manasa]]'' (1983)<br />
}}<br />
| spouse =<br />
| children = <br />
| awards = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1971)<br />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1983; declined)<br />
}}<br />
| signature = Suresh Joshi autograph.svg<br />
| years_active = <br />
| module={{Infobox academic<br />
| child= yes<br />
| doctoral_advisor = [[Bhogilal Sandesara]]<br />
| thesis_title= A Critical Edition of Jnanagita (1616 A. D.) of Narahari<br />
| thesis_url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/59803<br />
| doctoral_students= [[Shirish Panchal]] <br />
}}<br />
| website = {{URL|sureshjoshi.org}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Suresh Hariprasad Joshi''' (30 May 1921 – 6 September 1986) was an Indian novelist, short-story writer, literary critic, poet, translator, editor and academic in the [[Gujarati language]]. Along with his teaching career, he led the modernist movement in [[Gujarati literature]]. He was prolific writer and he transformed the field of literary criticism.<br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| width = 150<br />
| footer = Young Suresh Joshi<br />
| image1 = Suresh Joshi at the age of 29.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Joshi at the age of 29<br />
| image2 = Suresh Joshi with Usha Joshi, Mumbai.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Joshi with his wife Usha Joshi<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Department of Gujarati at M S University.jpg|thumb|Building of Department of Gujarati, M. S. University]]<br />
He was born in [[Valod]], a small town near [[Bardoli]] in [[South Gujarat]] on 30 May 1921. He did his schooling from Songadh and Gangadhara. He [[matriculation|matriculated]] from [[Navsari]] in 1938. He completed his BA in 1943 and MA from [[Elphinstone College]] in 1945. In the same year, he started teaching at D. J. Singh College in [[Karachi]] and later joined [[Sardar Patel University]], [[Vallabh Vidyanagar]] in 1947. From 1951, he served as a lecturer, professor and later as Head of the Gujarati Department at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], [[Vadodara]] till his retirement in 1981.&lt;ref name= "agsi"&gt;{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=22–33|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=gsp&gt;{{Cite web|title =સુરેશ જોષી (Suresh Joshi)|url = http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Suresh-Joshi.html|website =[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|access-date = 2016-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"&gt;{{cite book|last=Panchal|first=Shirish|author-link=Shirish Panchal|title=Makers of Indian Literature: Suresh Joshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AMOIkTYkOQC&amp;pg=PP2|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1922-9|pages=2–66}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
His early life was spent at Songadh which influenced his life. At the age of eight, he secretly published his poem in ''Baljeevan'' magazine. He edited ''Falguni'' magazine in his college life. ''Upjati'' (1956) was his first published work. He had also edited ''Manisha'', ''Kshitij'', ''Etad'' and ''Uhapoh'' magazines.&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name=gsp/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name=sm20cgl/&gt;<br />
<br />
He died on 6 September 1986 due to [[kidney failure]] at [[Nadiad]].&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name=gsp/&gt;<br />
<br />
==Style==<br />
[[File:Suresh Joshi at the age of 45.jpg|thumb|Joshi at the age of 45, Vadodara]]<br />
&lt;!--A strong opponent of romantic tendencies in literature, [See talk page for discussion]--&gt;Joshi influenced many up-and-coming writers in the 1960s and 1970s. His personal essays "are said to have introduced a new prose style in [[Gujarati literature]]," according to Gujarati scholar Sarala Jag Mohan.&lt;ref name=sm20cgl&gt;Mohan, Sarala Jag, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&amp;dq=Urdu+poets&amp;pg=PA100 Chapter 4: "Twentieth-Century Gujarati Literature"] (Google books link), in Natarajan, Nalini, and Emanuel Sampath Nelson, editors, ''Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India'', Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-313-28778-7}}, retrieved 10 December 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt; He was influenced by efforts of experimentation in western literature.&lt;ref name="Sivasankari1998"/&gt;<br />
<br />
He was one of the chief exponents of [[experimentalism|experimentalist]] poetry in Gujarati, primarily through his literary criticism, rather than his poems. Under his influence, form, technique and structure became far more important considerations within Gujarati poetry. The torments of the individual and literary craftsmanship became more highly esteemed, but intelligibility, lyricism and musicality were valued less, as were social concerns of the writer and even the contents of the work, according to Deepak B. Mehta.&lt;ref name=mil&gt;George, K. M., editor, ''Modern Indian Literature: An Anthology'', published by Sahitya Akademi, 1992, {{ISBN|978-81-7201-324-0}}, Chapter: [https://books.google.com/books?id=vfSPI2irzUgC&amp;pg=PA100 "Modern Gujarati Literature"] by Deepak B. Mehta&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Existentialism]] and [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] were prime interests of his.&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name=sm20cgl/&gt;<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
Suresh Joshi was a modernist author who led the modernist movement in [[Gujarati literature]] which emerged after 1955, the post-Gandhian era.&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt; He is recognized as the father of modern Gujarati literature&lt;ref name="Sivasankari1998"&gt;{{cite book|author=Sivasankari|title=Knit India through literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PVjAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Eastwest Books|page=279|isbn=9788186852118}}&lt;/ref&gt; and as the leader of [[avant-garde]] writers in Gujarati.&lt;ref name="Devy2002"&gt;{{cite book|author=G. N. Devy|title=Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMF2PL7HgeEC&amp;pg=PA184|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2022-6|page=184}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Gujarati critic Bharat Mehta, the period of Gujarati literature from 1975 to 2000 was highly influenced by Suresh Joshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Sahitya Akademi Annual Report 2004 - 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOLI0vWNsuEC|access-date=25 January 2018|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=75}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
''Upjati'' (1956), ''Pratyancha'' (1961), ''Itara'' (1973) and ''Tathapi'' (1980) are his poetry collections. He withdrew his first publication ''Upjati'' on his second publication.&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name=sm20cgl/&gt; Through his poems, he introduced obscurity and ambiguity to Gujarati literature.&lt;ref name="Tripathi 2018"&gt;{{cite web | last=Tripathi | first=Salil | title=A new generation of poets from Gujarat is keeping a rich poetic legacy alive | website= [[LiveMint]] | date=2018-02-16 | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/WxQCScWHU7AACzKudTj58I/A-new-generation-of-poets-from-Gujarat-is-keeping-a-rich-poe.html | access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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His four novels are collectively published as ''Kathachatushtay''. Two of them, ''[[Chhinnapatra]]'' (1965) and ''[[Maranottar]]'' (1973) were already published before. ''Vidula'' and ''Kathachakra'' were published before with other short stories but Joshi considered them as novels and published again with other two.&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt; ''Chhinnapatra'' was translated into English by [[Tridip Suhrud]] as ''Crumpled letters'' (1998).&lt;ref name="Jolly2013"&gt;{{cite book|author=Margaretta Jolly|title=Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pedJAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1087|access-date=27 January 2017|date=4 December 2013|publisher=[[Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-136-78744-7|page=1087}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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He was very experimental in [[novella]]s. He transformed the genre in Gujarati literature by his continued experimentation and esthetics. ''[[Grihapravesh (book)|Grihapravesh]]'' (1957), ''Biji Thodik Vartao'' (1958), ''Apich'' (1965), ''Na Tatra Suryo Bhati'' (1967), ''Ekda Naimisharanye'' (1980) are his collections of stories which include 62 novellas. His 21 stories were collected in ''Maniti Anmaniti'' (1982), edited by [[Shirish Panchal]].&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name=sm20cgl/&gt; He promoted a theory of fiction known as ''Ghatanavilop'' which focuses on suggestive potential of language instead of plot element in fiction.&lt;ref name="Devy2002"/&gt;<br />
