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Shakta pithas

2026-05-30T17:18:15Z

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{{Short description|Shrines in Shaktism, goddess-focused Hinduism}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Cleanup lang|date=September 2022}}
{{Disputed|date=October 2022}}
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{{Saktism}}

The '''Shakta pithas''', also called '''Shakti pithas''' or '''Sati pithas''' ({{langx|sa|शाक्त पीठ}}, {{IAST|Śakta Pīṭha}}, ''seats of Devi Sati''<ref name="Fuller2004">{{cite book|author=Fuller, Christopher John|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA44|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0-691-12048-5|page=44|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215180315/https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}</ref>), are significant [[shrines]] and pilgrimage destinations in [[Shaktism]], the [[mother goddess]] denomination in [[Hinduism]]. The shrines are dedicated to various forms of [[Adi Shakti]].{{Efn|Also known as [[Durga]]}} Various [[Puranas]] such as [[Srimad Devi Bhagavatam]] state the existence of a varying number of 51, 52, 64 and 108 Shakta pithas<ref name="Vanamali2008p143" /><ref name= Chakrabarti430>{{cite book|author1=Kunal Chakrabarti|author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA430|year=2013|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5|page=430|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215172849/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA430|url-status=live}}</ref> of which 18 are named as Astadasha ''Maha'' (major) and 4 are named as Chatasrah ''Aadi'' (first) in medieval Hindu texts. (Devanagari: चतस्रः आदि)<ref name="Vanamali2008p143">{{cite book|author=Vanamali|title=Shakti: Realm of the Divine Mother|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5Ju3nWR52UC|year=2008|publisher=Inner Traditions|isbn=978-1-59477-785-1|pages=83–84, 143–144|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2016-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429232539/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5Ju3nWR52UC|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Vaishno Devi Bhavan.jpg|thumb|[[Vaishno Devi Temple|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Temple]] is one of the 64 and 108 Maha (Major) Shakta pithas and is also the most visited among all. It attracts more than 15 million people annually.<ref>{{cite news|title=Everything you wanted to know about visiting Vaishno Devi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-visiting-vaishno-devi/as35008771.cms|publisher=India Times|date=5 April 2019|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413161056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-visiting-vaishno-devi/as35008771.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Legends abound about how the Shakta pithas came into existence. The most popular is based on the story of the death of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], a deity according to Hinduism. Shiva carried Sati's body, reminiscing about their moments as a couple, and roamed around the universe with it. Vishnu cut her body into 108 body parts, using his [[Sudarshana Chakra]], which fell on earth to become sacred sites where all the people can pay homage to the goddess. To complete this task, Shiva took the form of [[Bhairava]].<ref name="Vijnanananda1921">{{cite book |author=Swami Vijñanananda |title=Śrīmad Devī Bhāgavatam |year=1921 |volume=Book 7 |chapter=Chapter 30 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited |isbn=9788121505918 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57287.html}}</ref><ref name="Mahabhagavata">{{cite web |title=Mahābhāgavata Purāṇa (Upapurāṇa) - Chapter 11 |website=Wisdom Library |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabhagavata-purana-translation/d/doc1474232.html}}</ref><ref name="KalikaPurana">{{cite book |title=The Kalika Purana |translator-last=Shastri |translator-first=B. N. |editor-last=Pratap |editor-first=Surendra |publisher=Nag Publishers |chapter=Chapter 18 |url=https://archive.org/details/QCML_the-kalika-puran-translated-in-english-by-b-n-shastri-edited-by-surendra-pratap-nag-publishers-}}</ref>

[[File:Nani ki Mandir2.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Hinglaj Mata temple]] Shakta pitha is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yatra is attended by more than 250,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1088366/mata-hinglaj-yatra-to-hingol-a-pilgrimage-to-reincarnation/?amp=1|title=Mata Hinglaj Yatra: To Hingol, a pilgrimage to reincarnation|date=19 April 2016|website=tribune.com.pk|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320084616/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1088366/mata-hinglaj-yatra-to-hingol-a-pilgrimage-to-reincarnation?amp=1|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Most of these historic places of goddess worship are in [[India]], but there are some in [[Nepal]], seven in [[Bangladesh]], two in [[Pakistan]], and one each in [[Tibet]], [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name="Chakrabarti430" /> and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Significance of Bhairab Kunda Temple in Bhutan |url=https://kuenselonline.com/significance-of-bhairab-kunda-temple-in-bhutan/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Kuensel Online |archive-date=2023-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608113711/https://kuenselonline.com/significance-of-bhairab-kunda-temple-in-bhutan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Hinduism ==
=== Hindu literature ===
The [[Brahmanda Purana]], one of the major eighteen [[Puranas]] mentions 64 Shakta pithas of the goddess [[Parvati]] in the [[Bharata (term)|Bharat]] or [[Greater India]] including present-day India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, some parts of Southern Tibet in China and parts of southern Pakistan. Another text which gives a listing of these shrines is the ''Shakta pitha stotram'', written by [[Adi Shankara]], the 9th-century Hindu philosopher.<ref>[http://www.celextel.org/adisankara/shaktipeethastotram.html Shakta pitha stotram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211142539/http://www.celextel.org/adisankara/shaktipeethastotram.html |date=2011-12-11 }} Vedanta Spiritual Library</ref>

According to the manuscript ''Mahapithapurana'' (c. 1690–1720 CE), there are 52 such places. Among them, 23 are located in the [[Bengal]] region, 14 of these are located in what is now [[West Bengal]], India, 1 in Baster (Chhattisgarh), while 7 are in what is now [[Bangladesh]].

=== Daksha yajna ===
[[File:Dakshayani.jpg|right|240px|thumb|[[Lord Shiva|Shiva]] carrying the corpse of [[Dakshayani]] ]]
{{Main|Daksha yajna}}
Prajapati Daksha organized a yajna but did not invite his daughter, Sati, or her husband, Shiva.<ref name="Tagare1950">{{cite book |author=G. V. Tagare |title=The Bhagavata Purana |year=1950 |chapter=Adhyāya 2, 3, & 5 |isbn=9788120838208 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1127086.html}}</ref><ref name="KalikaPurana" /> Dakṣa said that [[Shiva]] is a {{IAST|kapālin}}, the king of goblins, and an inauspicious entity unworthy of receiving sacrificial shares. Despite Shiva's warnings that attending uninvited would lead to severe insult, Satī proceeded to her father's sacrificial enclosure. Upon arrival, Sati was subjected to further insults from Daksha regarding her husband. Unable to tolerate the disrespect, she resolved to abandon her physical body. Scriptural accounts vary on her method of death: some texts state she threw herself into the sacrificial fire, while others describe her using yogic concentration to release her life force. The [[Mahabhagavata Purana]] provides a specific variation, stating that Sati created a shadow-form to enter the flames and disrupt the ritual.<ref name="SkandaPurana">{{cite book |author=G. V. Tagare |title=The Skanda Purana |volume=Māheśvara Khaṇḍa, Kedāra Khaṇḍa |chapter=Adhyāya 2 & 3 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc365949.html}}</ref><ref name="KalikaPurana" />

Upon learning of Sati's death, an enraged Shiva created [[Virabhadra]], who was accompanied by [[Bhadrakali]] and Pramathas. Under Shiva's orders, Virabhadra destroyed the sacrificial grounds and decapitated Daksha. Later, after being pacified by Brahma and the other deities, Shiva revived Daksha by replacing his severed head with that of a goat.<ref name="Vijnanananda1921" /><ref name="Tagare1950" /><ref name="Mahabhagavata" />

Overwhelmed by grief, Lord Śiva placed the burnt corpse of Satī upon his shoulder and wandered through the cosmos. As he traversed the earth, the limbs and ornaments of the Goddess's body fell in various locations, transforming those sites into sacred Siddhapīṭhas or Śakti Pīṭhas. While the Mahabhagavata Purana enumerates 51 such sites, highlighting [[Kamakhya]] in Kamarupa as the prominent location where her yoni fell other scriptures, such as the Devi Bhagavata Purana, list 108 sacred Pithas.<ref name="Mahabhagavata" /><ref name="Vijnanananda1921" /><ref name="SkandaPurana" /><ref name="KalikaPurana" />

== Shakta pithas ==

Each temple has shrines for Shakti and [[Kalabhairava]], and most Shakti and Kalabhairava in different Shakta pithas have different names.

=== Map of India's Shakti pithas ===
{{Location map+ |South Asia|width=900|float=center|caption=Shakti names at locations of Shakta pithas 
{{font color|white|blue|Blue}}: Adi Shakta pithas; {{font color|white|red|Red}}: Ashtadasha Maha Shakta pithas; {{font color||yellow|Yellow}}: Daksha yagna site; {{font color|white|green|Green}}: Maha Shakta pithas
|places=
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg= 20.85|lon_deg=86.34 |label= [[Biraja Temple|Biraja]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg=26.17|lon_deg=91.70|label= [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamakhya]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg=19.80|lon_deg=85.82|label= [[Vimala Temple|Vimala]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat_deg=19.49|lon_deg=84.90 |label= [[Tara Tarini Temple|Tara Tarini]]|position=rignt}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 8.58|lon_deg=81.25 |label= [[Trincomalee|Shankari]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 12.84|lon_deg=79.70 |label= [[Kanchipuram|Kamakshi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 23.07|lon_deg=88.29 |label= Shrinkhala Devi|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 12.27|lon_deg=76.67 |label= [[Chamundeshwari Temple|Chamundeshwari]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 15.88|lon_deg=78.13 |label= [[Alampur Jogulamba Temple|Jogulamba]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 16.07|lon_deg=78.87 |label= [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Bhramarambha]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 16.69|lon_deg=74.22 |label= [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Ambabai]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 19.84|lon_deg=77.86 |label= [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Renuka]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 23.21|lon_deg=75.77 |label= [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleshwar]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 17.11|lon_deg=82.25 |label= [[Kukkuteswara Temple|Puruhutika]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 16.79|lon_deg=82.06 |label= [[Draksharama|Manikyamba]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 25.44|lon_deg=81.87 |label= [[Alopi Devi Mandir|Maa Madhaveswari]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=22.52|lon_deg=88.34|label= [[Jalashaila|Purneshwari]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 31.88|lon_deg=76.32 |label= [[Jawalamukhi|Jwalamukhi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 24.78|lon_deg=85.00 |label= [[Mangla Gauri Temple|Sarvamangala]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg= 25.31|lon_deg=83.01 |label= [[Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Red pog.svg|lat_deg=34.79|lon_deg=74.19|label= [[Sharada Peeth|Sharada]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 30.26|lon_deg=77.74 |label= [[Siddhpeeth Shri Shakumbhari Devi, Saharanpur|Shakambari Devi]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg=25.5678967|lon_deg=84.6729917|label=[[Aranya Devi Temple, Arrah|Aranya Devi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 25.51|lon_deg=65.52|label= [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj Mata]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.72|lon_deg=90.39|label= [[Dhakeshwari Temple|Dhakeshwari]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 24.87|lon_deg=91.88|label= [[Shri Shail|Mahalakshmi]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 34.22|lon_deg=75.50|label= [[Amarnath Temple|Mahamaya]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 33.03|lon_deg=74.95|label= [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Vaishnodevi]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 9.91|lon_deg=78.17 |label= [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Meenakshi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.88|lon_deg=87.38|label= [[Bakreshwar|Mahishmardini]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 22.30|lon_deg=87.92|label= [[Bargabhima Temple|Bargabhima Devi]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.69|lon_deg=88.02|label= [[Attahas, Katwa|Phullora]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.70|lon_deg=88.04|label= [[Ketugram|Bahula]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 24.56|lon_deg=89.43|label= [[Bhabanipur Shakta pitha|Aparna]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 31.81|lon_deg=76.10|label= [[Chintpurni|Chinnamasta]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 28.82|lon_deg=83.47|label= [[Muktinath|Gandaki Chandi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 20.39|lon_deg=73.91|label= [[Saptashrungi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 25.57|lon_deg=92.21|label= [[Nartiang Durga Temple|Jayanti]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 22.31|lon_deg=89.11|label= [[Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple|Jeshoreshwari]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 30.65|lon_deg=81.45|label= [[Lake Manasarovar|Dakshayani]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.51|lon_deg=91.50|label= [[Tripura Sundari Temple|Tripura Sundari]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 31.34|lon_deg=75.58|label= [[Jalandhar|Tripuramalini]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 20.88|lon_deg=70.41|label= [[Veraval|Chandrabhaga]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.72|lon_deg=87.72|label= [[Kankalitala|Devgarbha]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 8.08|lon_deg=77.55|label= [[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kanya Kumari]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 26.73|lon_deg=85.94|label= [[Janakpur|Uma]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 9.61|lon_deg=79.77|label= [[Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple|Nagapooshani]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 16.42|lon_deg=74.17|label= [[Guhyeshwari Temple|Guhyeshwari]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|lat_deg=19.49|lon_deg=84.90|label= [[MahaLakshmi Temple Kolhapur|Maha Lakshmi]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg=16.69|lon_deg=74.23|label=Mahamaya|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 22.63|lon_deg=91.68|label= [[Chandranath Temple|Bhawani]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 29.41|lon_deg=79.86|label= [[Lohaghat|Varahi]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 29.98|lon_deg=76.83|label= [[Thanesar|Bhadrakali]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 24.26|lon_deg=80.72|label= [[Maihar|Shivani]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 18.90|lon_deg=81.35|label= [[Danteshwari Temple|Danteshwari]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 25.39|lon_deg=86.48|label= [[Chandika Sthan|Chandika]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 24.34|lon_deg=72.85|label= [[Ambaji|Amba]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 31.31|lon_deg=76.54|label= [[Naina Devi]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.95|lon_deg=87.68|label= [[Nandikeshwari Temple|Nandini]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 8.15|lon_deg=77.46|label= [[Thanumalayan Temple|Narayani]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 22.84|lon_deg=90.26|label= [[Sugandha Shakta pitha|Sugandha]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 24.49|lon_deg=86.70|label= [[Baidyanath Temple|Jaya Durga]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 27.58|lon_deg=77.70|label= [[Vrindavan|Katyayani]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 27.44|lon_deg=76.16|label= [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Ambika]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 22.67|lon_deg=81.76|label= [[Amarkantak|Shaila/Shona]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 18.012|lon_deg=76.066|label= [[Tuljapur|Tulja Bhawani]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=green pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 18.64|lon_deg=72.88|label= [[Renuka|Shri Padmakshi Renuka]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 11.88|lon_deg=75.86|label= [[Kottiyoor Temple|Sati Devi]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |South Asia|mark=red pog.svg|label_size=75|lat_deg= 23.23|lon_deg=72.88|label=[[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh
|Mahakali devi]]|position=bottom}}
}}

=== List of 4 Adi Shakta Pithas ===
{{See also|Puranas}}
The scriptures, which include the Devi Bhagvatam Purana, Kalika Purana, recognize four Shakta pithas as sites where most of the energy is. The first pitha is Kamakhya (Assam, {{IAST|Yoni Khaṇḍa}} - genitals), Vimala (Puri, {{IAST|Pada Khaṇḍa}} - feet/lower limbs), Kalighat (West Bengal, {{IAST|Dakṣiṇa Padāṅguli}} - toes of right foot) and Tara Tarini (Berhampur, {{IAST|Stana Khaṇḍa}} - breasts).
Apart from these 4 there are 48 other famous pithas recognized by religious texts. According to the ''Pithanirnaya Tantra'' the 51 pithas are in the present day countries of India, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], Tibet, [[Bhutan]] and Pakistan. The ''Shivacharita'' besides listing 51 maha-pithas, speaks about 26 more upa-pithas. The Bengali [[almanac]], [[Vishuddha Siddhanta Panjika]] too describes the 51 pithas including the present modified addresses. A few of the several accepted listings are given below. In South India, [[Srisailam]] in Andhra Pradesh became the site for a 2nd-century temple.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sr. No.
!Temple
!Place
!State in India/Country
!Part of the body fallen
!Shakti
|-
!1
|[[Vimala Temple]](Inside Jagannath Temple)
|[[Puri]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Feet]]
|Goddess [[Vimala Devi]]
|-
!2
|[[Kamakhya ]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|[[Genitals]]
|Goddess [[Kamakhya]]
|-
!3
|[[Kalighat Temple]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Toes]]
|Goddess [[kali]]
|-
!4
|[[Tara Tarini Temple]]
|[[Brhamapur]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Breast]]
|Goddess [[Tara Tarini]]
|}

===List of 18 Maha Shakta pithas===

There are believed to be 64 locations. [[Adi Shankara]]'s ''Ashtadasha Shakta pitha stotram'' mentions 18 locations known as the ''Maha Shakta pithas''.{{cn|date=October 2025}} Among these, the Shakta pithas at [[Kamakhya Temple|Guwahati]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Ujjain]] are regarded as the most sacred as they symbolize the three most important duties of the Mother Goddess viz. Creation (Kamakhya Devi), Nourishment (Sarvamangala Devi), and Annihilation (Mahakali Devi).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sr. No.
!Temple
!Place
!State in India/Country
!Appellation
!Part of the body fallen
!Shakti
!Image
|-
!1
|Historically unknown Recent claims : [[Koneswaram Temple]]
(no Devi shrine)
|''Lanka'' Historically undetermined Recent claims : [[Trincomalee]] (Thirukonamalai)
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|Shankari Pitham
|[[Groin]]
| Goddess [[parvati|Shankari]]
|[[File:Sri Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG|100px]]
|-
!2
|[[Kamakshi Amman Temple]]
|[[Kanchipuram]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|Kamakoti Pitham
|Part of [[Abdomen]]
|[[Kamakshi|Goddess Kamakshi]]
|[[File:Kanchipuram.in Kamakshi-Amman Temple - panoramio - SINHA (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|-
!3
|Shrinkala Temple
|Pradmunyee([[Hooghly district|Pandua]])
|[[West Bengal]]
|Bhavatārini Pitham
|Part of [[abdomen|stomach]]
|Goddess [[kali|Shrinkhala]]
|
|-
!4
|[[Chamundeshwari Temple]]
|[[Mysore|Mysuru]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|Krouncha Pitham
|Hair
|[[Chamunda|Goddess Chamundeshwari]]
|[[File:Chamundeshwari Temple Mysore.jpg|100px]]
|-
!5
|[[Alampur Jogulamba Temple|Jogulamba Devi]]
|[[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampuram]]
|[[Telangana]]
|Yogini Pitham
|[[Human tooth|Teeth]]
|Goddess [[durga|Jogulamba]] (Yogamba Thalli)
|[[File:Jogulamba temple .jpg|100x100px]]
|-
!6
|[[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple]]
|[[Srisailam]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Srisaila Pitham
|[[Neck]]
|Goddess [[Bhramari|Bhramarambika]]
|[[File:శ్రీశైల గోపురం.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
!7
|[[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Mahalakshmi Temple]]
|[[Kolhapur]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Shri Pitham
|eye
|Goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] (Aai Ambabai Devi)
|[[File:Mahalaxmi Temple, Kolhapur.jpg|100px]]
|-
!8
|[[Renuka]]
|[[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Moola Pitham
|Left hand
|[[Renuka|Goddess Renuka]]
|
|-
!9
|[[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleswar Temple]]
|[[Ujjain]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Ujjaini Pitham
|Upper [[lip]]
|Goddess [[Mahakali]]
|[[File:Mahakaleshwar Mandir in Ujjain.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
!10
|[[Kukkuteswara Temple|Kukkuteswara Swamy Temple]]
|[[Pithapuram]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Pushkarini Pitham
|[[Human back|Back]]
|Goddess [[Chandi|Puruhutika]]
|[[File:KukkuteswaraTempleInside-Pithapuram.JPG|100px]]
|-
!11
|[[Biraja Temple]]
|[[Jajpur]]
|[[Odisha]]
|Oddyana Pitham
|[[Navel]]
|[[Kamalatmika|Goddess Biraja]]
|[[File:Maa Biraja Temple.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
!12
|Bhimeswara Temple
|[[Draksharamam]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Daksharama Pitham
|Left [[cheek]]
|Goddess [[Bhuvaneshvari|Manikyamba]]
|[[File:Draksharama temple - Main entrance.jpg|133x133px]]
|-
!13
|[[Kamakhya Temple]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|Kamarupa Pitham
|[[Female reproductive system|Genitals]]
|[[Kamakhya|Goddess Kamakhya]]
|[[File:Ashyam.JPG|133x133px]]
|-
!14
|[[Alopi Devi Mandir]]
|[[Prayaga|Prayagraj]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Prayaga Pitham
|Fingers
|Goddess [[Mahadevi|Madhaveshwari]]
|[[File:Alop Shankari Devi Mandir, Prayagraj.jpg|222x222px]]
|-
!15
|[[Jawalamukhi|Jwalamukhi Temple]]
|[[Jawalamukhi|Jwalamukhi]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Jwalamukhi Pitham
|Tongue
|Goddess [[Jwala (goddess)|Jwala]]
|[[File:Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|100px]]
|-
!16
|[[Mangla Gauri Temple]]
|[[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
|[[Bihar]]
|Gaya Pitham
|[[Breast]]
|Goddess [[mahagauri|Sarvamangala]]
|[[File:Mangala Gauri Temple at Gaya, Bihar.jpg|100px]]
|-
!17
|[[Vishalakshi Temple]]
|[[Varanasi]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Varanasi Pitham
|Earrings
|Goddess [[Visalakshi|Vishalakshi]]
|[[File:காசி விசாலாட்சி கோயில்.jpg|100px]]
|-
!18
|[[Sharada Peeth]]
|[[Sharda Tehsil|Sharda]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|Sharada Pitham
|Right hand
|Goddess [[saraswati|Sharada]]
|[[File:Sharda University main building Front view.jpg|150x150px]]
|}
[[Sharada Peeth]] is currently in a ruined state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon |title=Language of the Gods in the World of Men |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006}}</ref> Only ruins are found in these places. Its ruins are near the [[Line of Control]] (LOC)<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news |date=3 October 2007 |title=Pandits denied entry into temple in Pakistan Administered Kashmir |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200710030341.htm |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020145209/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200710030341.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> between the Indian and Pakistani-controlled portions of the former [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]]. Instead, [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Sharada pitham]], [[Sringeri]] in Karnataka even though not a Shakta pithas, is this aspect of the goddess. It is believed that Goddess Sharada moved from her ruined temple in Kashmir to live in the new temple in Sringeri. Requests have been made by the Hindu community in Pakistan to the Pakistani government to renovate the temple, the issue being raised by former Indian Home minister [[L. K. Advani]] to the Pakistan authorities<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2007 |title=Pak should renovate Sharada Temple in Pakistan Administered Kashmir: Advani |publisher=zeenews.india |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/states/pak-should-renovate-sharada-temple-in-pok-advani_369152.html |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020140258/http://zeenews.india.com/news/states/pak-should-renovate-sharada-temple-in-pok-advani_369152.html |url-status=live}}</ref> as a confidence-building measure, by increasing the people-to-people cross-border interaction.<ref name="hindu1" />

Currently, a new Sharada pitha temple has been inaugurated and consecrated by the Indian Government and the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] in 2023, in Kupwara district, Jammu and Kashmir, on the other side of the LOC and much farther from the original temple. The Indian Government is planning an international corridor between the old Sharada pitha and India.

==== In Skanda Purana ====

As per Sankara Samhita of [[Skanda Purana]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/AbiramiammanSthalaPuranam |title=Dindigul Padmachala Sthala Puranam (Rockfort Abiramiamman temple) |language=Tamil}}</ref>

# Sri Sankari Pitham ([[Sri Lanka]])
# Sri Simhika Pitham (Simhala)
# Sri Manika Pitham ([[Draksharamam]], Dakshavati)
# Sri Shadkala Pitham ([[Kukkuteswara Temple|Peethapuram]])
# Sri Bhramaramba Pitham ([[Srisailam]])
# Sri Vijaya Pitham ([[Vijayapuram|Vijayapura]])
# Sri Mahalakshmi Pitham ([[Kolhapur]])
# Sri padmakshi renuka Pitham ([[Maharashtra|Mahurgad]])
# Sri Kamakoti Pitham ([[Kanchipuram]])
# Sri Kuchananda Pitham ([[Muktinath|Salagrama]])
# [[Biraja Temple|Sri Biraja Pitham]] ([[Jajpur]])
# Sri Bhadreshwari Pitham (Harmyagiri)
# Sri Mahakali Pitham ([[Ujjain]])
# Sri Vindhyavasini Pitham ([[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] mountains)
# Sri Mahayogi Pitham (Ahicchatra)
# Sri Kanyaka Pitham (Kanyakumari)
# Sri Vishalakshi Pitham ([[Varanasi]])
# Sri Saraswati Pitham ([[Kashmir]])
# [[Ugratara Sthan|Sri Ugratara Shakta pitha]] ([[Saharsa district|Saharsa]])
# Sri Abhirami Pitham (Padmagiri, [[Dindigul]])

=== List of all Shakta pithas ===
{{Expert needed|Hinduism|section
| reason = Listing confusion and unverifiable other information
| date = November 2019
}}
{{Missing information|section|List of Shakta pithas. The total listing is 108|date=July 2022}}

In the listings<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaktipeeth|url=http://zeenews.india.com/navratra2012/Shaktipeeth.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210250/http://zeenews.india.com/navratra2012/Shaktipeeth.html|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2016-04-06|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-03|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Divyanshi|title=Navratri 2019: Know the origin and existence of the 51 Shaktipeethas|url=https://zeenews.india.com/culture/navratri-2019-know-the-origin-and-existence-of-the-51-shaktipeethas-2238173.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228122250/https://zeenews.india.com/culture/navratri-2019-know-the-origin-and-existence-of-the-51-shaktipeethas-2238173.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shankar|first=Ravi|date=26 September 2021|title=Motherlodes of Power: The story of India's 'Shakti Peethas'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-28|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926061553/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Upadhyay|first=Lipi|date=23 September 2017|title=Navratri for travellers: Visit these 51 Shakti-peeths and learn about their significance|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/festivals/story/navratri-durga-puja-51-shakti-peeths-shiva-sati-amarnath-kamakhya-kolkata-kalighat-lifetr-1050105-2017-09-23|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-28|website=India Today|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228135918/https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/festivals/story/navratri-durga-puja-51-shakti-peeths-shiva-sati-amarnath-kamakhya-kolkata-kalighat-lifetr-1050105-2017-09-23}}</ref> below:
* "Shakti" refers to the Goddess worshipped at each location, all being manifestations of Goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]; later known as [[Parvati]] or [[Durga]];
* "[[Bhairava]]" refers to the corresponding consort, each a manifestation of Shiva;
* "Body Part or Ornament" refers to the body part or piece of jewellery that fell to earth, at the location on which the respective temple is built.

More details on this are available in the text 'Tantrachūḍamanī'<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=eGangotri |url=https://archive.org/details/TantraChudamaniChapter1Quarter14322GhaAlm20Shlf2DevanagariMimansa/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Tantra Chudamani Chapter 1 Quarter 1 4322 Gha Alm 20 Shlf 2 Devanagari Mimansa}}</ref> where Parvati tells these details to her son [[Kartikeya|Skanda]].

Important notes:
* The [[Guhyeshwari Temple|Guhyeshwari temple]] should not be confused with the Shakta pitha mentioned in the ''Peethanirnaya'' from ''Tantra Chudamani'', where Sati's both knees are said to have fallen in [[Nepal]] and the presiding deity is Mahamaya. According to the ''Nepal Mahatmya'' 11.107 and 1.38, Sati's both knees fell near the confluence of the [[Bisnumati River|Vishnumati]] and [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]] rivers, where the presiding deity is Mahamaya, while the Anus fell near the [[Bagmati River|Bagmati river]] close to the Mrigasthali of the [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupati temple]], and the deity is Guhyeshwari or Guhyakali.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Narayana|title=Temples of Nepal|date=2009|publisher=Education Publishing|location=Kathmandu, Nepal|page=25}}</ref>

* The main idol of the Dhakeshwari Shakta pitha in [[Bangladesh]] is currently located to the Kumartuli Dhakeshwari Temple in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. The temple priest fled to India with the main idol during the [[Partition of India|partition]] via a specially chartered train. While in the original shrine, a replica is placed. The original holy gem of Goddess Sati was lost long before (the factual date is unknown). So for the actual idol, visit the [[Kumortuli|Kumartoli]] shrine.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
!Sr. No.
!Place
!State in India/Country
!Body part or ornament
!Shakti
!Bhairava
!Image
|-
!1
|'''A'''. [[Amarnath Temple]], from [[Srinagar]] through [[Pahalgam]] '''B'''. Shri Parvat in [[Ladakh]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|A. Throat B. [[Anklet]]
|[[mahadevi|Mahamaya]] Devi
|Trisandhyeshwar ([[shiva|Amarnath]])
|[[File:Lord Amarnath.jpg|100px]]
|-
!2
|[[Attahas, Katwa|Attahas Temple]], [[Birbhum]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Lips
|Phullara Devi
|Vishweshwar
|[[File:Fullara Temple.jpg|100px]] [[File:Attohas Mandir, Bardhaman.jpg|100px]]
|-
!3
| [[Bahula Temple]], [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Left arm
|Goddess Bahuladevi
|Bhirukeshwar
|[[File:Shri Bahula Shaktipeeth Temple, Ketugram.jpg|100px]]
|-
!4
|[[Bakreshwar]] Temple [[Birbhum]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Portion between the eyebrows
|[[Durga|Mahishamardini]] devi
|Vakranatheshwar
| [[File:Bakreswar Temples and Hot spring 03.jpg|100px]]
|-
!5
|[[Vimala Temple]], (Inside [[Jagannath Temple]]), [[Puri]], [[(Only place where both Shakta pitha and a dham exists together)]]
|[[Odisha]]
|Foot
|[[Vimala Temple|Vimala]] Devi
|[[Jagannath]]eshwar

|
|-
!6
|[[Bhabanipur Shakta pitha|Bhabanipur]] Temple, [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
|Left [[anklet]] (ornament)
|Aparna Devi
|Vamaneshwar
| [[File:Vabanipur Temple - panoramio (9).jpg|100px]]
|-
!7
|[[Biraja Temple]], [[Jajpur]]
|[[Odisha]]
|Navel
|Biraja Devi
|Varaheshwar ([[Varaha]])
| [[File:Front view from left side of Viraja(also named as Biraja) Temple as per list of State Protected Monuments in Odisha. Serial Number S-OR-105.jpg|100px]]
|-
!8
|[[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]], near [[Janakpur]] (This place is worshipped as the birthplace of Goddess [[Sita]])
|[[Nepal]]
|Left shoulder
|[[Parvati|Uma]] Devi
|Mahodareshwar
|
|-
!9
|Mahamaya Temple, [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Acharya|first1=Jayaraja|url=https://archive.org/details/gHKR_the-nepala-mahatmya-legends-on-the-sacred-places-and-dieties-of-nepal-by-jayaraj/page/133/mode/1up |title=Nepal Mahatmya|publisher=Nirala Publication|page=133|access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref>
|[[Nepal]]
|Both knees
|Mahamaya<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sircar|first1=Dineshchandra|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367514/page/n49/mode/1up |title=The Shakta Pithas|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|page=45|access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref> Devi
|[[bhikshatana|Kapali]]
|
|-
!10
|[[Guhyeshwari Temple]], near the bank of the [[Bagmati River|Bagmati river]], east of the [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath temple]].
|[[Nepal]]
|Anus<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paudel |first=Nayanath |url=https://archive.org/details/BhashaVamshavali1_201712/mode/1up |title=Bhasha Vamshavali |publisher=Nepal Rashtriya Pustakalaya |page=3 |language=Nepali |access-date=2025-08-28}}
"नेपालमध्ये गुह्यस्थान पतन हुदा श्रीगुह्येश्वरी भनी महापीठ भयो। इकार बीज भयाका नेपाल जो छन्‌ सो त्यहाँ गुदस्थान पतन हुँदा वामाचारको मुलस्थान भनी त्यसकन भन्दछन्‌।"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lucia Weiler|first=Katharina Maria |url=https://archive.org/details/TheNeoclassicalResidencesOfTheNewarsInNepalPhDDissertationByKatharinaMariaLuciaWeiler/page/n242/mode/1up |title=The Neoclassical Residences Of The Newars In Nepal|page=244|access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref>
|Guhyakali Devi
|[[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupati]]
|[[File:Guhyeshwari Temple Pashupatinath Kathmandu Nepal Rajesh Dhungana (3).jpg|100px]]
|-
!11
|[[Muktinath]] Temple.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tantra Chudamani |pages=Lines 13–14 |url=http://www.shaktipeethas.org/panchasat/topic196.html |access-date=2017-08-27 |archive-date=2015-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819235813/http://www.shaktipeethas.org/panchasat/topic196.html |url-status=live}}</ref> (This temple is also worshipped by [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]]).
|[[Nepal]]
|Head
|Gandaki Chandi Devi (avatar of Goddess [[Lakshmi]])
|Chakrapani (also worshipped as Lord [[Vishnu]])
| [[File:Muktinath Temple.jpg|100px]]
|-
!12
|[[Saptashrungi|Saptashrungi Temple]], [[Nashik]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Chin (2 parts)
|[[Bhadrakali]] Saptashrungi Devi
|Vikritaksheshwar
| [[File:Goddess Saptashrungi Devi Temple1.jpg|100px]]
|-
!13
|[[Hinglaj Mata]] Temple, [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[Sahasrara|Brahmarandhra]] (soft back part of the head)
|Hinglaj Devi
|Bhimalochaneshwar
|[[File:Nani ki Mandir2.jpg|100px]]
|-
!14
|Kalipeeth Temple, [[Kalighat]], [[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Right toes
|[[Kali]] Devi
|Nakuleshwar
|[[File:Kalighat Kali temple (7169298723).jpg|100px]]
|-
!15
|[[Kamakhya Temple]], [[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|[[uterus|Yoni]] (genitals)
|[[Kamakhya]] Devi
|Umanandeshwar or Bhayanandeshwar
|[[File:Kamakhya Templeview.jpg|100px]]
|-
!16
|[[Kankalitala|Kankalitala Temple]], [[Birbhum]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Waist
|Devgarbha Devi
|Rurunatheshwar
|[[File:Kankalitala Temple complex, Birbhum, West Bengal 05.jpg|100px]]
|-
!17
|[[Kanya Kumari Temple]], [[Kanyakumari]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Human back|Back]]
|[[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kanyakumari]] Devi
|Nimisheshwar
|[[File:Kanyakumari Temple.jpg|100px]]
|-
!18
|[[Bajreshwari Mata Temple, Kangra|Bajreshwari Mata Temple]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Left Breast
|[[durga|Jayadurga]] Devi
|Abhirunatheshwar
|
|-
!19
|[[Kiriteswari Temple]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Crown
|Kiriteshwari Devi
|Sanvarteshwar
|[[File:Kiriteswari Temple.jpg|100px]]
|-
!20
|Ratnavali Temple, [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]] (locally known as Anandamayee Tala)
|[[West Bengal]]
|Right [[Shoulder]]
|[[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kumari]] Devi
|Ghanteshwar
|[[File:ANANDAMAYI TALA KALI MANDIR KRISHNANAGAR - panoramio.jpg|100px]]
|-
!21
|Bhramari Devi Temple, [[Jalpaiguri]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Left leg
|[[Bhramari]] Devi
|Ambareshwar
|[[File:Melai Chandi Mandir - Amta - Howrah 20190323 114810 10.jpg|100px]]
|-
!22
|Holy stone shrine near [[Lake Manasarovar|Mansarovar Lake]], [[Mount Kailash]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
|[[China]]
|Right hand
|[[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Dakshayani]] Devi
|Kailashnath
|[[File:Kailash stupa and temples, Manasarovar pilgrimage trail.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
|-
!23
|[[Ugratara Sthan|Ugratara Asthan Temple]]
|[[Bihar]]
|Left Eye
|[[Tara (Mahavidya)|Goddess Tara]]
|Saharsa
|
|-
!24
|[[Manibandh Shaktipeeth|Manibandh]] Temple, [[Pushkar]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|Wrists
|[[Gayatri]] Devi
|Sarvanandeshwar
|
|-
!25
|Indrakshi Temple, [[Nainativu]]
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|[[Silambu]] (Anklets)
|Indrakshi Devi (Nagapooshani / [[Bhuvaneshvari]])
|Rakshaseshwar (Nayanair)
|
|-
!26
|[[Nartiang Durga Temple|Jayanti Durga Temple]], Nartiang [[Jaintia Hills district]].
|[[Meghalaya]]
|Left [[thigh]]
|[[Durga|Jayanti]] Devi
|Kramadishwar
|[[File:Nartiang Durga temple.jpg|100px]]
|-
!27
|[[Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
|Palms of hands and soles of the feet
|Jeshoreshwari Devi
|Chandeshwar
|[[File:যশোরেশ্বরী কালী মন্দির, ঈশ্বরীপুর, শ্যামনগর, সাতক্ষীরা, বাংলাদেশ।.jpg|100px]]
|-
!28
|[[Jawalamukhi|Jwalamukhi Temple]], [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Tongue]]
|[[Jwala Ji|Jwalamukhi]] Devi ([[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]])
|[[Ashta Bhairava|Unmatta Bhairaveshwar]]
|[[File:Jwalamukhi temple,kangra, himachal pradesh..JPG|100px]]
|-
!29
|[[Panchsagar|Panchsagar Temple]], [[Champawat]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|Lower teeth/ Navel
|[[Varahi]] Devi
|Maharudra
|
|-
!30
||Near [[Somnath temple]], [[Veraval]], [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]] district. It is nearby [[Triveni Sangam]].
|[[Gujarat]]
|Stomach
|Chandrabhaga Devi
|Vakratundeshwar
|
|-
!31
|[[Alopi Devi Mandir]] near [[Sangam at Allahabad|Sangam at Prayagraj]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Finger
|[[Tripura Sundari|Alopi]] Devi
|Bhaveshwar
|
|-
!32
|Bhadrakali Temple, either in [[Kurukshetra]] or [[Thanesar]]
|[[Haryana]]
|Ankle bone
|[[Bhadrakali]] Devi
|Sthanu
|
|-
!33
|[[Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar|Maa Sharda Mandir]], [[Maihar]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Necklace<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maihartemple.com/about-maihar-temple/|title=About Maihar Temple|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=2018-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112529/https://www.maihartemple.com/about-maihar-temple/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Sharada Devi
|Chandeshwar
|
|-
!34
|[[Nandikeshwari Temple]], [[Sainthia]] city
|[[West Bengal]]
|Necklace
|Nandini Devi
|[[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandikeshwar]]
|[[File:Slider-134.jpg|100px]]
|-
!35
|[[Daksharamam|Manikyamba Temple]], [[Draksharamam]], [[Kakinada]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Navel
|[[Manikyamba]]
|Bheemeshwar
|
|-
!36
|[[Naina Devi#Temple|Naina Devi Temple]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Right eye
|[[Durga|Mahishamardini]] Devi
|Krodhishwar
|
|-
!37
|Narmada temple, at the source point of [[Narmada River]] in [[Amarkantak]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Right buttock
|[[Narmada River|Narmada]] Devi
|Bhadraseneshwar
|
|-
!38
|Bhramaramba Temple, [[Srisailam]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], India
|Neck
|[[Bhramari|Bhramarambika]] Devi
|[[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Mallikarjuna]]
|
|-
!39
|Narayani Temple, [[Suchindram]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|Upper teeth
|Narayani Devi
|Sihareshwar
|
|-
!40
|[[Sugandha Shaktipeeth|Sugandha]] Temple, situated in Shikarpur, Gournadi, about 20 km from [[Barisal]] town
|[[Bangladesh]]
|Nose
|Sugandha Devi
|Trayambakeshwar
|[[File:Goddess Ugratara.jpg|100px]]
|-
!41
|[[Tripura Sundari temple]], [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]]
|[[Tripura]]
|Right leg
|[[Tripura Sundari]]
(Third [[mahavidya]]) (main form of [[Parvati]])
|Kameshwar
|
|-
!42
|[[Mangal Chandika Shaktipeeth|Ujaani]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Right wrist
|Mangal Chandika
|Kapilambareshwar
|[[File:Mangalchandi Temple, Ujani (2).jpg|100px]]
|-
!43
|[[Vishalakshi Temple]], [[Varanasi]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Earring
|[[Vishalakshi Temple|Vishalakshi]] Devi
|[[Bhairava|Kala Bhairaveshwar]]
|
|-
!44
|[[Bargabhima Temple|Vibhash Shakta pitha]], [[Purba Medinipur]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Left ankle
|Kapalini Devi (Bhimarupa) also known as [[Bargabhima Temple|Bargabhima Devi]]
|Sarvanandeshwar
|[[File:Bargabhima Temple Arnab Dutta.jpg|100px]]
|-
!45
|Ambika Shakta pitha, [[Bharatpur, India]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|Fingers of Left Leg
|[[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] Devi
|Amritaksheshwar
|
|-
!46
|Katyayini Shakta pitha, [[Vrindavan]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Ringlets of hair
|[[Katyayani|Katyayini]] Devi
|Bhuteshwar
|
|-
!47
|Devi Talab Mandir, [[Jalandhar]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Left Breast
|Tripuramalini Devi
|Bhishaneshwar
|
|-
!48
|[[Baidyanath Dham]], [[Deoghar]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|Heart
|[[Parvati|Jayadurga]] Devi
|[[Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga|Vaidyanath]]
|[[File:Baba Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple.jpg|100px]]
|-
!49
|[[Adi Kamakshi Amman Temple]] (behind [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]]), [[Kanchipuram]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|Odyanam (Navel)
|[[Tripura Sundari|Kamakshi]] Devi (Saumya Kali)
|[[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareshwar]]
|[[File:A mandapa and several shrine vimanas of Kamakshi Amman Temple, Kanchipuram.jpg|100px]]
|-
!50
|[[Jogadya]], Burdwan district
|[[West Bengal]]
|Big Toe
|Jogadya Devi
|Ksheerkantakeshwar
|[[File:পুকুরের মন্দির.png|100px]]
|-
!51
|[[Kukkuteswara Temple|Puruhutika Temple]], [[Kakinada]], [[Pithapuram]]
| [[Pithapuram|Andhra Pradesh]]
|Hip part
|Puruhutika
|Durvaseshwar
|
|-
!52
|Arasuri [[Ambaji]] Shakta pitha at Gabbar Hill (Golden Temple of Gujarat)
|[[Gujarat]]
|Heart
|[[Ambika (goddess)|Amba]]
|[[Batuka Bhairava]]
|
|-
!53
|[[Danteshwari Temple]], [[Dantewada]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|Tooth
|Danteshwari Devi
|[[Ashta Bhairava|Kapala Bhairava]]
|
|-
!54
|[[Tara Tarini]], [[Brhamapur]], [[Ganjam]]
|[[Odisha]]
|Breast
|[[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara Tarini]] Devi
|Tumbeshwar
|
|-
!55
|[[Nalhateswari]], [[Nalhati]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Stomach/Nauli
|[[Kali]]ka Devi
|Jogeshwar
|[[File:Nalateswari Temple 03.jpg|100px]]
|-
!56
|[[Ujjain|Avanti]] Temple, [[Ujjain]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Elbow
|Avanti Devi
|Lambkarneshwar
|-
!57
|Shankari Temple, originally located in an unknown place. This shrine is now identified with [[Koneswaram Temple]] in [[Trincomalee]].
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|Groin
|Shankari Devi
|Trikoneshwar
|[[File:Trincomalee, Temple Koneswaram consacré à Vishnou.jpg|frameless|148x148px]]
|-
!58
|Mahalakshmi Temple, [[Shri Shail]], [[Sylhet]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
|[[Neck]]
|[[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]]
|Sambaranandeshwar
|
|-
!59
|[[Dhakeshwari Temple]] (now relocated at [[Kumortuli#Dhakeswari Mata Temple|Dhakeswari Mata Temple]]), Kumartoli
|[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
Currently in [[West Bengal]], India
|[[Gem]] of Sati's Crown
|Dhakeshwari Devi (a form of [[Durga]])
|[[Shiva]]
|[[File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg|100px]]
|-
!60
|[[Tarapith]] [[Rampurhat]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Third eye
|[[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]] Devi (second [[mahavidya]])
|Chandrachuda Bhairava
|[[File:Maa Tara Temple.jpg|100px]]
|-
!61
|Chinnamastika Temple, [[Chintpurni]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Foot
|[[Chhinnamasta|Chhinnamastika]] Devi
|[[Rudra]] Mahadeva
| [[File:Chintpurni Devi (1).JPG|100px]]
|-
!62
|Kaali Mandir,[[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park|Pavagadh Archaeological Park]].
|[[Gujarat]]
|Right leg toe
|[[Mahakali]] Devi
|[[Batuka Bhairava]]
|
|-
!63
|[[Aranya Devi Temple, Arrah|Aranya Devi Temple]], [[Arrah]]
|[[Bihar]]
|Right thigh<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/religion/maa-aranya-devi-shaktipeeth-fulfill-your-incomplete-wish/752041/ |title=माता का वो शक्तिपीठ जहां पूरी होती है अधूरी मनोकामना, मत्स्य पुराण में भी स्वरूप का वर्णन |website=[[Zee News]] |language=Hindi |date=22 Sep 2020}}</ref>
|[[Aranyani]]
|Bhuma Bhairava
|[[File:Aranya Devi Temple, Arrah.jpg|100px]]
|-
!64
|[[Tulja Bhavani Temple|Tuljabhavani Temple]], [[Tuljapur]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|
|[[Bhavani|Tuljabhavani]] Devi
|[[Bhairava]]
|[[File:Tuljabhavani 2.jpg|frameless|259x259px]]
|-
!65
| [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Vaishno Devi Temple, Katra]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Skull/Right arm<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.org/blog/history |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.maavaishnodevi.org}}</ref>
|[[Vaishno Devi]]
|[[Bhairava]]
|[[File:Vaishno devi.jpg|100px]]
|-
!66
|Tripura Sundari Temple, [[Banswara district|Banswara]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|Unknown
|Goddess [[Tripura Sundari]]
|Aanand [[Bhairava]]
|[[File:Shri tripura sundari temple.JPG|100x100px]]
|-
!67
|[[Chandranath Temple|Chattal Bhavani Temple]], [[Chittagong]]
|[[Bangladesh]]
|Upper teeth
|[[Chattal Bhawani]] Devi
|Chandrashekhar
|[[File:Chandranath Temple 2019-01-16 (27).jpg|100px]]
|-
!68
|[[Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple]], [[Bengaluru]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|Ear<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-09 |title=Sri Kailash Ashrama Mahasamsthana {{!}} Rajeshwari Temple |url=https://www.srikailashashrama.org/rajeshwari-temple.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509152814/https://www.srikailashashrama.org/rajeshwari-temple.html |archive-date=9 May 2016 }}</ref>
|Goddess [[Tripura Sundari]] as Rajarajeshwari
|Abiru [[Bhairava]]
|[[File:Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple , Bangalore . 05.jpg|133x133px]]
|}
'''Other Shakipeeths:-'''

The following shrines are not recognised as the Shakta pithas, but are still claimed by the devotees and priests, for various reasons.

1. Jwala Devi Temple in [[Jobner]], [[Rajasthan]], India

2. Jayanti Kali Temple (location disputed)

3. Asamai Devi Temple in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]

4. [[Juranpur Satipith|Juranpur Kali Temple]] in West Bengal, India

5. Ambika Bhawani, Saran, Bihar (Yagyashala of Daksh)

5. Sarbamangala Temple in [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]], West Bengal (the temple priests claim that Goddess Sati's body part fell here)

6. Jogamaya Shakta pitha in Kalahandi, Odisha, India

There are disputes about the location of the Jayanti Shakta pitha. Based on most presented manuscripts and facts it is situated in the namesake [[Jaintiapur Upazila]] town, [[Bangladesh]], which was previously the capital of the Jaintia Hills tribe kingdom, in the Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya, India, excluding Jaintiapur. However, some believe that the Nartiang Durga Temple is the true Jayanti Shakta pitha, although historical evidence supporting this claim is limited. However there is a temple in near baligaon, kanaighat sylhet which claim to be the true jayanti devi temple, named bam jhangha Kali mandir.
argue the actual shrine is at [[Amta]] in West Bengal, where the goddess is worshiped as ''Maa Melai Chandi'' in [[c:Category:Melai Chandi Mandir, Amta|Melai Chandi Mandir]]. But this fact can not be corroborated with any evidence. Moreover, refuting most texts, in Melai Chandi Mandir, the Bhairava is ''Durgeshwar'' rather than ''Kramadishwar''. Some also identify the Jayanti shrine with the [[Mahakala|Mahakal]] cave temple situated in the village [[Jayanti, Alipurduar|Jayanti]] of [[Alipurduar]] in India,<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:চলো যাই বেড়িয়ে আসি জয়ন্তী... |website=EiBangla24x7 |url=https://eibangla24x7.com/2018/09/20/%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%8b-%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%87-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%87%e0%a7%9c%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%9f%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%80/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |archive-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208232343/http://eibangla24x7.com/2018/09/20/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahakal Cave |url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/MahakalCave_3080.aspx |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=www.cpreecenvis.nic.in |archive-date=2020-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125194850/http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/MahakalCave_3080.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> where many statues were created by [[Stalagmite]]s and [[Stalactite]]s (natural rock formations), but there is no evidence.

==== [[Yogamaya|Vindhyavasini]] Shakta pitha ====
The [[Vindhyavasini]] Shakta pitha is considered a Shakta pitha even though any body parts of Sati did not fall there. Vindhyavasini is the ultimate and the highest form of the goddess, she is called [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]]. Goddess Vindhyavasini is considered the embodiment of all of the [[Mahavidya]]s, [[Navadurga]]s, [[Matrika]]s, [[Yogini]]s and all the other goddesses present in this universe, she is [[Tripura Sundari]] herself. Many legends are associated with Vindhyavasini, she is also called [[Durga|Mahadurga]]. She is the combined form of all 108 Shakta pithas as mentioned in the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] text. This is because it is the place where the goddess chose to reside after her birth in [[Dvapara Yuga]].<ref name="Wayback Machine">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook Mirzapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0968_PART_A_DCHB_MIRZAPUR.pdf |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117110453/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0968_PART_A_DCHB_MIRZAPUR.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
At the time of the birth of [[Krishna]] to [[Devaki]] and [[Vasudeva]], [[Vindhyavasini]] took birth in [[Gokul]]a to [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]] as per the instruction of Lord [[Vishnu]]. Vasudeva replaced his son Krishna with this girl child of Yashoda so that Krishna could escape his demon uncle [[Kamsa]], whom he would kill later according to a prophecy. When Kamsa tried to kill the girl, she slipped from his hands, assumed her true form and warned Kamsa that his killer (Krishna) still lived on. She left [[Mathura]] and the goddess chose the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] Mountains as her abode to live on the earth. It is also believed that Vindhyavasini is the sister of Krishna.<ref name="Wayback Machine" />

== See also ==
* [[Yatra|Hindu pilgrimage]] (yatra)
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
* [[List of Hindu temples]]
* [[Mata Mansa Devi Mandir#Mansa|List of Mansa Devi temples]]
* [[Tarapith Temple]]

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=The Śākta Pīṭhas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I969qn5fpvcC |year=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0879-9}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.shaktipeethas.org/51-shakti-peethas-map-t11.html 52 Shakta pithas map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113120138/http://www.shaktipeethas.org/51-shakti-peethas-map-t11.html |date=2008-11-13 }}
* [http://www.vedarahasya.net/shakti.htm Comprehensive guide on 51 Shakta pithas]
* [http://www.indiantemples.com/beliefs/daksha.htm Daksha Yagna – The story of Daksha's sacrifice and the origin of the Shakta pithas]

{{Shaktism}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Shakta pithas|*]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Hindu temples]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1974

2026-05-08T09:56:33Z

Navi guy: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Jagadhatri (TV series)

2026-05-05T07:31:57Z

Navi guy: made first info initial version

{{Short description|Indian Hindi TV series}}
{{About|the Hindi TV series|the Bengali one|Jagaddhatri (TV series){{!}}''Jagaddhatri'' (TV series)}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jagadhatri-Hindi.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]], Family, Action
| creator = Rahul Kumar Tewary
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Sonakshi Batra
* [[Farman Haider]]
}}
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 175 
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rahul Kumar Tewary
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Rolling Tales Production
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|11|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]''
}}

'''''Jagadhatri''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that premiered on 10 November 2025 on [[Zee TV]]. It is produced by Rahul Kumar Tewary<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-12 |title=Rahul Kumar Tewary hosts grand screening for new show Jagadhatri in Mumbai |url=https://www.adgully.com/post/Rahul%20Kumar%20Tewary%20hosts%20grand%20screening%20for%20new%20show%20Jagadhatri%20in%20Mumbai/rahul-kumar-tewary-hosts-grand-screening-for-new-show-jagadhatri-in-mumbai |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en}}</ref> under Rolling Tales Production. The series is a remake of the Bengali drama ''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]'' from [[Zee Bangla]]. It stars Sonakshi Batra,and [[Farman Haider]].

== Plot ==
The narrative follows Jagadhatri "JD" Naik Deshmukh, a seemingly timid and submissive young woman within her family but a brave and highly skilled undercover agent outside her home. While navigating everyday taunts and mistreatment from her step-mother and relatives, she balances family obligations with her secret mission to fight crime and uncover the truth behind her deceased mother's mysterious past. Her loyal partner and confidant in this journey is Shivaay Deshmukh, an IPS officer who supports her in dangerous missions.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Sonakshi Batra as Jagadhatri "JD" Naik Deshmukh: Undercover IPS officer; Aparna and Jagdish's daughter; <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-15 |title=Exclusive - Sonakshi Batra on playing Jagadhatri: Her strength lies in her silence and poise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sonakshi-batra-on-playing-jagadhatri-her-strength-lies-in-her-silence-and-poise/articleshow/125352438.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025–present)
** Aaradhya Patel as child Jagadhatri (2025; 2026) ([[Flashback (narrative)|analepsis appearance]])
* [[Farman Haider]] as Shivaay Deshmukh: Undercover IPS officer; Mahesh and Urmila's son; Jagadhatri's husband and ally in crime missions<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-20 |title=Farman Haider on working with Sonakshi Batra in Jagadhatri: Our teamwork is very strong, and that comfort clearly reflects on-screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farman-haider-on-working-with-sonakshi-batra-in-jagadhatri-our-teamwork-is-very-strong-and-that-comfort-clearly-reflects-on-screen/articleshow/126793695.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>(2025–present)
** Saarth Kumar as child Shivaay (2026)([[Flashback (narrative)|analepsis appearance]])

=== Recurring ===
==== Deshmukh Family ====
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Maya Deshmukh: Uma's daughter; Shivaay, Sonali, Rudra and Aarna's cousin; Sharad's ex-wife; Gunjan's mother<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-13 |title=Sayantani Ghosh on her role in Jagadhatri: Every woman has both — a soft, nurturing side and a fierce, protective one |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sayantani-ghosh-on-her-role-in-jagadhatri-every-woman-has-both-a-soft-nurturing-side-and-a-fierce-protective-one/articleshow/125297984.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>(2025–present)
* [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as Mahesh Deshmukh: Jagan's brother; Urmila's widower; Aarti's husband; Shivaay, Rudra and Aarna's father(2025–present)
* Vishavpreet Kaur as Aarti Deshmukh: Mahesh's second wife; Rudra and Aarna's mother; Shivaay's step-mother (2025–present)
* Ayush Shrivastava as Rudra Deshmukh: Mahesh and Aarti's son; Aarna's brother; Shivaay's half-brother; Maya and Sonali's cousin; Tapsya's husband; Moosa's crime partner<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-07 |title=Ayush Shrivastava: Playing Rudra in Jagadhatri takes a toll on me emotionally, but that's also the kick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ayush-shrivastava-playing-rudra-in-jagadhatri-takes-a-toll-on-me-emotionally-but-thats-also-the-kick/articleshow/128034165.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025–present)
* Yesha Harsora as Tapasya Naik Deshmukh: Rekha and Jagdish's elder daughter; Anjali's sister; Jagadhatri's half-sister; Aarav's cousin; Rudra's wife<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-29 |title=Jagadhatri actress Yesha Harsora on playing Tapasya: I genuinely have to convince myself to be this rude |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jagadhatri-actress-yesha-harsora-on-playing-tapasya-i-genuinely-have-to-convince-myself-to-be-this-rude/articleshow/127775845.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025–present)
* [[Vaishnavi Ganatra]] as Aarna Deshmukh: Mahesh and Aarti's daughter; Rudra's sister; Shivaay's half-sister; Maya and Sonali's cousin<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=Young Waheeda from Heeramandi Vaishnavi Ganatra to play a social media influencer in Jagadhatri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/young-waheeda-from-heeramandi-vaishnavi-ganatra-to-play-a-social-media-influencer-in-jagadhatri/articleshow/125275605.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025–present)
* Pari Bhanushali as Gunjan Deshmukh: Maya and Sharad's mute daughter<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-28 |title=Jagadhatri star Sayantani Ghosh reflects on working with child artist Pari Bhanushali: The innocence that inspires |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jagadhatri-star-sayantani-ghosh-reflects-on-working-with-child-artist-pari-bhanushali-the-innocence-that-inspires/articleshow/125639982.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025–present)
* Smita Sinkar Shah as Uma Deshmukh: [[Matriarchy|Matriarch]] of Deshmukh family; Maya's mother; Gunjan's grandmother (2025–present)
* Jaineeraj Rajpurohit as Jagan Deshmukh: Mahesh's brother; Pallavi's husband; Sonali's father (2025–present)
* Shweta Kataria as Pallavi Deshmukh: Jagan's wife; Sonali's mother (2025–present)
* Mansi Jain as Sonali "Sona" Deshmukh: Jagan and Pallavi's daughter; Maya, Shivaay, Rudra and Aarna's cousin (2025–present)

==== Naik Family ====
* [[Anuja Sathe]] as Head Constable Aparna Naik: Jagdish's first wife; Jagadhatri's late mother ([[Flashback (narrative)|analepsis appearance]]) (2025; 2026)
* Suhita Thatte as Sulakshana Naik: [[Matriarchy|Matriarch]] of Naik family; Jagdish and Sampada's mother; Jagadhatri, Aarav, Tapasya and Anjali's grandmother (2025–present)
* [[Geeta Tyagi]] as Rekha Naik: Jagdish's second wife; Tapasya and Anjali's mother; Jagadhatri's step-mother<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-28 |title=Geeta Tyagi joins the cast of Sonakshi Batra and Farman Haider starrer upcoming show Jagadhatri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/geeta-tyagi-joins-the-cast-of-sonakshi-batra-and-farman-haider-starrer-upcoming-show-jagadhatri/articleshow/124877730.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025–present)
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Jagdish Naik: Sulakshana's son; Sampada's brother; Aparna's widower; Rekha's husband; Jagadhatri, Tapasya and Anjali's father (2025–present)
* Saloni Rathi as Anjali Naik: Rekha and Jagdish's younger daughter; Tapasya's sister; Jagadhatri's half-sister; Aarav's cousin (2025–present)
* Neetu Pandey as Sampada Naik: Sulakshana's daughter; Jagdish's sister; Milind's widow; Aarav's mother (2025–present)

==== Other ====
* Amit Soni as Milind: Journalist; Sampada's husband; Aarav's father ([[Flashback (narrative)|analepsis appearance]]) (2026)
* Raghav Dhir as Aarav: Sampada and Milind's son; Jagadhatri, Tapasya and Anjali's cousin (2025–present)
* Brownie Parashar as Moosa: Underworld criminal; Aparna and Milind's murderer; Rudra's crime partner (2026–present)
* [[Ajay Chaudhary]] as Sharad Joshi: Maya's estranged husband; Gunjan's father (2025–present)
* [[Shikha Singh]] as Sakshi Mittal: Maya's rival<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-15 |title=Exclusive - Shikha Singh makes a comeback after 6 years with Jagadhatri; says 'I've always been inclined towards a strong character over anything else' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shikha-singh-makes-a-comeback-after-6-years-with-jagadhatri-says-ive-always-been-inclined-towards-a-strong-character-over-anything-else/articleshow/125969030.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025–present)
* [[Ashok Lokhande]] as Agent Sadhu Yadav: Chief of the Special Police Force; mentor for Jagadhatri's team (2025–2026)
* Hritika Singh Kanwar as Agent Aditi: Forensic expert of Jagadhatri's team (2025–present)
* Trishikha Tripathi as Agent Anusha: Tech operator of Jagadhatri's team (2025–present)
* Azad Ansari as Agent Rishab: Undercover agent of Jagadhatri's team (2025–present)
* Charudutt Sapra as Agent Yash: Undercover agent of Jagadhatri's team who was secretly working as a mole for Moosa (2025–2026)
* Ajay Jayram as Agent Bhurelal: Undercover agent in Jagadhatri's team (2025–present)
* Hitanshu Jinsi as Amey: Sonali's husband (2025)
* [[Vinit Kakar]] as Vineet: Gangster working for Moosa<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-04 |title=Vinit Kakar joins the cast of upcoming TV show Jagadhatri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vinit-kakar-joins-the-cast-of-upcoming-tv-show-jagadhatri/articleshow/125083734.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2025)
* Kamaal Malik as [[Police commissioner]] (2025–present)
* Hitul Pujara as Gaurav: Aarna's former classmate who tried to molest her on the orders of a criminal who tried to molest her earlier and later got killed by the criminal accusing her for the same (2026)
===Guest appearances===
*Priya Thakur as Vasudha "Vasu" Singh Chauhan from ''[[Vasudha (2024 TV series)|Vasudha]]'' (2025)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In September 2025, [[Zee TV]] announced a new series titled ''Jagadhatri'', Sonakshi Batra and [[Farman Haider]] as the main lead.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2 October 2025|title=Jagadhatri to feature Sonakshi Batra and Farman Haider in lead roles
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jagadhatri-to-feature-sonakshi-batra-and-farman-haider-in-lead-roles/articleshow/124277844.cms|access-date=1 November 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Sonakshi Batra was confirmed to play female lead, Jagadhatri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=30 September 202t|title=Sonakshi Batra says her new show 'Jagadhatri' mirrors the contradictions women face daily
|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/sonakshi-batra-says-her-new-show-jagadhatri-mirrors-the-contradictions-women-face-daily/|access-date=1 November 2025|work=[[Lokmat|Lokmat Times]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Farman Haider]] was selected to portray the male lead, Shivay.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=5 October 2025|title=Jagadhatri: Bold new heroine emerges
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/jagadhatri-bold-new-heroine-emerges/|access-date=2 October 2024|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Geeta Tyagi]] to join the show as Rekha.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 October 2025|title=Telly Tattle: Geeta Tyagi joins the cast of Jagadhatri, to play Sonakshi Batra's stepmother|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/geeta-tyagi-joins-the-cast-of-jagadhatri-to-play-sonakshi-batras-stepmother-23600489|access-date=1 November 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Sayantani Ghosh]] was cast as Maya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 October 2025|title=The show must go on!
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/the-show-must-go-on/|access-date=1 November 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Music ===
The series features the romantic track "Har Janam", picturised on JD and Shivaay to highlight their developing relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagadhatri: Sonakshi Batra-Farmaan Haider open up about new song Har Janam |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/jagadhatri-sonakshi-batra-farmaan-haider-open-up-about-new-song-har-janam-23616586 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Mid-day}}</ref> The song was composed and written by Shloke Lal, sung by Sutirtha Chakraborty, produced by Prasoon Srivastava, and mixed and mastered by Pranav Gupta at Studio 504. It was released on [[Zee TV]]'s official platforms.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt39988486}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jagadhatri/0-6-4z5853175 ''Jagadhatri''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Patan, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T17:25:32Z

Navi guy: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patan
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| map_image = 95-Patan, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Ajay Vishnoi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Neelesh Awasthi]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:235091}}<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
'''Patan''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India.<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=List of Assembly Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web |title=Vidhansabha Seats |url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx |website=electionsininda.com |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is a segment of the [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and is in [[Jabalpur district]]. After the last delimitation in 2007, the constituency comprises the [[Majholi tehsil|Majholi]] and [[Patan tehsil|Patan]] tehsils of [[Jabalpur district]].<ref name="delimitation2007">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Delimitation/Final%20Notification.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 38 dated 19th January, 2007|access-date= 9 December 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Nek Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Deva Devi
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Narain Prasad
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Ashalata
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Motilal Sonkar
|-
|1977
|Jaswant Singh Tomar
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Thakur Raghuraj Singh Tomar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Priyadarshan Dharmadhikari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Kalyani Pandey
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Ramnaresh Tripathy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Sobaran Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Ajay Vishnoi]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Neelesh Awasthi]]<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ajay Vishnoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patan<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ajay Vishnoi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:113223}}
|percentage = 54.21
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Neelesh Awasthi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:82968}}
|percentage = 39.72
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tan Singh Thakur
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3236}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:541}}
|percentage = 0.26
|change = -1.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30255}}
|percentage = 14.49
|change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208863}}
|percentage = 81.11
|change = +1.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Patan<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajay Vishnoi
|votes = {{formatnum:100443}}
|percentage = 53.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Neelesh Awasthi
|votes = {{formatnum:73731}}
|percentage = 39.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saket Shrivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:2442}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajkumar Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:1691}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3180}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26712}}
|percentage = 14.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186159}}
|percentage = 79.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jabalpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.29|79.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:01:11Z

Navi guy: New new page v1!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Temi–Tarku
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 10,680
| mla = [[Garjaman Gurung]]
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || [[Nar Bahadur Khatiwada]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Prajatantra Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Indra Bahadur Rai || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || I. B. Rai
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=3 | [[Garjaman Gurung]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Tarku<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Garjaman Gurung]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,403 |percentage=75.62% |change={{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Prasad Tiwari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,947 |percentage=23.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,456 |percentage=52.63% |change= {{increase}}34.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,467 |percentage=79.28% |change= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,680 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Tarku<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Garjaman Gurung]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,396 |percentage=58.71% |change={{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dil Kri. Bhandari |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,071 |percentage=41.01% |change={{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,325 |percentage=17.69% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,488 |percentage=83.02% |change= {{increase}}6.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,168 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Tarku<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Garjaman Gurung]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,273 |percentage=57.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Bahadur Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,148 |percentage=37.54% |change={{decrease}}37.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Bahadur Khatiwada |party=Indian National Congress |votes=256 |percentage=4.47% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishor Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=34 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,125 |percentage=19.66% |change= {{decrease}}38.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,722 |percentage=77.26% |change= {{increase}}9.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,580 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}17.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Tarku<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. B. Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,091 |percentage=75.10% |change={{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badrinath Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=17.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Bahadur Khatiwara |party=Indian National Congress |votes=183 |percentage=4.45% |change={{decrease}}6.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Prasad Dhakal |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=135 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,384 |percentage=57.92% |change= {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,116 |percentage=68.93% |change= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,264 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Tarku<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Bahadur Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,048 |percentage=69.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. B. Basnet |party=Indian National Congress |votes=315 |percentage=10.74% |change={{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Bahadur Khatiwara |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=232 |percentage=7.91% |change={{decrease}}29.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishnu Kumar Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=4.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diki Lhamu |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Garjaman Gurung]] |party=Independent politician |votes=69 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Tiwari |party=Janata Party |votes=22 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}7.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Dass Chettri |party=Independent politician |votes=22 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,733 |percentage=59.09% |change= {{increase}}43.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,933 |percentage=65.93% |change= {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,579 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |swing= {{increase}}32.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Temi–Tarku<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Bahadur Khatiwada |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=762 |percentage=37.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harikrishna Sharma |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=455 |percentage=22.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adhikalal Pradhan |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=267 |percentage=13.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padrinath Pradhan |party=Janata Party |votes=158 |percentage=7.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Lama Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=7.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rapden Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=3.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=3.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shepehung |party=Independent politician |votes=37 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Bahadur Chhetri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=307 |percentage=15.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,023 |percentage=67.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,136 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temi-Tarku Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Raichur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:40Z

Navi guy: data!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raichur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 54
| map_image = 54-Raichur constituency.svg
| mla = [[S. Shivaraj Patil]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| preceded_by = [[Syed Yasin]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:232744}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Raichur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref> It is a part of [[Raichur district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || L. K. Shroff || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Bhimanna Syed Easa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || M. Mohiuddin Ghouse
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. N. Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Nazeer Ahmad Siddiqui || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Sangameshwar Sardar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Mohamed Oner Abdul Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="2" | M. S. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Syed Yasin]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Ahuja Papareddy || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Syed Yasin]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="3" | [[S. Shivaraj Patil|Dr. S. Shivaraj Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Raichur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Raichur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1054.htm?ac=54 |accessdate=21 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421065700/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1054.htm?ac=54 |archivedate=21 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Shivaraj Patil|Dr. S. Shivaraj Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,755 |percentage = 47.99% |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Shalam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,923 |percentage = 45.36% |change = {{increase}}8.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Vinay Kumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,780 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mujeebuddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,327 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 588 |percentage = 0.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,832 |percentage = 2.64% |change = {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,648 |percentage = 62.58% |change = {{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,343}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,744 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Shivaraj Patil|Dr. S. Shivaraj Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,511 |percentage = 45.61% |change = {{increase}}40.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Yaseen |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,520 |percentage = 36.74% |change = {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahantesh Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,796 |percentage = 6.29% |change = {{decrease}}30.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Anjaneya |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,701 |percentage = 4.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Masoom |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,290 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavitha. G. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 778 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 587 |percentage = 0.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,991 |percentage = 8.87% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,203 |percentage = 54.41% |change = {{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,892}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 228,286 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Shivaraj Patil|Dr. S. Shivaraj Patil]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 45,263 |percentage = 37.11% |change = {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Syed Yasin]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,392 |percentage = 30.66% |change = {{decrease}}5.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Trivikram Joshi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,186 |percentage = 5.07% |change = {{decrease}}19.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pooja Gandhi |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,815 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Kalasa |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,365 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hares Siddiq |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,274 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,871 |percentage = 6.45% |change = {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,341 |percentage = 53.68% |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,974}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,053 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Syed Yasin]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,801 |percentage = 35.69% |change = {{increase}}8.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Earanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,440 |percentage = 25.33% |change = {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahuja Papareddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,987 |percentage = 24.77% |change = {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Anjaneya |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,765 |percentage = 7.14% |change = {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaik Hussain Basha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,131 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa Mudappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 947 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. H. Master |party = Independent politician |votes = 782 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanna Neermanvi |party = Independent politician |votes = 689 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Noor Mohammed |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 542 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,361 |percentage = 10.36% |change = {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,743 |percentage = 45.34% |change = {{decrease}}9.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,698}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,095 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ahuja Papareddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,784 |percentage = 36.51% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Syed Yasin]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,188 |percentage = 27.48% |change = {{decrease}}10.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Earanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,950 |percentage = 19.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ms |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,641 |percentage = 9.08% |change = {{increase}}7.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hussainpeer. G. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,747 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Noor Mohammed |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maraja Basha Ssk |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,205 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmikantamma Dr. Ramakrishna Shetty |party = Janata Party |votes = 937 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Javed Ms |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 915 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,596 |percentage = 9.03% |change = {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,244 |percentage = 55.06% |change = {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,218}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,970 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Syed Yasin]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,484 |percentage = 38.27% |change = {{increase}}7.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahuja Papareddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,928 |percentage = 32.28% |change = {{increase}}8.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Patil |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 21,175 |percentage = 22.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramachandra Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,686 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Virupakashi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,496 |percentage = 1.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. Bheemareddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 942 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaleel Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 718 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,556 |percentage = 5.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,628 |percentage = 54.69% |change = {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,711}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,773 |percentage = 5.85% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,347 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,776 |percentage = 37.34% |change = {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Syed Yasin]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,715 |percentage = 30.77% |change = {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahuja Papareddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,221 |percentage = 23.64% |change = {{increase}}18.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohd. Fazalullah |party = Indian National League |votes = 2,083 |percentage = 2.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Urvekvndappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,600 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaleel Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 584 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,061 |percentage = 6.57% |change = {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,794 |percentage = 56.39% |change = {{increase}}11.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,075}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,686 |percentage = 3.37% |change = {{decrease}}5.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,515 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,818 |percentage = 42.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Omer |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,692 |percentage = 36.35% |change = {{decrease}}16.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Osman Ali |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,575 |percentage = 8.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Shankarappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,752 |percentage = 5.08% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,905 |percentage = 3.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahmed Hussain |party = Independent politician |votes = 492 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omdas |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 431 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muttusami Setu |party = Independent politician |votes = 336 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,126 |percentage = 5.77% |change = {{decrease}}26.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,385 |percentage = 45.39% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,174}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,211 |percentage = 8.77% |change = {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,824 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed Oner Abdul Rahman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,896 |percentage = 52.86% |change = {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Sanad Siddiqui |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,392 |percentage = 20.26% |change = {{decrease}}33.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,394 |percentage = 17.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasingrao Kulkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,589 |percentage = 3.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nidugurthy Shankarappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,324 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mustipally Krishayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 427 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,504 |percentage = 32.60% |change = {{increase}}22.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,736 |percentage = 41.16% |change = {{decrease}}11.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,425}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,311 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,823 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sangameshwar Sardar |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,777 |percentage = 53.49% |change = {{increase}}35.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Omer |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,094 |percentage = 43.38% |change = {{increase}}42.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Verappa. H. Master |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,448 |percentage = 3.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,683 |percentage = 10.11% |change = {{decrease}}20.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,934 |percentage = 53.10% |change = {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,319}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,615 |percentage = 3.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,274 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.99 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Ahmad Siddiqui |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 20,619 |percentage = 54.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Rajanna Laxayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,013 |percentage = 23.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basheeruddin |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,866 |percentage = 18.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Abdul Rauf Abdul Gaffar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 478 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}44.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parikhitraj Gururao |party = Independent politician |votes = 438 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dony. M. Lobo |party = Independent politician |votes = 387 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,606 |percentage = 30.70% |change = {{increase}}19.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,381 |percentage = 51.47% |change = {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,801}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 4.01% |change = {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,509 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nazeer Ahmad Siddiqui |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,953 |percentage = 45.50% |change = {{increase}}21.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangameshwar Sardar |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,575 |percentage = 34.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nagappa |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 5,044 |percentage = 16.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Bhima Reddy |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,094 |percentage = 3.57% |change = {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,378 |percentage = 11.02% |change = {{decrease}}28.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,805 |percentage = 44.12% |change = {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,666}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,080 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Sanghata Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}17.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Basappa |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 14,637 |percentage = 63.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. Mohiuddin |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,463 |percentage = 23.60% |change = {{decrease}}30.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,034 |percentage = 8.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raguvendrachari |party = Independent politician |votes = 736 |percentage = 3.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. S. Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 275 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,174 |percentage = 39.64% |change = {{increase}}31.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,710 |percentage = 37.84% |change = {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,308 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Sanghata Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mohiuddin Ghouse |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,699 |percentage = 53.84% |change = {{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanappa Gandhal |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 8,317 |percentage = 46.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 7.67% |change = {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,279 |percentage = 34.45% |change = {{decrease}}18.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,016}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,958 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}42.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}24.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,044 |percentage = 29.26% |change = {{decrease}}23.83 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Easa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,744 |percentage = 26.73% |change = {{decrease}}26.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,254 |percentage = 16.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsapur Ananth Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,583 |percentage = 14.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,797 |percentage = 13.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,300 |percentage = 2.53% |change = {{decrease}}12.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,422 |percentage = 52.87% |change = {{increase}}19.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,422}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,258 |ref = |change = {{increase}}72.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Raichur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. K. Shroff |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,053 |percentage = 53.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallur Siddanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,205 |percentage = 38.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Patel |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,677 |percentage = 8.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,848 |percentage = 15.04% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,935 |percentage = 33.56% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,935}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,423 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Raichur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Raichur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Raichur]]
{{coord|16.21|77.36|display=title}}

Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu (soundtrack)

2026-04-13T13:49:37Z

Navi guy: made new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu
| type = soundtrack
| image = Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu (soundtrack).jpg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| released = 10 January 2026
| recorded = 2025–2026
| studio = {{Hlist|A Bheems Musicals, [[Hyderabad]]|Jubilee10 Studio, Hyderabad|Purple Haze Studio, [[Mumbai]]|[[Shadab Rayeen|New Edge Studios]], Mumbai}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:22
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| prev_title = [[12A Railway Colony]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]
| next_year = 2026
| misc = {{External media|
| audio1 = {{YouTube|czRBWurAFdU|''Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu'' — Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Meesaala Pilla
| single1date = 14 October 2025
| single2 = Sasirekha
| single2date = 7 December 2025
| single3 = Mega Victory Mass Song
| single3date = 31 December 2025
| single4 = Hook Step
| single4date = 7 January 2026
}}
}}

'''''Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] to the 2026 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy]] film [[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu|of the same name]] directed by [[Anil Ravipudi]] starring [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Nayanthara]] and [[Catherine Tresa]]. The film featured four songs with lyrics written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Anantha Sriram]], [[Bhaskarabhatla]] and [[Kasarla Shyam]]. All the four songs in the album, were released as singles, before the complete release through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 10 January 2026.