<br />
''[[Janantike]]'' (1965) is his first collection of essays. His other essay collections are ''Idam Sarvam'' (1971), ''Ahobat Kim Ashcharyam'' (1975), ''Iti Me Iti'' (1987). ''Bhavyami'' (1984) includes selected essays edited by Shirish Panchal from his more than thousand essays.&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name=sm20cgl/&gt;&lt;ref name="Trust1997"&gt;{{cite book|author=National Book Trust|title=Masterpieces of Indian literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ|year=1997|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-1978-8|page=304}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Janantike'' was translated into English by V. Y. Kantak as ''Intimated Asides'' (1995).&lt;ref name="Navgujarat Samay 2014"&gt;{{cite web | title='માનવીની ભવાઈ'નો સુંદર અંગ્રેજી અનુવાદ -Navgujarat Samay | website=Navgujarat Samay | date=2014-05-24 | url=http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/navgujarat-samay-supplementaries-gujarati-columnist/kadar-ane-kitab/articleshow/35558013.cms | language=gu | access-date=2017-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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He was a reformer in field of literary criticism. His first work of criticism ''Kinchit'' (1960) rebelled against established norms. ''Gujarati Kavitano Aswad'' (1962), ''Kavyacharcha'' (1971), ''Kathopkathan'', ''Shrunavantu'' (1972), ''Arunyarudan'' (1976), ''[[Chintayami Manasa]]'' (1983), ''Ashtamoahyay'' (1984) are his other collections of criticism.&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name=sm20cgl/&gt;<br />
<br />
''Madhyakalin Gyanmargi Kavyadharani Bhumika'' (1978) is his research work. ''Jananti Ye Kimapi'' (1984) is collection of six essays edited by him which focuses on new movement in literary criticism. He edited some anthologies; '' Navonmesh'' (1971), ''Narharini Gyangeeta'' (1978), ''Gujarati Sarjanatmak Gadya: Ek Sankalan'' (1981), ''Vastana Pado'' (1983). ''Parakiya'' (1975) is his collection of translation of fine world poetry. ''Dhire Vahe Chhe Don'' Volume I (1960) and ''Bhonytaliyano Adami'' (1967) are translations of Russian novels. ''Shikari Bandook ane Hajar Saraso'' (1975) is translation of Japanese stories. ''Ameriki Tunki Varta'' (1967) is translation of ''The Short Story in America'' by [[Raymond B. West]]. ''Amerikana Sahityano Itihas'' (1965) is translation of book by [[Marcus Cunliffe]]. He translated essays of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in ''Panchamrut'' (1949) and ''Sanchay'' (1963).&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;<br />
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==Awards==<br />
He was awarded [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1971.&lt;ref name= "agsi"/&gt; He refused to accept [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1983 which was awarded to him for ''Chintayami Manasa''. He said<br />
that,"The book contains nothing more than some stray essay. It is only critical articles based on European and American criticism, and not reflects his original critical thinking".&lt;ref name="Panchal2004"/&gt;&lt;ref name="Devy2002"/&gt; He was awarded the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] for ''Janantike'' in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Trivedi |first=Ramesh M. |year=2015 |script-title=gu:અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઇતિહાસ|title=Arvachin Gujarati Sahityano Itihas|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Adarsh Prakashan |page=415 |language=gu |isbn=978-93-82593-88-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Panchal|first=Shirish|author-link=Shirish Panchal|title=Makers of Indian Literature: Suresh Joshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AMOIkTYkOQC&amp;pg=PP2|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1922-9}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Suresh Hariprasad Joshi|editor=J. Birje-Patil|title=Ten Short Stories by Suresh Joshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcFjAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1159-9}}<br />
* Kantak, V.Y. Intimate Asides: Selected Essays from Suresh Joshi's Janantike, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1995<br />
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Suman |author-link=Suman Shah |title=Suresh Joshi Thi Suresh Joshi (Critical Study of Suresh Joshi, His Literature and its Impact upon Modern Gujarati Literature) |date=2000 |edition=2nd |publisher=Parshva Publication |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=5240570}}<br />
* Topiwala, Chandrakant. ''Suresh Joshi''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Gbooks-author|Suresh Hariprasad Joshi}}<br />
* [https://www.ekatrafoundation.org/books/ebook?author_sel=101 Works by Suresh Joshi] at Ekatra Foundation<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Suresh}}<br />
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:1921 births]]<br />
[[Category:1986 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tapi district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian editors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian magazine founders]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of Rabindranath Tagore]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mysore_Dasara&diff=461721Mysore Dasara2025-12-29T02:47:06Z<p>Nawraj: corrected content further and improved wording</p>
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<div>{{Short description|State-festival of Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Redirect|Jamboo Savari|the Indian film|Jamboo Savari (film)}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox holiday<br />
| begins = September/October per [[Hindu calendar]]<br />
| ends = 2025<br />
| longtype = [[Culture of Mysore|Cultural]], Religious ([[Hindu]])<br />
| type = Jain <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Mysore palace illuminated.jpg<br />
| photo2a = <br />
| photo2b = Mysore Palace Dussera (29633564994).jpg<br />
| spacing = 1<br />
| color_border = white<br />
| color = white<br />
| size = 270<br />
| foot_montage = }}<br />
| duration = 9 days<br />
| caption = (Top to bottom, L-R) [[Mysore Palace]] illuminated during the festival, procession of Goddess [[Chamundeshwari]]'s idol, elephant procession on [[Vijayadashami]]<br />
| frequency = Annual<br />
| significance = Marking the victory of good over evil<br />
| relatedto = [[Chamundeshwari]] (goddess Shakti), [[Durga]], [[Mahishasura]], [[Ramayana|The Ramayana]], the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], the [[Wadiyar dynasty]]<br />
| firsttime = 17–27 September 1610<br />
| celebrations = Lighting Mysuru Palace, Ramayana theatre, mela (fairs), processions and parades<br />
| holiday_name = <br />
| date = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mysore Dasara''' is the state festival in the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. It is a 10 day festival, starting with nine nights called [[Navaratri]] and the last day being [[Vijayadashami]]. The festival is observed on the tenth day in the Hindu calendar month of ''Ashvina'', which typically falls in the Gregorian months of September and October.{{Sfn | Encyclopedia Britannica | 2015}}{{Sfn|James G. Lochtefeld|2002|pp=212-213, 468-469}}{{Sfn | Encyclopedia Britannica Dussehra | 2015}}<br />
<br />
The Hindu festival of Navaratri and its occasion of [[Vijayadashami]] celebrates the victory of good over evil. According to [[Hindu mythology]], it commemorates the day the goddess [[Durga|Chamundeshwari]] (Durga) slew the demon [[Mahishasura]].<ref name="Fuller2004p117"/> Mahishasura is also believed to be the demon whose slaying by the goddess gave the city the name [[Mysore|Mysuru]]. The Mysuru tradition celebrates the warriors and the state fighting for the good during this festival, ritually worshipping and displaying the state sword, weapons, elephants, horses, along with the goddess in her warrior form (predominantly) as well as the avatar of puri, Ramu. The ceremonies and a major procession is traditionally presided by the king of Mysuru.<ref name="Fuller2004p117">{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC |year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12048-X|pages=114–126}}</ref><br />
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The city of Mysuru has a long tradition of celebrating the Dasara festival with grandeur and pomp to mark the festival. The Dasara festival in Mysuru completed 409th anniversary in the year 2019,<ref name="anniversary">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/400th-Mysore-Dasara-begins-today/articleshow/6709267.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106231912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-07/bangalore/28256260_1_jumboo-savari-dasara-elephants-theatre-festival|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-11-06|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=400th Mysore Dasara begins today|date=2010-10-07}}</ref> while evidence suggests the festivities were observed in Karnataka state by the Vijayanagara Empire kings in the 91 bce.<ref>[http://www.newsonair.nic.in/Karnataka-Mysore-Dasara-feature.asp Dasara of Mysore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616050121/http://www.newsonair.nic.in/Karnataka-Mysore-Dasara-feature.asp |date=16 June 2018 }}, All India Radio, Government of India</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
The Dussehra festivities were held in the [[Vijayanagara dynasty|Vijayanagar kings]] as early as the 14th-15th Century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/500yrs.htm|title=WebHost4Life - Web Hosting, Unix Hosting, E-Mail, Web Design|website=ourkarnataka.com|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> The exact origin of the festival and how long back it dates is unknown. The festival played a historical role in the 14th-century [[Vijayanagara Empire]], where it was called ''Mahanavami'' and the festivities are shown in the relief artwork of the outer wall of the Hazara Rama temple of [[Hampi]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=John M. Fritz|author2=George Michell|author3=John Gollings|title =Hampi |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gl5NAAAAYAAJ|year =2003|publisher=India Book House|pages=46–47, 87–90|isbn=9788175083363}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=P. J. Marshall|title=The Eighteenth Century in Indian History: Evolution Or Revolution?|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WT1uAAAAMAAJ|year =2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567814-7|pages=285 note 3}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Italian traveller [[Niccolò de' Conti]] described the festival's intensity and importance as a grandeur religious and martial event with royal support. The event revered Durga as the warrior goddess (some texts refer to her as Chamundeshwari). The celebrations hosted athletic competitions, singing and dancing, fireworks, a pageantry military parade and charitable giving to the public.<ref name=fuller117>{{cite book |author=Christopher John Fuller| title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC |year= 2004| publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn= 978-0-69112-04-85|pages= 117–119}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=S Sivapriyananda|title=Mysore Royal Dasara|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DVkyFvZL_qMC |year =1995|publisher= Abhinav Publications|pages= 73–75 }}</ref><br />
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After the fall of the Vijayanagar to Deccan Sultanates, these Hindu celebrations came to an end under Muslim rulers. The Wodeyars of [[Mysore]] formed a kingdom in Southern parts of the Vijayanagara Empire and continued the Mahanavami (Dasara) festival celebration, a tradition started initially by Raja Wodeyar I (1578-1617 CE) in mid September 1610 at [[Srirangapatna]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC |year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12048-X|pages=114–115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=P. J. Marshall|title=The Eighteenth Century in Indian History: Evolution Or Revolution?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT1uAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567814-7|pages=268–270}}</ref><br />
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==Festivities==<br />
[[File:ಮೈಸೂರು ದಸರಾ (Mysore Dasara) 2019 (2).webm|left|thumb|2019 Mysore Dasara]]<br />
[[File:Mysorepalace.jpg|thumb|left|A lit up [[Mysore Palace]], the epicenter of all Dasara festivities held in [[Mysore]]]]<br />
The festivities included a special ''durbar'' (royal assembly). It was during the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III in the year 1805, when the king started the tradition of having a special ''durbar'' in the [[Mysore Palace]] during Dasara; which was attended by members of the royal family, special invitees, officials and the masses. After the death of [[Srikanta Wadiyar]] in December 2013, Dasara celebration in 2014 was celebrated by placing the "Pattada Katti" (royal sword) on the golden throne.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/emotional-start-to-private-dasara/article6447883.ece|title=Emotional start to private Dasara|author=R. Krishna Kumar|work=The Hindu|date=26 September 2014|access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140926/nation-current-affairs/article/no-scion-sword-%E2%80%98rules%E2%80%99-mysore-palace|title=With no scion, the sword 'rules' at the Mysore Palace|date=26 September 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/432803/archives.php|title=Royal Sword takes king's place at Khas Durbar|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref> But since his accession to the throne in 2015, Maharaja [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]] have been holding the Dasara celebration and durbar. The ninth day of Dasara called as ''[[Navaratri|Mahanavami]]'' is also an auspicious day on which the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession involving [[Dasara Elephants|elephants]], camels and horses.<ref name="esam">Detailed account of the Mysore Dasara festival is provided by {{cite web|work=[[Prabuddha Bharata]]|url=http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa|title=Mysore Dasara - A Living Tradition|publisher=Shri Sanjeev Nayyar|access-date=2007-04-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070307104723/http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-03-07}}</ref><br />
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==Lights in Mysore Palace==<br />
The main attraction of the ten-day Mysore Dasara festival is the [[Mysore Palace]] which is lighted daily with nearly 100,000 light bulbs from 7 pm to 10 pm on all days of the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysoredasara.org/about_dasara.html|title=Mysore Dasara, Nadahabba, Mysore Royal Festival, Karnataka State Festival|work=mysoredasara.org|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829015351/http://www.mysoredasara.org/about_dasara.html|archive-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Various cultural and religious programs highlighting the dance, music and culture of the State of [[Karnataka]] are performed in front of the illuminated Palace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inmysore.com/mysore-dasara|title=Mysore Dasara|work=inMysore.com|access-date=22 October 2015}}</ref><br />
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==Procession==<br />