== Background ==
The soundtrack to ''Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu'' is composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] reuniting with Ravipudi after ''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]'' (2025) and also marking his first collaboration with Chiranjeevi.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-03-30 |title='Mega 157': Chiranjeevi's next with Anil Ravipudi launched; Venkatesh Daggubati sounds the clapboard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mega-157-chiranjeevi-venkatesh-daggubati-anil-ravipudi-sankranthiki-vasthunam/article69392964.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822141030/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mega-157-chiranjeevi-venkatesh-daggubati-anil-ravipudi-sankranthiki-vasthunam/article69392964.ece |archive-date=2025-08-22 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-08-22 |title=Chiranjeevi's Mega157 titled Mana ShankaraVaraPrasad Garu; title glimpse teases stylish avatar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/22/chiranjeevis-mega157-titled-mana-shankaravaraprasad-garu-title-glimpse-teases-stylish-avatar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910201955/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/22/chiranjeevis-mega157-titled-mana-shankaravaraprasad-garu-title-glimpse-teases-stylish-avatar |archive-date=2025-09-10 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The album featured two duet songs picturised on Chiranjeevi and Nayanthara—"Meesaala Pilla" and "Sasirekha"—the former is performed by [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Shweta Mohan]], which utilizes electronic beats and synths followed by traditional percussions to enhance the mass appeal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-15 |title=First single 'Meesala Pilla' from Megastar Chiranjeevi, Nayanthara's 'Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu' released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-single-meesala-pilla-from-megastar-chiranjeevi-nayantharas-mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-released/articleshow/124559717.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128232851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-single-meesala-pilla-from-megastar-chiranjeevi-nayantharas-mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-released/articleshow/124559717.cms |archive-date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-01-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The song combined contemporary orchestration with familiar melodic structure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01 |title=Meesala Pilla song from Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu crosses 100 million views |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/meesala-pilla-song-from-mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-crosses-100-million-views-2845071-2026-01-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107194224/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/meesala-pilla-song-from-mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-crosses-100-million-views-2845071-2026-01-01 |archive-date=2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

"Sasirekha" is sung by Bheems himself along with [[Madhu Priya]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-07 |title='Sasirekha' from Mana Shankara Varaprasad Garu is an upbeat, foot-tapping number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/07/sasirekha-from-mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-is-an-upbeat-foot-tapping-number |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105100519/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/07/sasirekha-from-mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-is-an-upbeat-foot-tapping-number |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The song is an upbeat dance number, with rustic beats.<ref name=":2" /> A special song, "Mega Victory Mass Song" is picturized on Chiranjeevi and Venkatesh, and the song is performed by [[Nakash Aziz]] and [[Vishal Dadlani]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-31 |title='Mega Victory Mass,' new single from Mana Shankara Varaprasad Garu, captures the starry best of Venkatesh and Chiranjeevi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/30/mega-victory-mass-new-single-from-mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-captures-the-starry-best-of-venkatesh-and-chiranjeevi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231160114/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/30/mega-victory-mass-new-single-from-mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-captures-the-starry-best-of-venkatesh-and-chiranjeevi |archive-date=2025-12-31 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> "Hook Step" is the introductory song picturized on Chiranjeevi and is performed by [[Baba Sehgal]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=Chiranjeevi's Hook Step From Shankar Vara Prasad Garu Goes Viral |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/chiranjeevis-hook-step-from-shankar-vara-prasad-garu-goes-viral-80753.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109092256/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/chiranjeevis-hook-step-from-shankar-vara-prasad-garu-goes-viral-80753.html |archive-date=2026-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
"Meesaala Pilla" was teased as the first single on 2 October 2025, coinciding with Gandhi Jayanthi,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=Mana Shankara Varaprasad Garu makers unveil 'Meesala Pilla' song promo with Chiranjeevi and Nayanthara |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/02/mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-makers-unveil-meesala-pilla-song-promo-with-chiranjeevi-and-nayanthara |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/02/mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-makers-unveil-meesala-pilla-song-promo-with-chiranjeevi-and-nayanthara |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and the full song was released on 14 October 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-10-14 |title='Meesala Pilla' from Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu is Chiranjeevi at his charming best |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/14/meesala-pilla-from-mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-is-chiranjeevi-at-his-charming-best |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113123145/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/14/meesala-pilla-from-mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-is-chiranjeevi-at-his-charming-best |archive-date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The song crossed 100 million views within two months of its release, advertising as "the biggest Telugu chartbuster of 2025".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-31 |title='Meesala Pilla' crosses 100 million views, becomes 2025's biggest chartbuster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/31/meesala-pilla-crosses-100-million-views-becomes-2025s-biggest-chartbuster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231214708/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/31/meesala-pilla-crosses-100-million-views-becomes-2025s-biggest-chartbuster |archive-date=2025-12-31 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> "Sasirekha" was released as the second single on 7 December.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-07 |title='Sasirekha' unveiled as second single from Chiranjeevi–Nayanthara's Mana Shankara Varaprasad Garu |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/sasirekha-unveiled-as-second-single-from-chiranjeevinayantharas-mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu/153257538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228141959/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/sasirekha-unveiled-as-second-single-from-chiranjeevinayantharas-mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu/153257538 |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi.in]] |language=en}}</ref> "Mega Victory Mass Song" was released as the third single on the [[New Year's Eve]] (31 December).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-31 |title='Mega Victory Mass Song' from 'MSVP Garu' gives festive vibes |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mega-victory-mass-song-from-msvp-garu-gives-festive-vibes-1035076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103232030/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mega-victory-mass-song-from-msvp-garu-gives-festive-vibes-1035076 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The fourth song "Hook Step" was released on 7 January 2026, at the film's pre-release event held in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-01-08 |title=Chiranjeevi brings back his vintage dance moves in 'Hook Step' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/08/chiranjeevi-brings-back-his-vintage-dance-moves-in-hook-step |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 10 January, under the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Mana Shankaravaraprasad Garu - Pandagaki Vasthunnaru (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mana-shankaravaraprasad-garu-pandagaki-vasthunnaru/1868349837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120104756/https://music.apple.com/in/album/mana-shankaravaraprasad-garu-pandagaki-vasthunnaru/1868349837 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:22
| title1 = Hook Step
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]]
| length1 = 2:18
| title2 = Sasirekha
| lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sriram]]
| extra2 = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], [[Madhu Priya]]
| length2 = 4:01
| title3 = Meesaala Pilla
| lyrics3 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Mega Victory Mass Song
| lyrics4 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| length4 = 3:16
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Extended Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Peddi Reddy
| length1 = 1:00
| lyrics1 = Raghuram
| extra1 = [[Chiranjeevi]]
}}

== Reception ==
T. Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that Ceciroleo's music "works well within the film’s tone" and added that "the songs translate neatly onto the screen, and the background score supports the comedy and emotional beats without overpowering them".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=T. Maruthi |date=2026-01-12 |title=Mana Shankara Varaprasad Garu review: Chiranjeevi's comeback party, logic not invited |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-review-chiranjeevi-comeback-party-logic-not-invited-2850340-2026-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116033335/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mana-shankara-varaprasad-garu-review-chiranjeevi-comeback-party-logic-not-invited-2850340-2026-01-12 |archive-date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Sasidhar Adivi of ''[[Filmfare]]'' called Ceciroleo's music as a major highlight where, "songs like Meesala Pilla and Hook Step are catchy earworms, while the background score adds much-needed punch to the action sequences."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sasidhar |date=2026-01-12 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu Review: Chiranjeevi, Anil Ravipudi Deliver a Crowd-pleaser |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-review-chiranjeevi-anil-ravipudi-deliver-a-crowd-pleaser-80805.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113162151/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-review-chiranjeevi-anil-ravipudi-deliver-a-crowd-pleaser-80805.html |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' admitted that the songs, "Meesala Pilla" and "Sasirekha" were "catchy and well picturised" and the "Mega Victory Mass Song" is "routine but effective for fans".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-01-12 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu Movie Review: It is Chiranjeevi's show all the way |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Jan/12/telugureview2026jan12mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-movie-review-it-is-chiranjeevis-show-all-the-way |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120105530/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Jan/12/telugureview2026jan12mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-movie-review-it-is-chiranjeevis-show-all-the-way |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Jalapathy Gudelli of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote "The songs, though, are catchy and serve their purpose."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gudelli |first=Jalapathy |date=2026-01-12 |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu Review: Chiranjeevi's vintage fun holds it |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120105840/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-review |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czRBWurAFdU |title=Mana Shankaravaraprasad Garu Jukebox {{!}} Chiranjeevi,Nayanthara {{!}} Bheems Ceciroleo {{!}} Anil Ravipudi |date=2026-01-10 |last=T-Series Telugu |type=Album |access-date=2026-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111124353/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czRBWurAFdU |archive-date=2026-01-11 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Music composer, arranger and producer: Bheems Ceciroleo
* Recording studios: A Bheems Musicals, Hyderabad; Krishna Audio, Mumbai; Purple Haze Studios, Mumbai
* Recording engineers: Aamir Shaikh, Mastan Vali, Rakesh Mickey, Shalem Kumar, Shiva B, Abhay Anant Rumde
* Pre-mixing: Mastan Vali
* Mixing: J Vinay Kumar, Kishore Kumar Sathala, Akash Shravan
* Mastering: Shadab Rayeen (New Edge Studios), Kishore Kumar Sathala (A Bheems Musicals), Akash Shravan (Chennai)
* Music production manager: Malya Kandukuri
* Music in-charges: KD Vincent, Ramanand Shetty
* Studio assistants: Sankaram, Rajesh, Chandu

{{col-2}}
; Musicians
* Live rhythms and percussions: Bheems Ceciroleo
* Rhythms: Kalyan Chakravarthy, Vaidhy VR, Bharath Madhusudan, Midhun Asokan, Dathu Eswar, Agastya Raag, Sharon Ravi
* Keyboards: Dathu Eswar, Midhun Asokan, Balu, Vaidhy VR, Bharath Madhusudan, Agastya Raag
* Guitar and ethnic frets: SM Subhani
* Flute: Ramesh Kuppampati
* Solo violin: Sandilya Pisapati
* Additional vocals: Dathu Eswar
* Harmonies: Jayasri Pallem
* Male chorus: Arjun Vijay, Tusher Sambhara, Bharadwaj Krishna, Bheems Ceciroleo
* Female chorus: Sindhuja Srinivasan, Lakshmi Meghana, Manisha Pandranki
* Kids chorus: Vagdevi, Shragvi, Sri Harini Pallela
* Dialogue vox: Anil Ravipudi, Rohini Soratt
{{col-end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2026 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]

State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970

2026-04-07T18:34:02Z

Navi guy: New first info initial version

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Infobox legislation
| status = In force
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| short_title = State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970
| long_title = An Act to provide for the establishment of the State of Himachal Pradesh and for matters connected therewith.
| citation = <ref name="act">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1464/1/197053.pdf |title=The State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970|access-date= October 14, 2022}}</ref>
| date_enacted =
| date_passed = 18 December 1970
}}

The '''State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] by which [[Himachal Pradesh]] was given the status of a full state of India. According to this Act, on 25 January 1971, the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh became the [[States and union territories of India|18th state]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Independence Period - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/post-independence-period.html |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=himachal.nic.in |publisher=[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]}}</ref>

== History ==
After the independence of India, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh was organised on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 petty [[Princely state|princely states]] (including feudal princes and ''[[Zaildar|zaildars]]'') in the promontories of the western [[Himalayas]]. These were known as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states under the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur princely state]] was merged into Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954.{{sfn|Verma|1995|pp = 239-254, ''Territorial Gains''}}

Himachal became a Part 'C' state on 26 January 1950 when [[Constitution of India]] came into effect and the Lieutenant Governor was appointed. The Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a [[union territory]] on 1 November 1956.<ref name=nichist /> Some areas of Punjab State, namely, Simla, Kangra, Kullu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Lohara, Amb and Una Kanungo circles, some areas of Santokhgarh Kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una Tehsil of [[Hoshiarpur District]], as well as Kandaghat and Nalagarh Tehsils of erstwhile [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU State]], besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot District—were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on the enactment by Parliament of the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]]. {{sfn|Verma|1995|pp = 239-254, ''Territorial Gains''}} On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament, and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Himachal became the 18th state of the Indian Union with [[Yashwant Singh Parmar|Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar]] as its first chief minister.<ref name="nichist">{{cite web | url = http://himachal.nic.in/tour/history.htm| title = History of Himachal Pradesh| access-date = 31 March 2008| publisher = National informatics center, Himachal Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121013200/http://himachal.nic.in/tour/history.htm |archive-date=21 November 2006}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite book
| last1 = Verma
| given1 = V.
| year = 1995
| title = The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments
| publisher = Indus Publishing
| location = Himachal Pradesh (India)
| isbn = 81-7387-035-7
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&q=himachal+history
| access-date = 15 June 2011
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Of Himachal Pradesh Act 1970}}
[[Category:1970s in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1970 in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1970]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]

Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)

2026-04-04T17:19:08Z

Navi guy:

{{Short description|Part of the metro system for the city of Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 27em
| name = {{big|Blue Line}}
| other_name = {{ubl|Blue Line 1|Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor}}
| color = {{rail color|Mumbai Metro|1|Blue}}
| logo = Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg
| logo_width = 75px
| logo_alt =
| image = Mumbai metro fleet 2.jpg
| image_width = 275px
| image_alt =
| caption = [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]] rakes of the Mumbai Metro Blue Line on Chakala (J. B. Nagar)
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Mumbai Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Mumbai Suburban district]]
| start = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Versova}}
| end = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ghatkopar}}
| connectinglines = {{plainlist|
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2A|croute}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|7|croute}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}}}}
| stations = 12
| routes =
| daily_ridership = 500,385 (August 2024)<ref>{{cite news |title=City’s first Metro line crosses 5 lakh passengers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/citys-first-metro-line-crosses-5-lakh-passengers-101723662402040.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 August 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
| ridership2 =
| open = {{Start date|2014|06|08|df=y}}
| yearcommenced = {{Start date|2008|df=y}}
| yearcompleted = {{Start date|2014|df=y}}
| owner = Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/710081/mumbai-metro-transforming-transport.pdf |title=Mumbai Metro Transforming Transport (page#53)|website=[[Asian Development Bank]] |date=June 2021 |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="owner">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mmrda-may-take-over-ops-of-bleeding-metro-one/articleshow/77664321.cms |title=MMRDA may take over operations of 'bleeding' Metro One |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 August 2020 |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Reliance Infrastructure]] (74%)
* [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) (26%)
| operator = Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL)
| character = [[Grade-separated]], [[Elevated]]
| depot = [[Four Bungalows]]
| stock = [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]]
| linelength_km = 10.81
| tracklength_km = 11.40
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| load_gauge =
| minradius = {{convert|100|m|ft}}
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber = 1
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed_km/h = 80
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| website = {{url|reliancemumbaimetro.com}}
| map = {{MM Line 1}}
| map_name =
| map_state = collapsed
| embedded =
}}

'''Blue Line 1''' is a [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Mumbai Metro]], in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The {{Cvt|11.40|km}} line is fully elevated and consists of 12 stations, from [[Versova metro station|Versova]] to [[Ghatkopar metro station|Ghatkopar]]. The line connects the [[Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|eastern]] and [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|western]] suburbs of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbais-first-metro-may-chug-in-march-2013_1685026|title=Mumbai's first metro may chug in March 2013 |newspaper=[[DNA India]] |date=6 May 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> It was built at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|4321|c}} and is operated by the Metro One Operation Pvt. Ltd (MOOPL) on a 5-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metros-construction-cost-goes-up-by-Rs-1500-crore-fare-may-rise/articleshow/18456097.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225054920/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/mumbai/37057955_1_metro-fare-bus-fare-fare-hike|url-status=live|archive-date=25 February 2013|title=Metro's construction cost goes up by Rs 1500 crore, fare may rise |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 February 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> This special purpose vehicle, namely, Mumbai Metro One Private Limited (Mumbai Metro 1), was incorporated for the implementation of the project. [[Reliance Infrastructure]] holds 74% of the equity share capital of MMOPL, 26% is with the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA).<ref name="owner" />

The Mumbai Metro 1 Blue Line started operations on 8 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms|title=Maharashtra CM Prithviraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2014 }}</ref> It has the eighth-highest passenger density of any metro line in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-breaches-25cr-passenger-mark-in-record-time/articleshow/57088665.cms|title=Mumbai Metro rail: Mumbai Metro breaches 25cr passenger mark in record time | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> The Blue Line has the steepest curve of any metro line in India. There are a total of 64 curves on the line, with the steepest curve being {{Convert|107|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Metro uses RFID lubrication system to improve wheel maintenance|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-mumbai-metro-uses-rfid-lubrication-system-to-improve-wheel-maintenance-2336958|website=DNA India|access-date=28 February 2017|date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

==History==

===Background===
The [[Government of Maharashtra]] through the MMRDA, in order to improve the traffic and transportation scenario in Mumbai and to cater to the future travel needs in the next 2-3 decades began exploring the viability of various alternative mass transit systems which are efficient, economically viable and environment friendly. In this context, a detailed feasibility study was carried out under Indo-German technical co-operation by entrusting the consultancy work to Tewet in association with DE-Consult GmbH and [[Tata Consultancy Services]], during 1997–2000. The study recommended a mass transit corridor from [[Andheri]] to [[Ghatkopar]] as potentially bankable and economically viable, after examining a number of alternative corridors and alignments. This study was updated by the MMRDA in May 2004. Meanwhile, the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) prepared the master plan for Mumbai Metro, wherein they recommended extending the Andheri-Ghatkopar section to [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]] as part of the master plan and identified it as a priority corridor for implementation. The State Government declared the project as a "public vital infrastructure project" and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency (PIA).<ref name="mmrda1">{{cite web|url=http://202.54.119.40/projects_metro_rail.htm |title=Mmrda – Projects – Mumbai Metro Rail Project |website=Mmrda mumbai.org |access-date = 12 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319164955/http://202.54.119.40/projects_metro_rail.htm |archive-date=19 March 2012 }}</ref> The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor was chosen as the first line in the master plan to be implemented.

The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] connects Mumbai from north to south. However, east–west connectivity is poor. The Versova-Ghatkopar route had no suburban rail link and was serviced by either BEST buses, autos or taxis.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/mumbai-metro-starts-public-route-price-196069-2014-06-08|title=Mumbai Metro opens for public, row erupts over ticket prices|agency=IANS |date=June 8, 2014 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Blue Line provides east–west rail connectivity between the [[Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern]] and [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western]] suburbs of Mumbai.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-dress-rehearsal-sees-7-trains-on-tracks/articleshow/26982942.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211062319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-07/mumbai/44904119_1_passenger-several-trains-signal-system |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-12-11 |title=Metro dress rehearsal sees 7 trains on tracks |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2013-12-07 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> It facilitates interchange between the Mumbai Suburban Railway and Mumbai Metro at [[Andheri railway station|Andheri]] and [[Ghatkopar railway station|Ghatkopar]] stations. The line significantly reduces the journey time from [[Versova (Mumbai)|Versova]] to Ghatkopar from 90–120 minutes to 21 minutes, and bypasses about 45 traffic signals.<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jgQox7qqUnR5siYQngF1tM/Mumbai-to-get-modern-metro-rail-from-Sunday.html|title=Mumbai Metro services to start on Sunday amid tariff dispute|first=Makarand Gadgil,P R.|last=Sanjai|date=7 June 2014|website=Livemint}}</ref> It also provides rail connectivity to the [[MIDC]] and [[SEEPZ]].<ref name="Reference A">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/seven-years-after-pm-laid-its-foundation-mumbais-first-metro-corridor-is-yet-to-see-the-light-of-day/1164130/0 |title=Seven years after PM laid its foundation, Mumbai's first Metro corridor is yet to see the light of day |work=The Indian Express |date=2013-09-04 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref>

===Construction===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 5px; font-size: x-small; float: right;"
|+ Contracts for Blue Line<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimetroone.com/HTML/tendors.html |title=Tenders and Contracts |website=Mumbaimetroone.com |access-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327102248/http://www.mumbaimetroone.com/HTML/tendors.html|archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
! Package !! Awarded to
|-
| Civil Works – [[Viaduct]] || Simplex Infrastructure Ltd
|-
| Civil Works – [[Metro station|Stations]] ||rowspan = "2"| Sew Infrastructure Ltd
|-
| Civil Works – Special Bridges
|-
| Civil Works – [[Motive power depot|Depot]] [[Earthworks (engineering)|Earthworks]] || Shyam Narayan & Bros
|-
| [[Rolling stock]] || [[Nanjing Puzhen Rolling Stock Works|CSR Puzhen]]
|-
| [[Railway signal|Signalling system]] || [[Siemens]]
|-
| [[Traction power network|Power Supply Traction]] & [[SCADA]] ||rowspan = "2"| [[ABB Group|ABB]]
|-
| [[E and M signaling|E&M]]
|-
| [[Communications system|Communication system]] || [[Thales Group|Thales]]
|-
| Trackwork || VNC Rail One
|-
| [[Automated fare collection system|Automatic Fare Collection]] || [[Indra Sistemas]]
|-
| [[Escalator]]s || [[Schindler Group|Schindler]]
|-
| [[Elevators]] || [[Otis Elevator Company|OTIS]]
|-
| [[Motive power depot|Depot]] Machinery & Plant || Awarded to various suppliers
|-
| Depot Civil Works || Ahluwalia Contracts (India) Ltd.
|}

[[File:Azad Nagar Station.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|[[Azad Nagar metro station|Azad Nagar station]] under construction in Andheri in March 2012]]
[[File:Trial Run of Metro.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.25|A metro train arriving at the [[D.N. Nagar metro station|D.N. Nagar station]] during the trial run in May 2013]]
The concession agreement for the Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor was signed with Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a joint venture company owned by [[Reliance Infrastructure]] (69%), [[Veolia Transport]] (5%) and the MMRDA (26%), in March 2007.<ref name="financialexpress1">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/no-respite-for-mumbai-metro-as-project-cost-jumps-by-70-per-cent/1245850 |title=No respite for Mumbai Metro as project cost jumps by 70 per cent |work=The Financial Express |date=2014-05-01 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-mmopl-changes-track-says-metro-will-roll-in-dec/1168000/0 |title=Now, MMOPL changes track, says Metro will roll in Dec |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2013-09-12 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> SSRI Creative Infrastructure (Choksi Group) was the main technical contractor.<ref name="Ashley D'Mello">{{cite news|author=Ashley D'Mello |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Work-on-Metro-VAG-line-on-track/articleshow/6160998.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928192623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-13/mumbai/28275673_1_metro-rail-bridge-andheri-station-rail-work |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Work on Metro VAG line on track |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] laid the foundation stone on 21 June 2006. The work order for the project was issued on 21 January 2008,<ref name="gulfnews.com">{{cite web|author=Pamela Raghunath |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/more-delays-in-mumbai-metro-1.1287566 |title=More delays in Mumbai metro |website=Gulf News |date=6 February 2014 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> and work began on 8 February 2008.<ref name="Ashley D'Mello" /> In September 2011, MMOPL officials claimed that trial runs on the first section of the corridor, the {{Cvt|3|km}} Versova–[[D N Nagar metro station|D.N. Nagar]]–[[Azad Nagar metro station|Azad Nagar]] stretch, would start by February 2012, with a view to opening the stretch to commuters by March or April 2012.<ref>Shaikh, Zeeshan. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126160119/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/3-km-of-Metro-Phase-I-to-be-ready-by-March-2012/Article1-748670.aspx 3 km of Metro Phase I to be ready by March 2012]." ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</ref> The deadline for completion of Blue line has been shifted several times. The following months have all, at some point of time, been announced as the deadline for completion of the project - July and September 2010, July 2011, March and November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/mumbais-metro-gets-a-sixth-deadline-for-completion-1.1154394|title=Mumbai's Metro gets a sixth deadline for completion|website=Gulf News|date=5 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-metro-likely-to-miss-its-august-deadline-1807774|title=Metro likely to miss its August deadline|first=Ateeq|last=Shaikh|date=6 March 2013|website=DNA India}}</ref> September 2013 (Phase 1: Versova to [[Airport Road metro station|Airport Road]]) and December 2013 (Phase 2: Airport Road to Ghatkopar),<ref name="gulfnews.com" /><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Approach-roads-to-Metro-stations-not-yet-ready-RTI/articleshow/29965450.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208192653/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-07/mumbai/47125677_1_metro-phase-i-metro-stations-mumbai-metro |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-02-08 |title=Approach roads to Metro stations not yet ready: RTI |date=2014-02-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> and 31 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-enters-final-leg-safety-certs-likely-in-february-1948464 |title=Mumbai Metro enters final leg, safety certs likely in February |publisher=DNA |date=2014-01-10 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref>

The MMOPL blamed the delay in construction on the MMRDA. RInfra officials said that the MMRDA had to acquire land along the route and provide [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right of way]] to the MMOPL by December 2008.<ref name="ROW">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mosque-agrees-to-raze-minaret-in-way-of-bridge/1016830|title=Mosque agrees to raze minaret in way of bridge - Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> As of August 2008, the MMRDA had only freed up 20% of required land. The lack of maps of underground utilities made the task more difficult. As per the contract between the MMOPL and the MMRDA, the MMRDA was supposed to hand over complete right of way to the MMOPL by mid-2008. The MMOPL eventually received nearly 100% of the land required for the project in December 2011, with the exceptions of the [[minaret]] of a mosque near [[Andheri metro station|Andheri station]] and a portion of the roof of [[Maheshwar Temple]] near [[Jagruti Nagar metro station|Jagruti Nagar station]] that still needed to be demolished.<ref name="ROW" /> Both impediments were resolved in October 2012 and the MMRDA finally obtained 100% right of way along the entire alignment of Blue Line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/all-clear-for-versovaandherighatkopar-metro/1017650/0|title=All clear for Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar Metro - Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

[[File:Marol, metro station under construction.JPG|thumb|right|[[Marol Naka metro station|Marol Naka station]] under construction in [[Andheri]] in 2012]]
By October 2011, the majority of the corridor's track-support pillars and girders had been laid, and the 12 individual stations were 70% complete, with most of the stations rising above platform level.<ref name="ToI70">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-11/mumbai/30266316_1_pillars-metro-rail-mmopl "Metro first line hinges on Andheri bridge"]. ''[[The Times of India]]'', 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-18.</ref> However, land acquisition and right-of-way issues, along with problems with the construction of a Metro-related viaduct, delayed the line's predicted completion to summer 2012.<ref name="ToI70" /><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_work-on-metro-pillar-between-railway-tracks-begins-at-slow-pace_1600577 "Work on metro pillar between railway tracks begins at slow pace"]. ''Daily News and Analysis'', 19 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-26.</ref> In May 2012, the [[Indian Bank]] restructured the Mumbai Metro's {{INRConvert|1.08|b}} loan account, citing the project's land use problems.<ref name="Loan2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/indian-bank-rejigs-mumbai-metro-loan-account/950689/1|title=Indian Bank rejigs Mumbai Metro loan account|work=The Financial Express|date=18 May 2012|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

On 1 May 2013, a successful {{Cvt|2|km}} trial run from Versova to Azad Nagar stations was conducted on Blue Line in the presence of [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]],<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Metro-trial-run-from-Versova-to-Airport-Road-successful/Article1-1070601.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606022634/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/mumbai/Metro-trial-run-from-Versova-to-Airport-Road-successful/Article1-1070601.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2013 |title=Metro trial run from Versova to Airport Road successful |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> who said that the line would open to the public from September 2013.<ref name="VersGhatTrial">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504095821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/mumbai/38957142_1_versova-ghatkopar-mumbai-metro-metropolitan-region-development-authority "Mumbai Metro trial run successful"]. ''The Times of India''. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref name="TrialRunNDTV2013">[http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-metro-trial-run-with-train-draped-in-flowers-361185 "Mumbai Metro: trial run with train draped in flowers"]. NDTV.com. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> However, MMRDA officials told ''[[Business Standard]]'' in August 2013 that the metro would be delayed further as it had not received approval from the Central Railway Safety Commissioner, and some of the facilities remained incomplete.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mumbai-metro-project-commissioning-further-delayed-113081300900_1.html |title=Mumbai Metro project commissioning further delayed |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2013-08-15 |access-date=2014-02-06|last1=Jog |first1=Sanjay }}</ref> The first major trial run on Blue Line, began at 6:45pm IST on 3 June 2013 from [[Versova metro station]], and covered the {{Cvt|2|km}} stretch to [[Airport Road metro station]] by 7:05pm, according to MMRDA additional commissioner S.V.R. Srinivas, who was on board the train. Trial runs had been conducted for the past month, the most notable being the trial run on 1 May 2013, that was officially flagged off by the Chief Minister.<ref name="hindustantimes.com" /> However, trials prior to the 3 June trial, were restricted to the {{Convert|3|km}} between [[Versova metro station|Versova]] and [[Azad Nagar metro station|Azad Nagar]] stations on JP Road.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-trial-run-passes-7km-from-Versova-to-Andheri/articleshow/20418852.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625185742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/mumbai/39739933_1_svr-srinivas-andheri-station-metropolitan-region-development-authority |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-06-25 |title=Metro trial run passes 7 km from Versova to Andheri |date=2013-06-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref>

Several tests were conducted before the metro opened to the public.<ref name="TOI1" /> According to the information given by the MMRDA to a [[Right to Information Act]] (RTI) query filed by activist Anil Galgali, around 5% of the civil works of the line were still pending as of December 2013. The reply to the RTI query said that Versova, D.N. Nagar, Azad Nagar, Chakala (J. B. Nagar) and Airport Road stations were 99% complete as of December 2013. Andheri, Saki Naka, Marol and Western Express Highway stations were in the range of 95-98%. Construction work at Ghatkopar was 90% complete, Asalpha and Jagruti Nagar stations were 80% and 85% complete respectively.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2014-02-07 |title=5% of metro work still pending in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-5-of-metro-work-still-pending-in-mumbai-1959899 |access-date=2014-03-27 |publisher=Daily News & Analysis (DNA)}}</ref>

The MMRDA sent a letter to [[Reliance Infrastructure|RInfra]] on 31 December 2013, asking them to change the name of the metro system from Reliance Metro to Mumbai Metro. The MMRDA pointed out that the original concession agreement said that the project would be named as the Mumbai Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-call-it-mumbai-metro-not-reliance-metro-mmrda-to-rinfra-1943922 |title=Call it Mumbai Metro, not Reliance Metro: MMRDA to Rinfra |publisher=DNA |date=2014-01-02 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-dont-use-reliance-word-in-mumbai-metro-mmrda-tells-anil-ambani-owned-company-4482214-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202091949/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-dont-use-reliance-word-in-mumbai-metro-mmrda-tells-anil-ambani-owned-company-4482214-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Don't use 'Reliance' word in Mumbai Metro, MMRDA tells Anil Ambani-owned company |website=daily.bhaskar.com |date=2014-01-02 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> RInfra issued a press statement on 2 January 2014, blaming the MMRDA for having "failed to provide any guidance on this subject during the bidding stage and/or during the implementation stage".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-rinfra-reluctant-to-change-metro-logo-blames-mmrda-1944550 |title=RInfra reluctant to change Metro logo, blames MMRDA |publisher=DNA |date=2014-01-03 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> [[Republican Party of India (A)]] workers protested the name Reliance Metro on 8 January 2014 by blackening boards with Reliance's logo at [[Chakala (J. B. Nagar) metro station]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rpi-objects-to-reliance-logo-on-metro-co-says-nothing-wrong-114010900009_1.html |title=RPI objects to Reliance logo on metro; co says nothing wrong |work=Business Standard |date=2014-01-09 |access-date=2014-02-06|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rpi-a-demands-reliance-metro-to-be-changed-to-mumbai-metro-114010801586_1.html |title=RPI (A) demands 'Reliance Metro' to be changed to Mumbai Metro |work=Business Standard |date=2014-01-08 |access-date=2014-02-06|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/RPI-activists-hit-the-streets/articleshow/28567054.cms |title=RPI activists hit the streets |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=2014-01-09 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> On 11 January, [[Shiv Sena]] MLA [[Subhash Desai]] sent a letter to Chief Minister Chavan opposing the Reliance Metro name, and expressing support for the name Mumbai Metro.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-now-shiv-sena-wants-removal-of-logo-reliance-from-mumbai-metro-1949480 |title=Now, Shiv Sena wants removal of logo 'Reliance' from Mumbai metro |publisher=DNA |date=2014-01-12 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/shiv-sena-demands-removal-of-reliance-from-mumbai-metro-logo/1217576 |title=Shiv Sena demands removal of 'Reliance' from Mumbai metro logo |work=The Financial Express |date=2014-01-11 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> In February 2014, U.P.S. Madan, metropolitan commissioner of MMRDA, confirmed that RInfra had agreed to rename the project as Mumbai Metro from Reliance Metro.<ref name="dnaindia2">{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-it-s-mumbai-metro-and-not-reliance-metro-1960685 |title=It's 'Mumbai Metro' and not 'Reliance Metro' |publisher=Daily News & Analysis (DNA) |date=2014-02-10 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> However, even by April 2014, the Reliance Metro logos that had been stuck on trains and stations had not been removed. MMOPL officials said that they had not yet received any new logo design, and were still awaiting the same.<ref name="mid-day.com">{{cite web|author=Ranjeet Jadhav |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/now-mumbai-metro-hits-logo-hurdle/15209089 |title=Now, Mumbai Metro hits logo hurdle |website=Mid-day.com |date=6 April 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> On 30 April 2014 The MMOPL unveiled a new logo, which uses the name "Mumbai Metro" but also includes the MMRDA and Reliance Infrastructure.<ref name="mid-day3">{{cite web|author=Ranjeet Jadhav |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/name-war-ends-as-mumbai-metro-logo-revealed/15264093 |title=Name war ends, as 'Mumbai Metro' logo revealed |website=Mid-day.com |date=1 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> The new name was also confirmed by Chavan at a press conference at [[Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur|Vidhan Bhawan]] on 14 June 2014. When asked about RInfra posting its "Reliance Metro" branding at some metro stations, he said, "It is 'Mumbai Metro' and we will ensure that it remains the same in future also".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140616073342/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/metro-service-will-be-called-mumbai-metro-says-prithviraj-chavan/479152-3-237.html Metro service will be called 'Mumbai Metro', says Prithviraj Chavan - News18]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/metro-service-will-be-called-mumbai-metro-says-chavan_939646.html|title=Metro service will be called 'Mumbai Metro', says Chavan|date=14 June 2014|website=Zee News}}</ref>

[[File:Asalfa station Birdseye..jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|[[Jagruti Nagar metro station|Jagruti Nagar station]] under construction in [[Ghatkopar]] in 2012]]
On 6 February 2014, RInfra announced that construction was complete, and that some of the regulatory approvals were in place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZtB8DUluEZGzmdbJThWiRJ/Mumbai-Metro-to-become-operational-before-April-says-RInfr.html |title=Mumbai Metro to become operational before April, says R-Infra |work=Livemint |date=2014-02-06 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> However, the construction of approach roads to stations such as Jagruti Nagar and Asalpha Road had not been completed,<ref name="The Times of India" /> although this work was to be undertaken by the MMRDA, and not MMOPL.<ref name="The Times of India" /> A comprehensive fire drill was undertaken by the [[Mumbai Fire Brigade|Fire Brigade]], [[Mumbai Police]], and MMOPL in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mock-fire-drill-conducted-on-mumbai-metro/15159075|title=Mock fire drill conducted on Mumbai Metro|date=14 March 2014|publisher=Mid-Day Infomedia|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref> During trials in mid-March 2014, the Mumbai Metro ran trains at a headway of almost 4 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Metro-achieves-local-train-frequency-in-weekend-trials/articleshow/32224758.cms |title=Metro achieves local train frequency in weekend trials |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2014-03-18 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref>

Oscillation trials were completed in early 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/trials-completed-in-record-time-project-will-soon-face-final-scrutiny/ |title=Trials completed in 'record time', project will soon face final scrutiny |work=The Indian Express |date=2014-02-13 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-metro-moves-a-step-closer-to-reality-with-successful-trial-run/15090083 |title=Mumbai Metro moves a step closer to reality with successful trial run |website=Mid-day.com |date=2014-02-12 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> However, the submission of the report by the RDSO to the Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety was delayed a public interest litigation (PIL) filed in [[Bombay High Court|Maharashtra High Court]] on the height of Mumbai Suburban Railway station platforms. The RDSO had to divert its resources to inspecting the suburban railway platforms, because passengers were falling into the gap between the platform and the trains.<ref name="dnaindia3">{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-special-platform-train-gap-issue-may-delay-mumbai-s-first-metro-1966900 |title=dna special: Platform-train gap issue may delay Mumbai's first metro |publisher=DNA |date=2014-03-05 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> The MMOPL was granted a "speed certificate" from the RDSO on 2 April.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mumbai-metro-one-pvt-ltd-receives-rdso-s-speed-certificate-114040201297_1.html |title=Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd receives RDSO's speed certificate |work=Business Standard |date=2014-04-02 |access-date=2014-05-26|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> MMRDA and MMOPL authorities jointly applied to the CMRS for safety certification on 4 April.<ref name="mid-day.com" />

Then CMRS for the western circle P.S. Baghel began physically inspecting the line on 18 April, and completed it on 28 April.<ref name="mid-day4">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-first-metro-line-clears-final-safety-inspection/15259069 |title=Mumbai's first Metro line clears final safety inspection |website=Mid-day.com |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref><ref name="asianage1">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/cmrs-finishes-metro-inspection-208 |title=CMRS finishes Metro inspection |work=The Asian Age |date=2014-04-29 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> The CMRS required certain minor improvements to access areas before the metro could begin operations.<ref name="mid-day5">{{cite web|author=Shashank Rao |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vag-metro-line-to-begin-in-june/15325173 |title=VAG metro line to begin in June? |website=Mid-day.com |date=25 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> The CMRS also said that he would travel to Lucknow to discuss the inspection with RDSO officials and then cross check all the other necessary approvals, including rolling stocks, from the Railway Board.<ref name="asianage1" /> The line received safety clearance from the CMRS on 2 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-versova-andheri-ghatkopar-metro-gets-safety-clearance-to-open-later-this-month-1984488 |title=Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar Metro gets safety clearance, to open later this month |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=2014-05-03 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Metro-I-gets-CRS-certification/articleshow/34549069.cms |title=Metro I gets CRS certification |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2014-05-03 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>

The Congress-NCP government had wanted to open the line by 24 April 2014, the voting day in Mumbai for the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]].<ref name="mumbaimirror.com" /> The MMRDA had to obtain approval for the locomotives from the railway board.<ref name="mumbaimirror.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Mumbai-will-have-to-wait-some-more-for-the-Metro/articleshow/33624751.cms |title=Mumbai will have to wait some more for the Metro |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2014-04-12 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> The MMOPL approached the Railway Board for approval of rolling stock (including the rakes and wheels) on 22 April.<ref>{{cite web|author=Manthan K. Mehta |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-I-awaits-final-nod-from-railway-board/articleshow/34546842.cms |title=Mumbai Metro-I awaits final nod from railway board |work=The Times of India |date=2014-05-02 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/versova-ghatkopar-metro-top-railway-official-issues-conditional-safety-certificate/ |title=Versova-Ghatkopar Metro: Top railway official issues conditional safety certificate |work=The Indian Express |date=2014-05-03 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> MMRDA and MMOPL officials said that the line would open within 7 days of receiving approval from the Railway Board.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sukhada Tatke |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-waits-for-last-green-signal/article5973927.ece |title=Mumbai Metro waits for last green signal |work=The Hindu |date=2014-05-04 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/mumbai-metro-to-start-within-7-days-of-rail-board-nod-reliance-infrastructure/articleshow/34601731.cms |title=Mumbai Metro to start within 7 days of Rail Board nod: Reliance Infrastructure |work=The Economic Times |date=2014-05-03 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> Despite the MMOPL submitting the necessary paperwork on 22 April, the Railway Board did not grant approve until late May 2014. According to railway officials, this was because the rakes and wheels used in the metro were "of a new kind, with newer dimensions".<ref name="mid-day5" /> Another reason given for the delay was the change of government at the Centre following the 2014 general elections.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anand Mishra |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/change-power-centre-delays-go-ahead-metro-118 |title=Change of power at Centre delays go ahead for Metro |work=The Asian Age |date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> The newly appointed Railway Minister [[D.V. Sadananda Gowda]] gave the final approval on 5 June.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-ready-to-take-off/article6086837.ece|title=Mumbai Metro ready to take off|author=Staff Reporter|date=6 June 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-corridor-gets-final-safety-clearance-from-railway-board-575717|title=Mumbai: Metro Corridor Gets Final Safety Clearance From Railway Board|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> MMOPL Chief Executive Abhay Mishra announced on 7 June that the metro would open the following day.<ref name="ReferenceC">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140607221244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/mumbai-metro-to-be-inaugurated-on-sunday/article1-1226991.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref>

A key proposal of the Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme (SATIS) was the integration of the metro rail system with the [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]]. The BEST and the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] jointly worked towards relocating existing bus stops. BEST bus feeder routes were created along the metro corridor. Bus stops have electronic indicators displaying the expected arrival time of the next train, and information about bus schedules is available inside the metro stations. The MMRDA widened footpaths below metro stations. Parking for bikes and motorbikes is available at all stations.<ref name="mid-day1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/best-railways-and-mmrda-plan-seamless-connectivity-with-dedicated-bus-stops-at-metro-stations/15163091 |title=BEST, Railways and MMRDA plan seamless connectivity with dedicated bus stops at metro stations |website=Mid-day.com |date=2014-03-17 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Information-on-feeder-routes-may-be-displayed-on-Metros-bus-stops/articleshow/32223810.cms |title=Information on feeder routes may be displayed on Metros, bus stops |work=The Times of India |date=2014-03-18 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia4">{{cite web |author= |date=2014-03-18 |title=Mumbai metro train timings to be displayed at bus shelters |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-train-timings-to-be-displayed-at-bus-shelters-1970087 |access-date=2014-03-27 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Rs-36-cr-plan-to-fix-Metro-entries-exits/articleshow/32033628.cms |title=Rs 36 cr plan to fix Metro entries, exits |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2014-03-15 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref>

==== Accidents ====
Eight accidents occurred during the construction of Blue Line. In total, 2 people were killed and 21 injured during the construction of the line. The first accident occurred in May 2008 when 1 person was killed and another injured, when a pile rig collapsed at a construction site in Andheri (West). In 2009, 4 people were injured, when a steel reinforcement cage and temporary scaffolding of a concrete pillar caved in it Andheri (East). In April 2012, a crane at a construction site in Ghatkopar, veered off a truck and crashed on a portion of the nearby Sarvodaya Hospital. No one was injured as the affected portion of the hospital building was empty at the time.<ref>[http://dailypioneer.com/nation/92481-mumbai-metro-bridge-slab-collapse-1-killed-11-injured.html Mumbai Metro bridge slab collapse; 1 killed, 11 injured]</ref>

On 5 September 2012, a slab collapsed at the under-construction Subhash Nagar metro station in [[Andheri]], killing one construction worker and injuring 16 people.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120906164601/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-metro-bridge-pillar-collapses-1-dead-10-injured/288421-3-237.html Mumbai: Metro bridge pillar collapses, 1 dead, 10 injured- Maharashtra- India-IBNLive]</ref> Following the incident, construction work on the metro was suspended. MMOPL fined the contractor, [[Hindustan Construction Company]], {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2012|nolink=yes}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005230407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Metro-officials-appoint-Geneva-firm-for-safety-at-construction-site/Article1-928412.aspx Metro officials appoint Geneva firm for safety at construction site - Hindustan Times]</ref> On 11 September 2012, MMOPL appointed Geneva-based SGS Consultants as independent safety consultants for the construction of Blue Line. Construction resumed on 25 September 2012, under the supervision of SGS Consultants, after the consultant submitted its preliminary report to the MMOPL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/3-weeks-after-mishap-metro-elevated-corridor-work-restarts/1008468|title=3 weeks after mishap, Metro elevated corridor work restarts - Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The consultant remained with the project until the completion of Blue Line to help prevent future accidents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/swiss-firm-to-help-prevent-metro-mishaps/1001360/|title=Swiss firm to help prevent Metro mishaps - Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

According to SVR Srinivas, then additional metropolitan commissioner at MMRDA, "The accident was basically due to voids in the support. The support weakened due to rain and utilities underneath created voids. So, it was basically due to loosening of the soil due to construction activity and its erosion due to heavy rain that the support weakened. If because of any reason a part of the support settles, stress increases on the staging and causes it to fail leading to a cascading effect".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/one-dead-but-mmrda-panel-blames-mumbai-metro-mishap-on-natural-reasons/1022224|title=One dead, but MMRDA panel blames Mumbai Metro mishap on 'natural reasons' - Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Opening===
The first metro service was flagged off by Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan, along with Reliance Infra Chairman Anil Ambani and wife Tina Ambani, on 8 June 2014 at 10:10 am from Versova station. Chavan's appearance at the inauguration came despite the fact that he had threatened to boycott the ceremony the previous day to protest RInfra's decision to raise fares.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-gets-its-first-metro-prithviraj-chavan-flags-off-operations-from-versova/|title=Mumbai gets its first metro; Prithviraj Chavan flags off operations from Versova|date=8 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chavan-flags-off-metro-service-114060800522_1.html|title=Chavan flags off Metro service|author=BS Reporter|date=9 June 2014|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/prithviraj-chavan-launches-mumbai-metro/843663|title=Prithviraj Chavan Launches Mumbai Metro|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref> The line was scheduled to open to the public at 12:10pm, with the first service departing from Ghatkopar station. This was delayed by 10 minutes and departed at 12:20 pm. The train was further delayed by nearly half an hour, as it had to halt beyond the planned [[terminal dwell time|dwell time]] at certain stations due to a technical glitch.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-hit-by-technical-glitch-on-debut-trains-running-late/articleshow/36246251.cms|title=Mumbai Metro hit by technical glitch on debut, trains running late | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/business-latest/article/mumbai-metro-will-be-thrown-open-mumbaikars-tomorrow|title=Mumbai Metro faces technical glitch on first day|date=7 June 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> This in turn caused some other trains to also be delayed by 20–30 minutes.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref name=autogenerated5>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Technical-snag-stops-Mumbai-Metro-comes-as-last-straw-after-crowds-of-weekend-revellers-overwhelm-citys-newest-ride/articleshow/36565093.cms|title=Technical snag stops Mumbai Metro, comes as last straw after crowds of weekend revellers overwhelm city's newest ride | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2014 }}</ref>

MMOPL announced a special introductory fare of {{INR}} 10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service.<ref name="livemint.com" /> The authority also announced that children under the age of 12 years and/or up to four feet tall, and accompanied by their parents, could travel for free on opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-metro-announces-free-weekend-joyride-for-u-12-children/15377170|title=Mumbai Metro announces free weekend joyride for u-12 children|date=13 June 2014|website=mid-day}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5 /> On opening day, the line ran for 11 hours, and carried 2.40 lakh commuters. The second day, which saw the line operated for its entire 18.5-hour schedule, saw 2.97 lakh commuters use the line. Blue Line had transported 1 million passengers by 4:30 p.m. on 11 June or within 59 operating hours; reaching the milestone quicker than any other Indian metro system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Million-mark-for-Mumbai-Metro-on-just-4th-day/articleshow/36404198.cms|title=Million mark for Mumbai Metro on just 4th day | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 June 2014 }}</ref> In the first week of operations, 21.56 lakh commuters travelled on the line, at an average of 3.08 lakh daily.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-ferries-20-lakh-commuters-in-first-week/articleshow/36618106.cms|title=Mumbai Metro ferries 20 lakh commuters in first week | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2014 }}</ref> Within days of the metro's opening, many commuters switched from using BEST buses and autos. Authorities estimated a 25% reduction in BEST commuters along the route as a result of the metro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-metro-effect-best-loses-11000-commuters-a-day/15370191|title=Mumbai Metro effect: BEST loses 11,000 commuters a day|date=11 June 2014|website=mid-day}}</ref> Ticket sales on BEST Bus Route Number 340, the most popular bus route between Andheri and Ghatkopar, dropped by {{INR}} 1.5 lakh in the first three days of Blue Line's opening.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-cuts-BEST-yield-by-Rs-1-5-lakh/articleshow/36404215.cms|title=Metro cuts BEST yield by Rs 1.5 lakh | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 June 2014 }}</ref>

===2014-17===
In its first year of operation, from June 2014 to June 2015, Blue Line transported over 92 million commuters, and made over 130,000 trips, covering a distance of over {{Cvt|1400000|km|4=0}}. The line carried an average of 263,000 commuters on weekdays. The MMOPL earned a total revenue of {{INRConvert|136|c|nolink=yes}}, and incurred losses of {{INRConvert|191|c|nolink=yes}}. The revenues include {{INRConvert|13.1|c|nolink=yes}} earned through leasing station space to 52 stalls across its 12 stations. The MMOPL said that it incurred an expenditure of {{INRConvert|55|l|nolink=yes}} per day to maintain the system and car depot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/mumbai-metro-branding-on-track-115061001174_1.html|title=Mumbai Metro: Branding on track|first=Sanjay|last=Jog|date=10 June 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref> On 4 June 2015, metro authorities announced that Blue Line had transported 100 million passengers since operations began.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/mumbai-metro-passes-100-million-in-a-year/40970.article|title=Mumbai Metro passes 100 million in a year|website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/mumbai-metro-ridership-reaches-100-million/|title=Mumbai metro ridership reaches 100 million|date=5 June 2015}}</ref>

Mumbai Metro One announced that Blue Line had transported more than 150 million passengers since operations began, crossing the milestone on 26 January 2016, India's 67th Republic Day.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-crosses-150-million-riders-1273027|title=Mumbai Metro Crosses 150 Million Riders|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated7>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-metro-crosses-150-million-ridership-mark/16919183|title=Mumbai Metro crosses 150 million ridership mark|date=3 February 2016|website=mid-day}}</ref> Blue Line transported 200 million passengers within 786 days of operations. It crossed the 250 million mark on 11 February, or within 957 days, the fastest time in which any metro in India has reached the milestone.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=Mumbai Metro breaches 25cr passenger mark in record time - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-breaches-25cr-passenger-mark-in-record-time/articleshow/57088665.cms|website=The Times of India|date=11 February 2017 |access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Mumbai_Line_1_metro_rake.jpg|thumb|Metro rake approaching [[Andheri metro station|Andheri]] station in 2019]] In 2017, Mumbai Metro One partnered with [[Google]] to integrate metro details into [[Google Maps]]. This collaboration enabled users to access authentic timetables and geographic information for the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar route. Trip timings, with frequencies of four minutes during peak hours and eight minutes during non-peak hours, were provided. Google Maps also displayed facilities like stairs, escalators, and ticket counters, helping commuters plan their journeys more efficiently.<ref name=googlemapspartnership>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gadgets360.com/apps/news/google-maps-now-features-mumbai-metro-details-1707154|title=Mumbai Metro Details Now Available on Google Maps|date=2 June 2016|website=gadgets-360.com}}</ref>

==Finances==

===Construction cost===
The original estimated cost of constructing Blue Line was {{INRConvert|2356|c|year=2007}} when the contract was signed in March 2007.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/no-respite-for-mumbai-metro-as-project-cost-jumps-by-70-per-cent/1245850/0 |title=No respite for Mumbai Metro as project cost jumps by 70 per cent |work=The Financial Express |date=2014-05-01 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> However, delays increased the cost by 84% over six years, and the project cost was {{INRConvert|4321|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1882626/report-mumbai-metro-ride-is-going-to-be-an-expensive-one |title=Mumbai Metro ride is going to be an expensive one |publisher=DNA |date=2013-09-01 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-yet-to-move-fares-move-northwards/Article1-1117620.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906003741/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-yet-to-move-fares-move-northwards/Article1-1117620.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2013 |title=Mumbai Metro yet to move, fares move northwards |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 September 2013 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref>

To offset the escalation, RInfra-led MMOPL asked for a 130-150% increase in fares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mmrda-seeks-itemised-break-up-and-reasons-for-metro-cost-escalation/ |title=MMRDA seeks itemised break-up and reasons for Metro cost escalation |work=The Indian Express |date=2014-02-06 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> An MMOPL spokesperson said, "The principal reason for an increase is the inability of MMRDA to provide 100 per cent unencumbered RoW, which was contractually committed by MMRDA to be handed over to MMOPL on or before September 2007. The increase in fares is necessitated due to an increase in operating costs, owing to a steep increase in all economic indices; inflation, interest rate, foreign exchange, etc. These factors have also increased the estimated project cost." However, the MMRDA denied the request stating that the cost escalation of the project and the fare hike demand were separate issues. An MMRDA official told ''Business Standard'', "There is no question of any fare hike right now, as the issue will be considered after the service is started by MMOPL. The rise in capital expenditure will not impact fares immediately."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/no-immediate-fare-rise-for-mumbai-metro-declares-mmrda-114011600840_1.html |title=No immediate fare rise for Mumbai metro, declares MMRDA |work=Business Standard |date=2014-01-18 |access-date=2014-03-27|last1=Jog |first1=Sanjay }}</ref>

MMOPL completed the refinancing of project borrowings, achieving substantial benefits through extension of maturity and reduction of interest costs in June 2015. With this refinancing, the final repayment of {{INRConvert|1650|c|nolink=yes}} on the loans has been extended to the year 2037. The interest rate stands reduced from 13% to 11.75% per annum, and the average maturity period of loans has almost doubled to 14 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/rinfras-mumbai-metro-refinances-1650cr-debt/article7306234.ece|title=RInfra's Mumbai Metro refinances ₹1,650-cr debt|website=@businessline|date=11 June 2015 }}</ref>

===Dispute over initial fare===
The state government announced in 2004 that the fare as per 2003-04 levels was fixed as {{INR}} 6 up to {{Cvt|3|km}}, {{INR}} 8 for {{Cvt|3-8|km}} and {{INR}} 10 beyond {{Cvt|8|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cm-okays-metro-fare-with-max-slab-of-rs-13/1164749/0 |title=CM okays Metro fare with max slab of Rs 13 |work=The Indian Express |date=2013-09-05 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> The originally agreed tariff hike schedule until 2042–43, based on the fare formula of 1.5 times the BEST fare, provided for an 11% hike after every three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-seeks-explanation-for-Metro-fare-hike-demand/articleshow/22528465.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928192627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-13/mumbai/42040234_1_mmopl-fare-hike-demand-fare-revision |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-09-28 |title=Maharashtra seeks explanation for Metro fare hike demand |date=2013-09-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> On 6 June 2013, the MMRDA said that MMOPL had asked for the fares for Blue Line be increased by more than 50%, even though the metro had not yet been opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/No-ones-ridden-metro-yet-but-operator-wants-50-fare-hike/articleshow/20468561.cms|title=No one's ridden metro yet, but operator wants 50% fare hike|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=7 June 2013|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> On 5 September 2013, the Chief Minister approved a revision of fares to between {{INR}} 9 and {{INR}} 13.<ref name="dnaindia6">{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-steep-hike-in-fare-likely-1983855 |title=Steep hike in fare likely |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=2014-05-01 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> The notification allowed for fares to be raised by 11% every four years.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/mumbai-metro-may-start-soon-as-reliance-infrastructure-allowed-to-fix-fares/articleshow/34437924.cms |title=Mumbai Metro may start soon as Reliance Infrastructure allowed to fix fares |work=The Economic Times |date=2014-04-30 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>

On 11 September 2013, the MMOPL said that the metro would commence operations in December 2013, regardless of whether or not the fare increase was granted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Metro-1-will-be-ready-by-year-end-MMOPL/articleshow/22495271.cms |title=Metro 1 will be ready by year-end: MMOPL |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2013-09-12 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref> The Union Urban Department Ministry brought the Mumbai Metro under the Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act of 1978 on 18 November 2013, thereby granting MMOPL the authority to fix fares. Prior to this notification, Blue Line

was under the Indian Tramways Act, 1886, and the Chief Minister had the sole power to decide fare revisions.<ref name="dnaindia6" /> In a letter to the state government dated 7 February, the Urban Development Ministry said, "MMOPL can fix the fare afresh after obtaining the recommendation of the Fare Fixation Committee (FFC). However, no FFC recommendation is necessary to fix the initial fare." Fare fixation is governed by relevant provisions of the Metro Railways (operations and maintenance) Act, 2002.<ref name="indiatimes4">{{cite web|agency=TNN |author=Manthan K. Mehta | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Fare-hike-likely-for-Versova-Ghatkopar-Metro/articleshow/34389616.cms |title=Fare hike likely for Versova-Ghatkopar Metro |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> The Ministry's notification permits initial fare fixation without an FFC recommendation, but makes it mandatory for subsequent fare revisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mumbai-metro-may-start-soon-as-rinfra-allowed-to-fix-fares_1077643.html |title=Mumbai Metro may start soon as RInfra allowed to fix fares |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>

In an interview with ''DNA'' published on 9 May, MMRDA Commissioner U.P.S. Madan declared that the August 2013 fares were final stating, "There is already a fare notification in place about metro, which is final. The notification was issued recently with a revision in ticket prices. The fare notification is final and binding."<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2014-05-09 |title=There's a fare notification on Metro and it's final: UPS Madan |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/interview-there-s-a-fare-notification-on-metro-and-it-s-final-ups-madan-1986391 |access-date=2014-05-26 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Anil Galgali, an RTI activist and chairman of the Mumbai-based NGO Athak Seva Sangh, wrote a letter to the Chief Minister on 2 May 2014, urging him to use his special powers to prevent the fare hike. Galgali said, "The Maharashtra state government should use its special powers and stop the new fares from being implemented. The delay in project and increase in cost is not the fault of Mumbai's citizens. It is the responsibility of the Maharashtra state government to act against MMOPL's demands." He further accused the MMOPL of "blackmailing the government and playing with citizens".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chavan-urged-to-stop-mumbai-metro-from-hiking-fares-114050201042_1.html |title=Chavan urged to stop Mumbai Metro from hiking fares |work=Business Standard |date=2014-05-02 |access-date=2014-05-26|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/maharashtra-cm-urged-to-stop-mumbai-metro-from-hiking-fares/15268091 |title=Maharashtra CM urged to stop Mumbai Metro from hiking fares |website=Mid-day.com |date=2 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> MMOPL announced the minimum and maximum fares on the line as {{INR}} 10 and {{INR}} 40 respectively in early May 2014.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> However, MMOPL later announced a special introductory fare of {{INR}} 10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service, i.e. from 8 June to 8 July.<ref name="livemint.com" />

On 9 June 2014, the MMRDA filed a case in the Bombay High Court seeking appointment of an arbitrator for the fare.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/High-court-to-take-up-Mumbai-Metro-fare-dispute-on-June-13/articleshow/36313676.cms|title=High court to take up Mumbai Metro fare dispute on June 13 | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbai-metro-fare-hike-court-to-hear-case-on-friday/article23159028.ece|title=Mumbai Metro fare hike: Court to hear case on Friday|first=Rahul|last=Wadke|website=@businessline|date=9 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Stations==
[[File:Metro arriving at Sakinaka.jpg|thumb|upright|A train arriving at Saki Naka station]]
{{Rapid transit OSM map|stroke-width=3|system_qid=Q6553099|single_line=y|stations=y|stations_qid=Q6553099|frame-width=350|frame-height=280|frame-align=right}}
{{Main|List of Mumbai Metro stations|l1=List of Mumbai Metro Stations}}
There are 12 stations on Blue Line. All stations have three levels that are accessed via stairs, escalators, and elevators. Trains leave from the second floor, which is the Platform level.<ref name="TOI1" /> There is a maximum gap of {{Cvt|85|mm}} between the platform and train doors.<ref name="mid-day6">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/making-sense-of-the-mumbai-metro/15226083 |title=Making sense of the Mumbai Metro |website=[[Mid-day]] |date=13 April 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>

There are 100 staircases (minimum 4 in each station), 45 elevators and 95 escalators on the 12 stations of Blue Line.<ref name="TOI1" /><ref name="mid-day6" /> Platforms have polycarbonate roofs which allow them to be naturally lit.<ref name="TOI1" /> Stations feature murals created by university students. Metro authorities organised the "Majhi Metro" festival and requested art and architecture students to enter a contest, where the winners were awarded the opportunity to design and style a metro station, based on the theme "Mumbai".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/murals-breathe-life-into-mumbai-metro-stations/article6095555.ece|title=Murals breathe life into Mumbai Metro stations|date=9 June 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

On 3 July 2013, MMOPL announced that Wi-Fi services were enabled at all 12 stations on the line. The facility is expected to be available on moving trains by the end of the month. [[You Broadband]] is the service provider.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-offers-free-Wi-Fi-connectivity-at-all-stations/articleshow/37724325.cms|title=Metro offers free Wi-Fi connectivity at all stations | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-water-leakage-in-mumbai-metro-now-you-can-use-wi-fi-at-metro-stations-to-tweet-it-1999563|title=Water leakage in Mumbai metro? Now you can use Wi-Fi at metro stations to tweet it!|date=4 July 2014|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

There are no parking facilities available on Blue Line. The MMRDA said that this was because there was no space available.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/authority-mulls-parking-lots-at-upcoming-metro-stations/932336/ |title=Authority mulls parking lots at upcoming Metro stations |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> The Ghatkopar station is connected with the western side of the [[Ghatkopar railway station]] through a {{Convert|12|m|adj=on}} wide foot-over-bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ghatkopar-railway-station-to-soon-to-be-integrated-with-metro-station-1973677 |title=Ghatkopar railway station to soon to be integrated with metro station |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=2014-03-31 |access-date=2014-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepressjournal.in/commuters-sandwiched-between-mumbai-metro-and-railways/ |title=Commuters sandwiched between Mumbai Metro and railways |date=12 June 2014 |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |access-date=2014-06-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182511/http://freepressjournal.in/commuters-sandwiched-between-mumbai-metro-and-railways/ |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Andheri-Ghatkopar-stations-ill-prepared-for-commuter-surge/articleshow/36221743.cms |title=Andheri, Ghatkopar stations ill-prepared for commuter surge |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Under sponsorship agreements, the MMOPL rebranded the Andheri and WEH stations as the Bank of Baroda Andheri station and the Magicbricks WEH station in August 2016 and February 2017 respectively. The MMRDA said that MMOPL cannot re-brand station's without its permission. In March 2017, the Union ministry of urban development clarified that MMOPL was permitted to rebrand stations. The revenue earned by MMOPL through the rebranding is not shared with the MMRDA, nor passed on to commuters through lower ticket fares.<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre okays rebranding of Mumbai Metro stations|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/150317/centre-okays-rebranding-of-mumbai-metro-stations.html|website=[[The Asian Age]]|access-date=16 March 2017|date=15 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Centre allows MMOPL to rebrand Metro stations|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/centre-allows-mmopl-to-rebrand-metro-stations-4569244/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 March 2017|date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

As part of the Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme (SATIS), the MMRDA moved all bus and taxi stands to a distance of about 40–50 metres away from the stations. The MMRDA believes that the previous location of the stands just next the stations resulted in traffic congestion and restricted the movement of pedestrians. Congestion issues were resolved after the implementation of SATIS at all stations on the line.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai: MMRDA to make monorail corridor congestion free|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-mmrda-to-make-monorail-corridor-congestion-free/18143180|website=[[Mid-day]]|date=7 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
|- bgcolor=#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|blue}}
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |'''Blue Line (Line 1)'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Station
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Interchange
! rowspan="2" |Alignment
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| 1
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Versova}}
| वर्सोवा
|8 June 2014
|
|Elevated
|-
| 2
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|D N Nagar}}
| डी.एन. नगर
|8 June 2014
|{{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|yellow|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
| 3
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Azad Nagar}}
| आझाद नगर
|8 June 2014
|
|Elevated
|-
| 4
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Andheri}}
| अंधेरी
|8 June 2014
|{{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western|croute}}
{{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
| 5
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Western Express Highway}}
| पश्चिम द्रुतगती महामार्ग
|8 June 2014
|{{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|red|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
| 6
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chakala (J. B. Nagar)}}
| चकाला (जे.बी. नगर)
|8 June 2014
|
|Elevated
|-
| 7
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Airport Road}}
| विमानतळ रस्ता
|8 June 2014
|
|Elevated
|-
| 8
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Marol Naka}}
| मरोळ नाका
|8 June 2014
|[[File:Logo_of_Mumbai_Metro_Line_3.png|link=Aqua_Line_(Mumbai_Metro)|17x17px]] {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|aqua|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
| 9
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Saki Naka}}
| साकी नाका
|8 June 2014
|
|Elevated
|-
| 10
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Asalpha}}
| असल्फा
|8 June 2014
|
|Elevated
|-
| 11
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Jagruti Nagar}}
| जागृती नगर
|8 June 2014
|
|Elevated
|-
| 12
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ghatkopar}}
| घाटकोपर
|8 June 2014
|{{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|croute}} {{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|green|croute}} (Under construction)
|Elevated
|-bgcolor = #{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|blue}}
|colspan = "8"|
|}

==Infrastructure==

===Rolling stock===
[[File:MumbaiMetroOne(747).jpg|thumb|A Mumbai Metro train in 2010]]
Six international firms - [[Siemens]], [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], [[Alstom]], [[Hyundai Rotem|Rotem-Hyundai]], [[CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles|CNR Changchun]], and [[Nippon Sharyo]] - were shortlisted to provide rolling stock for the line,<ref>{{cite web|author=Chittaranjan Tembhekar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mncs-eye-metro-rail-pie-1130143 | title=MNCs eye Metro Rail pie |publisher=DNA |date=2007-10-27 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> but [[Nanjing Puzhen Rolling Stock Works|CSR Puzhen]] was ultimately chosen to supply rolling stock.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbai-metro.com/projec-update |title=Mumbai Metro One Project updates |website=mumbai-metro.com |access-date=2010-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118081246/http://www.mumbai-metro.com/projec-update |archive-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> CSR Puzhen was awarded a contract in May 2008 to supply 16 trains of 4 cars each for a total fee of {{INRConvert|6|b|year=2008}}. The first rake was shipped from [[Shanghai]] on 23 March 2010,<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/mumbais-beautiful-butterfly-emerges.html "Mumbai's beautiful butterfly emerges"]. [[Railway Gazette International]], 25 March 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2011.</ref> and the last rake arrived at Mumbai port by the end of February 2014.<ref name="dnaindia3" /><ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbais-first-Metro-line-unlikely-to-meet-March-31-deadline/articleshow/31441109.cms |title=Mumbai's first Metro line unlikely to meet March 31 deadline |work=The Times of India |date=2014-03-05 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref>

Blue Line was allotted 64 coaches.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Plans-to-add-44-more-coaches-to-first-Metro/Article1-862761.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712083532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Plans-to-add-44-more-coaches-to-first-Metro/Article1-862761.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |title=Plans to add 44 more coaches to first Metro |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> Fourteen trains (of four cars) are in service during rush hour, and seven or eight in non-peak hours.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-may-open-to-public-after-mid-may-1983827 |title=Mumbai Metro may open to public after mid-May |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=2014-05-01 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> All coaches are [[air-conditioned]] and have [[humidity control]], and are designed to reduce noise and vibration.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1829482/report-a-mumbai-metro-train-every-three-minutes |title=A Mumbai Metro train every three minutes |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=2013-05-01 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> Each coach is approximately {{convert|2.9|m|ftin}} wide<ref>{{cite web|last=Katkurwar |first=Saurabh |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/feb/260212-CIDCO-opts-for-wider-metro-coaches.htm |title=CIDCO opts for wider metro coaches |website=[[MiD DAY]] |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> and has 48 seats. A coach has a capacity of 375 passengers, and a single four car train has a total capacity of 1500 passengers. The coach body is made of lightweight stainless steel, with fire resistant metal doors. Coaches have metallic silver colour exteriors, and can be covered with vinyl sheets to display advertisements. The interior features anti-skid floors, and longitudinal seats with dedicated space to accommodate wheelchairs.<ref name="mid-day6" /> Trains on Blue Line are fitted with the VTS Firetide 7010 video transmission system.<ref name="mid-day3" /> Coaches are also fitted with [[LED display]]s showing dynamic route map, and [[LCD television|LCD TVs]] for entertainment, information and advertising. Windows in coaches are made of [[Insulated glazing|double glazed]] [[laminated glass]] to shut out noise. Each coach has eight externally hung, sliding bi-parting doors except the pilot cabin which has only 2. Doors are broad to enable wheelchair access. The maximum gap between the station platform and the doors is {{Cvt|85|mm}}.<ref name="mid-day6" /> Trains are outfitted with a number of features for safety and convenience, first-aid kits, fire-fighting equipment and intercom systems permitting communication with the train driver.<ref name="ToI70" /> Each coach contains a [[Train event recorder|black box]] to assist in accident investigations.<ref name="ToI70" />

[[File:Mumbai Metro Inside.jpg|left|thumb|Interiors of the Metro coach]]
The rolling stock is cleaned daily in an automated washing plant utilizing eco-friendly technology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Green-technology-to-clean-Metro-in-Mumbai/articleshow/35690139.cms|title=Green technology to clean Metro in Mumbai | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2014 }}</ref>

MMOPL initially used a Wheel Flange Lubrication (WFL) system to reduce wear and tear of rolling stock wheels. The agency invested {{INRConvert|30|c}} to introduce a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip based system to accomplish the task. The MMOPL said that the RFID system provides even longer lifespan for wheels, and the agency states that it will recover the {{INR}} 30 crore investment within 2 years through savings on maintenance costs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Metro uses RFID lubrication system to improve wheel maintenance {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-mumbai-metro-uses-rfid-lubrication-system-to-improve-wheel-maintenance-2336958|website=dna|access-date=28 February 2017|date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai metro: One redesigns wheels to reduce wear and tear|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-one-redesigns-wheels-to-reduce-wear-and-tear-4548861/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2 March 2017|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

===Power===
The [[ABB Group]] was awarded the contract for supplying power systems to Blue Line on 31 July 2008.<ref name="dnaindia5">{{cite web |author= |date=2008-08-01 |title=ABB gets Metro's first corridor |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-abb-gets-metro-s-first-corridor-1181048 |access-date=2014-03-27 |publisher=DNA}}</ref><ref name="Contracts">{{cite web|url=http://www.projectstoday.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?smid=16&nid=22722|title=MMOPL awards contract to ABB, Siemens, SEW |work=Projects Today|date=8 January 2008|access-date=2010-01-15}}</ref> The line is electrified using [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] at 50 Hz via [[overhead catenary]].