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[File:DarbarHall.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Durbar Hall in [[Mysore Palace]]; venue of the Dasara ''durbar'' (royal assembly)]]--><br />
On [[Vijayadashami]], the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as " jumboo Savari ") is held on the streets of [[Mysore]] city. The main attraction of this procession is the idol of the Goddess Chamundeshwari which is placed on a golden [[mantapa]] (which is around 750 kilograms of gold) on the top of a decorated elephant. This idol is worshipped by the royal couple and other invitees before it is taken around in the procession. Colourful tableaux, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels form a part of the procession which starts from the [[Mysore Palace]] and culminates at a place called ''Bannimantap'' where the ''banni'' tree (''[[Prosopis spicigera]]'') is worshipped. According to a legend of the [[Mahabharata]], ''banni'' tree was used by the [[Pandava]]s to hide their weapons during their one-year period of ''Agnatavasa'' (living life incognito). Before undertaking any warfare, the kings traditionally worshipped this tree to help them emerge victorious in the war.<ref name="esam" /> The Dasara festivities would culminate on the night of [[Vijayadashami]] with an event held in the grounds at Bannimantap called as ''Panjina Kavayatthu'' (torch-light parade).<br />
<br />
In Mysore, India, the Vijayadashami Elephant procession during Mysore Dasara is called Jumbo Savari (from the British during their control of Mysore State). The original name to this procession is ''Jumbi Savari'' ("going to the Shami (Banni) tree"). Now Goddess Chamundeshwari is taken in procession on an Elephant. But the "Jumbo" name is still intact.<br />
<br />
After the Jamboo Savari, a torchlight parade takes place in the evening at the Bannimantap Parade Grounds.<br />
<br />
==Exhibition==<br />
Another major attraction during Dasara is the Dasara exhibition which is held in the exhibition grounds opposite to the [[Mysore Palace]]. The exhibition was started by the Maharaja of Mysore [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] in 1880 with the sole aim of introducing timely developments to the people of Mysore. The task of holding the exhibition is now entrusted with the ''Karnataka Exhibition Authority (KEA)''.<ref>{{cite news|title=All roads lead to the expo|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/114895/all-roads-lead-expo.html|date=22 November 2010|access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref> This exhibition starts during Dasara and goes on till December. Various stalls which sell items like clothes, plastic items, kitchenware, cosmetics and eatables are set up and they attract a significant number of people. A play area containing attractions like a [[Ferris wheel]] is also present to provide entertainment to the people. Various Governmental agencies setup stalls to signify the achievements and projects that they have undertaken.<br />
<br />
==Other programmes==<br />
On all the 10 days of Dasara, various music and dance concerts are held in auditoriums around [[Mysore]] city. Musicians and dance groups from all over India are invited to perform on this occasion. Another attraction during Dasara is the [[Pehlwani|''Kusti Spardhe'']] (wrestling-bout) which attracts wrestlers from all around [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inmysore.com/mysore-dasara|title=Mysore Dasara - Wrestlers from around India participate in this tournament, which attracts a sizable audience.|website=inmysore.com}}</ref> There are other events at [[Bannimantap Parade Grounds|bannimantap]] where various groups do bike parades etc.<br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
The Dasara procession has faced increasing pressure from activists and campaigners to end its controversial use of elephants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/peta-for-ban-on-elephants-during-dasara/articleshow/65332531.cms|title=PETA for ban on elephants during Dasara - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/using-elephants-for-dasara-procession-is-illegal-says-peta/articleshow/65344894.cms|title=Using elephants for Dasara procession is illegal, says PeTA - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref> Procession elephants, as well as their handlers known as 'mahouts', have died from several shocking incidents over the years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/untimely-death-of-mahout-shankara-elephant-gajendra-not-to-participate-in-this-years-dasara/|title=Untimely death of Mahout Shankara: Elephant Gajendra not to participate in this year's Dasara|date=2018-08-19|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/oct/09/rowdy-ranga-elephant-who-roamed-karnataka-forests-dies-in-tragic-mishap-101812.html|title='Rowdy' Ranga: Elephant who roamed Karnataka forests dies in tragic mishap|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/may/06/two-mahouts-killed-due-to-elephants-liquor-aversion-in-karnataka-1601627.html|title=Two mahouts killed due to elephant's liquor aversion in Karnataka?|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/everything-you-want-to-know-about-the-dasara-elephants|title=Here is all you need to know about the Dasara elephants|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, leaked footage from the elephants' training ground showed an elephant swaying in distress. International press labelled the video "heartbreaking", and reported on how the elephants must undergo two months of "rigorous training" in order to perform in the procession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petaindia.com/blog/elephant-swaying-in-distress/|title=Elephant Swaying in Distress Shows Exploitation Must End|date=2018-10-17|website=PETA India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Government's decision to invite the [[Booker Prize]] laureate [[Banu Mushtaq]] to kick off the 2025 Mysore Dasara celebrations involving pooja to Goddess Bhuvaneshvari was met with opposition and when a video of her criticizing the devotion of the [[Kannada]] language in the form of Goddess Bhuvaneshwari went viral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Banu Mushtaq: Why is India's International Booker Prize winner at the centre of a political row? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxpzl12pqeo |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Petitioners filed court cases regarding religious incompatibility between her and Dasara, a historically Hindu festival but the petitions were dismissed by the Courts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Parmod |date=2025-09-21 |title=‘We are secular, State can’t distinguish’: Supreme Court dismisses plea against Karnataka govt.’s invite to Banu Mushtaq to inaugurate Dasara Festival |url=https://theleaflet.in/leaflet-reports/we-are-secular-state-cant-distinguish-supreme-court-dismisses-plea-against-karnataka-govts-invite-to-banu-mushtaq-to-inaugurate-dasara-festival |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Arjuna (elephant)|Arjuna]], the lead elephant of the Mysore Dasara procession<br />
* [[Dasara (disambiguation)]] — uses of the term in other Indian states<br />
* [[Dasara Elephants]]<br />
* [[Mysore Dasara 2013]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC|title=Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power|first=Laura|last=Amazzone|year= 2012|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761853145|access-date=5 February 2017 }}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Coburn|first= Thomas B.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC |title= Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation| publisher= State University of New York Press | year= 1991 | isbn = 0791404463 }}<br />
*{{cite book|author= Paul Reid-Bowen|editor1=Denise Cush|editor2=Catherine Robinson|editor3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ |year =2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18979-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5}}<br />
*{{cite book | author=David Kinsley| title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins| url-access=registration| year=1988| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=0-8239-2287-1}}<br />