In early 2017, MMOPL completed the installation of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting at all metro stations, the depot, and administrative buildings to reduce electricity consumption. The MMOPL also began a project under the Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) model to install rooftop solar panels at all stations and the metro depot. Under the model, a private company will bear the cost of setting and operating the panels, and will sell the generated power to the MMOPL at a rate of {{INR}} 5.1 per unit. A total of 2.30 MWp will be generated by the system, of which about 2 MWp is generated by the station's rooftop solar panels and 0.30 MWp is generated by the depot's solar panels. The LED lighting system and solar panels are estimated to reduce Blue Line's carbon emissions by 2,430 tons per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai's first metro to go green - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbais-first-metro-to-go-green/articleshow/57920887.cms|website=The Times of India|date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>

The MMOPL said that 30% of the total annual non-traction power requirement of approximately 11 MW would be met using solar power from May 2017. Solar energy powers the operation of station equipment such as lighting, air-conditioning, lifts, escalators and pumps.<ref>{{cite news|title=30 per cent of total power usage for Mumbai Metro from solar panels now|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/30-of-total-power-usage-for-metro-from-solar-panels-now/articleshow/58439960.cms|website=The Times of India|date=30 April 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Andheri, Ghatkopar Metro stations shine with solar panels|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/300417/andheri-ghatkopar-metro-stations-shine-with-solar-panels.html|website=Asian Age|access-date=3 May 2017|date=30 April 2017}}</ref>

===Signaling and communications===
Blue Line features an advanced [[railway signal|signaling]] system, including an automatic [[train protection system]] (ATPS) and automated signaling to control train movements.<ref name="Mummetro">{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/|title=Mumbai Metro project|publisher=[[MMRDA]]|date=1 January 2008|access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref> Siemens supplied the signalling and train control systems required for the project,<ref name="dnaindia5" /> while [[Thales Group|Thales]] supplied the communication systems. The network's signaling and train control systems are based on LZB 700M technology.<ref name="Contracts" />

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Metro Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|The [[cable-stayed]] metro bridge over the [[Western Express Highway]] in [[Andheri]].]]
Blue Line contains a 1284-metre steel bridge, modeled on the [[Howrah Bridge]] in [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/feb/060212-Howrah-Bridge-coming-soon-to-Andheri.htm|title='Howrah Bridge' coming soon to Andheri}}</ref> crossing the [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] at [[Andheri]]. The bridge was constructed in 2012. It cost {{INRConvert|350|m|year=2012}}.<ref name="TOI5">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-ride-in-June-13-Work-on-crucial-bridge-completed/articleshow/17761691.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-26/mumbai/36007202_1_metro-bridge-mumbai-metro-one-pvt-cable-stay-bridge | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-09-28 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Metro ride in June '13? Work on crucial bridge completed}}</ref> The bridge, which was initially planned to be made of concrete, was constructed of steel by [[Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company]] (BBJ), Kolkata, who also fabricated the Howrah Bridge. The steel girders were pre-fabricated at BBJ's Heavy Plant Yard in [[Kolkata]]. The bridge was then disassembled and transported over the course of a week to the site.<ref name="TOI5" />

Another notable bridge on Blue Line is the 175-metre-long cable-stayed bridge over the Andheri Flyover on the [[Western Express Highway]]. The Andheri flyover is 13 metres above ground level, and the metro line travels 6.5 metres above it. The bridge is 39 metres above the ground at its highest point. Construction on the bridge started in mid-2009 and was completed on 24 August 2012. The bridge was built by MMOPL, with Switzerland-based [[Vorspann System Losinger|VSL International Limited]] as its partners.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005223358/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Metro-marvel-Cable-stayed-bridge-complete/Article1-919506.aspx Metro marvel: Cable-stayed bridge complete - Hindustan Times]</ref>

===Wastewater treatment===
On 1 October 2012, [[Xylem Inc.|Xylem]], a water technology provider based in the United States, announced that it had been awarded a contract to develop wastewater treatment and recycling systems for the [[Mumbai Metro]]. The value of the contract was undisclosed. The system will incorporate a 1.2-million-litre-capacity sewage treatment plant with wastewater recycling capabilities; trials of the plant were expected to be commissioned by late November 2012. The plant will be equipped with Xylem's Sanitaire wastewater treatment technology, which is expected to help save up to 1.2 million litres of water a day.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/article3955565.ece "Xylem bags Mumbai metro rail contract for wastewater treatment"]. ''Business Line''. 1 October 2012.</ref>

==Operations==
Lines on the Mumbai Metro are currently identified by numbers. In March 2016, MMRDA Metropolitan Commissioner, U.P.S. Madan, announced that all lines on the system would be colour coded after more lines were opened. Blue Line is generally depicted in blue in most maps, including on maps onboard Blue Line trains, leading to speculation that the line would be renamed the Blue Line when the colour coding is announced.

===Operator===
[[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|thumb|Logo of MMOPL, the special purpose vehicle (SPV) that operates Blue Line 1]]

The contract for the Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor (Blue Line 1) was awarded in March 2007 to Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a [[special purpose vehicle]] (SPV) formed specifically to implement the project. MMOPL was promoted as a [[Public–private partnerships in India|public–private partnership]] with equity participation from [[Reliance Infrastructure]] (69%), the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) (26%), and [[Veolia Transport]] (5%).<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/mumbai-metro-closer-to-operations-to-get-speed-certificate-this-week/articleshow/32545604.cms |title=Mumbai Metro closer to operations, to get speed certificate this week |work=The Economic Times |date=2014-03-23 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref> Veolia's stake has since been transferred to [[RATP Dev Transdev Asia]]. RATP Dev Transdev Asia later sold its 5% stake to MMOPL, resulting in Reliance Infrastructure increasing its shareholding to 74%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro-1 R-Infra buyout: MMRDA denies info on valuation report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-1-r-infra-buyout-mmrda-denies-info-on-valuation-report/articleshow/109481756.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=State cabinet clears proposal to buy Metro-1 from Anil Ambani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/state-cabinet-clears-proposal-to-buy-metro-1-from-anil-ambani-101710183714636.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

While MMOPL is the project owner and asset operator, day-to-day train operations were contracted to Metro One Operation Pvt Ltd (MOOPL), a separate joint venture between Reliance Infrastructure (30%) and RATP Dev Transdev Asia (70%), under a 5-year operations and maintenance agreement.<ref name=ratp>{{cite web|url=https://www.ratp.fr/en/groupe-ratp/metrotrains/metro-one-operation-pvt-ltd-moopl|title=Metro One Operation Pvt. Ltd. (MOOPL)|publisher=RATP|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201102018/https://www.ratp.fr/en/groupe-ratp/metrotrains/metro-one-operation-pvt-ltd-moopl|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

MMOPL is designated as the Metro Railway Administrator under the ''[[Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002]]''. Although this legally requires RTI compliance, a workaround has been implemented where RTI requests for Blue Line 1 can be routed through the MMRDA, similar to the model used for [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Binoo Nair |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-reliance-s-versova-andheri-mumbai-metro-won-t-come-under-rti-1991211 |title=Reliance's Versova-Andheri Mumbai Metro won't come under RTI |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>

The initial 5-year contract to operate and maintain the metro expired on 7 June 2019. MMOPL expressed its intent to extend this contract beyond the initial term.<ref>{{cite web|title=RInfra, Veolia to extend partnership beyond Mumbai Metro|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-rinfra-veolia-to-extend-partnership-beyond-mumbai-metro-2407140|website=dna|access-date=3 May 2017|date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

In April 2017, MMOPL partnered with [[Google]] to provide real-time train schedules and indoor station maps via [[Google Maps]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai commute: Google Maps mobile app to help you avoid traffic on your way to Metro|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-commute-google-maps-mobile-app-to-help-you-avoid-traffic-on-your-way-to-metro/story-Sfws4nfodwJGKnrIcv6eHL.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 May 2017|language=en|date=21 April 2017}}</ref>

Following the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]], operations were suspended in March 2020. In August 2020, MMOPL informed MMRDA of its intention to divest its stake, citing financial losses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Venkatraman |first1=Tanushree |title=Amid losses, RInfra writes to Maharashtra govt for selling Mumbai Metro-1 stakes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/amid-losses-rinfra-writes-to-maharashtra-govt-for-selling-mumbai-metro-1-stakes/story-NQ1B9dtqTAG0KTICq5GozN.html |access-date=21 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
===Fare collection===
The minimum and maximum fares on the line are {{INR}} 10 and {{INR}} 40 respectively, roughly 1.5 times the current unsubsidized BEST bus fare for a given distance.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-ride-will-cost-Rs-10-to-Rs-40-on-VAG-corridor/articleshow/34937669.cms |title=Metro ride will cost Rs 10 to Rs 40 on VAG corridor |work=The Times of India |date=2014-05-10 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref> Blue Line utilizes an Automatic Fare Collection System (AFC).<ref name="TOI1" /> The contract for the fare collection system was awarded to Spain's [[Indra Sistemas]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Metro to run in 30 months, awards major contracts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mumbai-metro-to-run-in-30-months-awards-major-contracts/articleshow/3500164.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=18 September 2008}}</ref> Riders can pay their fare using tokens, reloadable smart cards or by through [[QR code payment]]. Smart cards can be recharged online.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-metro-one-plans-online-smart-card-recharge-1984190 |title=Metro One plans online smart card recharge |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=2014-05-02 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>

From 19 June 2014, the MMOPL introduced an off-peak fare of {{INR}} 5 on Blue Line. The fare applies between any two stations, regardless of distance, from 5:30am to 8:00am on weekdays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/metro-gets-cheaper-peak-hours-701 |title=Metro gets cheaper in off-peak hours |date=19 June 2014 |work=The Asian Age |access-date=2014-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140619115720/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/metro-gets-cheaper-peak-hours-701 |archive-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> The relevant token must be purchased during off-peak hours and used within half an hour of purchase. Smartcards automatically deduct the lower fare if a commuter uses his card to exit the metro during off-peak hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-introduces-off-peak-hour-rates/articleshow/36766047.cms |title=Mumbai Metro introduces off-peak-hour rates |author=Manthan K Mehta |date=18 June 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Approximately 55% of commuters on the line, pay using smart cards as of June 2015.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-8th-densest-network-in-the-world/articleshow/47571058.cms|title=Mumbai Metro 8th densest network in the world | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 June 2015 }}</ref>

From January 2017, passengers can also purchase tickets on their phone and enter the gates by means of QR code payment. The service is provided by [[Paytm]] and a QR code is generated on the commuter's phone which is read at entry and exit by a scanner at the turnstiles.<ref name="qrpay">{{cite news |title=Paytm introduces QR-based metro tickets for Mumbaikars |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/paytm-metro-ticketing-window-fare-pass-qr-code-metro-line-mumbaikar/story/264271.html |access-date=17 November 2018 |work=Business Insider |date=17 November 2017}}</ref> In January 2020, MMOPL started issuing paper tickets with a QR code printed on it with an aim to completely move from the earlier plastic RFID-based tokens.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai: Metro One launches Paper QR ticket from today |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-metro-one-launches-paper-qr-ticket-from-today |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=Free Press Journal |date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The same month, it launched an unlimited trip pass that could be purchased as an add-on to an existing trip pass.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Manthank |title=Unlimited-ride Metro passes from today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-unlimited-ride-metro-passes-from-today/articleshow/73535748.cms |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=23 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2022, MMOPL began allowing passengers to purchase tickets through [[WhatsApp]]. Passengers can text "Hi" to 967000 8889 to receive a link through which they can complete the ticket purchase, and ultimately receive a QR code that serves as the ticket.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Purchase your Mumbai Metro ticket without going to the counter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/purchase-your-mumbai-metro-ticket-without-going-to-the-counter/articleshow/95725905.cms |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=The Times of India |date= 24 November 2022|language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, MMOPL began accepting the [[National Common Mobility Card]] (NCMC) at all metro stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro commuters can now use one card for ride on three lines |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro-commuters-can-now-use-one-card-for-ride-on-three-lines-101702581198609.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 December 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>

===Frequency===
Services operate on Blue Line for 18.5 hours everyday (5:30 AM to midnight). Headway on the line is 3 minutes during peak hours and 5 minutes during non-peak hours (11:30am and 4:30pm).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Metro every 5 minutes during non-peak hours from Monday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-every-5-minutes-during-non-peak-hours-from-monday/story-JyOZvGNpSTgwjnjAfLeimJ.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 October 2018 |language=en |date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

Station dwell time is 30 seconds.<ref name="TOI1"/> Blue Line has a high rate of punctuality with 99.99% of trains arriving on time.<ref name="65kmphspeed"/>

===Ridership===
A metro train has four coaches and an overall capacity of 1500 passengers (375 per coach).<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-metro-to-begin-operations-on-sunday-114060700219_1.html|title=Mumbai Metro to begin operations on Sunday|first=Sanjay|last=Jog|date=7 June 2014|work=Business Standard}}</ref> The seating capacity of every coach alternates between 48 and 52, of which 4 seats in each coach are reserved for senior citizens and handicapped commuters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-first-metro-to-be-open-for-public-on-sunday/|title=Flag off: Mumbai becomes a Metro today|date=8 June 2014}}</ref> From 15 August 2014, following demands by female commuters, 32 of 48 seats in the Versova-end coach of every four coach train is reserved for women. These seats are part of a reserved space for women which is separated from the rest of the coach by a strip separator and can accommodate 150 passengers, including standees. Male children under the age of 12, who are accompanied by female passengers, are permitted in the reserved space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Metro-coaches-to-have-reserved-space-for-women/articleshow/40219304.cms|title=Metro coaches to have reserved space for women|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-Friday-1-Metro-coach-to-be-reserved-for-women/articleshow/40205410.cms|title=From Friday, 1 Metro coach to be reserved for women | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-greets-women-commuters-with-32-reserved-seats-in-last-coach/articleshow/40618323.cms|title=Metro greets women commuters with 32 reserved seats in last coach | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 August 2014 }}</ref> Prior to the introduction of the reserved space, 6 seats per coach had been reserved for women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freepressjournal.in/exclusive-metro-coach-for-women/ |title=Exclusive Metro coach for women - Free Press Journal |website=freepressjournal.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814171922/http://freepressjournal.in/exclusive-metro-coach-for-women/ |archive-date=2014-08-14}} </ref>

Blue Line transported 200 million passengers within 786 days of operations. It crossed the 250 million mark on 11 February, or within 957 days, the fastest time in which any metro in India has reached the milestone.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The maximum ridership recorded on a single day was 312,215 and minimum was 64,522 till January 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai Metro Ridership - RTI Reply|url=http://blog.onlinerti.com/2015/06/12/mumbai-metro-ridership-and-service-distruption/|work=OnlineRTI}}</ref> In early January 2019, a strike by BEST staffers saw a spike in the ridership of the Metro and the [[Mumbai Monorail|Monorail]]. Daily ridership crossed 500,000 for four consecutive days with an average increase of 55,000 per day with ridership touching 520,000 on 11 January.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Manthan K |title=Mumbai: BEST strike pushes daily Metro ridership over 5 lakh for first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-best-strike-pushes-daily-metro-ridership-over-5-lakh-for-first-time/articleshow/67533513.cms |access-date=29 January 2019 |work=The Times of India|date=15 January 2019}}</ref>

Growth of ridership on the corridor slowed down in 2019 when the BEST undertaking slashed its minimum fares to ₹5 for up to {{convert|5|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Shashank |title=Mumbai: Metro riders rush to BEST rate again |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-riders-rush-to-best-rate-again-2793369 |access-date=21 August 2020 |work=DNA India |date=30 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Speed===
The RDSO Chief Engineer Ajay Kumar Verma initially permitted a maximum speed of only {{Cvt|50|km/h}}. "These tracks have been constructed based on European standards but we follow Indian Railway standards. The two have differences on several technical parameters, including the tolerance limit of tracks and even curves," said a railway official.<ref name="mid-day2" /> The slower speed added around 7 minutes to the journey time.<ref name="mid-day2" /> Another reason why trains on the line operate at slower speeds is because stations are only {{Cvt|800 to 1000|m}} apart, which prevents trains from picking up speed.<ref name="mid-day2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-superfast-metros-will-only-run-at-50-kmph-for-now/15146067 |title=Mumbai's 'superfast' metros will only run at 50 km/h for now |website=Mid-day.com |date=2014-03-09 |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref>

Trains began operating at speeds of {{Cvt|65|km/h}} from 24 March 2016. The increase is not expected to significantly reduce travel time on the line due to the low inter-station distance. The Commissioner of Metro Railway Safety (CMRS) granted approval to operate at speeds up to {{Cvt|80|km/h}}, and RDSO gave its clearance on 18 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/metro-run-faster-24th-748|title=Metro to run faster from 24th|first=Mehul R.|last=Thakkar|date=23 March 2016|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> The MMRDA plans to further increase the operating speed to that limit after training metro pilots to operate trains at higher speeds.<ref name="65kmphspeed">{{cite web|last1=Mishra|first1=Kamal|title=Mumbai Metro runs at a faster speed now - Mumbai Mirror -|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Mumbai-Metro-runs-at-a-faster-speed-now/articleshow/51588777.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

===Security===
In a statement on released 13 December 2013, MMOPL announced, "Trained sniffer dogs will patrol each of the stations. There will be security guards in civilian dress who will intermingle with the public to check for any suspicious activity outside and inside the station premises." Security is provided by private security guards deployed by MMOPL and the Maharashtra State Security Corporation.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-metro-rail-to-have-sniffer-dog-bomb-detection-squads-1934894 |title=Metro rail to have sniffer dog, bomb detection squads |publisher=DNA |date=2013-12-14 |access-date=2014-02-06}}</ref>

Other security measures on Blue Line include metal detectors,<ref name="mid-day6" /> security cameras, frisking each passenger, and running their luggage through X-ray scanners.<ref name="dnaindia.com" /> All stations are fitted with fire alarm systems and fire safety devices, and trains have fire resistant metal doors.<ref name="mid-day6" /> Passengers are prohibited from carrying luggage measuring more than 2 ft x 1.5 ft on the metro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/home/city/Airport-station-to-bear-brunt-of-Metro-ban-on-heavy-bags/articleshow/34445384.cms |title=Airport station to bear brunt of Metro ban on heavy bags |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2014-05-01 |access-date=2014-05-26}}</ref>

Stations are actively monitored by security personnel. A senior metro official explained, "The trained unit will keep an eye in the vicinity of Metro stations in plain clothes, posing as common men. The unit will be on the lookout for mischievous activities in Metro stations by miscreants and take necessary action. Depending on the kind and level of trouble and threat posed by such people, action will be taken against them. Senior security personnel will take a call if these persons can be punished or penalised under the Central Metro Act, or should be handed over to the local police for necessary action."<ref>{{cite web|author=Anand Mishra |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/mmopl-says-it-has-robust-security-set-metro-rail-328 |title=MMOPL says it has robust security set up for Metro rail |work=The Asian Age |date=2014-05-16 |access-date=2014-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220253/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/mmopl-says-it-has-robust-security-set-metro-rail-328 |archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>

Following an incident on the mostly underground [[Kolkata Metro Blue Line]] on 23 June 2014, where a non-AC metro train carrying passengers developed a glitch and got stuck inside a tunnel for an hour and a half, Mumbai Metro officials commented that their system has an emergency evacuation plan in place. An MMOPL spokesperson said, "The evacuation process will take two minutes if passengers are asked to alight midsection and 7–10 minutes if the train has to be taken to the nearest station."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Metro-has-plan-for-evacuation/articleshow/37100473.cms|title=Mumbai Metro has 'plan' for evacuation | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Retail and advertising==
In December 2013, Times Innovative Media OOH acquired the advertising rights on Blue Line for a period of 15 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/times-ooh-unveils-advt-sponsorship-options-at-mumbai-metro-114021201362_1.html |title=Times OOH unveils advt, sponsorship options at Mumbai Metro |work=Business Standard |date=2014-02-12 |access-date=2014-03-27|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

All 12 stations on the line have [[food and beverage]] shops, convenience stores, and ATMs. Some stations have mobile accessories stores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-commuters-can-shop-on-the-move-stations-to-get-retail-outlets/|title=Metro commuters can shop on the move, stations to get retail outlets|date=6 June 2014}}</ref> Lite Bite Foods Pvt Ltd (LBF) was awarded the food and beverage concessions across all stations on Blue Line. LBF supports these outlets from their 6,400 sq ft commissary near the international airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=19010&sid=1 |title=Lite Bite Foods awarded F&B concessions for Mumbai Metro 1 |work=Hospitality Biz India |date=2014-03-19 |access-date=2014-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324111428/http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=19010&sid=1 |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=35210&sectionid=1 |title=Lite Bite Foods awarded food & beverage concessions for Mumbai Metro 1 |work=Food & Beverage News |date=2014-03-14 |access-date=2014-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324112237/http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=35210&sectionid=1 |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>

Stations on the line have special [[Domino's Pizza]] outlets that can serve pizzas within 3–5 minutes of ordering, much faster than a typical outlet's 10–15 minutes. The outlets use turbo ovens and pizza warmers to reduce the time for preparation. The outlets also have glass windows through which customers can view their pizza being made. The outlets only serve pizzas of one specific size. The first such [[Jubilant FoodWorks|Domino's Pizza outlet in India]] was opened at Chakala station in June 2015. Andheri and Versova were the next to receive such outlets, with plans to expand it to all stations on the line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ultra.news/d-r/11407/dominos-to-offer-pizzas-on-mumbai-metro-in-3-5-minutes|title=Domino's to offer 'Turbo Pizza' on Mumbai Metro|date=5 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Mumbai]]
*[[Public transport in Mumbai]]
*[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[List of Metro Systems]]
*[[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Gold Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Purple Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
*[[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Mumbai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}}
*[http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/ The official site of Mumbai Metro]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Transdev}}
{{RATP Group}}
{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 1=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2014]]
[[Category:RATP Group]]
[[Category:Transdev]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:25 kV AC railway electrification]]

2018 in Kerala

2026-03-29T10:30:04Z

Navi guy: added post!

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2018''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
* [[List of governors of Kerala|Governors of Kerala]] - [[P. Sathasivam]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief ministers of Kerala]] - [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]

== Events ==

=== January - March ===

* 12 January - First edition of [[Loka Kerala Sabha]] held at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].
* 13 January - Jayamol a lady from [[Kollam]] Killed her son by [[strangling]]
* 19 January - State Transport Commissioner issues orders for implementing uniform colour code for private stage carriage buses in [[Kerala]] from 1 February.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-19 |title=Colour code for private buses from February |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/colour-code-for-private-buses-from-feb-1/article22475382.ece |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 31 January - Sreejith a youth from [[Parassala]] ends his 782 days long solitary protest in front of [[Kerala Government Secretariat]] following [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] probe in his brother Sreejev's custodial death in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-31|title=After 782 days, Sreejith calls off his agitation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/after-783-days-sreejith-ends-his-agitation/article22611334.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 22 February - Madhu, a 30 year old [[Adivasi]] man from [[Attappadi]] died following [[mob lynching]] at [[Palakkad district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-23|title=Adivasi man beaten by mob, dies in Kerala: Selfie taken moments before he died angers public|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/adivasi-man-beaten-death-kerala-selfie-taken-moments-he-died-angers-public-76887|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* 8 March - [[Supreme Court of India]] set asides [[Kerala High Court]] verdict in [[Hadiya case]].
* 22 March - A college student from [[Erumely]] named ''Jesna Maria James'' goes [[Missing person|missing.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-01-04 |title=No trace of Kerala student Jesna: CBI closes case 5 yrs after she went missing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/no-trace-of-kerala-student-jesna-cbi-closes-case-5-yrs-after-she-went-missing |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

=== April - June ===
* 1 April - [[Kerala football team]] defeats [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] in [[2018 Santosh Trophy Final|Santosh Trophy Final]] held at [[Salt Lake Stadium]] through [[Penalty shootout]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naik|first=Abhishek|title=Santosh Trophy 2018 Final: Kerala triumph over West Bengal in penalty shootout to lift 6th title|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/santosh-trophy-2018-final-kerala-triumph-over-west-bengal-in-penalty-shootout-to-lift-6th-title|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref>
* 2 May - [[2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala|Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala]] at [[Perambra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala|url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/outbreaks-and-emergencies/health-emergency-information-risk-assessment/surveillance-and-risk-assessment/nipah-virus-outbreak-in-kerala|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>
* 27 May - Kevin, a 23 year old [[Dalit Christian]] from [[Kottayam district]] was abducted and murdered in an act of [[Honor killing]] for marrying a girl named Neenu Chacko from an affluent [[Christians|Christian]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-07|title='This is a fight for Kevin': Neenu bares her heart about their love and his murder|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fight-kevin-neenu-bares-her-heart-about-their-love-and-his-murder-82617|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* 29 May - Kerala [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]] becomes [[Governor of Mizoram]].
* 27 June - Several key members of [[Women in Cinema Collective]] resigned from [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] following their decision to bring back rape accused [[Dileep]] back to the association.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-27|title=Malayalam film industry women revolt: Rima, Geetu, Remya, survivor resign from AMMA|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-film-industry-women-revolt-rima-geetu-remya-survivor-resign-amma-83731|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

=== July - September ===

* 2 July - A student of [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] and [[Students' Federation of India]] activist [[Murder of Abhimanyu M.|Abhimanyu]] stabbed to death by [[Campus Front of India]] activists inside college campus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic students group fatally attacks SFI leader at popular Kochi college|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/07/02/islamic-student-group-sfi-leader-kochi-college.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
* 16 August - [[2018 Kerala floods]] the largest flood after [[Great flood of 99]] occurred.
* 8 September - A group of [[Nun]] protests at [[Kochi]] against attempt by [[Kerala Police]] and [[Catholic Church]] to protect rape accused bishop [[Franco Mulakkal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2018|title=In a first, Catholic nuns protest 'sexploitation'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/in-a-first-catholic-nuns-protest-sexploitation/articleshow/65737718.cms|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* 21 September - Bishop [[Franco Mulakkal]] arrested following rape allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=M. P. |date=2018-09-21 |title=Police arrest bishop Franco Mulakkal on rape charge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bishop-franco-mulakkal-arrest/article25009225.ece |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 28 September - [[Entry of women to Sabarimala|Sabarimala]] verdict by [[Supreme Court of India]] allows entry of women to the temple.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sabarimala Temple Case: What you might want to know about Sabarimala|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/what-you-might-want-to-know-about-sabarimala/articleshow/66273712.cms|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

=== October - December ===
* 31 October - Massive fire in ''Family Plastics'' factory at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major fire breaks out in plastic factory in Kerala |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/major-fire-breaks-out-in-plastic-factory-in-kerala-701003.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* 1 November - ''Save Alappad'' protests against mining of rare earths and ensuing coastal degradation of [[Alappad]] started.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=‘Save Alappad’, protest strengthens across state |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/save-alappad-protest-strengthens-across-state-1.3468469 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=English Archives |language=en}}</ref>
* 5 November - Sanalkumar, a 32 year old electrician from [[Neyyattinkara]] was killed after being pushed by [[Deputy superintendent of police]] [[Neyyattinkara]] in front of a moving vehicle following an altercation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanal Kumar murder: Police's forged story unfolds|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sanal-kumar-murder-police-s-forged-story-unfolds-1.3294478|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>
* 8 November - Protests in [[Kayamkulam]] by [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite Church]] members following denial of burial of a 95 year old man at a church controlled by [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox]] faction.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-11|title=As Kerala church factions get into ugly spat, 95-yr-old's funeral left in limbo|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-church-factions-get-ugly-spat-95-yr-olds-funeral-left-limbo-91348|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* 13 November - [[Deputy superintendent of police]] [[Neyyattinkara]], Harikumar the key accused in Sanalkumar murder case committed suicide in his house at [[Kallambalam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-14|title=Sanal Kumar case accused DySP Harikumar's suicide note retrieved|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sanal-kumar-case-accused-dysp-harikumars-suicide-note-retrieved-91551|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* 15 November - [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] launched 10 [[Electric bus|Electric buses]] and becomes the first [[South India|South Indian]] state to roll out [[Electric vehicle|Electric vehicles]] for [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|Road Transport Corporations]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-16|title=KSRTC launches electric vehicles|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksrtc-launches-electric-vehicles/article25510377.ece|access-date=2022-02-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* 2 May - [[Kottayam Pushpanath]], 80, writer.
* 13 May - [[E. C. George Sudarshan]], 86, theoretical physicist.
* 8 July - [[M. M. Jacob]], 91, Former [[List of governors of Meghalaya|governor of Meghalaya]].
* 2 October - [[Balabhaskar]], 40, violinist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balabhaskar's death: A disapproved marriage, fateful accident and confusing witness statements|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2019/06/11/balabhaskar-death-accident-wedding-controversies.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* 19 December - [[Athippatta Moideen Kutty Musliyar]] Islamic scholar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അത്തിപ്പറ്റ ഉസ്താദിനെ ഖബറടക്കി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/nattu-varthamanam/funeral-of-athippatta-usthad-68773.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=അത്തിപ്പറ്റ മൊയ്തീന്‍കുട്ടി മുസ്‌ലിയാര്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/athippatta-moideenkutty-musliyar-passed-away-e8358546 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* 31 December - [[Simon Britto Rodrigues]], 64, politician.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2018 in India]]
* [[2018 Kerala floods]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Goa

2026-03-26T13:53:45Z

Navi guy: New a entry more to come

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{redirect|WP:GOA|the essay|Wikipedia:General overview article}}
{{WikiProject status}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{Shortcut|WP:GOA}}
We have initiated a [[WikiProject|project]] aimed at improving the organization and standardization of articles related to the Indian state of [[Goa]]. If you are interested in contributing to this effort, please feel free to inquire on the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Goa|talk page]] or check out our to-do list [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Goa#To-do_list|here]].

==Participants==
===Active members===
To become a member of the WikiProject Goa, simply edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> to the bottom of the list of members, along with your areas of interest. Additionally, members are encouraged to include a member identification on their user page to help identify their involvement with the project.
#{{user|Fredericknoronha}} (interested in everything about Goa). Am currently not active here for a number of reasons, but have been contributing Goa-related photos to the Wikimedia Commons. Feb 7, 2025.
#{{User|QueerEcofeminist}}, General Help regarding Goa related articles.
#{{User|Rickyurs}}, Goan culture, tourism, films and related articles.
#{{User|Rejoy2003}} 08:22:40, 27 August 2022 (UTC) , Everything related to Goa and Goan personalities.
#{{User|Alarichall}} 23:33:37, 22 August 2023 (UTC)  Years ago I did a lot of editing on Goan writers/literature and hope to return to this for Wikipedia Asia Month(s).
#{{user|SerChevalerie}} Everything related to Goa on Wikipedia.
#{{User|Asikni}} 13:53:27, 26 March 2026 (UTC)  Goan society, culture, science and geography.

===Former members===
#{{User|Buaidh}} 15:09:02, 19 July 2019 (UTC) – WikiProject templates and categories.
#{{User|The Martian-2000}} 17:00:02, 26 April 2020 (UTC)  Mostly monitoring pages, but also interested in Indian Politicians
#{{user|Nichalp}}
#{{user|Joyson Prabhu}}
#{{user|GeorgeLouis}} Have never been to India and am neutral on everything except improving the readability of Wikipedia and its usefulness for scholars, researchers, and the general public.
#{{User|RationalIndia}} 17:25:02, 28 October 2024 (UTC) 

===Inactive members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|psk999wiki}} Linguistically, ethnicitically & geographically Konkani.
#{{user|User:Speedboy Salesman}} I'll try my best to help Goa articles.
#{{user|Deepak D'Souza}}
#{{user|Drankush}} (interested in everything related to medicine in Goa)
#{{user|Konkani Manis}} (Interested in Konkani Language and Culture)
#{{user|Peroxwhy2gen}}
#{{User|JosephAssisFernandes}} 07:16:21, 11 October 2020 (UTC)  Joseph A Fernandes also known as Laughin Joe ..interested in a range of topic related to Goa and would like to contribue.
#{{user|outofindia}} Interested in contributing with photographs and creating a QR project.
#{{user|Waldir}} Interested in the Portuguese-related aspects of Goa, and general maintenance tasks.

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Goa should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Goa participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Goa participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Goa}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Goa|invite}}
{{yyend}}
For other Goa user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Goa user templates]]}}'''.

===Departments===
Departments are groups of members who do specific work. Tasks include authoring, maintaining the project pages, administering portals, adding articles, participating in reviews, managing the project and so on. The following is a list of departments within the WikiProject. WikiProject Members may not necessarily do only departmental tasks. They can contribute content as a member of Work Groups as well.

==== Outreach ====
The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Goa/Outreach|outreach department]]''' guides its members on strengthening the sense of community in this project. Members' tasks include welcoming new members in the project, helping other editors in the project, managing the newsletters and helping the general project community to be in touch.

==== Collaboration ====

The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Goa/Collaboration|Current Goa Collaboration]]''' seeks to identify particular articles that would benefit from a significant collaborative effort. Every week, a single article is selected as the focus, and the project attempts to improve it, potentially to [[Wikipedia:What is a featured article|featured article standards]].

Any articles dealing with some aspect of Goa (except for current [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|featured articles]] and [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|featured article candidates]]) are eligible, and everyone is invited to nominate articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Goa]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Goa]] and [[:Category:India]]

===Goals===
# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Goa-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Goa.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Good articles|Good Articles]] as possible related to Goa.
# To write as many [[WP:DYK|Did you know]] articles as possible related to Goa.
# Goa-related Tourist Attractions to be given more importance and it should be improved with suitable images of the places, since these articles will be read by many from outside India.
# Those who read about Goa should have the feeling that they should visit Goa and India.

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

== Templates ==
* {{tlx|WP India|goa{{=}}yes}}

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir|WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka|WikiProject Karnataka]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Kerala|WikiProject Kerala]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu|WikiProject Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/West Bengal|WikiProject West Bengal]]

==Portal==
*[[Portal:Goa]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Goa]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Goa notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WP India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Goa for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WP India|goa=yes|goa-importance=}}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WP India|goa=yes|category=no}}

==Stubs==
* For stubs about the geography of Goa, use '''<nowiki>{{Goa-geo-stub}}</nowiki>'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Goa geography stubs]] category.
* For stubs about educational institutions of Goa, use '''<nowiki>{{Goa-university-stub}}}</nowiki>'''. This will go into the [[:Category:India university stubs]] category.

==Templates==
* Userbox enthusiasts can put these templates on their user pages to show that they are a member of this project.

{| class="wikitable"
!Code
!Result
|-
| {{tl|user WP Goa}}
| {{user WP Goa}}
|}

==Featured articles==
* none at the moment

===Featured lists===
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]

==Good Articles==
* [[Western Ghats]]

==Articles for Improvement and Expansion==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==
* none at the moment

==To-do list==
# Create articles for villages in Goa, taking help of people from the area: [[Raia, Goa]]
# Priority articles of interest to wider sections: [[List of animal rights groups in Goa]]
# Create the following articles: [[Architecture of Goa]], [[Islam in Goa]] & [[Death of Nadia Torrado]].
#* Main characters involved in the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos]]: [[Caetano Vitorino de Faria]], [[Caetano Francisco do Couto]], [[José António Gonçalves]] & [[José da Rocha Dantas e Mendonça]].

==Tools==
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goa}}
[[Category:WikiProject Goa| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Saajan Ki Baahon Mein

2026-03-26T07:09:35Z

Navi guy: reworked information and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saajan Ki Baahon Mein
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Jay Prakash
| producer = Dinesh B. Patel
| writer = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| story = Jay Prakash
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Raveena Tandon]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = Kabir Lal
| editing = Jawahar Razdan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995|07|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minute
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Saajan Ki Baahon Mein''''' (translation: '''''In the Arms of Beloved''''') is a 1995 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] Hindi-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Jay Prakash and produced by Dinesh B. Patel. It stars [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-remembers-rishi-kapoor-says-she-misses-him-everyday/articleshow/75607298.cms | title=Raveena Tandon remembers Rishi Kapoor, says she misses him everyday }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sagar ([[Rishi Kapoor]]) is a bachelor well-known singer, wherever he performs, he is majorly surrounded by many female-followers. One of these followers, Sapna ([[Raveena Tandon]]), with whom he meets in Srinagar & after some misunderstandings, both of them fall in love with each other. Now, they have decided to get married, without knowing that Sapna's father Narang ([[Pran (actor)|Pran]]) has another plan to marry Sapna with Rakesh ([[Sumeet Saigal]]), the only son of Ranveer Singh ([[Saeed Jaffrey]]) & also the childhood friend of Sagar. As a result, Sagar & Sapna become separate from each other. After some months they meet again, but here Sapna has to make an engagement with Rakesh, while Sagar announces his marriage to Kavita ([[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]). Now, what will happen to the love story of Sagar & Sapna forms the climax.

==Cast==
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Sagar
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Sapna
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Kavita
* [[Sumeet Saigal]] as Rakesh Singh
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Pyarelal
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Ranveer Singh
* [[Deven Verma]] as Dr. Rastogi
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Narang
* [[Laxmikant Berde]] as Anand
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Anjali
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Tanha Bhopali
* [[Birbal]] as Hawaldar

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan|Nadeem-Shravan]], with lyrics penned by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]. The album was released on 2 September 1994 under Ishtar Music Pvt. Ltd. The music of this movie was huge hit, especially track like "Kitna Sukun Kitna Aaram", "Aap Ke Karib", "Koi Kya Pahechane" & "Sachi Kaho. Kumar Sanu sang all the songs for Rishi Kapoor.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:92%;"
!#
! Song !! Singer
|-
|1.
| "Kitna Sukun Kitna Aaram"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|2.
| "Aap Ke Karib"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|3.
| "Koi Kya Pehchane"
| Kumar Sanu
|-
|4.
| "Sachi Kaho"
| Kumar Sanu, Sadhana Sargam
|-
|5.
| "Sachi Kaho" (Sad)
| Kumar Sanu
|-
|6.
| "Purab Se Chali"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|7.
| "Pilaya Hai"
| Kumar Sanu
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0114316}}

[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Rai Mansab Ali Khan

2026-03-26T05:06:07Z

Navi guy: cleanup

{{short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{distinguish|Rai Mansab Ali Khan (politician, born 1948)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Rai Mansab Ali Khan
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start = 1 June 2013
| term_end = 14 January 2015
| constituency = [[Constituency NA-137|NA-137 (Sheikhupura-VII)]]
| term_start1 = 2002
| term_end1 = 2007
| constituency1 = NA-137 (Sheikhupura-VII)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|9|15}}<ref name="tribune/14jan2015" />
| birth_place = [[Nankana Sahib]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|1|14|1938|9|15}}
| death_place = Nankana Sahib
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
| children = [[Shizra Mansab Ali Khan]]
| native_name = {{nq|رائے منصب علی خان}}
}}

'''Rai Mansab Ali Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|رائے منصب علی خان}}}}; 15 September 1938 - 14 January 2015) was a Pakistani politician who started his political career in 1962 as the youngest ever MPA at the age of 25 in Field Marshal Ayub Khan's government. He was a member of the Majlis-i-Shura of General Zia-ul-Haq and was elected MNA [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] many times: from 1985 to 1987, 1990 to 1992, 1995 to 1997, 2002 to 2007, and 2013 to 2015.

==Early life and education==
Khan was born on September 15, 1938, in [[Nankana Sahib]].<ref name="tribune/14jan2015" /> According to another report, he was born on 13 September 1938.<ref name="pildat/dob">{{cite web|title=Detail Information|url=http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=137|accessdate=9 July 2017|date=19 April 2014|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419135913/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=137|archivedate=19 April 2014}}</ref>

He completed his law degree from [[University of the Punjab]] in 1960.<ref name="tribune/14jan2015">{{cite news|title=PML-N MNA dies of heart attack - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/821657/pml-n-mna-dies-of-heart-attack/|accessdate=19 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=14 January 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320143455/https://tribune.com.pk/story/821657/pml-n-mna-dies-of-heart-attack/|archivedate=20 March 2017}}</ref>

He was a man of letters and was well-known and admired in literary circles. He wrote poetry, essays and opinion pieces in Urdu and Punjabi. He was known as a great patron of both languages, and several magazines, quarterlies, and annual risalas and journals ran because of his patronage. One of his best friends was Maskoor Hussain Yaad, the famous poet and writer of Urdu.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Political career==
Khan was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q) from [[Constituency NA-137|Constituency NA-137 (Sheikhupura-VII)]] in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile|url=http://www.brecorder.com/Elections2013/candidate/1014-rai-mansab-ali-khan.html|publisher=Business Recorder|accessdate=14 January 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054136/http://www.brecorder.com/Elections2013/candidate/1014-rai-mansab-ali-khan.html|archivedate=20 March 2017}}</ref> He received 61,506 votes and defeated Muhammad Nisar Ahmed Khan, a candidate of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=23 May 2018|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) from Constituency NA-137 (Sheikhupura-VII) in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]] but was unsuccessful. He received 44,745 votes and lost the seat to [[Saeed Ahmed Zafar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=16 February 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|archivedate=5 January 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency NA-137 (Sheikhupura-VII) in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref name="tribune/14jan2015" /><ref>{{cite news|title=NA-122 recount: Imran told to move tribunal|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1012071|accessdate=19 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=18 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306210337/https://www.dawn.com/news/1012071|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N wins by-poll|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1169846|accessdate=19 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=16 March 2015|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306132522/https://www.dawn.com/news/1169846|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N not sole beneficiary of 'rejected votes' in 2013 polls|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1149309|accessdate=19 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=7 December 2014|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305115043/https://www.dawn.com/news/1149309|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref> He received 61,329 votes and defeated an independent candidate, [[Ijaz Ahmed Shah]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 election result|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=12 May 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|archivedate=1 February 2018}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 14 January 2015 in [[Nankana Sahib]] due to heart attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=NA pays rich tributes to deceased MNA|url=http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/general-news/217089-na-pays-rich-tributes-to-deceased-mna.html|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Business Recorder|date=14 January 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204041447/http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/general-news/217089-na-pays-rich-tributes-to-deceased-mna.html|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="tribune/14jan2015" />

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rai Mansab Ali}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:People from Nankana Sahib District]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]

{{MuslimN-MNA-stub}}

1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-25T18:12:00Z

Navi guy: added info

{{Short description|Election to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1991 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1989
| next_election = 1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1996
| election_date = 15 June 1991
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 118
| turnout = 63.84% ({{decrease}} 5.85%)
| image_size = 130px

| party1 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J Jayalalithaa.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]] (''retained'') [[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]] (''vacated'')
| alliance1 = Congress alliance
| seats1 = '''225'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 170
| popular_vote1 = '''14,738,042'''
| percentage1 = '''59.79%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 9.63%

| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M._Karunanidhi_.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| alliance2 = [[National Front (India)|NF]]+[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]] (''vacated'')
| seats2 = 7
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 161
| popular_vote2 = 7,405,935
| percentage2 = 30.05%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 7.89%

| map_image = 1991 tamil nadu legislative election map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = 1991 election map (by constituencies)
| map2_image = Tamil Nadu Assembly Alliance Result 1991.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Alliance wise Result
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]]
| before_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| before_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| after_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}
The '''tenth legislative assembly election''' of [[Tamil Nadu]] was held on 15 June 1991, to elect [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|representatives]] from the [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234 constituencies]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian State]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) – [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) alliance won the elections in a landslide manner and AIADMK general secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]] became the chief minister on 24 June 1991. This was her first term in office. The united strength of AIADMK after the merger of J.Jayalalithaa, V.N Janaki Ramachandran and R.M Veerappan faction, who was made Joint General Secretary of AIADMK, the alliance with the Congress, and the wave of public sympathy in the wake of [[Rajiv Gandhi assassination]] combined to produce a massive victory for the AIADMK. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] could only win 2 seats. This was the worst performance of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] since it entered electoral politics in the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly elections]].

==Background==

===President's rule===
On 30 January 1991, the DMK government which had come to power after winning the [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989 assembly election]], was dismissed by the Indian Prime minister [[Chandra Shekhar Singh|Chandra Shekhar]] using [[President's rule|Article 356]] of the Indian Constitution. President's rule was imposed on Tamil Nadu from 31 January. The reason cited for the dismissal was the deterioration of law and order in the state. The dismissal followed pressure on the Chandra Shekhar government by the Congress and AIADMK to dismiss the DMK government. The Chandra Shekhar government fell in March 1991 after the Congress withdrew its outside support. Fresh elections for both the Indian parliament and Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly were scheduled for June 1991.<ref name="Manivannan">{{Cite journal| first = R.|last=Manivannan| title =1991 Tamil Nadu Elections: Issues, Strategies and Performance| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 27| issue = 4| pages = 164–170| date = 25 January 1992| jstor =4397536}}</ref><ref name="businessline">{{cite web
|first = Shubashree
|last = Desikan
|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950050200.htm
|title = Grace under fire
|work = [[Business Line]]
|location=Chennai
|date = 19 December 2008
|access-date = 19 January 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100103091636/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950050200.htm
|archive-date = 3 January 2010
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="atimes">{{cite web
|first =K. T.
|last = Rajasingham
| url =http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF22Df04.html
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20020722000018/http://atimes.com/ind-pak/DF22Df04.html
| url-status =unfit
| archive-date =22 July 2002
| title = Srilanka: The Untold Story; Chapter 45: War continues with brutality
| work = Asia Times
| date = 22 January 2002
| access-date = 19 January 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=14 August 1999|title=SRI LANKA: Chronicle of murders|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=16|issue=17|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1617/16171020.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709205128/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1617/16171020.htm|archive-date=9 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="frontline2">{{cite web
|first = Shubashree
|last = Desikan
|url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1423/14231280.htm
|title = THE Jain Commission : A political agenda
|work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|date = 28 November 1997
|access-date = 19 January 2010
|archive-date = 7 November 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107014313/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1423/14231280.htm
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="Suresh">{{Cite journal| first = V.|last=Suresh| title =The DMK Debacle: Causes and Portents| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 27| issue = 42| pages = 2313–2321| date = 17 October 1992| jstor =4399030}}</ref><ref name="jain">{{Cite book| last =Jain| first = Sumitra Kumar| title =Party politics and centre-state relations in India| year = 1994| pages =160|isbn=978-81-7017-309-0| publisher = Abhinav Publications| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm9p_VPDZCgC&pg=PA160}}</ref>

===Unification of AIADMK===
The AIADMK which had contested and lost the 1989 elections as two different factions reunited under the leadership of Jayalalithaa in February 1989. The [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]] faction merged with the Jayalalithaa faction to form a single united party and Janaki retired from politics. The reunited party regained the popular "Two Leaves" symbol of the AIADMK. (The Election Commission of India had frozen the symbol for the 1989 elections due to the split). The united AIADMK was able to prove its strength immediately by winning the elections held for two constituencies -[[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]] and [[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]] on 11 March 1989. (for these two constituencies elections had been postponed earlier due to technical reasons).The AIADMK then allied with the Congress for the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1989|1989 Parliamentary elections]]. The AIADMK-Congress alliance won 38 of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] seats in that election routing the DMK-[[Janata Dal]] led [[National Front (India)|National Front]].<ref name="ganesan">{{Cite book| last =Ganesan| first = P. C.| title =Daughter of the South: biography of Jayalalitha| year = 1996| pages = 57|isbn=978-81-207-1879-1| publisher = Sterling Publishers| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UsNuAAAAMAAJ&q=marungapuri+}}</ref><ref name="loksabha">{{Cite book| title =The Journal of parliamentary information, Volume 35| year = 1996| pages = 228| publisher = Lok Sabha Secretariat| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=59ONAAAAMAAJ&q=1989+marungapuri}}</ref>

===Formation of PMK===
The 1991 elections was the first state elections contested by the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), [[S. Ramadoss]], the leader of the Vanniyar caste organisation which demanded proportional reservation in education and employment based on population ratio of each community – the ''Vanniyar Sangam'' converted into a political party and entered electoral politics with the 1989 parliamentary elections. The emergence of PMK cut into the DMK's political base in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Suresh"/><ref name="businessline2">{{cite news| last= Dorairaj| first= S| title= Can PMK convert support base into votes in TN?| date= 7 April 2009| url= http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm| work= [[Business Line]]|location=Chennai| access-date= 2010-01-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090412065848/http://www.blonnet.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040750080400.htm| archive-date= 12 April 2009| url-status= dead}}</ref>

===Formation of TMK===
In 1991, the [[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam]] (TMK) was formed by the actor-politician [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] after he split from the DMK. Later, some of the second rung leaders of the ADMK including [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]], [[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]], [[S. D. Ugamchand]], [[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] split from the party. For the 1991 elections they formed a pact with T. Rajendar and contested as TMK candidates.<ref name="frontline3">{{cite web
|first = T. S.
|last = Subramanian
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2220/stories/20051007003203900.htm
|title = Another actor in politics
|work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|date = 7 October 2005
|access-date = 20 January 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100709205659/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2220/stories/20051007003203900.htm
|archive-date = 9 July 2010
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="frontline4">{{cite web
|first = T. S.
|last = Subramanian
|url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm
|title = The celluloid connection
|work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|date = 30 July 2004
|access-date = 20 January 2010
|archive-date = 1 June 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090601235031/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="tnassembly1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/09assly/09_06.pdf
| title = Resume of Business, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, IX Assembly, VI Session (18–25 January 1991)
| work = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] Secretariat
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi===
{{main|Rajiv Gandhi assassination}}

On 21 May 1991, leader of the Indian National Congress and its prime ministerial candidate for the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 general elections]] was assassinated by a [[LTTE]] [[Thenmozhi Rajaratnam|suicide bomber]]. The assassination took place at a campaign meeting at [[Sriperumpudur]] where he was campaigning for the Congress candidate [[Maragatham Chandrasekar]].

===Coalitions===
The two main political formations in this election were the DMK and AIADMK led fronts. The DMK coalition comprised the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), [[Janata Dal]] (JD) and Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam (TMK). The AIADMK front had only two major parties – itself and the Congress. The AIADMK also backed the [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS (SCS)]] candidate [[Sanjay Ramasamy]] in the [[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar constituency]]. Several smaller parties like the PMK contested the elections alone.<ref name ="results">
{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1991 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf
| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite web
|first = K. N.
|last = Arun
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article131915.ece
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130616125129/http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article131915.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 June 2013
| title = Integrity of judiciary put to test again
| work = [[The Indian Express]]
| date = 18 January 2009
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref>

==Seat allotments==
===[[AIADMK-led Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]] || [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|168
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] || style="text-align:center;"|65
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Hindoo Spinning-Wheel (September 1852, p.108, IX) - Copy.jpg|50x50px]] || [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]] || style="text-align:center;"|1
|}

===[[DMK-led Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|176
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]] || A. Nallasivan || style="text-align:center;"|22
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || style="text-align:center;"|15
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4.
| style="background-color: pink;"|
| [[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam]] || style="text-align:center;" |[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || style="text-align:center;"|11
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|5. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}|| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]] || P. Manickam || style="text-align:center;"|10
|}

==Opinion poll trends==
During the 1991 election, [[India Today]] conducted a poll with MARG, predicting a win for the Jayalalithaa led [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. Following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, the AIADMK–Congress alliance went on to secure a landslide victory, exceeding the poll's projections.<ref>{{cite news |title=தமிழ்நாட்டில் தேர்தல் கருத்துக் கணிப்புகள் எந்த அளவுக்கு சரியாக இருந்துள்ளன?|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cgee9xznre8o|access-date=4 June 2024 |work=BBC tamil|date=3 June 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

==Voting and results==
The polling for the state assembly elections were held simultaneously with the polling for the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1991|1991 Parliamentary elections]] on 15 June 1991. The voter turnout was 63.92%.<ref name="cnnibn1">{{cite web
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/voterturnout/1991.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005210034/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/voterturnout/1991.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 October 2012
| title = Polling Percentage – Statewise (1991)
| work = [[CNN-IBN]]
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name="hindu2">{{cite web
|first =Suresh
|last = Nambath
| title = What does high turnout mean?
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/09/stories/2006050909770500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023192832/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/09/stories/2006050909770500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 23 October 2007
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 9 May 2006
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name ="results" />

===Results by Pre-Poll Alliance===
[[File:1991 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the May 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 1991.svg]]
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
| '''225'''
| '''+172'''
| '''14,738,042'''
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| '''59.8%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 164
| +137
| 10,940,966
| 44.4%
| 61.1%
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 60
| +34
| 3,743,859
| 15.2%
| 56.2%
|-
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS(SCS)]]†
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| +1
| 53,217
| 0.2%
| 56.1%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|DMK}}" |
| '''7'''
| '''-164'''
| '''7,405,935'''
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| '''30.0%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
| 2
| −148
| 5,535,668
| 22.5%
| 29.9%
|-
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF00FF" |
| 2
| −1
| 371,645
| 1.5%
| 31.0%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 1
| −14
| 777,532
| 3.2%
| 31.2%
|-
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 1
| +1
| 415,947
| 1.7%
| 28.3%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 1
| −2
| 305,143
| 1.2%
| 29.9%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
| '''2'''
| '''-8'''
| '''2,505,431'''
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| '''10.2%'''
|-
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
! style="background-color: #800080" |
| 1
| +1
| 1,452,982
| 5.9%
| 7.0%
|-
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| −4
| 51,564
| 0.2%
| 0.7%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: #666666" |
| 1
| −5
| 390,227
| 1.6%
| 1.7%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 24,649,408
| 100%
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|}{{refbegin}}
'''†''': ICS(SCS) contested in 13 different constituencies, but only the one contested by Sanjay Ramaswamy was endorsed by AIADMK. '''‡''': Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
 Sources: Election Commission of India<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf ECI: 1991 Election Statistical Report]</ref>
{{refend}}

==Constituency wise results==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|D. Jayakumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,218
|59.04
|R. Mathivanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,565
|37.77
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,653
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.27
|-

!2
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|M. Karunanidhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,932
|48.66
|K. M. Suppu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30,042
|47.26
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|890
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.40
|-

!3
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|E. Madhusudhnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,710
|60.30
|V. Rajasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|41,758
|37.74
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,952
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.56
|-

!4
|[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]
|U. Balaraman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,747
|55.05
|A. Rahmankhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,912
|37.79
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,835
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17.26
|-

!5
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
|Dr. M. P. Sekar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,759
|54.06
|Chengai Sivam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,307
|40.75
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15,452
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.31
|-

!6
|[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
|B. Ranganathan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|71,391
|55.78
|Arcot N. Veeraswamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,559
|37.94
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22,832
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17.84
|-

!7
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
|Elamvazhuthi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,139
|50.47
|D. Yasodha
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|21,936
|47.84
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,203
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.63
|-

!8
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|A. Chellakumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|75,512
|57.29
|S. M. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,214
|36.58
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|27,298
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20.71
|-

!9
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Theagaraya Nagar]]
|S. Jayakumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,460
|61.19
|S. A. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,147
|31.47
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,313
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.72
|-

!10
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|K. A. Krishnaswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,426
|56.50
|M. K. Stalin
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,445
|39.19
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,981
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.31
|-

!11
|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
|Zeenath Sheriffdeen
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|29,605
|50.62
|K. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,149
|43.00
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,456
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.62
|-

!12
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|Mohamad Asif
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,028
|55.07
|Nanjil K. Manoharan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,576
|37.50
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,452
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.57
|-

!13
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|T. M. Rangarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,845
|59.31
|Nirmala Suresh
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,149
|34.12
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,696
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.19
|-

!14
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|M. K. Balan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,235
|57.37
|R. S. Sridhar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,473
|36.72
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,762
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.65
|-

!15
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
|R. Sakkubai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,063
|54.77
|K. Venu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,144
|25.24
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,919
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.53
|-

!16
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]
|E. Ravikumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|77,374
|64.74
|K. Parthasarathy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,121
|30.22
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,253
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.52
|-

!17
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|K. Kuppan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|85,823
|56.54
|T. K. Pallanisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,501
|38.54
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,322
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.00
|-

!18
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|E. Kalan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,18,196
|55.49
|W. R. Varadarajan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|71,963
|33.79
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|46,233
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21.70
|-

!19
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|S. Annamalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|88,432
|58.45
|Pammal Nallathambi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,521
|35.37
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,911
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.08
|-

!20
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|S. M. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,11,588
|57.82
|M. A. Vaidiallingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,740
|33.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|46,848
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24.28
|-

!21
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur (SC)]]
|[[M. Dhanapal]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,262
|56.55
|G. Chockalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,698
|27.87
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,564
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.68
|-

!22
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|C. D. Vardarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|51,694
|48.65
|V. Tamilmani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,896
|32.84
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,798
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.81
|-

!23
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
|P. Chockalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,752
|54.11
|S. D. Ogamchand
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|35,349
|35.59
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,403
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.52
|-

!24
|[[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
|M. Ramakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,494
|56.30
|M. Jayapal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,769
|29.78
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,725
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.52
|-

!25
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|Kanchi Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,367
|55.46
|K. Sundar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,273
|25.62
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,094
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.84
|-

!26
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|C. P. Pattabiraman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,429
|56.03
|P. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,163
|33.03
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,266
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.00
|-

!27
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
|Polur Varadhan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|63,656
|60.95
|E. Godandam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,220
|29.89
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|32,436
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31.06
|-

!28
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
|D. Sudarsanam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|68,392
|55.50
|D. Rajarathanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,240
|35.90
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,152
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19.60
|-

!29
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|D. Sakkubai Devaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,267
|56.91
|C. Subramani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,847
|29.20
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,420
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.71
|-

!30
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|K. Rasanbabu Alias Thanigai Babu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,037
|53.20
|C. Chinrajeevulu Naidu
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|27,845
|29.61
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,192
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.59
|-

!31
|[[Pallipattu Assembly constituency|Pallipet]]
|A. Eakambara Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48,516
|50.24
|L. S. Annamalai
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|17,776
|18.41
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,740
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31.83
|-

!32
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arkonam (SC)]]
|Lata Priyakumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61,314
|55.24
|G. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,332
|27.33
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,982
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|27.91
|-

!33
|[[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|A. M. Munirathinam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|58,563
|53.90
|C. Manickam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,453
|22.51
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|34,110
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31.39
|-

!34
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|N. G. Venugopal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,204
|53.29
|M. Abdul Latheef
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,332
|26.42
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,872
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.87
|-

!35
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|G. Viswanathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,712
|61.16
|T. R. Gajapathi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,439
|27.20
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,273
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.96
|-

!36
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|K. M. Kalaiselvi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,005
|56.43
|Duraimurugan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,866
|33.02
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,139
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.41
|-

!37
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
|V. Dhandayudapani
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|63,796
|64.41
|R. Paramasivam
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|28,897
|29.17
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|34,899
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35.24
|-

!38
|[[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]
|J. Parandaman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,398
|67.54
|V. Govindan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,900
|24.95
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,498
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.59
|-

!39
|[[Vaniayambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniayambadi]]
|E. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,354
|54.98
|A. Abdul Hameed
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,523
|34.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,831
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20.44
|-

!40
|[[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]
|R. Indrakumari
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|81,446
|68.05
|N. K. Raja
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,917
|28.34
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,529
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.71
|-

!41
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|A. K. C. Sundarvel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,402
|62.24
|B. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,498
|30.04
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,904
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.20
|-

!42
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
|P. Veera Pandiyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,611
|59.31
|K. Munusamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|16,994
|18.46
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,617
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.85
|-

!43
|[[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]
|M. K. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,433
|64.26
|D. Ponmudi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,570
|30.14
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,863
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.12
|-

!44
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|V. Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67,034
|58.94
|K. Pitchandi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,115
|33.51
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,919
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25.43
|-

!45
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|M. Sundarasami
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,096
|57.35
|P. S. Thiruvengadam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,152
|28.33
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|32,944
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29.02
|-

!46
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|T. Vediyappan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,262
|62.13
|A. Rejendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|21,637
|22.31
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,625
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.82
|-

!47
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
|K. Dharamalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,413
|57.59
|S. P. Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|18,880
|19.98
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,533
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.61
|-

!48
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|C. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|60,698
|58.30
|A. M. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,632
|36.15
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,066
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22.15
|-

!49
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]
|I. R. Jaison Jacob
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,355
|58.51
|E. Selvarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,043
|28.26
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,312
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.25
|-

!50
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|A. Devaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,061
|60.59
|V. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,106
|27.61
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,955
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.98
|-

!51
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
|C.K. Thamazharasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,990
|53.34
|V. Rajagopal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,496
|25.24
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,494
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.10
|-

!52
|[[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]
|A.K. Srinivasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,653
|54.55
|G. Subramaniyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,481
|28.39
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,172
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.16
|-

!53
|[[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]
|G. Janakiramam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|56,864
|52.95
|R. Panchatcharam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,372
|28.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|26,492
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24.67
|-

!54
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|S.S.R. Eramasass
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|57,390
|51.75
|N. Ramachandaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,916
|30.58
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,474
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21.17
|-

!55
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
|S. Pannirselvam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48,317
|50.58
|R. Masilamani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,282
|30.65
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,035
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19.93
|-

!56
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
|S. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,128
|56.30
|N.V. Jayaseelan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,659
|22.15
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,469
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.15
|-

!57
|[[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]
|V. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,628
|57.16
|S. Alaguvelu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,348
|23.90
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,280
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.26
|-

!58
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|D. Janaardhanan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,105
|48.82
|K. Deivasigamani Alias Ponmudi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,665
|33.37
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,440
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.45
|-

!59
|[[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]
|R. Savithiri Ammal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,118
|55.91
|A.G. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,698
|30.58
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,420
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.33
|-

!60
|[[Thirunavalur Assembly constituency|Thirunavalur]]
|J. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,353
|58.80
|A.V. Balasubramaniyam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,367
|29.60
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,986
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.20
|-

!61
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]
|M. Anandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|71,785
|65.19
|Pon Mayilvahanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,500
|24.06
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,285
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41.13
|-

!62
|[[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
|C. Damotharan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,373
|59.61
|C. Govindarajan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|22,265
|23.13
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,108
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.48
|-

!63
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|P.R.S. Venkatesan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,459
|48.60
|E. Pugazhendhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,284
|34.27
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,175
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.33
|-

!64
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|S. Ramachandaran
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|39,911
|37.51
|R. Devasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|38,789
|36.45
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|1,122
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|1.06
|-

!65
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|K. Sivasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|51,313
|46.92
|N. Ganeshmoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,842
|35.52
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,471
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.40
|-

!66
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|G. Malliga
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|48,164
|46.38
|R.T. Sabapathy Mohan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,530
|26.51
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,634
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.87
|-

!67
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
|N.R. Rajendiran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|48,103
|52.11
|G. Vetriveeran
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|21,785
|23.60
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,318
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.51
|-

!68
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|S. Alagiri
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48,767
|51.20
|M.R.K. Panneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,114
|30.57
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,653
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20.63
|-

!69
|[[Vridhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
|R.D. Aranganathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|51,931
|45.05
|A. Rajendiran Alias Deeran
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|37,634
|32.65
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,297
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12.40
|-

!70
|[[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore (SC)]]
|S. Puratchimani
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,302
|55.63
|V. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,549
|23.71
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35,753
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31.92
|-

!71
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiam]]
|M. Govindasraju
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,030
|61.56
|M. Thangam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,899
|26.41
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,131
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.15
|-

!72
|[[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]
|R.P. Paramasivam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,942
|64.43
|R. Mookkappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,900
|26.85
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,042
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.58
|-

!73
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|C. Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|71,688
|68.06
|S. Arunachalam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,610
|25.26
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,078
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.80
|-

!74
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|K.A. Manoharan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|47,346
|47.64
|B. Venkataswamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|38,600
|38.84
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,746
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.80
|-

!75
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|M. Venkataramareddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|38,831
|45.88
|V. Rangareddy
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|28,270
|33.41
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,561
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.47
|-

!76
|[[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]
|K.P. Munusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,136
|69.67
|V.C. Govindasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|22,900
|22.75
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,236
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.92
|-

!77
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|K. Munivektatappan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,729
|69.92
|T.H. Musta Ahmed
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,761
|26.07
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,968
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.85
|-

!78
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|J. Jayalalitha
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,680
|65.18
|T. Rajhendher
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|30,465
|29.34
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,215
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.84
|-

!79
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
|P. Abaranji
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,636
|58.56
|P.V. Kariyamal
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|24,172
|21.24
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|42,464
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37.32
|-

!80
|[[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]
|K. Singaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,477
|53.29
|A. Arunachalam
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|23,973
|23.89
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,504
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.40
|-

!81
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|M.G. Sekhar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,170
|62.17
|K. Arunachalam
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|23,911
|23.53
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,259
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.64
|-

!82
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|P. Ponnusamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,910
|51.11
|R. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,017
|25.61
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|26,893
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25.50
|-

!83
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|V. Purushothaman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,585
|51.79
|N.M. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|30,757
|32.12
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,828
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.67
|-

!84
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|S. Sundarambal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,368
|49.30
|G.K. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|26,825
|24.78
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,543
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.52
|-

!85
|[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
|R. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,538
|47.66
|S. Ammasi
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|42,204
|39.80
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8,334
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.86
|-

!86
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|C. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,783
|65.78
|K. Sadasivam
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|23,430
|25.36
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,353
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.42
|-

!87
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
|C. Perumal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,324
|72.33
|Dhanakodi Vedan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|13,745
|16.76
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,579
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|55.57
|-

!88
|[[Salem - I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
|S.R. Jayaraman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|72,792
|65.97
|G.K. Subash
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,698
|28.73
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|41,094
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37.24
|-

!89
|[[Salem - II Assembly constituency|Salem-II]]
|M. Natesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,904
|63.90
|S. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,997
|25.79
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,907
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.11
|-

!90
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|K. Arjunan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|79,725
|68.12
|P. Venkatachalam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,451
|20.04
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|56,274
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48.08
|-

!91
|[[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]
|K. Rajaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,025
|69.12
|S.R. Sivalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|19,670
|19.42
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|50,355
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|49.70
|-

!92
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
|V. Tamilarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,060
|64.49
|A.M. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,475
|25.85
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,585
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.64
|-

!93
|[[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]
|K. Kandasamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|74,204
|73.74
|S. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|20,757
|20.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|53,447
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|53.11
|-

!94
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
|K. Palaniammal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|75,855
|72.15
|B.A.R. Elangoavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,625
|24.37
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|50,230
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47.78
|-

!95
|[[Sendamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam (ST)]]
|K. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,877
|76.19
|S. Sivappirakasam
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|17,316
|18.10
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|55,561
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|58.09
|-

!96
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]
|S. Anbalagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|79,683
|70.72
|R. Mayavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,788
|26.44
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|49,895
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.28
|-

!97
|[[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]
|P. Saraswathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,903
|67.03
|S. Moorthy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,050
|26.71
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43,853
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.32
|-

!98
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|T.M. Selvaganapathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1,13,545
|74.10
|V. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|34,886
|22.77
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|78,659
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|51.33
|-

!99
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]
|V. Saroja
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|79,039
|70.01
|R. Varadarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,080
|23.99
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|51,959
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.02
|-

!100
|[[Edapadi Assembly constituency|Edapadi]]
|K. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,379
|58.24
|P. Kolandai Gounder
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|31,113
|25.03
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,266
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.21
|-

!101
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|L. Sulochana
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,912
|60.82
|B. Arunkumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,173
|26.01
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,739
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.81
|-

!102
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
|M. Seeniammal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,774
|69.67
|M. Arumugham
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|23,625
|23.59
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,149
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.08
|-

!103
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|C. Aranganayagam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|92,362
|61.95
|U.K. Vellingiri
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|45,218
|30.33
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,144
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.62
|-

!104
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|P. Govindaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|68,069
|55.46
|R. Sengaliappan
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|46,099
|37.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,970
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.90
|-

!105
|[[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]]
|K. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|41,194
|51.08
|M. Ramanathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,696
|30.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,498
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20.45
|-

!106
|[[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]]
|V.K. Lakshmanan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,544
|55.56
|K.C. Karunakaran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|29,019
|34.64
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,525
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20.92
|-

!107
|[[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]
|K.P. Raju
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|76,676
|57.55
|A. Natarasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,017
|35.29
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,659
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.26
|-

!108
|[[Kinathukkadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukkadavu]]
|N.S. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,358
|65.88
|K. Kandasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,792
|32.54
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,566
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.34
|-

!109
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|V.P. Chandrasekar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,736
|63.32
|M.N. Andu Alias Nachimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,195
|34.99
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,541
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.33
|-

!110
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
|A. Sridharan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,284
|60.71
|A.T. Karuppaiah
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|34,100
|37.45
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,184
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.26
|-

!111
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
|K.P. Manivasagam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|75,262
|60.42
|R.T. Mariappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,990
|36.12
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,272
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.30
|-

!112
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
|P. Eswaramurthi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,490
|65.49
|T. Shanthakumari
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,545
|28.11
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,945
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.38
|-

!113
|[[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]
|Dhurai Ramaswammy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|68,225
|62.85
|Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,638
|35.59
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,587
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.26
|-

!114
|[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
|S.R. Balasubramaniyam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|64,588
|67.09
|P. Vijayalakshmi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,526
|24.44
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|41,062
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|42.65
|-

!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|K.S. Duraimurugan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,803
|61.03
|M. Kannappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,079
|32.42
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,724
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.61
|-

!116
|[[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
|V. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|92,509
|57.92
|C. Govindasamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|55,868
|34.98
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,641
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.94
|-

!117
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|J. Jayalalitha
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,050
|63.44
|N.S. Rajkumar Mandradiar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,759
|32.85
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,291
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.59
|-

!118
|[[Modakurichi Assembly constituency|Modakurichi]]
|Kavinilavu Dharmaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|78,653
|61.98
|K. Elanchezhian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,178
|33.24
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,475
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.74
|-

!119
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|V.N. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|77,277
|70.28
|T.K. Naliappan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|24,060
|21.88
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|53,217
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48.40
|-

!120
|[[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
|C. Manickam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|96,226
|63.11
|A. Ganeshamurthy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,538
|34.46
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43,688
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.65
|-

!121
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|S. Muthusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,337
|61.24
|M.C. Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|20,867
|20.84
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40,470
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.40
|-

!122
|[[Andhiyur Assembly constituency|Andhiyur (SC)]]
|V. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,592
|59.68
|Eradharukmani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|21,530
|24.43
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,062
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.25
|-

!123
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|K.A. Sengottayan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,423
|68.18
|V.P. Shanmogasundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,211
|27.93
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,212
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.25
|-

!124
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
|V.K. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,474
|62.74
|O. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|20,887
|20.65
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,587
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42.09
|-

!125
|[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
|A.T. Saraswathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,739
|67.21
|T.K. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,801
|28.26
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,938
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.95
|-

!126
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]
|M. Karuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,608
|59.40
|E.M. Mahaliappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,457
|34.86
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,151
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.54
|-

!127
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]
|H.M. Raju
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,389
|60.79
|H. Natraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,502
|31.31
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25,887
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29.48
|-

!128
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
|K.R. Raju
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,766
|48.46
|T.P. Kamalatchan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|42,460
|37.57
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,306
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.89
|-

!129
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]
|A. Subburathinam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,404
|68.14
|V. Balasekar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|30,591
|29.61
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,813
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.53
|-

!130
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|A.T. Chellamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,669
|69.83
|T. Mohan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,205
|29.02
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,464
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.81
|-

!131
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|M. Periyaveeran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,760
|67.45
|L. Mookiah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,718
|27.37
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,042
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.08
|-

!132
|[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
|V.R. Nedunchezhian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,739
|61.51
|L.S.R. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,439
|24.01
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,300
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.50
|-

!133
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|V. Panneer Selvam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,297
|62.98
|G. Ponnu Pillai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,253
|26.12
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,044
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.86
|-

!134
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|O.R. Ramachandaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,263
|57.21
|P. Eramar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,060
|33.84
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,203
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23.37
|-

!135
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|K. Thavasi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,110
|64.25
|P. Asaiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,843
|23.17
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,267
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41.08
|-

!136
|[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
|R. Muthiah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,627
|58.85
|A. Athiyaman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,158
|31.49
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,469
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.36
|-

!137
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|T.K. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,774
|64.87
|R. Saminathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,511
|32.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,263
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.31
|-

!138
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|R. Pandiammal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,654
|50.30
|P.N. Vallarasu
|{{Party color cell|Forward Bloc}}
|[[Forward Bloc|FBL]]
|38,460
|46.44
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,194
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.86
|-

!139
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
|A.S. Ponnammal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,110
|65.75
|M. Arivazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,050
|26.52
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37,060
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|39.23
|-

!140
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
|A.M. Paramasivan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,100
|67.34
|A.M.M. Ambikapathy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,787
|31.36
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,313
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.98
|-

!141
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Tirupparankundram]]
|S. Andi Thevar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|83,180
|59.60
|C. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,923
|37.92
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,257
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.68
|-

!142
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|S.V. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,586
|63.35
|Ponmuthuramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,664
|34.73
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|26,922
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28.62
|-

!143
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|A. Deivanayagam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|47,325
|62.27
|M. Tamilkudimagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,717
|35.16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20,608
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|27.11
|-

!144
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|O.S. Amarnath
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,336
|64.00
|P.M. Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|20,248
|25.74
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,088
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.26
|-

!145
|[[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]
|M. Kalirajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|93,161
|69.98
|N. Soundrapandian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,705
|28.32
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|55,456
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41.66
|-

!146
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|K.V.V. Rajamanickam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|80,348
|72.33
|N. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|27,576
|24.82
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|52,772
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|47.51
|-

!147
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|M. Andi Ambalam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|71,902
|73.02
|P. Cheliam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,124
|24.50
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|47,778
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|48.52
|-

!148
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|B. Nirmala
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|80,795
|64.00
|S.A. Thangarajan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|36,791
|29.14
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,004
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.86
|-

!149
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|S.M. Durai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|81,394
|68.74
|I. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,297
|29.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,097
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.93
|-

!150
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|S. Gandhirajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|94,937
|76.47
|P. Muthusamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,847
|22.43
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|67,090
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|54.04
|-

!151
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|Mariyamul Asia
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,957
|55.60
|P. Monjanur Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,005
|35.50
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,952
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.10
|-

!152
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|M. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|89,351
|64.69
|M. Vasuki
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,259
|32.77
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,092
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31.92
|-

!153
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
|A. Arivalagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|80,676
|76.04
|R. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,240
|22.85
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|56,436
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|53.19
|-

!154
|[[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
|K. Ponnusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|76,476
|66.88
|N. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,572
|30.23
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,904
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.65
|-

!155
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|A. Pappa Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|80,499
|69.83
|S. P. Sethiraman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,158
|28.76
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,341
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41.07
|-

!156
|[[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]
|N. R. Sivapathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|79,594
|73.51
|K. Kannaiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,868
|24.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|52,726
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|48.70
|-

!157
|[[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]
|V. Ravichandaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,748
|67.46
|M. Sundravadanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,392
|31.33
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37,356
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36.13
|-

!158
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|M. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,812
|62.83
|R. Natarasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,568
|35.11
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,244
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.72
|-

!159
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|J. Logambal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,742
|54.88
|K. N. Nheru
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,225
|43.59
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,517
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.29
|-

!160
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
|T. Sezhian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|76,202
|70.69
|M. Devarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,868
|24.00
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|50,334
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46.69
|-

!161
|[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]
|E. T. Ponnuvelu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,384
|57.70
|C. Thiyagarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,155
|30.27
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,229
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.43
|-

!162
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|S. Manimegalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,680
|57.00
|K. Chinnappa
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,551
|36.62
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,129
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.38
|-

!163
|[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
|R. Thangarajulk
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|40,816
|42.19
|M. Gnanamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|33,144
|34.26
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,672
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.93
|-

!164
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|K. K. Chinnappan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|49,406
|44.69
|S. Durairaju
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|33,238
|30.06
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,168
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.63
|-

!165
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|P. A. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|82,462
|70.51
|R. Jayabalan
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|30,918
|26.44
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|51,544
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44.07
|-

!166
|[[Tiruchirapalli - I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-I]]
|S. Arokiasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,774
|56.68
|A. Malaramannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,839
|36.89
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,935
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.79
|-

!167
|[[Tiruchirapalli - II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-II]]
|G. R. Mala Selvi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,664
|57.18
|Anbil Poyyamozhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,120
|35.69
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,544
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.49
|-

!168
|[[Thiruverambur Assembly constituency|Thiruverambur]]
|T. Rathinavel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,596
|59.76
|Pappa Umanath
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|43,074
|36.99
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,522
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.77
|-

!169
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkali (SC)]]
|T. Moorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,321
|61.29
|M. Pannerselvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,337
|27.87
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,984
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.42
|-

!170
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|M. Poorasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,478
|53.47
|M. Mohamed Siddik
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,107
|33.74
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,371
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.73
|-

!171
|[[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
|M. M. S. Abul Hassan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,516
|55.34
|A. Senguttivan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,208
|31.68
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,308
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23.66
|-

!172
|[[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]
|S. Asaimani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,617
|57.02
|Ko. Si. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,866
|35.62
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,751
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.40
|-

!173
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]
|K. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,623
|56.79
|M. Manimaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,415
|40.67
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,208
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.12
|-

!174
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]
|V. Thambusamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|55,653
|51.22
|M. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,406
|46.39
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|5,247
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|4.83
|-

!175
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|R. Kodimari
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,050
|52.20
|G. Veerajyan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|43,116
|42.42
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,934
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.78
|-

!176
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|P. V. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|55,957
|49.22
|M. Meenashi Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,089
|34.39
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,868
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.83
|-

!177
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi (SC)]]
|G. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|62,863
|53.58
|V. Vedaiyan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,797
|43.30
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|12,066
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|10.28
|-

!178
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|K. Srinivasan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,194
|52.32
|V. Veerasenan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|50,798
|45.67
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7,396
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.65
|-

!179
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|K. Balasubramaniam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,764
|62.07
|K. Annadurai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,028
|35.75
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,736
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.32
|-

!180
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|R. Singaram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|77,504
|67.56
|M. R. Govendhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,962
|28.73
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|44,542
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|38.83
|-

!181
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]
|Alaguthirunavukkabasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|68,208
|58.75
|L. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,328
|40.77
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,880
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.98
|-

!182
|[[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]
|K. Thangamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|75,141
|64.73
|M. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,173
|34.61
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,968
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.12
|-

!183
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|S. D. Somasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,363
|58.65
|S. N. M. Ubayadullah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,502
|40.55
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,861
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.10
|-

!184
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]
|P. Kalaiperumal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,648
|59.68
|Durai Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,249
|38.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,399
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.12
|-

!185
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|S. Rajaraman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,445
|56.14
|S. Kalayanasundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,520
|33.53
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21,925
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22.61
|-

!186
|[[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]
|K. Panchavarnam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,504
|64.59
|S. Senthamil Chelvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,816
|34.02
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,688
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.57
|-

!187
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|R. Eramanathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,271
|65.15
|S. Kumarasamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|30,962
|29.99
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|36,309
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.16
|-

!188
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidamarudur]]
|N. Fanneerselvam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,523
|56.24
|S. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,392
|33.64
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25,131
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22.60
|-

!189
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|S. Regupathy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,701
|70.38
|Erama Govindarasan
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|27,970
|27.08
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,731
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|43.30
|-

!190
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]
|C. Kulandaivelu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|91,350
|76.51
|V. Raju
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|26,038
|21.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|65,312
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|54.70
|-

!191
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|C. Swaminathan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|82,205
|66.44
|V. N. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,806
|31.36
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|43,399
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35.08
|-

!192
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|S. Shanmuganathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|88,684
|68.83
|S. Chirtrarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,983
|30.26
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|49,701
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.57
|-

!193
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
|S. Thirunavukkarasu
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|73,571
|56.46
|Kuzha Chelliah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,150
|40.02
|style="background:#FFC0CB" ; color:black;"|21,421
|style="background:#FFC0CB" ; color:black;"|16.44
|-

!194
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|S. Kannappan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,297
|66.06
|S. Seventhiappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,841
|33.23
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,456
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.83
|-

!195
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|M. Karpagam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|71,912
|65.68
|C. T. Chidambaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,601
|30.69
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,311
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.99
|-

!196
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|Ramasamy Ambalam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,723
|62.92
|Sornalingam
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|35,187
|33.68
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,536
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29.24
|-

!197
|[[Ilayangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]
|Ma. Sa. Ma. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,994
|61.92
|N. Nallasethupathi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,864
|33.73
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,130
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.19
|-

!198
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|K. R. Muruganandam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|69,506
|72.69
|B. Manoharan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,635
|24.72
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|45,871
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47.97
|-

!199
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
|V. M. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,823
|69.77
|K. Kasilingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,535
|29.79
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,288
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.98
|-

!200
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
|S. Sundararaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,577
|66.72
|N. Chandran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|25,111
|26.35
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38,466
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40.37
|-

!201
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|M. Thennavan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,004
|59.00
|M. A. Kader
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,635
|30.10
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,369
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.90
|-

!202
|[[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]
|V. Sathiamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,552
|55.65
|K. Kalimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,098
|26.67
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,454
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.98
|-

!203
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|S. Balakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|40,065
|41.74
|S. John Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|29,021
|30.24
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,044
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.50
|-

!204
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
|V. G. Manimeghalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,985
|58.91
|R. M. Shanmuga Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,066
|38.32
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,919
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.59
|-

!205
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandaran
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|59,942
|48.63
|Sannasi Karuppasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,703
|46.81
|style="background:#FFC0CB" color:black;"|2,239
|style="background:#FFC0CB" color:black;"|1.82
|-

!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|Sanjay Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|ICS(SCS)]]
|53,217
|56.07
|G. Veerasamy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|33,816
|35.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}} ; color:black;"|19,401
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}} ; color:black;"|20.44
|-

!207
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|J. Balagangadharan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|84,785
|66.75
|B. Boopathi Rajaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,059
|29.17
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|47,726
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|37.58
|-

!208
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
|R. Thamaraikkani
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|38,908
|34.28
|R. Vinayagamoorthi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|37,739
|33.25
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|1,169
|style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|1.03
|-

!209
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]
|T. Sathiah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|68,657
|63.45
|K. Dhunuskedi
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|37,169
|34.35
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,488
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.10
|-

!210
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|N. C. Kanagavalli
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,713
|62.10
|S. Mavelraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,004
|37.00
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,709
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.10
|-

!211
|[[Pottapidaram Assembly constituency|Pottapidaram (SC)]]
|S. X. Rajamannar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,360
|66.28
|C. Chelladurai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|25,035
|31.69
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,325
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.59
|-

!212
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Koilpatti]]
|R. Shymala
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,535
|61.81
|L. Aiyalusamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|30,284
|31.98
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,251
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.83
|-

!213
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankaranayanarkoil (SC)]]
|V. Gopalakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,620
|61.88
|S. Thangavelu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,772
|36.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,848
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.32
|-

!214
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
|R. Eswaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,688
|58.28
|R. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|34,374
|36.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20,314
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21.65
|-

!215
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|S. Nagoormeeran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,681
|56.59
|Samsudeen Alias Kathiravan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,971
|28.43
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,710
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.16
|-

!216
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|S. Peter Alphonse
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,142
|62.10
|S. Ramakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|28,263
|26.94
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|36,879
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35.16
|-

!217
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|S. S. Ramasubbu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,637
|62.69
|S. Gurunathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,487
|33.39
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|31,150
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29.30
|-

!218
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|D. Veliah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,138
|62.81
|A. L. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,853
|32.68
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,285
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.13
|-

!219
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamcottai]]
|P. Dharamalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|45,141
|46.11
|V. Karuppasamy Pandian
|style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]
|38,250
|39.07
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,891
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.04
|-

!220
|[[Cheranmahadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]
|R. Puthunainar Athithan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,358
|65.44
|P. H. Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|24,890
|27.44
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,468
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.00
|-

!221
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|R. Murukgaiah Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,433
|65.33
|S. Chellappa
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|28,219
|32.10
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,214
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.23
|-

!222
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|V. Natesan Paulbaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,514
|72.90
|M. Mani Achiyur
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|21,294
|23.69
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,220
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|49.21
|-

!223
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|Ramani Nallathambi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,331
|62.83
|N. Sargunaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|18,600
|22.77
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|32,731
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|40.06
|-

!224
|[[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]
|Kumari Anathan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52,719
|72.09
|M. A. Ganesa Pandiyan
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|16,894
|23.10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35,825
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|48.99
|-

!225
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|A. Chelladurai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,442
|58.63
|A. S. Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,794
|29.93
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,648
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.70
|-

!226
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|S. Daniel Raj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,800
|62.54
|S. David Selvin
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|23,486
|28.91
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|27,314
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33.63
|-

!227
|[[Tuticorin Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
|V. P. R. Ramesh
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|79,552
|66.09
|N. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,157
|31.70
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,395
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.39
|-

!228
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|M. Ammamuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,194
|60.14
|C. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|19,835
|22.01
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,359
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.13
|-

!229
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|M. Moses
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|56,363
|56.81
|S. Retnaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,311
|26.52
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,052
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30.29
|-

!230
|[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|A. Pauliah
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52,641
|60.01
|R. Bathakbishnan
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|19,626
|22.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33,015
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|37.64
|-

!231
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|K. Lawrence
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,950
|51.85
|S. Noor Mohamed
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|19,657
|23.73
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,293
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.12
|-

!232
|[[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]
|R. Nadesan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|45,591
|50.49
|J. Hemachandran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|28,762
|31.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,829
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18.63
|-

!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|M. Sundaradas
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,151
|48.86
|D. Mony
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|38,842
|37.85
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,309
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.01
|-

!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|D. Kumaradas
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|26,818
|34.25
|Pon. Robert Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,650
|32.76
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1,168
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1.49
|-

|}

==Analysis==
The AIADMK coalition won a massive victory in this election capturing 225 of 234 seats. The DMK coalition was routed with only 7 victories. DMK itself could win only 2 seats including that of its leader [[M. Karunanidhi]]. Though Karunanidhi won from the [[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour constituency]], he resigned his seat immediately. The victory of AIADMK-Congress has been attributed mainly to the sympathy wave following the Rajiv Gandhi assassination. Other factors which helped their victory were the consolidation of the AIADMK votes under the unified AIADMK party, successful projection by Jayalalithaa as the true political heir to [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R), successful portrayal of DMK as anti-woman (by playing up the events in the Assembly on 25 March 1989) and the PMK cutting into the DMK's vote bank in the northern districts. This election saw the first electoral success of the PMK, when its candidate [[Panruti S. Ramachandran|''Panruti'' Ramachandran]] was elected from the [[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti constituency]].<ref name="Manivannan"/><ref name="Suresh"/><ref name="tnassembly2">{{cite web
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=51
| title = Member Profile : M. Karunanidhi
| work = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] Secretariat
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref><ref name="outlook1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205451
| title = The Revenge of Draupadi
| work = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
| date = 4 May 1998
| access-date = 20 January 2010
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1991 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:June 1991 in India]]

Venkatesh (actor)

2026-03-25T17:21:56Z

Navi guy: minor improved page to improve readability and improved wording after review

{{short description|Indian actor and film producer (born 1960)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Daggubati|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venkatesh
| image = Venkatesh Daggubati at ANR Awards.jpg
| caption = Venkatesh in 2024
| landscape =
| birth_name = Daggubati Venkatesh
| other_names = Venky
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|13|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/on-victory-venkatesh-s-birthday-eve-his-next-project-with-trivrikram-srinivas-announced/story-940hHikvcU0OOrOLjf3fzH.html|title=On Victory Venkatesh's birthday eve, his next project with Trivrikram Srinivas announced|date=12 December 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181947/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/on-victory-venkatesh-s-birthday-eve-his-next-project-with-trivrikram-srinivas-announced/story-940hHikvcU0OOrOLjf3fzH.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (present-day Chennai), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]] ([[BCom]]) [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] ([[MBA]])
| occupation = [[Actor]] [[Film producer]]
| years_active = 1971{{ndash}}present
| works = [[Venkatesh filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Neeraja|1985}}
| children = 4
| relatives = [[D. Suresh Babu]] (brother) [[Rana Daggubati]] (nephew) [[Naga Chaitanya]] (nephew)
| father = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| family = see [[Daggubati–Akkineni family]]
}}
'''Daggubati Venkatesh''' (born 13 December 1960) is an [[Indian actor]] and [[film producer]] known for his work predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=14 August 2020|title=వెంక‌టేశ్ 'విక్ట‌రీ'కి 34 ఏళ్లు|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/victory-venkatesh-turns-34-years-tollywood-film-industry-1308480|access-date=23 August 2020|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417192207/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/victory-venkatesh-turns-34-years-tollywood-film-industry-1308480|url-status=live}}</ref> Venkatesh has a prolific career spanning over 37 years and is known for portraying a variety of characters. He has received many accolades including six [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] and five [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Nandi Awards]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Victory Venkatesh completes 34 years in Tollywood – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/victory-venkatesh-completes-34-years-in-tollywood/articleshow/77529502.cms|access-date=23 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103012340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/victory-venkatesh-completes-34-years-in-tollywood/articleshow/77529502.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Venkatesh made his debut in 1986 with the commercially successful ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]''. He achieved stardom with box-office hits<ref>{{Cite web|last=Movies|first=iQlik|title=Bobbili Raja Telugu Movie Review Venkatesh Divya Bharathi Vani|url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2014/04/08/Bobbili-Raja/665|access-date=20 June 2020|website=iQlikmovies|language=en|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622123801/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2014/04/08/Bobbili-Raja/665|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=చంటి to వెంకీమామ.. వెంకటేష్ బెస్ట్ బాక్స్ ఆఫీస్ కలెక్షన్స్|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment-news/venkatesh-daggubati-best-box-office-hits-q615p7|access-date=23 August 2020|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=te|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200118/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment-news/venkatesh-daggubati-best-box-office-hits-q615p7|url-status=live}}</ref> such as ''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' (1987), ''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]'' (1988), ''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]'' (1989), ''[[Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|Dhruva Nakshatram]]'' (1989), ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' (1990), and ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991), the latter of which featured at the [[Fribourg International Film Festival|Fribourg Festival]] and went on to gather a [[cult following]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=kshana+kshanam+encyclopedia+of+indian+cinema&pg=PA1994-IA196 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20120528-edouard-waintrop-on-the-new-indian-cinema-758464-2012-05-18 |title=Cannes critic on RGV's filmography at Fribourg |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date= 18 May 2012|accessdate=2023-01-21 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121072144/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20120528-edouard-waintrop-on-the-new-indian-cinema-758464-2012-05-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2020|title=From 'HIT' to 'Kshana Kshanam', 11 Telugu thrillers you can watch online|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hit-kshana-kshanam-11-telugu-thrillers-you-can-watch-online-127666|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

Venkatesh received further acclaim for his notable performances as a painter in ''[[Swarnakamalam]]'' (1988), which featured in the Indian panorama section of the [[12th International Film Festival of India|12th IFFI]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/136_IPCatalogue1988.pdf|title=Indian Panorama for 12th IFFI Festival|publisher=|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218040431/https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/136_IPCatalogue1988.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> an attorney in both ''[[Sathruvu]]'' (1991) and ''[[Dharma Chakram]]'' (1996), a coolie in ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (1991), an eccentric cop in both ''[[Surya IPS]]'' (1991) and ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004), an autistic villager in ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' (1992),<ref name=":3" /> in the romantic dramas: ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1996), ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' (1997), ''[[Premante Idera]]'' (1998), ''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]'' (1999), ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' (2000), ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' (2001), ''[[Vasantam]]'' (2003), ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' (2004), ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' (2007), and ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2012), in the family dramas: ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1998), ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]'' (2005) and ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013), a journalist in ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' (1998), in the action dramas: ''[[Jayam Manadera]]'' (2000), ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (2006), ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]]'' (2007) and ''[[Venky Mama]]'' (2021), in the comedies: ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' (2008), ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'' (2010), ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration|F2]]'' (2019), ''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' (2022), and ''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]'' (2025), in the crime thrillers ''[[Eenadu (2009 film)|Eenaadu]]'' (2009), ''[[Drushyam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Drushyam 2]]'' (2021), an atheist in ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' (2015), a boxing coach in ''[[Guru (2017 film)|Guru]]'' (2017), and a farmer in ''[[Narappa]]'' (2021).

Venkatesh also starred in Hindi language works such as ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993), ''[[Taqdeerwala]]'' (1995), and ''[[Rana Naidu]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2019|title=Happy birthday Venkatesh; this legendary actor made his Hindi film debut with 'Anari' – OrissaPOST|url=https://www.orissapost.com/happy-birthday-venkatesh-this-legendary-actor-made-his-hindi-film-debut-with-anari/|access-date=23 August 2020|website=Orissa Post}}</ref> In addition to acting, he co-owns [[Suresh Productions]], one of the largest film production companies in India, under which he acted in several films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2008|title=D Rama Naidu enters Guinness book|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/d-rama-naidu-enters-guinness-book/story-yY5OHzItOT7QMo79rXuyZL.html|access-date=20 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu production house Suresh Productions completes 50 years|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/telugu-production-house-suresh-productions-completes-50-years-south/20140609.htm|access-date=20 June 2020|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> He is also the mentor of the ''Telugu Warriors'', representing [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccl.in/team/telugu-warriors#:~:text=The%20Telugu%20Warriors%20is%20a,an%20exciting%20match%20of%20cricket.. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222194047/http://www.ccl.in/team/telugu-warriors |archive-date=22 December 2015 |title=CCL {{!}} Celebrity Cricket League {{!}} CCL Official Website {{!}} CCL6}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Venkatesh was born on 13 December 1960 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family to film producer and former [[Member of Parliament]], [[D. Ramanaidu]] and Rajeswari in Madras (present-day Chennai), India. He has an elder brother [[D. Suresh Babu|Suresh Babu]], who runs [[Suresh Productions]], and a younger sister Lakshmi.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news|title=Happy Birthday Venkatesh Daggubati: Take a look at life and times of the ace actor – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-venkatesh-daggubati-take-a-look-at-life-and-times-of-the-ace-actor/articleshow/72489522.cms|access-date=14 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329044820/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-venkatesh-daggubati-take-a-look-at-life-and-times-of-the-ace-actor/articleshow/72489522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Venkatesh did his schooling in [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School|Don Bosco, Egmore]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/don-bosco-alumni-regale-students-with-school-tales/articleshow/5428971.cms | title=Don Bosco alumni regale students with school tales | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 January 2010 | accessdate=14 March 2021 | archive-date=14 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814124249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Don-Bosco-alumni-regale-students-with-school-tales/articleshow/5428971.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chennai]] and graduated in commerce from [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131213/entertainment-tollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-daggubati-venkatesh | title=Birthday Exclusive: Daggubati Venkatesh | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | date=13 December 2013 | accessdate=14 March 2021 | archive-date=18 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418172752/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131213/entertainment-tollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-daggubati-venkatesh | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-victory-venkatesh-unseen-snaps-of-the-versatile-star/photostory/67062201.cms?picid=67062257 | title=Happy Birthday Victory Venkatesh: Unseen Snaps of the Versatile Star | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=13 December 2018 | accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref> He got his [[MBA]] from the [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]], USA.<ref name="toi" /> After his return to India, he wanted to get into film production but instead became an actor.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/today's-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/looking-for-a-new-zone/article4661814.ece Looking for a new zone]. The Hindu (28 April 2013). Retrieved on 2016-01-31.</ref>

== Career ==
{{further|Venkatesh filmography}}

=== 1971–1995: Debut and early career ===
Venkatesh first appeared as a child actor in the 1971 film ''[[Prema Nagar]]''. His first film as a full-fledged lead was [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]-directed ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' (1986), alongside [[Khushbu Sundar]] which was a debut for both of them. The film won him a [[Nandi Special Jury Award]].<ref name=":2" />

''[[Swarnakamalam]]'' (1988) which came in the direction of [[K. Viswanath]] happens to be the classic of that era. The film also won [[Nandi Awards]] for the second time in two years. ''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]'', which came in the year 1989, achieved a cult status. ''[[Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|Dhruva Nakshatram]]'', which was released in the same year, was also a mass hit at the box office. ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' broke the all-time records at the Telugu box office in 1990. Films like ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie]]'' (1991) and ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991) catapulted him to stardom on par with the then superstars of the Telugu cinema — Megastar [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and [[Akkineni Nagarjuna]]. ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' (1992), a remake of the Tamil flick ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991), was another box-office hit. It earned him massive box office collections. Venkatesh, as an innocent servant named Chanti, was raved about by audiences. ''Chanti'' was later remade in Hindi as ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993), only to receive more praise from Hindi audiences. Immediately, he showed a different variation in ''[[Chinarayudu]]'' (1993).Venkatesh's films have hardly ever been embroiled in controversy, but there was an exception once. His movie ''[[Kondapalli Raja]]'', which released in 1993, stirred up a controversy before its release. ''Kondapalli Raja'' was the second Telugu remake of [[Rajinikanth]]’s Tamil film ''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Venkatesh to 'Victory' Venkatesh, here's how the Telugu star earned his title |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/madras-high-court-hears-petition-regarding-censoring-of-tamil-film-jana-nayagan/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |work=The South First}}</ref> He later worked on films like ''[[Abbayigaru]]'' (1993), ''[[Super Police]]'' (1994), ''[[Muddula Priyudu]]'' (1994), ''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' (1995) and ''[[Taqdeerwala]]'' (1995). Venkatesh was so successful at the prime of his career that his name was tagged with ‘Victory’ to be rechristened as Victory Venkatesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Happy birthday Venkatesh: 5 iconic movies of Victory Venkatesh from the 90s you can't miss |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/happy-birthday-venkatesh-5-iconic-movies-of-victory-venkatesh-from-the-90s-you-cant-miss/96176321|access-date=2022-12-13 |work=Mirchi}}</ref>

=== 1996–2012: Critical and commercial success ===
[[File:Venkatesh hundred hearts ccl.jpg|thumb|left|Venkatesh at CCl]]
In 1996, he portrayed an honest lawyer in ''[[Dharma Chakram]]'', which won him both the [[Nandi Award]] and [[Filmfare Award South]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Venkatesh Daggubati Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Venkatesh Daggubati {{!}} Times of India Entertainment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Venkatesh-Daggubati/awards|access-date=20 June 2020|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Later that year, he played a husband struggling between two wives in the [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] directed hit [[comedy drama]] ''[[Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Happy Birthday Venkatesh: These 6 Feel-Good Movies of the Victory Hero will leave a big smile on your face – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-venkatesh-these-6-feel-good-movies-of-the-victory-hero-will-leave-a-big-smile-on-your-face/articleshow/72493231.cms|access-date=23 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213092725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-venkatesh-these-6-feel-good-movies-of-the-victory-hero-will-leave-a-big-smile-on-your-face/articleshow/72493231.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, he starred in the [[Romance film|romantic action]] film ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''. The film, which was one of the first portrayals of [[Political faction|factionalism]] in [[Rayalaseema]] region, was a big commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2020|title=23 ఏళ్లు కంప్లీట్ చేసుకున్న వెంకటేష్ 'ప్రేమించుకుందాం.. రా'..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/venkatesh-super-hit-preminchukundam-raa-movie-completed-23-years-ta-512288.html|access-date=23 August 2020|website=News18 Telugu|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813181004/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/venkatesh-super-hit-preminchukundam-raa-movie-completed-23-years-ta-512288.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' (1998), he played a person fighting the ills of the Indian public healthcare system. His 1999 [[drama film]] [[Raja (1999 Indian film)|''Raja'']], where he plays a small time thief who is reformed by his love was also well received by the audience.<ref name=":5" /> Following this, he established himself as one of top actors in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=14 February 2017|title=Time to reinvent|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Time-to-reinvent/article17301535.ece|access-date=23 August 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824133007/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Time-to-reinvent/article17301535.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, Venkatesh starred in the [[romantic comedy]] ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' which was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A timeless classic comedy Nuvvu Naku Nachav clocks 18 years – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-timeless-classic-comedy-nuvvu-naku-nachav-clocks-18-years/articleshow/71011593.cms|access-date=23 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930071952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-timeless-classic-comedy-nuvvu-naku-nachav-clocks-18-years/articleshow/71011593.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The success continued with [[Malliswari (2004 film)|''Malliswari'']] (2004), his second collaboration with director [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] after ''Nuvvu Naaku Nachav''.<ref name=":5" /> In 2007, he starred in two films, ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' and [[Tulasi (2007 film)|''Tulasi'']], both of which grossed over {{Indian Rupee|30 [[crore]]}} at the [[box office]].<ref name=":3" /> In the following years, Venkatesh appeared in several films, including ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' (2008), ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'' (2010) and [[Bodyguard (2012 film)|''Bodyguard'']] (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Chintakayala Ravi entertains|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/03ssc.htm|access-date=23 August 2020|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Om Namo Venkatesaya Review {2.5/5}: This movie is strictly for those who love the genre, the filmmaker and the combo|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/om-namo-venkatesaya/movie-review/57080560.cms|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Indo-Asian News Service|date=16 January 2012|title=Bodyguard Review|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/RegionalFlavours/Telugu-review-Bodyguard/Article1-798032.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119234149/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/RegionalFlavours/Telugu-review-Bodyguard/Article1-798032.aspx|archive-date=19 January 2012|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== 2013–present: Multi-starrers and experimental roles===
[[File:Venkatesh CCLeague.jpg|thumb|Venkatesh snapped at CCL.]]
Venkatesh is known for his multi-starrers in Telugu cinema. He has balanced lead roles with supporting characters, with both senior actors and upcoming actors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Films that prove Venkatesh is a specialist in modern multi-starrers {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/films-that-prove-venkatesh-is-a-specialist-in-modern-multi-starrers-80614.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, Venkatesh co-starred alongside [[Mahesh Babu]] in the critically acclaimed [[drama film|drama]] ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shekhar|date=12 January 2013|title=Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (SVSC) bags rave reviews|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/seethamma-vakitlo-sirimalle-chettu-svsc-reviews-ratings-102544.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726053352/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/seethamma-vakitlo-sirimalle-chettu-svsc-reviews-ratings-102544.html|archive-date=26 July 2015|access-date=26 July 2015|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref><ref name="H and M">{{cite web|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|date=29 December 2013|title=2013: The biggest hits & misses|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131229/entertainment-tollywood/article/2013-biggest-hits-misses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819093622/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131229/entertainment-tollywood/article/2013-biggest-hits-misses|archive-date=19 August 2015|access-date=19 August 2015|url-status=live|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was one of the first Telugu major [[Ensemble cast|multi-starrer]] films after many years. Subsequently, Venkatesh went on to feature in other multi-starrers such as ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]'' (2013)'', [[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' (2015) and ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uddagiri|first=AuthorNikisha|title=It's raining multi-starrers in Telugu industry|url=https://telanganatoday.com/raining-multi-starrers-telugu-industry|access-date=23 August 2020|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603051805/https://telanganatoday.com/raining-multi-starrers-telugu-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> ''F2'' grossed over {{INR|127 crore}} and ended up as one of the [[List of Telugu films of 2019|highest-grossing Telugu films of 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=22 December 2019|title=Tollywood Box office report – 2019: Highest grossing Telugu movies of the year|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-box-office-report-2019-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-810648|access-date=23 August 2020|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819160212/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-box-office-report-2019-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-810648|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/f3.html#story | title=F3 Movie (2022): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection }}</ref>

Venkatesh's performance in ''[[Drushyam]]'' (2014) received several accolades from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seshagiri|first=Sangeetha|date=10 July 2014|title='Drushyam' Movie Review Roundup: Worth Watching|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drushyam-movie-review-roundup-worth-watching-604123|access-date=23 August 2020|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525023159/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drushyam-movie-review-roundup-worth-watching-604123|url-status=live}}</ref> He portrayed a strict boxing coach in the [[Sudha Kongara]]'s [[sports drama]] ''[[Guru (2017 film)|Guru]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=31 March 2017|title=Guru: An absorbing sports drama|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/guru-an-absorbing-sports-drama/article17749453.ece|access-date=23 August 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605094504/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/guru-an-absorbing-sports-drama/article17749453.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later in 2019, he starred in ''[[Venky Mama]]'', alongside his nephew [[Naga Chaitanya]]. The film was a profitable venture, grossing more than {{INR|72 crore}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Venky Mama' Box-Office: Venkatesh and Naga Chaitanya starrer turns into a profitable venture – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/venky-mama-box-office-venkatesh-and-naga-chaitanya-starrer-turns-into-a-profitable-venture/articleshow/72992448.cms|access-date=23 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214080825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/venky-mama-box-office-venkatesh-and-naga-chaitanya-starrer-turns-into-a-profitable-venture/articleshow/72992448.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, he dubbed in Telugu for the Genie in ''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Alladin]]''. His 2021 film ''[[Narappa]]'' was released on [[Amazon Prime]], which marked his first direct-to-OTT released.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2021|title=Venkatesh on his Amazon Prime movie Narappa: 'It is the most challenging film of my career so far'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/venkatesh-on-his-amazon-prime-movie-narappa-it-is-the-most-challenging-film-of-my-career-so-far-101626762614989.html|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720171657/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/venkatesh-on-his-amazon-prime-movie-narappa-it-is-the-most-challenging-film-of-my-career-so-far-101626762614989.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the sequel to ''F2'', ''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]'', released to a fairly positive reception from the critics and audience. In 2024, Venkatesh made his first ever pan-Indian film debut with ''[[Saindhav]]'', directed by [[Sailesh Kolanu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-10-16 |title='Saindhav' teaser: Action-packed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/saindhav-teaser-action-packed-830214 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=English}}</ref>

In 2025, he reunited with Anil Ravipudi and Dil Raju on the comedy, ''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]'', becoming the highest-grossing film in Venkatesh' career and the highest-grossing comedy in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandava |first=Dvija |last2=Babu |first2=Rohan |date=2025-02-03 |title=Sankranthiki Vasthunam: A genre-defying blockbuster |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/sankranthiki-vasthunam-a-genre-defying-blockbuster.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Ormax Media Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>

== Endorsements ==
* On 24 April 2010, he signed with [[Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd]] as their [[brand ambassador]] for [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venky-manappuram.html |title=Super Star Victory Venkatesh to Endorse Manappuram Brand – Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=3 November 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717211124/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venky-manappuram.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* He opened [[Ramraj Cotton]] Company branch in Ameerpet as a brand ambassador for the company.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/actor-venkatesh-opens-ramraj-cotton-showroom/article8395349.ece |title=Actor Venkatesh opens Ramraj Cotton showroom |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=thehindu.com |date=25 March 2016 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418172752/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/actor-venkatesh-opens-ramraj-cotton-showroom/article8395349.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Venkatesh married Neeraja in 1985 and the couple has four children—three daughters and one son.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Venkatesh and Neeraja – Tollywood celebs and their less famous spouses|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/tollywood-celebs-and-their-less-famous-spouses/Venkatesh-and-Neeraja/photostory/63726726.cms|access-date=16 May 2020|website=The Times of India|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711183339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/tollywood-celebs-and-their-less-famous-spouses/venkatesh-and-neeraja/photostory/63726726.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Venkatesh Daggubati's elder daughter Aashritha gets engaged, wedding date revealed – details inside|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/venkatesh-daggubatis-elder-daughter-aashritha-gets-engaged-wedding-date-revealed-details-insid/361702|access-date=16 May 2020|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=7 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> His eldest daughter, Aashritha, married Vinayak Reddy, the grandson of [[Surendra Reddy|R. Surender Reddy]], the chairman of Hyderabad Race Club.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aashritha Daggubati and Vinayak Reddy tie the knot in a grand wedding in Jaipur – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/aashritha-daggubati-and-vinayak-reddy-tie-the-knot-in-a-grand-wedding-in-jaipur/articleshow/68549311.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327105600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/aashritha-daggubati-and-vinayak-reddy-tie-the-knot-in-a-grand-wedding-in-jaipur/articleshow/68549311.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also the uncle of actors [[Rana Daggubati]] and [[Naga Chaitanya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Bhavana|date=14 March 2020|title=Did you know who Naga Chaitanya's step-father and half-brother are?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/did-you-know-who-naga-chaitanyas-step-father-half-brother-are-take-look-photo-815094|access-date=14 March 2021|website=[[IB Times]]|archive-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315175014/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/did-you-know-who-naga-chaitanyas-step-father-half-brother-are-take-look-photo-815094|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable solvable"
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!{{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]''
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Best Male Debut (Special Jury Award)]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Awards won by Venkatesh Daggubati – Telugu cinema news – idlebrain.com|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-awards.html|access-date=14 July 2020|website=www.idlebrain.com|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725212804/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-awards.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988
|''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>https://archive.org/details/36th-annual-filmfare-south-winners</ref><ref>[https://ia902503.us.archive.org/16/items/venkatesh-won-filmfare-award-for-best-telugu-actor-brahma-putrudu/IMG_20220518_125845.jpg Image]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zawdV2cfZOk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/zawdV2cfZOk| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Victory Venkatesh – Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014 – Hybiz.tv|last=HYBIZTV HD|date=3 June 2015|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swarna Kamalam]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Awards]]
| [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| rowspan="2" |''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]''
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1990
|''[[Bobbili Raja]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1991
|''[[Kshana Kshanam]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1992
|''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1993
|''[[Abbaigaru]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1994
|''[[Muddula Priyudu]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1995
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dharma Chakram]]''
|[[Nandi Award]]s
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>https://archive.org/details/filmfare-best-actor</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3f.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991018182845/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3f.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 1999|title=Filmfare – South Special|date=18 October 1999|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1997
|''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998|| rowspan="2" |''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]''
|[[Nandi Award]]s|| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]|| {{won}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award|Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]||{{won}}
|<ref>[https://archive.org/download/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners/46th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20south%20winners.jpg Image] archive.org</ref>
|-
| 1999
|''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kalisundam Raa]]''
| [[Nandi Award]]s
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Jayam Manade Raa]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://ia902502.us.archive.org/32/items/venkatesh-won-filmfare-best-telugu-actor-award-for-jayam-manadera/IMG_20220518_124059.jpg Image] archive.org</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005|| rowspan="2" |''[[Sankranthi (film)|Sankranthi]]''|| {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]|| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007|| rowspan="3" |''[[Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule]]''
|[[Nandi Award]]s|| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]|| {{won}}
|
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]|| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]|| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Eenadu (2009 film)|Eenadu]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| rowspan="3" |''[[Drushyam]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] National Film Awards|| Best Actor (Jury)|| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150716/entertainment-bollywood/article/tsr-tv9-award-winners-announced|title=TSR-TV9 award winners announced|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=16 July 2015|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105181252/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150716/entertainment-bollywood/article/tsr-tv9-award-winners-announced|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]|| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2016
|[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|''Gopala Gopala'']]
|[[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] – [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]] National Film Awards
|Best Actor|| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Guru (2017 film)|''Guru'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{Won}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Venkatesh Daggubati}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0893142|name=Venkatesh Daggubati}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}
{{Nandi Special Jury Award}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actor}}{{Santosham Best Actor Award}}{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh}}
[[Category:Akkineni–Daggubati family|Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]

Bicchoo Ka Khel

2026-03-22T13:52:09Z

Navi guy: added a data

{{Short description|Crime web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Web series]]
| developer = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| director = [[Ashish Shukla]]
| writer = Gibran Noorani
| music =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Divyendu Sharma]]
* Anshul Chauhan
* [[Mukul Chadda]]
* Trisshna Mukherji
* [[Zeishan Quadri]]
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
* [[Satyajit Sharma]]
* Gagan Anand
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] [[India]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma Sandip Bhatt
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 19-25 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[ALT Balaji]] [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2020|11|18|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Bicchoo Ka Khel''''' is a [[Hindi-language]] crime thriller [[web series]]. Starring [[Divyendu Sharma]] in the lead, the series features Trishna Mukharjee, Anshul Chauhan, [[Mukul Chadda]], [[Satyajit Sharma]] and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] in key roles. It is a revenge drama that tells the tale of a young lad Akhil ([[Divyendu Sharma]]) from UP who challenges and mocks the legal system.

The series was released on 18 November 2020, and is available for streaming on both [[ZEE5]] and [[ALT Balaji]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel trailer: Divyenndu Sharmaa can't seem to let go of Mirzapur's Munna Tripathi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bicchoo-ka-khel-trailer-divyenndu-sharmaa-cannot-seem-to-let-go-of-mirzapur-munna-6906905/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series revolves around mastermind killer Akhil who makes a confession before the police about why he committed a murder. He narrates the story about his life and challenges police officers that he would not get any punishment despite his confession.

== Cast ==
* [[Divyendu Sharma]] as Akhil Srivastava
* Anshul Chauhan as Rashmi Chaubey
* Mukul Chadda as Babu Shrivastav
* Trisshna Mukherji as Protima Chaubey
* [[Zeishan Quadri]] as Nikunj Tiwari
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Mukesh Chaubey
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as Anil Chaubey
* [[Gagan Anand]] as Rajveer
* Akansha Thakur as Renu Singh
* Prashansa Sharma as Poonam Tiwari
* Abhinav Anand as Vikas
* Akash Sahay as Mahindra Singh
* Abhishekh Chauhan as Goldy Singh
* Gautam Babbar as Munna Singh
* Durgesh Kumar as Goli
* Shreedhar Dubey as Prem Kumar Pandey

== Release ==
The series was released on 18 November 2020, and is available for streaming on both [[ZEE5]] and [[ALT Balaji]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title='Bicchoo Ka Khel' trailer: Divyenndu plays a pulp fiction fan in Varanasi-set crime thriller |url=https://scroll.in/reel/977024/bicchoo-ka-khel-trailer-divyenndu-plays-a-pulp-fiction-fan-in-varanasi-set-crime-thriller |website=Scroll.in|date=28 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel Trailer: Divyenndu Sharma Takes On A Roller Coaster Ride With Its Mysterious Suspense And Epic One-liners |date=28 October 2020 |url=https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-news/bicchoo-ka-khel-trailer-divyenndu-sharma-altbalaji-zee5-premium}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Shubra Gupta from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a mixed review stating "Divyenndu has a smart mouth on him, and makes the most of Bicchoo Ka Khel, but even he needs a new schtick."<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel review: Looks like Mirzapur redux |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bicchoo-ka-khel-review-looks-like-mirzapur-redux-7057650/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Archika Khurana from ''[[Times Of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated
"Fans of Divyenndu Sharma aka Munna Bhaiya from Mirzapur will not be disheartened with his act as Akhil Shrivastav. He is back with a bang – mouthing dialogues laden with cuss words, his expressions and comic timing is just brilliant. Anshul Chauhan as his girlfriend Rashmi Chaubey has nailed it. Her chemistry with Divyenndu is endearing and turns out to be one of the highlights of the show."<ref>{{cite news |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel Season 1 Review: A binge-worthy crime thriller with a retro feel to it | newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/bicchoo-ka-khel/season-1/seasonreview/79303343.cms#:~:text=Season%201-,Bicchoo%20Ka%20Khel%20Season%201%20Review%20%3A%20A%20binge%2Dworthy%20crime,a%20retro%20feel%20to%20it&text=STORY%3A%20It's%20about%20Akhil%20Shrivastav,up%20that%20infuriates%20him%20further. | first=Archika | last=Khurana |date=19 November 2020 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref> Gautam Batra from ''Koimoi'' wrote "Anshul Chauhan is too good. She lends a very good performance and looks so cute. Her chemistry with Divyenndu is endearing and one of the highlights of the show."<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel Review: Divyenndu Sharma & Syed Zeeshan Quadri Starrer Is Good In Moments |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/bicchoo-ka-khel-review-divyenndu-sharma-syed-zeeshan-quadri-starrer-is-good-in-moments/ |website=Koimoi |date=19 November 2020}}</ref> Prathyush Parasuraman from Filmcompanion stated the moview as "It's a feel-good low-budget masala genre."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parasuraman |first1=Prathyush |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel On ALT Balaji And Zee5 Starring Divyenndu Is A Vortex Of WTFisms That Never Bores But Never Satisfies |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/bicchoo-ka-khel-web-series-alt-balaji-and-zee5-starring-divyenndu-is-a-vortex-of-wtfisms-that-never-bores-but-never-satisfies/ |website=Film Companion |date=19 November 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12987728}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/bicchoo-ka-khel/0-6-3064 Bicchoo Ka Khel] on [[ZEE5]]
* [https://www.altbalaji.com/show/bicchoo-ka-khel/345 Bicchoo Ka Khel] on [[ALT Balaji]]

[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema

2026-03-16T08:33:46Z

Navi guy:

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = State award for contributions to [[Malayalam cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best book on Malayalam cinema
| sponsor = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| firstawarded = 1984
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR Convert|30000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = C. S. Meenakshi
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website = {{URL|keralafilm.com}}
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Kerala State Film Award for Best Book on Cinema''' is an award presented annually at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] of India to the author of the best book on [[Malayalam cinema]]. The awards are managed directly by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] under the [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Cultural Affairs]] of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/intmarch04.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618203647/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/intmarch04.pdf |archivedate=2012-06-18 }}</ref>

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Author
! Book
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|1984
|Manarkkad Mathew
|''Chalathithraswaroopam''
|
|-
|[[Vijayakrishnan]]
|''Chalathithrathinte Porul''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1985
|Kallikkadu Ramachandran
|''Lokacinema Oru Mukhadarshanam''
|
|-
|[[Vijayakrishnan]]
|''Maarunna Prathichayakal''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|[[Mankada Ravi Varma]]
|''Chithram Chalachithram''
|
|-
|[[Vijayakrishnan]]
|''Karuppum Veluppum Varnangalum''
|
|-
|1987
|V. Rajakrishnan
|''Kazhchayude Asanthi''
|
|-
|1988
|[[Kozhikkodan]]
|''Chalathitraswadanam Engane? ''
|
|-
|1989
|Dr. Aravindan Vallachira
|''Chalachithravum Samoohavum''
|
|-
|1990
|[[Chintha Ravi|Ravindran]]
|''Cinemayude Rashtreeyam''
|
|-
|1991
|[[Vijayakrishnan]]
|''Kalathil Kothiya Silpangal''
|
|-
|1992
|Dr. Aravindan Vallachira
|''Chalachitra Prasthangal''
|
|-
|1994
|K. Vellappan
|''Cinemayum Samoohavum ''
|
|-
|1995
|Salam Karasseri
|''Cinemalochana''
|
|-
|1996
|[[I. Shanmughadas]]
|''Sanchaariyude Veedu''
|
|-
|1997
|V. K. Joseph
|''Cinemayum Prathaiyayasasthravum''
|
|-
|1998
|G. P. Ramachandran
|''Cinemayum Malayaliyude Jeevithavum''
|
|-
|1999
|Eravankara
|''Malayala Cinemayum Sahityavum''
|
|-
|2000
|[[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
|''M. T.: Oranuyatra''
|
|-
|2001
|Sudha Warrier
|''Anukalpanathintae Attaprakaram ''
|
|-
|2002
|[[C. V. Balakrishnan]]
|''Cinemayude Idangal ''
|
|-
|2003
|Rajan P Thodiyoor
|''Nizhal Chitrangalude Porul''
|
|-
|2004
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|''Cinemanubhavam''
|
|-
|2005
|K. Gopinathan
|''Cinemayum Samskaravum ''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|M. F. Thomas
|''Adoorinte Chalachitra Yatrakal''
|
|-
|P. G. Sadanandan
|''Cinemayude Neethisaram''
|
|-
|2007
|[[N. P. Sajeesh]]
|''Shalaba Chirakukal Kozhiyunna Charithra Shishirathil''
|
|-
|2008
|[[:ml:%E0%B4%8E. %E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%BC|A. Chandrasekhar]]
|''Bodhatheerangalil Kalam Midikkumbol ''
|
|-
|2009
|G. P. Ramachandran
|''Malayala Cinema: Desam, Bhasha, Samskaram ''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|Jose K. Manual
|''Thirakkadha Sahithyam: Soundaryavum Prasakthiyum''
|
|-
|P. S. Radhakrishnan
|''Charithravum Chalachithravum: Desiya Bhavanayude Harsha Moolyangal''
|
|-
|2011
|G. P. Ramachandran
|''Loka Cinema Kazhchayum Sthalakaalangalum''
|
|-
|2012
|K. Gopinathan
|''Cinemayude Nottangal''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|S. Jayachandran Nair
|Kazhchayude Sathyam
|
|-
|[[Vijayakrishnan]]
|''Indian Cinemayude 100 Varshangal''
|
|-
|2014
|V K joseph
|Athijeevanathinte Chalachithra Bhashyangal
|
|-
|2015
|[[K. B. Venu]]
|K. G. Georgente Chalachithra Yathrakal
|
|-
|2016
|Aju K. Narayanan, Cherry Jacob
|Cinema Muthal Cinema Vare
|
|-
|2017
|V. Mohanakrishnan
|''Cinema Kanum Deshangal''
|
|-
|2018
|M. Jayaraj
|''Malayala Cinema Pinnitta Vazhikal''
|
|-
|[[50th Kerala State Film Awards|2019]]
|[[P. K. Rajasekharan]]
|''Cinema Sandarbhangal: Cinema Shaalayum Keraleeya Pothumandalavum''
|
|-
|[[51st Kerala State Film Awards|2020]]
|P. K. Surendran
|Aakyanathinte Piriyan Kovanikal
|
|-
|[[52nd Kerala State Film Awards|2021]]
|[[Pattanam Rasheed]]
|Chamayam
|
|-
|[[53rd Kerala State Film Awards|2022]]
|[[C. S. Venkiteswaran]]
|Cinemayude Bhavanadeshangal
|
|-
|[[54th Kerala State Film Awards|2023]]
|Kishore Kumar
|Mazhavilkanniloode Malayala Cinema
|
|-
|[[55th Kerala State Film Awards|2024]]
|[[C. S. Meenakshi]]
|Pennpaattu Tharakal
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/03/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-list-of-winners-live.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025: Mammootty Best Actor, Shamla Hamza Best Actress, 'Manjummel Boys' is Best Film|work=OnlineManorama.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Article on Cinema]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120722074426/http://www.keralafilm.com/statefilm.htm Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm PRD, Govt. of Kerala: Awardees List]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120618203647/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/intmarch04.pdf]

{{Kerala State film Award}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]

Qureshi

2026-03-15T16:04:22Z

Navi guy: page fix

{{For|people with the surname|List of people with surname Qureshi}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}
'''Qureshi''' is a surname, is driven from Arabic words ({{langx|ar|قُرَيْشٍ}}) when writing in English it has various spelling formation such as [[Quraysh|Quraish]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=elhor |first=ahmed |date=2024-07-22 |title=Surah Quraish Transliteration And English Translation - Moddakir |url=https://moddakiracademy.com/surah-quraish-transliteration-and-english-translation/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Moddakir Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} Qurayš, Qureshi/[[Hawk of Quraish|Quraishi]]/Qurashi is often spelled “Qurashi” (القرشي) in Arabic, and it refers to someone descended from the [[Quraysh]] tribe (قبيلة قريش), the tribe of the [[Islam]]ic prophet Muhammad. Individuals and families across Saudi Arabia, Asia and throughout the Arab world, still bear the name Qureshi, Qurashi, or Al-Quraishi, often to signal lineage to the Muhammad's tribe which originated from [[Mecca|Makkah]].

The Qureshi (or Quraysh) family refers to the historical Arab tribe of Quraysh, which was the tribe of Muhammad in [[Mecca|Makkah]] [[Hejaz]], present day [[Saudi Arabia]].The [[Quraysh]] played a central role in early Islamic history, particularly in [[Mecca|Makkah]], where they were the custodians of the Kaaba and leaders in trade and politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saber |first=Roaa |date=2024-05-02 |title=Exploring the Legacy of the Quraysh: Insights into the Tribe, Suratul Quraysh, and Their Role in Early Islam |url=https://iqranetwork.com/blog/exploring-the-legacy-of-the-quraysh-insights-into-the-tribe-suratul-quraysh-and-their-role-in-early-islam/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Learn Quran online, Arabic & Islamic Studies Online {{!}} IQRA Network |language=en-US}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} The Qureshi tribe claimed to be descended from [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] and the [[Ishmael|Ismael]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Abu Amina |date=2012-08-06 |title=Hadith on Isma'il: Allah chose the Prophet from line of Ishmael |url=https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2012/08/06/muhammad-lineage-ishmael/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.abuaminaelias.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Qureshi is a common surname in [[South Asia]], especially in [[Pakistan]] (82%: 1,210,000, out of 1,470,000 worldwide), where it is the ninth most common surname. India has the second most (11%: 162,000). It is also present in parts of [[Western Asia]], in [[Saudi Arabia]] (2.5%: 36,300), [[Iran]], and [[England]] (0.65%: 9,580).<ref name="Forebears">{{cite web |title=Qureshi Surname Meaning & Statistics |url= https://forebears.co.uk/surnames/qureshi#nations2014 |website=Forebears |access-date=31 March 2017}} Data as of 2014. Frequency counts rounded to three significant digits; percentages to two significant digits. See the [[Talk:Qureshi#Statistics|Talk page]].</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Zarin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jurkDwAAQBAJ&dq=qureshi+surname&pg=PT54 |title=Delhi's Meatscapes: Muslim Butchers in a Transforming Mega-City |date=2018-06-14 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-909538-4 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim|Muhammad bin Qasim]]'s invasion of Sindh in 711 CE marked a pivotal moment in the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate into the Indian subcontinent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Administrative Service - IAS Exam |url=https://prepp.in/news/e-492-muhammad-bin-qasim-medieval-india-history-notes |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Prepp |language=en}}</ref> One significant migration took place during the early Islamic conquests. In 711 CE, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim led an expedition into Sindh (present-day Pakistan), bringing many Arab settlers, including members of the Qureshi tribe, into the region. These settlers established themselves in Sindh and played a role in the area’s administration and cultural development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shaikh Qureshi in Pakistan Profile |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/21236/PK?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=joshuaproject.net}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

Families using this spelling of the surname Qureshi in the Indian subcontinent claim to be descended from the [[Quraysh|Quraish]] tribe of ancient [[Mecca]].<ref name="auto" /> However, DNA testing has shown that the largest group identifying with this surname originated in South Asia, failing to substantiate claims of Arab ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qureshi Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin & Family History |url=https://discover.23andme.com/last-name/Qureshi |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=discover.23andme.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Arabic-language surnames]]
[[Category:Urdu surnames]]
[[Category:Pakistani names]]

Priyanka Halder

2026-03-15T03:55:35Z

Navi guy: done

{{Short description|Indian actress and model (born 1991)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyanka Halder
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|02|10}}
| birth_place = West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actress, performer
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for = [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]], Utha Patak 4, [[India's Got Talent]]
| notable_works = Television roles and [[India's Got Latent]] appearance
| spouse =
| children = 1
}}

'''Priyanka Halder''' (born February 10, 1991) is an Indian actress and model known for her roles in television dramas such as Crime Patrol and Utha Patak 4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.m9.news/social-media-viral/b-grade-actress-priyanka-halder-cheats-live-cheap-act-on-stage/|title=B-Grade Actress Cheats Live: Cheap Act on Stage|date=December 10, 2024|website=M9.news}}</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/who-is-priyanka-halder-the-actress-who-is-facing-trolling-after-appearance-on-samay-rainas-indias-got-latent/articleshow/116243907.cms</ref> Halder gained widespread attention in 2024 due to her controversial appearance on ''[[India's Got Latent]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Who is Priyanka Halder? 'Most uncomfortable' costume cutting act on 'India's Got Latent' sparks controversy |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/who-is-priyanka-halder-most-uncomfortable-costume-cutting-act-on-india-s-got-latent-sparks-controversy-11733821061690.html |website=www.livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=India's Got Latent contestant Priyanka Halder trolled for asking friend to cut her clothes on stage, netizens call it disgusting |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/india-s-got-latent-contestant-priyanka-halder-trolled-for-asking-friend-to-cut-her-clothes-on-stage-netizens-call-it-disgusting-article-12886995.html |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/indias-got-latent-who-is-priyanka-halder-bold-actress-accused-of-cheating-husband-for-costume-cutter|title=India's Got Latent: Who Is Priyanka Halder? 'Bold' Actress Accused Of 'Cheating' Husband For Costume Cutter|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 10, 2024 |title=India's Got Latent: Contestant's Act Stirs Online Debate About Family And Personal Choices |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/india-s-got-latent-contestant-s-act-on-samay-raina-show-stirs-online-debate-about-family-and-personal-choices-1736738 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==

Halder completed her education up to Class 12, after which she got married. She began her acting career by appearing in crime shows, adult-themed content such as [[web series]], and entertainment programs, including [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]] and [[DD National]] productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Viral Video: Priyanka Halder's Shocking Stage Accident Leaves Fans Stunned |url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/viral-video-priyanka-halders-shocking-stage-accident-leaves-fans-stunned-011-4011597.html |website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/viral/who-is-priyanka-halder-indias-got-latent-contestant-receiving-flak-after-costume-cutting-act-9150837.html|title=Who Is Priyanka Halder? India's Got Latent Contestant Receiving Flak After Costume Cutting Act|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meet-priyanka-halder-indias-got-latent-contestant-who-stirred-social-media-debate-over-allegedly-cheating-on-her-husband-13843219.html|title=Meet Priyanka Halder, 'India's Got Latent' contestant who stirred social media debate over allegedly cheating on her husband|date=December 10, 2024|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/celebrity/meet-priyanka-halder-actress-behind-controversial-outfit-cutting-act-on-indias-got-latent-2770412|title=Meet Priyanka Halder, actress behind outfit-cutting act on India's Got Latent|date=December 10, 2024|website=News9live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 11, 2024 |title=Watch: Video of TV actress Priyanka Haldar's bold act on 'India Got Latent' show goes viral |url=https://kalingatv.com/offbeat/watch-video-of-tv-actress-priyanka-haldars-bold-act-on-india-got-latent-show-goes-viral/}}</ref>

== 2024 controversy ==

In 2024, Priyanka participated in ''India's Got Latent'', performing as a model in a live costume-cutting act. During the segment, she revealed that she is married, has a 15-year-old son, and lives separately from her husband, who works for the Indian Railways in [[Nagpur]]. Halder resides in [[Mumbai]] and reportedly did not inform her husband about her performances. Her act was met with mixed reactions. Judges like [[Samay Raina]], [[Bharti Singh]], and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] criticized her performance, labelling it inappropriate. However, others supported her, praising her creative expression amidst online debates about her personal choices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/who-is-priyanka-halder-all-about-gandii-baat-actress-who-stirred-controversy-after-bold-act-on-samay-rainas-indias-got-latent-6480179.html/amp|title=Who Is Priyanka Halder? All About 'Gandii Baat' Actress Who Stirred Controversy After Bold Act on Samay Raina's 'India's Got Latent' | 📺 LatestLY|first=Aayush|last=Shetty|date=December 10, 2024|website=LatestLY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/viral/viral-video-india-got-latent-contestant-priyanka-halder-faces-backlash-over-costume-cutting-act-netizens-are-upset-10206059|title=Viral Video: India's Got Latent Contestant Priyanka Halder Criticised For Costume-Cutting Act; Netizens Are Upset|date=December 10, 2024|website=English Jagran}}</ref><ref>https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/meet-priyanka-halder-actress-who-allowed-a-man-to-cut-her-dress-on-samay-rainas-indias-got-latent-article-116247515</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halder, Priyanka}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

GS Panicker

2026-03-13T18:57:16Z

Navi guy: starting a details.

{{Short description|Indian director (1944–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = GS Panicker
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1944
| birth_place = Thiruvananthapuram
| death_date = 22 August 2022 (aged 78)
| death_place = Chennai, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[Screen writer]]|[[film producer]]}}
| yearsactive =1978-1991
}}

'''GS Panicker''' was an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer who was active primarily in his native Malayalam, apart from Kannada cinema, from 1978 to 1991. For ''Sahyante Makan'' (1982), he won the [[Kerala_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Children's_Film|Kerala State Award for Best Children's Film]]. His films [[Prakriti Manohari|''Prakrithi Manohari'']] (1980) and [[Pandavapuram|''Paandavapuram'']] (1986) were selected to the Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India (IFFI). His film ''[[Ekakini]]'' (1978) won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]]. <ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title=കഥയില്ലാത്ത 'ഏകാകിനി', ഇക്കിളിപ്പെടുത്തിയ 'വാസരശയ്യ'; ജി.എസ്. പണിക്കരെ ഓർമിക്കുമ്പോൾ|author=പ്രശാന്ത് കാനത്തൂർ|
url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/ekaakini-vasarashayya-gs-panicker-unforgettable-movies-1.7756279 |publisher=Mathrubhumi|date= 4 August 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
During his school and pre-graduation days, Panicker was active in amateur theater in his hometown of [[Chirayinkeezhu]] in the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district of Kerala. He was an avid filmgoer. After graduating, he moved to Chennai to learn about cinema. A year later, he gained admission to the film direction and screenplay-writing program at [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] Pune.

==Career==
His initial scripts did not receive much attention. He then moved to Canada and worked in the television sector for three years to secure the budget for his maiden movie.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Director GS panicker passes away|
url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=875727|publisher=Kerala Kaumudi |date=4 August 2022}}
</ref>

On his return, he made his debut as a director and producer with ''[[Ekakini]]'', considered the first road movie in Malayalam. Between 1980 and 1991, he directed three feature films ([[Prakriti Manohari|''Prakrithi Manohari'']], ''Sahyante Makan'', [[Pandavapuram|''Paandavapuram'']]); ''Vaasarashayya'', a docu-fiction; and ''Neelavasantham'', a telefilm, all in Malayalam. ''Sahyante Makan'' is a children's film. During the same period, he directed ''Romanchana'' (1985), a Kannada film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romanchana| website=[[YouTube]] |
url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3grm55_Hts|date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

All his films have been commercially successful, with ''Vaasarashayya'' bringing bumper collections and being dubbed into multiple Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vasarashayya| website=[[YouTube]] |
url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XidP3YJu_QQ|date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=സംവിധായകൻ ജി എസ് പണിക്കർ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.sirajlive.com/director-gs-panicker-passed-away.html|publisher=Sirajlive|date=4 August 2022}}
</ref>
==Death==
GS Panicker passed away while under treatment at a private hospital in Chennai in August 2022. He is survived by his wife, son, and daughter.<ref>{{Cite news|title=കഥയില്ലാത്ത 'ഏകാകിനി', ഇക്കിളിപ്പെടുത്തിയ 'വാസരശയ്യ'; ജി.എസ്. പണിക്കരെ ഓർമിക്കുമ്പോൾ|author=പ്രശാന്ത് കാനത്തൂർ|
url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/ekaakini-vasarashayya-gs-panicker-unforgettable-movies-1.7756279 |publisher=Mathrubhumi|date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Film director GS Panicker passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Aug/04/film-directorg-s-panicker-passes-away-2484187.html | publisher=New Indian Express|date=4 August 2022}}
</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Ekakini'' (1978)
*''Prakrithi Manohari'' (1980)
*''Sahyante Makan'' (1982)
*''Romanchana'' (1985)
*''Paandavapuram'' (1986)
*''Vaasarashayya'' (1993)
*''Neelavasantham'' (1991)
*''Bhoothapandi''
*''Mid Summer Dreams'' (2018) – Shelved project<ref>{{Cite news|title=Director GS Panicker passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-gs-panicker-passes-away/articleshow/93343232.cms| publisher=Times of India|date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

Avaghachi Sansar

2026-03-11T04:32:49Z

Navi guy: added info!