*{{cite book|author= June McDaniel|title= Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC |year= 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Rachel Fell McDermott|title=Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803071-3}}<br />
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225 }}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Hillary Rodrigues|title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC|year=2003|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7}}<br />
*{{cite web | title=Navratri – Hindu festival | website=Encyclopædia Britannica | year=2017 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navratri | ref={{sfnref | Encyclopedia Britannica | 2015}} | access-date=2017-02-21}}<br />
*{{cite web | title=Dussehra – Hindu festival | website=Encyclopædia Britannica | year=2014 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dussehra | ref={{sfnref | Encyclopedia Britannica Dussehra | 2015}} | access-date=2017-02-21}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{commonscatinline}}<br />
*{{Official website|http://www.mysoredasara.gov.in/ |name=Mysore Dasara Official Website <nowiki>|</nowiki> Complete information about Mysore Dasara}}<br />
*[http://www.keaonline.in/ Official website of Karnataka Exhibition Authority]<br />
*{{cite web |url=http://www.mysoredasara.gov.in/gallery |title=Mysore Dasara Gallery |work=mysoredasara.gov.in}}<br />
*[https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/mysuru-dasara-the-mother-of-all-dasaras Mysuru Dasara, the mother of all Dasaras!]<br />
*[https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/the-nava-durgas-of-dasara The Nava Durgas of Dasara]<br />
*[https://www.karnatakatourism.org/destinations/mysuru-dasara Government of Karnataka Tourism Department about Dasara]<br />
{{Mysore topics}}<br />
{{Karnataka topics}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Culture of Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Animal festival or ritual]]<br />
[[Category:Elephant festivals]]<br />
[[Category:September observances]]<br />
[[Category:October observances]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]<br />
[[Category:1610 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1610]]<br />
<!--Please do not remove this category until this article is sorted into the proper calendar category.--></div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poorva_Gokhale&diff=525975Poorva Gokhale2025-12-24T09:48:39Z<p>Nawraj: Started New Details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian television actress}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Poorva Gokhale<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Poorva Gupte<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|01|20|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/reem-sameer-shaikh-wishes-on-screen-mother-poorva-gokhale-on-her-birthday-calls-her-partner-in-crime/articleshow/73438454.cms|title=Reem Sameer Shaikh wishes on-screen mother, Poorva Gokhale on her birthday; Calls her 'partner in crime'|date=2020-01-20|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| height = <br />
| occupation = [[Actress]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| parents = <br />
| children = <br />
| years_active = 2001–2010<br/>2017–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Poorva Gokhale''' (born 20 January)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/reem-sameer-shaikh-wishes-on-screen-mother-poorva-gokhale-on-her-birthday-calls-her-partner-in-crime/articleshow/73438454.cms|title=Reem Sameer Shaikh wishes on-screen mother, Poorva Gokhale on her birthday; Calls her 'partner in crime'|date=2020-01-20|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> is a Marathi TV actress known for her role as Anupriya in [[Zee TV]]'s series ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''. She was spotted first in 2001 Marathi serial Rimjhim along with Sunil Barve.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
As a teen, Gokhale co-starred in the [[Hindi]] series ''[[Kkoi Dil Mein Hai]]'' which focused on two very different friends. Gokhale played a quieter and more traditional girl in contrast to [[Karishma Tanna]]'s role of an outgoing flirt.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040328070723/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/22/stories/2003122200660200.htm "Saga of friends"] ''The Hindu'', Chennai, 22 Dec 2003. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</ref><ref>Chaitanya, Tanya. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/two-to-tango/articleshow/440452.cms "Two to tango!"] ''The Times of India'', 23 Jan 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</ref><ref>Pillai, Sreedhar. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527041433/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/21/stories/2005022100050200.htm "Teenagers head for TV"] ''The Hindu'', 21 Feb 2005. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
She later appeared in the [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Gunn Krishna Agarwal. She has also starred in a Hindi Music Album named ''Boondein''. She was the lead actress in [[Zee Marathi]]'s series ''[[Kulvadhu (TV series)|Kulvadhu]]''.<br />
<br />
She has acted in the Marathi stage plays ''Smile Please'' and "Selfie." She received her first movie role in 2020. It was a Marathi movie named Bhaybheet.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhaybheet Movie Review|work=The Times of India |date=Feb 28, 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/bhaybheet/movie-review/74395788.cms|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
Later, she played as Anupriya Sarthak Rane in [[Zee TV]]'s series ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''. She played the negative role of Revati Rakesh Choudhary in [[StarPlus]]' series ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''.<br />
<br />
She is currently playing the role of Kadambari Vivek Lamba in [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]'s series ''[[Barsatein – Mausam Pyaar Ka]]''.<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Serial <br />
! Role<br />
! Channel<br />
! Notes<br />
! Co–Star<br />
|-<br />
| 2003–2005<br />
| ''[[Kkoi Dil Mein Hai]]'' <br />
| Kajal Arjun Punj<br />
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| Lead Role<br />
| {{ubl|[[Sandeep Baswana]]|[[Amit Sadh]]|[[Hiten Tejwani]]|[[Eijaz Khan]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2004-2007<br />
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' <br />
| Advocate Gunn Krishna Agarwal<br />
| [[Star Plus]]<br />
| Supporting Role<br />
| {{ubl|''Sachin Sharma''|[[Chetan Hansraj]]|[[Sameer Sharma]]}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2008–2010<br />
| ''[[Kulvadhu (TV series)|Kulvadhu]]'' <br />
| Devyani Rajeshirke<br />
| rowspan = "2" | [[Zee Marathi]]<br />
| Lead Role<br />
| [[Subodh Bhave]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]''<br />
| Maharani [[Sai Bhonsale]]<br />
| Supporting Role <br />
| ''Shantanu Moghe''<br />
|-<br />
| 2017–2019<br />
| ''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]''<br />
| Archana<br />
| ''Zee Yuva''<br />
| Supporting Role<br />
| [[Prasad Oak]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2018–2021<br />
| ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]'' <br />
| Anupriya Atul Deshmukh / Anupriya Sarthak Rane<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
| Lead Role / Supporting Role<br />
| {{ubl|''Pankaj Vishnu''|''Rajat Dahiya''}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''[[Jau Nako Dur... Baba]]''<br />
| Shubhada<br />
| ''Sun Marathi''<br />
| Cameo Role <br />
| ''Astad Kale''<br />
|-<br />
| 2022–2023<br />
| ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''<br />
| Police Commissioner Revati Rakesh Choudhary<br />
| [[Star Plus]]<br />
| Negative Role<br />
| ''Yajuvendra Singh''<br />
|-<br />
| 2023–2024<br />
| ''[[Barsatein – Mausam Pyaar Ka]]''<br />
| Kadambari Vivek Lamba <br />
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| Supporting Role <br />
| ''Sameer Malhotra''<br />
|-<br />
| 2024–2025<br />
| ''[[Jhanak]]''<br />
| Srishti Vinayak Mukherjee <br />
| [[Star Plus]]<br />
| Negative Role<br />
| ''Saurabh Agarwal'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|3245012}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Poorva}}<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thane]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Film_%E2%80%93_Tamil&diff=531425SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil2025-12-10T08:39:04Z<p>Nawraj: Started Entry.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|South Indian International Movie Awards}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil<br />
| awarded_for = Best Tamil-language film of the year<br />
| presenter = Vibri Media Group<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| country = India<br />
| year = 22 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)<br />
| holder = ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])<br />
| holder_label = Most recent winner<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''SIIMA Award for Best Film – Tamil''' is an award, begun in 2012, presented annually at the [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] to a film and production house via viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony. The nominations for the category are given by the jury members.<br />
<br />
== Winners and nominees ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Table key<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align:center;" style="background:#FAEB86; height:20px; width:20px"|{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}<br />
| Indicates the winner<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2010s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"<br />
!scope="col" style="width:5%; text-align:center;"| Year{{efn|name=year|Refers to the film's release year}}<br />
!scope="col" style="width:45%;text-align:center;"| Film<br />
!scope="col" style="width:45%;text-align:center;"| Production House / Studio<br />
! class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011 <br /><small>[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|(1st)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[RS Infotainment]]'''<br />
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |title=SIIMA Awards 2012 Winners |website=South Indian International Movie Awards |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706025553/http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadukalam]]''<br />
| Group Companys, Five Star Films/[[Sun Pictures]]/S. Kathiresan<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''<br />
| [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]/P. Madhan<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Engeyum Eppothum]]''<br />
| AR Murugadoss Productions/[[A. R. Murugadoss]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''<br />
| Aum Productions/[[Selvaraghavan]], M. Prasad<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012 <br /><small>[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|(2nd)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Thirupathi Brothers]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html|title=SIIMA Awards 2013 Malayalam Winners|website=South Indian International Movie Awards|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''<br />
| [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]''<br />
| Company Productions<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thuppakki]]''<br />
| [[V Creations]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''<br />
| Thirupathi Brothers<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | 2013 <br /><small>[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|(3rd)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5"| <ref>{{cite web|title=And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms|website=indiatimes|date=16 September 2014 |publisher=timesofindia|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=19 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919095812/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''<br />
| B Studios<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''<br />
| A.R Murugadoss Productions, The Next Big Film, [[Fox Star Studios]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Singam II]]''<br />
| Prince Pictures<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''<br />
| [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | 2014 <br /><small>[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|(4th)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kaththi]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Lyca Productions]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Goli Soda]]''<br />
| Roughnote Productions<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''<br />
| Group Company<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''<br />
| [[Studio Green]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''<br />
| [[Wunderbar Films]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | 2015<br /><small>[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|(5th)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Thani Oruvan]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[AGS Entertainment]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5"| <ref>{{cite web|title=SIIMA 2016 Telugu movie nominations revealed; 'Baahubali,' 'Srimanthudu' lead the list5|website=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526120833/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2016-telugu-movie-nominations-revealed-baahubali-srimanthudu-lead-list-680040|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/siima-2016-kannada-winners-list | title=SIIMA 2016 Kannada winners list }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''<br />
| [[Aascar Films]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''<br />
| [[Wunderbar Films]], [[Grass Root Film Company]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]''<br />
| Wunderbar Films<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[OK Kanmani]]''<br />
| [[Madras Talkies]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | 2016 <br /><small>[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|(6th)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[YNOT Studios]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-awards-2017-mohanlal-wins-best-actor-vijay-entertainer-1021933-2017-07-02 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Day 2: Mohanlal wins Best Actor, Vijay bags Best Entertainer |website=India Today |date=2 July 2017 |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515093348/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-awards-2017-mohanlal-wins-best-actor-vijay-entertainer-1021933-2017-07-02 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]''<br />
| [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pichaikkaran]]''<br />
| [[Vijay Antony|Vijay Antony Film Corporation]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''<br />
| [[V Creations]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Visaranai]]''<br />
| [[Wunderbar Films]], [[Grass Root Film Company]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | 2017 <br /><small>[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|(7th)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Vikram Vedha]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[YNOT Studios]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012|title=SIIMA 2018 Nominations: Vijay's Mersal Beats Madhavan And Vijay Sethupathi's Vikram Vedha|website=NDTV|date=15 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-tamil-winners-list-photos-vijays-mersal-tops-list-5-honours-780694|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 – Tamil winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/siima-2018-sivakartikeyan-nivin-pauly-r-madhavan-hansika-motwani-win-big-on-day-1/story-QEaUgz81IrHcCSUt3gXcEJ.html|title=SIIMA 2018: Sivakartikeyan, Nivin Pauly, R Madhavan, Hansika Motwani win big on day 1|website=Hindustan Times|date=15 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aramm]]''<br />
| KJR Studios<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aruvi]]''<br />
| [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''<br />