{{Short description|2006 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Avaghachi Sansar.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Rohini Ninawe Vivek Apte
| director = Mandar Devsthali
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Devki Pandit
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Ashok Patki]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1169
| list_episodes =
| producer = Shashank Solanki
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2006|05|22}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010|04|24}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Avaghachi Sansar''''' ({{translation|Only the world}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series premiered from 22 May 2006 which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=१४ वर्षांनंतर प्रेक्षक पुन्हा पाहणार 'अवघाचि संसार'|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/popular-marathi-tv-show-avaghachi-ha-sansar-to-air-its-rerun-after-14-years/articleshow/77736155.cms|access-date=2021-02-17|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title='अवघाचि संसार' ही मालिका पुन्हा येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला...|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/avghachi-sansar-serial-is-going-to-re-telecast-on-zee-yuva-avb-95-2252046/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> It is the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|Zee Marathi's first longest running soap opera]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avaghachi Sansar launches on Zee Marathi|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/avaghachi-sansar-launches-zee-marathi-060520|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Telly Chakkar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Popular Marathi TV show Avaghachi Ha Sansar to air its rerun after 14 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-tv-show-avaghachi-ha-sansar-to-air-its-rerun-after-14-years/articleshow/77725920.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2020}}</ref> Due to its popularity, the show reran on [[Zee Yuva]] from 24 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-24|title=लोकप्रिय मालिका 'अवघाचि संसार' पुन्हा सुरु होणार झी युवावर...|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/popular-series-avaghachi-ha-sansar-will-resume-on-zee-yuva/532153|access-date=2021-09-27|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-24|title=प्रेक्षकांसाठी ट्रीट: प्रसाद ओक आणि अमृता सुभाष यांची गाजलेली मालिका 'अवघाचि संसार' पुन्हा एकदा येतेय भेटीला|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/prasad-oak-and-amrita-subhashs-hit-serial-avaghachi-ha-sansar-is-coming-on-zee-yuva-127637235.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Prasad Oak]] as Harshwardhan Bhosale
* [[Amruta Subhash]] as Asawari Harshwardhan Bhosale / Asawari Raghunath Mohite

=== Recurring ===
* [[Kadambari Kadam]] as Antara Raghunath Mohite; Asawari's sister
* Suhita Thatte as Sudha Raghunath Mohite
* Vandana Sardesai-Waknis as Uma Dhananjay Mohite
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Dhananjay Mohite; Raghunath's brother
* Vihang Nayak / [[Anand Abhyankar]] as Raghunath Mohite; School's principal
* [[Neha Joshi]] as Sanyogita Bhosale; Harsh's sister
* Dipti Devi / [[Samidha Guru]] as Neha Dhananjay Mohite; Asawari and Antara's sister
* [[Hemangi Kavi]] as Sakshi; Antara's friend
* [[Suruchi Adarkar]] as Harsh's office receptionist
* [[Neha Bam]] as Mrs. Gore
* [[Aadesh Bandekar]] as Mr. Mayekar
* Shriram Kolhatkar as Mr. Ghare; Bank Manager
* Sarika Nilatkar as Mrs. Lad
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Raj Sharangpani
* Pankaj Vishnu as Sachin Mhatre; Asawari's fiance
* [[Arun Nalawade]] as Dhanaji Mane
* Dipti Ketkar as Sharada Raje
* [[Pushkar Shrotri]]
* [[Shweta Shinde]]
* [[Ashok Shinde]]
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
* Avinash Narkar
* Ajay Purkar
* Uday Sabnis
* Aniket Kelkar
* Vidyadhar Joshi
* Sunil Godbole
* Manasi Magikar
* Kishor Mahabole

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|2006
|Best Siblings
|[[Amruta Subhash]]-[[Kadambari Kadam]]
|Asawari-Antara
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|Best Character Female
|[[Amruta Subhash]]
|Asawari Bhosale
|-
|Best Father
|Vihang Nayak
|Raghunath Mohite
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Prasad Oak]]
|Harshwardhan Bhosale
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|Best Character Female
|[[Amruta Subhash]]
|Asawari Bhosale
|-
|Best Supporting Character Male
|Pankaj Vishnu
|Sachin Mhatre
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Prasad Oak]]
|Harshwardhan Bhosale
|-
|2009
|Best Character Female
|[[Amruta Subhash]]
|Asawari Bhosale
|}

== Reception ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 45
|2008
|0.77
|3
|99
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 02/11/2008 to 08/11/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202064723/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=02/11/2008&endperiod=08/11/2008|archive-date=2008-12-02|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=02/11/2008&endperiod=08/11/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2008
|0.89
|3
|58
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 16/11/2008 to 22/11/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092225/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008|archive-date=2008-12-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2008
|0.98
|3
|73
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 07/12/2008 to 13/12/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231234041/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=07/12/2008&endperiod=13/12/2008|archive-date=2008-12-31|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=07/12/2008&endperiod=13/12/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2009
|0.97
|2
|73
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 04/01/2009 to 10/01/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122201135/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=04/01/2009&endperiod=10/01/2009|archive-date=2009-01-22|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=04/01/2009&endperiod=10/01/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2009
|1.02
|3
|68
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 18/01/2009 to 24/01/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208173523/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/01/2009&endperiod=24/01/2009|archive-date=2009-02-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/01/2009&endperiod=24/01/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2009
|0.8
|4
|92
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 01/02/2009 to 07/02/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226010253/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=01/02/2009&endperiod=07/02/2009|archive-date=2009-02-26|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=01/02/2009&endperiod=07/02/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2009
|0.77
|4
|98
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 08/02/2009 to 14/02/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307013359/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/02/2009&endperiod=14/02/2009|archive-date=2009-03-07|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/02/2009&endperiod=14/02/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2009
|0.77
|5
|96
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 12/04/2009 to 18/04/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506112307/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=12/04/2009&endperiod=18/04/2009|archive-date=2009-05-06|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=12/04/2009&endperiod=18/04/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2009
|0.8
|3
|95
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 19/04/2009 to 25/04/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508161453/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=19/04/2009&endperiod=25/04/2009|archive-date=2009-05-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=19/04/2009&endperiod=25/04/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2009
|0.7
|3
|99
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 03/05/2009 to 09/05/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522003038/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=03/05/2009&endperiod=09/05/2009|archive-date=2009-05-22|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=03/05/2009&endperiod=09/05/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2009
|0.7
|2
|90
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 10/05/2009 to 16/05/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531171818/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=10/05/2009&endperiod=16/05/2009|archive-date=2009-05-31|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=10/05/2009&endperiod=16/05/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2009
|0.84
|2
|78
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 31/05/2009 to 06/06/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616130004/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=31/05/2009&endperiod=06/06/2009|archive-date=2009-06-16|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=31/05/2009&endperiod=06/06/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2009
|0.7
|4
|99
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 12/07/2009 to 18/07/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801051704/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=12/07/2009&endperiod=18/07/2009|archive-date=2009-08-01|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=12/07/2009&endperiod=18/07/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Wewk 40
|2009
|0.84
|3
|79
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 04/10/2009 to 10/10/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030111647/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=04/10/2009&endperiod=10/10/2009|archive-date=2009-10-30|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=04/10/2009&endperiod=10/10/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2009
|0.7
|3
|93
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 13/12/2009 to 19/12/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117225235/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=13/12/2009&endperiod=19/12/2009|archive-date=2010-01-17|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=13/12/2009&endperiod=19/12/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2009
|0.9
|3
|87
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 27/12/2009 to 02/01/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125190751/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/12/2009&endperiod=02/01/2010|archive-date=2010-01-25|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/12/2009&endperiod=02/01/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2010
|0.9
|3
|83
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 03/01/2010 to 09/01/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126144914/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=03/01/2010&endperiod=09/01/2010|archive-date=2010-01-26|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=03/01/2010&endperiod=09/01/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2010
|0.8
|1
|85
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 14/03/2010 to 20/03/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331132856/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=14/03/2010&endperiod=20/03/2010|archive-date=2010-03-31|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=14/03/2010&endperiod=20/03/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2010
|0.6
|1
|99
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 18/04/2010 to 24/04/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507110158/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/04/2010&endperiod=24/04/2010|archive-date=2010-05-07|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/04/2010&endperiod=24/04/2010}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=45 | title = Avaghachi Sansar | archive-date = 2010-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100115032541/http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=45 | access-date = 2021-02-17 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt14177526}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/avghachi-sansar/0-6-490 ''Avaghachi Sansar''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]

1993 Latur earthquake

2026-03-10T15:50:58Z

Navi guy: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Earthquake centered in Maharashtra State, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = 1993 Latur earthquake
| timestamp = 1993-09-29 22:25:48
| anss-url = usp000618c
| isc-event = 210578
| local-date = {{start date text|30 September 1993|30 September 1993}}
| local-time = 03:56
| map2 = {{location map | India Maharashtra#India
|relief = yes
|label =
|lat = 18.07
|long = 76.62
|mark = Bullseye1.png
|marksize = 50
|caption =
|float = right
|width = 260}}
| magnitude = 6.2 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/> 6.3 {{M|s|link=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Event: MAHARASHTRA, INDIA|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5364|publisher=National Geophysical Data Center}}</ref>
| depth = {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| location = {{coord|18.07|76.62|display=inline, title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Reverse]]<ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
| countries affected = India
| damages = [[United States dollar|$]]280 million–1.3 billion<ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
| intensity = {{MMI|8}} <ref name=NGDC/> {{MSK-64|8}} <ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |author1=Harsh Gupta |author2=Bal Krishna Rastogi |title=An investigation into the Latur earthquake of September 29, 1993 in southern India |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |year=1998 |volume=287 |issue=1 |pages=299–318 |doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(98)80075-9 |bibcode=1998Tectp.287..299G |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223484497}}</ref>
| casualties = 9,748 dead<ref name=PAGER-CAT/> 30,000 injured<ref name=PAGER-CAT/> 1 million displaced<ref name="Overview">{{cite web|title=overview of the maharashtra, india emergency earthquake rehabilitation program|url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/2290.pdf|website=iitk.ac.in|access-date=15 March 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308055437/https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/2290.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2022 }}</ref>
}}

The '''1993 Latur earthquake''' struck [[India]] at 3:56 am local time ([[UTC+05:30]]) on 30 September. The main area affected were the districts of [[Latur]] and [[Dharashiv district|Osmanabad]], including the Ausa block of Latur and Omerga of Osmanabad in [[Maharashtra]], [[Western India]].<ref name="Earth Quake">{{cite web|title=Earth Quake|url=http://latur.nic.in/html/earthquake.htm|access-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209043831/http://latur.nic.in/html/earthquake.htm|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fifty-two villages were demolished in the [[intraplate earthquake]]. It measured 6.2 on the moment magnitude scale, and approximately 10,000 people died,<ref name="latur ref1">{{cite news |last1=Somasekhar |first1=M. |title=26 years on, the Latur quake has taught us many lessons |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/26-years-on-the-latur-quake-has-taught-us-many-lessons/article29559392.ece |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=1 October 2019}}</ref> whilst another 30,000 were injured. The earthquake's [[hypocenter]] was around 10 km deep – relatively shallow – allowing shock waves to cause more damage. It is considered the deadliest earthquake in the stable [[continental crust]] to have occurred in recorded history.<ref name=NGDC/>

Because the location does not lie on a plate boundary, there was some debate as to what caused the earthquake. The Indian sub-continent crumples as it pushes against [[Asia]] and pressure is released. It is possible that this pressure is released along fault lines. Another argument is that reservoir construction along the [[Terna River|Terna]] was responsible for increasing pressure on fault lines. Killari,<ref name="latur ref2">{{cite news |title=Latur earthquake 1993: September 30, a 'black day' for quake survivors in Maharashtra's Killari village – The Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/latur-earthquake-1993-september-30-a-black-day-for-quake-survivors-in-maharashtras-killari-village/1327317/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=26 September 2018}}</ref> where the epicenter of the quake is believed to have been, had a large crater, which remains in place to date.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MAR-killari-earthquake-22-years-5127947-NOR.html|title=PHOTOS : किल्लारी भूकंप, २३ वर्षांनंतरही जखमा अजून ओल्‍या|work=divyamarathi|access-date=13 September 2018|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/maharashtras-deadliest-earthquake-265569-2015-09-30|title=Maharashtra's deadliest earthquake: Some facts you must know about the Latur earthquake|website=India Today|date=30 September 2015 |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

==Background and geology==
The Latur area, and indeed peninsular India where it is located, was previously considered having the least possibility of seismic activity. Prior to 1967 there had been only three recorded notable earthquakes in peninsular India. The Koyna earthquake, a few hundred miles west of Latur in 1967 was the most recent one.<ref>Gupta, H. K., Mohan, I., Rastogi, B. K., Rao, M. N., & Rao, C. V. R. (1993). A quick look at the Latur earthquake of 30 September 1993. Current Science, 65(7), 517–521. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24095866</ref> Latur area is near the eastern end of [[Deccan Traps]] formed by [[flood basalt]]. The basalt flows in the area are estimated to be 450 meters thick with the terrain generally flat.<ref>Rajendran, C. P., Rajendran, K., Unnikrishnan, K. R., & John, B. (1996). Palaeoseismic indicators in the rupture zone of the 1993 Killari (Latur) earthquake. Current Science, 70(5), 385–390. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24097438</ref>

==Impact==
The earthquake struck at 03:56 AM local time, when many residents were still celebrating a religious holiday. In Latur District, 817 of its 936 villages were affected; 374 villages were damaged in Osmanabad District.<ref name="Comfort95">{{cite book |last1=Comfort |first1=Louise K. |title=Self organization in disaster response and recovery: The Maharashtra, India Earthquake of September 30, 1993 |date=1 January 1995 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/154457711.pdf |publisher=Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado}}</ref> Fifty-two villages were levelled.<ref name="latur ref3" /> Estimates of the death toll range from 7,582 to over 11,000. In Killari, more than 1,200 people died and at least 2,847 homes were razed.<ref name="Comfort95" /> Within the epicenter area, nearly all livestock were destroyed. The scale of death and destruction was considered disproportionately large for the moderate earthquake magnitude. Poor construction methods and rainy weather which preceded the earthquake contributed to the destruction.<ref name="Kaul94">{{cite journal |last1=Kaul |first1=Ravi |title=Latur Earthquake |journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues |date=1994 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=55–57 |publisher=Kapur Surya Foundation}}</ref><ref name="latur ref4">{{cite news |title=Only 3,500 Latur earthquake victims got jobs in 27 years: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/only-3-500-latur-earthquake-victims-got-jobs-in-27-years-report/story-KjTPBb2xsr51lD5wejB53N.html |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="latur ref5">{{cite news |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Arshi |title=Killari quake: 25 years on, survivors still recovering from quake which killed 10,000 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-killari-quake-25-years-on-survivors-still-recovering-from-quake-which-killed-10-000-466850 |access-date=20 October 2021 |publisher=indiatvnews. |date=30 September 2018}}</ref>

==Relief efforts==
Several foreign and local donors reacted immediately to the tragedy by sending relief teams and rescue workers.<ref name="latur ref3">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra's deadliest earthquake: Some facts you must know about the Latur earthquake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/maharashtras-deadliest-earthquake-265569-2015-09-30 |access-date=20 October 2021 |work=India Today |date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Physicians and staff from Railway Hospital, Solapur and V.M. Medical College, [[Solapur]] were amongst the first to reach the site and assisted with treatment of the injured over the next several weeks. The first convoy of over 120 trucks laden with relief material such as tents, blankets, food and clothing, medical supplies and temporary shelters given by international donors<ref name="latur ref3" /> departed from [[Mumbai]] at around 10am on 2 October 1993. 42nd battalion of MIL, The [[Indian Army]], State Reserve Police Force, [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and other law enforcement agencies and volunteer organizations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) rushed their personnel almost immediately after the quake,<ref name="latur ref3" /> assuming there would be a greater number of casualties.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of earthquakes in 1993]]
*[[List of earthquakes in India]]
*[[Geology of Maharashtra]]
*[[Nanded earthquakes]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2012)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2016|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 3.0}}</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929000601/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2006|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=4 September 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
* Baumbach, M. & Grosser, Helmut & Schmidt, H. & Paulat, A. & Rietbrock, Andreas & Rao, C. & Raju, P. & Sarkar, D. & Mohan, Indra. (1994). Study of the Foreshocks and Aftershocks of the Intraplate Latur Earthquake of 30 September 1993, India.
* {{cite journal | last1=Gupta | first1=Harsh K. | last2=Rastogi | first2=B.K. | last3=Mohan | first3=Indra | last4=Rao | first4=C.V.R.K. | last5=Sarma | first5=S.V.S. | last6=Rao | first6=R.U.M. | title=An investigation into the Latur earthquake of September 29, 1993 in southern India | journal=Tectonophysics | volume=287 | issue=1–4 | year=1998 | issn=0040-1951 | doi=10.1016/s0040-1951(98)80075-9 | pages=299–318| bibcode=1998Tectp.287..299G }}
* {{cite journal | last=Gupta | first=H. K. | author-link=Harsh Gupta | title=The Deadly Latur Earthquake | journal=Science | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | volume=262 | issue=5140 | date=10 December 1993 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.262.5140.1666 | pages=1666–1667X | jstor=2885075| pmid=17781784 | bibcode=1993Sci...262.1666G }}
* {{cite journal | last=Parasuraman | first=S. | title=The Impact of the 1993 Latur-Osmanabad (Maharashtra) Earthquake on Lives, Livelihoods and Property | journal=Disasters | volume=19 | issue=2 | year=1995 | issn=0361-3666 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00366.x | pages=156–169| pmid=7600058 | bibcode=1995Disas..19..156P }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Rajendran | first1=C. P. | last2=Rajendran | author-link1=C. P. Rajendran | first2=Kusala | last3=John | first3=Biju | title=The 1993 Killari (Latur), central India, earthquake: An example of fault reactivation in the Precambrian crust | journal=Geology | volume=24 | issue=7 | year=1996 | issn=0091-7613 | doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0651:tklcie>2.3.co;2 | page=651| bibcode=1996Geo....24..651R }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070217113739/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/latur.htm imd.ernet.in: LATUR EARTHQUAKE OF SEPTEMBER 30,1993]
* {{EQ-isc-link|210578}}

{{Earthquakes in 1993}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latur}}
[[Category:1993 in India]]
[[Category:1993 earthquakes]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Maharashtra|1993 Latur]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra (1947–present)]]
[[Category:History of Latur]]
[[Category:September 1993 in India]]
[[Category:1993 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Rao administration]]

Madhushree

2026-03-09T18:01:22Z

Navi guy: expanded content

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{distinguish|Madhushree Narayan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Family name hatnote|Bhattacharya|lang=Bengali}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Madhushree Bhattacharya
| image = Madhushree_singer.jpg
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|11|02|df=yes}}
| birth_name = Sujata Bhattacharya
| alias = Madhushree
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| origin =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 2002–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|madhushree.com}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Madhushree''' ({{IPA|bn|modʱuʃri}}) (born '''Sujata Bhattacharya''', 2 November 1969), is an Indian [[playback singer]] who sings in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She joined the [[Rabindra Bharati University]] and completed her master's degree.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhushree: Nepotism and music mafia has always been there in the music industry – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/madhushree-nepotism-and-music-mafia-has-always-been-there-in-the-music-industry/articleshow/76650347.cms|access-date=22 January 2021|website=The Times of India |date=26 June 2020 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Madhushree was born as Sujata Bhattacharya in a Bengali family in [[Kolkata]] to Amarendranath and Parbati Bhattacharya, who were her initial teachers.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050128/asp/etc/story_4293320.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203144728/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050128/asp/etc/story_4293320.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Singer Interview: Madhushree |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com | location=Calcutta, India |date=28 January 2005}}</ref> She was taught classical music by Sangeetacharya Pt. Amiya Ranjan Bandyopadhyay, a noted exponent of the [[Bishnupur Gharana]]<ref name="telegraphindia2">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050930/asp/atleisure/story_5301695.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203143826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050930/asp/atleisure/story_5301695.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Melodic maturity |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com | location=Calcutta, India |first=Meena |last=Banerjee |date=30 September 2005}}</ref><ref name="santanubandyopadhyay">{{cite web |url=http://www.santanubandyopadhyay.com/my-guru.html |title=My Guru |publisher=www.santanubandyopadhyay.com |access-date=25 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126081633/http://santanubandyopadhyay.com/my-guru.html |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and excelled in [[Thumri]] and [[Khayal]].<ref name="telegraphindia" /> Later she started working for the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], through which she was deputed to teach classical music in [[Suriname]].<ref name="telegraphindia" />

== Career ==
Madhushree recorded her music in CD and sent it to some of the noted people in the music industry [[Compact disc|CD]] reached [[Javed Akhtar]]. On [[Javed Akhtar]]'s<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 June 2016|title=People in the industry tend to categorise you: Madhushree|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/people-in-the-industry-tend-to-categorise-you-madhushree/story-1nehvAVsASQ9yHzx6LLF9J.html|access-date=22 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128162030/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/people-in-the-industry-tend-to-categorise-you-madhushree/story-1nehvAVsASQ9yHzx6LLF9J.html|url-status=live}}</ref> recommendation, she then made her debut through [[Rajesh Roshan]]'s ''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]''. She sang songs in films like ''[[Yuva]]'',{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} ''[[Aayitha Ezhuthu]]'', ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]].'' and ''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]'', Some of her famous song for A. R. Rahman are ''[[Rang De Basanti|Tu Bin Bataye]]'', ''[[Jodha Akbar|In Lamhon Ke Daaman Me]]''. ''[[Kisna|Ham Hain Ispal Yahan]].''

She sang three songs in [[A. R. Rahman]]'s [[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]], credited as Sujata Bhattacharya. Madhushree is known for "Kabhi Neem Neem" from ''Yuva'' (2004), for which she received the ''Sony Stardust Award'' as the ''Best Female Sensation'' (Playback Singer). She also sang a song 'In Lamhon Ke Daaman Mein'<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2016|title=Singer Madhushree reveals why she has been away from the industry for so long|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-singer-madhushree-reveals-why-she-has-been-away-from-the-industry-for-so-long-2223725|access-date=22 January 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> from the movie [[Jodhaa Akbar]], music directed by A. R. Rahman and ''Soja Zara'' of ''Bahubali 2 – The Conclusion'' (''Nominated for Best Playback Singer by Mirchi Awards-2018''). She won the 20th Edition of Lions Gold Award for ''All Time Film Versatile Playback Singer'' and the ceremony was held at Bhaidas Hall in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/14883614-ar-rahman-vocalist-madhushree-wins-20th-lions-gold-awards|title=A.R. Rahman Vocalist Madhushree Wins best Female sensation Sony StarDust Awards|work=Washington Bangla Radio USA|access-date=8 January 2014|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108185738/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/14883614-ar-rahman-vocalist-madhushree-wins-20th-lions-gold-awards|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

She was a judge on Zee Bangla ''Saregamapa'' (2017) with [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Jeet Gannguli]] and [[Palak Muchhal]].

== Discography ==

=== Hindi ===
Credited as ''Sujata Bhattacharya'' until "Maahi Ve" - Kal Ho Na Ho
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singer
|-
| 2001
!''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]''
| "Mohabbat Zindagi Hai" || [[Rajesh Roshan]] || Solo
|-
| 2002
!''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
| "Nainaa Milaike" || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2003
! rowspan="3" |''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]''
| "Na Shiqwa Hota" || rowspan="3" |A. R. Rahman ||rowspan="3"| Solo
|-
| "Sabaq Aisa"
|-
| "Mujhpe Toofan Uthaaye"
|-
!''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]''
| "Tumhe Aaj Maine Jo Dekha" || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
!''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
| "Maahi Ve" || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
!''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]''
| "Jab Dil Mile" || Raju Singh || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
!''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
|"Ale Ale"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004
!''[[Swades]]''
| "Pal Pal Hain Bhari" || A. R. Rahman || [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]]
|-
!''[[Lakeer]]''
| "Sadhiyaan Shamaa" || A. R. Rahman || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Udit Narayan
|-
!''[[Yuva]]''
| "Kabhi Neem Neem"|| A. R. Rahman || Solo
|-
!''[[Aetbaar]]''
| "Tum Mujhe Bas" || [[Rajesh Roshan]] || [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
!''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]''
|"Zindagi Hai Dua"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Gayatri
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2005
!''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]''
| "Hum Hain Is Pal Yahaan" || A. R. Rahman || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
!''[[Vaah! Life Ho To Aisi]]''
|"Koi Aap Jaisa Mil Jaye" || [[Himesh Reshamiya]] || [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]''
| "Kangnaa Re" || rowspan="2" | [[M. M. Kreem]] || [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Bela Shende]]
|-
| "Aadhi Raat" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Bela Shende]]
|-
!''Humdum''
| "Hanste Raho" || Rajesh Roy || Solo
|-
!''[[Kasak (2005 film)|Kasak]]''
| "Jaana Hai Jaana Hai" || [[M. M. Kreem]] || Solo
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
!''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| "Tu Bin Bataaye" || A. R. Rahman || [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
!''[[Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota]]''
|"Ek Baar Jaana America"
|[[Viju Shah]]
|[[Javed Ali]]
|-
!''Sauda-The Deal''
|"Yeh Kaun Aaya Mere Dil Mein"
|[[Anand-Milind]]
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007
!''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| "Baazi Lagaa" || A. R. Rahman || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
|-
!''[[Shivaji (film)|Sivaji – The Boss]]''
| "Wahji Wahji" || A. R. Rahman || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2008
!''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
| "In Lamhon Ke Daaman Mein" || A. R. Rahman || [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
!''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]''
| "Ek Meetha Marz" || [[Shantanu Moitra]] || [[Mohit Chauhan]]
|-
!''[[Mukhbiir]]''
| "Tere Bina" || [[Karthik Raja]] || Solo
|-
!''Chintu Ji''
| "Chai Ka Bahane" || || Solo
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009
!''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]''
| "Yaar Mila Tha" || A. R. Rahman || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
!''[[What's Your Raashee?]]''
| "Sau Janam" || [[Sohail Sen]] || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sohail Sen]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010
!''[[Enthiran|Robot]]''
| "Boom Boom Robo Da" || A. R. Rahman || [[Tanvi Shah]], Rags, Yogi B, Kirthi Sagathiya
|-
! rowspan="2" |''My Husband's Wife''
|"Sanso Me Teri"
| rowspan="2" |Dinesh Arjuna
|[[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|"Siemat Kar"
|[[Vinod Rathod]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011
!''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]''
| "Sharminda Hoon" || A. R. Rahman || A. R. Rahman
|-
!''[[Kashmakash (2011 film)|Kashmakash]]''
| "Nauv Meri" || [[Raja Narayan Deb]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| 2013
!''[[Raanjhanaa]]''
| "Ay Sakhi" || A. R. Rahman || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Vaishali, Aanchai Sethi
|-
| 2014
!''Ebn-E-Batuta''
| "Anari Lover" || Tarannum Mallik || [[Raja Hasan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
! rowspan="2" |''Tere Ishq Mein Qurbaan''
|"Dil Ne Badi"
| rowspan="2" |Harsh Vyas
|
|-
|"Badal Chhtey"
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017
!''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
| "Soja Zara" || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || Madhushree
|-
!''Ishq Ne Aisa Shunk Bajaya''
| "Love You Family" || Robby Badal || [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
!''[[Mr. Kabaadi]]''
|"Naina Lage"
|Raaj Prakash
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Love You Family]]''
|"Ishq Ne Aisa"
| rowspan="3" |Robby Badal
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|"Maa"
|
|-
|"Love You Family"
|
|-
|2018
!''[[Dassehra]]''
| "Maee Re" ||Vijay Verma|| [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
|-
|2021
!''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
|"Tu Yahin Hai"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
|2023
!''[[Varisu]]''
| "Soul of Varisu" || [[Thaman S]] || Solo
|-
|2024
!''Good Morning Sunshine''
|"Har Karwate"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[Neeti Mohan]]
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Music director !! Co-singer
|-
| 2003
!''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]''
| "Nilavile Nilavile" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005
!''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]''
| "Ding Dong" || Vidyasagar || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
!''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]''
| "Mayilirage" || A. R. Rahman || [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
|rowspan="8"| 2006
!''[[Pori (film)|Pori]]''
| "Perundhil Nee Enakku" || rowspan="3" | [[Dhina]] || Madhu Balakrishnan
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]''
| "Ivanaa Yuvanaa" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| "Yelo Yelo Kadhal Vandhal" ||
|-
!''[[Manathodu Mazhaikalam]]''
| "Pani Vizhum Kalam" || [[Karthik Raja]] || Karthik, [[Premji Amaren]]
|-
!''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]''
| "Kanavaa" || Vidyasagar ||
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Thirumagan]]''
| "Ithuku Thaana" || rowspan="2" | [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] ||rowspan="2"| Naresh Iyer
|-
| "Thatti Thatti"
|-
!''[[Aadatha Aattamellam]]''
| "Uyire En Uyire" || [[A. R. Reihana]] || Narayanan
|-
| rowspan="11" |2007
!'''''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'''''
|"Unakkul Naane" (Version 2)
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
!''[[Shivaji (film)|Sivaji – The Boss]]''
| "Vaaji Vaaji" || A. R. Rahman || Hariharan
|-
!''[[Veerappu]]''
| "Puliya Kili" || [[D. Imman]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
!''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| "Paisa Paisa" || A. R. Rahman || Udit Narayan
|-
!''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]''
| "Kannan Varum Velai" || rowspan="3" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
!''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]''
| "Sanchaaram" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
!''[[Machakaaran]]''
| "Nee Nee" || Hariharan
|-
!''[[Unnale Unnale]]''
| "Vaigasi Nilave" || Harris Jayaraj || [[Haricharan (singer)|Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]''
| "Oru Kalavani" || D. Imman || Naresh Iyer
|-
!''[[Aalwar]]''
| "Pidikkum Unnai Pidikkum" || [[Srikanth Deva]] ||
|-
!''[[Kaalai]]''
| "Eppo Nee" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2008
!''[[Bheema]]''
| "Ragasiya Kanavugal" || Harris Jayaraj || rowspan="2" | Hariharan
|-
!''[[Jayam Kondaan]]''
| "Naan Varaindhu Vaitha" || Vidyasagar
|-
!''[[Sakkarakatti]]''
| "Marudhaani" || A. R. Rahman || A. R. Rahman
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2009
!''[[Sarvam]]''
| "Siragugal" || rowspan="2" | Yuvan Shankar Raja || rowspan="2" | [[Javed Ali]]
|-
!''[[Muthirai]]''
| "Uyire Uyire"
|-
!''[[Vedigundu Murugesan]]''
| "Saarale Saarale" || Dhina || Madhu Balakrishnan
|-
!''[[Aarumugam]]''
| "Rendu Rendu" || Deva ||
|-
| 2010
!''[[Kacheri Arambam]]''
| "Kacheri Kacheri" || D. Imman ||[[Mukesh Mohamed]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
!''[[Engeyum Eppodhum]]''
| "Un Peare Theriyathu" || [[C. Sathya]] ||
|-
!''[[Mankatha]]''
| "Nanbane" || Yuvan Shankar Raja || Yuvan Shankar Raja
|-
!''[[Puli Vesham]]''
|"Varaen Varaen"
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|Udit Narayan
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2012
!''[[Aadhi Bhagavan]]''
| "Yaavum Poidhana" || Yuvan Shankar Raja ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
![[Raanjhanaa|''Ambikapathy'']]
|"Kanaave Kanaave"
|A. R. Rahman
|
|-
!''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]''
| "Ennai Marandhaen" || C. Sathya ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
!''Kannakkol''
|"Aasa Aasaiya"
|Bobby
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
| "Ivan Yaaro" || rowspan="2" | C. Sathya ||
|-
|"Injathea"
|[[Roopkumar Rathod]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
!''Thittivasal''
| "Sollaamal Edho" || Harish-Sathish || Haricharan
|-
!''Vaarayo Vennilave''
|"Uyir Ennum"
|[[Karthik Raja]]
|
|-
|2017
!''Thirappu Vizha''
|"October Mazhayile"
|Vasantha Ramesh
|
|-
|2019
!''7''
|"En Aasai Macha"
|[[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
|
|-
| 2022
!''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
| "Mallipoo" || A. R. Rahman ||
|-
|2023
!''[[Pichaikkaran 2]]''
|"Kalloorum Poove"
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|Sharath Santhosh
|-
|2024
!''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]''
|"Medhakuthu Kaalu"
|Harris Jayaraj
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
!''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]''
|"En Vanmathiye"
|C. Sathya
|Aswath Ajith
|-
![[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa|''Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa'']]
|"Pattampoochi"
| colspan="2" |G. V. Prakash Kumar
|-
|}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:93%;"
! Year !! Film title!! Song title !! Music !! Co-singer
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
!''[[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]]''
|"Nee Katuka"
|Ghantadi Krishna
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
![[Aaytha Ezhuthu|''Yuva'']]
|"Sankuratri Kodi"
| colspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
![[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|''Letha Manasulu'']]
|"Tholi Tholi Korika"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
![[Sivaji (film)|''Sivaji'']]
|"Vaaji Vaaji Vaaji"
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
![[Guru (2007 film)|''Gurukanth'']]
|"Aade Aata"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
! rowspan="2" |''[[Swagatam]]''
|"Okarikokaru Nuvvu Nenani"
| rowspan="2" |[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[S. P. B. Charan]]
|-
|"Kotta Kottaga Unnade"
|Solo
|-
!''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|"Teeya Teeyani"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
![[Bheemaa|''Bheema'']]
|"Rahasyapu Kalale"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
![[Homam (film)|''Homam'']]
|"Magaallu Mee Maatalo"
|Nithin Raikwar
|[[J. D. Chakravarthy]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
![[Blue (2009 film)|''Blue'']]
|"Priyudu Kalisinadaiya Nannu Kalisinadaiya"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
!''[[Sarvam]]''
|"Rekkalu Vache"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Javed Ali]]
|-
|2010
![[Puli (2010 film)|''Puli'']]
|"Nammaka Meeyara Swami"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|2013
!''Nuvve Naa Bangaram''
|"Pilichava"
|Vinod Yajamanya
|Solo
|-
| 2019
![[Seven (2019 Indian film)|''7'']]
| "Sampoddoy Nanne" || Chaitan Baradwaj ||Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
!''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]''
|"Kalallo"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
![[Pichaikkaran 2|''Bichagaadu 2'']]
|"Mandhara Puvva"
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|Sarath Santhosh
|-
|2025
!''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''
|"Kalaya Yashode"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|
|-
|2026
!''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
|"Modhale Modhale"
|[[Radhan]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|}

=== Bengali ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer(s)
!Writer(s)!! Co-singer
|-
| 2018
!''[[Chalbaaz]]''
| "Projapoti Mon" || [[Savvy Gupta]]
| ||
|-
|2019
![[Dotara (film)|''Dotara'']]
|"Ogo Aakash"
|Shanku Mitra
|
|
|}

== Albums ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Albums
! Song
! Singer
! Composer
! Lyricist
! Year of release
|-
|Bhagwan Mere Bhagwan<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=Bhagwan Mere Bhagwan |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bhagwan-mere-bhagwan-single/1576303788 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714180759/https://music.apple.com/us/album/bhagwan-mere-bhagwan-single/1576303788 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Bhagwan Mere Bhagwan<ref name=":0" />
|Madhushree, [[Anup Jalota]], [[Soma Ghosh]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]] & Satyam Anandjee<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Satyam Anandjee |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842476/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=IMDb |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714195936/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842476/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Satyam Anandjee - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11d_pvkthz&hl=en-IN&q=Satyam+Anandjee |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=www.google.com |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215194223/https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11d_pvkthz&hl=en-IN&q=Satyam+Anandjee |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Satyam Anandjee<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
|Sukhnidhan Mishra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukhnidhan Mishra - Top Songs - Listen on JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/sukhnidhan-mishra-songs/,odYnxCsEyo_ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=JioSaavn |language=en-US}}</ref>
|2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2021 |title=Popularly known as the Bhajan Samrat, Anup Jalota is making headlines for his latest song Bhagwan Mere Bhagwan. Here's a candid chat with the singer |work=[[The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/popularly-known-as-the-bhajan-samrat-anup-jalota-is-making-headlines-for-his-latest-song-bhagwan-mere-bhagwan-heres-a-candid-chat-with-the-singer-289376 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714183328/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/popularly-known-as-the-bhajan-samrat-anup-jalota-is-making-headlines-for-his-latest-song-bhagwan-mere-bhagwan-heres-a-candid-chat-with-the-singer-289376 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
|2018
| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| "Soja Zara" – ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084119/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2023
|[[Edison Awards (Tamil)]]
|Best Female Playback Singer
| rowspan="5" |"Mallipoo" - [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|Best Female Playback Singer
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|Best Female Playback Singer
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=arrahman/status/1643396840908541953 |url=https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/1643396840908541953 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215193625/https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/1643396840908541953 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Behindwoods Gold Icons
|Singer Of The Year - Female
|{{won}}
|-
|Just For Women Movie Awards
|Best Female Playback Singer
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.madhushree.com/ Madhushree's official website]
* {{IMDb name|1300807}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
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Sher Shah Suri

2026-03-06T17:49:58Z

Navi guy: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Sultan of Hindustan from 1540 to 1545}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sher Shah Suri
| title = [[Sultan|Al-Sulṭān]] [[Adil|al-Āḍil]]{{efn|name="Al-Adil"|al-Āḍil was a title donned by Sher Shah, meaning "the Just King".}} [[Ustad|Usṭāḍ]]-i-[[Padishah|Bāḍshahān]]{{efn|name="Ustad"|Humayun, the rival of Sher Shah Suri, referred to Sher Shah as Ustad-i-Badshahan, meaning "Teacher of Kings".}} [[Hazrat|Hazraṭ]]-i-[[Ala (name)|Āla]]
| image = Painting of Sher Shah Suri (colored) from a manuscript of Tarikh-i-Khandan-i-Timuriya, prepared by the court painters of Mughal emperor Akbar, circa 16th century (Detailed).jpg
| caption = Painting of Sher Shah Suri from a manuscript of ''[[Tarikh e Khandan e Timuriyah|Tarikh-e-Khandan-e-Timuriyah]]'' (dated between {{circa|1570–1590}}), prepared by the court painters of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]
| alt = Painting of Sher Shah Suri as depicted by Mughal courtiers
| succession = [[List of Indian monarchs|Sultan of Hindustan]] [[Sur Empire#List of rulers of the Sur Empire|Sur Emperor]]{{efn|name="Reign"|Sher Shah held his first coronation on 6 April 1538 after he captured Gauda, the capital of the Bengal Sultanate. However, his second coronation took place on 17 May 1540, after he defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kannuaj. Historians dispute when the Sur Empire was founded as a result, and both dates are used in different sources.}}
| succession2 = [[List of Indian monarchs|Hazrat-i-Ala of Bihar]]
| reign2 = 1530 – 6 April 1538
| predecessor2 = [[Noohani dynasty|Jalal Khan Lohani]]
| successor2 = ''Position abolished'' (''Himself'' as [[List of rulers of Bengal|Sultan of Bengal and Bihar]])
| succession1 = [[List of rulers of Bengal|Sultan of Bengal and Bihar]]
| reign1 = 6 April 1538 – 17 May 1540
| coronation1 = 6 April 1538, [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] (as [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]])
| successor1 = ''Position abolished'' (''Himself'' as [[Emperor of Hindustan|Sultan of Hindustan]])
| reign = 17 May 1540 – 22 May 1545
| coronation = 17 May 1540, [[Kannauj]]
| predecessor = [[Humayun]] (as [[Mughal Emperor]])
| successor = [[Islam Shah Suri]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rani Shah|1506}} {{marriage|Lad Malika|1530}} {{marriage|Guhar Gusain|1530}}
| issue = [[Islam Shah Suri|Jalal Khan Suri]] Adil Khan Suri
| house = [[Sur (tribe)|Sur]]
| native_lang1_name1 = Pashto
| dynasty = [[Sur Empire|Suri]]
| full name = Farid al-Din Khan ({{lang|fa|فرید الدین خان}})
| father = Hasan Khan Sur
| birth_name = Farid al-Din Khan
| birth_date = 1472 or 1486
| birth_place = [[Sasaram]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| death_date = 22 May 1545 (aged 73 or 59)
| death_place = [[Kalinjar]], [[Sur Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], Sasaram
| signature = Seal of Sher Shah Suri.png
| signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Sur Empire]]
| branch = [[Sur Empire#Government and administration#Army|Sur Army]]
| battles = {{collapsible list
|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}
|[[Battle of Ghaghra|Battle of Ghaghra (1529)]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri#Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)#Acquisition of Chunar (1530)|Acquisition of Chunar (1530)]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri#Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)#First conflict with the Mughals (1530–1532)|Siege of Chunar (1532)]]
|[[Battle of Surajgarh|Battle of Surajgarh (1534)]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri#Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)#Second Bengal campaign and conflict with the Mughals (1537–1540)|Siege of Gauda (1538)]]
|[[Battle of Chausa|Battle of Chausa (1539)]]
|[[Battle of Kannauj|Battle of Kannauj (1540)]]
|[[Malwa Sultanate#History#Restored Khalji dynasty|Conquest of Malwa (1542)]]
|[[Siege of Raisen|Siege of Raisen (1542–1543)]]
|[[Battle of Sammel|Battle of Sammel (1544)]]
|[[Kalinjar Fort#History#Medieval period|Siege of Kalinjar (1545)]]
}}
}}
}}
{{leadcite comment}}
'''Sher Shah Suri'''{{efn|{{langx|ps|ﺷﯧﺮ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ}}; {{langx|fa|شیرشاه سوری}}}} (born '''Farid al-Din Khan'''; 1472 or 1486 – 22 May 1545),{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=55}} also known by his title '''Sultan Adil''' ({{lit|the Just King}}), was the [[Emperor of Hindustan|Sultan of Hindustan]], as the first [[Sur Empire#List of rulers|Sur Emperor]], from 1540 until his death in 1545.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=33}} Prior to his ascension, he also served as the ruler of [[Bihar]] (1530–1540) and [[Bengal]] (1538–1540). He established the [[Sur Empire]] after defeating the [[Mughal Empire]] and declaring [[Delhi]] his seat of power. The influence of his innovations and reforms extended far beyond his brief reign, being recognized as one of the greatest administrative rulers in India. Sher Shah is renowned as one of the most skillful [[Afghans|Afghan]] generals in history,{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=216}} and by the end of his reign, his empire covered nearly all of [[Northern India]].

Born between [[#Early life and origin (1472/1486–1497)|1472 and 1486]] and given the name Farid Khan, his early childhood saw him flee from home due to internal family strife. He pursued an education in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], where his rise to power began after his father offered him a managerial position over his [[jagir]]s. Sher Shah effectively governed these territories, gaining a reputation for his reforms that brought prosperity to the region. However, due to family intrigues, he eventually relinquished his position over the jagirs. Sher Shah then moved to [[Agra]], where he stayed until his father's death. This event allowed him to return to his family's jagirs and take control, thereby solidifying his leadership and furthering his rise to power.

Sher Shah spent time in Agra after the Mughals gained power, observing the leadership of [[Babur]]. After leaving Agra, he entered the service of the governor of Bihar. Following the governor's death in 1528, Sher Shah obtained a high position in Bihar and, by 1530, became the [[regent]] and de facto ruler of the [[Noohani dynasty|kingdom]]. He engaged in conflicts with the local nobility and the [[Sultanate of Bengal]]. In 1538, while Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] was engaged in military campaigns elsewhere, Sher Shah overran the Bengal Sultanate and established the Suri dynasty. He defeated the Mughals and drove them out of India, establishing himself as emperor in Delhi. As ruler of Hindustan, Sher Shah led numerous military campaigns, conquering [[Punjab]], [[Malwa]], [[Marwar]], [[Mewar]], and [[Bundelkhand]]. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah was both a gifted administrator and a capable general. His reorganization of the empire and strategic innovations laid the foundations for future Mughal emperors, notably [[Akbar]]. Sher Shah died in May 1545 while besieging [[Kalinjar fort]]. Following his death, the empire descended into civil war until it was eventually [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|re-conquered]] by the Mughals.

During his rule as Emperor of the Sur Empire, Sher Shah implemented numerous economic, administrative, and military reforms. He issued the first [[Rupiya]], organized the postal system of the [[Indian subcontinent]], as well as extending the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from [[Chittagong]] in [[Bengal]] to [[Kabul]] in Afghanistan, significantly improving trade. Sher Shah further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city, renaming it [[Purana Qila|Shergarh]], and revived the historical city of [[Pataliputra]], which had been in decline since the 7th century CE, as [[Patna]].<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Patna.html Patna] encyclopedia.com.</ref> Additionally, he embarked on several military campaigns that restored [[Pashtuns|Afghan]] prominence in India.

==Name and title==
His birth name was Farid al-Din Khan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=55}} After 1526, he was conferred the title Sher Khan, and following his ascension as Sultan of Hindustan in 1540, he became known as Sher Shah.<ref>{{harvnb|Kolff|2002|p=33}}: "The names Farid (proper name), Sher Khan (title conferred about 1526) and Sher Shah (title as sultan of Hindustan from 1540 onwards)"</ref> His full title was ''Al‑Sultān al‑ʿĀdil Abū’l‑Muzzafar Farīd al‑Dunyā wa’d‑Dīn Sher Shah Khallada Allāhu Mulkahu wa Saltanahu''.{{efn|{{lang|fa|السلطان العادل ابوالمظفر فرید الدنیا و الدین شیر شاہ خلد اللہ ملکہ و سلطنہ}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR rupee of Sher Shah Suri (1538-1545), 948 AH, NM, Delhi Sultanate (D |url=https://www.numismall.com/products/w6263 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=NumisMall.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sher Shah Suri’s Silver Rupee |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/7893-sher-shah-suris-silver-rupee/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Mintage World |language=en}}</ref>

His surname 'Suri' was taken from his Pashtun [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]] tribe.{{sfn|Khan|2022|p=130}} He was a distant kinsman to [[Babur|Babur's]] brother-in-law, Mir Shah Jamal, who remained loyal to Humayun. The name ''Sher'' (means ''lion'' in Persian and ''tiger'' in Indo-Persian) was conferred upon him for his courage when, as a young man, he killed a tiger that leapt suddenly upon the governor of Bihar, Behar Khan Lohani.{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|p=71-72}}<ref name=EBSur>{{cite web |title=Sur Dynasty |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Sur-dynasty |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and origin (1472/1486–1497)==
Sher Shah was born in [[Sasaram]], located in present-day [[Bihar]], India. His birthdate is disputed, with some accounts stating he was born in 1472,{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=71}}{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=157}} while others claim 1486.{{sfn|Wright|Wright|2015|p=402}} He was of [[Pashtun]] [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] origin, belonging to the [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]] clan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=57}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}

Sher Shah's grandfather, Ibrahim Khan Sur, migrated from the region of [[Roh (historical region)|Roh]] in present-day Afghanistan in the reign of [[Bahlol Lodi]] and began his career as a horse trader, eventually becoming a landlord (Jagirdar) in the [[Narnaul]] area of present-day [[Haryana]]. He represented his patron, Jamal Khan Lodi Sarangkhani, who assigned him several villages in [[Hisar (city)|Hissar Firoza]].{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=43}} Sher Shah's father, Hasan Khan Sur, entered the service of Jamal Khan. In 1494, Jamal Khan was promoted and established in Bihar by [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]]. At Jamal Khan's request, Sikandar granted Hasan the jagirs of Khwaspur, Sasaram, and [[Hajipur]] in Bihar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=71}}

Hasan had several wives and fathered over eight sons, with Nizam Khan being Sher Shah's only full brother.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=72}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Shēr Shah of Sūr |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067304/Sher-Shah-of-Sur |access-date=23 August 2010 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> His step-brothers were Sulaiman, Ahmad and Muda who were from a [[Concubinage|concubine]]. One of Sher Shah's stepmothers was cruel to him, and Hasan, being too submissive to his wife, was unable to intervene. As a result, Sher Shah sought refuge with Jamal Khan, aiming to gain experience and further his education.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72}}

Sher Shah pursued his education in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] for several years, studying subjects such as history and religion. On one occasion, Hasan visited Jamal Khan in Jaunpur and encountered some of Sher Shah's relatives, who spoke of Sher Shah's potential for future greatness. Impressed by these accounts, Hasan invited Sher Shah to manage his domains in 1497.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=164}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=72}}

===Rise to power (1497–1528)===
[[File:Sher Shah Suri by Breshna.jpg|thumb|alt=An imaginative sketch of Sher Shah Suri|Imagined sketch of Sher Shah Suri by Afghan artist [[Abdul Ghafoor Breshna]]]]
Sher Shah accepted his father's offer and embarked on implementing numerous reforms. His early administrative career focused on combating corruption. One of Sher Shah's significant reforms as administrator of his father's domains was the assessment of land revenues, along with defining and establishing commissions for tax collectors. However, despite these reforms, Sher Shah faced resentment and intrigue from his stepmother, who had initially forced him to flee, and his step-brothers. This opposition eventually led to Sher Shah resigning from his post in 1518, after serving as manager for 21 years.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=72}} Following his resignation, he initially engaged in [[banditry]] before departing for [[Agra]], which was under the rule of the [[Lodi dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and gained the support of [[Daulat Khan Lodi]].{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=163-164}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72}}

Sher Shah remained in Agra until his father's death, after which he received his father's [[jagir]]s from Sultan [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]] which were initially held by his step-brother Sulaiman Khan. Returning to his jagirs in 1520–21, Sher Shah began administering them while in the service of [[Noohani dynasty|Behar Khan Lohani]]. Conflict emerged however over the split of his father's land between his brothers, and [[Muhammad Khan Sur]] initially drove Sher Shah from the estate by defeating one of his governors.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=73}}{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=72-74}} In 1526, the Lodis were [[First Battle of Panipat|overthrown]], bringing the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] to power under [[Babur]].{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=30-31}}{{sfn|Davis|2000|p=181}} During this time, Behar Khan Lohani established an independent state in Bihar and assumed the title of Sultan Muhammad. With the aid of Junaid Khan, the Mughal governor of Jaunpur, Sher Shah joined Mughal service. In April 1527, after [[Babur]] launched a campaign against the Afghans in Bihar, Sher Shah distinguished himself, and his estates were restored in 1528.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=74}}{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=43}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=73-74}}

With his jagirs secured, Sher Shah accompanied Junaid Khan to Agra, where he met Mughal Emperor Babur.{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=}} During this time, Sher Shah was conferred the title of Sher Khan after killing a [[tiger]] that leapt upon the ruler of Bihar.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=73}}{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=33}} Sher Shah remained in Agra, observing Mughal military organization and administration.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=164-165}}

Once, while dining with [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] Babur, Sher Shah encountered a dish he was unfamiliar with eating. In response, he drew his [[dagger]], cut the dish into smaller pieces, and then ate it with a spoon. Babur took notice and informed his minister, [[Mir Khalifa]]:

{{blockquote|Keep an eye on Sher Khan, he is a clever man and the marks of royalty are visible on his forehead. I have seen many Afghan nobles, greater men than he, but they never made an impression on me, but as soon as I saw this man, it entered into my mind that he ought to be arrested for I find in him the qualities of greatness and the marks of mightiness.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=162}}|[[Babur]]}}

Suspecting a rising plot against him, Sher Shah departed Agra and left Mughal service, returning to his Jagirs in 1528. He sought refuge under the protection of Sultan Muhammad of Bihar. Upon Sher Shah's arrival, he was warmly received and appointed as the guardian of Muhammad's son, Jalal Khan.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=164-165}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=74}}

==Reign in Bihar (1528–1538/1540)==
In October 1528, Sultan Mohammad of Bihar died, and his queen, Dudu Bibi, assumed the role of [[regent]]. Sher Shah was appointed as her deputy governor, allowing him to begin consolidating his position in the region through a myriad of military and administrative reforms.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=74}} These reforms significantly strengthened his position, making him one of the most influential Afghan leaders in India.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=165}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=74-75}}

In 1529, Sher Shah anticipated joining Mahmud Lodi, the younger brother of [[Ibrahim Lodi]], in his [[insurrection]] against the Mughals that rallied most of the significant Afghan leaders in India. Sher Shah, however, recognized the division among the Afghans and Mahmud's incompetence, thus refusing to aid Mahmud. Intending for the unification of all Afghan leaders, Mahmud marched with his army to Sasaram, persuading Sher Shah to join the rebellion. Hesitatingly, Sher Shah accompanied the expedition with his own set of men, and the insurrection initially succeeded, capturing [[Ghazipur]] and [[Banaras]]. However, upon the arrival of Mughal forces, Mahmud Lodi abandoned the army. After this, many Afghan nobles including Sher Shah submitted to Babur.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=75}} In early 1530, the death of Dudu Bibi enabled Sher Shah to become the regent for Jalal Khan, effectively making him the de facto ruler of Bihar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=166}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=75-76}}

Despite his growing power, many of the Lohani nobles opposed Sher Shah's dominance. Although he offered to share power, the Lohani nobles rejected his proposal and instead fled to Bengal with Jalal Khan, seeking the support of [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]], the [[List of rulers of Bengal#Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)|ruler]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. Consequently, Sher Shah became the sole ruler of [[Bihar]]. However, he did not adopt any grand titles, preferring to style himself as Hazrat-i-Ala.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=166}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=76-77}}

===Acquisition of Chunar (1530)===
[[File:North view of the fort of Chunargarh on the Ganges from across the river..jpg|thumb|right|alt=Depiction of Chunar fort from its northern view across the Ganges River|View of Chunar fort from the north across the Ganges river]]
Taj Khan, the governor of [[Chunar]], was assassinated by his stepson. In the aftermath, his wealthy widow, Lad Malika, sought a protector to secure her position. Recognizing Sher Shah's growing influence, she agreed to marry him. Through these negotiations, which were kept secret from Taj Khan's sons, Sher Shah gained control of Chunar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=166}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=74-75}} This acquisition significantly bolstered Sher Shah's power and influence in the region, as he now controlled a significant fort and a large treasury.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=77}}

===First conflict with the Mughals (1530–1532)===
[[File:Mughal Emperor Humayun (Mughal art, circa 1650).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Depiction of Mughal Emperor Humayun|Portrait of Mughal Emperor Humayun seated in a garden]]
The death of Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] in December 1530 saw the Afghan insurrection rejuvenated, and Mahmud Lodi again returned.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia">{{Cite web |title=Rule of Afghans |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rule_of_Afghans |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Sher Shah immediately ignored Mahmud's attempts of garnering Sher Shah's aid until he was promised all of Southern [[Bihar]]. After further being visited by Mahmud, Sher Shah acquiesced. The combined Afghan forces marched on [[Banaras]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], with Junaid Khan withdrawing to Agra.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=53}} The Afghan forces followed up their victories by seizing [[Lucknow]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=77-78}}

Humayun, entrenched in a siege of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], immediately withdrew, crossing the [[Ganges]] and began a battle against Mahmud Lodi at Dadrah in 1531. The Afghan forces were decisively defeated, and the coalition was shattered.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=53}} Mahmud Lodi fled to [[Orrisa]], while Sher Shah emerged on top by keeping Southern Bihar.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=78}}

Humayun followed up his victory by [[Siege|besieging]] Chunar, a fortress owned by Sher Shah, in September 1532. The siege continued for over four months to no avail. In order to make peace, Sher Shah offered his loyalty to the Mughals on the condition that he remained in control of Chunar, offering to send his third son, Qutb Khan, as hostage. Humayun accepted and lifted the siege in December 1532, returning to [[Agra]] due to the rising threat of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the ruler of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. Humayun did not wish to split up his forces under the command of a noble to continue the siege, as this would split his strength, additionally giving reason for peace to be established.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=212-213}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=167}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=78}}

===Lohani conflict and Bengal campaign (1533–1537)===
{{main|Battle of Surajgarh}}
Makhdum Alam, the administrator of [[Hajipur]],{{sfn|Aquil|2007|p=}} refused to recognize [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] as the [[Bengal Sultanate#List of dynasties|Sultan of Bengal]], accusing him of assassinating the previous Sultan, [[Alauddin Firuz Shah II|Alauddin Firuz]]. He formed an alliance with Sher Shah, who saw this as an opportunity to crush the power of the Lohani nobles allied with Mahmud Shah. Mahmud Shah sent several expeditions against Sher Shah, which were all defeated. Makhdum Alam however, was killed, and his estates fell to Sher Shah upon his death.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=46}} In 1534, Mahmud Shah sent an army of [[artillery]], [[cavalry]] and [[infantry]] under Ibrahim Khan to conquer Bihar, with Jalal Khan accompanying the campaign.{{sfn|Ahmed|2012}} However, Sher Shah launched a sudden attack on the combined forces of the Lohani chiefs of Bihar and Mahmud Shah of Bengal, defeating them at Surajgarh in March 1534, winning a decisive victory.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=76}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=79}} Ibrahim Khan was killed during the battle, and Jalal Khan was forced to retreat to Bengal. Following the victory, Sher Shah consolidated his control over Bihar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=167}}

Between 1536 and 1537, Sher Shah followed up his victories by invading Bengal and defeating Mahmud Shah numerous times, occupying all lands west of the [[Teliagarhi]] pass. Mahmud Shah repeatedly requested the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] to aid him, which they did by fortifying the Teliaghari and [[Sakrigali]] passes. Sher Shah, however, out-flanked the combined armies and reached [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] by way of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> Mahmud Shah immediately capitulated, and was forced to pay over 13,000,000 gold coins, and cede territory up to Sakrigali.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=79}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=215}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=41}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=76}}

===Second Bengal campaign and conflict with the Mughals (1537–1540)===
{{main|Battle of Chausa|Battle of Kannauj}}
[[File:Sher Shah Suri's capture of Rohtasgarh fort.png|thumb|alt=Capture of Rohtasgarh by Sher Shah Suri|Depiction of Sher Shah's capture of Rohtasgarh fort through stratagem]]
Eager to conquer the Bengal Sultanate, Sher Shah prepared for another invasion, and an opportunity came when Mahmud Shah failed to send annual tribute, forcing him to seek refuge in Gaur and frantically ask [[Humayun]] for aid.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=80}} In response, Humayun mobilized a [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] in July 1537, and advanced towards [[Chunar Fort|Chunar]]. The Mughals reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege lasted over six months before the fort finally fell. Following this, Sher Shah began a second invasion into Bengal, seizing [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtasgarh]] in March 1538 through stratagem. He used Rohtasgarh to situate Afghan families and loot he obtained during the war. Following up his victory, Sher Shah besieged Gauda, which fell in April 1538. Split detachments would also be sent to conquer [[Chittagong]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=80-82}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=41}}<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/> Another force battled against Mahmud Shah led by [[Khawas Khan Marwat]], a general of Sher Shah, which saw Mahmud Shah decisively defeated and mortally wounded.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=82}} With these victories, Sher Shah held his first coronation.{{sfn|Jenkins|2015|p=64}}

After the fall of Gauda, Sher Shah offered favorable peace terms to Humayun, proposing to pay 10,000,000 dinars, and cede Bihar in exchange for control of Bengal. Humayun refused the offer, not wishing to leave Bengal's rich resources to a hostile state. Additionally, the wounded Mahmud Shah, who had entered Humayun's camp, urged him to continue the war against Sher Shah. Mahmud Shah died from his wounds soon after.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=215-216}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=168}}

Following this, Humayun marched towards Bengal to confront Sher Shah. However, the Mughal army was troubled with heavy rains, causing the loss of their baggage between [[Patna]] and [[Munger|Monghyr]]. Humayun eventually reached [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] and seized it without opposition on 8 September 1538. However, the city had been abandoned by the Afghans, and the treasury looted.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/> Humayun remained in Gauda for months, restoring order to the city, as he was trapped with his army due to the weather. Sher Shah capitalized on this, seizing Bihar and [[Varanasi]], reclaiming control over Chunar, and laying siege to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. Other detachments of the Afghan army extended as far as [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=84}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=168}} As a result, Humayun found himself effectively stranded in Gauda with no lines of communication. Learning of unrest in [[Agra]], Humayun immediately sought to settle for peace with Sher Shah. However, as he crossed the [[Karmanasa River]], where his army was vulnerable to attack, Sher Shah capitalized on the Mughal army's fragile state and attacked at the [[Battle of Chausa]]. The Afghans descended on the Mughal army, which was 200,000 strong.{{sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=40}} Overwhelmed, the Mughal army was completely [[rout]]ed.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=86}} Humayun barely escaped with his life, with the Mughals suffering over 7,000 casualties, including many prominent noblemen.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=216-217}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=42}}

With his defeat, Humayun returned to Agra, and restored order after unrest began due to his brother, [[Hindal Mirza]]. Humayun then began mobilizing another army and advanced against Sher Shah, who raised his own army, although being numerically inferior. The two armies met at [[Battle of Kannauj|Kannuaj]], mirroring each other across the [[Ganges]] river. Humayun crossed the river and engaged in skirmishes with Sher Shah's forces. During the fighting, many of Humayun's nobles hid their insignia to avoid recognition by the Afghans, and several fled the battle. The Mughal army was ultimately defeated, forcing Humayun to flee. Following this victory, Sher Shah was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540, being declared the ruler of [[Hindustan]] and adopting the epithet Sultan Adil, meaning "Just King." He further took on the name Sher Shah.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=33}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=217}}

==Reign as Sur emperor (1540–1545)==
{{main|Sur Empire}}
[[File:Portrait of Sher Shah Sur. Water colour painting.png|thumb|right|upright|alt=Watercolour painting of Sher Shah Suri|Illustration of Sher Shah Suri]]

===Consolidation and Punjab campaign (1540–1542)===
As Humayun fled, Sher Shah pursued him with split detachments. He then seized [[Agra]], defeating the Mughals there, and sent Khawas in pursuit of Humayun. The pursuit and flight of Humayun allowed Sher Shah to capture and enter [[Delhi]], beginning the consolidation of his rule there by reorganizing its administration.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=830}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=168-169}} As Humayun reached Lahore in July 1540, the Afghans were at [[Sultanpur Lodhi]]. With the approach of the Afghans, the Mughals fled Lahore. At [[Khushab]], Humayun and Kamran quarreled and parted ways, with Humayun leaving for [[Sindh]], and Kamran to [[Kabul]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=89}}

As Humayun began withdrawing, Khawas Khan initially gave up the pursuit, halting on the [[Jhelum]] river. Sher Shah then advanced from [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] toward Lahore, and then continued toward the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] river before arriving at Khushab. At Khushab, Sher Shah sent two detachments under Khawas Khan and Qutb Khan to pursue Humayun and his contingent out of the region. The pursuit continued as far as the [[Panjnad River]] before withdrawing back to Khushab and merging with Sher Shah's force.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=89}}

Remaining encamped at Khushab, Sher Shah received the submission of Baloch chiefs, including prominently Ismail Khan, Fateh Khan, Ghazi Khan, and many others who inhabited the region between the Chenab and the [[Indus]] rivers.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=89-90}} Sher Shah then entered into conflict with the [[Gakhars]], who had historically been difficult to subjugate despite attempts by previous rulers. Sher Shah initially attempted diplomacy, inviting the Gakhar chief to acknowledge him as the emperor of India. However, the Gakhar gave an insulting response, which enraged Sher Shah. In retaliation, Sher Shah marched through Punjab, subjugating the Gakhars, devastating much of the countryside, and taking many prisoners. To further secure his rule, Sher Shah established [[Rohtas Fort]] and stationed 50,000 men in Punjab under his generals [[Haibat Khan Niazi]] and Khawas Khan Marwat.{{sfn|Qanungo|1921|p=236}} Subsequently, Sher Shah turned his attention to Bengal, where the governor he had appointed had become rebellious.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=77}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=90}}

===Reforms in Bengal (1541)===
Recognizing the importance of [[Bengal]], Sher Shah focused much of his administrative efforts in the region. In March 1541, [[Khidr Khan Surak|Khijir Khan]], the governor of Bengal under Sher Shah, led a revolt, as well as marrying a daughter of the former Sultan, Mahmud Shah.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=77}} Sher Shah mobilized an army and personally led it to defeat Khijir Khan, restoring Bengal to his suzerainty. He then divided Bengal into 47 smaller administrative divisions, each overseen by a [[Sikdar|shiqdar]], with [[Qazi Fazilat|Kazi Fajilot]] established as the chief supervisor of the [[Mukhtar|Muqtars]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=90-91}}{{sfn|Qanungo|1921|p=237-244}} These reforms increased the prominence of Afghans in Bengal, leading many to settle in the region. Some of these Afghan settlers later established the [[Bengal Sultanate#List of dynasties|Muhammad Shahi dynasty]], which ruled Bengal from 1553 to 1563, and the [[Karrani dynasty]], which ruled from 1563 to 1576.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia"/>{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=169}}

===Conquest and consolidation of Malwa (1542)===
In 1542, Sher Shah embarked on a campaign to [[Malwa]]. Qadir Khan, the ruler of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], had offended Sher Shah by claiming he was equal to him, as well as failing pledged aid against the Mughals. Upon arriving in [[Gwalior]], the governor of the city submitted to the Afghans. The Afghan army continued their march to [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]]. Believing defeat was imminent, Qadir Khan left [[Ujjain]] and awaited at Sarangpur for Sher Shah's arrival. Sher Shah received him, and they together advanced into Ujjain. Sher Shah then made Qadir Khan the governor of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]]. However, suspicious of Sher Shah's intentions, Qadir Khan fled to [[Gujarat]], leaving Malwa annexed to Sher Shah's domain.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=91}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=169}}

Sher Shah consolidated his new territories before returning to Agra, also receiving submission from the ruler of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=170}} Shujaat Khan was appointed as the new governor of Malwa, with further attempts from Qadir Khan to reclaim Malwa ending in failure against Shujaat Khan.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=91}}

===Conquest of Raisen (1543)===
{{Main|Siege of Chanderi|Puran Mal}}
After the death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, [[Puran Mal]] regained control of [[Raisen]], which had been annexed by Bahadur Shah in 1532. Following the re-capture of the city, Puran Mal was accused of committing tyrannies unto the Muslim populace, which Puran Mal denied.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=78}} After assembling an army, the Rajputs, facing defeat, surrendered under the promise of safe conduct. Puran Mal withdrew from the fort with 4,000 Rajputs, including their families. However, after being ill-advised by fanatic Muslims, as well as Muslim widows appealing to him after allegedly suffering under Puran Mal's rule, Sher Shah gave permission for the Afghan army to attack the Rajputs while they were still leaving the fort. The Rajputs killed their women and children before engaging in battle with the Afghans, before being defeated as the Afghans massacred them.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=170}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=78}} This act is considered the darkest mark on Sher Shah's reign.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=92}}

===Conquest of Marwar (1543–1544)===
{{Main|Battle of Sammel}}
[[File:H0900-L185162829.jpg|alt=Depiction of Rao Maldeo Rathore|Portrait of Rao Maldeo Rathore|thumb|right]]
Having initially attempted to aid Humayun in regaining his throne, as well as having failed to capture Humayun for Sher Shah, and Marwar itself being a formidable kingdom and threat to his rule, Sher Shah began preparing for war in August 1542.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=93-95}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=80}}

In early 1543, Sher Shah Suri, with a force of 80,000 cavalry, set out against [[Maldeo Rathore]], the [[Rajput]] king of [[Marwar]]. The Afghan army advanced through Merta before Maldeo advanced with his own army of 50,000 to face Sher Shah, which had halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of [[Jaitaran]], near [[Jodhpur]].{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=526-527}} Establishing defenses, Sher Shah's strong position made it difficult for Maldeo to launch an attack,{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=80}} while Sher Shah's position became dangerous due to supply difficulties for his large army. Sher Shah thus resorted to intrigue by dropping forged letters near Maldeo's camp, falsely indicating that some of his commanders intended to defect to the Afghans. This caused great distress to Maldeo, leading him to abandon his commanders and retreat to Jodhpur with his men.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=95}}{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}}

Maldeo's generals, Jaita and Kumpa, split off a contingent of 12,000 men to fight against the Afghans. In the resulting Battle of Sammel, Sher Shah emerged victorious.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}} Following the victory, Khawas Khan Marwat took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from [[Ajmer]] to [[Mount Abu]] in 1544, with [[Kingdom of Bikaner|Bikaner]] also submitting to Afghan rule.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2006|p=81-82}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=95-98}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=80}} Maldeo was initially forced to retreat to [[Siwana]], however after the death of Sher Shah he was able to recapture Jodhpur by July 1545 and the rest of his territories by 1546. In doing so he had to defeat the chain of garrisons that had been posted by Sher Shah before his death.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=531}}

==Death (1545)==
{{Further|Sher Shah Suri Tomb}}
[[File:Sher Shah Suri Tomb.jpg|thumb|alt=Tomb of Sher Shah Suri|Tomb of Sher Shah Suri at Sasaram]]
Following the conquest of Marwar, Sher Shah besieged [[Kalinjar Fort]] in 1544. Due to continuous resistance from the Rajputs, he besieged the fort for seven months.{{sfn|Rizvi|2005|p=101}} The circumstances regarding Sher Shah's death are uncertain. Some sources state that he was mortally wounded by a [[gunpowder]] explosion when one of his cannons burst. Another account suggests that during a battle, as he descended from a [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]] and ordered his men to hurl bombs into the fort, one bomb fell back and hit a cache of bombs, causing a large explosion. Some people escaped with minor burns, while Sher Shah was found [[Burn|half-burned]] and taken to his tent, where he remained for two days. Despite his critical condition, he ordered his men to swarm the fort, advancing close to the fort with his troops.{{sfn|Qanungo|1921|p=338-340}} Upon hearing that the fort had finally fallen, he remarked, "Thanks to Almighty god." Sher Shah succumbed to his [[Mortal wound|wounds]] and died on 22 May 1545, at the age of 73 or 59.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=830}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=97}}

[[File:The Sur Empire at its height.png|thumb|left|alt=Sher Shah's empire at its height in 1545|The Sur Empire at its height prior to the death of Sher Shah {{Circa|1545}}]]
At the end of his reign, Sher Shah's empire spanned nearly the entirety of Northern India, excluding [[Assam]], [[Kashmir]], [[Gujarat]], and the [[North-West Frontier Province]].{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=182}} Sher Shah's [[heir apparent]] was his eldest son, Adil Khan. However, Jalal Khan was more favored by the nobility and seen as more experienced. As a result, Jalal Khan was invited by the nobility to be crowned, becoming Sher Shah's successor, and taking the [[regnal name]] [[Islam Shah Suri]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=424-425}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=220}} Sher Shah was buried in the [[tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], which stands in the middle of an artificial lake at [[Sasaram]], a town on the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The tomb finished its construction on 16 August 1545, three months after his death.{{sfn|Asher|1977|p=273-298}}

[[Hermann Goetz (art historian)|Hermann Goetz]] posited that one of the motivations for Sher Shah choosing his birthplace, Sasaram, as the site of his tomb, was that:

{{blockquote|For Sher Shah ... [Sasaram] was the very symbol of his life and glory.{{sfn|Asher|1977|p=273-298}}|author=|title=|source=}}

Decades after his death, the [[Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi]] was commissioned by Akbar to detail the reign of Sher Shah. Written by [[Abbas Sarwani]], the source was significant toward detailing the conquest of Bengal by Sher Shah as well as the magnitude of his reforms, and greatly benefited in contribution towards the history of medieval India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi – Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Tarikh-i-Sher_Shahi |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref><ref>''Abbas Sarwani'', I.H. Siddiqui, '''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''', Vol. XII, ed. P.J.Bearman, T. Bianquis, C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P.Heinrichs, (Brill, 2004), 1.</ref><ref>''Abbas Khān Sarwānī and the Tuḥfa-yi Akbar Shāhī. A Critical Study'', Rahim Raza, '''East and West''', 143.</ref>

==Children and succession==
[[File:Islam Shah Suri.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Depiction of Islam Shah Suri|Illustration of Islam Shah Suri, son and successor of Sher Shah]]
Sher Shah had two surviving sons upon his death, Jalal Khan (known as [[Islam Shah Suri]]), and Adil Khan. Conflict emerged after Sher Shah's death and Islam Shah was victorious after a battle at [[Agra]], with Adil Khan fleeing and his fate unknown.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=94-95}} Islam Shah would rule until his death in 1553, being succeeded by his minor son, [[Firuz Shah Suri]] who was assassinated by [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]], a nephew of Sher Shah from his full brother, Nizam Khan.{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=424-431}}

The turbulence of succession and the instability afterward in the reign of Adil Shah unraveled the Sur Empire, including the rise of many military adventurers such as [[Taj Khan Karrani]] in [[Bihar]], [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]] in [[Bayana]], [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] in [[Lahore]], and [[Muhammad Khan Sur]] in [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=431-433}}

Initially having aborted an attempt against Islam Shah in 1553,{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=428}} [[Humayun]] returned to invade India. Capitalizing off of the instability to invade the [[Punjab]], Mughal forces seized [[Lahore]] without opposition due to the civil war, and Afghan forces were defeated at [[Battle of Machhiwara|Machhiwara]]. Sikander Shah attempted to give battle to Humayun at [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Sirhind]] before being defeated as well, allowing the Mughals to re-occupy [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1971|p=432-433}}

==Legacy and reforms==
===Currency===
[[File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Coinage of Sher Shah Suri|''Rupiya'' released by Sher Shah Suri, 1538–1545 CE, was the first [[Rupee]]]]
The system of tri-metalism that came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by Sher Shah.{{sfn|Thomas|1967|p=403}} While the term ''rūpya'' had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term ''rūpee'' came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern [[rupee]].<ref name="RBI">{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |title=Mughal Coinage |website=[[RBI Monetary Museum]] |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> The ''Rupee'' is today used as the national currency in India, [[Indonesia]], the [[Maldives]], [[Mauritius]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Seychelles]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. [[Gold coin]]s called the ''[[Mohur]]'' weighing 169 grains and copper [[coin]]s called [[Paisa]] were also minted during his reign.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=107}}<ref name="RBI"/> According to numismatists Goron and Goenka, it is clear from coins dated AH 945 (1538 AD) that Sher Shah had assumed the royal title of Farid al-Din Sher Shah and had coins struck in his own name prior to the [[battle of Chausa]].{{sfn|Goron|Goenka|2001|p=98}}

===Provincial and local administration===
Historians widely acclaim Sher Shah for his administrative ability, being referred to as one of the greatest Administrators in India. Some of his reforms took off the institutions of [[Alauddin Khalji]].{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}}{{sfn|Staff|Rao|1989|p=41}} The Sur Empire was divided into many [[Subdivision (land)|subdivisions]] called [[Iqtas]], which were often ruled by military governors. [[Haibat Khan Niazi|Haibat Khan]], who governed the [[Punjab]], commanded over 30,000 men and could distribute jagirs to his soldiers. [[Khawas Khan Marwat|Khawas Khan]], another military governor, ruled over [[Rajasthan]] with a force of over 20,000 men. The heads of Iqtas were known by various titles such as [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]], [[Faujdar]], or Momin and typically commanded bodies of men usually numbering less than 5,000. Their responsibilities included maintaining order and enforcing law within their jurisdictions.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=176}}

Iqtas were further divided into [[districts]] known as [[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkars]], each overseen by two chief officers: the Shiqar and the Munsif. The Shiqar was responsible for civil administration and could field 200–300 soldiers to maintain law and order. The Munsif handled [[Tax revenue|revenue collection]] and civil justice, while chief Shiqars often dealt with criminal justice cases.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=176-177}}

Sarkars were in turn divided into smaller units called [[Parganas]], which consisted of a town and its surrounding villages. Each Pargana had a Shiqar, a Munsif, a Fotdar (treasurer), and a Karkun (clerk) proficient in [[Hindi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. The Shiqar of a Pargana was a military officer under the Sarkar's Shiqar's oversight and was responsible for maintaining stability and assisting the Munsif in land revenue collection and measurement. The Munsif in the Pargana was under the supervision of the chief Munsif in the Sarkar.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=177}}
[[File:Panchayat India.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A modern Panchayat in India|An open Panchayat in Narsingarh, Madhya Pradesh]]
Villages within the Parganas often operated autonomously and were governed by assemblies called [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]. This was respected by Sher Shah during his reign. These assemblies consisted of village elders who managed local needs and enforced community-specific punishments. The village chief acted as a liaison between the village and the higher levels of government.{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=177-178}}

===Religious policy===
The religious policy of Sher Shah is debated amongst historians. Dr. Qanungo states that Sher Shah upheld religious tolerance toward [[Hindus]]. Ram Sharma states that Sher Shah Suri was heavily devoted to his faith, always praying the [[Salah|five prayers]], while also claiming that Sher Shah's wars against the Rajputs were a [[Jihad]]. The war against [[Puran Mal]] in particular was described as a Jihad, and his treatment of [[Maldeo Rathore|Maldeo]] were argued as signs of [[religious intolerance]]. However, Sher Shah was always tolerant of Hindus. He did not bear grudges against them or wage [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|anti-Hindu propaganda]].{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=53}}<ref name="Britannica" />

Srivastava elaborates, stating that Sher Shah's balanced approach satisfied his fellow Muslims despite his lenient treatment of Hindus. His policy was that Islam would hold supremacy over the lands he conquered, but without displacing [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=53-54}}

===Military===
Noted by historians as an excellent military leader,{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}} Sher Shah invited [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]] from across the empire as well as [[Afghanistan]], giving them high positions and personally taking an interest in recruiting troops. Sher Shah promoted individuals based on merit rather than [[nepotism]]. The Afghan army emphasized [[cavalry]], while their [[infantry]] were armed with [[muskets]]. One of his military reforms included dividing his army into divisions, each led by a commander. Discipline was strict, with provisions supplied by [[Banjaras]] who accompanied the army. Roles were assigned through the Dagh system, which also helped root out foreign spies.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=49}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=102}} Salaries for soldiers were established at a fixed rate, and salaries were often regular.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}}

During Sher Shah's first Bengal campaign from 1536 to 1537, his army was reportedly 240,000 strong, comprising 40,000 horsemen, 200,000 Infantry, 1,500 elephants, and 300 boats. In his second invasion from 1537 to 1538, his forces were said to include 100,000 horsemen and 300,000 footmen. These figures are likely exaggerated.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=51}} A distressed Mughal commander in 1535 reported that Sher Shah only had 6,000 horsemen, while merely a few years later, he had over 70,000. These figures are put into question by [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]], but he emphasizes the capabilities of Sher Shah in his methods of recruitment.{{sfn|Kolff|2002|p=53}}

Chaurasia describe Sher Shah's commanding abilities through his patience, and foresight, being able to attack at a critical moment. Experienced with numerous military tactics, he often capitalized off of taking enemy forces by surprise.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=187}} Sher Shah considered [[Pashto]] as a sign of friendliness, and gave higher salaries to Afghans who could speak Pashto in his army.<ref name="Sarwani">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFGTzQEACAAJ |title=Táríkh-i Sher Sháhí; or, Tuhfat-i Akbar Sháhí, of 'Abbás Khán Sarwání. CHAPTER I. Account of the reign of Sher Sháh Súr. |page=78 |author=Abbas Khan Sarwani |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |location=London |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1580 |access-date=4 September 2010 |author-link=Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi}}</ref> By 1540, his [[standing army]] consisted of over 150,000 cavalrymen, 25,000 infantrymen, and over 5,000 [[war elephants]].{{sfn|Roy|2015|p=54}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=103}}

===Social justice===
Sher Shah was renowned for his social justice.{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=108}} Courts were held by [[Qadis]], with Sher Shah himself observing [[Civil law (common law)|civil cases]]. Hindus settled their disputes in [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] assemblies, while in criminal cases, nobody was exempt from the law of the empire. The criminal law of the empire was extremely harsh to deter others from committing crimes out of fear of the repercussions. Sher Shah imposed heavy punishments on individuals in high posts, including government officials.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=51}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=180-182}}

Sher Shah's reputation grew as he became known for being a formidable and [[Justice|just]] ruler, to the point where merchants could travel and sleep in deserts without fear of being harassed by [[Banditry|bandits]] or [[Robbery|robbers]]. His soldiers acted as police, with the duty of finding thieves and robbers. Sher Shah Suri also implemented the reform of self-responsibility, assigning officials the duty to find culprits in cases such as murder; if they failed, they would be held responsible and [[Hanging|hanged]]. Historians praise these reforms for their effectiveness.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=52}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|pp=180-182}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=110}}

===Buildings===
{{main|Indo-Islamic architecture}}
[[File:Kabuli Gate - Rohtas Fort by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Entrance to the Kabul gate of Rohtas fort|The Kabuli gate of Rohtas fort]]
Sher Shah built several monuments, including [[Rohtas Fort]] (now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in Pakistan), many structures in the [[Rohtasgarh Fort]] in Bihar, the [[Sher Shah Suri Masjid]] in [[Patna]], the [[Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque]] inside the [[Purana Qila]] complex in Delhi, and the Sher Mandal, an octagonal building also inside the Purana Qila complex, which later served as the library of Humayun. He built a new city, [[Bhera]], in present-day Pakistan in 1545, including within it a grand masjid named after him.{{sfn|Asher|Hambly|1994}}{{sfn|Matta|2005|pp=215–216}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=54}}{{sfn|Brown|1939|p=636-646}}

Sher Shah was responsible for greatly rebuilding and modernizing the [[Grand Trunk Road]], a major artery that runs all the way from modern-day [[Bangladesh]] to [[Afghanistan]]. Caravanserais (inns) and mosques were built, and trees were planted along the entire stretch on both sides of the road to provide shade to travelers. Wells were also dug, especially along the western section. He also established an efficient postal system, with mail being carried by relays of horse riders.{{sfn|Kumar|2019}}{{sfn|Srivastava|1964|p=110-111}}

The [[Tomb of Sher Shah Suri|mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri]] was described as one of the most beautiful monuments in India due to its grandeur and dignity. British archaeologist [[Alexander Cunningham|Cunningham]] was even inclined to prefer it over the [[Taj Mahal]].{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=54}}

===Trade===
Among his reforms while consolidating the empire, Sher Shah [[Tax reform|abolished taxes]] at the borders of provinces to invigorate trade throughout India. Only two levies remained in place: one on [[goods]] brought into the country and another when goods were sold. As a result, customs duties were entirely removed.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=52}}{{sfn|Mehta|1984|p=182}}

== In popular culture ==
''Sher Khan'' (1962), an Indian [[Hindi]]-language action film by Radhakant starring [[Kamaljeet]] in the titular role along with [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], is ostensibly based on the emperor's life.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999}} ''Shershah Suri'', a television show about the emperor, was [[List of programs broadcast by DD National|aired on DD National]] by [[Doordarshan]], the Indian national public broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shershah Suri - Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iczbpmS53vM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/iczbpmS53vM |archive-date=31 October 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=14 September 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[The Jungle Book]], made by [[Rudyard Kipling]], has its antagonist [[Shere Khan]] named after Sher Shah Suri.{{sfn|Welsh|2013|p=188}}

==See also==
* [[Isa Khan Niazi]]
* [[Khalji dynasty]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[Jahangir Kabir (politician)]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Shershabadia]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=ABM Shamsuddin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |year=2012 |chapter=Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Aquil |first1=Raziuddin |year=2007 |title=Sufism, Culture, and Politics: Afghans and Islam in Medieval North India |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-568512-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=DELHI SULTANATE |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine |last2=Hambly |first2=Gavin |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/delhi-sultanate |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=1994}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |year=1977 |title=The Mausoleum of Sher Shāh Sūrī |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=273–298 |doi=10.2307/3250169 |jstor=3250169}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Percy |author-link=Percy Brown (art historian) |year=1939 |title=The Influence of Sher Shah Sur on the Islamic Architecture of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252417 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=3 |pages=636–646 |jstor=44252417 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1999 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals - Part Two: Mughal Empire (1526–1748) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |edition=3rd |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2007 |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=J. N. |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R. C. |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1974 |chapter=Sher Shāh and His Successors |title=The Mughal Empire |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=7 |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=3012164}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Paul K. |author-link=Paul K. Davis (historian) |year=2000 |title=100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16MGEAAAQBAJ |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-442-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goron |first1=Stan |last2=Goenka |first2=J. P. |year=2001 |title=The Coins of the Indian Sultanates |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1010-3}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |year=2006 |title=A history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rima%20hooja%20rajasthan |publisher=Rupa and Company |isbn=978-81-291-1501-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jansari |first1=Sushma |author-link=Sushma Jansari |year=2023 |title=Chandragupta Maurya: The creation of a national hero in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOG9EAAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+1472 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-80008-388-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Everett Jr |year=2015 |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=coronation+of+sher+shah+suri |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=MD I. A. |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Medieval_History_Emergence_of_Islam_to_d/bLB4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Medieval History (Emergence of Islam to downfall of mughal empire) |date=2022-07-04 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}
* {{cite book |first=Dirk |last=Kolff |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Anu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZunDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher+Shah+Suri+postal+system&pg=PT134 |title=Kings and Queens of India: All about famous rulers and dynasties that shaped the country |date=2019-08-06 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-948-3 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Jonathan |year=2019 |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-010-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |year=1968 |title=India Since 1526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5FcQwAACAAJ |edition=8th |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&q=chausa+sher+mughal |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Matta |first1=Basheer Ahmad Khan |author-link=Basheer Matta |year=2005 |title=Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VduAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+shah+Puran |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597882-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&q |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=1984 |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |language=en |orig-year=1981}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze |year=2011 |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=sher+shah+suri+bengal+campaign+1537 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalikaranjan |year=1921 |title=Sher Shah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52228 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Kar, Majumdar & Co.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qanungo |first=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=Sher%20Shah%20tiger |title=Sher Shah and His Times |date=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author1-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author2-link=Paul Willemen |year=1999 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja |url-access=registration |access-date=12 August 2012 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-669-6}}
* {{Cite book |first=Saiyid Atthar Abbas |last=Rizvi |title=The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-continent from the Coming of the Muslims to the British Conquest, 1200-1700, Volume 2 |publisher=Picador |year=2005 |pages=101 |isbn=978-0-330-43910-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucpLPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |year=2015 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+150,000+cavalry |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6k9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |date=1964 |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |date=1971 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Edward |year=1967 |title=The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi |location=Delhi |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0360-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Welsh |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZZhBQAAQBAJ |title=The History of the World: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Quercus |isbn=978-1-78206-110-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas Edmund Farnsworth |last2=Wright |first2=Edmund |year=2015 |title=A Dictionary of World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POAwBwAAQBAJ&q=sher+shah+suri+1486 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-968569-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Staff |first1=Rao P. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC |title=Indian Heritage and Culture |last2=Rao |first2=P. Raghunadha |date=1989 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0930-0 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sur Empire|House of Sur]]||{{circa|1472/1486}}||1545}}
{{S-reg}}
|-
{{S-new
| reason = [[Sur Empire]] established
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Sultan]] of [[Hindustan]]
| years = 1538/1540-1545
}}
{{S-aft
| before = [[Humayun]]
| after = [[Islam Shah Suri]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Pashtun}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|Afghanistan|Royalty|History}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Sher Shah}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Sur Empire]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:1545 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:16th-century regents]]
[[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:Emperors in India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:People from Sasaram]]
[[Category:People from Dera Ismail Khan District]]
[[Category:Generals of the medieval Islamic world]]

Bobby Sarma Baruah

2026-03-03T22:06:14Z

Navi guy: starting stub

{{Short description|Indian Film Maker, Producer and Screenwriter}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=December 2016}}{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bobby Sarma Baruah
| image = Bobby Sarma Baruah1.jpg
| occupation = Film Maker, Producer and Screenwriter
| awards = Best film in Spiritual Category at the 13th Dhaka International Film Festival
| website = {{URL|drbobbysarmabaruah.com}}
}}

'''Dr. Bobby Sarma Baruah''' is a national and international award-winning Indian filmmaker, producer and screenwriter whose narrative content on socio-cultural issues in Assam and the Northeast India has been highly appreciated. Her debut feature film ''Adomya''<ref>{{Citation|title=List of Assamese films of 2014|date=2021-04-26|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Assamese_films_of_2014&oldid=1019922393|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-05-10}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2023}}<ref>{{Citation|last=Baruah|first=Bobby Sarma|title=Adomya|date=2014-12-12|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4136676/|type=Drama|others=Pranami Bora, Sulakhyana Baruah, Jyoti Narayan Nath, Saurabh Hazarika|publisher=BB Entertainment|access-date=2021-05-10}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2023}} in which she explored the sensitivity and emotional world of women was awarded the best film in the spiritual category at the 13th [[Dhaka International Film Festival]].

''Adomya'' was also screened as an official selection for more than eighteen international film festivals across the world.

Her second venture, ''[[Sonar Baran Pakhi]]'', a biopic based on the life and time of the folk singer Late Padmashree [[Pratima Barua Pandey]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2015|title=Biopic on noted Assamese folk singer Pratima Barua-Pandey|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/biopic-on-noted-assamese-folk-singer-pratima-barua-pandey-517200-2015-11-22|access-date=2021-05-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> of Assam has been included as an official entry at various festivals besides winning the Grand Jury prize for the best feature film in the 15th Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles and the best audience choice award at the 15th Dhaka International Film Festival. This movie was also screened at 24 international film festivals around the globe. Her third feature film is ''Mishing'' (The Apparition), which own her the [[Silver Lotus Award]] ([[Rajat Kamal]]) in the 66th [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]. The film is in [[Sherdukpen language]] and based on the novel ''Mishing,'' written by [[Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi]]. ''Mishing'' (The Apparition) was selected in 24th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]], 23rd [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] and it screened almost 20 other international film festivals around the globe.
Baruah completed her shooting in her fourth feature film, ''Sikaisal'', which is now{{when|date=December 2021}} in post production stage.

As a director, producer and scriptwriter, Baruah has a number of short films, documentaries, music videos and TV Serials on various indigenous folk cultures blending into one, to her credit. She is also an accomplished poet and a short story writer in the [[Assamese language|Assamese Language]]. She has also served as a juror at the Prestigious 14th [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] (2016), Lucknow [[Children's International Film Festival]] (2016), Served as juror at 8th National Science Film Festival of India, 2018.. Served as a juror at the [[Hiru Golden Film Awards]]. She was also awarded the Senior Fellowship from Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]] on the Topic "Ethnic Jewellery with attire of the Eight States of North-East India".

Dr. Bobby Sarma Baruah completed her Ph.D. from the Department of Mass communication and Journalism, [[Gauhati University|Guwahati University]] on the topic "Reflection of the folk culture of Assam in Assamese cinema".

== Early life ==
Born to a family of creative minds, Baruah's father was a sculptor, a painter and an artist of high caliber. She inherited the inventive and artistic genes of her father which later on shaped the course of life. Her mother was also an artist who laid the very foundation of freedom of expression among her children by teaching them to sing and dance, thus stimulating them with their originative ideas . Oldest among the three siblings, she bloomed creatively under the encouragement of her mother and learnt to sing and dance, participating in various cultural competitions, winning numerous prizes. She also developed great oratory skills which led her to often take part in debates and poetry gatherings. She began with her literary skills since her 5th grade, publishing her poetries in local regional news papers and ever since have been continuing with her creative literary pursuits.

== Education ==
She completed her Schooling from Gohpur and she completed her graduation from B. Borooah College Guwahati, majoring in education. She then completed her bachelor of education degree and went on to complete her master's degree in Assamese Literature from Gauhati University. She then did her second master's degree in Mass Communication and Journalism from Gauhati University, Assam. She completed her PhD from the Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, Guwahati University, on the topic "Reflection of the folk culture of Assam in Assamese cinema". She enrolled herself in the school of Photography owned by Amulya Manna to shape up her creative pursuits. She has also attended the Film Appreciation Course in FTII, Pune. She won a senior national fellowship from the Ministry of Culture, Government of India in 2014 for a research project on ethnic jewellery and costumes of North East.

== Career ==
Baruah began her professional career in media in 2006, starting with making quickies for All India Radio, Guwahati Assam. She also produced and directed music video films Suntora, Sohoror Godhuli and Sohoror Tita Mitha in 2006–2008. She made a number of documentaries and quickies based on regional agriculture in 2009–2010. She directed a popular T V serial for Doordarshan named JivanJatra, various short films like Waiting for a Call, Deuta and Mirror, a thirteen-episode documentary on folk culture of different ethnic communities of Assam. In the year 2009, she produced a stage drama Maya, and directed a documentary film Santosh based on the Indian Post. She also made quickies on behalf of World Bank in 2012–2013. After that she went on to make a six-episode serial for Axom Sarba Siksha Abhijan Mission in 2012–13. She made 3 documentaries for Vigyan Prasar, Ministry of Science and Technology and 15 episodes of a Hindi Series for DD-Arunprabha, Doordarshan Bhawan, New Delhi.

== Released films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center;"
|+ Filmography
! style="background:#d3d3d3;" | Film
! style="background:#d3d3d3;" | Year
! style="background:#d3d3d3;" | Role
|-
| ''Adomya'' || 2014 || Director, Producer, Scriptwriter
|-
| style="background:#e6e6e6;" | ''Sonar Baran Pakhi'' || 2016 || Director, Co-producer, Scriptwriter
|-
| ''Mishing'' || 2018 || Director, Co-producer, Scriptwriter
|-
| style="background:#e6e6e6;" | ''Sikaisal'' || 2020 || Director
|}
In 2014 she made her debut as a director, producer and scriptwriter with the feature film ''Adomya'' (Indomitable).

In 2016, she made her second feature film as a director, co-producer and scriptwriter for ''Sonar Baran Pakhi'' (The Golden Wing) based on a legendary folk singer, Sahitya Academy Awardee, Padma Shri, Pratima Baruah Pandey.

In 2018, she made her third feature film as a director, co-producer and scriptwriter for ''Mishing'' (The Apparition) based on a novel written by Sahitya Academy and Padma Shri awardee Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi.

In 2020, Baruah completed her shooting in her fourth feature film, ''Sikaisal'', which is now in post-production stage.

==Awards and honours==

=== For ''Adomya'' ===

* 13th Dhaka International Film Festival (won best film in Spiritual category), Bangladesh, 2014
* 12th Third Eye Asian Film Festival, Mumbai 2014
* 15th Rainbow Film Festival London- 2014
* 1st International Women Film Festival, Bangladesh- 2014
* Cana Film Festival, Singapore- 2014
* 3rd Delhi International Film Festival, 2014
* 7th Bengaluru International Film Festival, 2014
* Mumbai Women's International Film Festival, 2014
* 12th Chennai International Film Festival, 2014
* Kala Ghoda Art Festival, 2014
* 17th London Asian Film Festival, 2015
* Habitat Film Festival, Delhi, 2015
* 46th International Film Festival, Goa (Womenclature of Cinema)

=== For ''Sonar Baran Pakhi'' ===

* 15th Dhaka International Film Festival (Won Best Audience Award)
* 15th Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles 2017 (won Grand Jury Award)
* 18th Jio Mami Mumbai Film Festival 2016
* 22nd Kolkata International Film Festival, 2016
* 9th Bengaluru International Film Festival, 2017
* 13th IAWRT Asian Women's Film Festival, 2017
* 15th Third Eye Asian Film Festival 2016
* Khajuraho International Film Festival 2016
* 6th International Film Festival of South Asia – Toronto (IFFSA) 2017
* 20th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival, Turkey 2017
* Habitat Film Festival 2017
* 13th Jechon International Music and Film Festival, Korea 2017
* Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2017
* 7th International South Asian Film Festival 2017
* 7th International Folk Music Film Festival, Nepal
* WMAFF, Women Media Arts and Film Festival; Sydney, Australia 2017
* Kaleidoscope Film Festival, New York, 2017
* Chicago South Asian Film Festival, 2017
* Singapore South Asian International Film Festival, 2017

=== For the Feature Film ''Mishing'' ===

* 66th National Film Award (Silver Lotus)
* 24th Kolkata International Film Festival 2019
* 23rd International Film Festival of Kerala 2019
* Indian Film Festival of Melbourne, 2019
* Bengaluru International Film Festival, 2019
* Habitat Film Festival, New Delhi, 2019
* Diorama International Film Festival, 2019
* 10th Indian Film Festival of Bhubaneswar 2019
* 2nd Itanagar International Film Festival 2019
* 3rd Guwahati International Film Festival 2019
* 21st Burdwan International Film Festival
* First Biswanath Film Festival 2019
* International Women Film Festival
* MACTA Women International Film Festival (virtual)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruah, Bobby}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing

2026-03-03T17:52:35Z

Navi guy: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing
| image = Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing poster.jpg

| story = [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
| starring = Sree Supraja Rahul Satish [[Mast Ali]]
| director = Sajid Qureshi
| cinematography = Martin Joe
| based_on = ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (Tamil) by [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
| producer = Mohammad Sohail Ansari
| editing = Mohan – Rama Rao
| studio = Blockbuster Studio
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|08|09}}
| runtime = 109 min
| language = Telugu
| music = Gunwanth Sen
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing''''' ({{translation|Some pages in the book are missing}}) is a 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Sajid Qureshi and Produced by Mohammad Sohail Ansari. The film is a remake of [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]'s 2012 film ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]].'' It stars Sree, Supraja, Rahul, Satish and [[Mast Ali]] in vital roles. Gunwanth Sen scored the Music. The film released on 9 August 2013 and did decent business at the box office in spite of mixed reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/57798/tollywood/pussthakam-lo-konni-pagelu-missing-movie-review-movie-review-details |title=Pussthakam lo Konni Pagelu Missing Movie Review |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215940/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/57798/tollywood/pussthakam-lo-konni-pagelu-missing-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijay Kumar (Sri), Siva, Saleem and Balaji are good friends. Vijay happens to meet Sandhya (Supraja) and he falls in love with her. After a brief resistance, the parents of Vijay and Sandhya accept their love and agree to get them married.
Just a day before the wedding, Vijay gets injured while playing cricket. He takes a blow on his head and ends up with temporary memory loss. He loses all memory of events that happened in the last one year.
As the wedding hour approaches, Vijay's friends do everything and anything possible to bring back his memory. Will they succeed?
Will Vijay marry the girl he loves? That is the story of "Pusthakam lo Konni Pagelu Missing".

==Cast==
* Sri as Vijay
* Supraja as Sandhya
* Rahul as Shiva
* [[Mast Ali]] as Saleem
* Satish as Balaji
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Doctor

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Gunwanth Sen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downloadsouthmp3.se/pusthakamlo-konni-pageelu-missing-2013-telugu-mp3 |title=Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing (2013) Telugu MP3 Songs, Soundtracks, Music Album Download {{!}} Download South MP3 |website=www.downloadsouthmp3.se |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711075452/http://www.downloadsouthmp3.se/pusthakamlo-konni-pageelu-missing-2013-telugu-mp3 |archive-date=2013-07-11}}</ref>

* "Ra Ra" - Deepu
* "Band Baaja" - [[Indu Sonali]]
* "Ayyo Ramare" - [[Gaana Bala]]
* "Saradaga" - Chinna Ponnu
* "Rabba" - Deepu

==Critical reception==
*A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote: "It's funny, but only in pieces, so a cheerful disposition might come in very handy to survive the not-so-funny parts, which is what most of the movie is filled with"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Pusthakam-Lo-Konni-Pagelu-Missing/movie-review/21730909.cms|title=Pusthakam Lo Konni Pagelu Missing Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Pusthakam Lo Konni Pagelu Missing by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote: "In fact, there is nothing more to the film than its trailer and promos. Too many small plots and repetitive dialogues put you off, So, give this film a miss".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130810/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/pustakam-lo-konni-pagelu-review-give-film-miss |title='Pustakam Lo Konni Pagelu' review: Give this film a miss! |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813130459/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130810/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/pustakam-lo-konni-pagelu-review-give-film-miss |archive-date=2013-08-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]

Paattu Vaathiyar

2026-03-03T04:50:55Z

Navi guy: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Paattu Vaathiyar.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[T. P. Gajendran]]
| producer = K. Nalluswamy
| writer = S. P. Mathivanan S. Gajendrakumar (dialogues)
| screenplay = T. P. Gajendran
| story = Ashok Kumar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramesh Aravind]]|[[Ranjitha]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Baby Philips
| editing = Rajkeerthi
| distributor =
| studio = Sree Navalady Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|07|22}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paattu Vaathiyar''''' ({{translation}} Music teacher) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[T. P. Gajendran]]. The film stars [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Ranjitha]], with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Senthil]], [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]], [[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]], Vetri Vigneshwar, [[Kovai Sarala]] and Raghavi playing supporting roles. It was released on 22 July 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=பாட்டு வாத்தியார் / Pattu Vathiyar (1995) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/pattu-vathiyar |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Screen 4 Screen |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227031108/https://screen4screen.com/movies/pattu-vathiyar |url-status=live }}</ref> and did not do well at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=1996-01-09 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review(Cont.) |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/DkYZjPTDnMU |website=[[Google Groups]] |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310153148/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/DkYZjPTDnMU |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=1996-01-09 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |website=[[Google Groups]] |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106022218/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==

Pandian is a wealthy man in his village and the village chief, he built a school in the past. His daughter Deivanai is a joyful woman, she has more power than the school headmaster and all the teachers work under her command.

The villagers follow very orthodox customs: only those from the village can get married together and the village women are not allowed to leave the village.

Ramesh is a music teacher, he comes from the city to teach music lessons at Pandian's school. At first, when taking classes, the students tease Ramesh and they don't respect him. Ramesh slowly makes them like music. Ramesh gets into a fight with Deivanai, which leads to an ego clash between the pair. The hatred turns into love, they both fall in love secretly. In the meantime, Pechimuthu, Pandian's nephew, is back from jail after an honour killing.

In the past, the village girl Karpagam and Vetri who was from another village fell in love with each other. When their relationship had come into the limelight, Pandian punished Karpagam: being stripped in front of the villagers. But her lover tried to save her from this humiliation, and Pechimuthu brutally killed him. Afterwards, Karpagam became mentally ill and Pechimuthu was sent to jail.

Maarappan, Karpagam's brother, wants to take revenge on Pandian and Pechimuthu and he waits for the right opportunity. One day, Maarappan learns of Ramesh and Deivanai's love. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Ramesh
*[[Ranjitha]] as Deivanai
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Pandian
*[[Senthil]] as Pulipandi
*[[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendar]] as Maarappan
*[[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]] as Pechimuthu
*Vetri Vigneshwar as Vetri
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Pulipandi's wife
*Raghavi as Karpagam
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as washerman
*[[Kula Deivam V. R. Rajagopal]] as Headmaster
*Gajendra Kumar
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]] as Tamil Teacher
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Science Teacher
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Swamy
*Marthandan
*[[Thavakalai Chittibabu]] as Ice Cream Seller
*K. B. Kumar
*N. Ramadurai
*Malliswari
*Uma Maheswari
*Maami Jayalakshmi
*Sumathi
*Baby Thejesh Kumar Gourabathini
*Baboos
*[[T. P. Gajendran]] in a cameo appearance
}}

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 1995 |title=Paatu Vaathiyar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/paatu-vaathiyar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1703794503 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240304044436/https://music.apple.com/in/album/paatu-vaathiyar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1703794503 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paattu Vaathiyar Tamil Audio Cassettes By Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/ilayaraja-tamil-audio-cassettes/paattu-vaathiyar-tamil-audio-cassettes-2/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Banumass |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207111137/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/ilayaraja-tamil-audio-cassettes/paattu-vaathiyar-tamil-audio-cassettes-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Muthamendraal Ennavendru" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || 5:10
|-
| "Neethaane Naaldhorum" (duet) || K. J. Yesudas, [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:09
|-
| "Neethaane Naaldhorum" (solo) || K. J. Yesudas || 5:17
|-
| "Oh Maari Poo Maari" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Minmini]] || 4:53
|-
| "Sangeedhatha Valarkaveanaam" || K. J. Yesudas || 5:18
|-
| "Solai Malarea Nenjai" || K. J. Yesudas || 5:06
|-
| "Paadura" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 3:01
|-
| "Paadura" || K. J. Yesudas || 4:49
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0318534}}
{{T. P. Gajendran}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. P. Gajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 musical films]]

Konakanamitla

2026-02-26T16:56:25Z

Navi guy:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Konakanamitla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.65|79.5|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Konakanamitla
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Konakanamitla''' is a village in [[Markapuram district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Konakanamitla mandal in [[Markapur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |accessdate=19 June 2015|pages=137, 174|format=PDF}}</ref>

Now Konakalamitla is developing very fast. You Can get all services including Digital Marketing Training and Services offered by [http://wingseduserve.in wingseduserve]

== Geography ==
Konakanamitla is located at {{coord|15.65|N|79.5|E}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Markapuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Markapuram district]]

Kalawati

2026-02-24T22:35:13Z

Navi guy:

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film directed by Sanjay Jadhav}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalaawati
| image = Kalaawati film.jpg
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| screenplay = Mathew Fresche
| story = Nishant A Bhuse Anuja Karnik
| producer = Prajay Kamat Ayden Correia Tabrez Patel Praveen Mehta Ethan Mendes Naveen Kohli
| starring = Owen Bodyul [[Sanjay Narvekar]] [[Tejaswini Lonari]] Harish Dudhade [[Onkar Bhojane]]
| cinematography = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| editing = Jackson Cale
| music = John Taylor
| studio = MergeXR Studio AVK Entertainment Fifth Horizon
| released =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Kalaawati''''' is an upcoming [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Comedy horror|horror comedy film]] directed by [[Sanjay Jadhav]]. The film stars [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] in the titular role, alongside an ensemble cast of [[Sanjay Narvekar]], [[Tejaswini Lonari]], [[Onkar Bhojane]], Harish Dudhade, and Neel Salekar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Amruta Khanvilkar: अमृता खानविलकर दिसणार हॉरर कॉमेडी चित्रपटात, लूक चर्चेत |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/amruta-khanvilkar-upcoming-movie-kalavati-141677467189146.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>

The film was officially announced in February 2023. [[Principal photography]] began in February 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-28 |title='Kalaawati': Amruta Khanvilkar is all set to team up with Sanjay Jadhav for their upcoming horror comedy; First look out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/kalaawati-amruta-khanvilkar-is-all-set-to-team-up-with-sanjay-jadhav-for-their-upcoming-horror-comedy-first-look-out/articleshow/98293617.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The music is composed by Pankaj Padghan, while the cinematography is handled by Jadhav himself.<ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==

* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Kalaawati<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naringrekar |first=Siddhi |date=2023-02-27 |title='चंद्रमुखी' नंतर 'कलावती' च्या देखण्या सौदर्यांने घायाळ करायला येतेयं अमृता खानविलकर |url=https://www.lokshahi.com/entertainment/amruta-khanvilkar-upcoming-marathi-film-kalaawati-poster-launch |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Lokshahi Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title='चंद्रमुखीनंतर' अमृता खानविलकर झळकणार 'कलावती' सिनेमात; फर्स्ट लूक समोर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/after-chandramukhi-amrita-khanwilkar-new-movie-kalavati-is-coming-to-the-audience-first-look-front/694469 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=24taas.com |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Santosh
* [[Tejaswini Lonari]] as Neha<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=अमृताच्या 'कलावती' मध्ये झळकणार बिग बॉस मराठी 4 फेम 'ही' अभिनेत्री; कोण आहे ती? |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-4-fame-tejaswini-lonari-will-play-important-role-kalavati-amruta-khanvilkar-movie-mhnk-838928.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Onkar Bhojane]] as Ambadas<ref>{{Cite web |last=namratasandbhor |date=2023-02-27 |title=Onkar Bhojane {{!}} 'कलावती' चित्रपटाबाबत ओंकार भोजनेने केले मोठे वक्तव्य |url=https://policenama.com/onkar-bhojane-marathi-actor-onkar-bhojne-talking-about-expirence-working-with-amurta-khanvilkar/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=पोलीसनामा (Policenama) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आता माघारी फिरणे नाही! अमृता खानविलकरसोबत ओंकार भोजने करतोय सिनेमा; बड्या चित्रपटात वर्णी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/amruta-khanvilkar-kalavati-movie-announcement-starring-onkar-bhojane-sanjay-narvekar-directed-by-sanjay-jadhav/articleshow/98250587.cms |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
* Harish Dudhade as Akhil
* Dipti Dhotre as Rekha
* Abhijit Chavan as Ninad
* Neel Salekar as Abhay
* [[Sanjay Shejwal]] as Arav
* [[Rutuja Bagwe]]

== Production ==
''Kalaawati'' will be the first film by director Jadhav in the horror comedy genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2023-02-27 |title=Sanjay Jadhav : संजय जाधवच्या 'कलावती'चं पोस्टर आऊट! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/sanjay-jadhav-amruta-khanvilkar-onkar-bhojane-marathi-movie-kalaawati-poster-out-1155279 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

On 26 February 2023, Jadhav announced the film through a graphic poster featuring Khanvilkar in a mysterious look behind the curtain.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kalavati: Amruta Khanvilkar ची 'कलावती' येतेय, ओंकार भोजने सोबत जमणार जोडी, लोकप्रिय कलाकारांची फौज |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/amruta-khanvilkar-new-movie-kalavati-paired-with-omkar-bhojane-drj96 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=2 March 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> The same day, the [[Muhurat shot|muhurta ceremony]] was concluded at Ajivasan Studios in Mumbai, where, along with the cast and crew, famous music composer and film director [[Avadhoot Gupte]] was present as a chief guest.<ref name=":0" />

The [[principal photography]] commenced in late February 2023. The majority of the film was shot in and around [[London]], including [[Maidenhead|Meidenhead]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian film star and crew spotted in Maidenhead town centre |url=https://www.maidenhead-advertiser.co.uk/news/home/184351/indian-film-star-and-crew-spotted-in-maidenhead-town-centre.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.maidenhead-advertiser.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Khanvilkar had wrapped up her first schedule portions in March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cp_xAngIQlf/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चंद्रा! अमृताचा लंडनमध्ये ग्लॅमरस अवतार |url=https://www.lokmat.com/web-stories/amruta-khanvilkar-london-movie-shoot-photos-a945-19426834/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Lokmat.com |language=mr}}</ref> and shot her remaining scenes at [[Film City, Mumbai]], in early November 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=चित्रपटाच्या सीनसाठी अमृता चक्क क्रेनवर लटकली {{!}} Amruta Khanvilkar {{!}} Sanjay Jadhav {{!}} Kalaawati BTS | date=9 November 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6C0PRihZok |access-date=2023-11-13 |language=en}}</ref> The last filming schedule was completed on 17 November 2023.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Sequel ==
In mid-March 2023, writer Anakin Barboza revealed that they had already written the sequel idea and were waiting for ''Kalaawati'' to be complete first.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-21 |title=Amruta Khanvilkar starrer 'Kalaawati' is all set to have a sequel; writers Anuja Karnik and Nishant A Bhuse reveals detail |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/amruta-khanvilkar-starrer-kalaawati-is-all-set-to-have-a-sequel-writers-anuja-karnik-and-nishant-a-bhuse-reveals-detail/articleshow/98852466.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28356168}}

[[Category:Unreleased Indian films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Jadhav]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2020s horror drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy horror films]]

Ravish Malhotra

2026-02-19T08:32:17Z

Navi guy: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian Air Force pilot}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox astronaut
|name =Ravish Malhotra
|image = Wing Commander Ravish Malhotra edit.jpg
|caption =
|type = [[Intercosmos]] Research Cosmonaut
|alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]
|status =Retired
|birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1943|12|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place =[[Lahore]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[British India]]
|occupation =[[Test pilot|Test Pilot]]
|rank =
|selection =[[List of astronauts by selection#1982|1982]]
|missions =[[Soyuz T-11]]
|retirement =
|honorific_prefix=[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]|module={{Infobox military person| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-6.svg|32px]] [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| serviceyears = 1963 to 1994
| servicenumber = 7673 F(P)
| spouse=Mira Malhotra
| children=2
}}|awards=[[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Kirti Chakra]] [[File:Order_friendship_of_peoples_rib.png|32px]] [[Order of Friendship of Peoples|Soviet Order of Friendship of Peoples]]}}
'''Ravish Malhotra''' (born 25 December 1943 in [[Lahore]], [[British India]]) is a retired [[Air commodore (India)|air commodore]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He was an Air Force [[test pilot]] stationed at the test centre in [[Bangalore]]. He was also the Air Officer Commanding of [[Hindon Air Force Station]] near Delhi.

In 1982, he was chosen to train for spaceflight in the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Intercosmos]] program. Malhotra served as backup for [[Rakesh Sharma]] on the [[Soyuz T-11]] mission to [[Salyut 7]] [[space station]] which launched the first Indian into space, but never went to space himself. Malhotra was awarded the Soviet [[Order of Friendship of Peoples]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Soviets, Indian end nine-day space trip|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19840412&id=EOZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5663,2688543|last=|first=|date=12 April 1984|website=news.google.com|publisher=Eugene Register-Guard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828222308/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19840412&id=EOZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5663,2688543|archive-date=28 August 2022|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> in 1984 and the [[Kirti Chakra]] in 1985.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Rakesh Sharma Chest Patch.svg|thumb|Chest patch he would have worn if he was on the primary crew assignment for Soyuz T-11]]

== Early life ==
Malhotra was born on 25 December 1943 in [[Lahore]], in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family with three other siblings.<ref name=":0" /> His mother was Raj Malhotra and his father was SC Malhotra.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/20 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828222054/https://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/20 |url-status=live }}</ref> His family moved from Lahore to Delhi after India's [[India independence|independence from Britain]] and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Abraham|first=Rohan|title='Rakesh Sharma or Ravish Malhotra? Only one of us would go up into space'|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ravish-malhotra-learnt-russian-in-3-months-for-indo-soviet-space-mission/articleshow/70339620.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230054339/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ravish-malhotra-learnt-russian-in-3-months-for-indo-soviet-space-mission/articleshow/70339620.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The family settled in [[Calcutta]]. Malhotra studied at [[St Thomas School, Kolkata|St Thomas School]] in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abraham |first=Rohan |date=2019-07-23 |title='Rakesh Sharma or Ravish Malhotra? Only one of us would go up into space' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ravish-malhotra-learnt-russian-in-3-months-for-indo-soviet-space-mission/articleshow/70339620.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
After graduation, he was admitted to the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA). Speaking of his career choices, he would later say that he had wanted to join the [[Indian Navy]] but was instead drafted into the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF). During the selections, he was told that his eyesight was not good enough for the Navy, while the Air Force had a shortage of cadets at the time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

After graduating from the NDA, Malhotra was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned as an officer]] in 1963 and assigned to the ''Vampire Squadron'' of the Indian Air Force, flying the [[De Havilland Vampire]]. During this period, he was posted to the IAF base in [[Barrackpore]] near Calcutta. He progressively graduated to flying other aircraft including the [[Dassault Mystère]], [[HAL HF-24 Marut]], and the Soviet [[Sukhoi Su-22]].<ref name=":0" />

Malhotra was part of the IAF fighter squadron that was tasked with air raids over Pakistan in 1971, after that country had launched strikes on India prior to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. He flew the Sukhoi Su-22 in over 17 sorties into Pakistani air space.<ref name=":0" /> In one attack in the [[Chamb-Jaurian]] sector in what was then Western Pakistan, his plane was at the receiving end of heavy anti-aircraft gunfire, but he nevertheless returned to his air base in India.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> The war ended with the successful liberation of Bangladesh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Dev|first=Arun|date=2018-08-31|title=Meet Ravish Malhotra, Who Almost Became the 1st Indian in Space|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/rakesh-sharmas-back-up-for-indian-space-mission-was-ravish-malhotra|access-date=2021-12-30|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230071119/https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/rakesh-sharmas-back-up-for-indian-space-mission-was-ravish-malhotra|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Indo-Soviet space program ===
After the war, Malhotra was selected for the [[U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School]] at [[Edwards Air Force Base]] in California and later to the Indo-Soviet space program, a joint program between India and the former USSR. During this time, he took tests at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine, in Bangalore and later in Moscow. The final tests resulted in Malhotra, [[Rakesh Sharma]], and two other cadets being selected to train for spaceflight in the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Intercosmos]] program in 1982.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Soyuz T-11 primary and backup crew.jpg|thumb|[[Soyuz T-11]] crew (1984). Malhotra is in the middle of the top row.|left]]
Malhotra trained at the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] in [[Star City, Russia|Star City]] for over two years.<ref name=":0" /> The training and instruction was in Russian since much of the instrumentation and other equipment markings were in Russian. In addition to physical conditioning in preparation for space flight, the cadets also worked on the simulators, as well as flying on the [[Ilyushin Il-76]] aircraft, which simulated near-zero gravity and microgravity conditions for ~50 seconds at a time. Training also included sea recovery and survival, since [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft capsules landed in the sea. At the end of the training program, Malhotra and Sharma were shortlisted for the [[Soyuz T-11]] mission to launch the first Indian into space in 1984. The two trained on multiple mission objectives, including studying the effects of [[yoga]] in space as well as other [[biomedicine]] and [[remote sensing]] experiments.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=Murali N. |date=2014-06-09 |title=Reminiscences of a space odyssey |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/reminiscences-of-a-space-odyssey/article6097054.ece |access-date=2022-08-27 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827233427/https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/reminiscences-of-a-space-odyssey/article6097054.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=Colin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/932169214 |title=Interkosmos : the Eastern Bloc's early space program |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-24163-0 |oclc=932169214 |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828222051/http://worldcat.org/title/932169214 |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision to have Sharma go to space and Malhotra remain on the ground was taken by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] in India halfway through the training program.<ref name=":4" /> Speaking later about the decision, Malhotra said, "I was disappointed, but you accept it, and move on with the mission". He remained on good terms with Sharma after the mission.<ref name=":0" />

After returning from the Soviet Union, Malhotra was awarded the Soviet [[Order of Friendship of Peoples]] in 1984 and [[Kirti Chakra]] in 1985.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

=== Later career ===
Upon his return to India, he was posted as the [[commanding officer]] of the [[Hindan Air Force Station]] near the Indian capital of Delhi. He took an early retirement from the Air Force in 1995.<ref name=":0" />

Malhotra entered the private sector, setting up an aerospace manufacturing firm, [[Dynamatic Technologies|Dynamatic Aerospace]]. The [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]-listed company manufactures precision parts, with clients including [[Boeing]], [[Airbus]], and [[Bell Helicopter|Bell helicopters]]. He retired from the company at the age of 75.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Malhotra is married to Mira Malhotra, a psychologist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG__CgAAQBAJ&dq=Ravish+Malhotra+mira&pg=PA317 |title=Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program |last2=Vis |first2=Bert |date=2015-11-19 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-24163-0 |language=en |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828222051/https://books.google.com/books?id=MG__CgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA317&dq=Ravish+Malhotra+mira&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rau |first1=V. N. Sadasiva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF6V0C7pBaYC&dq=Ravish+Malhotra+mira&pg=PA15 |title=Essays For College Level & Competitive Exam |last2=Sreedharan |first2=S. |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7254-090-6 |language=en |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828222051/https://books.google.com/books?id=qF6V0C7pBaYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA15&dq=Ravish+Malhotra+mira&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple have two children.<ref name=":1" /> As of 2021 he continues to live in [[Bangalore]] in Southern India.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/7673 Air Commodore Ravish Malhotra: Service Record] at [[Bharat Rakshak]]
* [[Soyuz T-10]] [http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t11.htm Mission Report] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20010220165530/http://www.spacefacts.de/ Spacefacts.de]
{{Indian space programme|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Ravish}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air commodores]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Indian astronauts]]
[[Category:Indian test pilots]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lahore]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Kishangarh Bas Assembly constituency

2026-02-18T12:09:24Z

Navi guy:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kishangarh Bas
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-60-Kishangarh Bas.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 60
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = Deepchand Kheriya
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:256777}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Kishangarh Bas Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Alwar district|Alwar]] district. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Deepchand Khairiya]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Ramhet Singh Yadav]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Bhagirath Choudhary|Chaudhary Bhagirath Singh Choyal]] <ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|[[Deepchand Khairiya]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kishangarh Bas<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Deepchand Khairiya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:91916}}
|percentage = 45.48
|change = +23.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramhet Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:81420}}
|percentage = 40.29
|change = +4.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Simrat Sandhu
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:23371}}
|percentage = 11.56
|change = -29.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1037}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10496}}
|percentage = 5.19
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202089}}
|percentage = 78.7
|change = +0.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kishangarh Bas<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Deepchand Khairiya]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73799}}
|percentage = 41.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramhet Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:63883}}
|percentage = 35.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Karan Singh Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:39033}}
|percentage = 21.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:980}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9916}}
|percentage = 5.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179490}}
|percentage = 77.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.82|76.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Centre-right politics

2026-02-18T01:37:06Z

Navi guy: refine structure as per guidelines

{{Short description|Political orientation}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2025}}
{{Party politics|political spectrum}}
'''Centre-right politics''' is the set of [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] political [[ideologies]] that lean closer to the [[political centre]]. It is commonly associated with [[conservatism]], [[Christian democracy]], [[liberal conservatism]], and [[conservative liberalism]]. Conservative and liberal centre-right political parties have historically performed better in elections in the [[Anglosphere]] than other centre-right parties, while Christian democracy has been the primary centre-right ideology in Europe.

The centre-right commonly supports ideas such as [[small government]], [[law and order (politics)|law and order]], [[freedom of religion]], and strong [[national security]]. It has historically stood in opposition to [[radical politics]], [[redistributive policies]], [[multiculturalism]], [[illegal immigration]], and [[LGBT]] acceptance. Economically, the centre-right supports [[free market]]s and the [[social market economy]], with [[market liberalism]] and [[neoliberalism]] being common centre-right economic positions. It typically seeks to preserve the cultural and socioeconomic ''[[status quo]]'' and believes that changes should be [[gradualism|implemented gradually]].

The centre-right is derived from the [[left–right political spectrum]] of the [[French Revolution]]. It first developed as a political force with the creation of [[party system]]s in the 19th century, when [[monarchist]] and religious conservatives competed with [[individualist]] and [[anti-clerical]] liberals. Christian democracy developed in the 1870s as another response to anti-clericalism. The centre-right provided a moderate position to compete with socialism in the 19th century, and it became a driving force for [[liberal democracy]] in the early 20th century.

The centre-right was reconfigured after [[World War II]] to temper support for nationalism; it became a dominant political position throughout the [[Western world]], particularly with the spread of Christian democracy across Europe. It aligned with the [[Western bloc]] during the Cold War, and in Europe it heavily influenced [[democratic consolidation]] and [[European integration]]. Global economic downturn in the 1970s caused a rise in support for neoliberalism and [[neoconservatism]]. The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] allowed a new centre-right movement to develop and take power in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] through the 1990s. The [[2008 financial crisis]] led to declining support for the centre-right.

== Ideologies ==
The centre-right is heterogeneous and encompasses multiple distinct ideologies.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=18, 24}}{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=137}} Centre-right parties and coalitions are traditionally understood to be divided into separate factions depending on their priorities: economic, social, and cultural.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=24}} They are unified by their opposition to [[left-wing politics]].{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|pp=138–139}}

Christian democracy is a political ideology predominant in Europe that is often described as centre-right.{{Sfn|Hellwig|Kweon|Vowles|2020|p=162}}{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=18}}{{Sfn|Ostrowski|2023|p=6}} It applies Christian morality to political issues, giving a religious justification for supporting [[democratization]], [[individual liberties]], and international cooperation.{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=177}} Christian democrats hold conservative positions on most issues, but in a more moderate fashion than groups specifically described as conservative, and they trend centrist on economic issues.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=24–25}} Instead of a strong government, it advocates [[decentralization]] where other social units such as family, the community, and various organizations are major actors in society.{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|pp=178, 182}} While still supporting a [[market economy]], Christian democrats are more open to [[market intervention]] than conservatives, so as to prevent [[social inequality]].{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|pp=210–211}} Unlike historical Christian political movements, Christian democracy is non-denominational and is not affiliated with the [[Catholic Church]].{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=177}} Political scientists disagree as to whether post-war Christian democracy is continuous with that of the 19th century or if it is a new school of thought.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=139}}
Conservatism is commonly grouped with the centre-right,{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=137}}{{Sfn|Hellwig|Kweon|Vowles|2020|p=162}}{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=18}} though adherents of the far-right may argue that the centre-right is insufficiently conservative.{{Sfn|Hirschberger|Voges|2024|p=15}} [[Liberalism]] is sometimes grouped with the centre-right when it is expressed as conservative liberalism.{{Sfn|Ostrowski|2023|p=6}}{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}}{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=20–21}} The centre-right can also include a liberal variant of conservatism.{{Sfn|Ostrowski|2023|p=6}}{{Sfn|Arndt|2017|p=496}} Conservative centre-right parties are more likely to incorporate [[ethnic nationalism]] relative to liberal centre-right parties.{{Sfn|Sandal|Loizides|2013|p=419 note 1}} Conservatives and liberals both oppose heavy governmental involvement in the economy.{{Sfn|Bale|2008|p=324}} Right-liberalism is common in Europe,{{Sfn|Noël|Thérien|2008|p=233}} contrasted with the [[centrist]] liberalism in Canada and the United Kingdom,{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=21}} and with the [[Social liberalism|left-liberalism]] of the United States.{{Sfn|Noël|Thérien|2008|p=233}} Economic ideologies associated with the centre-right include neoliberalism{{Sfn|Hellwig|Kweon|Vowles|2020|p=161}}{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=143}} and market liberalism.{{Sfn|Ostrowski|2023|p=6}}{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=24, 26}} Other ideologies sometimes grouped under the centre-right descriptor include [[agrarianism]]{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=21–22}} and populist [[nationalism]].{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=26, 28}}

Centre-right liberal and conservative parties have historically been successful in the [[Anglosphere]], such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and they have made up the primary centre-right ideologies in Scandinavia.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=139}} In contemporary politics, these two ideologies often co-exist in the same party.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=140}} Christian democracy has been the predominant centre-right ideology in continental Europe, particularly in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. It has performed most successfully in Catholic countries, while Christian democracy in other countries takes on more left-wing positions or fails to gain influence.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=139}} Christian democratic parties are affiliated with the [[Centrist Democrat International]] and centre-right liberal parties are affiliated with the [[International Democracy Union]].{{Sfn|Salih|2006|p=153}} In Europe, centre-right parties are affiliated with the [[European People's Party]].{{Sfn|Sandal|Loizides|2013|p=419 note 1}}{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=174}}

== Positions ==
=== Governance ===
Centre-right politics is associated with conservative positions on social and cultural issues and free-market liberal positions on economic issues—centre-right parties see their strongest support among demographics that share all of these positions.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=29}} It broadly supports small government, though different factions hold different beliefs about when the state should intervene in economic and social affairs.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|pp=137–138, 141}} Conservatives generally have limited trust in human nature and believe society forms a natural hierarchical structure. Liberalism is individualist and maintains that people are best fit to make decisions for themselves.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}} Christian democrats lean toward [[personalism]], which places value on individuals but adopts [[collectivist]] and [[corporatist]] elements as well as hierarchy.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=139}}

The centre-right generally seeks to preserve the societal ''status quo'', in both a cultural and socioeconomic context,{{Sfn|Bale|2008|p=319}} and it is opposed to the radical politics espoused by the far-right.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=26}} Instead, it displays [[loss-averse]] tendencies and leans toward gradualism.{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} [[Constitutionalism]] and [[separation of powers]] are championed by the centre-right, combining protections for individual liberties with [[rule of law]].{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=181}} The centre-right's handling of the economy, its incrementalist approach to politics, and its support for the ''status quo'' have been attributed to its ability to remain in power for extended periods of time.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=142}}

=== Economics ===
The centre-right commonly supports a social market economy, rejecting both socialism and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' capitalism.{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} First developed by Christian democrats in post-war Germany, this system allows the state to intervene in the economy to regulate how business may be conducted, but it opposes [[nationalization]] or infringement on the free market.{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=212}} Social market economies allow cooperation between employers and unions, and they provide for basic welfare programs.{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=212}} This is more common among centre-right parties that appeal to working-class voters, as they otherwise have less incentive to hold these positions.{{Sfn|Arndt|2017|p=498}}{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=25}} Centre-right conservatives oppose redistributive policies, believing that individuals should be allowed to retain their wealth. This tends to attract the more wealthy to the ideology.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=113}} While left-wing politics involves [[class conflict]], centre-right parties forgo this in favour of supporting overall [[economic growth]] across classes.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=141}}

Alongside its support for lowering spending, the centre-right supports lower taxes.{{Sfn|Pardos-Prado|2015|p=354}}{{Sfn|Bale|2008|p=319}} In some cases, they may advocate [[private-public partnership]] or emphasize policies geared toward economic growth—these traits are common in Latin America where centre-right parties differentiate themselves from far-right parties by appealing to the middle and working classes.{{Sfn|Luna|Kaltwasser|2014|p=5}} In most countries, centre-right ideologies such as conservatism and Christian democracy are perceived by the public as most capable of managing the economy.{{Sfn|Hellwig|Kweon|Vowles|2020|pp=161–162}}{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=141}} Economic downturn often leads to a short-term benefit for centre-right parties before a longer-term benefit for centre-left parties.{{Sfn|Hellwig|Kweon|Vowles|2020|p=179}}

=== Social and cultural issues ===
[[File:CDU Wahlkampfplakat - kaspl010.JPG|thumb|A 1953 poster for the centre-right [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] in Germany, invoking [[anti-communism]]. In English: "All ways of Marxism lead to Moscow! Therefore CDU"]]
The centre-right places emphasis on protecting [[public safety]],{{Sfn|Luna|Kaltwasser|2014|p=5}} preserving national security, and maintaining law and order.{{Sfn|Pardos-Prado|2015|p=354}}{{Sfn|Bale|2008|p=319}}{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=137}} It supports democratization around the world, and some centre-right groups consider [[regime change]] an appropriate means to spread and protect democracy.{{Sfn|Freudenstein|2010|p=245}} Taking a strong pro-peace stance can alienate members of a centre-right voting bloc. It is often more reluctant to support peace agreements because these often involve compromising on other centre-right positions such as maintaining a strong ethnic and religious identity.{{Sfn|Sandal|Loizides|2013|p=401}} The centre-right leans toward [[Paternalistic conservatism|paternalism]] over [[individualism]] and social harmony over societal conflict.{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} It is also associated with anti-communism, which earned it support during the [[Cold War]].{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|pp=8–9}}{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=173}}

Culturally, the centre-right has prioritized national and religious identity, especially by the mid-20th century.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=27}} It has used religion and moral values as uniting elements, particularly with the [[middle class]].{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=141}} European centre-right parties place higher priority on [[Christianity]] and providing support to Christians—a trait often shared with their far-right counterparts.{{Sfn|Hirschberger|Voges|2024|p=178}} The centre-right more strongly supports freedom of religion overall, as opposed to generalized support of [[human rights]] expressed by left-wing ideologies.{{Sfn|Hirschberger|Voges|2024|p=179}} As the European centre-right secularizes, it becomes less likely to support [[social conservatism|conservative positions on social issues]].{{Sfn|Magni|Reynolds|2023|p=51}} Centre-right parties that take strong stances on cultural issues are more susceptible to radicalize and adopt far-right positions.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=27}}

While [[opposition to immigration]] is most commonly associated with far-right politics, the centre-right can attract support from voters with more moderate anti-immigrant positions.{{Sfn|Pardos-Prado|2015|p=354}} Centre-right opposition to immigration comes from the challenge that immigration presents to the ''status quo'' and to national identity.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=137}} Supporters of centre-right politics in Europe often fear that immigration will lead to consequences such as [[immigration and crime|increased crime]], [[welfare and immigration|abuse of welfare]], or acts of [[terrorism]]. Centre-right political parties sometimes take stronger positions against multiculturalism to gain an advantage over far-right parties.{{Sfn|Bale|2008|p=319}} The centre-right is more likely to present immigration as a prominent issue when it is placed in the context of economic and cultural policy.{{Sfn|Pardos-Prado|2015|p=354}}

Right-wing politics has historically opposed social acceptance of [[lesbian, gay, and bisexual]] people, but the European centre-right has come to support protections on the basis of sexual orientation.{{Sfn|Magni|Reynolds|2023|pp=50–51}} Some centre-right groups have taken the position that gay marriage and adoption by gay couples are an extension of the traditional [[nuclear family]].{{Sfn|Magni|Reynolds|2023|pp=51–53}} Such support has not been widely extended to [[transgender]] people.{{Sfn|Magni|Reynolds|2023|p=50}}

Centre-right parties support environmental preservation, though they are often seen as less interested in the subject than left-wing parties. The centre-right rejects concepts of [[climate grief]] or catastrophism, arguing that they can reduce interest in solving environmental issues.{{Sfn|Lilkov|2018|pp=173, 177}}

== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Sir Joshua Reynolds - Edmund Burke, 1729 - 1797. Statesman, orator and author - PG 2362 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|The philosophy of [[Edmund Burke]] was a foundation for modern [[conservatism]].]]
The concept of centre-right politics is derived from the left–right political spectrum, which originated with the seating arrangements of the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] during the French Revolution.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=109}} The centre-right came into being in the 19th century, developing with the earliest [[political parties]].{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=137}} Modern conservatism was derived from the ideas of British philosopher Edmund Burke and various 17th century figures who preceded him.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}} The liberal movement was heavily influenced by English philosopher [[John Locke]], including his support for [[property rights]] and the right to overthrow tyrannical government.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}}

Early conservative and liberal parties clashed with one another: conservatives supported monarchy, land-owners, and the church, while liberals supported anti-clericalism, free markets, individualism, and scientific advancement.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}} Due to limitations in [[suffrage]], early centre-right parties were able to maintain sufficient support by appealing solely to the upper class.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=27}} Christian democracy developed as a new European ideology in the 1870s as a response to the [[anti-clericalism]] advocated by liberals. Closely aligned with Catholicism, its ideals were reflected in the ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' issued by [[Pope Leo XIII]].{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}}

The European centre-right was a force of moderation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Conservatism stood between socialism and the strongly [[anti-socialist]] church by advocating a more tempered approach.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=25–26}} Christian democracy likewise presented itself as an alternative to liberalism and socialism.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}} Centre-right figures were involved in early democratization processes to ensure that their own advantages from the previous ''status quo'' were retained.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|pp=25–26}} Centre-right liberalism declined with the beginning of the 20th century, and many liberal parties merged with conservative parties.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=138}}

=== Interwar period ===
After [[World War I]], several European nations formed weak centre-right parties,{{Sfn|Ziblatt|2017|p=339}} which grew through a consolidation of the middle-class at the expense of socialist parties.{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=8}} These centre-right parties gained influence during the [[Depression of 1920–1921]], where they responded with measures such as a restoration of the [[gold standard]].{{Sfn|Ziblatt|2017|pp=288–289}} Among the strongest of these parties were [[National Bloc (France)|National Bloc]] and its successors in France, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] in the United Kingdom, and a coalition of the [[Catholic Conservative Party]] and the [[Free Democratic Party of Switzerland|Radicals]] in Switzerland.{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=228}} Christian democracy found a place among the European centre-right during the [[interwar period]].{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=210}} Centre-right parties became the primary supporters of liberal democracy at this time, challenging the historical association of liberalism with the [[labour movement]]. The liberal centre-right opposed the other two European ideologies that were growing in popularity: [[fascism]] and [[social democracy]].{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=2}}

The European centre-right declined between 1931 and 1935 as the [[Great Depression]] set in.{{Sfn|Ziblatt|2017|pp=170–171}} In nations where the centre-right lacked a unified party, such as Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, far-right movements seized power.{{Sfn|Ziblatt|2017|p=339}} Strong pre-existing centre-right parties retained power in other countries, including Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|Ziblatt|2017|p=358}} The use of market economics to keep wages steady, as well as the relative weakness of labour unions, meant that centre-right liberalism went unchallenged in much of Europe.{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=233}}

=== Post-war era ===
[[File:Winston Churchill with General de Gaulle during an inspection of French troops at Marrakesh in Morocco, January 1944 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Winston Churchill]] (left) and [[Charles de Gaulle]] (right) were leading post-war figures of [[One-nation conservatism|British conservatism]] and [[Gaullism]], respectively.]]
In the [[aftermath of World War II]], the old centre-right was discredited in Europe, where it was seen as responsible for the Great Depression and complicit in the rise of fascism.{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=209}} European centre-right parties worked closely with the centre-left and the political centre in the [[post-war era]], helping to define the welfare state, democratic consolidation, and European integration.{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|p=3}}{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=26}}{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=176}} They sought to avoid the far-right and far-left politics that had brought about Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, respectively,{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|p=3}}{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=207}} and they saw European integration as a means to protect against socialism and anti-Christianity.{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|pp=189–190}} The modern centre-right developed in response as a political unification of several distinct right-wing schools of thought.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=24}}{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} Ideological diversity meant flexibility in policy positions, but it also caused [[Political faction|factionalism]] across centre-right parties.{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|pp=179–180}} The centre-right became a dominant political force in much of the western world over the following decades, including the American [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] as led by [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], one-nation conservatism of the British Conservative Party,{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} and [[Gaullism]] of the [[Rally of the French People]].{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=180}}

Europe had little appetite for nationalist ideologies after the end of fascism, so Christian democracy was popularized as an alternative right-wing ideology. Instead of nationalism, its ideas were based on [[traditional values]], pragmatism, and support for moderate state intervention.{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|pp=176–177}}{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|p=4}}{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|pp=210–211}} Its conception of government was heavily influenced by the constitutionalism and separation of powers of the United Kingdom and the United States.{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=181}} [[West Germany]] reformed its centre-right faction with the creation of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). Formed by a grassroots Christian movement, the CDU played a significant role in forming post-war Germany,{{Sfn|Ziblatt|2017|p=334}} combining social Christianity, market liberalism, and [[national conservatism]].{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=24}} Its social market economy model proved to be influential across Europe.{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=212}} Alcide De Gasperi similarly brought about the creation of a strong Christian democratic movement in Italy,{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} which was a leading political force in various coalitions for over 50 years.{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|p=4}} The United Kingdom was the only major exception to the spread of Christian democracy, as its old centre-right was seen as triumphant under the wartime leadership of Winston Churchill, and the failure of Nazi Germany to invade meant that its pre-war institutions remained intact.{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|pp=211, 213}} Here conservatism remained dominant, meaning less state intervention relative to other European nations.{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=214}}

=== Cold War ===
During the Cold War, centre-right groups supported the United States and the [[Western Bloc]], opposing the Soviet Union and the [[Eastern Bloc]].{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} In several countries, centre-right parties were opposed by domestic communism on top of their opposition to the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Hatzivassiliou|2010|p=208}} As suffrage expanded and the centre-right spread across social classes, cultural issues and social identity, such as support for nationalism and religion, became more prominent themes.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=27}} The European centre-right began supporting [[social integration]] as a means to limit the appeal of the nationalism that had led to fascism.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=26}} In the United States, the centre-right was associated with the [[Rockefeller Republican]] faction of the Republican Party.{{Sfn|Starr|2018}} The American centre-right promoted pro-business stances over the following decades, which led to economic justifications for supporting higher taxes as well as social programs such as [[public housing]].{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=26}}

Christian democrats supported a modest welfare state, and the European centre-right was reluctant to support more radical initiatives to liberalize the economy.{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=178}} In Southeast Asia, the centre-right secured power in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, implementing growth-oriented policies based on free market policies with moderate governmental intervention, leading to significant economic expansion.{{Sfn|Rock|2018|p=44}} The centre-right rose to power in Greece with the [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] party in the 1970s, led by [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]] as [[Metapolitefsi|Greece transitioned]] from dictatorship to democracy.{{Sfn|Filandros|2010|pp=223–224}} Spain and Portugal underwent similar transitions as they emerged from dictatorship.{{Sfn|Filandros|2010|p=223}}{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}}

The 1970s saw decreasing support for welfare policies with the end of the [[postwar economic boom]] and the economic fallout of the [[1970s energy crisis]]. This led to increased support for [[privatization]] and cuts in welfare spending.{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|p=7}} It also led a period of opposition to immigration in Europe at this time.{{Sfn|Bale|2008|p=320}} By the 1980s, the [[post-war consensus]] had ended, with the [[new right]] supporting neoconservatism and neoliberalism.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=140}} At this time, centre-right parties took a more active role in challenging the welfare state and union influence.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=25}}

The predominantly centre-right United States Republican Party began a rightward shift in the 1980s, with its moderate factions declining in numbers over the following decades.{{Sfn|Starr|2018}} The Indian [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] followed the Western centre-right strategy in the 1980s and 1990s, appealing to the centre while maintaining a militarist, nationalist platform.{{Sfn|De Leon|Desai|Tuğal|2009|p=204}} New political parties were formed in Turkey after the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 coup d'état]], and the [[Motherland Party (Turkey)|Motherland Party]], led by businessmen and tradesmen, implemented secular neoliberal policies.{{Sfn|De Leon|Desai|Tuğal|2009|pp=207–208}} In European nations, women were most likely to support the centre-right until a leftward shift among women took place over the 1970s and 1980s.{{Sfn|Abendschön|Steinmetz|2014|p=316}}

=== 1990s ===
Eastern and Central Europe were introduced to centre-right politics in the 1990s after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}} These movements—which preferred not to be identified as parties due to the term's association with communism—were made up of intellectual groups that had been dissidents during communist rule.{{Sfn|Freudenstein|2010|p=240}} The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland all had strong opposition movements under communism, allowing these movements to form strong centre-right parties.{{Sfn|Vachudova|2008|p=388}} In nations where the centre-right lacked experience in political organization, many of the first-generation centre-right movements lost momentum and faded into irrelevance in the years thereafter.{{Sfn|Freudenstein|2010|p=241}} Nationalism and populism became the dominant political forces here until the end of the decade.{{Sfn|Vachudova|2008|p=388}}

Centre-right liberals in Central and Eastern Europe supported integration with the Western World and acceleration of industrialization, while conservatives wished to preserve individual national identities and protect Catholic traditions from Western secularism.{{Sfn|Freudenstein|2010|p=242, 244}} Post-communist centre-right groups were more inclined toward liberal positions, favouring market capitalist policies over government intervention, which was associated with communist rule.{{Sfn|Freudenstein|2010|pp=247–248}} Anti-communism and anti-totalitarianism were paramount among all factions of the centre-right in these regions, and they condemned the West for treating [[mass killings under communist regimes]] differently than [[the Holocaust]].{{Sfn|Freudenstein|2010|p=245}}