| [[Sri Thenandal Films|Thenandal Studio Limited]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''<br />
| Dream Warrior Pictures<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | 2018 <br /><small>[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|(8th)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Pa. Ranjith|Neelam Productions]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922|title=SIIMA 2019 FULL nominations list out!|website=Times Now|date=18 July 2019|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees|website=The Times of India|date=19 July 2019|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-awards-2019-full-winners-list-vijay-deverakonda-keerthy-suresh-yash-win-big/470065|title=SIIMA Awards 2019 full winners list|website=Times Now|date=17 August 2019|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[96 (film)|96]]''<br />
| Madras Enterprises<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''<br />
| [[2D Entertainment]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]''<br />
| [[Sun Pictures]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]''<br />
| [[Wunderbar Films]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |2019<br /><small>[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|(9th)]] </small><br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Dream Warrior Pictures]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |website=The News Minute |date=21 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/siima-2021-full-winners-list-mahesh-babu-rashmika-mandanna-win-best-actor-and-actress-award-4968951/ |title=SIIMA 2021 Full Winners' List: Mahesh Babu - Rashmika Mandanna Win Best Actor And Actress Award |website=India.com |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145522/https://www.india.com/entertainment/siima-2021-full-winners-list-mahesh-babu-rashmika-mandanna-win-best-actor-and-actress-award-4968951/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Peranbu]]''<br />
|Shree Rajalakshmi Films<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''<br />
|[[V Creations]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]''<br />
|[[Sun Pictures]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Viswasam]]''<br />
|[[Sathya Jyothi Films]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2020s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"<br />
!scope="col" style="width:5%; text-align:center;"| Year{{efn|name=year|}}<br />
!scope="col" style="width:45%;text-align:center;"| Film<br />
!scope="col" style="width:45%;text-align:center;"| Production House / Studio<br />
! class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2021<br />[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|<small>(10th)</small>]]<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Neelam Productions]]'''<br />
| rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=SIIMA 2021 nominations: Allu Arjun’s Pushpa, Dhanush’s Karnan, Tovino Thomas’ Minnal Murali lead the race |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2021-nominations-allu-arjun-pushpa-dhanush-karnan-tovino-thomas-minnal-murali-lead-8095126/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Y Krishna |last1=Jyothi |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/siima-2022-nominees-announced-voting-begins/ |title=SIIMA 2022: Full list of nominees announced, voting begins |work=South First |date=20 August 2022 |accessdate=11 March 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' <br />
| KJR Studios<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' <br />
| [[V Creations]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maanaadu]]'' <br />
| V House Productions<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''<br />
| [[YNOT Studios]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thalaivii]]''<br />
| [[Vishnu Vardhan Induri|Vibri Motion Pictures]], Karma Media<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |2022<br />[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|<small>(11th)</small>]]<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Madras Talkies]], [[Lyca Productions]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big|work=Hindustan Times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''<br />
|[[AGS Entertainment]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''<br />
|Tricolour Films, Varghese Moolan Pictures, 27th Entertainment<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''<br />
|[[Sun Pictures]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''<br />
|[[Raaj Kamal Films International]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |2023<br />[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|<small>(12th)</small>]]<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Sun Pictures]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=SIIMA 2024 Winners List: Aishwarya Rai, Vikram and Tovino Thomas Win Big, Jailer Wins Best Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/siima-2024-winners-aishwarya-rai-vikram-tovino-thomas-best-actor-jailer-best-film-9052120.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-16 |title=SIIMA 2024 (Tamil & Malayalam): Aishwarya Wins Big for PS II, Tovino Thomas Shines as Best Actor; Full List of Winners inside |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/siima-2024-tamil-full-list-of-winners-inside-enn24091600997 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]<br />
|[[Seven Screen Studio]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maamannan]]''<br />
|[[Red Giant Movies]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''<br />
|[[Madras Talkies]], [[Lyca Productions]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''<br />
|[[Grass Root Film Company]], [[RS Infotainment]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |2024<br />[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|<small>(13th)</small>]]<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''''' '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''<br />
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''' [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], [[Sony Pictures Networks|Sony Pictures Films India]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=SIIMA 2025 winners list: Aadujeevitham, Amaran win big; Sai Pallavi, Prithviraj take home best actor honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-2025-winners-list-aadujeevitham-amaran-sai-pallavi-prithviraj-10234920/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lubber Pandhu]]''<br />
|Prince Pictures<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''<br />
|The Route, [[Think Music|Think Studios]], Passion Studios<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Meiyazhagan]]''<br />
|[[2D Entertainment]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]''<br />
|[[RS Infotainment]], [[Grass Root Film Company]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:SIIMA Award for Best Film - Tamil}}<br />
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
[[Category:Awards for best film]]</div>Nawrajhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(Indian_TV_series)_season_2&diff=540754The Voice (Indian TV series) season 22025-11-25T07:41:56Z<p>Nawraj: Adding First Pg From Scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television season<br />
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br />
| judges = {{Plainlist |<br />
* [[Salim Merchant]] <br />
* [[Neeti Mohan]]<br />
* [[Benny Dayal]] <br />
* [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]}}<br />
| host = Gunjan Utreja <br> [[Sugandha Mishra]]<br />
| finals_venue = Urban Brew Studios, [[Johannesburg]]<br />
| winner = Farhan Sabir<br />
| winner_coach = Shaan<br />
| runner_up = Rasika Borkar<br />
}}<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|12|10|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|12|df=y}}<br />
| network = [[&TV]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''second season''' of '''''[[The Voice (Indian TV series)|The Voice]]''''', the [[India]]n [[reality television|reality]] [[talent show]], premiered on 10 December 2016 and concluded on 12 March 2017, with Farhan Sabir being crowned as the winner. The reality series is produced by Urban Brew Studios for [[&TV]].<br />