More broadly, the European centre-right became increasingly secular by the 1990s, creating a division between centre-right parties that were more liberal on social issues and [[Christian right|religious right]] parties that maintained conservative positions on social issues.{{Sfn|Magni|Reynolds|2023|p=51}} Secularism especially became a challenge for Christian democracy, causing it to lose political influence.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=142}} African political parties rapidly began joining [[political international]]s in the 1990s. Among the centre-right, collaboration began between the Ghana [[New Patriotic Party]], the [[Malawi Congress Party]], and the Kenya [[Democratic Party (Kenya)|Democratic Party]].{{Sfn|Salih|2006|p=153}} Japan, which had been ruled almost consistently by the centre-right [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] for decades, saw a proliferation of centre-right opposition parties by the 1990s, with new parties forming and established parties shifting toward the centre-right to remain competitive.{{Sfn|Winkler|Taniguchi|2022|pp=503–506}}

Following the rise of the [[Third Way]] among left-wing politics in the 1990s, the centre-right was forced to moderate, sacrificing the more aggressive aspects of right-wing politics that developed in the 1980s and abandoning its opposition to the welfare state.{{Sfn|Noël|Thérien|2008|p=169}} It saw reduced support at this time as the centre-left usurped much of its leverage on economic issues.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=19}}{{Sfn|Botsiou|2010|p=173}} In Western Europe, this marked the beginning of a broader decline in moderate politics.{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|p=4}}

=== 21st century ===
The 2000s saw a shift back to the right in Europe, where centre-right parties formed coalition governments with far-right parties in countries such as France, Italy, and the Netherlands.{{Sfn|Noël|Thérien|2008|p=187}} The European and American centre-right adopted some nationalist far-right ideas at this time, including positions on immigration and crime.{{Sfn|Noël|Thérien|2008|p=188}} Centre-right parties in other countries shifted leftward with pro-labour policies to remain competitive with the centre-left—this included parties in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Sweden.{{Sfn|Arndt|2017|p=498}} The 2000s also saw an example of a successful populist centre-right party with the ascension of [[Forza Italia (1994)|Forza Italia]], led by [[Silvio Berlusconi]].{{Sfn|Zaslove|2008|pp=327–328}}

During the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], centre-right parties in Europe were more likely to send military forces than centre-left parties.{{Sfn|Noël|Thérien|2008|p=207}} This was especially true in Central and Eastern Europe, where memories of the Soviet Union encouraged close alignment with the United States and strong support for combatting dictatorships.{{Sfn|Freudenstein|2010|pp=252–253}} The centre-right in this region fragmented at the onset of the 21st century as much of the centre-right shifted away from liberalism to more conservative and nationalist politics with a strong stance against European integration.{{Sfn|Vachudova|2008|pp=401–402}} As [[Islamism]] lost support in Turkey, many Islamists moved to the centre-right, forming the new [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]]. This party was more accepting of secularism and neoliberalism, and it became the nation's dominant political force.{{Sfn|De Leon|Desai|Tuğal|2009|pp=209–210}}
[[File:Sebastián Piñera & Mauricio Macri.jpg|thumb|Presidents [[Sebastián Piñera]] (left) of Chile and [[Mauricio Macri]] (right) of Argentina were elected amid a resurgence of the centre-right in their respective nations in the 2010s.]]
Although citizens throughout Latin America most commonly self-identified as centre-right, the region saw a surge of popularity for expanding government programs and [[state ownership]],{{Sfn|Luna|Kaltwasser|2014|p=38}} leading to [[pink tide|a leftward shift]] that began in 1998.{{Sfn|Niedzwiecki|Pribble|2017|p=73}} In Bolivia, dissatisfaction with the centre-right's handling of economic crises reached a crescendo with public demonstrations that relegated the centre-right to a relatively ineffective opposition.{{Sfn|Bowen|2014|p=106}} Colombia was an exception, where the long-standing centre-right dominance remained unchallenged.{{Sfn|Wills-Otero|2014|p=195}} Centre-right parties retook power in several Latin American countries by the 2010s,{{Sfn|Niedzwiecki|Pribble|2017|p=73}} including the [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]] in Chile and the [[Republican Proposal]] in Argentina,{{Sfn|Niedzwiecki|Pribble|2017|p=76}} as well as a centre-right coalition in Venezuela.{{Sfn|Niedzwiecki|Pribble|2017|p=73}}

Canada was one of the last Anglosphere countries for the centre-right to be restored after World War II, with no centre-right parties holding power until the [[premiership of Stephen Harper]] in 2006.{{Sfn|Taflaga|2023|p=140}} The [[2008 financial crisis]] was followed by a decline in support for major centre-right and centre-left parties through the 2010s.{{Sfn|Hellwig|Kweon|Vowles|2020|p=158}}{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=19}} For the centre-right, this occurred most prominently in newer democracies, while support was steadier in more established ones.{{Sfn|Hellwig|Kweon|Vowles|2020|p=163}} To regain support, the European centre-right shifted toward the centre and moved away from neoliberalism, replacing it with a renewed focus on public safety, economic growth, and social issues.{{Sfn|Arvanitopoulos|Tzifakis|2010|pp=1–2}} It saw further trouble later in the decade with the [[European debt crisis]] causing governments to enact controversial [[austerity]] policies, particularly through spending cuts and [[value-added tax]]es. These further pushed the public from the centre-right to opposition parties across the political spectrum.{{Sfn|Vaida|2017|p=11}} The weakening of the centre-right corresponded with increased support for the far-right.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=19}}

To align more closely with conservative allies, Christian democratic parties had begun adopting more conservative economic policies by 2013.{{Sfn|Gidron|Ziblatt|2019|p=25}} The American centre-right supported [[traditionalist conservatism]] and neoconservatism at the beginning of the 21st century; however, by the 2010s these groups had lost influence as the Republican Party shifted from the centre-right to [[right-wing populism]].{{Sfn|Starr|2018}}

The centre-right underwent a decline throughout the western world in the late 2010s and early 2020s, led by demographic changes such as increased [[tertiary education]] and ethnic diversity as well as the waning influence of religion and the rise of [[identity politics]]. At this time, the centre-left came into power and centre-right parties drifted rightward or were supplanted by new far-right parties.{{Sfn|Cliffe|2023}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Political science|Conservatism}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{anl|Bourgeois party}}
* {{anl|Classical liberalism}}
* {{anl|Counter-revolutionary}}
* {{anl|Cultural conservatism}}
* [[Glossary of the French Revolution]]
* [[List of right-wing political parties]]
* {{anl|Moderate conservatism}}
* {{anl|National liberalism}}
* {{anl|Paternalistic conservatism}}
* {{anl|Reactionary}}
* [[Religion in politics]]
* {{anl|Whiggism}}
}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |last=Arvanitopoulos |first=Constantine |url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-642-00560-2 |title=Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-00560-2}}
** {{harvc |last=Arvanitopoulos |first=Constantine |last2=Tzifakis |first2=Nikolaos |c=Introduction |in=Arvanitopoulos |year=2010 |pp=1–8}}
** {{harvc |last=Botsiou |first=Konstantina E. |c=The European Centre-Right and European Integration: The Formative Years |in=Arvanitopoulos |year=2010 |pp=173–206}}
** {{harvc |last=Filandros |first=Ioannis |c=The Origins and Foundations of the New Democracy Party |in=Arvanitopoulos |year=2010 |pp=223–238}}
** {{harvc |last=Freudenstein |first=Ronald |c=Sense and Sensibility: EU Eastern Enlargement and the Future of Europe's Centre-Right |in=Arvanitopoulos |year=2010 |pp=239–258}}
** {{harvc |last=Hatzivassiliou |first=Evanthis |c=The Emergence of a New European Centre-Right, 1945–1962 |in=Arvanitopoulos |year=2010 |pp=207–222}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hellwig |first1=Timothy |title=Democracy Under Siege? Parties, Voters and Elections After the Great Recession |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/40549 |url-access=subscription |last2=Kweon |first2=Yesola |last3=Vowles |first3=Jack |year=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884620-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hirschberger |first1=Bernd |title=Religious Freedom and Populism: The Appropriation of a Human Right and How to Counter It |last2=Voges |first2=Katja |year=2024 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783839468272/html |url-access=subscription |publisher=transcript Verlag |doi=10.1515/9783839468272 |isbn=978-3-8394-6827-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Luebbert |first=Gregory M. |title=Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/liberalismfascis0000lueb |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780198023074}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Luna |editor-first=Juan Pablo |url=https://archive.org/details/resilienceoflati0000unse |url-access=registration |title=The Resilience of the Latin American Right |editor-last2=Kaltwasser |editor-first2=Cristóbal Rovira |year=2014 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-1390-7}}
** {{harvc |last=Bowen |first=James D. |c=The Right and Nonparty Forms of Representation and Participation |in=Luna |in2=Kaltwasser |year=2014}}
** {{harvc |last=Wills-Otero |first=Laura |c=Colombia: Analyzing the Strategies for Political Action of Álvaro Uribe's Government, 2002–10 |in=Luna |in2=Kaltwasser |year=2014}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Noël |first1=Alain |title=Left and Right in Global Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/leftrightingloba0000noel |url-access=registration |last2=Thérien |first2=Jean-Philippe |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-47252-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salih |first=M. A. Mohamed |title=Globalising Democracy: Party Politics in Emerging Democracies |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=9780203965719 |editor-last=Burnell |editor-first=Peter |chapter=Globalising Party Politics in Africa: The Influence of Party-based Democracy Networks |pages=141–162}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taflaga |first=Marija |chapter=The Centre-Right: Christian Democrats, Conservatives, and Liberals |pages=137–148 |editor-last=Carter |editor-first=Neil |title=The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429263859/routledge-handbook-political-parties-neil-carter-daniel-keith-sofia-vasilopoulou-gyda-sindre/ |url-access=subscription |editor-last2=Keith |editor-first2=Daniel |editor-last3=Sindre |editor-first3=Gyda M. |editor-last4=Vasilopoulou |editor-first4=Sofia |year=2023 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780429263859 |isbn=978-0-429-55441-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Woshinsky |first=Oliver |title=Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/explainingpoliti0000wosh |url-access=registration |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2007 |isbn=9781135901349}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ziblatt |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Ziblatt |title=Conservative Political Parties and the Birth of Democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/conservativepart0000zibl |url-access=registration |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00162-6}}

=== Journals ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Abendschön |first1=S. |last2=Steinmetz |first2=S. |year=2014 |title=The Gender Gap in Voting Revisited: Women's Party Preferences in a European Context |url=https://academic.oup.com/sp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/sp/jxu009 |journal=Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=315–344 |doi=10.1093/sp/jxu009 |issn=1072-4745}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Arndt |first=Christoph |year=2017 |title=Public Policy-making and Risk Profiles: Scandinavian Centre-right Governments after the Turn of the Millennium |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755773916000072/type/journal_article |url-access=subscription |journal=European Political Science Review |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=495–518 |doi=10.1017/S1755773916000072 |issn=1755-7739}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bale |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Bale |year=2008 |title=Turning Round the Telescope. Centre-right Parties and Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501760701847341 |url-access= |journal=Journal of European Public Policy |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=315–330 |doi=10.1080/13501760701847341 |issn=1350-1763}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=De Leon |first1=Cedric |last2=Desai |first2=Manali |last3=Tuğal |first3=Cihan |year=2009 |title=Political Articulation: Parties and the Constitution of Cleavages in the United States, India, and Turkey |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01345.x |journal=Sociological Theory |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=193–219 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01345.x |issn=0735-2751|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gidron |first1=Noam |last2=Ziblatt |first2=Daniel |author-link2=Daniel Ziblatt |year=2019 |title=Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750 |issn=1094-2939}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lilkov |first=Dimitar |year=2018 |title=Dealing with Climate Change: A European Centre–right perspective |journal=European View |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=172–180 |doi=10.1177/1781685818808720 |issn=1781-6858|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Magni |first1=Gabriele |last2=Reynolds |first2=Andrew |author-link2=Andrew Reynolds (political scientist) |year=2023 |title=Why Europe's Right Embraces Gay Rights |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/875798 |url-access=subscription |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=50–64 |doi=10.1353/jod.2023.0003 |issn=1086-3214}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Niedzwiecki |first1=Sara |last2=Pribble |first2=Jennifer |year=2017 |title=Social Policies and Center-Right Governments in Argentina and Chile |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1531426X00010281/type/journal_article |url-access=subscription |journal=Latin American Politics and Society |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=72–97 |doi=10.1111/laps.12027 |issn=1531-426X}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. |author-link=Marius Ostrowski |year=2023 |title=The Ideological Morphology of Left–Centre–Right |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 |s2cid=256033370 |issn=1356-9317}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pardos-Prado |first=Sergi |year=2015 |title=How Can Mainstream Parties Prevent Niche Party Success? Center-Right Parties and the Immigration Issue |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/680040 |url-access=subscription |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=352–367 |doi=10.1086/680040 |jstor=10.1086/680040 |issn=0022-3816}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |year=2018 |title=The Last Fifty Years: Development Strategy and Development Performance in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26539197 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Economies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |doi=10.1355/ae35-1e |jstor=26539197 |issn=2339-5095|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sandal |first1=Nukhet |last2=Loizides |first2=Neophytos |year=2013 |title=Center-Right Parties in Peace Processes: 'Slow Learning' or Punctuated Peace Socialization? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00971.x |url-access=subscription |journal=Political Studies |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=401–421 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00971.x |issn=0032-3217}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Vaida |first=Ovidiu |date=2017 |title=The New Challenges for the European Centre-Right and Centre-Left at the Beginning of New Century |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=577969 |url-access= |journal=Online Journal Modelling the New Europe |issue=23 |pages=3–18 |doi=10.24193/OJMNE.2017.23.01 |issn=2247-0514|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Vachudova |first=Milada Anna |year=2008 |title=Centre—Right Parties and Political Outcomes in East Central Europe |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068808090252 |url-access=subscription |journal=Party Politics |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=387–405 |doi=10.1177/1354068808090252 |issn=1354-0688}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=Christian G. |last2=Taniguchi |first2=Naoko |year=2022 |title=Only Right Makes Might? Center-Right Policy Competition Among Major Japanese Parties After Electoral Reform |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1598240822000285/type/journal_article |url-access=subscription |journal=Journal of East Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=503–523 |doi=10.1017/jea.2022.28 |issn=1598-2408}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zaslove |first=Andrej |year=2008 |title=Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1062798708000288/type/journal_article |journal=European Review |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=319–336 |doi=10.1017/S1062798708000288 |issn=1062-7987|url-access=subscription }}

=== Web ===
* {{Cite web |last=Cliffe |first=Jeremy |date=2023-02-15 |title=The Strange Death of the Centre Right |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225082048/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2023/02/strange-death-centre-right-moderate-conservatism |archive-date=2023-02-25 |website=New Statesman}}
* {{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Paul |date=2018-10-22 |title=What Happened to Center-Right America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/22/opinion/trump-center-right-america.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022122241/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/22/opinion/trump-center-right-america.html |archive-date=2018-10-22 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}

{{Political spectrum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Centre-right politics}}
[[Category:Centre-right politics| ]]
[[Category:Centrism]]
[[Category:Political spectrum]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Right-wing politics]]

Jai Masih Ki

2026-02-13T22:19:26Z

Navi guy: refine lead additionally and improved wording

{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
'''Jai Masih Ki''' ({{langx|hi|जय मसीह की}}, {{langx|ur|جے مسیح کی}}, translation: ''Victory to Christ'' or ''Praise the Messiah'')<ref name="Duewel2013">{{cite book |last1=Duewel |first1=Wesley L. |title=Mighty Prevailing Prayer: Experiencing the Power of Answered Prayer |date=2013 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-33878-9 |language=English}}</ref> or '''Jai Yeshu Ki''' ({{langx|hi|जय येशु की}}, {{langx|ur|جے یسوع کی}}, translation: ''Victory to Jesus'' or ''Praise Jesus'') are Hindi-Urdu [[greeting phrase]]s used by Christians in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Duerksen2015">{{cite book |last1=Duerksen |first1=Darren Todd |title=Ecclesial Identities in a Multi-Faith Context: Jesus Truth-Gatherings (Yeshu Satsangs) among Hindus and Sikhs in Northwest India |date=2015 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62564-655-2 |language=English |quote=But they prefer “jai masih ki.” Or older people prefer “salaam.” ... In the northwest, as elsewhere in India, people's form of greeting often identifies the community from which a person comes. Because of this, Christians are often taught to say "''Jai Masih ki''" as a distinct form of greeting.}}</ref><ref name="Nambisan2001">{{cite book |last1=Nambisan |first1=Vijay |title=Bihar: is in the Eye of the Beholder |date=4 June 2001 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-93-5214-133-3 |language=English}}</ref> Their use by individuals identifies a person as a Christian, in the region of [[North India]] and [[Pakistan]] where greetings based on religion are customary.<ref name="Duerksen2015"/> The phrases have been incorporated into several North-Indian [[Christian hymn]]s.<ref name="West1907">{{cite journal |last1=West |first1=J.N. |title=An India Village Chapter |journal=The Epworth Herald |date=18 May 1907 |volume=17 |page=6 |publisher=Methodist Book Concern |language=English}}</ref> In response to what is perceived as a victory for the Christian community, many believers use the salutation to praise God, such as when [[Asia Bibi]] was allowed to appeal her case to the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=P. |first1=Janelle |title='I think Aasiya is more at risk than ever before' - Dose of Reality Day after Pakistani Court Ruling |url=https://www.opendoorsusa.org/take-action/pray/i-think-aasiya-is-more-at-risk-than-ever-before-dose-of-reality-day-after/ |publisher=[[Open Doors]] |accessdate=9 July 2020 |language=English |date=23 July 2015 |quote=In response to the latest developments, a woman at a Christian center in Pakistan said: “Our God is bigger than any of these fears. In Jesus’ name we will see victory for the Church and the enemy’s plan will be thwarted.” The women who sat with her responded in unison: “Jai Masih Ki,” which literally means “Hail King Jesus/Glory to Jesus.” |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704002328/https://www.opendoorsusa.org/take-action/pray/i-think-aasiya-is-more-at-risk-than-ever-before-dose-of-reality-day-after/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity|India|Pakistan}}
*[[Christianity in India]]
*[[Christianity in Pakistan]]
*[[Masih (surname)]]
*[[Khuda Hafiz]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Greeting words and phrases of India]]
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Pakistan]]

Gunjan Bhardwaj

2026-02-07T19:32:22Z

Navi guy: starting stub.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2017}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gunjan Bhardwaj
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|07|17}}
| birth_place = [[Tinsukia]], [[Assam]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Ahetuk]]'' ''Ruff And Tuff'' ''[[Calendar (2018 film)|Calendar]]''
| occupation = Actor
| height = 6ft
| yearsactive = 2014–present
| relatives = [[Rimpi Das]] (sister)
}}
'''Gunjan Bhardwaj''' ({{langx|as|গুঞ্জন ভৰদ্বাজ}}) is an Indian film and television actor from the state of [[Assam]]. His notable Assamese films are ''[[Tumi Aahibaane]]'', [[Priyaar Priyo|''Priyar Priyo'']], Eraxutir Dhol and ''[[Calendar (2018 film)|Calendar]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teaser of upcoming Assamese film Calendar released, Promises to touch hearts |publisher=unitreed.com |url=http://unitreed.com/entertainment/teaser-of-upcoming-assamese-film-calendar-released-promises-to-touch-hearts/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=27 Feb 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302175945/http://unitreed.com/entertainment/teaser-of-upcoming-assamese-film-calendar-released-promises-to-touch-hearts/ |archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> He made his acting debut in the 2014 Assamese film ''TRP aru...''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.magicalassam.com/2014/11/mridul-guptas-trp-aru-hitting-screen-november-28.html|title="TRP aru…" – New Assamese Film by Mridul Gupta|publisher=Magicalassam.com|accessdate=18 Nov 2014|archive-date=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201184745/http://www.magicalassam.com/2014/11/mridul-guptas-trp-aru-hitting-screen-november-28.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gunjan Bhardwaj played the lead role in popular Assamese feature film ''[[Ahetuk]]''.

==Filmography==
Gunjan Bhardwaj started his career acting in music videos. After the producers saw his potential, he got a break in the film world. In 2014 his first film ''TRP Aru'' was released in the theatres. ''[[Ahetuk]]'' was his second film directed by Bani Das where [[Amrita Gogoi]] is cast opposite him.

Gunjan has acted in four big budget [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese film]]s of 2017, Prerana Barbarooah's ''Tumi Aahibaane'', Himjyoti Talukdar's ''[[Calendar (2018 film)|Calendar]]'', Mani Sinha's ''Ruff and Tuff'' and Munin Barua's ''[[Priyaar Priyo|Priyar Priyo]]''.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Films
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 2014
|''TRP Aru ...''
| Mridul Gupta
| Debut film
|-
| 2015
|''[[Ahetuk]]''
| Bani Das
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Tumi Aahibane]]''
| Prerana Barbarooah
|
|-
|''Ruf And Tuf'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moviebuff.com/gunjan-bharadwaj&grqid=McuaYzAT&hl=en-IN&geid=1005|title=Gunjan Bharadwaj|access-date=4 April 2017|website=Moviebuff.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| Mani Sinha
|
|-
|''[[Priyaar Priyo|Priyar Priyo]]''
| [[Munin Barua]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
|''[[Calendar (2018 film)|Calendar]]''
| Himjyoti Talukdar
|
|-
|''Tumi Muk Faki Dila''
| Hadif Ahmed
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Kokaideu Bindaas]]''
| Dhruva Bordoloi
|
|-
|''Eraxutir Dhol''
| Charu Kamal Hazarika
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Janaknandini''
| Kunjalata Gogoi Das
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''Mamatar Sithi''
|Nirmal Das
|
|-
|''Rongatapu 1982''
|Adityam Saikia
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|Gunjan}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Gunjan}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)

2026-02-06T05:33:18Z

Navi guy: added new details!

{{Short description|1745 battle between the Bengal Subah and Maratha Empire}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)
| width = 320px
| partof = [[Fourth Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = November/December 1745
| place = [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|15|N|87|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Bihar#India
| map_relief = Solid
| map_size = 320px
| map_marksize = 12
| map_caption =
| map_label = '''Battle of Bhagalpur'''
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| territory = [[Status quo ante bellum]]
| result = [[Bengal Subah]] victory<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Beames|2004|pages=20}} "Bhagalpur, effected a junction with Ali Vardi Khan at Murshidabad and bore down on Raghoji. The latter having no mind to come to open blows with the Minister of his nominal sovereign, retreated but was overtaken and defeated."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mishra|1970|pages=46}} "Bhagalpur on the stream of Champanala, a battle was fought between the Nawab and Raghuji. Raghuji was defeated."</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}
*[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
**[[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Nagpur State]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Alivardi Khan]] Dost Mohammad Khan Jaswantnagar Mir Ghulam Ashraf
| commander2 = [[Raghuji Bhonsle]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mishra|1970|p=46}}</ref>
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 600 cavalry
| strength2 = 6,000 cavalry
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Heavy
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}}

'''Battle of Bhagalpur'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Purushottam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g9BAAAAMAAJ |title=Mutinies and Rebellions in Chotanagpur, 1831-1857 |date=1991 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |language=en |quote=There was a running battle with Alivardi, and there was again a Battle at Bhagalpur.}}</ref> in 1745 was a military conflict between [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under [[Raghuji I]] of Nagpur and Nawab Alivardi Khan in the [[Bihar]] province of [[Bengal Subah]].

==Background ==
{{Main|Battle of Naubatpur (1745)}}
In September 1745, [[Raghoji]] attacked [[Bihar]]. This strong team of Marathas and Afghans was a big challenge for [[Alivardi]]. Also, his main Afghan generals, Shamshir Khan and Sardar Khan, were not loyal to him. They betrayed Alivardi against the Marathas in a [[Battle of Naubatpur (1745)|battle near Naubatpur]] on the bank of [[Sone River]] in November.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR7jAAAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |date=1959 |pages=386 |language=en}}</ref>

==Battle==
When Alivardi was away from [[Murshidabad]], the Marathas led by Raghuji quickly rode their light horses to attack and destroy the city.

The Nawab's forces crossed the Son River under considerable difficulty, enduring severe shortages of provisions. Two prominent officers under [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain ud-Din]], Jaswantnagar and Mir Ghulam Ashraf joined the Nawab's army after facing significant hardships en route due to Maratha interference. Alivardi subsequently directed his advance toward Bengal via [[Maner, Bihar|Maner]] and [[Patna]].<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=98}}</ref>

Alivardi rushed back to [[Murshidabad]], but on the way, [[Raghoji|Raghuji]] and his 6,000 men ambushed Alivardi near [[Bhagalpur]]. Despite being outnumbered, [[Alivardi]] bravely fought back with his 600 men and managed to drive the Marathas away. [[Alivardi]] was helped by his own officer named Dost Mohammad Khan, who surrounded [[Raghuji I|Raghuji]] in a way that forced him to leave the area.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Beames|2004|p=20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguli |first=Samir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezvaEAAAQBAJ&q=Alivardi+Khan+defeated+Raghuji+at+Bhagalpur |title=The Zamindars and Nawabs of Bengal |date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=285 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=77}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
To avoid facing the Bengal army again, Raghuji decided to take a different route through the hills and jungles of [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]] and Birbhum on his way to Murshidabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bombay Historical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K88VAQAAIAAJ |title=Journal |date=1930 |language=en}}</ref> After suffering a defeat at [[Bhagalpur]], [[Raghuji]] crossed [[Murshidabad]] and reached [[Second Battle of Katwa|Katwa]], where he faced a crushing defeat at the hands of [[Alivardi Khan|Nawab]] and was forced to retreat back to his state.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
*[[Battle of Katwa (1742)]]
*[[Battle of Jagdishpur (1745)]]
*[[Battle of Naubatpur (1745)]]
*[[Siege of Barabati (1745)]]
*[[Siege of Cuttack (1749)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485 |title=Alivardi and His Times |date=1939 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire 1739-1754 |date= |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd |year=1964 |edition=3rd |volume=I |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shree Govind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks4BAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Bihar, 1740-1772 |date=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0382-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Beames |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Essays on Orissan History and Literature |date=2004 |publisher=Prafulla |isbn=978-81-901589-2-3 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1745]]

Varanasi Junction (TV series)

2026-02-05T18:16:37Z

Navi guy: New the info first draft!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Varanasi-Junction Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
| producer = Ohendrila Banerjee and Ring a Bell Films
| writer =
| genre = Crime & Thriller
| screenplay =
| story = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
| starring = [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]], Jeet Sundor Chakraborty, Riddhish Chowdhury, Judhajit Sarkar, Arup Zaigirdar, Agniva Banerjee
| music = Tirthankar Majumdar
| cinematography = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
| studio =
| released = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=y}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network = [[Klikk]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Varanasi Junction''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] and [[crime]] [[streaming television]] series written and directed by [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]. The series is produced by Ohendrila Banerjee and Ring a Bell Films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Riingo’s next ‘Varanasi Junction’ is an action-packed chase thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/bengali/riingos-new-series-varanasi-junction-is-an-action-packed-chase-thriller/articleshow/98083043.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata boy Jeet Sundor to debut as a lead in Klikk’s Varanasi Junction |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2023/mar/09/kolkata-boy-jeet-sundor-chakraborty-to-debut-as-a-lead-in-klikks-varanasi-junction-47588.html |website=Indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
The series was released on 23 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=বারাণসীর রোমাঞ্চ কলকাতায়! রক্তরহস্যের প্রতি বাঁকে শিহরণ জাগাল এই ওয়েব সিরিজ |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/varanasi-junction-a-klikk-ott-web-series-grand-premiere-ss-1027712-page-8.html |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn |date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Director Arnab Riingo Banerjee on upcoming web series: It’s an edge-of-the-seat thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/director-arnab-riingo-banerjee-on-upcoming-web-series-its-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/articleshow/98300677.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=মোবাইলে শ্যুট, টানটান থ্রিলার, আসছে নতুন ওয়েব সিরিজ 'বারাণসী জংশন' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/klikk-to-get-new-web-series-varanasi-junction-by-arnab-ringo-banerjee-entirely-shot-on-mobile-phone-956823 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |date=16 February 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Amrita Chattopadhyay]] as Supriya Chowdhury
*Jeet Sundor Chakraborty as Ronodip Sen
*Riddhish Chowdhury as Roy
*Judhajit Sarkar as Wajib Suleman
*Arup Zaigirdar as Gokul Pandey
*Agniva Banerjee as Ashwin Pathak
*Korak Samanta as Ranga
*Abhijit Sengupta as Abdul
*Md Kareem as Taya

== Plot ==
Varanasi Junction is a pursuit thriller set in the heart of Varanasi, in which a teenage YouTube blogger recognises a missing girl in the news and passes information, only to become a target in one of the most violent criminal rackets operating in the holy city. Every step he makes is being watched, and he doesn't know who to trust in a place where he doesn't belong.<ref>{{cite web |title=বারাণসীতে ধর্ম ও রাজনীতির জটিল যোগ, ওয়েব সিরিজে তুলে ধরলেন রিঙ্গো |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/arnab-ringo-banerjee-directed-thriller-web-series-varanasi-junction-will-release-soon-31676551915517.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711121235/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/arnab-ringo-banerjee-directed-thriller-web-series-varanasi-junction-will-release-soon-31676551915517.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2023 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Riingo is back with a new series shot on mobile phone for Klikk |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/riingo-is-back-with-a-new-series-shot-on-mobile-phone-for-klikk/d8e0f65b3c985 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#A3B1BF |overall=Varanasi Junction is an action-packed pursuit thriller set in the heart of Varanasi |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = A Murder On Camera
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ronodip, a Youtube vlogger, travels to Varanasi and, while vlogging, sees a murder and chooses to investigate, only to discover that the perpetrators are after him.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Clues And Secrets
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Freelance journalist Supriya is set to disclose breaking news on a crime ring operating in Varanasi when her partner is pursued and killed. She resolves to go against her racket alone, and she quickly becomes a marked victim like Ronodip.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Find The Criminals
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Ronodip and Supriya meet paths, the killings begin, and it is only a matter of time before they, too, fall victim to the gang's gunfire.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = A Trap Is Set
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When bodies start to fall, Supriya realises she has a chance to save Ronodip, and they both go incognito to save themselves. However, as a team, they both have their own strategies for cracking the case.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Verdict
|DirectedBy = [[Riingo Banerjee|Arnab Riingo Banerjee]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The case's twists are disclosed, and Ronodip sacrifices himself to allow Supriya to receive her due since she will identify the ones running the scam.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27169599}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Television episodes set on trains]]

Vijay Goel (politician)

2026-02-05T04:54:20Z

Navi guy: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{other people||Vijay Goel (disambiguation){{!}}Vijay Goel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office1 = Minister of State [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 3 September 2017
| term_end1 = 24 May 2019
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[S.S. Ahluwalia]] and [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
| successor1 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]] and [[V Muraleedharan]]
| office2 = Minister of State for Sports and Youth Affairs
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office3 = Minister of State for Statistics & Programme Implementation<ref name="Parliament of India"/>
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start3 = 3 September 2017
| term_end3 = 24 May 2019
| term_start4 = 1 July 2002
| term_end4 = 1 July 2004
| primeminister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| office5 = Minister of State for Planning<ref name="Parliament of India"/>
| term_start5 = 1 September 2001
| term_end5 = 1 November 2001
| primeminister5 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| office6 = Minister of State for Prime Minister's Office<ref name="Parliament of India">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13DL05.htm |title=Biographical sketch of Vijay Goel from 13th Lok Sabha |publisher=Parliament of India |access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref>
| term_start6 = 1 Sept. 2001
| term_end6 = 1 July 2004
| primeminister6 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2020
| successor = [[Rajendra Gehlot]]
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency7 = [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| term_start7 = 1998
| term_end7 = 2004
| successor7 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| predecessor7 = [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]
| constituency9 = [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
| term_start9 = 1996
| term_end9 = 1998
| predecessor9 = [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| successor9 = [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|01|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], [[Delhi]] (M.Com.) Law Center, [[University of Delhi]], [[Delhi]] (LL.B.)
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = Political & Social Worker.
| website = {{URL|www.vijaygoel.in}}
| spouse = Prof. Preeti Goel
| children = 2
| honorific_suffix =
}}

'''Vijay Goel''' (born 4 January 1954) is an Indian politician and a former Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and Statistic and Implementation in the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government. A former Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Goel is affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He became president of the [[Delhi]] unit of the BJP in February 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 February 2013 |title=Vijay Goel is new Delhi BJP chief |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/vijay-goel-is-new-delhi-bjp-chief/article4421765.ece |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Rajasthan]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rajya-sabha-polls-vijay-goel-among-three-bjp-leaders-elected-unopposed-477867|title=Rajya Sabha polls: Vijay Goel among three BJP leaders elected unopposed|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

He is a former Delhi University Students' Union president and an alumnus of [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjp-names-vijay-goel-as-its-delhi-unit-chief/1074991 |title=BJP names Vijay Goel as its Delhi unit chief |publisher=Indian Express |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/dusu-elections-ex-dusu-members-who-became-notable-politicians-1746722|title=DUSU Election 2017: Ex-DUSU Members Who Became Famous Politicians|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> He has been the [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] for the 11th, 12th and 13th [[Lok Sabha]] representing the Sadar and [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] constituencies of Delhi. He also served as the Union Minister of State of Labour, Parliamentary Affairs, Statistics & Programme Implementation and Youth Affairs & Sports in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)]] government until 2004.

==Early and personal life==
Vijay Goel was born to former Delhi [[Vidhan Sabha]] Speaker and BJP member [[Charti Lal Goel]]<ref name="TOI20010902" /> and Basanti Devi on 4 January 1954. He has an M.Com. degree from Shri Ram College of Commerce and a LL.B. degree from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=fe0716/> He was a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and was jailed during [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency in India]].<ref name="LokSabhaBio">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12dl05.htm |title=Biographical sketch of XII Lok Sabha |publisher=Parliament of India |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> After his release from jail, Goel became president of [[Delhi University Students Union]] in 1977 as a candidate of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]].<ref name=fe0716/><ref name="TOI20010902">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vijay-Goel-gets-a-cabinet-berth/articleshow/259085624.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-02/delhi/27249966_1_chandni-chowk-vijay-goel-national-politics |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Vijay Goel gets a cabinet berth |date=2 September 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> He married Preeti Goel, a professor at the University of Delhi, on 8 March 1985. The couple have a son and a daughter.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Vijay-Goel/Article1-14055.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314032732/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Vijay-Goel/Article1-14055.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2014 |title=Vijay Goel |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=19 April 2004 }}</ref>

Goel was the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) treasurer in 1974–1975. He exposed corruption concerning fake certificates that was then operating at the university.<ref name="LokSabhaBio" />

==Political career==

Goel elected to [[11th Lok Sabha]] from Sadar and to [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] and [[13th Lok Sabha]] from [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]].<ref name=fe0716/>

He served as Minister of State for [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour]], [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]], [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Statistics & Programme Implementation]] and [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs & Sports]] till 2004 in the Vajpayee Government. Goel played an instrumental role in winning the bid to host 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. Later, he was among the first few people to bring out financial irregularities by officials of the [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Games' Organising Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2010/story/cwg-cost-shot-up-by-1500-pc-work-may-not-be-over-in-time-bjp-79234-2010-07-24|title=CWG cost shot up by 1500 pc, work may not be over in time: BJP|date=July 24, 2010|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/15/stories/2003111507551800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202040955/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/15/stories/2003111507551800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-12-02|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=India to host 2010 Commonwealth Games|date=2003-11-15|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref><ref name=fe0716/>

Goel had been promoted as the BJP's candidate for Chief Minister in the [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] until six weeks prior to voting day. According to some source, the electoral threat posed by the recently formed [[Aam Aadmi Party]] caused him to be replaced by [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/its-final-vijay-goel-out-harsh-vardhan-is-bjp-delhi-cm-candidate-1184309.html|title=It's final: Vijay Goel out, Harsh Vardhan is BJP Delhi CM candidate - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=22 October 2013 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bjp-changes-cm-candidate-6-weeks-before-polls-will-it-work/431311-80-258.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102031101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bjp-changes-cm-candidate-6-weeks-before-polls-will-it-work/431311-80-258.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2013 |title=Delhi: BJP changes CM candidate 6 weeks before polls, will it work? |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> Other sources say that he met with opposition from the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], an organisation that is closely associated with the BJP and who were unhappy with how he was running the party in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Goel loses Delhi CM candidate race as RSS calls the shots |date=23 October 2013 |first=Shashi |last=Bhushan |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vijay-goel-loses-delhi-cm-candidate-race-as-rss-calls-the-shots-1907373 |work=DNA |access-date=2014-12-29}}</ref>

He was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Rajasthan in 2014.<ref name=fe0716>{{citation |title=Portfolio of Modi government ministers: Vijay Goel appointed as the new Sports Minister |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/modi-cabinet-reshuffle-2016-vijay-goel-takes-oath-as-mos/307157 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=5 July 2016 }}</ref>

He remained the Minister of State for [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs & Sports]] from 5 July 2016 to 3 September 2017.<ref name=fe0716/> In his tenure, a dedicated portal was launched to search young, talented people in sports who otherwise go unnoticed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/talent-search-portal-launched/article19576825.ece|title=Talent search portal launched|date=August 27, 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The National Talent Search Portal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalsportstalenthunt.com/iFileSAI/adminIndexPage|title=National Talent Search Portal - Official Website|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173945/https://www.nationalsportstalenthunt.com/iFileSAI/adminIndexPage|url-status=dead}}</ref> connects potential sportsperson to the Sports Authority of India (SAI) centres for training and better guidance. He became the minister of state for Parliamentary Affairs on 3 September 2017.<ref>{{citation |title=Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Olympic silver medallist appointed sports minister |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/rajyavardhan-singh-rathore-olympic-silver-medalist-appointed-sports-minister/story-ONC1nMPYJ81zdYzD0krhMK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 September 2017 }}</ref>

==Contributions==
Under the banner of Lok Abhiyan, a socio-cultural organisation, Goel initiated protests against state-sponsored lotteries in India in 1993.<ref name=fe0716/> He led a campaign supported by over 120 MPs. The lottery was banned in India on 7 July 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/28/stories/2009112858010400.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091202142221/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/28/stories/2009112858010400.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2 December 2009|work= [[The Hindu]]|title= lottery system ban in India |date= 2009-11-28|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

Vijay Goel established [[Thetoybank|The Toy Bank]], a not for profit organisation, in 1987 that collects toys from donors, refurbishes/renews them and redistributes the toys amongst the underprivileged children in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toybank.in/founders.php |title=About Toy Bank from the founder |publisher=Toy Bank }}</ref> [[Thetoybank|The Toy Bank]] was co-founded by his daughter Vidyun Goel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-toy-bank-that-runs-like-clockwork/article7666256.ece|title=A toy bank that runs like clockwork|first=Kritika Sharma|last=Sebastian|date=19 September 2015|access-date=29 July 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

Goel has been actively involved in heritage conservation. As a Lok Sabha representative from [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]], Goel hosted a two-day cultural festival "Chaudhvin Ka Chand" in 1998 to get the soul back into the 350-year-old city of [[Shahjahanabad]] and turn Chandni Chowk into a major tourist attraction in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980921-mp-vijay-goel-shows-how-to-market-mughal-heritage-chandni-chowk-as-tourist-attraction-827098-1998-09-21|title=MP Vijay Goel shows how to market Mughal heritage Chandni Chowk as tourist attraction|date=September 21, 1998|work=India Today}}</ref> For this, among other measures, electricity polls were rooted out, pavements were cleared of encroachments, and shop shutters were painted to spruce up the locality before cultural festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/time-to-renovate-the-great-residences-and-enjoy-the-culture-of-old-delhi/story-RWKy41lWUryVbwvbl0StdK.html|title=Time to renovate the great residences and enjoy the culture of old Delhi|last=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Goel also restored a 200-year-old [[haveli]] named [[Dharampura Haveli]] in [[Chandni Chowk]] with his son [[Siddhant Goel]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sandhu|first1=Veenu|title=A must-visit Chandni Chowk haveli?|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/a-must-visit-chandni-chowk-haveli-116010100719_1.html|publisher=Business Standard India|access-date=30 July 2017|date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Goel's Dharampura Haveli has recently won prestigious UNESCO Asia-Pacific 2017 Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-bangkok-announces-2017-asia-pacific-awards-cultural-heritage-conservation|title=UNESCO Bangkok Announces 2017 Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation|website=UNESCO|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/old-delhis-haveli-dharampura-mumbais-wellington-fountain-get-unesco-recognition-1776934|title=Old Delhi's Haveli Dharampura, Mumbai's Wellington Fountain Get UNESCO Recognition|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/haveli-dharampura-wellington-fountain-win-unesco-recognition/1190728|title=Haveli Dharampura, Wellington Fountain win UNESCO recognition|website=Outlookindia.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/unesco-recognition-for-wellington-fountain/article20549381.ece|title=UNESCO recognition for Wellington Fountain|date=18 November 2017|access-date=29 July 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-haveli-dharampura-delhi-bages-unesco-2017-asia-pacific-awards-for-cultural-heritage-conservation2017-17051668.html|title=चांदनी चौक की हवेली धर्मपुरा को मिला यूनेस्को से सम्मान|website=Jagran.com|language=hi|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediaindia.eu/tourism/seven-indian-sites-awarded-by-unesco/|title=Seven Indian sites awarded by UNESCO|date=6 November 2017|website=Mediaindia.eu|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-wins-big-at-unesco-asia-pacific-awards/18702177|title=Mumbai wins big at UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards|date=2 November 2017|website=Mid-day.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

==Publications==
* ''Delhi, The Emperor's City: Rediscovering Chandni Chowk and its Environs'', by Vijay Goel. Lustre Press, 2003. {{ISBN|81-7436-240-1}}.
*Old Delhi and the Walled City by Vijay Goel, Om Publications 2011
*Purane Khel, Khan-Pan aur Rehan-Sehan, by Vijay Goel, Diamond Books, 2018. {{ISBN|978-93-5278-941-2|}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://vijaygoel.in}}

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goel, Vijay}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidents of Delhi University Students Union]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Rajampeta revenue division

2026-02-01T18:58:27Z

Navi guy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Rajampeta revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Kadapa district]]
| image_map = Annamayya District.png
| map_caption = Rajampeta revenue division in erst while Annamayya district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rajampeta]]
}}

'''Rajampeta revenue division''' (or Rajampeta division) is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Kadapa district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This Rajampeta Division has more than 100 years of history, formed during British Rule in 19th century following the cession of the. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|five revenue divisions]] in the district which consists of four [[mandals]] under its administration (after bifurcation of kadapa/annamayya districts in December 2025). [[Rajampeta]] is the administrative headquarters of the division. The division is known for cultivation of horticulture crops including banana, chikoo, lemon, mango and papaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-02 |title=Kadapa district has 40 mandals, the highest in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Jan/02/kadapa-district-has-40-mandals-the-highest-in-andhra-pradesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103173650/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Jan/02/kadapa-district-has-40-mandals-the-highest-in-andhra-pradesh |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Before 2021, it was one of large revenue division in [[Kadapa district]] that includes [[Rajampet|Rajampeta]], [[Railway Koduru]] and [[Badvel]] Constituencies. Present the division has only four mandals namely [[Rajampet|Rajampeta]], [[Nandalur]], [[T. Sundupalle|T Sundupalli]], [[Veeraballi]].

== History ==
This Rajampeta Division has maintained its prominence for over 100 years, serving as a key administrative hub in the southern part of the district, it was formed during British Rule in 19th century following the cession of the territory by the Nizam of Hyderabad to the East India Company in 1800. The division, along with its counterpart Madanapalle, has been a prominent administrative unit since that era, often administered by Sub-Collectors.

Before 2021, it was one of large revenue division in [[Kadapa district]] that includes [[Rajampet|Rajampeta]], [[Railway Koduru]] and [[Badvel]] Constituencies. Earlier in the year 2021, Rajampeta revenue division was bifurcated into two divisions namely Rajampeta Revenue Division (included [[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampeta]] and [[Kodur Assembly constituency|Railway Koduru]] Constituencies) and a new [[Badvel revenue division|Badvel Revenue Division]] (included [[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel Constituency]] from Rajampeta Revenue Division and [[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukuru]] from [[Jammalamadugu revenue division|Jammalamadugu Revenue Division]]). Later again in the year 2022, [[Vontimitta]] and [[Siddavatam]] Mandals of Rajampeta Revenue Division were merged with [[Kadapa revenue division|Kadapa Revenue Division]] ([[Kadapa district|Kadapa District]]) as a part of new districts creation and remaining Mandals of Rajampeta Revenue Division were merged in new [[Annamayya district|Annamayya District]]. Again in the year 2025, the all mandals in [[Kodur Assembly constituency|Railway Koduru Constituency]] (whole constituency) were merged in [[Tirupati district|Tirupati District]] as a part of districts reorganization leaving only four mandals in Rajampeta Revenue Division namely [[Rajampet|Rajampeta]], [[Nandalur]], [[T. Sundupalle|T Sundupalli]], [[Veeraballi]].

'''Initial Setup (1800-1807):''' Upon taking control, the British established the Ceded Districts, with Sir Thomas Munro appointed as the Principal Collector in 1800. The area now known as Rajampeta was part of the large Cuddapah (Kadapa) district established during this time.

'''Significance of Rajampet:''' The region emerged as an important revenue division due to its agricultural, commercial, and forest resources (including Red Sanders).

'''Subdivision Development:''' While the district was formed in the early 1800s, the specific administrative division of Rajampeta (sometimes referred to as part of the sub-collectorate or taluk structure) was solidified during the implementation of the Ryotwari System, which gained traction in the region after 1820.

'''Administrative Significance:''' By the late 19th and early 20th century, the British administrative records show Rajampet as an important taluk and a part of the revenue structure designed for taxation, which later evolved into a formal revenue division.

'''Sub-Collectorate:''' The region was a large, historically significant division often headed by a Sub-Collector.

== Administration ==
The four mandals in division are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mandals
| [[Nandalur]], [[Rajampeta]], [[Veeraballi]], [[T. Sundupalle]].
|}[[File:Revenue_divisions_map_of_Kadapa_district.png|thumb|Rajampeta revenue division when it was part of [[Kadapa district]] until April 2022]]

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Kadapa district}}

{{Coord|15|54|N|80|40|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Kadapa district]]

{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}

Mukti (TV series)

2026-01-20T05:21:30Z

Navi guy: made page

{{Short description|Indian Bengali language historical Web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mukti Webseries Poster.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = মুক্তি
| genre = Historical period
Drama
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer = {{Plainlist}}
* Soumit Deb
* Joydip Banerjee
* Rohan Ghose
{{endplainlist}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Rohan Ghose
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]]
* [[Ditipriya Roy]]
{{endplainlist}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| music = Indradeep Dasgupta
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography = Indranath Marick
| animator =
| editor = Anirban Maity
| camera =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = Fatfish Entertainment
| budget =
| network =
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Mukti''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Historical drama|historical period drama]] original [[web series]] streaming on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ফুটবলে দেশপ্রেম নিয়ে আসছেন ঋত্বিক চক্রবর্তী|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/ritwick-chakraborty-ditipriya-roy-arjun-chakraborty-starrer-mukti-web-series-will-be-streaming-from-26th-january/articleshow/88919207.cms|access-date=2022-01-30|website=EI Samay|language=bn}}</ref> It is written and directed by Rohan Ghose.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Arpita|date=2022-01-15|title=ফুটবলেই মুক্তি ঋত্বিক অর্জুন সুদীপের|url=https://www.khaskhobor.com/entertainment/ritwik-arjun-sudip-will-bring-freedom-by-playing-football/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Khaskhobor.com}}</ref> The series has been produced by Pritam Chowdhury under the production house Fatfish Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 Jan 2022|title=Rohan Ghose’s ‘Mukti’ tells the tale of political prisoners|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/rohan-ghoses-mukti-tells-the-tale-of-political-prisoner/cid/1847874|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref> This nine-episode web series was released on 26 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=সংবাদদাতা|first=নিজস্ব|date=2022-01-19|title=২৬-এই আসছে ‘মুক্তি’|url=https://samayupdates.in/mukti-movie-ditiprya-ritwick-chakrabortyditipriya-roy/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=সময় Updates|language=en-US}}</ref> It stars [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] and [[Ditipriya Roy]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ritwick Chakraborty, Ditipriya Roy and Arjun Chakrabarty team up for webseries ‘Mukti’; here’s what the actors have to say - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ritwick-chakraborty-ditipriya-roy-and-arjun-chakrabarty-team-up-for-webseries-mukti-heres-what-the-actors-have-to-say/articleshow/88975862.cms|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story set in 1931, revolving around a conspiracy and a football match that pits the Indian revolutionaries against the British.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Arindam|date=25 Jan 2022|title=Director Rohan Ghose gets candid about 'Mukti'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/interview-director-rohan-ghose-gets-candid-about-mukti/cid/1849038|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=আনন্দ|first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি|date=2022-01-19|title=রামকিঙ্করের চরিত্রের মানসিক টানাপোড়েনটা ফুটিয়ে তুলব বলেই 'মুক্তি'-তে অভিনয় করেছিলাম: ঋত্বিক|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/mukti-actor-ritwick-chakraborty-shares-his-experience-of-working-in-a-new-film-named-mukti-861070|access-date=2022-01-30|website=bengali.abplive.com|language=bn}}</ref> as Ram Kinkar Ghosh
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Dibakar Bandhobadhyay
* [[Ditipriya Roy]] as Minu
* Sudip Sarkar as Rahamat Ali
* [[Chitrangada Satarupa]] as Prava
* Carl A Harte as Alfred Petty
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh|Chandreyee Ghosh]]
* [[Saheb Chatterjee|Shaheb Chattopadhyay]] as Pritanjan Babu
* Biswarup Biswas as Kanto

==Episodes list==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = The Loyal Dog
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = In Midnapore Jail, where freedom fighters are tortured by jailor Petty, Ram Kinkar is promoted and entrusted with new responsibilities. The decision on the execution of a minor inmate is still pending.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = The Riot
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While the two jailors, Bell and Petty, continue to have disagreements, the revolutionaries led by Prava hatch a plan to free Dibakar. Meanwhile, Satyen’s hanging also adds fuel to the fire.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = The Real Plan
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Swadhin and his friends are arrested, and they enter the jail to help Dibakar escape from prison. Meanwhile, on Lord Cuthbert’s visit, a football match is organised in the jail.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = The Demon Within
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Nanda tries to kill Dibakar but Surya saves him. When a guard is found murdered, Petty loses his cool and takes his torture of prisoners to another level.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = The Turning Point
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When the army team’s participation looks doubtful, Ram Kinkar suggests that the prisoners be allowed to make a football team. Meanwhile, Prava tries to kill Petty when he visits Gulshanara’s house.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = The Change of Heart
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ram Kinkar calls the prisoners for team selection. The freedom fighters initially refuse to participate but later change their minds. Meanwhile, Prava tries to enter the jail where she meets Kanta.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = The Wolf-Pack
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = For the football match, Rehmat demands jerseys made up of local materials. Worried about the prisoners’ team performance, Petty tries to create obstacles to deter them.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = The Sacrifice
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Nanda makes another attempt at killing Dibakar, but Surya saves him by sacrificing his life. Petty kills Nanda to hide the truth and attempts to rape Minu.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = The Fight of Freedom
|DirectedBy = Rohan Ghose
|WrittenBy = Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = It’s match-day, and under Rehmat’s leadership, the team makes a rousing comeback. At the end of the match, the freedom fighters break down the wall with a bomb and escape.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== Release ==
ZEE5 announced the launch of a trailer on 14 January 2021 and the series was released on 26 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Majumder|first=Suparna|date=14 Jan 2022|title=সাধারণতন্ত্র দিবসে ‘মুক্তি’র কাহিনি নিয়ে আসছেন ঋত্বিক-অর্জুন-দিতিপ্রিয়া, দেখুন ট্রেলার|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/mukti-trailer-ritwik-chakraborty-ditipriya-roy-and-arjun-chakraborty-in-zee5-original/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Sangbadpratidin.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reviews ===
Shaheen Irani of Ottplay has given 3/5 stars stating that Ritwick Chakraborty's series would have been more impactful in movie format. Various elements of the series have stretched, and the story runs in circles between the stubborn rebels and the mean officers. The climax scene is slightly different from all the other sports dramas, which comes with emotions. However, that makes it a notch above the visuals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irani|first=Shaheen|date=28 Jan 2022|title=Mukti review: Ritwick Chakraborty's series would have been more impactful in movie format|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mukti-review-ritwick-chakrabortys-series-would-have-been-more-impactful-in-movie-format/723801328d182|access-date=2022-01-30|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>

Binged team has given 4.75/10 stars stating that it is well-intentioned drama but hampered by tedious length. The performance of Ritwick Chakraborty is as charming and winsome as Ramkinkar Babu. He delivers a polished and restrained performance in both his avatars. Arjun Chakraborty and Satyam Bhattacharya were equally impactful in their performances. The musical score is soothing to listen to, while the background score gets too loud boisterous at times, but overall it was good. Cinematography and editing were executed well by capturing the rural Bengal of the early twentieth century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-29|title=Mukti Review: Well-Intentioned Drama But Tedious!|url=https://www.binged.com/?p=4283384|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Binged|language=en-US}}</ref>

Suparna Majumdar of [[Sangbad Pratidin]] has given 2.5/5 stars stating that the web series tells the story of the fight for freedom of India's freedom struggle on the football field. The performances of lead roles were impressive. The cinematography of the series was good, and the story of the early Bengal can easily be seen at times from him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Majumdar|first=Suparna|date=28 Jan 2022|title=ফুটবলের ময়দানে স্বাধীনতার লড়াই, কেমন হল ঋত্বিক-দিতিপ্রিয়া-অর্জুনের 'মুক্তি'?|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/mukti-review-ritwik-chakraborty-ditipriya-roy-and-arjun-chakraborty-streaming-on-zee5/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Sangbadpratidin.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/global/web-series/details/mukti/0-6-4z571841 Mukti]'' at [[List of ZEE5 original programming|ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt17219768}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]

Srimad Bhagavata Book 1

2026-01-17T22:03:50Z

Navi guy: cleaned up references also and corrected details

{{Short description|First book of the Srimad Bhagavata}}
{{prose|date=December 2024}}
The [[Bhagavata Purana |Srimad Bhagavata]] is one of the main books of [[Hindu philosophy]]. The Bhagavata is a devotional account of the Supreme Being and His incarnations. Book 1 of the Srimad Bhagavata discusses the origin of the Bhagavata, and introduces the reader to the glories of [[Krishna]] as the Supreme Lord. This book consists of 19 chapters. The Bhagavata is authored by [[Veda Vyasa]] and the source material for this summary is the translation presented by Swami Tapasyananda.<ref>Swami Tapasyananda. ''Srimad Bhagavata''</ref> Additional material and analysis is included.<ref>Gita Press. ''Srimadbhagavat Mahapurana''</ref><ref>Gita Press. ''Padmapurana''</ref><ref>Gita Press. ''Narada Purana''</ref>

== Chapter 1==
* Introduction and background of the Bhagavata.
* The Bhagavata is told by Suta to Saunaka Muni and others at Naimisaranya.
* Purposes of reading the Bhagavata presented as questions
** Purification by listening to the glories of [[Narayana]].
** Enjoying reading about Narayan's Avtars.
** Dharma during [[Kaliyuga]] is devotion.

==Chapter 2==
* The importance of [[Bhakti]] (devotion) as it is the best path to the Supreme
* Deconstruction of worldly reasoning and progress – frenzied activity leads to confusion while devotion leads to peace.
* Devotion leads to supreme peace and happiness.
* People worship based on their own thinking, desires, understanding
** Worship of Krishna as the Supreme Being brings infinite benefits.
** Worshippers of [[Pitrs|Pitris]] (Ancestors), and elemental powers get the finite rewards they seek (such as wealth and power)
*** These rewards ultimately come from Krishna alone.

==Chapter 3==
* First Avatar (Incarnation) of the Supreme Lord is the Purushavtara, as the form of the entire universe that is created and destroyed
* 23 Other Main Avtars – [[Kumaras|Sanka and the Kumaras]], Cosmic Boar, Devarishi [[Narada]], [[Rishi|Rishis]] Nara and Narayana, Kapila, Dattatreya, Yajna, Rishabha, emperor Prithu, Divine Fish, Tortoise, [[Dhanvantari]], [[Mohini]], [[Narasimha|Nrisimha]] (Man-Lion), [[Vamana]], [[Parasurama]], Veda-Vyasa, Ramachandra, [[Balarama]] and Krishna, [[Buddha]], [[Kalki]]
* There are an infinite number of Avtars
* Krishna is referred to as the ‘complete’ Avatar
* The Supreme Being creates and destroys the universe, but is not affected by the process of creation and dissolution.
* Maharishi Veda Vyasa wrote the Bhagavata
** Vyasa taught the Bhagavata to [[Shuka]] Rishi (Vyasa's son)
** Shuka Rishi taught the Bhagavata to King [[Parikshit]], where the Suta listened
** This version is the Suta's narration

==Chapter 4==
* Illustration of the spiritual greatness of Suka Rishi
* Vyasa re-edited the Vedas for people to understand during Kaliyuga
** Vyasa wrote the [[Mahabharata]] to teach people the lessons of the Vedas
** The Mahabharata covers [[Dharma#Hinduism|Dharma]], [[Artha]], [[Kama#Kāma in Hinduism|Kama]], and [[Moksha#Hinduism|Moksha]], but does not cover Bhakti (devotion).
* Even after composing the Mahabharata (with 125,000 verses), Vyasa still felt unsatisfied. Vyasa guessed that this was because the Mahabharata did not cover the devotional aspects of Krishna.
** Narada arrives at Vyasa's Ashram.

==Chapter 5==
* Narada explains that Vyasa feels incomplete because of not writing about Bhakti (devotion) and the glories of the Supreme Lord and His incarnations.
* Narada describes the importance of Bhakti as the easiest and best path to the Supreme and the best way to escape from the pitfalls of Samsara (worldly life).
* Story of Narada before reaching the status of Devarishi Narada
** Highlights the importance of serving Holy Men in order to develop Bhakti.
* Narada describes that even though action (Karma) is usually a cause of bondage, Karma dedicated to God leads to Bhakti.

==Chapter 6==
* Continuation of Narada's story (of his previous life)
** After Narada's mother suddenly died, Narada turned completely to spirituality, but was unable to see [[Vishnu]] in that form
** Narada was reborn as Devarishi Narada in the current Kalpa (cycle of creation)
** Devarishi Narada travels the universe singing Narayana's praises

==Chapter 7==
* Vyasa enters into [[Samadhi#Hinduism|Samadhi]] and realized that Bhakti is the easiest way to eliminate the sufferings of Avidya (ignorance of the spiritual Truth) and achieve spiritual bliss
** Vyasa wrote the Bhagavata Purana
* Even though Suka Rishi was already fully absorbed in the abstract Self, Devarishi Vyasa taught the Bhagavata to his son, Suka Rishi
* At the end of the Mahabharata war, Ashwattama (one of [[Duryodhana]]'s allies) tried to destroy the victorious [[Pandavas]]. However, Ashwattama accidentally killed the Upa-Pandavas (the 5 children the Pandavas had by [[Draupadi]]).
** [[Arjuna]] captures [[Ashwatthama|Ashwattama]], but is reluctant to kill Him, as Ashwattama is the son of [[Dronacharya|Drona]] (the teacher of the Pandavas) and Draupadi does not want Drona's wife (Kripi) to suffer in the way that she is suffering.
** Krishna instructions to Arjuna to punish Ashwattama without killing him.

==Chapter 8==
* While Parikshit was still in Uttara's womb, Ashwattama tried to destroy him, so as to destroy the Pandavas’ lineage.
* Uttara prays to Krishna to protect her fetus
** Krishna saves the Pandavas’ lineage and Uttara's fetus (Parikshit).
* [[Kunti]] praises Krishna both for His actions on earth and as the Supreme Person
** Kunti asks Krishna to make her mind detached from material objects and become continuously absorbed in Krishna
* Krishna is about to leave for [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]], but [[Yudhishthira]] stops Him, as he blames himself for the destruction caused by the war.

==Chapter 9==
* Krishna and the Pandavas go to [[Bhishma]] (where he is lying on the bed of arrows after the end of the Mahabharata War) so that Yudhishthira can learn about the duties of a king
* Bhishma praises Krishna
** As Time, the Supreme Being controls all
** Krishna is only seen as the Supreme by those who Krishna allows
** Bhishma asks for complete devotion to Krishna
** Bhishma thinks of Krishna's form and actions as he sees them during the War
* Bhishma leaves his body while looking at and thinking of Krishna

==Chapter 10==
* Krishna leaves for Dwaraka and all the inhabitants of Hastinapura are greatly saddened that Krishna is leaving them
* Krishna's praises by the women of Hastinapura as He is leaving
** Krishna is the Supreme
** Krishna creates, upholds, and dissolves the universe as a game, but is unaffected by it
** Krishna incarnates to destroy evil
** Dwaraka has even surpassed Heaven, as Krishna is living there
** How lucky Krishna's wives are

==Chapter 11==
* Krishna arrives in Dwaraka
** Dwaraka is instantly enlivened when Krishna returned, as everyone there lives for Krishna
** Glories, beauties, and decorations of Dwaraka
* All the citizens of Dwaraka instant left whatever they doing and ran to meet Krishna when they heard the sound of His conch.
* Depth of love of Krishna's wives for Krishna
* Krishna welcomes each individual in the correct way, according to his/her position, age, and status

==Chapter 12==
* (Continuation of the incident in Chapter 8) How Krishna saves Parikshit
** Krishna enters Uttara's womb in His supreme 4-armed form scaled down to the size of a thumb, and dissipates the power of the Brahma-missile released by Ashwattama
** Parikshit (as a 10-month-old fetus) sees Krishna
** Parikshit is born due to Krishna's grace and protection
*** To celebrate, Yudhishthira gave numerous valuable gifts to Brahmanas
* Brahmanas predict what Parikshit will do – both his glories in life and his death
* Parikshit is called Parikshit as he is always trying to verify that the Krishna who saved him is same as Krishna the Supreme Being

==Chapter 13==
*[[Vidura]] learns about the Atman from Maitreya as he had gone on a pilgrimage to avoid the Mahabharata War
* Vidura returns to Hastinapura
* The Pandavas rule justly for 36 years and the citizens are content
* Vidura tells [[Dhritarashtra]] that Time (Death) is approaching
** One should not have attachment to the body and sense objects.
** The wise man renounces after all his work is completed.
** Vidura, Dhritarashtra, and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] leave for the forest silently, without letting anyone know
* Yudhishthira is depressed at the departure of Vidura, Dhritarashtra, and Gandhari
* Narada arrives and instructs Yudhishthira
** The world is controlled by the Supreme
** Time (Death) cannot be stopped
** People must follow the path created for them
** Importance of renunciation after one's work is done – do not call back one who has renounced the world

==Chapter 14==
* Yudhishthira sees bad omens and worries that the time for Krishna to end His incarnation has come
* Arjuna returns from Dwaraka in a greatly distressed and confused state
* Yudhishthira asks Arjuna numerous questions about the reasons for his dejection and of the well-being of people in Dwaraka

==Chapter 15==
* Arjuna is dejected and weak because of Krishna ending His incarnation (and thus not being there with Arjuna) and is lamenting because of His complete love of and dependence on Krishna
* Arjuna's report to Yudhishthira
** Without Krishna, Arjuna could not even defeat a small band of herdsmen.
** This life is meaningless without Krishna.
** Arjuna lists all his achievements (such as Draupadi's Swayamvara and the Mahabharata War) and how they were due to the actions and grace of Krishna alone.
** Arjuna remembers his life with Krishna, all that Krishna did for him.
** With Krishna, Arjuna could defeat everybody and have complete victory. Without Krishna, Arjuna has lost all his skills.
** Krishna has caused the Yadavas to destroy themselves in order to lighten the burden of the earth.
** Krishna is the cause of all power, achievement, and success.
* Through intense devotion, Arjuna remembered the teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita|Geeta]], and viewed himself as the Atman.
* The Pandavas renounce the Kingdom after finding out that Krishna has left and dissolve the sense of attachment with the body and the world.
** Parikshit is made King.
** The Pandavas soon become absorbed into Narayana.
* The day Krishna left His earthly form is the start of Kaliyuga (the age of sin and degradation).
* Anyone who listens to and believes this account with faith will have devotion to Krishna and be freed from the cycle of Samsara (birth and death).

==Chapter 16==
* Parikshit's life and glories (all of which are due to Krishna).
* Parikshit greatly enjoyed listening to the glories of Krishna, especially the story of how Krishna saved him. Parikshit gave numerous gifts to those who sang Krishna's praises and stories.
* There is no point in excess chatter about things. Time is much better spent discussing the glories of Krishna.
* Earth (in the form of a cow) and Dharma (in the form of a bull) discuss the coming of Kali, and the problems that this will bring, now that Krishna has left.
** Destruction of the family and social order.
** People will be completely attached to material life without thoughts of spirituality.
* Earth praises Krishna as having all good qualities, including those required for both spiritual progress and earthly power.
** Krishna is truth, kindness, generosity, infinite happiness, physical and mental strength, knowledge, courage, lordship, intellectual power, beauty of form, faith, and lovability.
* Without Krishna, who has all good qualities and has purified the earth, the degradation into Kaliyuga will be unrestrained.

==Chapter 17==
* Parikshit sees Dharma and Earth being tortured by Kaliyuga (personified).
* In Kaliyuga, the one with a stick and a loud voice (rather than knowledge and good qualities) will prevail.
* Parikshit and Dharma converse about the coming of Kaliyuga.
* Different groups have different views about what causes the enjoyments and sufferings one is undergoing.
** Some say that people decide their own futures
** Others say that the planets do this
** Others say that it is Karma
** Others say that it is Nature
** The few who understand know that everything is under the control of the Supreme Being
* Thinking about something causes the same experience as doing it.
* Parikshit captures Kali and banishes him from the kingdom. Kali can only live in 5 evil places:
** Places where people gamble excessively
** Places where people drink alcohol in an unrestrained manner
** Places of slaughter
** Places of excess, unrestrained sensual enjoyment
** Money, especially money that is unfairly obtained

==Chapter 18==
* Parikshit did not kill Kali as there are some great qualities of Kaliyuga
** In Kaliyuga people get rewarded for good instantly (but sins are not punished until later)
** Only incorrect actions are punishable; incorrect thoughts are not
* Kali attacks those of weak resolve whom he can sway, but does not affect those who are genuinely good and have a strong resolve to stay on the correct path
* The Bliss of Krishna's glories is far above that of worldly enjoyments and also Heaven.
** The Ganga is the water that [[Brahma]] poured on Vishnu's feet, and has the power to purify the world because of Vishnu's powers.
* Parikshit goes to the forest and feels thirsty
** He enters a sage's ashram and asks for water.
** However, the sage does not notice as he is in deep meditation (Samadhi).
** In anger, Parikshit places a dead snake on the sage to test if he is actually in Samadhi (deep meditation) or someone pretending.
** Parikshit is cursed by the sage's son for insulting his father.
*** Parikshit will be bitten by [[Takshaka]] (a very poisonous snake) within 7 days.
* The sage reprimands his son for cursing Parikshit, stating the importance of the King for the protection of the country.
* The sage did not feel even slightly antagonized towards Parikshit for placing the dead snake, as Holy Men are above happiness and sadness, praise and insult.

==Chapter 19==
* Parikshit is deeply repentant for this mistake.
* Parikshit does not mind if the curse destroys everything of his, but wants his sin to be erased and his mind never to turn against Holy Men again.
* Parikshit sees the curse as a good thing, as it will force him renounce.
* Parikshit leaves the kingdom to his son and goes to the banks of the river Ganga.
* A large number of great sages assemble and Parikshit praises them.
* The sages bless Parikshit.
* Parikshit asks the sages what he (one who knows that he is about to die in 7 days) should do.
* Sri Suka, the son of Vyasa arrives.
** Suka Rishi is an Avadhuta (one who travels with no attachment to the body, fully absorbed in the Atman).
** Suka Rishi's body is very handsome and in perfect condition even though he does not care for it.
* Parikshit is very happy that Suka Rishi, a very great sage, has come.
* Parikshit asks Suka Rishi what he (one who knows that he is about to die) should do.

For the continuation of the Bhagavata, see [[Srimad Bhagavata Book 2]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Puranas]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]

Elite Football League of India

2026-01-17T07:08:55Z

Navi guy: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|American football league}}
{{Update|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = EFLI
| last_season = 2012 EFLI season
| logo = Elite Football League of India Logo.png
| pixels = 200px
| sport = American football
| founded = {{start date and age|5 August 2011}}<ref>{{cite web|title=American football gets set for India|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/176745-american-football-gets-set-for-india|work=NDTV Sport|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref>
| ceo = Richard Whelan
| inaugural = [[2012 Elite Football League of India season|2012]]
| teams = [[#Teams|23]]
| country = {{IND}} (20 teams) {{PAK}} (1 team) {{LKA}} (2 teams)
| champion = [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]] (1st title)
| most_champs = [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]] (1)
| website = 
| TV = [[TEN Sports]] [[TEN Action]]
}}

The '''Elite Football League of India''' ('''EFLI''') was a professional [[American football]] league based in [[India]]. It was founded with eight franchises in 2011, and had 23 franchises throughout [[South Asia]], among whom 20 located in India, two in [[Sri Lanka]] and one in [[Pakistan]]. The league had only two seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/uncertainty-prevails-despite-hype-surrounding-efli/|title = Uncertainty prevails despite hype surrounding EFLI|date = 29 June 2014}}</ref>

The winners of the [[2012 Elite Football League of India season|first championship]] were [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]], who claimed the title after defeating [[Delhi Defenders]] 6–0 in the [[2012 Elite Football League of India season#Elite Bowl I|Elite Bowl I]] on 10 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roy Chowdhury|first=Souvik|title=EFLI Stat Sheet: Pune Marathas|url=https://cricket.yahoo.com/news/efli-stat-sheet-pune-marathas-104947101.html|work=Yahoo Sports|access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref>

==Establishment==
In August 2011, the EFLI announced the launch of the league.<ref>{{cite web |last=Acayan |first=Ezra |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/777860/elite-football-league-india-launched-mumbai |title=Elite Football League of India launched - Mumbai |publisher=Demotix.com |date=2011-08-05 |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018060559/http://www.demotix.com/news/777860/elite-football-league-india-launched-mumbai |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The aim of the league was to introduce American football to the Indian market and its large consumer base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/08/03/american-football-is-coming-to-india/related/ |title=American football is coming to India | ProFootballTalk |publisher=Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com |date=2011-08-03 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref> The organisation's management team consists of [[United States]] and Indian business and entertainment executives, and several U.S. sports figures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms |title=Gridiron league launched in India |work=The Times of India |date=2011-08-05 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref> U.S. brand marketing consultant Sunday Zeller is noted as the founder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efli.com/letter-from-the-founder.php |title=EFLI - Letter from the founder |access-date=2011-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728124247/http://www.efli.com/letter-from-the-founder.php |archive-date=28 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Prominent investors include [[Brandon Chillar]], an [[Indian American]] [[linebacker]] from the [[Super Bowl]]-winning [[Green Bay Packers]] who played eight games that 2010 season until an injury put him on the injured reserve list,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.espn.com/blog/nfcnorth/post/_/id/29123/brandon-chillar-suffers-cruel-lockout-fate |title=ESPN }}</ref> [[Super Bowl]]-winning head coach [[Mike Ditka]], former [[Dallas Cowboys]] [[wide receiver]] [[Michael Irvin]], and former [[NFL]] [[quarterback]]s [[Ron Jaworski]] and [[Kurt Warner]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/john-george/2011/08/cowboys-in-india-jaworski-helps.html |title=Ron Jaworski is investor in new India football league - Philadelphia Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date= 2011-08-03|access-date=2011-12-02 |first=John |last=George}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/132235/american-football-in-india/ |title=American Football in India? |publisher=Inquisitr.com |date=2011-08-03 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref> Investors outside of the sports community include U.S. actor and entertainment producer [[Mark Wahlberg]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2012/01/25/kurt-warner-mark-wahlberg-investing.html |title= Kurt Warner, Mark Wahlberg investing in new Indian football league |work=The Business Journals |date= 2012-01-25|access-date=2012-01-29 |first=Kaplan |last=Daniel}}</ref>

The first regular-season games began 22 September 2012.<ref name=ScoreSchedule>{{cite web|title=Scores and Schedules|url=http://www.efli.com/scores-and-stats/efli/full-standings|work=EFLI website|publisher=EFLI|access-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010190345/http://www.efli.com/scores-and-stats/efli/full-standings|archive-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> EFLI games are broadcast on television in India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan, and in the [[Maldives]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Japan]] on [[Ten Sports]]. This will represent a potential audience of over 500 million viewers.<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web |last=Ivie |first=Eric R. |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=ycn-8919377 |title=NFL stars taking American football overseas: A fan's perspective - NFL - Yahoo! Sports |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=2011-12-02 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223647/http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=ycn-8919377 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |title='They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India |magazine=Time |date=2011-08-04 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref>

==League structure==
The EFLI management's intent is to draw current [[Rugby football|rugby]] players from India over to the sport, in part by paying higher salaries than the [[rugby league]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/money-scores-american-football-lures-indian-rugby-players/818872/ |title=Money scores, American football lures Indian rugby players |work=The Indian Express |date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref> In the announcement of the league on 5 August 2011, CEO Richard Whelan noted that orientation programmes had attracted over 4,000 interested players in the previous month alone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Now-EFL-wants-to-take-India-by-storm/articleshow/9499529.cms |title=Now, EFL wants to take India by storm - Times Of India |work=The Times of India |date=2011-08-06 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref> Similar orientation events are planned for Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal to attract a wide talent pool.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web|agency=IANS |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sport/others/american-football-comes-india-521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011170916/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sport/others/american-football-comes-india-521 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-11 |title=American football comes to India |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2011-08-05 |access-date=2011-12-02}}</ref>

Ownership of the teams will follow a [[Franchise (sports)|franchise]] system, similar to the structure of the NFL, and ownership will be determined in an auction format. Unlike ownership rules in other Indian sports leagues, bidding will be open to both Indian and non-Indian investors alike. Although specifics about league finances have not been announced, officials note that 15% of revenues will be shared with the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Ministry of Sports]].<ref name="yahoo1"/>

While the teams represent cities across India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, all games for the inaugural season were hosted in [[Sugathadasa Stadium]] in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka. The Sports Authority of India provided also the [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Stadium]], which was used for pre-season activities.<ref name="yahoo1"/> The games were held in a [[Round-robin scheduling|round-robin]] format so that all teams played each other.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

The expansion plans include total of 24 teams, as a part of a project, which aims to expand to 52 teams by 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/coming-soon-american-football-in-cricket-crazy-india-262529.html |title=Coming soon: American football in cricket-crazy India |publisher=Firstpost |date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2013-10-06}}</ref>

==Teams-across Asia==
===Current teams===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em auto; width:100%"
|-
! width="34%" | India
! width="33%" | Pakistan
! width="33%" | Sri Lanka
|-
||
{{Location map+ |India3| width=375 | float=center | caption=Location of EFLI teams in India (''Stallions and Warriors are not pinned on this map, because the associated cities have not been announced yet.'')| places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=31.75 | long=74.90 | marksize=8 | label=[[Amritsar Guardians|Guardians]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=30.75 | long=76.78 | marksize=8 | label=[[Chandigarh Tigers|Tigers]] }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=30.28 | long=76.31 | marksize=8 | label=[[Patiala Silverbacks|Silverbacks]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=28.3636 | long=77.1348 | marksize=8 | label=[[Delhi Defenders|Defenders]] }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=26.847 | long=80.947 | marksize=8 | label=[[Lucknow Swarm|Swarm]] }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.9260 |long=75.8235 | marksize=8 | label=[[Jaipur Legends|Legends]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.03 |long=72.58 | marksize=8 | label=[[Gujarat Veers|Veers]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.72 |long=75.88 | marksize=8 | label=[[Indore Flash|Flash]] }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.566667 | long=88.36667 | marksize=8 | label=[[Kolkata Vipers|Vipers]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.53 |long=72.88 | marksize=8 | label=[[Surat Diamonds|Diamonds]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 | long=72.82583 | marksize=8 | label=[[Mumbai Gladiators|Gladiators]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 | long=72.82583 | marksize=8 | label=[[Navi Mumbai Savers|Sabers]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.3113 | long=73.5124 | marksize=8 | label=[[Pune Marathas (American football)|Marathas]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.3113 | long=73.5124 | marksize=8 | label=[[Pune Blue Panthers|Blue Panthers]]|position=bottom}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=15.49300 | long=73.81800 | marksize=8 | label=[[Goa Waves|Waves]]}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.9788 | long=77.5996 | marksize=8 | label=[[Bangalore Warhawks|Warhawks]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.9788 | long=77.5996 | marksize=8 | label=[[Bangalore Dragons|Dragons]]|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08389 | long=80.27000 | marksize=8 | label=[[Chennai Cobras|Cobras]] }}
}}
||
{{Location map | Pakistan | width=305 | float=center | caption=Location of EFLI teams in Pakistan | lat=34.0167 | long=71.5833 | marksize=8 | label=[[Pakistan Wolfpak|Wolfpak]]
}}
||
{{Location map+ | Sri Lanka | width=155 | float=center | caption=Location of EFLI teams in Sri Lanka | places=
{{Location map~ | Sri Lanka |lat_deg=7|lat_min=16|lon_deg=80|lon_min=43 | marksize=8 | label=[[Kandy Kings|Kings]] }}
{{Location map~ | Sri Lanka |lat_deg=6|lat_min=56|lon_deg=79|lon_min=52 | marksize=8 | label=[[Colombo Lions|Lions]] }}
}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; font-size:88%;"
!style="background:white; width:10%" scope="col"|Conference
!style="background:white; width:25%" scope="col"|Team
!style="background:white; width:25%" scope="col"|City/State
!style="background:white; width:25%" scope="col"|Stadium
!style="background:white; width:10%" scope="col"|First season
|-
!style=background:Black colspan="5"|{{color|#FABB30|North Division}}
|-
!rowspan=4 style="background:white;" |North 1 Conference 1
|'''[[Amritsar Guardians]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Patiala Silverbacks]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Punjab Stallions]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} TBA, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Chandigarh Tigers]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandigarh]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
!rowspan=4 style="background:white;" | North 2 Conference 2
|'''[[Delhi Defenders]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi]], [[Delhi|Capital Territory]]
|[[Defenders Ground]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|-
|'''[[Lucknow Swarm]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Kolkata Vipers]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|-
|'''[[Haryana Warriors]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} TBA, [[Haryana]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
!style=background:Black colspan="8"| {{color|#FABB30|Center Division}}
|-
! rowspan=4 style="background:white;" | Center 1 Conference 3
|'''[[Surat Diamonds]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Indore Flash]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Jaipur Legends]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Gujarat Veers]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
! rowspan=4 style="background:white;" | Center 2 Conference 4
|'''[[Pune Blue Panthers]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Mumbai Gladiators]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Cooperage Ground|Cooperage Stadium]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|-
|'''[[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Stadium]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|-
|'''[[Navi Mumbai Sabers]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
!style=background:Black colspan="8"| {{color|#FABB30|South Division}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background:white;" | South 1 Conference 5
|'''[[Bangalore Dragons]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Bangalore Warhawks]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|[[Warhawks Ground]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|-
|'''[[Goa Waves]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} TBA, [[Goa]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
! rowspan=4 style="background:white;" | South 2 Conference 6
|'''[[Chennai Cobras]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Kandy Kings]]'''1
|{{flagicon|LKA}} [[Kandy]], [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central Province]]
|TBA
|TBA (Season 2)
|-
|'''[[Colombo Lions]]'''
|{{flagicon|LKA}} [[Colombo]], [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]]
|[[Sugathadasa Stadium]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|-
|'''[[Pakistan Wolfpak]]'''
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
|[[Wolfpak Ground]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|- style="text-align:center"
|colspan="7" style="font-size:8pt"|* denotes a relocation of a franchise. See respective team articles for more information. 1 Kandy Kings are not to be confused with the now-defunct '''Kandy Skykings''', which were known after their relocation as '''[[Hyderabad Skykings]]'''.
|}

===Former/defunct teams===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; font-size:88%;"
!style="width:25%" scope="col"|Team
!style="width:25%" scope="col"|City/State
!style="width:25%" scope="col"|Stadium
!style="width:12.5%" scope="col"|First season
!style="width:12.5%" scope="col"|Last season
|-
|'''[[Hyderabad Skykings]]'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|[[Gachibowli Athletic Stadium|Gachibowli Stadium]]
|2012 (Season 1)
|2012 (Season 1)
|-
|}

==Championships==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2 style="background:Black; color:#FABB30; width:7%" | Season
!colspan=3 style="background:Black; color:#FABB30;" | Elite Bowl
!rowspan=2 style="background:Black; color:#FABB30; width:18%" | Final Venue
!rowspan=2 style="background:Black; color:#FABB30; width:25%" | MVP
!rowspan=2 style="background:Black; color:#FABB30; width:7%;"|# of Teams
|-
! style="background:#FABB30; color:Black; width:18%" | Winners
! style="background:#FABB30; color:Black; width:7%" | Score
! style="background:#FABB30; color:Black; width:18%" | Runners-up
|-
| 2012 ''[[2012 Elite Football League of India season|Details]]''
| [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]
| 06–00
| [[Delhi Defenders]]
| [[Sugathadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| Roshan Lobo ([[Running back|RB]], [[Bangalore Warhawks|Warhawks]])
| 8
|-
| 2015
| colspan=6 |''Cancelled in favour of inaugural [[EFLI University]] Championship''
|-
|}

===Elite Bowl records===
In the table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the "Season(s)" column, bold years indicate winning seasons.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
!
!style="width:12em; text-align:left"|Team
!style="width:6em; text-align:left"|Appearances
!style="width:6em; text-align:left"|Wins
!style="width:6em; text-align:left"|Losses
!style="width:9em; text-align:left"|Season(s)
|-
|1
|"|[[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]
|1
|1
|0
|"|'''2012'''
|-
|2
|"|[[Delhi Defenders]]
|1
|0
|1
|"|2012
|}

==Documentary==
In 2012, the filmmaking duo [[Evan Rosenfeld]] and Jenna Moshell began following the EFLI and chronicling its inaugural season and the introduction of American football to South Asia in the documentary ''Birth of a Sport''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kck.st/SeqUj7 |title=Birth of a Sport: American Football in India and Pakistan by Evan Rosenfeld — Kickstarter |publisher=Kck.st |access-date=2013-10-06}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|American football}}
*[[National Football League]]
*[[NFL Europe]]
*[[Israeli Football League]]
*[[Philippine Tackle Football League]]
*[[Korea American Football Association]] (South Korea)
*[[X-League (Japan)|X-League]] (Japan)
*[[List of leagues of American and Canadian football]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.efli.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224734/http://www.efli.com/ |date=16 October 2015 }}

{{Elite Football League of India}}
{{National sports leagues of India}}
{{Asian Football Leagues}}

[[Category:Elite Football League of India| ]]
[[Category:American football leagues]]
[[Category:American football in India]]
[[Category:American football in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:American football in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Tripura Santiniketan Medical College

2025-12-31T09:35:09Z

Navi guy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Tripura Santiniketan Medical College
| image =
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2024}}
| type = Private
| principal = Prof. (Dr.) Sanjay Nath
| chairman = [https://themalay.in/ Malay Pit]
| students = '''Total:'''
* MBBS - 150
| address = Madhuban, Amtali
| city = [[Agartala]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates =
| affiliation = [[Tripura University]]; [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|https://tripurasmc.com/}}
}}

'''Tripura Santiniketan Medical College (TSMC)''', established in 2024, is a private [[medical college]] located in Madhuban, [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NMC Approves 150 MBBS Seats at Tripura Santiniketan Medical College|url=https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/nmc-approves-150-mbbs-seats-at-tripura-santiniketan-medical-college/|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> It offers the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree course. The college is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]] and affiliated with the [[Tripura University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tripura pvt medical college gets nod to begin MBBS course|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-pvt-medical-college-gets-nod-to-begin-mbbs-course-1087553-2024-09-06|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> The hospital associated with this college is the [[Indira Gandhi Memorial]] (IGM) Hospital. This college is the first private medical college in the Tripura state under National medical commission Act.<ref>{{cite web|title=150 New MBBS Seats Announced in Tripura by State's First Ever Private Medical College|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/150-new-mbbs-seats-announced-in-tripura-by-states-first-ever-private-medical-college-article-113186409|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>
'''Tripura Santiniketan Medical College''' was recognized by the India Book of Records<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Santiniketan Medical College sets record for highest admissions in first academic year |url=https://sdsmartupdate24.in/tripura-santiniketan-medical-college-sets-record-for-highest-admissions-in-first-academic-year/ |website=SD Smart Update 24 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> and the [[Asia Book of Records]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Santiniketan Medical College achieves continental recognition with Asia Book of Records entry |url=https://sdsmartupdate24.in/tripura-santiniketan-medical-college-achieves-continental-recognition-with-asia-book-of-records-entry/ |website=SD Smart Update 24 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> for its notable accomplishments in the field of medical education and innovation.

Tripura Santiniketan Medical College & Hospital regularly organizes academic, healthcare outreach, and cultural events aimed at community engagement and student development.

From 23 to 26 January 2026, the institution hosted a series of large-scale events on its campus, including '''SMC MedExpo 2.0 (Tripura)''', '''Santiniketan Mela''', and the college cultural festival '''Arrhythmia 2K26'''. The four-day programme focused on health awareness, medical education, cultural exchange, and community participation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Santiniketan Medical College to Host MedExpo, Santiniketan Mela and Cultural Fest from January 23 |url=https://sdsmartupdate24.in/tripura-santiniketan-medical-college-to-host-medexpo/ |work=Smart Update24 |date=2026 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>

SMC MedExpo 2.0 featured medical exhibitions, public health awareness initiatives, and interactive sessions highlighting advances in healthcare and medical education. The Santiniketan Mela showcased local art, handicrafts, food stalls, and cultural performances, reflecting regional traditions and promoting local artisans. Arrhythmia 2K26 served as the annual cultural fest of the medical college, involving students in music, dance, drama, and other extracurricular activities.

The combined events attracted participation from students, healthcare professionals, and members of the general public, contributing to the institution’s outreach and community engagement efforts.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Tripura]]
[[Category:Education in Agartala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura]]

{{med-org-stub}}

Snehaprava Das

2025-12-26T14:41:22Z

Navi guy: New initial stub w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian writer and translator (born 1955)}}
'''Snehaprava Das''' (born 10 October 1955) is an Indian writer and translator in the [[Odia language]]. She is a pioneer translator of several classic works from the Odia language into English. She has also translated several world classics into the Odia language. Her English translations rank among the top translated works from the Odia language.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/odia-books-in-translation-must-read_in_5e0ee3ace4b0843d36107493|title= Eight Odia Books in Translation You Must Read|author= Priyanka Lundgren|publisher= HuffPost|date= 3 January 2020| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aupress.ca/blog/2017/01/10/sparkoflight/|title= Thoughts on Translation - Spark of Light|author= Karyn Wisselink|publisher= AU Press|date= 10 January 2017| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>

==Biography==
Snehaprava obtained her master's degree in [[English literature]] and doctorate in translation studies and comparative literature from [[Utkal University]]. As an associate professor she has taught English literature at several institutions of higher learning. She also served as principal of [[Binayak Acharya College]], [[Berhampur]].

==Works==
Snehaprava has translated “Padmamali” by Umesh Chandra Sarkar, the first novel in Odiya, into English, besides several novels by [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]]. Her other works include ‘The World Within’, an English translation of Odia novel “Mane Mane “ by Baishnaba Charan Das and “Bibasini, A Historical Romance” by Ramsankar Ray. She also translated world classics from English to Oriya, including poems of [[Elizabeth Jennings (poet)|Elizabeth Jennings]] and [[P.B. Shelley]], besides short stories by [[Saki]] and [[Oscar Wilde]]. She has translated several poetry and story collections and biographies, including the celebrated autobiography "Bandira Atmakatha" by [[Gopabandhu Das]]..

She is also a poet herself. Her works in Odia have been published in ''Prativeshi'', ''Kahani'', ''Anupam Bharat'' and other magazines, whereas her English translations have been published in [[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]], ''The Orissa Review'', ''The Little Magazine'', ''Rock Pebbles'' etc.

Her translation of "Colours of Loneliness" by [[Paramita Satpathy]] is critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2019/aug/11/shades-of-solitude-2017384.html|title= Shades of Solitude|publisher= The Indian Express|date= 11 August 2019| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> Her most discussed work of translation is "One Thousand Years in a Refrigerator".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/content/561178/defying-gravity.html|title= Defying Gravity|author= Sumitra Kannan|publisher= Deccan Herald|date= 31 July 2016| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> According to her, translation is a strategy to subvert hierarchies and check all forms of dominations, and also a tool for liberating human consciousness.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/books/language-does-not-simply-mirror-our-world-language-makes-it/article24231405.ece?homepage=true|title= Language Does Not Simply Mirror Us|author= Mini Krishnan|work= The Hindu|date= 23 June 2018| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* 2022 :- [[Jibanananda Das Award]]

==Bibliography==
===Translation from Odia into English===
* The Penance (Original Odia ''Prayaschitta'' by [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]])
* The World Within (Original Odia ''Mane Mane'' by Baishnab Charan Das)
* Colours of Loneliness (original Odia by [[Paramita Satpathy]])<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.apnnews.com/colours-of-loneliness-and-other-stories-book-launched/|title= Colours of Loneliness|publisher= APN News| date= 11 July 2019| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
* One Thousand Days in a Refrigerator (from Manoj Kumar Panda)<ref>{{cite news|url= https://caravanmagazine.in/bookshelf/one-thousand-days-refrigerator|title= One Thousand Days in a Refrigerator|publisher= The Caravan Magazine|date= 1 August 2016| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/one-thousand-days-in-a-refrigerator-book-review/340325/|title= One Thousand Days in a Refrigerator - Book Review|author= Sudipta Datta|publisher= Financial Express|date= 7 August 2016| access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
* A Boundless Moment (original by [[Paramita Satpathy]])
* Gopabandhu Das : The Prisoner's Autobiography

===Poetry by Snehaprava Das===
* Songs of Solitude
* Dusk Diary
* Alone
* Moods and Moments
* Never Say No to a Rose
* Colours of Loneliness and Other Stories (from poems of Paramita Satpathy)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Snehaprava}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}
{{India-translator-stub}}

Satyanarayana Rajguru

2025-12-19T18:25:06Z

Navi guy: New initial post basic info!

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Satyanarayana Rajguru
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1903|08|19}}
| birth_place = British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1997|06|11|1903|08|19}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Epigraphist, writer, historian
| yearsactive =
| known for = Studies in Odisha history
| spouse = Taramani Devi
| domesticpartner =
| children = 4 son and 1 daughter
| parents = Harikrushna Rajguru Sunamani Devi
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]]
}}

'''Satyanarayana Rajguru''' (1903-1997) was an Indian litterateur, epigraphist and historian.<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru">{{cite web | url=http://gajapati.nic.in/sonsofsoil/eminent%5Cemiperson.htm | title=Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru | publisher=Gajapati | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Memories of My Father">{{cite web | url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/58-64.pdf | title=Memories of My Father | publisher=Government of Odisha | date=2010 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref> He was a curator and epigraphist at the [[Odisha State Museum]] and was a recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]],<ref name="Memories of My Father" /> ''Bharati Bhushan'' award, Ganjam Sahitya Sammilani award, [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]] and ''Sarala Sanman''.<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1974.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Born on 19 August 1903 to Harikrushna Rajguru and Sunamani Devi<ref name="Memories of My Father" /> in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], Rajguru passed the ''Oriya and Sanskrit'' title examination from [[Andhra University]] and started his career in 1929 as the manager of ''Parala Padmanabha Rangalaya'',<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" /> the first theatre in Odisha, founded by Padmanabha Narayan Deo, erstwhile Raja of the state of Parala.<ref name="History of Indian Literature, Volume 1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&q=Parala+Padmanabha+Rangalaya&pg=PA565 | title=History of Indian Literature, Volume 1 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | author=Sisir Kumar Das | year=2000 | pages=815 | isbn=9788172010065}}</ref> During his tenure there, he was associated with the activities of [[Utkal Sammilani]] and assisted [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]] in the formation of Odisha state in 1937; he is known to have submitted a thesis on the state reorganization.<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" />

Rajguru, after his tenure as the president of the [[Ganjam District]] Education Council (1942–45), worked as an assistant at the Kalinga Historical Research Society at [[Bhawanipatna]] from 1947 and later, joined [[Odisha State Museum]] to work as a curator (1950–61) and later as an epigraphist (1963–70).<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" /> He was a member of the working committee of Odisha Sahitya Academy and the chairman of [[Paralakhemundi]] Municipality.<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" /> He was a life member of [[Berhampur University]] and was awarded DLitt by the university.<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" />

Rajguru is known to have done notable research on the history of Odisha<ref name="Inscriptions of Orissa">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924063477313/cu31924063477313_djvu.txt | title=Inscriptions of Orissa | publisher=Cornell University Library | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref> and is credited with findings on the early of life of [[Jayadeva]], the thirteenth century [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] poet and the author of [[Gita Govinda]].<ref name="Jayadeva (1200 AD)">{{cite web | url=http://www.poemhunter.com/i/ebooks/pdf/jayadeva_2012_9.pdf | title=Jayadeva (1200 AD) | publisher=Poem Hunter | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref> He translated ''The Palanquin Bearers'', a poem by [[Sarojini Naidu]] into [[Odia language]] under the name, ''Palinki Bahaka''<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" /> and has published several other works, some of which are prescribed text for university studies.<ref name="Historical Background of Gopinath & Radha Krishna">{{cite web | url=http://ddceutkal.org/Journal/Search_Journal_2013_Vol-I.pdf | title=Historical Background of Gopinath & Radha Krishna | publisher=Utkal University | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Mo Jeevana Sangrama (autobiography)<ref name="Mo Jibana Sangram">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mo-Jibana-Sangram-Rajagurudr-Satyanarayan/dp/B0018Y3VN0 | title=Mo Jibana Sangram | publisher=Sri Balabhadra Rath | author=Satyanarayana Rajguru | year=1994 | asin=B0018Y3VN0}}</ref>
* Swapane Chumban
* Janani Utkal
* Radhavisek
* Odia Lipira Krama Bikash<ref name="Odia Lipira Krama Bikash">{{cite web | url=http://www.davcollegekoraput.org.in/LibraryBooks.asp?pgno=186 | title=Odia Lipira Krama Bikash | publisher=DAV College | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615164141/http://www.davcollegekoraput.org.in/LibraryBooks.asp?pgno=186 | archivedate=15 June 2015 }}</ref>
* History of Gangas<ref name="History of theGangas">{{cite web | url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/journal/journalvol3/pdf/15-27.pdf | title=History of theGangas | publisher=Government of Odisha | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>
* The Korasanda Copper Plate Grant of Visakhavarmma
* History of Eastern Gangas of Kalinga<ref name="The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&q=History+of+Ganges+rajguru&pg=PA20 | title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa | publisher=Asian Educational Services | date=1981 | accessdate=13 June 2015 | author=Prabhat Mukherjee | pages=200| isbn=9788120602298 }}</ref>
* Heirographic Letters of Naraj
* The Odras and their Predominency
* The Historical Research in Orissa
* The Konduli Copper Plate Grant of Narasimha Deva of Saka 1305
* Sumandal Plates of Dharmaraj
* Ranpur plates of Dharmaraja<ref name="Ranpur plates of Dharmaraja">{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/34826/15/15_appendice.pdf | title=Ranpur plates of Dharmaraja | publisher=Shodhganga | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>
* Historical Background of Gopinath & Radha Krishna
* Oriya Inscription on a Stone Image<ref name="Oriya Inscription on a Stone Image">{{cite web | url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120364 | title=Oriya Inscription on a Stone Image | publisher=South Asia Archive | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>
* South Indian Inscriptions<ref name="Economic History of Orissa">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&q=The+Historical+Research+in+Orissa+Rajguru&pg=PA112 | title=Economic History of Orissa | publisher=Indus Publishing | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015 | author=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik| isbn=9788173870750 }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Satyanarayana Rajguru died on 11 June 1997 at the age of 93, his wife Taramani Devi preceding him in death by one year.<ref name="Memories of My Father" /> He is survived by his sons Gopeshwar Rajguru, Radha Raman Rajguru and Sitakant Rajguru.

==Honours, awards and recognition==
Rajguru was awarded the civilian honour [[Padma Shri]] in 1974 by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Shri" /> He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his autobiography, ''Mo Jeevana Sangrama'' in 1996.<ref name="Akademi Awards (1955-2014)">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#ODIA | title=Akademi Awards (1955-2014) | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref> He was also a recipient of ''Bharati Bhushan'' award from [[Andhra Mahasabha]], Ganjam Sahitya Sammilani award (1968) and Odisha Sahitya Academy award (1968).<ref name="Padmashree Satyanarayana Rajguru" /> He was a recipient of ''Sarala Sanman'' (1989) from Sarala Sansad.<ref name="Sarala Samman 2011 to Ramakant Rath">{{cite web | url=http://incredibleorissa.com/en/sarala-samman-2011-ramakant-rath/ | title=Sarala Samman 2011 to Ramakant Rath | publisher=Incredible Orissa | date=2015 | accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mo-Jibana-Sangram-Rajagurudr-Satyanarayan/dp/B0018Y3VN0 | title=Mo Jibana Sangram | publisher=Sri Balabhadra Rath | author=Satyanarayana Rajguru | year=1994 | asin=B0018Y3VN0}}
* {{cite web | url=http://satyanarayanrajguru.blogspot.ae/2013_08_01_archive.html | title=Padmashree Satyanarayan Rajguru | publisher=Google Blogger | work=Blog | date=29 August 2013 | accessdate=13 June 2015 | author=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajguru, Satyanarayana}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian epigraphers]]
[[Category:Museum people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman]]

Sanchari Vijay

2025-12-17T13:59:30Z

Navi guy: small adjusted details and added references

{{short description|Indian theatre and film actor (1983–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanchari Vijay
| image = Sanchari-Vijay 04.jpg
| caption = Vijay at [[62nd National Film Awards]] ceremony in 2015.
| birth_name = Vijay Kumar Basavarajaiah
| birth_date = {{birth date|1983|7|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Panchanahalli, [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|6|15|1983|7|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management]], [[B.M.S. College of Engineering]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007–2021
| notable_works = ''[[Naanu Avanalla...Avalu]]''
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Basavarajaiah''' (17 July 1983 – 15 June 2021),<ref name="death"/><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Sanchari Vijay: ಸಂಚಾರಿ ವಿಜಯ್ ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತ ಕಲಾವಿದನಿಗೆ, ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಮಿಗಿಲಾದ ಮಾನವೀಯ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗೆ ಭಾವಪೂರ್ಣ ವಿದಾಯ |trans-title=An emotional farewell to Sanchari Vijay, a talented artist and beyond that, a great human |language=Kannada |url=https://tv9kannada.com/photo-gallery/sanchari-vijay-national-award-winner-actor-who-died-after-road-accident-here-are-rare-photos-skd-233190.html |publisher=TV9 Kannada |date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> known by his [[stage name]] '''Sanchari Vijay''', was an Indian actor known for his work in [[Kannada cinema]]. He began his career as a stage actor.<ref>{{cite news |author= Kumar G. S. |title= Portraying transgender's life made me learn a lot: "Sanchari" Vijay |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Portraying-transgenders-life-made-me-learn-a-lot-Sanchari-Vijay/articleshow/46681292.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 25 March 2015 |access-date= 25 March 2015}}</ref> He trained on stage from [[Sanchari Theatre]], a culture centre with its own drama troupe, based in [[Bangalore]].

For his portrayal of a [[transgender]] person in the Kannada film ''[[Naanu Avanalla...Avalu]]'' (2014), Vijay was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] at the [[62nd National Film Awards]]. He also received the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] and the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada]] for the performance. He received praise for his performances in ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' (2016) and ''[[Nathicharami]]'' (2018).<ref name="taledanda">{{cite web |last1=R. |first1=Shilpa Sebastian |title=Sanchari Vijay: "Taledanda" is close to my heart |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-taledanda-is-close-to-my-heart/article32571229.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en-IN |date=10 September 2020}}</ref> In a career spanning ten years, he appeared in 25 films, before his death from a motorcycle crash in 2021.<ref name="dh2">{{cite web |last1=M. V. |first1=Vivek |title=Sanchari Vijay revelled in complex roles |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/sanchari-vijay-revelled-in-complex-roles-997491.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=15 June 2021 |language=en |date=14 June 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vijay was born on 18 July 1983 in Panchanahalli, a village in [[Kadur]] [[Tehsil|taluk]] of [[Karnataka]]'s [[Chikmagalur district]]. His father Basavarajaiah was an actor and musician and mother Gowramma, a nurse and folk singer.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Vijay, Sanchari |date=24 February 2021 |title=Namma Bahubali : Actor Sanchari Vijay Exclusive Interview / Raghav Surya / TV5 Kannada |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJDJyniJwaA |access-date= 15 June 2021 |time=1:34 |publisher=TV5 Kannada}}</ref> Vijay was the younger of two children; he had an older brother, Siddesh. Vijay's parents died when he was a teenager; his mother from [[jaundice]] and father soon after. To help fund his brother's education, Vijay took up a job at a hotel in Bangalore, where he washed utensils. After his brother began working, Vijay completed his [[pre-university course]], before enrolling in [[B.M.S. College of Engineering]], to study [[Bachelor of Engineering|engineering]]. During this time, he was drawn towards stage acting and joined [[Sanchari Theatre]].<ref name="Anushree">{{cite AV media |people=Vijay, Sanchari |date=12 February 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE : The Journey of Sanchari Vijay / Sandalwood / Directed By Anushree |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sAzKt3SBXk |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Anushree Anchor}}</ref> After graduating, Vijay began working as a lecturer in a college teaching [[computer science]] to [[diploma]] students.<ref name="dh2"/> He also began acting in television [[soap operas]] while also remaining active on stage.<ref name="Anushree"/>

As a child, Vijay played minor roles on stage. In a 2017 interview, he recalled, "I had never imagined that I will end up being an actor. Yes, I did have some qualities like enacting my favourite roles after watching a film or a drama, but all of this was in the past, as later, I started getting serious about education. In fact, even while studying, my friends would notice my acting skills."<ref>{{cite web |last1=S. M. |first1=Shashiprasad |title=Vijay "bhava" for Sanchari |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/200917/vijay-bhava-for-sanchari.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en |date=20 September 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Sanchari-Vijay 09.jpg|thumb|Vijay as a transgender character in ''[[Naanu Avanalla...Avalu]]'', which won him the [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor Award]] at the [[62nd National Film Awards]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Vijay bags National Award for Best Actor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Vijay-bags-National-Award-for-Best-Actor/articleshow/46676471.cms|publisher=timesofindia|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>]]

Vijay made his debut in films with the 2011 Kannada film ''[[Rangappa Hogbitna]]''. He received recognition for his performance in his next film ''[[Dasavala]]'' in which he played a disabled boy. Shyam Prasad S. of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "...Vijay is undoubtedly the best performer. He is unbelievably real in the role and deserves all the praise."<ref>{{cite web |last1=S. |first1=Shyam Prasad |title=Movie review: Dasavala |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/dasavala-kannada-movie-film-review/articleshow/23988733.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223215839/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/dasavala-kannada-movie-film-review/articleshow/23988733.cms |archive-date=23 December 2017 |language=en |date=11 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was later cast in ''[[Oggarane]]'' (2014) and as lead actor subsequently in ''[[Harivu]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anien |first1=Tini Sara |title=On my pinboard |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/650392/on-my-pinboard.html |access-date=30 August 2018 |work=Deccan Herald |date=27 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In ''Harivu'', he played a farmer who travels to Bangalore and struggles to treat his terminally-ill son.<ref name="dh2"/>

In ''Naanu Avanalla...Avalu'' (2015), his portrayal of a transgender person won him the [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor Award]] at the [[62nd National Film Awards]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Sanchari Vijay Actor–Profile and biography|url=http://cinetrooth.in/2015/06/21/sanchari-vijay-actor-profile-and-biography/|publisher=cinetrooth|date=21 June 2015|access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vijay elated on winning best actor award|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/467499/vijay-elated-winning-actor-award.html|publisher=deccanherald|date=25 March 2015|access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref> With the award win, Vijay became the third actor after [[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]] and [[Charuhasan]] to win the National Award for Best Actor for performing in a [[Kannada film]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-first-kannada-actor-to-win-a-national-award-south/20150325.htm|title=Meet the first Kannada actor to win a National Award|first=Praveen|last=Sundaram|website=Rediff}}</ref> At the same awards, ''Harivu'' won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]].

In ''[[Nathicharami]]'' (2018), a film that explores a widow's sexuality, Vijay played Suresh, a middle-aged man, a character with "two very different shades", troubled by an unhappy marriage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seta |first1=Keyur |title=Nathicharami review: Explores a young widow's sexuality in a simple yet bold manner |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/nathicharami-38775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212135807/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/nathicharami-38775 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 February 2019 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nandakumar |first1=Prathima |title=Nathicharami: A bold film that explores a widow's sexuality |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2018/12/30/nathicharami-a-bold-film-that-explores-a-widows-sexuality.html |website=The Week |access-date=15 June 2021 |language=en |date=30 December 2018}}</ref> In ''[[Krishna Tulasi]]'' (2018), he played a visually impaired tourist guide. A Sharadhaa of ''[[the New Indian Express]]'' called it one of his "best performance" and wrote, "He clearly gets into the character of a blind man in love, delivering a powerful performance."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='Krishna Tulasi' movie review: Experience unseen love |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/apr/21/krishna-tulasi-movie-review-experience-unseen-love-1804259.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 April 2018}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Sanchari Vijay pulls off a strong performance, capturing the texture of a variety of emotions."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mehar |first1=Rakesh |title='Krishna Tulasi' review: This romantic drama is a heartwarming tale about love and blindness |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/krishna-tulasi-review-romantic-drama-heartwarming-tale-about-love-and-blindness-79960 |website=The News Minute |access-date=15 June 2021 |language=en |date=21 April 2018}}</ref> In ''Aatakkuntu Lekkakkilla'' (2019), Vijay played a [[schizophrenia]] patient who suspects his wife of [[infidelity]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lokesh |first1=Vinay |title=Aatakkuntu Lekkakkilla Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Aatakkuntu Lekkakkilla by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aatakkuntu-lekkakkilla/movie-review/71337477.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=27 September 2019}}</ref> In commercial films {{Lang|kn-latn|[[6ne Maili]]}} (2018) and ''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]'' (2020), he played a cop.<ref name="dh2"/>

Vijay's upcoming releases include ''Melobba Mayavi'', a film based on [[organized crime]] in the coastal Karnataka region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shastri |first1=LN. |title=Sanchari Vijay wraps shoot for Melobba Mayavi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanchari-vijay-wraps-up-climax-shot-of-melobba-mayavi/articleshow/65673075.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 September 2018 |date=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Melobba Mayavi ready to start - Kannada News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/melobba-mayavi-ready-to-start-kannada-news-209833 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=22 March 2018}}</ref>
In ''Taledanda'', he plays Kunnegowda, a boy obsessed with trees and plants, belonging to the [[Soliga people|Soliga tribe]] of South Karnataka.<ref name="taledanda"/> In the [[psychological thriller]] ''Phirangipura'', he portrays three different shades depicting a person's transition from childhood to old age as he travels from Bengaluru to [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title='I always discover a new side of myself' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/570201/i-always-discover-side-myself.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=15 June 2021 |language=en |date=13 September 2016}}</ref> His ''Puksatte Lifu'', "realistic look at life around us", directed by Aravind Kuplikar, completed filming in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=R. |first1=Shilpa Sebastian |title=Aravind Kuplikar's "Puksatte Lifu" has actors from theatre portraying every character on screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-aravind-kuplikars-film-puksatte-lifu-has-actors-from-theatre-portraying-every-character-on-screen/article29498085.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=16 June 2021 |language=en-IN |date=24 September 2019}}</ref>

== Death ==
Vijay was involved in a motorcycle accident where he was riding-pillion at 11:45 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 12 June 2021 in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="ie2">{{cite news|date=14 June 2021|title=Kannada actor Sanchari Vijay dies, confirms Kichcha Sudeep|language=en|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kannada-actor-sanchari-vijay-in-coma-brain-surgery-very-critical-7358017|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="ie1">{{cite news|date=13 June 2021|title=Kannada actor Sanchari Vijay suffers serious injuries in road accident|language=en|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kannada-actor-sanchari-vijay-suffers-serious-injuries-in-road-accident-7357196|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> The motorcycle, a [[Yamaha FZ1]], skidded and hit a light post in the [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|JP Nagar]] locality of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2021|title=Kannada actor Sanchari Vijay critical after road accident|language=en|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/kannada-actor-sanchari-vijay-critical-after-road-accident-997061.html|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> Vijay suffered severe brain injuries from the accident and was operated on at the Apollo hospital in the city. A doctor was quoted as saying, "As he had [a] blood clot in the brain, we have performed...surgery, the next 48 hours are going to be critical."<ref name="ie1" /> A [[CT scan]] of Vijay's brain reportedly showed "very severe brain injury in addition to a [[subdural hematoma]]". The surgery was performed to remove the [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|brain hemorrhage]].<ref name="ie2" /> [[Apnea#Apnea test in determining brain death|Apnea tests]] to diagnose [[brain death]] were performed at 12.25 p.m. and 7.50 p.m. (IST) the following day, which was confirmed later that evening.<ref name="ie3">{{cite news |title=Sanchari Vijay laid to rest with full state honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sanchari-vijay-dead-at-38-7358326 |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Vijay was pronounced dead at 3:34 a.m. (IST) on 15 June.<ref name="death">{{cite news |title=National award-winning actor Sanchari Vijay no more |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/national-award-winning-actor-sanchari-vijay-no-more-997621.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Both Kidneys, Liver, Heart Valves And Corneas were donated. His body was kept for [[Viewing (funeral)|public viewing]] between 6 a.m. and 10 a.m. (IST) in [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]] that day before being taken to his hometown Panchanahalli. He was cremated with full [[state funeral|state police honours]] there, with brother Siddesh performing the last rites.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sanchari' Vijay laid to rest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sanchari-vijay-laid-to-rest/article34821880.ece |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=15 June 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="ie3"/>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Rangappa Hogbitna]]'' || Krishna || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Dasavala]]'' || Disabled boy || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 ||''[[Harivu]]'' || Farmer || ||
|-
|''[[Oggarane (film)|Oggarane]]'' || rowspan="3"|Rama ||
|-
|''[[Ulavacharu Biryani]]'' || Telugu film ||
|-
|''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' ||Tamil film ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Naanu Avanalla...Avalu]]'' || Madesha/[[Living Smile Vidya|Vidya]] || *[[National Film Award for Best Actor]] *[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] *[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' || [[Special Task Force (India)|STF]] Officer Gopal || Nominated—[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Sipaayi (2016 film)|Sipaayi]]'' || Manju || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017 || ''[[Riktha]]''|| Riktha
| Also playback singer for song "Dumtaka" || <ref>{{cite web |title=Playing ghost and child in "total entertainer" |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/18/playing-ghost-and-child-in-total-entertainer-1560660.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=30 August 2018 |date=18 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Allama (film)|Allama]]'' || [[Basava]] || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Desai |first1=Dhwani |title=Allama is a three-year labour of love for director Nagabharana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/allama-is-a-three-year-labour-of-love-for-director-nagabharana/articleshow/56761037.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=30 August 2018 |date=26 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''Maarikondavaru'' || || || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maarikondavaru/movie-review/60115546.cms | title=Maarikondavaru Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Maarikondavaru by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''Nan Magale Heroine'' || Vijay || || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/entertainment/south-masala/sanchari-vijay-turns-to-comedy-nan-magale-heroine-will-be-his-first-comedy-film/articleshow/61522352.cms | title=SANCHARI VIJAY TURNS TO COMEDY: NAN MAGALE HEROINE WILL BE HIS FIRST COMEDY FILM| work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| ''Avyaktha'' || Rajashekhar || Short film || <ref>{{cite web |title=Avyaktha starring Sanchari Vijay, Dr Jhanavi |url=http://sakkathstudio.com/trending/avyaktha-starring-sanchari-vijay-dr-jhanavi/ |website=sakkathstudio.com |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180830184713/http://sakkathstudio.com/trending/avyaktha-starring-sanchari-vijay-dr-jhanavi/ |archive-date=30 August 2018 |language=en |date=5 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018 ||''[[Varthamana]]'' || Ananth || || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/it-is-the-visuals-that-speak-to-the-audience-in-varthamana/articleshow/63414753.cms | title=It is the visuals that speak to the audience in Varthamana| work=Times of India| date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Krishna Tulasi]]'' || Krishna || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sanchari Vijay goes extra mile to play blind role |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/apr/19/sanchari-vijay-goes-extra-mile-to-play-blind-role-1803351.html |access-date=30 August 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{Lang|kn-latn|[[6ne Maili]]}}|| Arjun ||||<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/6ne-maili-a-thriller-that-explores-the-perils-of-trekking/articleshow/63094845.cms | title=6ne Maili: A thriller that explores the perils of trekking| work=Times of India| last1=Joy| first1=Prathibha}}</ref>
|-
| ''Padarasa'' || Padarasa |||| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandyam |first1=Nithya |title=Padarasa Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/padarasa/movie-review/65353405.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 August 2018 |date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nathicharami]]'' || Suresh || ||
|-
| ''Sri Guru Kotturesha'' || Akbar || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Aduva Gombe]]'' || Madhava || ||
|-
| ''Aatakkuntu Lekkakkilla'' || Purushotham || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]'' || Shivmurthy || ||
|-
| ''[[ACT 1978]]'' || Bheemeshwar Pandey || [[Karnataka State Jury's Special Award]] (Posthumous award) || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-state-awards-2020-sanchari-vijay-presented-posthumous-jury-award-3443270|title=Karnataka State Awards 2020: Sanchari Vijay presented posthumous Jury Award|website=DeccanHerald.com|date=12 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021||''[[Lanke (film)|Lanke]]''|| Dharma|| Posthumously released||
|-
|''[[Puksatte Lifu]]''|| Shahjahan || Posthumously released ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022||''[[Taledanda (2022 film)|Taledanda]]'' || Kunnegowda "Kunna" || [[Karnataka State Jury's Special Award]] (Posthumous award) Posthumously released || <ref>{{cite web |title='Taledanda' brings back childhood memories: Sanchari Vijay |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/taledanda-brings-back-childhood-memories-sanchari-vijay-893111.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en |date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Melobba Mayavi''|| Iruve || Posthumously released ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7216594|Sanchari Vijay}}

{{Commons category|Sanchari Vijay}}
{{National Film Award Best Actor}}
{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay, Sanchari}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Motorcycle road incident deaths]]

Ormayude Arakal

2025-12-08T18:47:48Z

Navi guy:

{{Short description|Book by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Ormayude Arakal
| image = File:Ormayude_Arakal.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt =
| author = [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = Memoirs
| publisher = National Book Stall
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1973
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| preceded_by_quotation_marks =
| followed_by =
| followed_by_quotation_marks =
| wikisource =
}}
'''''Ormayude Arakal''''' (''Chambers of memory'') is a collection of memoirs by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] originally serialised in ''[[Chandrika Weekly]]'' and published as a book by National Book Stall in 1973.<ref>{{cite book|title=Books India, Issues 3–4|publisher=National Book Trust|year=1973|page=57}}</ref> It is a rambling, incomplete kind of autobiography by the noted [[Malayalam]] author.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature, Volume 45|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=2001|page=11}}</ref> The book also includes Basheer's conversations with Sreedharan, [[B. M. Gafoor]], P. K. Muhammad, M. A. Hakim, K. K. Amu, [[I. V. Sasi]], and Punalur Rajan.<ref>[http://www.cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/basheer.html "Works by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612032617/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/basheer.html |date=12 June 2013 }}. [[New York University]]. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Basheer}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1973 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:Books by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]
[[Category:Literary memoirs]]
[[Category:Literary autobiographies]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language books]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian newspapers]]

{{India-lit-stub}}
{{lit-bio-book-stub}}

Pinjor Formation

2025-12-02T11:40:53Z

Navi guy: starting!

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Pinjor Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Pleistocene]] ~{{fossil range|2.28|0.73}}[[Pleistocene]]
| period = Pleistocene
| prilithology =
| otherlithology =
| namedfor =
| namedby =
| region = [[Hariyana]], [[Punjab India]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab Pakistan]], [[Chandigarh]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|30.7|N|76.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|29.2|N|77.3|E|display=inline}}
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Tatrot Formation]]
| overlies =
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 30.7
| lon_deg = 76.8
| mark = Cyan pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Pinjor Formation''' is a Cenozoic geologic formation in [[India]]. The fossils of large [[crocodilia]]ns and [[mammal]]s have been recovered from the formation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=V. Kumaravel |first1=S. J. Sangode |last2=Rohtash Kumar |first2=N. Siva Siddaiah |year=2005 |title=Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Plio–Pleistocene Pinjor Formation (type locality), Siwalik Group, NW Himalaya, India |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad184 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110713 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Paleobiota ==

=== Reptiles ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Reptile]]s from the Pinjor Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Rhamphosuchus]]''<ref name=Martin2018>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=J. E. |year=2018 |title=The taxonomic content of the genus ''Gavialis'' from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=483–497 |language=en|doi=10.1002/spp2.1247|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02123647/file/2019Gavialis.pdf }}</ref>
| ''R. crassidens''
| piece of rostrum, middle portion of craniurns, hind portion of mandibular symphysis, quadrate and quadratojugal, partial mandibular symphysis, several vertebrae, left ilium, small left ilium, right fibula, and several scute.
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A large [[Gavialidae|gavialid]]
| [[File:Rhamphosuchus crassidens.jpg|center|250px]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Gavialis]]''
| ''[[Gavialis browni|G. browni]]''
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Gharial]]s
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Gharial.jpg|centre|240px]]
|-
| ''[[Gharial|G. gangeticus]]''
|-
| ''G.'' sp.
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Crocodylus]]''
| ''[[Mugger crocodile|C. palustris]]''
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Mugger Crocodile|Mugger crocodile]]s
| rowspan="3" | [[File:PK Kirthar NP asv2020-02 img25.jpg|centre|240px]]
|-
| ''C. biporcatus''
|-
| [[Crocodylus palaeindicus|''C. palaeoindicus'']]
|-
| ''[[Varanus (Varanus)|Varanus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hocknull |first1=Scott |last2=Piper |first2=Philip |last3=Van den Bergh |first3=Gert |last4=Due |first4=Rokus |last5=Morwood |first5=Michael |last6=Kurniawan |first6=Iwan |year=2009 |title=Dragon's Paradise Lost: Palaeobiogeography, Evolution and Extinction of the Largest-Ever Terrestrial Lizards (Varanidae) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=9 |article-number=e7241 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007241|doi-access=free |pmid=19789642 |pmc=2748693 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7241H |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26856417}}</ref>
| ''[[Varanus sivalensis|V. sivalensis]]''
| Distal end of right humerus and dorsal vertebrae
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A large [[monitor lizard]] similar to the [[Komodo dragon]]
| [[File:VaranusSivalensis.png|centre|240px]]
|-
| ''[[Omegachelys]]''
| ''O. sahnii''
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]],
[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| An [[Emydidae|emydid]] turtle
|
|-
| ''[[Geoclemys]]''
| ''G. hamiltonii''
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| A [[Geoemydidae|geoemydid]] turtle
| [[File:Geoclemys hamiltonii Biswanath 01.jpg|centre|240px]]
|-
| ''[[Hardella]]''
| ''H. thurjii''
|
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| A geoemydidae turtle
| [[File:Hardella thurjii Hardwicke.jpg|centre|240px]]
|-
| ''[[Megalochelys]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[tortoise]]
| [[File:Colossochelys atlas.jpg|centre|240px]]
|}

=== Mammals ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Mammal]]s from the Pinjor Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Notes !! Images
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Elephas]]''
| [[Asian elephant|''E. maximus'']]
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Asian elephant]]s
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Asian Elephant tusker 03.jpg|centre|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Elephas hysudricus|E. hysudricus]]''
|-
| ''[[Elephas planifrons|E. planifrons]]''
|-
| ''[[Elephas platycephalus|E. platycephalus]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Rat|''Mus'']]
| ''M. linnaeusi''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" | A [[rat]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''M. flynni''
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Tatera]]''
| ''T. pinjoricus''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" | A [[Gerbillinae|gerbil]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''T.'' sp.
|-
| ''[[Punjabitherium]]''
| ''P. platyrhinum''
|
| [[Punjab India|Punjab]]
| A [[rhinoceros]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sivatherium]]''
| ''S. giganteum''
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[Giraffoidea|giraffoid]]
| [[File:MEPAN Sivatherium.jpg|240px]]
|-
| ''[[Coelodonta]]''
| ''C. platyrhinus''
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[woolly rhinoceros]]
| [[File:Coelodonta antiquitatis by Benjamin Langlois.jpg|240px]]
|-
| ''[[Camelus]]''
| ''C. sivalensis''<ref>{{cite book| publisher = R. Hardwicke| last = Falconer| first = Hugh| title = Palæontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer: Fauna antiqua sivalensis| year = 1868| page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4r4wAQAAMAAJ/page/n274 231]| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4r4wAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[camel]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Stegodon]]''
| ''S. bombifrons''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" | A [[Stegodontidae|stegodontid]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''S. insignis''
|-
| ''[[Vishnuictis]]''
| ''V. durandi''
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A large [[viverrid]]
|
|-
| ''[[Enhydriodon]]''
| ''E. sivalensis''
|
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| A large [[Mustelidae|otter]]
|
|-
| ''[[Crocidura]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[Soricidae|shrew]]
|
|-
| ''[[Golunda]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[murine]] rodent
|
|-
| ''[[Bandicota]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[Muridae|murid]] rodent
|
|-
| ''[[Cremnomys]]''
| ''C. blanfordi''
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[rodent]]
|
|-
| ''[[Crocidura]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A murid rodent
|
|-
| ''[[Dilatomys]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A murid rodent
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Canis]]''
| ''C. pinjorensis''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" | A [[wolf]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''C. cautleys''
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Megantereon]]''
| ''M. falconeri''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" | A [[Machairodontinae|smilodont]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Megantereon cultridens skeleton.jpg|240px]]
|-
| ''M. palaeindicus''
|-
| ''[[Viverra]]''
| ''V. bakeri''
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[civet]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Amblonyx]]''
| ''A. indicus''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" | An [[otter]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| sp.
|-
| ''[[Panthera]]''
| ''P. cristata''
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[Panthera|panther]]
|
|-
| ''[[Agriotherium]]''
| ''A. sivalensis''
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[bear]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mellivora]]''
| ''[[Mellivora sivalensis|M. sivalensis]]''
|
|[[Chandigarh]]
|A [[Honey badger]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Crocuta]]''
| ''C. sivalensis''
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="3" |A [[Hyena]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| ''C. felina''
|-
| ''C. colvini''
|}

=== Crustaceans ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Crustacean]]s from the Pinjor Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Potamon]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| A [[crab]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geologic formations]]

Poka (story)

2025-11-21T01:26:20Z

Navi guy: starting!

{{Short description|1948 GhanaDa novel by Premendra Mitra}}
{{About|novel by Premendra Mitra||Poka (disambiguation){{!}}Poka}}
{{Tone|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Poka (The Insect)
| title_orig = পোকা
| image = File:Poka GhanaDa story title page Ajit Gupta 1956.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Illustration by Ajit Gupta in 1956
| author = [[Premendra Mitra]]
| illustrator = Ajit Gupta
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| series = GhanaDa
| genre = [[Science fiction]]
| publisher = Deb Sahitya Kutir
| release_date = 1948
| media_type = Print
| preceded_by = [[Ghori (story)|ঘড়ি (The Clock)]]
| followed_by = মাছ (The Fish)
}}

'''''Poka''''' ({{langx|bn|পোকা}}) ({{translation|'''The Insect'''}}) is a work of [[science fiction]] written in Bengali by novelist [[Premendra Mitra]]. The story was first published by Deb Sahitya Kutir, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in the Puja Annual titled ''Abahon'' ({{langx|bn|আবাহন }}) in 1948. It was the forth story in Ghanada series, the first one being [[Mosha (novel)|মশা]] (The Mosquito) published in 1945. Ghanashyam Das, alias [[GhanaDa|Ghanada]], the [[protagonist]] of the ''Ghanada'' series of science-fiction novels written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is a fictional [[Character (arts)|character]] created by [[Premendra Mitra]].<ref name = tfo>{{cite journal | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676 | title= The Insectesimal tall tale: Historical catachresis and ethics in the science fiction of Premendra Mitra|journal= Journal of Postcolonial Writing | first1= Atanu | last1 = Bhattacharya| first2= Preet |last2 = Hiradhar |access-date = 14 November 2020 | date=13 February 2012| volume= 54| issue= 2| pages= 174–186| doi= 10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676| s2cid= 164349172| url-access= subscription}}</ref>

==Characterization==
The character of [[GhanaDa|Ghanashyam Das]] (alias [[GhanaDa|Ghanada]]) was described as a bachelor, a dark-complexioned male with a tall and skeletal figure, aged "anywhere between thirty five to fifty five", as described by the author himself in [[Mosha (story)|Mosha]], the first story of the Ghanada series. He stayed in the third-floor attic of a shared apartment (মেস বাড়ি) at no. 72, Banamali Naskar Lane, Calcutta, West Bengal, India, along with other boarders, who called him Ghanada. The term "da" is a suffix added to the name of an elder male in Bengal to convey reverence and affection. Though he was rarely found engaged in any activity or work other than telling fantastic tales to the boarders of the apartment, his stories involved him in most of the major world events of the last two hundred years, and described his travels throughout the entire world.<ref name=abp1>{{cite book|first=Premendra|last=Mitra|editor-first=Surajit|editor-last=Dasgupta|chapter= মশা |title=ঘনাদা সমগ্র - পর্ব ১|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2000|isbn=81-7215-395-3}}</ref> {{blockquote|গত দুশো বছর ধরে পৃথিবীর হেন জায়গা নেই যেখানে তিনি যাননি, হেন ঘটনা ঘটেনি যার সঙ্গে তাঁর কোনও যোগ নেই<ref name=abp1/>}}

[[Premendra Mitra]], the creator, described Ghanada in an interview by A K Ganguly published in SPAN in 1974, as under:<ref name=span >{{cite journal|first=A K|last=Ganguly|title= Premendra Mitra's science fiction|publisher=SPAN|year=1974}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Ghanada is a teller of tall tales, but the tales always have a scientific basis. I try to keep them as factually correct and as authentic as possible.<ref name = span /> }}

==The Characters==
''In order of appearance''
* [[Ghanada|Ghanashyam Das alias Ghanada]]
* Shibu
* Gour
* Shishir
* Author (anonymous in this story. However, now we know it was Sudhir)
* General Vornof, alias Isaac Rothstein, brother of Jacob Rothstein
* Jacob Rothstein, the scientist

==The Plot==
It was a Saturday night. The boarders of the boarding house at No. 72 Banamali Naskar Lane went to sleep a little late after partying. At around midnight they were awoken by a blood-curdling scream coming out of [[GhanaDa|Ghanada's]] third floor attic room, followed by him recklessly running down the stairs. They enquired what had transpired. GhanaDa halted for a second to compose himself, and breathlessly uttered, "What happened? Just what I thought".{{blockquote|আমরা সবাই এখনও জেগে আছি, ঘনাদা বোধহয় ভাবেননি। আমাদের সকলের উৎকণ্ঠিত প্রশ্নের সামনে প্রথমটা একমুহূর্তের জন্য তিনি কেমন যেন একটু অপ্রস্তুত হয়ে পড়লেন. কিন্তু সে বোধহয় আমাদের মনের ভুল। পরের মুহূর্তেই আমাদের সকলকে একেবারে স্তম্ভিত করে দিয়ে তিনি চাপা গলায় বললেন, "ব্যাপার? ব্যাপার যা ভেবেছিলাম, তা-ই।" <ref name=abp2>{{cite book|first=Premendra|last=Mirtra|editor-first=Surajit|editor-last=Dasgupta|chapter= পোকা |title=ঘনাদা সমগ্র - পর্ব ১|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2000|isbn=81-7215-395-3}}</ref>}}
Upon careful inspection, they found that the cause was an insect. While everyone started laughing, Ghanada remained indifferent and asked gravely, "Did you ever have to run after an insect for eight thousand miles? Did you ever have to storm your brain thinking what you would do with three thousand tons of dead insect? Did you ever happen to carry out a desperate search for an insect in the deadliest forests of Africa with a paper and a closed phial?" "Was it this insect, [[GhanaDa|Ghanada]]?" "No, that was [[Desert locust|Schistocerca gregaria]]." Ghanada continued, "It was the 22nd December of 1931. The Riga of Latvia was covered under heavy snow, when I was returning from my morning walk…" and the story continues. At the end it was revealed how [[GhanaDa|Ghanada]] reached the basin of the river [[Bahr al-Arab]] in Sudan, Africa, in the land of [[Dinka]]s, in search of the mad scientist Jacob Rothstein. He then used a contagious biological agent to eradicate the swarm of deadly African desert locust weighing three thousand tons, and yet again averted an impending disaster."<ref name=abp2 />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Premendra Mitra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poka (novel)}}
[[Category:1948 short stories]]
[[Category:Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Science fiction short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories set in India]]
[[Category:Ghanada short stories]]

Aether Industries

2025-11-15T13:12:54Z

Navi guy: added data!

{{Short description|Indian chemical company}}
{{UPE|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Aether Industries Limited
| logo = Aether Industries logo.jpg
| logo_upright =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| type = [[public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|543534}}|{{NSE|AETHER}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE0BWX01014)}}
| founder = Ashwin Desai
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Ashwin Desai {{small|(Founder and Managing Director )}} Purnima Desai {{small|(Co-Founder )}} Rohan Desai {{small|(Co-Founder )}} Dr. Aman Desai {{small|(Co-Founder and Director )}}
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Pharmaceutical]]
*[[Agrochemical]]
*[[Material science]]
*[[Coating]]
*[[Oil refinery|Oil refining]]
*[[Food additive]]s
*High performance photography
*[[Mass Media|Media]]
*Oil and gas segments
}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| assets =
| equity =
| equity_year =
| num_employees = 1000+
| owner = Ashwin Desai
| subsid =
| former_name =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2013|df=yes}}
| location_city = [[ Surat]], Gujarat
| hq_location_country = India
| homepage = {{official URL}}
}}
'''Aether Industries Limited''' is an Indian chemical manufacturing company based in [[Surat]], Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=Meet Surat's richest man, who once lived in one room, now his net worth is Rs.10,046 crore, his business is... |url=https://www.india.com/business/meet-surats-richest-man-ashwin-desai-who-once-lived-in-one-room-now-his-net-worth-is-rs-10046-crore-his-business-is-aether-industries-7292700/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> The company specializes in producing advanced intermediates and specialty chemicals for various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, material sciences, and oil and gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-23 |title=Aether Industries Announces Strategic Manufacturing Partnership with SEQENS Group |url=https://chemindigest.com/aether-industries-announces-strategic-manufacturing-partnership-with-seqens-group/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Chemical Industry Digest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aether Industries Limited Management Discussions |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/aether-industries-ltd/management-discussions |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=India Infoline |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Aether Industries Limited was established in 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company History and Annual Growth Details |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/company/aether-industries/history.html |website=Good Returns}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Buy Aether Industries, target price Rs 1117: HDFC Securities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/recos/buy-aether-industries-target-price-rs-1117-hdfc-securities/articleshow/112823298.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> initially focused on developing chemical processes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aether, H.B. Fuller and Saudi Aramco Technologies announce commercialization of sustainable converge polyols |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/technology/aether-hb-fuller-and-saudi-aramco-technologies-announce-commercialization-of-sustainable-converge-polyols-20212 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.indianchemicalnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-09 |title=Aether Industries, H B Fuller, Saudi Aramco jointly commercialise sustainable convergeo polyols tech |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/aether-industries-h-b-fuller-saudi-aramco-jointly-commercialise-sustainable-convergeo-polyols-tech/articleshow/106660561.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Revenue operations began in Fiscal Year 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aether Industries commercialized manufacturing site 3 to manufacture speciality chemicals & intermediates |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/chemical/aether-industries-commercialized-manufacturing-site-3-to-manufacture-speciality-chemicals-intermediates-16100 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.indianchemicalnews.com}}</ref>

In June 2022, Aether Industries went public with its [[Initial public offering|Initial Public Offering]] (IPO) on [[National Stock Exchange of India|Indian stock exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aether Industries IPO Details - IPO Date, Price, GMP, Analysis & Review |url=https://www.chittorgarh.com/ipo/aether-industries-ipo/1257/#:~:text=Aether%20Industries%20IPO%20bidding%20started,to%20%E2%82%B9642%20per%20share. |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.chittorgarh.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nahar |first=Pawan |date=2022-06-03 |title=Aether Industries lists at 10% premium on stock exchanges |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/aether-industries-lists-at-10-premium-on-stock-exchanges/articleshow/91975768.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Following its public debut, the company also conducted a Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP) in June 2023 to raise additional capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aether Industries completes QIP to Raise Rs. 750 Cr |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/general/aether-industries-completes-qip-to-raise-rs-750-cr-17944 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.indianchemicalnews.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=Aether Industries raises Rs 750 crore through QIP issue — Goldman Sachs, SBI MF among key buyers - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/aether-industries-qip-issue-raises-750-crore-goldman-sachs-sbi-mf-invesco-societe-generale-get-shares-17017801.htm |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Business operations==
Aether Industries produces specialty chemicals and intermediates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aether Industries Niche specialty chemical producer |url=https://www.capitalmarket.com/pub/nim/nimshow.asp?code=76355&srsltid=AfmBOop9I9JwymBeHk1qY5zOma4mRzRGAxsl0FFJSbTTjiw8p7q3L_Rs |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.capitalmarket.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aether Industries Composite of competencies |url=https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/data/market-reports/equity-brokertips/2022-07/16575313330.81069900.pdf |website=Business Standard Institutional Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Aether Industries IPO: Everything you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/market/aether-industries-ipo-everything-you-need-to-know-7934908/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Aether Industries entered into a Contract/Exclusive Manufacturing Agreement with Chemoxy International Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the SEQENS group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Aether Industries signs exclusive manufacturing agreement with SEQENS for bio-based products - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/aether-industries-signs-exclusive-manufacturing-agreement-with-seqens-for-bio-based-products-19463893.htm |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Aether Industries signs exclusive manufacturing agreement with SEQENS for bio-based products - Manufacturing Today India |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/aether-industries-signs-exclusive-manufacturing-agreement-with-seqens-for-bio-based-products |access-date=2024-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Employees==
As of 31 March 2024, Aether Industries' average employee age is 29 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our focus is on organic expansion and building our own plants...: Dr. Aman Desai, Promoter and Whole Time Director, Aether Industries |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/interviews/our-focus-is-on-organic-expansion-and-building-our-own-plants-dr-aman-desai-promoter-and-whole-time-director-aether-industries-231 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=indianchemicalnews.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Surat]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 2013]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

M. S. Manickam

2025-10-13T03:38:34Z

Navi guy: add article to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician, businessman, and farmer}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Indian name|Manickam|Manickam Sabapathy}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. S. Manickam
| image = MSMPicture.jpg
| caption = M. S. Manickam
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], Tamil Nadu|
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1984
| constituency = [[Vedaranyam]]|
| alma_mater = [[Alagappa Government Arts College]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Alagappa University]] and [[Pachaiyappa's College]], [[Chennai]], [[Madras University]]
| occupation = Politician, [[agriculturist]] & businessmen
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 2009–10 & [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 1974–93
| birth_date ={{birth date |df=yes|1946|10|26}}
| birth_place =[[Thagattur]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| residence =[[Thagattur]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|12|14|1946|10|26}}|
| death_place =[[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
}}

'''M.S.Manickam''' ({{langx|ta|எம்.எஸ்.மாணிக்கம்}}) also known as MSM, was a prominent Indian politician, businessman, farmer, and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was born on 26 October 1946 and enjoyed widespread recognition in the local community.

==Family life==

M.S. Manickam, hailing from the village of [[Thagattur]] in [[Vedaranyam]] Taluk, [[Nagapattinam]] District, was born into a close-knit family. As the eldest son, he played a significant role in his household. His immediate family comprises his wife, Latha, his daughter, Radha, and his son, Srinivasan. Until 1991, they resided in their ancestral village of [[Thagattur]]. However, in pursuit of quality education for their children, they temporarily relocated to the neighboring town of [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], in the [[Thiruvarur]] District, and later to [[Tiruchirappalli]] in 2001 for their higher education. M.S. Manickam deeply embraces the tenets of [[Hinduism]].

==Education==

M.S. Manickam pursued his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Arts at [[Alagappa Government Arts College]], located in [[Karaikudi]] under [[Alagappa University]]. Additionally, he continued his higher education at [[Pachaiyappa's College]] in [[Chennai]], affiliated with [[Madras University]].

==Role==

===Agriculture===

M.S. Manickam had a natural affinity for [[farming]], likely influenced by growing up in a delta village. He chose to work as an [[agriculturist]] to support his family financially.

===Business===
M.S. Manickam was involved in several business ventures to some extent. However, he did not achieve significant success in his business ventures. [Further details about the specific business activities can be added.]

===Politics===

====ADMK (1972–1993)====
M.S. Manickam's political journey began in college, inspired by [[M.G. Ramachandran]]'s film career and impactful election campaigns for the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] party. He actively participated in [[MGR]]'s college fan-led charity initiatives. In 1972, he joined M.G. Ramachandran's newly formed political party, [[ADMK]], influenced by his college seniors and mentors involved in [[MGR]]'s charities. Manickam's commitment to public service, rooted in his college experiences, has guided his political career. He upholds [[M.G. Ramachandran]]'s vision, working for the welfare of [[Tamil Nadu]]'s people. His affiliation with [[ADMK]] has significantly contributed to the party's growth and the state's and Vedaranyam's development.

=====Member of the Legislative Assembly [1980-84]=====
M. S. Manickam made his debut as a candidate of the [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (ADMK) in the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] elections in 1977, which occurred after the split of [[MGR]] from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] in 1972. At the age of 30, he contested for the first time but was unsuccessful, losing to [[M. Meenakshi Sundaram]], the candidate from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]. Manickam secured the third position, while the Congress candidate claimed the second spot.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India|title=1977 Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf}}</ref>

In the subsequent 1980 elections, M. S. Manickam successfully won a seat in the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from the [[Vedaranyam]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India|title=1980 Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf|accessdate=21 March 2011}}</ref> He ran as an [[ADMK]] candidate and attained victory at the age of 33.[2] Throughout his tenure from 1980 to 1984, he dedicated himself to serving the people and worked diligently on their behalf.

=====Exit from ADMK=====
M. S. Manickam's involvement in politics took a different turn after [[MGR]] died in 1987 and a new leader took charge of the [[ADMK]] party. Things changed in a way that didn't allow him to continue his political work for the people. As a result, in 1995, he made the decision to leave the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] ([[AIADMK]]) because he felt there were no opportunities for him to serve the people within that party.

====Mentor (1995–2009)====
After leaving ADMK in 1995, he was a bit active in politics with [[MGR Kazhagam]] formed by [[R. M. Veerappan]]. Then, later on, he started giving way to energetic newcomers who wanted to bring positive change to society through politics. He supported them in winning Assembly Elections and acted as their mentor.

====DMK (2010-until Death)====
In the beginning of 2010, he switched his allegiance to the Thai Kazhagam (Mother Party) [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He joined this party along with a few former MLAs and former Minister Alagu Thirunavukkarasu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former AIADMK minister joins DMK |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Former-AIADMK-minister-joins-DMK/articleshow/6059805.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2010 |accessdate=27 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DMK making efforts to retain Vedaranyam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/04/stories/2006050408570300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207203852/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/04/stories/2006050408570300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2006 |accessdate=27 February 2011 }}</ref> This move was seen as a way for him to re-enter active politics and continue working for the betterment of the people, fulfilling the unfinished tasks he had in mind.

==Death==
Having experienced a sudden heartache in the wee hours of the morning, he was swiftly taken to the renowned [[Apollo Hospital]] in [[Chennai]] on the afternoon of 14 December 2010. Tragically, he succumbed to a heart attack at the age of 64, precisely at 9:31 p.m., within the walls of Apollo Hospital. The following day, during his funeral, a multitude of individuals including the general public, relatives, family members, and local politicians from all parties arrived to pay their respects. It was a gathering of thousands. His son, Srinivasan, dutifully performed the final rituals at the Crematorium in Thagattur, Vedaranyam Taluk.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manickam, M. S.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]