<br />
==Coaches and hosts==<br />
[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] was announced as returning coach; [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Salim Merchant]] and [[Benny Dayal]] joined Shaan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/review-the-voice-india-season-2-judges-benny-dayal-salim-merchant-neeti-mohan-shaan-lifetv-357035-2016-12-12|title=The Voice India Season 2 Review: The new season makes a powerful start|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=12 December 2016|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> [[Karan Tacker]] was replaced by Gunjan Utreja as the host of the season. [[Sugandha Mishra]] joined Utreja as the co-host.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gunjan-Utreja-steps-into-Karan-Tackers-shoes-to-host-The-Voice-India/articleshow/55353414.cms|title=Gunjan Utreja steps into Karan Tacker’s shoes to host 'The Voice India'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 November 2016|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Series overview==<br />
{{center|<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-4}}<br />
: {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Winner<br />
{{col-4}}<br />
: {{Color box|silver|border=silver}} Runner-up<br />
{{col-4}}<br />
: {{Color box|tan|border=silver}} Third place<br />
{{col-4}}<br />
: {{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} Fourth place<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Each coach was allowed to advance three top to the live shows:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; width:70%;"<br />
|-<br />
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="#fffa73"| '''{{nowrap|Team Salim}}'''<br />
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="#dda0dd"| '''{{nowrap|Team Neeti}}'''<br />
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="afeeee"| '''{{nowrap|Team Benny}}'''<br />
| style="width:13%;" scope="col" bgcolor="#FFE5B4"| '''{{nowrap|Team Shaan}}'''<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor=""| Paras Maan<br />
| bgcolor="lightgreen"| Niyam Kanungo<br />
| bgcolor="silver"| Rasika Borkar<br />
| bgcolor="gold"| Farhan Sabir<br />
|-<br />
| Yashodhan Rao<br />
| Neha Bhanushali<br />
| Sona Vakil<br />
| bgcolor="tan"| Parakhjeet Singh<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sharayu Date]]<br />
| Mohd. Danish<br />
| Divyansh Verma<br />
| Neha Khankriyal<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Teams==<br />
;Color key<br />
{{plainlist|<br />
* {{Color box|Yellow|border=silver}} Winner<br />
* {{Color box|#B0E0E6|border=silver}} Runner-up<br />
* {{Color box|#B2EC5D|border=silver}} Third place<br />
* {{Color box|#FBCEB1|border=silver}} Fourth place<br />
* {{Color box|#E8CCD7|border=silver}} Eliminated<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:17px; width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" width="16%" | Coach<br />
! scope="col" width="84%" colspan="10" | Top 49<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Salim Merchant<br />
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#B2EC5D" | Parakhjeet Singh<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Paras Maan<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Yashodhan Rao Kadam<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Archit Patadia<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Rachit Agarwal<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sharayu Date<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Oshin Bhatia<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Yogandha Vashishth<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Purnima Tripathi<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Smita Shradha Das<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sona Vakil<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Madhur Dhir<br />
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Neeti Mohan<br />
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#FBCEB1" | Niyam Kanungo<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Mohd. Danish<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sameer Hussain<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Neha Bhanushali<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Shruti Ravichandran<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Kuldeep Pattanayak<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Shwetha Devanahally<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Harsha Ranjini<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Vivek Prasad<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Jahanvi Sangha<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Nirvesh Dave<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Aditi Khandegal<br />
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Benny Dayal<br />
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#B0E0E6" width="14%" | Rasika Borkar<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Krunal Thakur<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Shilpa Surroch<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Veda Nerurkar<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Paras Jetly<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Krutika Borkar<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" width="14%" | Divyansh Verma<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Baishali Lama<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Abhishek Mukherjee<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Molyshree Garg<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Kamaldeep Kaur<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Jaskaran Singh<br />
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Shaan<br />
| colspan="7" style="background:#555555" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:Yellow" | Farhan Sabir<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Neha Khankriyal<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Meghana Bhat<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Suchandra Mondal<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Isha Singh<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Abhimanyu Ganguly<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sumit Bhardwaj<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Deepa Dhami<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Rithika Vadaddi<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Arfin Rana<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Aviinash Singh Parihar<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Sneha Kumari<br />
| style="background:#E8CCD7" | Pratik Raj<br />
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Episode 28: 12 March 2017 (Grand Finale)==<br />
<br />
;Key:<br />
:{{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Winner<br />
:{{Color box|silver|border=silver}} Runner-up<br />
:{{Color box|tan|border=silver}} Third place<br />
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} Fourth place<br />
<br />
;Competition performances<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! Artist<br />
! Coach<br />
! Order<br />
! Song<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
|-bgcolor=tan<br />
| rowspan="1" | Parakhjeet Singh<br />
| rowspan="1" | Shaan<br />
| 1<br />
| "Gal Bang Gayi" & "Kala Chashma"<br />
| rowspan="1" | Third place<br />
|-<br />
|-bgcolor=lightgreen<br />
| rowspan="1" | Niyam Kanungo<br />
| rowspan="1" | Neeti Mohan<br />
| 2<br />
| "Alvida"<br />
| rowspan="1" | Fourth place<br />
|-<br />
|-bgcolor=gold<br />
| rowspan="1" | Farhan Sabir<br />
| rowspan="1" | Shaan<br />
| 3<br />
| "Jugni"<br />
| rowspan="1" | '''Winner'''<br />
|-<br />
|-bgcolor=silver<br />
| rowspan="1" | Rasika Borkar<br />
| rowspan="1" | Benny Dayal<br />
| 4<br />
| "[[Parda Hai Parda (song)|Parda Hai Parda]]" and "Hungama Ho Gaya"<br />
| rowspan="1" | Runner-up<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.thevoiceindia.in}}<br />
<br />
{{The Voice (India)}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Voice (Indian season 2), The}}<br />
[[Category:The Voice (Indian TV series)]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian television seasons]]</div>Nawraj